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-1,801,912,239,043,644,000 | julie andrews my fair lady i could have danced all night | I Could Have Danced All Night - wikipedia I Could Have Danced All Night Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' <Td_colspan="2"> Julie Andrews ( Eliza ) , Rex Harrison ( Higgins ) in My Fair Lady <Th_colspan="2"> From the musical My Fair Lady performed by Julie Andrews ( Broadway ) Audrey Hepburn ( film - dubbed by :) Marni Nixon Published 1956 ( 1956 ) Genre Musical theatre Songwriter ( s ) Composer : Frederick Loewe Lyricist : Alan Jay Lerner <Th_colspan="2"> Track listing <Td_colspan="2"> Act I ( show ) `` Overture '' `` Busker Sequence '' `` Why Ca n't the English ? '' `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' `` I 'm an Ordinary Man '' `` With a Little Bit of Luck ( Reprise ) '' `` Just You Wait '' `` The Servants ' Chorus ( Poor Professor Higgins ) '' `` The Rain in Spain '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' `` Ascot Gavotte '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Eliza 's Entrance / Embassy Waltz '' Act II ( show ) `` You Did It '' `` Just You Wait ( Reprise ) '' `` On the Street Where You Live ( Reprise ) '' `` Show Me '' `` The Flower Market / Would n't It Be Loverly ? ( Reprise ) '' `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' `` A Hymn to Him '' `` Without You '' `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night ( Reprise ) / Finale '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' is a song from the musical My Fair Lady , with music written by Frederick Loewe and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , published in 1956 . The song is sung by the musical 's heroine , Eliza Doolittle , expressing her exhilaration and excitement after an impromptu dance with her tutor Henry Higgins - in the small hours of the morning . In a counterpoint during the second of 3 rounds , two maids and the housekeeper , Mrs. Pearce , urge Eliza to go to bed , but she ignores them . It was first performed by Julie Andrews in the original Broadway production of My Fair Lady . In the 1964 film adaptation of the musical , the song was sung by Marni Nixon , dubbing the singing voice of Audrey Hepburn , who played Eliza Doolittle . In 2004 , Nixon 's version finished at # 17 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . Hit versions of the song were recorded by Sylvia Syms , Dinah Shore , Angélica María , Ben E. King as an ATCO single , Frank Sinatra , Rosemary Clooney , and Jamie Cullum . It was featured in The Birdcage sung by Nathan Lane , Hank Azaria , Gene Hackman , Robin Williams and Dianne Wiest . Many actresses have also sung the song in the stage version of the musical including Martine McCutcheon , Laura Michelle Kelly , Amy Nuttall and Lisa O'Hare . Audrey Hepburn in My Fair Lady Peggy Lee did a Cha - cha - cha version on her 1960 album Latin ala Lee ! . Andy Williams covered the song on his 1964 album The Great Songs from My Fair Lady and Other Broadway Hits . Shirley Bassey recorded and released this song on two 1965 albums , including `` Shirley Stops The Shows '' released in the UK , and ' Shirley Bassey Belts The Best ' released in the USA . Petula Clark recorded a version for her 1968 album The Other Man 's Grass Is Always Greener . The song was performed by Jane Powell in the 1959 NBC television special Sunday Showcase `` Give My Regards to Broadway '' , for which a kinescope recording still exists . In 1976 , Florence Henderson performed the song on The Brady Bunch Variety Hour . The song was performed by Jayma Mays as her character Emma Pillsbury on the FOX television show Glee in the episode `` Mash - Up '' . I Could Have Danced All Night was performed by young British soprano Hollie Steel during her audition on Britain 's Got Talent . She later recorded the song on her debut album . Noted Wagnerian soprano Birgit Nilsson recorded the song for the 1960 gala performance recording of Johann Strauss 's operetta Die Fledermaus on the Decca / London label . Herbert von Karajan conducted the recording of the operetta , but the conductor of this excerpt , as well as that of most of the other gala excerpts included , is not identified . Covers and parodies ( edit ) On the children 's show Sesame Street , Count von Count , his girlfriend the Countess , and her mother sing a song called `` I Could Have Counted All Night '' , which spoofs `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' My Fair Lady ' Listing InternetBroadwayDatabase , accessed August 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' My Fair Lady ' ( 1964 ) - Soundtracks '' Internet Movie Database , accessed August 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Birdcage ( 1996 ) - Soundtracks on Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ `` ' Call Me Irresposible / My Fair Lady ' Review and Tracks '' AllMusic.com , accessed August 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' The Other Man 's Grass Is Always Greeener ' Review and Tracks '' AllMusic.com , accessed August 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Sunday Showcase ' Give My Regards to Broadway ( 1959 ) - Soundtracks '' Internet Movie Database , accessed August 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' '' Mash - Up ( 2009 ) - Soundtracks '' Internet Movie Database , accessed August 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ James Tapper ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) . `` How Britain 's Got Talent 's little star almost lost a lung Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hollie Steel Online Store '' . Townsend-records.co.uk. 2010 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` I Could Have Counted All Night '' External links ( edit ) `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' from `` My Fair Lady '' on YouTube , 2001 London revival Kristin Chenoweth : I Could Have Danced All Night on YouTube , from Kristin Chenoweth album Coming Home Lauren Performs I Could Have Danced All Night - Over The Rainbow - Episode 17 BBC One on YouTube , BBC One Over the Rainbow feat . Lauren Samuels Frank Sinatra - I Could Have Danced All Night - feat . Billy May and His Orchestra on YouTube , Frank Sinatra feat . Billy May & His Orchestra Mantovani - I Could Have Danced All Night on YouTube , Mantovani & His Orchestra ( instrumental ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> My Fair Lady by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( Lerner and Loewe ) Characters Eliza Doolittle Source Pygmalion ( 1912 play ) by George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion ( 1938 film ) by George Bernard Shaw adapted by W.P. Lipscomb and Cecil Lewis Films My Fair Lady ( 1964 film ) The Opening of Misty Beethoven ( 1976 ) Galatea ( 1977 ) Man Pasand ( 1980 ) Albums My Fair Lady ( 1956 Broadway cast recording ) My Fair Lady ( 1956 Shelly Manne album ) My Fair Lady ( 1958 Oscar Peterson Trio album ) Nat King Cole Sings My Fair Lady ( 1963 album ) My Fair Lady Loves Jazz ( 1964 Billy Taylor album ) The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits ( 1964 Andy Williams album ) Musical numbers `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' `` The Rain in Spain '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' Television `` My Fair Laddy '' `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' Selfie Related The Street Where I Live Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Could_Have_Danced_All_Night&oldid=795558279 '' Categories : 1956 songs Songs with music by Frederick Loewe Songs with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner Ella Fitzgerald songs Andy Williams songs Songs from My Fair Lady Songs about dancing Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with unknown value for type Interlanguage link template link number Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 00 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "I Could Have Danced All Night" - song from the musical My Fair Lady
2. Julie Andrews - original Broadway performer of the song
3. Audrey Hepburn - played Eliza Doolittle in the film adaptation of My Fair Lady
4. Marni Nixon - dubbed the singing voice of Audrey Hepburn in the film
5. Covers and versions of the song by various artists |
1,999,174,066,446,312,200 | episode where ted and barney open a bar | Three Days of snow - Wikipedia Three Days of snow Jump to : navigation , search The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Three Days of Snow '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( May 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Three Days of Snow '' <Td_colspan="2"> How I Met Your Mother episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 13 Directed by Pamela Fryman Written by Matt Kuhn Production code 4ALH13 Original air date January 19 , 2009 <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Cal Gibson ( Ryan ) Jordan Masterson ( Colin ) Yves Bright ( Patrice ) Gita Isak ( Rachel Sondheimer ) Ute Werner ( Viveka ) Pat Crawford Brown ( Thelma ) Eileen Boylan ( Melissa ) Amy Gumenick ( Amanda ) Marshall Manesh ( Ranjit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` Benefits '' Next → `` The Possimpible '' `` Three Days of Snow '' is the 13th episode in the fourth season of the television series How I Met Your Mother and 77th overall . It originally aired on January 19 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Critical response 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Ted and Barney set up dates with two young women in a band , planning to meet back at MacLaren 's the next night . The next night , with a huge snow storm outside , they sit alone at the bar , waiting for the girls . Barney and Ted beg Carl the bartender to leave them in charge of the bar for the rest of the night , as Carl has charity work . The girls show up with their `` band '' , which is actually the Arizona Tech `` Fighting Hens '' Marching Band , filling the bar with rowdy college students . After being overwhelmed with bartending , and a call from Carl telling them he was returning , Ted and Barney direct the band upstairs to their apartment to continue partying . Lily and Marshall reflect on a tradition of Lily bringing a six - pack of beer with her every time she returns from a trip and they decide to end the tradition , but independently change their minds . Marshall gets Robin to drive him to the airport in the midst of a huge snowstorm to pick up Lily , arguing with her about the importance of traditions in relationships . They get trapped on the side of the road after a snow plow covers them in snow , but they eventually get to the airport terminal . When they arrive , Lily is not there . Marshall realizes that that day 's lunchtime phone - call ritual between himself and Lily had been in a voicemail Lily had left that her flight was cancelled . Marshall ignored the call because he felt that all of their traditions were slipping away and that it was a natural progression of their relationship to let their rituals die , from the lunchtime phone - call to the New Year 's kiss . Lily 's plane has been grounded and will arrive in New York City in two days . After realizing she wants to continue the tradition , Lily tries to find some vintage Seattle beer . Arriving at the airport an hour early , she encounters Ranjit , and they drive to a local liquor store , only to find that the store only has a keg . She does not find Marshall at the airport . Suddenly , airport residents , the `` Fighting Hens , '' start playing marching band instruments to the tune of `` Auld Lang Syne , '' and Marshall greets Lily . Marshall asks if he now has to bring a marching band each time he picks up Lily . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A rating . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the episode 8.3 out of 10 , commenting that it was `` a good episode '' but pointing out a storyline flaw as `` you ca n't take liquids on a plane anymore '' . The TV Critic rated the episode 67 out of 100 , describing the humour as `` decent '' and praising the twist at the end . Cindy McLennan from Television Without Pity gave the episode an A − . Kirk Beger of Jowl - Plow Magazine rated the episode in 2017 and called # 1 of `` the greatest How I Met Your Mother of all - time '' in his top 100 poll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Recap of Three days of Snow at channelguidemagblog Retrieved July 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Grade it ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) . `` '' Three Days Of Snow '' How I Met Your Mother TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Three Days of Snow '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The TV Critic '' . tvcritic.org . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` Snow Job '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Three Days of Snow '' on IMDb `` Three Days of Snow '' at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons 6 7 8 9 Season 4 `` Do I Know You ? '' `` The Best Burger in New York '' `` I Heart NJ '' `` Intervention '' `` Shelter Island '' `` Happily Ever After '' `` Not a Father 's Day '' `` Woooo ! '' `` The Naked Man '' `` The Fight '' `` Little Minnesota '' `` Benefits '' `` Three Days of Snow '' `` The Possimpible '' `` The Stinsons '' `` Sorry , Bro '' `` The Front Porch '' `` Old King Clancy '' `` Murtaugh '' `` Mosbius Designs '' `` The Three Days Rule '' `` Right Place , Right Time '' `` As Fast as She Can '' `` The Leap '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Days_of_Snow&oldid=798082854 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother ( season 4 ) episodes 2009 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from May 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 21 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "Three Days of Snow" - How I Met Your Mother episode
2. Plot summary of "Three Days of Snow"
3. Lily and Marshall's tradition of bringing beer after a trip
4. Ted and Barney's failed dates with women in a band
5. Marshall and Robin getting trapped in a snowstorm while picking up Lily |
-3,311,304,258,791,130,600 | who has been in all american horror story | List of American Horror Story cast members - wikipedia List of American Horror Story cast members Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) American Horror Story title screen . American Horror Story is an American horror television series created and produced by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk . Described as an anthology series , each season is conceived as a self - contained miniseries , following a disparate set of characters , settings , and a storyline with its own beginning , middle , and end . However , Murphy has stated that all of the seasons are and will be connected by the end of the series . The first season , subtitled Murder House , takes place during 2011 in Los Angeles , California and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants . The second season , subtitled Asylum , takes place during 1964 in Massachusetts and follows the stories of the inmates and staff of an institution for the criminally insane . The third season , subtitled Coven , takes place during 2013 in New Orleans , Louisiana and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them . The fourth season , subtitled Freak Show , takes place during 1952 in Jupiter , Florida and focuses on one of the last remaining freak shows in America and its struggle to survive . The fifth season , subtitled Hotel , takes place during 2015 in Los Angeles , California and centers on the unusual occurrences and people of a mysterious and outdated hotel . The sixth , subtitled Roanoke , takes place in 2015 on Roanoke Island in North Carolina , and follows a documentary of experiences endured by a couple and one of their relatives while living on Roanoke Island followed by reenactments , and , in 2016 , follows the real experiences on the Island of the couple and the reenactors of the documentary . The seventh season , subtitled Cult , takes place between 2016 and 2017 in the fictitious city of Brookfield Heights , Michigan , and centers around a clown cult terrorizing a neighborhood suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. election . Although each season is set in a different time period , there have been characters who have appeared in multiple seasons . Billie Dean Howard ( Sarah Paulson ) , Marcy ( Christine Estabrook ) , Dr. Charles Montgomery ( Matt Ross ) , Sister Mary Eunice McKee ( Lily Rabe ) , Dr. Arthur Arden ( James Cromwell as old Arden ; John Cromwell as young Arden ) , Pepper ( Naomi Grossman ) , Queenie ( Gabourey Sidibe ) , Lana Winters ( Paulson ) , Twisty the Clown ( John Carroll Lynch ) , and The Zodiac Killer ( an unidentified actor in Hotel and Dot - Marie Jones in Cult ) are the ten characters to appear in more than one season of the series . Sister Mary , Dr. Arden , and Pepper appear and reappear in Asylum and Freak Show . Billie , Marcy , and Dr. Montgomery make appearances in Murder House and Hotel . Queenie appears in both Coven and Hotel . Lana appears in Asylum and Roanoke and is mentioned in Cult . Twisty appears in Freak Show and Cult . The Zodiac Killer appears in Hotel and Cult . Murphy has stated that as the series progresses , more and more characters will be making a return to the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast members 1.1 Starring 1.2 Special guest stars 1.3 Guest starring 2 Notes 3 See also 4 References Cast members ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) A green cell indicates the actor as a main cast member . A light blue cell indicates the actor as a special guest cast member . A red cell indicates the actor as a recurring or a guest cast member . A grey cell indicates the actor has not participated in the respective season . Portrayer <Th_colspan="8"> Capacity and character per season Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Radioactive <Th_colspan="9"> Starring ( edit ) Connie Britton Vivien Harmon <Td_colspan="7"> Dylan McDermott Dr. Ben Harmon Johnny Morgan <Td_colspan="5"> Confirmed Evan Peters Tate Langdon Kit Walker Kyle Spencer Jimmy Darling James Patrick March Rory Monahan Kai Anderson Confirmed Taissa Farmiga Violet Harmon Zoe Benson <Td_colspan="2"> Sophie Green <Td_colspan="2"> Denis O'Hare Larry Harvey Spalding Stanley Liz Taylor William van Henderson <Td_colspan="1"> Confirmed Jessica Lange Constance Langdon Sister Jude Martin Fiona Goode Elsa Mars <Td_colspan="4"> Zachary Quinto Chad Warwick Dr. Oliver Thredson <Td_colspan="6"> Joseph Fiennes Msgr . Timothy Howard <Td_colspan="6"> Sarah Paulson Billie Dean Howard Lana Winters Cordelia Foxx Bette and Dot Tattler Sally McKenna Audrey Tindall Ally Mayfair - Richards Confirmed Lily Rabe Nora Montgomery Sister Mary Eunice McKee Misty Day Sister Mary Eunice McKee Aileen Wuornos Shelby Miller <Td_colspan="2"> Lizzie Brocheré Grace Bertrand <Td_colspan="6"> James Cromwell Dr. Arthur Arden <Td_colspan="6"> Frances Conroy Moira O'Hara Shachath Myrtle Snow Gloria Mott Mama Polk Bebe Babbitt Emma Roberts <Td_colspan="2"> Madison Montgomery Maggie Esmeralda <Td_colspan="2"> Serena Belinda Kathy Bates <Td_colspan="2"> Delphine LaLaurie Ethel Darling Iris Agnes Mary Winstead Confirmed Michael Chiklis <Td_colspan="3"> Dell Toledo <Td_colspan="4"> Finn Wittrock <Td_colspan="3"> Dandy Mott Tristan Duffy Jether Polk <Td_colspan="2"> Angela Bassett <Td_colspan="2"> Marie Laveau Desiree Dupree Ramona Royale Monet Tumusiime <Td_colspan="2"> Wes Bentley <Td_colspan="3"> Edward Mordrake Det . John Lowe Dylan <Td_colspan="2"> Matt Bomer <Td_colspan="3"> Andy Donovan <Td_colspan="3"> Chloë Sevigny Shelley <Td_colspan="2"> Dr. Alex Lowe <Td_colspan="3"> Cheyenne Jackson <Td_colspan="4"> Will Drake Sidney Aaron James Dr. Rudy Vincent Lady Gaga <Td_colspan="4"> Elizabeth Johnson Scathach <Td_colspan="2"> Cuba Gooding , Jr . <Td_colspan="5"> Dominic Banks <Td_colspan="2"> André Holland <Td_colspan="5"> Matt Miller <Td_colspan="2"> Billie Lourd <Td_colspan="6"> Winter Anderson Alison Pill <Td_colspan="6"> Ivy Mayfair - Richards <Th_colspan="9"> Special guest stars ( edit ) Kate Mara Hayden McClaine <Td_colspan="7"> Eric Stonestreet Derek <Td_colspan="7"> Charles S. Dutton Detective Granger <Td_colspan="7"> Ian McShane Leigh Emerson <Td_colspan="6"> Gabourey Sidibe <Td_colspan="2"> Queenie Regina Ross Queenie <Td_colspan="3"> Patti LuPone <Td_colspan="2"> Joan Ramsey <Td_colspan="5"> Danny Huston <Td_colspan="2"> The Axeman Massimo Dolcefino <Td_colspan="4"> Stevie Nicks <Td_colspan="2"> Stevie Nicks ( herself ) <Td_colspan="5"> Celia Weston <Td_colspan="3"> Lillian Hemmings <Td_colspan="4"> Neil Patrick Harris <Td_colspan="3"> Chester Creb <Td_colspan="4"> Mare Winningham <Td_colspan="2"> Alicia Spencer Rita Gayheart Hazel Evers Sally Keffler Naomi Campbell <Td_colspan="4"> Claudia Bankson <Td_colspan="3"> Billy Eichner <Td_colspan="6"> Harrison Wilton Lena Dunham <Td_colspan="6"> Valerie Solanas <Th_colspan="9"> Guest starring ( edit ) Alexandra Breckenridge Young Moira O'Hara Kaylee <Td_colspan="5"> Christine Estabrook Marcy <Td_colspan="3"> Marcy <Td_colspan="3"> Jamie Brewer Adelaide Langdon Nan Marjorie <Td_colspan="2"> Hedda Shelby Young Leah <Td_colspan="7"> Andy Umberger Dr. Day <Td_colspan="7"> Bianca Lawson Abby <Td_colspan="7"> Christian Serratos Becca <Td_colspan="7"> Mageina Tovah Bianca Forest <Td_colspan="7"> Azura Skye Fiona <Td_colspan="7"> Kyle Davis Dallas <Td_colspan="7"> Michael Graziadei Travis Wanderley <Td_colspan="7"> Rosa Salazar Maria <Td_colspan="7"> Scott Lawrence Detective Webb <Td_colspan="7"> Drew Powell Detective Collier <Td_colspan="7"> Matt Ross Dr. Charles Montgomery <Td_colspan="3"> Dr. Charles Montgomery <Td_colspan="3"> Geoffrey Rivas Det . Jack Colquitt <Td_colspan="7"> Adina Porter Sally Freeman <Td_colspan="4"> Lee Harris Beverly Hope Confirmed David Anthony Higgins Stan <Td_colspan="7"> Eve Gordon Dr. Hall <Td_colspan="7"> Eric Close Hugo Langdon <Td_colspan="7"> Teddy Sears Patrick <Td_colspan="7"> Brando Eaton Kyle Greenwell <Td_colspan="7"> Ashley Rickards Chloe Stapleton <Td_colspan="7"> Alessandra Torresani Stephanie Boggs <Td_colspan="7"> Missy Doty Angela <Td_colspan="7"> Morris Chestnut Luke <Td_colspan="7"> Jordan David Kevin Gedman <Td_colspan="7"> Tom Gallop Mr. Carmichael <Td_colspan="7"> Amir Arison Joe Escandarian <Td_colspan="7"> Rebecca Wisocky Lorraine Harvey <Td_colspan="7"> Kathleen Rose Perkins Peggy <Td_colspan="7"> Richard Short Gary <Td_colspan="7"> Joshua Malina Dr. David Curan <Td_colspan="7"> Mena Suvari Elizabeth Short <Td_colspan="7"> W. Earl Brown Phil Critter <Td_colspan="7"> Malaya Rivera Drew Detective Barrios <Td_colspan="7"> Derek Richardson Harry Goodman <Td_colspan="7"> Gregory Sporleder Peter McCormick <Td_colspan="7"> Anthony Ruivivar Miguel Ramos <Td_colspan="3"> Richard Ramirez <Td_colspan="3"> Lisa Vidal Stacy Ramos <Td_colspan="7"> Brennan Mejia Gabriel Ramos <Td_colspan="7"> Meredith Scott Lynn Helen <Td_colspan="7"> Adam Levine Leo Morrison <Td_colspan="6"> Jenna Dewan - Tatum Teresa Morrison <Td_colspan="6"> Clea DuVall Wendy Peyser <Td_colspan="6"> Mark Consuelos Spivey <Td_colspan="6"> Britne Oldford Alma Walker <Td_colspan="6"> Joe Egender Billy Marshall <Td_colspan="6"> Fredric Lehne Frank McCann <Td_colspan="6"> Devon Graye Jed Potter <Td_colspan="6"> Robin Weigert Cynthia Potter <Td_colspan="3"> Mama Polk <Td_colspan="2"> John Aylward Father Malachi <Td_colspan="6"> Andrew Rothenberg Mr. Potter <Td_colspan="6"> Jennifer Holloway Barb <Td_colspan="6"> Vanessa Mizzone Lois <Td_colspan="6"> Barbara Tarbuck Mother Superior Claudia <Td_colspan="6"> Matthew John Armstrong Detective Byers <Td_colspan="6"> Joel McKinnon Miller Detective Connors <Td_colspan="6"> Franka Potente Charlotte Brown <Td_colspan="6"> Mark Margolis Sam Goodman <Td_colspan="6"> David Chisum Jim Brown <Td_colspan="6"> Amy Farrington Mrs. Reynolds <Td_colspan="6"> Nikki Hahn Jenny Reynolds <Td_colspan="6"> Kirk Bovill Phil <Td_colspan="6"> Kasey Mahaffy Father James <Td_colspan="6"> Sean Patrick Thomas Terry <Td_colspan="6"> Tongayi Chirisa Miles <Td_colspan="6"> Debra Christofferson Mrs. Stone <Td_colspan="6"> Jennifer Holland Nurse Blackwell <Td_colspan="6"> Chris McGarry Mr. Lancaster <Td_colspan="6"> Lara Harris Rhonda Lancaster <Td_colspan="6"> Tehya Scarth Susie Lancaster <Td_colspan="6"> Brooke Smith Dr. Gardner <Td_colspan="6"> Naomi Grossman Pepper Pepper <Td_colspan="4"> Jill Marie Jones Pandora <Td_colspan="6"> Gwynyth Walsh Dr. Stevens <Td_colspan="6"> Robin Bartlett Dr. Miranda Crump Cecily Pembroke <Td_colspan="5"> Jack Conley Officer Woods <Td_colspan="6"> Joan Severance Marian <Td_colspan="6"> Grey Damon <Td_colspan="2"> Archie Brener <Td_colspan="5"> Ian Anthony Dale <Td_colspan="2"> Dr. David Zhong <Td_colspan="5"> Josh Hamilton <Td_colspan="2"> Hank Foxx <Td_colspan="5"> Lance E. Nichols <Td_colspan="2"> Detective Sanchez <Td_colspan="5"> Christine Ebersole <Td_colspan="2"> Anna - Leigh Leighton <Td_colspan="5"> Alexander Dreymon <Td_colspan="2"> Luke Ramsey <Td_colspan="5"> Riley Voelkel <Td_colspan="2"> Young Fiona Goode <Td_colspan="5"> Leslie Jordan <Td_colspan="2"> Quentin Fleming <Td_colspan="2"> Ashley Gilbert <Td_colspan="2"> Grace Gummer <Td_colspan="2"> Millie Penny <Td_colspan="4"> Andrew Leeds <Td_colspan="2"> Dr. Dunphy <Td_colspan="5"> Gavin Stenhouse <Td_colspan="2"> Billy <Td_colspan="5"> Michael Cristofer <Td_colspan="2"> Harrison Renard <Td_colspan="5"> Mike Colter <Td_colspan="2"> David <Td_colspan="5"> Lance Reddick <Td_colspan="2"> Papa Legba <Td_colspan="5"> Kyle Secor <Td_colspan="2"> Bill <Td_colspan="5"> John Carroll Lynch <Td_colspan="3"> Twisty the Clown John Wayne Gacy Twisty the Clown Skyler Samuels <Td_colspan="3"> Bonnie Lipton <Td_colspan="4"> Patti LaBelle <Td_colspan="3"> Dora Brown <Td_colspan="4"> Lee Tergesen <Td_colspan="3"> Vince <Td_colspan="4"> Chrissy Metz <Td_colspan="3"> Barbara <Td_colspan="4"> Malcolm - Jamal Warner <Td_colspan="3"> Angus T. Jefferson <Td_colspan="4"> Matthew Glave <Td_colspan="3"> Larry Gayheart <Td_colspan="4"> Angela Sarafyan <Td_colspan="3"> Alice <Td_colspan="4"> David Burtka <Td_colspan="3"> Michael Beck <Td_colspan="4"> Max Greenfield <Td_colspan="4"> Gabriel <Td_colspan="3"> Richard T. Jones <Td_colspan="4"> Det . Andrew Hahn <Td_colspan="3"> Shree Crooks <Td_colspan="4"> Scarlett Lowe <Td_colspan="3"> Helena Mattson <Td_colspan="4"> Agnetha <Td_colspan="3"> Kamilla Alnes <Td_colspan="4"> Vendela <Td_colspan="3"> Lennon Henry <Td_colspan="4"> Holden Lowe <Td_colspan="3"> Lyric Lennon <Td_colspan="4"> Lachlan Drake <Td_colspan="3"> Mädchen Amick <Td_colspan="4"> Mrs. Ellison <Td_colspan="3"> Roxana Brusso <Td_colspan="4"> Dr. Kohan <Td_colspan="3"> David Naughton <Td_colspan="4"> Mr. Samuels <Td_colspan="3"> Seth Gabel <Td_colspan="4"> Jeffrey Dahmer <Td_colspan="3"> Nico Evers - Swindell <Td_colspan="4"> Craig <Td_colspan="3"> Darren Criss <Td_colspan="4"> Justin <Td_colspan="3"> Jessica Lu <Td_colspan="4"> Bronwyn <Td_colspan="3"> Charles Melton <Td_colspan="4"> Mr. Wu <Td_colspan="3"> Alexandra Daddario <Td_colspan="4"> Natacha Rambova <Td_colspan="3"> David Barrera <Td_colspan="4"> Dr. Kaplan <Td_colspan="3"> Marla Gibbs <Td_colspan="4"> Cassie Royale <Td_colspan="3"> Henry G. Sanders Willie <Td_colspan="2"> Mr. Royale <Td_colspan="3"> Josh Braaten <Td_colspan="4"> Douglas Pryor <Td_colspan="3"> Marco Rodríguez <Td_colspan="4"> El Rey <Td_colspan="3"> Josh Pence <Td_colspan="4"> Nick Harley <Td_colspan="3"> Lindsay Pulsipher <Td_colspan="4"> Tina Black <Td_colspan="3"> Alanna Ubach <Td_colspan="4"> Jo <Td_colspan="3"> Amir Talai <Td_colspan="4"> Mitch <Td_colspan="3"> Charles Malik Whitfield <Td_colspan="5"> Mason Harris <Td_colspan="2"> Grady Lee Richmond <Td_colspan="5"> Ishmael Polk <Td_colspan="2"> John Pyper - Ferguson <Td_colspan="5"> Mr. Cage <Td_colspan="2"> Henderson Wade <Td_colspan="5"> Guinness <Td_colspan="2"> Doris Kearns Goodwin <Td_colspan="5"> Doris Kearns Goodwin ( herself ) <Td_colspan="2"> Shannon Lucio <Td_colspan="5"> Diana Cross <Td_colspan="2"> William R. Moses <Td_colspan="5"> Frank <Td_colspan="2"> Jon Bass <Td_colspan="5"> Milo <Td_colspan="2"> Jacob Artist <Td_colspan="5"> Todd Allan Connors <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Howe <Td_colspan="5"> Mark Phillips <Td_colspan="2"> Danielle Macdonald <Td_colspan="5"> Bristol Windows <Td_colspan="2"> Julie Claire <Td_colspan="5"> Stephanie Holder <Td_colspan="2"> Emma Bell <Td_colspan="5"> Tracy Logan <Td_colspan="2"> James Morosini <Td_colspan="5"> Bob Kinnaman R.J. Joe Spellman <Td_colspan="5"> Dave Elder <Td_colspan="2"> Colton Haynes <Td_colspan="6"> Det . Jack Samuels Tim Kang <Td_colspan="6"> Tom Chang Cooper Dodson <Td_colspan="6"> Oz Mayfair - Richards Jorge - Luis Pallo <Td_colspan="6"> Pedro Morales Zack Ward <Td_colspan="6"> Roger Leslie Grossman <Td_colspan="6"> Meadow Wilton Confirmed Dermot Mulroney <Td_colspan="6"> Bob Thompson Laura Allen <Td_colspan="6"> Rosie Ron Melendez <Td_colspan="6"> Mark Chaz Bono <Td_colspan="5"> Brian Wells Gary Longstreet Grant Albrecht <Td_colspan="6"> Scott Anderson Dot - Marie Jones <Td_colspan="6"> Butchy May Rick Springfield <Td_colspan="6"> Pastor Charles Cameron Cowperthwaite <Td_colspan="6"> Speedwagon Dennis Cockrum <Td_colspan="6"> Senator Herbert Jackson Rachel Roberts <Td_colspan="6"> Sharon Tate Annie Ilonzeh <Td_colspan="6"> Erika Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : These characters also portray the re-enactors in the My Roanoke Nightmare documentary . Jump up ^ He also portrayed Andy Warhol , Jim Jones , David Koresh , Marshall Applewhite , Jesus , and Charles Manson . ^ Jump up to : Paulson reprised her previous roles from the first two seasons : Billie Dean Howard in Murder House for Hotel and Lana Winters in Asylum for Roanoke , respectively . ^ Jump up to : The following actors portrayed Susan Atkins , Linda Kasabian , Tex Watson and Patricia Krenwinkel respectively - members of the Manson family who perpetrated the Tate murders . ^ Jump up to : These actors portray their characters solely in the My Roanoke Nightmare re-enactment . Jump up ^ Wittrock also portrayed real life actor Rudolph Valentino . See also ( edit ) List of American Horror Story : Murder House characters List of American Horror Story : Asylum characters List of American Horror Story : Coven characters List of American Horror Story : Freak Show characters List of American Horror Story : Hotel characters List of American Horror Story : Roanoke characters List of American Horror Story : Cult characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` American Horror Story : Kathy Bates to return for season 8 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sarah Paulson Has Taken FX , the Emmys and Movie Studios by Storm . Next up : Netflix '' . Adweek.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) American Horror Story <Td_colspan="2"> Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! '' `` The Axeman Cometh '' `` The Dead '' `` The Sacred Taking '' `` Head '' `` The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' `` Protect the Coven '' `` Go to Hell '' `` The Seven Wonders '' Freak Show `` Monsters Among Us '' `` Massacres and Matinees '' `` Edward Mordrake , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Pink Cupcakes '' `` Bullseye '' `` Test of Strength '' `` Blood Bath '' `` Tupperware Party Massacre '' `` Orphans '' `` Magical Thinking '' `` Show Stoppers '' `` Curtain Call '' Hotel `` Checking In '' `` Chutes and Ladders '' `` Mommy '' `` Devil 's Night '' `` Room Service '' `` Room 33 '' `` Flicker '' `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' `` She Wants Revenge '' `` She Gets Revenge '' `` Battle Royale '' `` Be Our Guest '' Roanoke `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' `` Chapter 8 '' `` Chapter 9 '' `` Chapter 10 '' Cult `` Election Night '' `` Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark '' `` Neighbors from Hell '' `` 11 / 9 '' `` Holes '' `` Mid-Western Assassin '' `` Valerie Solanas Died for Your Sins : Scumbag '' `` Winter of Our Discontent '' `` Drink the Kool - Aid '' `` Charles ( Manson ) in Charge '' `` Great Again '' Characters Murder House Asylum Coven Freak Show Hotel Roanoke Cult Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Horror_Story_cast_members&oldid=833159295 '' Categories : American Horror Story lists Lists of television characters by series Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2017 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית ქართული 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 00 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. American Horror Story cast members
2. Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk
3. Anthology series
4. Murder House, Asylum, Coven, Freak Show, Hotel, Roanoke, Cult
5. Characters appearing in multiple seasons |
-8,356,880,536,492,435,000 | explain the concept of expansion of democracy in the world | Democracy - Wikipedia Democracy This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 August 2018 . For a democracy that protects the rights of the individual , see Liberal democracy . For other uses , see Democracy ( disambiguation ) and Democrat ( disambiguation ) . Part of the Politics series Democracy History Types Anticipatory Athenian Cellular Consensus Cosmopolitan Defensive Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal / Illiberal Media Multiparty New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Islamic Jewish Mormon Sectarian Semi Semi-direct Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Totalitarian Workplace Related topics Anarchism Kleroterion Democratic capitalism Democratic centralism Democratic confederalism Democratic republic Democratic socialism Democratization Democracy and economic growth Democracy in Marxism Democracy promotion Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Motion Ochlocracy People 's democratic dictatorship Polyarchy Populism Sortition Tyranny of the majority Voting Wars between democracies Wave of democracy Politics portal Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. libertarian socio - economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. local geo - cultural ideologies Commune City - state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portal Part of a series on Politics Primary topics ( show ) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems ( hide ) Anarchy City - state Democracy Dictatorship Directory Federacy Feudalism Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines ( show ) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration ( show ) Bureaucracy ( street - level ) Adhocracy Policy ( show ) Public policy ( doctrine ) Domestic and foreign policy Civil society Public interest Organs of government ( show ) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics ( show ) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries ( show ) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties Democracy ( Greek : δημοκρατία dēmokratía , literally `` rule by people '' ) , in modern usage , has three senses - all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting . In a direct democracy , the citizens as a whole form a governing body , and vote directly on each issue , e.g. on the passage of a particular tax law . In a representative democracy the citizens elect representatives from among themselves . These representatives meet to form a governing body , such as a legislature . In a constitutional democracy the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy , but the constitution limits the majority and protects the minority , usually through the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights , e.g. freedom of speech , or freedom of association . `` Rule of the majority '' is sometimes referred to as democracy . Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do , but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes . The uncertainty of outcomes is inherent in democracy , which makes all forces struggle repeatedly for the realization of their interests , being the devolution of power from a group of people to a set of rules . Western democracy , as distinct from that which existed in pre-modern societies , is generally considered to have originated in city - states such as Classical Athens and the Roman Republic , where various schemes and degrees of enfranchisement of the free male population were observed before the form disappeared in the West at the beginning of late antiquity . The English word dates to the 16th century , from the older Middle French and Middle Latin equivalents . According to American political scientist Larry Diamond , democracy consists of four key elements : a political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections ; the active participation of the people , as citizens , in politics and civic life ; protection of the human rights of all citizens ; a rule of law , in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens . The term appeared in the 5th century BC to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city - states , notably Athens , to mean `` rule of the people '' , in contrast to aristocracy ( ἀριστοκρατία , aristokratía ) , meaning `` rule of an elite '' . While theoretically these definitions are in opposition , in practice the distinction has been blurred historically . The political system of Classical Athens , for example , granted democratic citizenship to free men and excluded slaves and women from political participation . In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history , democratic citizenship consisted of an elite class , until full enfranchisement was won for all adult citizens in most modern democracies through the suffrage movements of the 19th and 20th centuries . Democracy contrasts with forms of government where power is either held by an individual , as in an absolute monarchy , or where power is held by a small number of individuals , as in an oligarchy . Nevertheless , these oppositions , inherited from Greek philosophy , are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic , oligarchic and monarchic elements . Karl Popper defined democracy in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny , thus focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders and to oust them without the need for a revolution . Contents 1 Characteristics 2 History 2.1 Ancient origins 2.2 Middle Ages 2.3 Modern era 2.3. 1 Early modern period 2.3. 2 18th and 19th centuries 2.3. 3 20th and 21st centuries 3 Measurement of democracy 4 Types of governmental democracies 4.1 Basic forms 4.1. 1 Direct 4.1. 2 Representative 4.1. 2.1 Parliamentary 4.1. 2.2 Presidential 4.1. 3 Hybrid or semi-direct 4.2 Variants 4.2. 1 Constitutional monarchy 4.2. 2 Republic 4.2. 3 Liberal democracy 4.2. 4 Socialist 4.2. 5 Anarchist 4.2. 6 Sortition 4.2. 7 Consociational 4.2. 8 Consensus democracy 4.2. 9 Supranational 4.2. 10 Inclusive 4.2. 11 Participatory politics 4.2. 12 Cosmopolitan 4.2. 13 Creative democracy 4.2. 14 Guided democracy 5 Non-governmental democracy 6 Theory 6.1 Aristotle 6.2 Early Republican theory 6.3 Rationale 6.3. 1 Aggregative 6.3. 2 Deliberative 6.3. 3 Radical 7 Criticism 7.1 Inefficiencies 7.2 Popular rule as a façade 7.3 Mob rule 7.4 Political instability 7.5 Fraudulent elections 7.6 Opposition 8 Development 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Most democratic ( closest to 10 ) Least democratic ( closest to 0 ) Democracy 's de facto status in the world as of 2017 , according to Democracy Index by The Economist Democracy 's de jure status in the world as of 2018 ; only Saudi Arabia , Oman , the UAE , Brunei , Fiji , and the Vatican officially admit to be undemocratic No consensus exists on how to define democracy , but legal equality , political freedom and rule of law have been identified as important characteristics . These principles are reflected in all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes . For example , in a representative democracy , every vote has equal weight , no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative , and the freedom of its eligible citizens is secured by legitimised rights and liberties which are typically protected by a constitution . Other uses of `` democracy '' include that of direct democracy . One theory holds that democracy requires three fundamental principles : upward control ( sovereignty residing at the lowest levels of authority ) , political equality , and social norms by which individuals and institutions only consider acceptable acts that reflect the first two principles of upward control and political equality . The term `` democracy '' is sometimes used as shorthand for liberal democracy , which is a variant of representative democracy that may include elements such as political pluralism ; equality before the law ; the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances ; due process ; civil liberties ; human rights ; and elements of civil society outside the government . Roger Scruton argues that democracy alone can not provide personal and political freedom unless the institutions of civil society are also present . In some countries , notably in the United Kingdom which originated the Westminster system , the dominant principle is that of parliamentary sovereignty , while maintaining judicial independence . In the United States , separation of powers is often cited as a central attribute . In India , parliamentary sovereignty is subject to the Constitution of India which includes judicial review . Though the term `` democracy '' is typically used in the context of a political state , the principles also are applicable to private organisations . Majority rule is often listed as a characteristic of democracy . Hence , democracy allows for political minorities to be oppressed by the `` tyranny of the majority '' in the absence of legal protections of individual or group rights . An essential part of an `` ideal '' representative democracy is competitive elections that are substantively and procedurally `` fair , '' i.e. , just and equitable . In some countries , freedom of political expression , freedom of speech , freedom of the press , and internet democracy are considered important to ensure that voters are well informed , enabling them to vote according to their own interests . It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of all voters to participate freely and fully in the life of their society . With its emphasis on notions of social contract and the collective will of all the voters , democracy can also be characterised as a form of political collectivism because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in lawmaking . While representative democracy is sometimes equated with the republican form of government , the term `` republic '' classically has encompassed both democracies and aristocracies . Many democracies are constitutional monarchies , such as the United Kingdom . History ( edit ) Nineteenth - century painting by Philipp Foltz depicting the Athenian politician Pericles delivering his famous funeral oration in front of the Assembly . Main article : History of democracy Ancient Origins ( edit ) See also : Athenian democracy The term `` democracy '' first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city - state of Athens during classical antiquity . The word comes from demos , `` common people '' and kratos , strength . Led by Cleisthenes , Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508 -- 507 BC . Cleisthenes is referred to as `` the father of Athenian democracy . '' Athenian democracy took the form of a direct democracy , and it had two distinguishing features : the random selection of ordinary citizens to fill the few existing government administrative and judicial offices , and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens . All eligible citizens were allowed to speak and vote in the assembly , which set the laws of the city state . However , Athenian citizenship excluded women , slaves , foreigners ( μέτοικοι / métoikoi ) , non-landowners , and men under 20 years of age . The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship . In most of antiquity the benefit of citizenship was tied to the obligation to fight war campaigns . Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people , but also the most direct in the sense that the people through the assembly , boule and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business . Even though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense ( the ancient Greeks had no word for `` rights '' ) , the Athenians enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person . Range voting appeared in Sparta as early as 700 BC . The Apella was an assembly of the people , held once a month , in which every male citizen of at least 30 years of age could participate . In the Apella , Spartans elected leaders and cast votes by range voting and shouting . Aristotle called this `` childish '' , as compared with the stone voting ballots used by the Athenians . Sparta adopted it because of its simplicity , and to prevent any bias voting , buying , or cheating that was predominant in the early democratic elections . Even though the Roman Republic contributed significantly to many aspects of democracy , only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives . The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of gerrymandering , so most high officials , including members of the Senate , came from a few wealthy and noble families . In addition , the Roman Republic was the first government in the western world to have a Republic as a nation - state , although it did n't have much of a democracy . The Romans invented the concept of classics and many works from Ancient Greece were preserved . Additionally , the Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries , and today 's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek models because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives , and which had an elected or nominated leader . Other cultures , such as the Iroquois Nation in the Americas between around 1450 and 1600 AD also developed a form of democratic society before they came in contact with the Europeans . This indicates that forms of democracy may have been invented in other societies around the world . Middle Ages ( edit ) During the Middle Ages , there were various systems involving elections or assemblies , although often only involving a small part of the population . These included : the Frostating , Gulating , Eidsivating and Borgarting in Norway , The Papal election , 1061 , the Althing in Iceland , the Løgting in the Faeroe Islands , Scandinavian Things , Papal conclaves , Elections of Bishops , Abbots , Abbesses carried on , and evolved from their classical roots . the election of Uthman in the Rashidun Caliphate , the South Indian Kingdom of the Chola in the state of Tamil Nadu in the Indian Subcontinent had an electoral system at 920 A.D. , about 1100 years ago , Carantania , old Slavic / Slovenian principality , the Ducal Inauguration from 7th to 15th century , the upper - caste election of the Gopala in the Bengal region of the Indian Subcontinent , the Holy Roman Empire 's Hoftag and Imperial Diets ( mostly Nobles and Clergy ) , Frisia in the 10th -- 15th Century ( Weight of vote based on landownership ) the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 10 % of population ) , certain medieval Italian city - states such as Venice , Genoa , Florence , Pisa , Lucca , Amalfi , Siena and San Marino the Cortes of León , the tuatha system in early medieval Ireland , the Veche in Novgorod and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia , The States in Tirol and Switzerland , the autonomous merchant city of Sakai in the 16th century in Japan , Volta - Nigeric societies such as Igbo . the Mekhk - Khel system of the Nakh peoples of the North Caucasus , by which representatives to the Council of Elders for each teip ( clan ) were popularly elected by that teip 's members . The 10th Sikh Guru Gobind Singh ji ( Nanak X ) established the world 's first Sikh democratic republic state ending the aristocracy on day of 1st Vasakh 1699 and Gurbani as sole constitution of this Sikh republic on the Indian subcontinent . Most regions in medieval Europe were ruled by clergy or feudal lords . The Kouroukan Fouga divided the Mali Empire into ruling clans ( lineages ) that were represented at a great assembly called the Gbara . However , the charter made Mali more similar to a constitutional monarchy than a democratic republic . Magna Carta , 1215 , England The Parliament of England had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into Magna Carta ( 1215 ) , which explicitly protected certain rights of the King 's subjects and implicitly supported what became the English writ of habeas corpus , safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal . The first representative national assembly in England was Simon de Montfort 's Parliament in 1265 . The emergence of petitioning is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people . However , the power to call parliament remained at the pleasure of the monarch . Modern era ( edit ) Early modern period ( edit ) In 17th century England , there was renewed interest in Magna Carta . The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects . The English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament , during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647 . Subsequently , the Protectorate ( 1653 - 59 ) and the English Restoration ( 1660 ) restored more autocratic rule , although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence . After the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , the Bill of Rights was enacted in 1689 which codified certain rights and liberties , and is still in effect . The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections , rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch , ensuring that , unlike much of Europe at the time , royal absolutism would not prevail . In the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th and 17th centuries , the Cossack Hetmanate and Zaporizhian Sich , the holder of the highest post of Hetman was elected by the representatives from the country 's districts . In North America , representative government began in Jamestown , Virginia , with the election of the House of Burgesses ( forerunner of the Virginia General Assembly ) in 1619 . English Puritans who migrated from 1620 established colonies in New England whose local governance was democratic and which contributed to the democratic development of the United States ; although these local assemblies had some small amounts of devolved power , the ultimate authority was held by the Crown and the English Parliament . The Puritans ( Pilgrim Fathers ) , Baptists , and Quakers who founded these colonies applied the democratic organisation of their congregations also to the administration of their communities in worldly matters . 18th and 19th centuries ( edit ) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States by Howard Chandler Christy . The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy . The first Parliament of Great Britain was established in 1707 , after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland under the Acts of Union . Although the monarch increasingly became a figurehead , only a small minority actually had a voice ; Parliament was elected by only a few percent of the population ( less than 3 % as late as 1780 ) . During the Age of Liberty in Sweden ( 1718 -- 1772 ) , civil rights were expanded and power shifted from the monarch to parliament . The taxed peasantry was represented in parliament , although with little influence , but commoners without taxed property had no suffrage . The creation of the short - lived Corsican Republic in 1755 marked the first nation in modern history to adopt a democratic constitution ( all men and women above age of 25 could vote ) . This Corsican Constitution was the first based on Enlightenment principles and included female suffrage , something that was not granted in most other democracies until the 20th century . In the American colonial period before 1776 , and for some time after , often only adult white male property owners could vote ; enslaved Africans , most free black people and most women were not extended the franchise . On the American frontier , democracy became a way of life , with more widespread social , economic and political equality . Although not described as a democracy by the founding fathers , they shared a determination to root the American experiment in the principles of natural freedom and equality . The American Revolution led to the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787 , the oldest surviving , still active , governmental codified constitution . The Constitution provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties for some , but did not end slavery nor extend voting rights in the United States beyond white male property owners ( about 6 % of the population ) . The Bill of Rights in 1791 set limits on government power to protect personal freedoms but had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 130 years after ratification . Statue of Athena , the patron goddess of Athens , in front of the Austrian Parliament Building . Athena has been used as an international symbol of freedom and democracy since at least the late eighteenth century . In 1789 , Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and , although short - lived , the National Convention was elected by all men in 1792 . However , in the early 19th century , little of democracy -- as theory , practice , or even as word -- remained in the North Atlantic world . During this period , slavery remained a social and economic institution in places around the world . This was particularly the case in the United States , and especially in the last fifteen slave states that kept slavery legal in the American South until the Civil War . A variety of organisations were established advocating the movement of black people from the United States to locations where they would enjoy greater freedom and equality . The United Kingdom 's Slave Trade Act 1807 banned the trade across the British Empire , which was enforced internationally by the Royal Navy under treaties Britain negotiated with other nations . As the voting franchise in the U.K. was increased , it also was made more uniform in a series of reforms beginning with the Reform Act 1832 , although the United Kingdom did not manage to become a complete democracy well into the 20th century . In 1833 , the United Kingdom passed the Slavery Abolition Act which took effect across the British Empire . Universal male suffrage was established in France in March 1848 in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848 . In 1848 , several revolutions broke out in Europe as rulers were confronted with popular demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government . In the 1860 United States Census , the slave population in the United States had grown to four million , and in Reconstruction after the Civil War ( late 1860s ) , the newly freed slaves became citizens with a nominal right to vote for men . Full enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the Civil Rights Movement gained passage by the United States Congress of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . 20th and 21st centuries ( edit ) The number of nations 1800 -- 2003 scoring 8 or higher on Polity IV scale , another widely used measure of democracy 20th - century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive `` waves of democracy '' , variously resulting from wars , revolutions , decolonisation , and religious and economic circumstances . Global waves of `` democratic regression '' reversing democratization , have also occurred in the 1920s and 30s , in the 1960s and 1970s , and in the 2010s . World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro - Hungarian empires resulted in the creation of new nation - states from Europe , most of them at least nominally democratic . In the 1920s democracy flourished and women 's suffrage advanced , but the Great Depression brought disenchantment and most of the countries of Europe , Latin America , and Asia turned to strong - man rule or dictatorships . Fascism and dictatorships flourished in Nazi Germany , Italy , Spain and Portugal , as well as non-democratic governments in the Baltics , the Balkans , Brazil , Cuba , China , and Japan , among others . World War II brought a definitive reversal of this trend in western Europe . The democratisation of the American , British , and French sectors of occupied Germany ( disputed ) , Austria , Italy , and the occupied Japan served as a model for the later theory of government change . However , most of Eastern Europe , including the Soviet sector of Germany fell into the non-democratic Soviet bloc . The war was followed by decolonisation , and again most of the new independent states had nominally democratic constitutions . India emerged as the world 's largest democracy and continues to be so . Countries that were once part of the British Empire often adopted the British Westminster system . By 1960 , the vast majority of country - states were nominally democracies , although most of the world 's populations lived in nations that experienced sham elections , and other forms of subterfuge ( particularly in `` Communist '' nations and the former colonies . ) A subsequent wave of democratisation brought substantial gains toward true liberal democracy for many nations . Spain , Portugal ( 1974 ) , and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to civilian rule in the late 1970s and early 1980s ( Argentina in 1983 , Bolivia , Uruguay in 1984 , Brazil in 1985 , and Chile in the early 1990s ) . This was followed by nations in East and South Asia by the mid-to - late 1980s . Economic malaise in the 1980s , along with resentment of Soviet oppression , contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union , the associated end of the Cold War , and the democratisation and liberalisation of the former Eastern bloc countries . The most successful of the new democracies were those geographically and culturally closest to western Europe , and they are now members or candidate members of the European Union . In 1986 , after the toppling of the most prominent Asian dictatorship , the only democratic state of its kind at the time emerged in the Philippines with the rise of Corazon Aquino , who would later be known as the Mother of Asian Democracy . Corazon Aquino taking the Oath of Office , becoming the first female president in Asia The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s , most prominently in South Africa . Some recent examples of attempts of liberalisation include the Indonesian Revolution of 1998 , the Bulldozer Revolution in Yugoslavia , the Rose Revolution in Georgia , the Orange Revolution in Ukraine , the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon , the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan , and the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia . According to Freedom House , in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies ( up from 40 in 1972 ) . According to World Forum on Democracy , electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58.2 percent of the world 's population . At the same time liberal democracies i.e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 percent of the global population . Most electoral democracies continue to exclude those younger than 18 from voting . The voting age has been lowered to 16 for national elections in a number of countries , including Brazil , Austria , Cuba , and Nicaragua . In California , a 2004 proposal to permit a quarter vote at 14 and a half vote at 16 was ultimately defeated . In 2008 , the German parliament proposed but shelved a bill that would grant the vote to each citizen at birth , to be used by a parent until the child claims it for themselves . In 2007 the United Nations declared September 15 the International Day of Democracy . According to Freedom House , starting in 2005 , there have been eleven consecutive years in which declines in political rights and civil liberties throughout the world have outnumbered improvements , as populist and nationalist political forces have gained ground everywhere from Poland ( under the Law and Justice Party ) to the Philippines ( under Rodrigo Duterte ) . In a Freedom House report released in 2018 , Democracy Scores for most countries declined for the 12th consecutive year . Measurement of democracy ( edit ) Country ratings from the US based Freedom House 's Freedom in the World 2017 survey , concerning the state of world freedom in 2016 Free ( 86 ) Partly Free ( 59 ) Not Free ( 50 ) Countries designated `` electoral democracies '' in Freedom House 's 2017 survey `` Freedom in the World '' , covering the year 2016 Several freedom indices are published by several organisations according to their own various definitions of the term : Freedom in the World published each year since 1972 by the U.S. - based Freedom House ranks countries by political rights and civil liberties that are derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Countries are assessed as free , partly free , or unfree . Worldwide Press Freedom Index is published each year since 2002 ( except that 2011 was combined with 2012 ) by France - based Reporters Without Borders . Countries are assessed as having a good situation , a satisfactory situation , noticeable problems , a difficult situation , or a very serious situation . The Index of Freedom in the World is an index measuring classical civil liberties published by Canada 's Fraser Institute , Germany 's Liberales Institute , and the U.S. Cato Institute . It is not currently included in the table below . The CIRI Human Rights Data Project measures a range of human , civil , women 's and workers rights . It is now hosted by the University of Connecticut . It was created in 1994 . In its 2011 report , the U.S. was ranked 38th in overall human rights . The Democracy Index , published by the U.K. - based Economist Intelligence Unit , is an assessment of countries ' democracy . Countries are rated to be either Full Democracies , Flawed Democracies , Hybrid Regimes , or Authoritarian regimes . Full democracies , flawed democracies , and hybrid regimes are considered to be democracies , and the authoritarian nations are considered to be dictatorial . The index is based on 60 indicators grouped in five different categories . The U.S. - based Polity data series is a widely used data series in political science research . It contains coded annual information on regime authority characteristics and transitions for all independent states with greater than 500,000 total population and covers the years 1800 -- 2006 . Polity 's conclusions about a state 's level of democracy are based on an evaluation of that state 's elections for competitiveness , openness and level of participation . Data from this series is not currently included in the table below . The Polity work is sponsored by the Political Instability Task Force ( PITF ) which is funded by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency . However , the views expressed in the reports are the authors ' alone and do not represent the views of the US Government . MaxRange , a dataset defining level of democracy and institutional structure ( regime - type ) on a 100 - graded scale where every value represents a unique regime type . Values are sorted from 1 -- 100 based on level of democracy and political accountability . MaxRange defines the value corresponding to all states and every month from 1789 to 2015 and updating . MaxRange is created and developed by Max Range , and is now associated with the university of Halmstad , Sweden . Types of governmental democracies ( edit ) Main article : Types of democracy Democracy has taken a number of forms , both in theory and practice . Some varieties of democracy provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others . However , if any democracy is not structured so as to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process , or any branch of government from altering the separation of powers in its own favour , then a branch of the system can accumulate too much power and destroy the democracy . World 's states coloured by form of government Full presidential republics Semi-presidential republics Parliamentary republics with an executive president dependent on the legislature Parliamentary republics Parliamentary constitutional monarchies Constitutional monarchies which have a separate head of government but where royalty still hold significant executive and / or legislative power Absolute monarchies One - party states Countries where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended ( e.g. military dictatorships ) Countries which do not fit any of the above systems This map was compiled according to the Wikipedia list of countries by system of government . See there for sources . Several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are broadly described by outsiders as authoritarian states . This map presents only the de jure form of government , and not the de facto degree of democracy . The following kinds of democracy are not exclusive of one another : many specify details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a single system . Basic forms ( edit ) Several variants of democracy exist , but there are two basic forms , both of which concern how the whole body of all eligible citizens executes its will . One form of democracy is direct democracy , in which all eligible citizens have active participation in the political decision making , for example voting on policy initiatives directly . In most modern democracies , the whole body of eligible citizens remain the sovereign power but political power is exercised indirectly through elected representatives ; this is called a representative democracy . Direct ( edit ) A Landsgemeinde ( in 2009 ) of the Canton of Glarus , an example of direct democracy in Switzerland In Switzerland , without needing to register , every citizen receives ballot papers and information brochures for each vote ( and can send it back by post ) . Switzerland has a direct democracy system and votes are organised about four times a year . Main article : Direct democracy Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision - making personally , contrary to relying on intermediaries or representatives . The use of a lot system , a characteristic of Athenian democracy , is unique to direct democracies . In this system , important governmental and administrative tasks are performed by citizens picked from a lottery . A direct democracy gives the voting population the power to : Change constitutional laws , Put forth initiatives , referendums and suggestions for laws , Give binding orders to elective officials , such as revoking them before the end of their elected term , or initiating a lawsuit for breaking a campaign promise . Within modern - day representative governments , certain electoral tools like referendums , citizens ' initiatives and recall elections are referred to as forms of direct democracy . However , some advocates of direct democracy argue for local assemblies of face - to - face discussion . Direct democracy as a government system currently exists in the Swiss cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus , the Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities , communities affiliated with the CIPO - RFM , the Bolivian city councils of FEJUVE , and Kurdish cantons of Rojava . Representative ( edit ) Main article : Representative democracy Representative democracy involves the election of government officials by the people being represented . If the head of state is also democratically elected then it is called a democratic republic . The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a plurality of the votes . Most western countries have representative systems . Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district ( or constituency ) , or represent the entire electorate through proportional systems , with some using a combination of the two . Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy , such as referendums . A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in the people 's interest , they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgement as how best to do so . Such reasons have driven criticism upon representative democracy , pointing out the contradictions of representation mechanisms with democracy Parliamentary ( edit ) Main article : Parliamentary system Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by , or can be dismissed by , representatives as opposed to a `` presidential rule '' wherein the president is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters . Under a parliamentary democracy , government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review , checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people . Parliamentary systems have the right to dismiss a Prime Minister at any point in time that they feel he or she is not doing their job to the expectations of the legislature . This is done through a Vote of No Confidence where the legislature decides whether or not to remove the Prime Minister from office by a majority support for his or her dismissal . In some countries , the Prime Minister can also call an election whenever he or she so chooses , and typically the Prime Minister will hold an election when he or she knows that they are in good favour with the public as to get re-elected . In other parliamentary democracies extra elections are virtually never held , a minority government being preferred until the next ordinary elections . An important feature of the parliamentary democracy is the concept of the `` loyal opposition '' . The essence of the concept is that the second largest political party ( or coalition ) opposes the governing party ( or coalition ) , while still remaining loyal to the state and its democratic principles . Presidential ( edit ) Main article : Presidential system Presidential Democracy is a system where the public elects the president through free and fair elections . The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling most of the executive powers . The president serves for a specific term and can not exceed that amount of time . Elections typically have a fixed date and are n't easily changed . The president has direct control over the cabinet , specifically appointing the cabinet members . The president can not be easily removed from office by the legislature , but he or she can not remove members of the legislative branch any more easily . This provides some measure of separation of powers . In consequence however , the president and the legislature may end up in the control of separate parties , allowing one to block the other and thereby interfere with the orderly operation of the state . This may be the reason why presidential democracy is not very common outside the Americas , Africa , and Central and Southeast Asia . A semi-presidential system is a system of democracy in which the government includes both a prime minister and a president . The particular powers held by the prime minister and president vary by country . Hybrid or semi-direct ( edit ) See also : Politics of Switzerland and Voting in Switzerland Some modern democracies that are predominantly representative in nature also heavily rely upon forms of political action that are directly democratic . These democracies , which combine elements of representative democracy and direct democracy , are termed hybrid democracies , semi-direct democracies or participatory democracies . Examples include Switzerland and some U.S. states , where frequent use is made of referendums and initiatives . The Swiss confederation is a semi-direct democracy . At the federal level , citizens can propose changes to the constitution ( federal popular initiative ) or ask for a referendum to be held on any law voted by the parliament . Between January 1995 and June 2005 , Swiss citizens voted 31 times , to answer 103 questions ( during the same period , French citizens participated in only two referendums ) . Although in the past 120 years less than 250 initiatives have been put to referendum . The populace has been conservative , approving only about 10 % of the initiatives put before them ; in addition , they have often opted for a version of the initiative rewritten by government . In the United States , no mechanisms of direct democracy exists at the federal level , but over half of the states and many localities provide for citizen - sponsored ballot initiatives ( also called `` ballot measures '' , `` ballot questions '' or `` propositions '' ) , and the vast majority of states allow for referendums . Examples include the extensive use of referendums in the US state of California , which is a state that has more than 20 million voters . In New England , Town meetings are often used , especially in rural areas , to manage local government . This creates a hybrid form of government , with a local direct democracy and a state government which is representative . For example , most Vermont towns hold annual town meetings in March in which town officers are elected , budgets for the town and schools are voted on , and citizens have the opportunity to speak and be heard on political matters . Variants ( edit ) Constitutional monarchy ( edit ) Main article : Constitutional monarchy Queen Elizabeth II , a constitutional monarch Many countries such as the United Kingdom , Spain , the Netherlands , Belgium , Scandinavian countries , Thailand , Japan and Bhutan turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs with limited or , often gradually , merely symbolic roles . For example , in the predecessor states to the United Kingdom , constitutional monarchy began to emerge and has continued uninterrupted since the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights 1689 . In other countries , the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system ( as in France , China , Russia , Germany , Austria , Hungary , Italy , Greece and Egypt ) . An elected president , with or without significant powers , became the head of state in these countries . Elite upper houses of legislatures , which often had lifetime or hereditary tenure , were common in many nations . Over time , these either had their powers limited ( as with the British House of Lords ) or else became elective and remained powerful ( as with the Australian Senate ) . Republic ( edit ) Main article : Republicanism The term republic has many different meanings , but today often refers to a representative democracy with an elected head of state , such as a president , serving for a limited term , in contrast to states with a hereditary monarch as a head of state , even if these states also are representative democracies with an elected or appointed head of government such as a prime minister . The Founding Fathers of the United States rarely praised and often criticised democracy , which in their time tended to specifically mean direct democracy , often without the protection of a constitution enshrining basic rights ; James Madison argued , especially in The Federalist No. 10 , that what distinguished a direct democracy from a republic was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction , whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by its very structure . What was critical to American values , John Adams insisted , was that the government be `` bound by fixed laws , which the people have a voice in making , and a right to defend . '' As Benjamin Franklin was exiting after writing the U.S. constitution , a woman asked him `` Well , Doctor , what have we got -- a republic or a monarchy ? '' . He replied `` A republic -- if you can keep it . '' Liberal democracy ( edit ) Main article : Liberal democracy A liberal democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision - making power is subject to the rule of law , and moderated by a constitution or laws that emphasise the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals , and which places constraints on the leaders and on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities ( see civil liberties ) . In a liberal democracy , it is possible for some large - scale decisions to emerge from the many individual decisions that citizens are free to make . In other words , citizens can `` vote with their feet '' or `` vote with their dollars '' , resulting in significant informal government - by - the - masses that exercises many `` powers '' associated with formal government elsewhere . Socialist ( edit ) See also : Democracy in Marxism Socialist thought has several different views on democracy . Social democracy , democratic socialism , and the dictatorship of the proletariat ( usually exercised through Soviet democracy ) are some examples . Many democratic socialists and social democrats believe in a form of participatory , industrial , economic and / or workplace democracy combined with a representative democracy . Within Marxist orthodoxy there is a hostility to what is commonly called `` liberal democracy '' , which they simply refer to as parliamentary democracy because of its often centralised nature . Because of their desire to eliminate the political elitism they see in capitalism , Marxists , Leninists and Trotskyists believe in direct democracy implemented through a system of communes ( which are sometimes called soviets ) . This system ultimately manifests itself as council democracy and begins with workplace democracy . ( See Democracy in Marxism . ) Democracy can not consist solely of elections that are nearly always fictitious and managed by rich landowners and professional politicians . -- Che Guevara , Speech , Uruguay , 1961 Anarchist ( edit ) Anarchists are split in this domain , depending on whether they believe that a majority - rule is tyrannic or not . The only form of democracy considered acceptable to many anarchists is direct democracy . Pierre - Joseph Proudhon argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one in which it is recognised that majority decisions are not binding on the minority , even when unanimous . However , anarcho - communist Murray Bookchin criticised individualist anarchists for opposing democracy , and says `` majority rule '' is consistent with anarchism . Some anarcho - communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy , feeling that it can impede individual liberty and opt in favour of a non-majoritarian form of consensus democracy , similar to Proudhon 's position on direct democracy . Henry David Thoreau , who did not self - identify as an anarchist but argued for `` a better government '' and is cited as an inspiration by some anarchists , argued that people should not be in the position of ruling others or being ruled when there is no consent . Sortition ( edit ) Main article : Sortition Sometimes called `` democracy without elections '' , sortition chooses decision makers via a random process . The intention is that those chosen will be representative of the opinions and interests of the people at large , and be more fair and impartial than an elected official . The technique was in widespread use in Athenian Democracy and Renaissance Florence and is still used in modern jury selection . Consociational ( edit ) Main article : Consociational democracy A consociational democracy allows for simultaneous majority votes in two or more ethno - religious constituencies , and policies are enacted only if they gain majority support from both or all of them . Consensus democracy ( edit ) Main article : Consensus democracy A consensus democracy , in contrast , would not be dichotomous . Instead , decisions would be based on a multi-option approach , and policies would be enacted if they gained sufficient support , either in a purely verbal agreement , or via a consensus vote -- a multi-option preference vote . If the threshold of support were at a sufficiently high level , minorities would be as it were protected automatically . Furthermore , any voting would be ethno - colour blind . Supranational ( edit ) Qualified majority voting is designed by the Treaty of Rome to be the principal method of reaching decisions in the European Council of Ministers . This system allocates votes to member states in part according to their population , but heavily weighted in favour of the smaller states . This might be seen as a form of representative democracy , but representatives to the Council might be appointed rather than directly elected . Inclusive ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . 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Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Main article : Inclusive democracy Inclusive democracy is a political theory and political project that aims for direct democracy in all fields of social life : political democracy in the form of face - to - face assemblies which are confederated , economic democracy in a stateless , moneyless and marketless economy , democracy in the social realm , i.e. self - management in places of work and education , and ecological democracy which aims to reintegrate society and nature . The theoretical project of inclusive democracy emerged from the work of political philosopher Takis Fotopoulos in `` Towards An Inclusive Democracy '' and was further developed in the journal Democracy & Nature and its successor The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy . The basic unit of decision making in an inclusive democracy is the demotic assembly , i.e. the assembly of demos , the citizen body in a given geographical area which may encompass a town and the surrounding villages , or even neighbourhoods of large cities . An inclusive democracy today can only take the form of a confederal democracy that is based on a network of administrative councils whose members or delegates are elected from popular face - to - face democratic assemblies in the various demoi . Thus , their role is purely administrative and practical , not one of policy - making like that of representatives in representative democracy . The citizen body is advised by experts but it is the citizen body which functions as the ultimate decision - taker . Authority can be delegated to a segment of the citizen body to carry out specific duties , for example to serve as members of popular courts , or of regional and confederal councils . Such delegation is made , in principle , by lot , on a rotation basis , and is always recallable by the citizen body . Delegates to regional and confederal bodies should have specific mandates . Participatory Politics ( edit ) Main article : Participatory politics A Parpolity or Participatory Polity is a theoretical form of democracy that is ruled by a Nested Council structure . The guiding philosophy is that people should have decision making power in proportion to how much they are affected by the decision . Local councils of 25 -- 50 people are completely autonomous on issues that affect only them , and these councils send delegates to higher level councils who are again autonomous regarding issues that affect only the population affected by that council . A council court of randomly chosen citizens serves as a check on the tyranny of the majority , and rules on which body gets to vote on which issue . Delegates may vote differently from how their sending council might wish , but are mandated to communicate the wishes of their sending council . Delegates are recallable at any time . Referendums are possible at any time via votes of most lower - level councils , however , not everything is a referendum as this is most likely a waste of time . A parpolity is meant to work in tandem with a participatory economy . Cosmopolitan ( edit ) Main article : Cosmopolitan democracy Cosmopolitan democracy , also known as Global democracy or World Federalism , is a political system in which democracy is implemented on a global scale , either directly or through representatives . An important justification for this kind of system is that the decisions made in national or regional democracies often affect people outside the constituency who , by definition , can not vote . By contrast , in a cosmopolitan democracy , the people who are affected by decisions also have a say in them . According to its supporters , any attempt to solve global problems is undemocratic without some form of cosmopolitan democracy . The general principle of cosmopolitan democracy is to expand some or all of the values and norms of democracy , including the rule of law ; the non-violent resolution of conflicts ; and equality among citizens , beyond the limits of the state . To be fully implemented , this would require reforming existing international organisations , e.g. the United Nations , as well as the creation of new institutions such as a World Parliament , which ideally would enhance public control over , and accountability in , international politics . Cosmopolitan Democracy has been promoted , among others , by physicist Albert Einstein , writer Kurt Vonnegut , columnist George Monbiot , and professors David Held and Daniele Archibugi . The creation of the International Criminal Court in 2003 was seen as a major step forward by many supporters of this type of cosmopolitan democracy . Creative democracy ( edit ) Main article : Creative democracy Creative Democracy is advocated by American philosopher John Dewey . The main idea about Creative Democracy is that democracy encourages individual capacity building and the interaction among the society . Dewey argues that democracy is a way of life in his work of `` Creative Democracy : The Task Before Us '' and an experience built on faith in human nature , faith in human beings , and faith in working with others . Democracy , in Dewey 's view , is a moral ideal requiring actual effort and work by people ; it is not an institutional concept that exists outside of ourselves . `` The task of democracy '' , Dewey concludes , `` is forever that of creation of a freer and more humane experience in which all share and to which all contribute '' . Guided democracy ( edit ) Main article : Guided democracy Guided democracy is a form of democracy which incorporates regular popular elections , but which often carefully `` guides '' the choices offered to the electorate in a manner which may reduce the ability of the electorate to truly determine the type of government exercised over them . Such democracies typically have only one central authority which is often not subject to meaningful public review by any other governmental authority . Russian - style democracy has often been referred to as a `` Guided democracy . '' Russian politicians have referred to their government as having only one center of power / authority , as opposed to most other forms of democracy which usually attempt to incorporate two or more naturally competing sources of authority within the same government . Non-governmental democracy ( edit ) Aside from the public sphere , similar democratic principles and mechanisms of voting and representation have been used to govern other kinds of groups . Many non-governmental organisations decide policy and leadership by voting . Most trade unions and cooperatives are governed by democratic elections . Corporations are controlled by shareholders on the principle of one share , one vote - sometimes supplemented by workplace democracy . Amitai Etzioni has postulated a system that fuses elements of democracy with sharia law , termed islamocracy . Theory ( edit ) A marble statue of Aristotle Aristotle ( edit ) Aristotle contrasted rule by the many ( democracy / timocracy ) , with rule by the few ( oligarchy / aristocracy ) , and with rule by a single person ( tyranny or today autocracy / absolute monarchy ) . He also thought that there was a good and a bad variant of each system ( he considered democracy to be the degenerate counterpart to timocracy ) . For Aristotle the underlying principle of democracy is freedom , since only in a democracy can the citizens have a share in freedom . In essence , he argues that this is what every democracy should make its aim . There are two main aspects of freedom : being ruled and ruling in turn , since everyone is equal according to number , not merit , and to be able to live as one pleases . But one factor of liberty is to govern and be governed in turn ; for the popular principle of justice is to have equality according to number , not worth , ... And one is for a man to live as he likes ; for they say that this is the function of liberty , inasmuch as to live not as one likes is the life of a man that is a slave . -- Aristotle , Politics 1317b ( Book 6 , Part II ) Early Republican theory ( edit ) A common view among early and renaissance Republican theorists was that democracy could only survive in small political communities . Heeding the lessons of the Roman Republic 's shift to monarchism as it grew larger , these Republican theorists held that the expansion of territory and population inevitably led to tyranny . Democracy was therefore highly fragile and rare historically , as it could only survive in small political units , which due to their size were vulnerable to conquest by larger political units . Montesquieu famously said , `` if a republic is small , it is destroyed by an outside force ; if it is large , it is destroyed by an internal vice . '' Rousseau asserted , `` It is , therefore the natural property of small states to be governed as a republic , of middling ones to be subject to a monarch , and of large empires to be swayed by a despotic prince . '' Rationale ( edit ) Among modern political theorists , there are three contending conceptions of the fundamental rationale for democracy : aggregative democracy , deliberative democracy , and radical democracy . Aggregative ( edit ) The theory of aggregative democracy claims that the aim of the democratic processes is to solicit citizens ' preferences and aggregate them together to determine what social policies society should adopt . Therefore , proponents of this view hold that democratic participation should primarily focus on voting , where the policy with the most votes gets implemented . Different variants of aggregative democracy exist . Under minimalism , democracy is a system of government in which citizens have given teams of political leaders the right to rule in periodic elections . According to this minimalist conception , citizens can not and should not `` rule '' because , for example , on most issues , most of the time , they have no clear views or their views are not well - founded . Joseph Schumpeter articulated this view most famously in his book Capitalism , Socialism , and Democracy . Contemporary proponents of minimalism include William H. Riker , Adam Przeworski , Richard Posner . According to the theory of direct democracy , on the other hand , citizens should vote directly , not through their representatives , on legislative proposals . Proponents of direct democracy offer varied reasons to support this view . Political activity can be valuable in itself , it socialises and educates citizens , and popular participation can check powerful elites . Most importantly , citizens do not really rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies . Governments will tend to produce laws and policies that are close to the views of the median voter -- with half to their left and the other half to their right . This is not actually a desirable outcome as it represents the action of self - interested and somewhat unaccountable political elites competing for votes . Anthony Downs suggests that ideological political parties are necessary to act as a mediating broker between individual and governments . Downs laid out this view in his 1957 book An Economic Theory of Democracy . Robert A. Dahl argues that the fundamental democratic principle is that , when it comes to binding collective decisions , each person in a political community is entitled to have his / her interests be given equal consideration ( not necessarily that all people are equally satisfied by the collective decision ) . He uses the term polyarchy to refer to societies in which there exists a certain set of institutions and procedures which are perceived as leading to such democracy . First and foremost among these institutions is the regular occurrence of free and open elections which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society . However , these polyarchic procedures may not create a full democracy if , for example , poverty prevents political participation . Similarly , Ronald Dworkin argues that `` democracy is a substantive , not a merely procedural , ideal . '' Deliberative ( edit ) Deliberative democracy is based on the notion that democracy is government by deliberation . Unlike aggregative democracy , deliberative democracy holds that , for a democratic decision to be legitimate , it must be preceded by authentic deliberation , not merely the aggregation of preferences that occurs in voting . Authentic deliberation is deliberation among decision - makers that is free from distortions of unequal political power , such as power a decision - maker obtained through economic wealth or the support of interest groups . If the decision - makers can not reach consensus after authentically deliberating on a proposal , then they vote on the proposal using a form of majority rule . Many theorists is discussing the conception of Debliberative Democracy , considering specially the thought of Jürgen Habermas . Radical ( edit ) Radical democracy is based on the idea that there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society . Democracy 's role is to make visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference , dissent and antagonisms in decision making processes . Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of democracy Protests Inefficiencies ( edit ) Some economists have criticized the efficiency of democracy , citing the premise of the irrational voter , or a voter who makes decisions without all of the facts or necessary information in order to make a truly informed decision . Another argument is that democracy slows down processes because of the amount of input and participation needed in order to go forward with a decision . A common example often quoted to substantiate this point is the high economic development achieved by China ( a non-democratic country ) as compared to India ( a democratic country ) . According to economists , the lack of democratic participation in countries like China allows for unfettered economic growth . On the other hand , Socrates was of the belief that democracy without educated masses ( educated in the more broader sense of being knowledgeable and responsible ) would only lead to populism being the criteria to become an elected leader , and not competence . This would ultimately lead to a demise of the nation . This was quoted by Plato in book 10 of The Republic , in Socrates ' conversation with Adimantus . Socrates was of the opinion that the right to vote must not be an indiscriminate right ( for example by birth or citizenship ) , but must be given only to people who thought sufficiently of their choice . Popular rule as a façade ( edit ) The 20th - century Italian thinkers Vilfredo Pareto and Gaetano Mosca ( independently ) argued that democracy was illusory , and served only to mask the reality of elite rule . Indeed , they argued that elite oligarchy is the unbendable law of human nature , due largely to the apathy and division of the masses ( as opposed to the drive , initiative and unity of the elites ) , and that democratic institutions would do no more than shift the exercise of power from oppression to manipulation . As Louis Brandeis once professed , `` We may have democracy , or we may have wealth concentrated in the hands of a few , but we ca n't have both . '' Mob rule ( edit ) Plato 's The Republic presents a critical view of democracy through the narration of Socrates : `` Democracy , which is a charming form of government , full of variety and disorder , and dispensing a sort of equality to equals and unequaled alike . '' In his work , Plato lists 5 forms of government from best to worst . Assuming that the Republic was intended to be a serious critique of the political thought in Athens , Plato argues that only Kallipolis , an aristocracy led by the unwilling philosopher - kings ( the wisest men ) , is a just form of government . James Madison critiqued direct democracy ( which he referred to simply as `` democracy '' ) in Federalist No. 10 , arguing that representative democracy -- which he described using the term `` republic '' -- is a preferable form of government , saying : `` ... democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention ; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property ; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths . '' Madison offered that republics were superior to democracies because republics safeguarded against tyranny of the majority , stating in Federalist No. 10 : `` the same advantage which a republic has over a democracy , in controlling the effects of faction , is enjoyed by a large over a small republic '' . Political instability ( edit ) More recently , democracy is criticised for not offering enough political stability . As governments are frequently elected on and off there tends to be frequent changes in the policies of democratic countries both domestically and internationally . Even if a political party maintains power , vociferous , headline grabbing protests and harsh criticism from the popular media are often enough to force sudden , unexpected political change . Frequent policy changes with regard to business and immigration are likely to deter investment and so hinder economic growth . For this reason , many people have put forward the idea that democracy is undesirable for a developing country in which economic growth and the reduction of poverty are top priorities . This opportunist alliance not only has the handicap of having to cater to too many ideologically opposing factions , but it is usually short lived since any perceived or actual imbalance in the treatment of coalition partners , or changes to leadership in the coalition partners themselves , can very easily result in the coalition partner withdrawing its support from the government . Biased media has been accused of causing political instability , resulting in the obstruction of democracy , rather than its promotion . Fraudulent elections ( edit ) In representative democracies , it may not benefit incumbents to conduct fair elections . A study showed that incumbents who rig elections stay in office 2.5 times as long as those who permit fair elections . Democracies in countries with high per capita income have been found to be less prone to violence , but in countries with low incomes the tendency is the reverse . Election misconduct is more likely in countries with low per capita incomes , small populations , rich in natural resources , and a lack of institutional checks and balances . Sub-Saharan countries , as well as Afghanistan , all tend to fall into that category . Governments that have frequent elections tend to have significantly more stable economic policies than those governments who have infrequent elections . However , this trend does not apply to governments where fraudulent elections are common . Opposition ( edit ) Main article : Anti-democratic thought Democracy in modern times has almost always faced opposition from the previously existing government , and many times it has faced opposition from social elites . The implementation of a democratic government within a non-democratic state is typically brought about by democratic revolution . Post-Enlightenment ideologies such as fascism , nazism , communism and neo-fundamentalism oppose democracy on different grounds , generally citing that the concept of democracy as a constant process is flawed and detrimental to a preferable course of development . Development ( edit ) Main article : Democratization Several philosophers and researchers have outlined historical and social factors seen as supporting the evolution of democracy . Cultural factors like Protestantism influenced the development of democracy , rule of law , human rights and political liberty ( the faithful elected priest - substitutes , religious pluralism sometimes led to religious freedom and tolerance ) . Other commentators have mentioned the influence of wealth . In a related theory , Ronald Inglehart suggests that improved living - standards can convince people that they can take their basic survival for granted , leading to increased emphasis on self - expression values , which correlates closely with democracy . Carroll Quigley concludes that the characteristics of weapons are the main predictor of democracy : Democracy - this scenario - tends to emerge only when the best weapons available are easy for individuals to obtain and use . By the 1800s , guns were the best personal weapons available , and in the United States of America ( already nominally democratic ) , almost everyone could afford to buy a gun , and could learn how to use it fairly easily . Governments could n't do any better : it became the age of mass armies of citizen soldiers with guns Similarly , Periclean Greece was an age of the citizen soldier and democracy . Later theories stressed the relevance of education and of human capital -- and within them of cognitive ability to increasing tolerance , rationality , political literacy and participation . Two effects of education and cognitive ability are distinguished : a cognitive effect ( competence to make rational choices , better information - processing ) an ethical effect ( support of democratic values , freedom , human rights etc . ) , which itself depends on intelligence . Evidence consistent with conventional theories of why democracy emerges and is sustained has been hard to come by . Statistical analyses have challenged modernisation theory by demonstrating that there is no reliable evidence for the claim that democracy is more likely to emerge when countries become wealthier , more educated , or less unequal . Neither is there convincing evidence that increased reliance on oil revenues prevents democratisation , despite a vast theoretical literature on `` the Resource Curse '' that asserts that oil revenues sever the link between citizen taxation and government accountability , seen as the key to representative democracy . The lack of evidence for these conventional theories of democratisation have led researchers to search for the `` deep '' determinants of contemporary political institutions , be they geographical or demographic . More inclusive institutions lead to democracy because as people gain more power , they are able to demand more from the elites , who in turn have to concede more things to keep their position . This virtuous circle may end up in democracy . An example of this is the disease environment . Places with different mortality rates had different populations and productivity levels around the world . For example , in Africa , the tsetse fly - which afflicts humans and livestock - reduced the ability of Africans to plow the land . This made Africa less settled . As a consequence , political power was less concentrated . This also affected the colonial institutions European countries established in Africa . Whether colonial settlers could live or not in a place made them develop different institutions which led to different economic and social paths . This also affected the distribution of power and the collective actions people could take . As a result , some African countries ended up having democracies and others autocracies . An example of geographical determinants for democracy is having access to coastal areas and rivers . This natural endowment has a positive relation with economic development thanks to the benefits of trade . Trade brought economic development , which in turn , broadened power . Rulers wanting to increase revenues had to protect property - rights to create incentives for people to invest . As more people had more power , more concessions had to be made by the ruler and in many places this process lead to democracy . These determinants defined the structure of the society moving the balance of political power . In the 21st century , democracy has become such a popular method of reaching decisions that its application beyond politics to other areas such as entertainment , food and fashion , consumerism , urban planning , education , art , literature , science and theology has been criticised as `` the reigning dogma of our time '' . The argument suggests that applying a populist or market - driven approach to art and literature ( for example ) , means that innovative creative work goes unpublished or unproduced . In education , the argument is that essential but more difficult studies are not undertaken . Science , as a truth - based discipline , is particularly corrupted by the idea that the correct conclusion can be arrived at by popular vote . However , more recently , theorists have also advanced the concept epistemic democracy to assert that democracy actually does a good job tracking the truth . Robert Michels asserts that although democracy can never be fully realised , democracy may be developed automatically in the act of striving for democracy : `` The peasant in the fable , when on his death - bed , tells his sons that a treasure is buried in the field . After the old man 's death the sons dig everywhere in order to discover the treasure . They do not find it . But their indefatigable labor improves the soil and secures for them a comparative well - being . The treasure in the fable may well symbolise democracy . '' Dr. Harald Wydra , in his book Communism and The Emergence of Democracy ( 2007 ) , maintains that the development of democracy should not be viewed as a purely procedural or as a static concept but rather as an ongoing `` process of meaning formation '' . Drawing on Claude Lefort 's idea of the empty place of power , that `` power emanates from the people ( ... ) but is the power of nobody '' , he remarks that democracy is reverence to a symbolic mythical authority - as in reality , there is no such thing as the people or demos . Democratic political figures are not supreme rulers but rather temporary guardians of an empty place . Any claim to substance such as the collective good , the public interest or the will of the nation is subject to the competitive struggle and times of for gaining the authority of office and government . The essence of the democratic system is an empty place , void of real people , which can only be temporarily filled and never be appropriated . The seat of power is there , but remains open to constant change . As such , people 's definitions of `` democracy '' or of `` democratic '' progress throughout history as a continual and potentially never ending process of social construction . See also ( edit ) Politics portal Consent of the governed Constitutional liberalism Democracy Index Democracy Ranking Democratic peace theory Democratization E-democracy Empowered democracy Foucault -- Habermas debate Good governance Parliament in the Making Shadow government ( conspiracy ) Spatial Citizenship Statism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary : Democracy . Jump up ^ Watkins , Frederick ( 1970 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Hardcover ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 7 ( Expo ' 70 ed . ) . William Benton . pp. 215 -- 223 . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 135 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of DEMOCRACY '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Przeworski , Adam ( 1991 ) . Democracy and the Market . Cambridge University Press . pp. 10 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Diamond , L. , Lecture at Hilla University for Humanistic Studies January 21 , 2004 : `` What is Democracy '' ; Diamond , L. and Morlino , L. , The quality of democracy ( 2016 ) . In Diamond , L. , In Search of Democracy . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 78128 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wilson , N.G. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient Greece . New York : Routledge . p. 511 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97334 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barker , Ernest ( 1906 ) . The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle . Chapter VII , Section 2 : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Jump up ^ Jarvie , 2006 , pp. 218 -- 19 Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2017 - Economist Intelligence Unit '' ( PDF ) . EIU.com . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 22 August 2007 ) . `` Liberty and justice for some '' . The Economist . Economist Group . 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Comparative Politics : Interests , Identities , and Institutions in a Changing Global Order ( 4 , revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 37 -- 39 . ISBN 1139991388 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary sovereignty '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 18 August 2014 ; `` Independence '' . Courts and Tribunals Judiciary . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Daily Express News ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` All - party meet vows to uphold Parliament supremacy '' . The New Indian Express . Express Publications ( Madurai ) Limited . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Barak , Aharon ( 2006 ) , `` Protecting the constitution and democracy '' , in Barak , Aharon , The judge in a democracy , Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press , p. 27 , ISBN 9780691120171 . Preview . Jump up ^ Kelsen , Hans ( October 1955 ) . `` Foundations of democracy '' . Ethics , special issue : Part 2 : Foundations of Democracy . Chicago Journals. 66 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 101 . doi : 10.1086 / 291036 . JSTOR 2378551 . 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Po - chia Hsia , Lynn Hunt , Thomas R. Martin , Barbara H. Rosenwein , and Bonnie G. Smith , The Making of the West , Peoples and Cultures , A Concise History , Volume I : To 1740 ( Boston and New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2007 ) , 44 . Jump up ^ Aristotle Book 6 Jump up ^ Grinin , Leonid E. ( 2004 ) . The Early State , Its Alternatives and Analogues . Uchitel ' Publishing House . Jump up ^ `` Women and Family in Athenian Law '' . www.stoa.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Susan Lape , Reproducing Athens : Menander 's Comedy , Democratic Culture , and the Hellenistic City , Princeton University Press , 2009 , p. 4 , ISBN 1400825911 Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Ober & Wallace 2007 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ober & Hedrick 1996 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Clarke , 2001 , pp. 194 -- 201 Jump up ^ `` Full historical description of the Spartan government '' . Rangevoting.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Terrence A. Boring , Literacy in Ancient Sparta , Leiden Netherlands ( 1979 ) . 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The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th , and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and , eventually , of the House of Commons . What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law ( although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism ) . This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages . What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced . Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects ... However , as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights , the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property ( in the narrow sense ) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth . The `` rights of man '' enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England , notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789 . Jump up ^ Tocqueville , Alexis de ( 2003 ) . Democracy in America . USA : Barnes & Noble . pp. 11 , 18 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5230 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allen Weinstein and David Rubel ( 2002 ) , The Story of America : Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower , DK Publishing , Inc. , New York , N.Y. , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8903 - 1 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Clifton E. 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Essentials of Comparative Politics . 3rd ed . New York : W.W. Norton 2010 . Print Jump up ^ Garret , Elizabeth ( October 13 , 2005 ) . `` The Promise and Perils of Hybrid Democracy '' ( PDF ) . The Henry Lecture , University of Oklahoma Law School . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Article on direct democracy by Imraan Buccus '' . Themercury.co.za . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` A Citizen 's Guide To Vermont Town Meeting '' . July 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Republic -- Definition from the Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary '' . M-w.com. 2007 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Novanglus , no . 7 . 6 March 1775 Jump up ^ `` The Founders ' Constitution : Volume 1 , Chapter 18 , Introduction , `` Epilogue : Securing the Republic '' `` . Press-pubs.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Economics Cannot be Separated from Politics '' speech by Che Guevara to the ministerial meeting of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council ( CIES ) , in Punta del Este , Uruguay on August 8 , 1961 Jump up ^ Pierre - Joseph Proudhon . General Idea of the Revolution See also commentary by Graham , Robert . The General Idea of Proudhon 's Revolution Jump up ^ Bookchin , Murray . Communalism : The Democratic Dimensions of Social Anarchism . Anarchism , Marxism and the Future of the Left : Interviews and Essays , 1993 -- 1998 , AK Press 1999 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Bookchin , Murray . Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism : An Unbridgeable Chasm Jump up ^ Graeber , David and Grubacic , Andrej . Anarchism , Or The Revolutionary Movement Of The Twenty - first Century Jump up ^ Thoreau , H.D. On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Jump up ^ Dowlen , Oliver ( 2008 ) . The Political Potential of Sortition : A study of the random selection of citizens for public office . Imprint Academic . Jump up ^ `` Article on Cosmopolitan democracy by Daniele Archibugi '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` letter by Einstein -- `` To the General Assembly of the United Nations '' `` . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . , first published in United Nations World New York , Oct 1947 , pp13 - 14 Jump up ^ Daniele Archibugi & David Held , eds. , Cosmopolitan Democracy . An Agenda for a New World Order , Polity Press , Cambridge , 1995 ; David Held , Democracy and the Global Order , Polity Press , Cambridge , 1995 , Daniele Archibugi , The Global Commonwealth of Citizens . Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy , Princeton University Press , Princeton , 2008 Jump up ^ http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/dewey/dewey_creative_democracy.pdf Jump up ^ Ten Years After the Soviet Breakup : From Democratization to `` Guided Democracy '' Journal of Democracy . By Archie Brown . Oct. 2001 . Downloaded Apr. 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Putin 's Rule : Its Main Features and the Current Diarchy Johnson 's Russia List . By Peter Reddaway . Feb. 18 , 2009 . Downloaded April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Compare : Tibi , Bassam ( 2013 ) . The Sharia State : Arab Spring and Democratization . p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` Aristotle , Nicomachean Ethics , Book VIII , Chapter 10 ( 1160a. 31 - 1161a. 9 ) '' . Internet Classics Archive . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Aristotle '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ^ Jump up to : `` Deudney , D. : Bounding Power : Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village . ( eBook and Paperback ) '' . press.princeton.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Springer , Simon ( 2011 ) . `` Public Space as Emancipation : Meditations on Anarchism , Radical Democracy , Neoliberalism and Violence '' . Antipode. 43 ( 2 ) : 525 -- 62 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8330.2010. 00827. x . Jump up ^ Joseph Schumpeter , ( 1950 ) . Capitalism , Socialism , and Democracy . Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 133008 - 6 . Jump up ^ Anthony Downs , ( 1957 ) . An Economic Theory of Democracy . Harpercollins College . ISBN 0 - 06 - 041750 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Robert , ( 1989 ) . Democracy and its Critics . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04938 - 2 Jump up ^ Dworkin , Ronald ( 2006 ) . Is Democracy Possible Here ? Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691138725 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Gutmann , Amy , and Dennis Thompson ( 2002 ) . Why Deliberative Democracy ? Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12019 - 5 Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen , `` Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy '' in Essays on Reason and Politics : Deliberative Democracy Ed . James Bohman and William Rehg ( The MIT Press : Cambridge ) 1997 , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Ethan J. `` Can Direct Democracy Be Made Deliberative ? '' , Buffalo Law Review , Vol. 54 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Is Democracy a Pre-Condition in Economic Growth ? A Perspective from the Rise of Modern China '' . UN Chronicle . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Conversation of Socrates , Plato ; H , Translated by Spens . The Republic of Plato - Book ten - A conversation between Socrates and Admimantus . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Femia , Joseph V. `` Against the Masses '' , Oxford 2001 Jump up ^ Dilliard , Iriving . `` Mr. Justice Brandeis , Great American '' , Modern View Press 1941 , p. 42 . Quoting Raymond Lonergan . See , http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009170443;seq=56;view=1up;num=42 Jump up ^ Plato , the Republic of Plato ( London : J.M Dent & Sons LTD. ; New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. Inc . ) , 558 - C . Jump up ^ The contrast between Plato 's theory of philosopher - kings , arresting change , and Aristotle 's embrace of change , is the historical tension espoused by Karl Raimund Popper in his WWII treatise , The Open Society and its Enemies ( 1943 ) . Jump up ^ `` Head to head : African democracy '' . BBC News . 2008 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Review of Policy Research , Volume 22 , Issues 1 -- 3 , Policy Studies Organization , Potomac Institute for Policy Studies . Blackwell Publishing , 2005 . p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Paul Collier ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) . `` 5 myths about the beauty of the ballot box '' . Washington Post . Washington Post . p . B2 . Jump up ^ For example : Lipset , Seymour Martin . ( 1959 ) . `` Some Social Requisites of Democracy : Economic Development and Political Legitimacy '' . American Political Science Review . 53 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 105 . doi : 10.2307 / 1951731 . JSTOR 1951731 . Jump up ^ Inglehart , Ronald . Welzel , Christian Modernisation , Cultural Change and Democracy : The Human Development Sequence , 2005 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Foreword , written by historian Harry J Hogan Archived 2013 - 09 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . in 1982 , to Quigley 's Weapons Systems and Political Stability Jump up ^ see also Chester G Starr , Review of Weapons Systems and Political Stability , American Historical Review , Feb 1984 , p98 , available at carrollquigley.net ^ Jump up to : Carroll Quigley ( 1983 ) . Weapons systems and political stability : a history . University Press of America . pp. 38 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2947 - 5 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll Quigley ( 1983 ) . Weapons systems and political stability : a history . University Press of America . p. 307 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2947 - 5 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Glaeser , E. ; Ponzetto , G. ; Shleifer , A. ( 2007 ) . `` Why does democracy need education ? '' . Journal of Economic Growth . 12 ( 2 ) : 77 -- 99 . doi : 10.1007 / s10887 - 007 - 9015 - 1 . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Deary , I.J. ; Batty , G.D. ; Gale , C.R. ( 2008 ) . `` Bright children become enlightened adults '' . Psychological Science . 19 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9280.2008. 02036. x . PMID 18181782 . Jump up ^ Compare : Rindermann , H ( 2008 ) . `` Relevance of education and intelligence for the political development of nations : Democracy , rule of law and political liberty '' . Intelligence . 36 ( 4 ) : 306 -- 22 . doi : 10.1016 / j. intell. 2007.09. 003 . Political theory has described a positive linkage between education , cognitive ability and democracy . This assumption is confirmed by positive correlations between education , cognitive ability , and positively valued political conditions ( N = 183 − 130 ) . ( ... ) It is shown that in the second half of the 20th century , education and intelligence had a strong positive impact on democracy , rule of law and political liberty independent from wealth ( GDP ) and chosen country sample . One possible mediator of these relationships is the attainment of higher stages of moral judgment fostered by cognitive ability , which is necessary for the function of democratic rules in society . The other mediators for citizens as well as for leaders could be the increased competence and willingness to process and seek information necessary for political decisions due to greater cognitive ability . There are also weaker and less stable reverse effects of the rule of law and political freedom on cognitive ability . Jump up ^ Albertus , Michael ; Menaldo , Victor ( 2012 ) . `` Coercive Capacity and the Prospects for Democratisation '' . Comparative Politics . 44 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 69 . doi : 10.5129 / 001041512798838003 . Jump up ^ `` The Resource Curse : Does the Emperor Have no Clothes ? '' . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Robinson , James A. ( 2006 ) . Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy . Cambridge Books , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85526 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Rainfall and Democracy '' . Jump up ^ Alsan , Marcella ( 2015 ) . `` The Effect of the TseTse Fly on African Development '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Review . 105 ( 1 ) : 382 -- 410 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 20130604 . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon and Robinson , James ( 2005 ) . `` Institutions as a fundamental cause of long - run growth '' . Handbook of Economic Growth . 1 . pp. 385 -- 472 , Sections 1 to 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S1574 - 0684 ( 05 ) 01006 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mellinger , Andrew D. , Jeffrey Sachs , and John L. Gallup. ( 1999 ) . `` Climate , Water Navigability , and Economic Development '' . Working Paper . Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Daron ; Johnson , Simon and Robinson , James ( 2005 ) . `` Institutions as a fundamental cause of long - run growth '' . Handbook of Economic Growth . 1 . pp. 385 -- 472 , Sections 5 to 10 . doi : 10.1016 / S1574 - 0684 ( 05 ) 01006 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrelly , Elizabeth ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Deafened by the roar of the crowd '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Robert Michels ( 1999 ) ( 1962 by Crowell - Collier ) . Political Parties . Transaction Publishers . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 3116 - 1 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Harald Wydra , Communism and the Emergence of Democracy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 , pp. 22 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Compare : Wydra , Harald ( 2007 ) . `` Democracy as a process of meaning - formation '' . Communism and the Emergence of Democracy . Cambridge University Press . p. 244 - 268 . ISBN 9781139462181 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 11 . Further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Appleby , Joyce . ( 1992 ) . Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination . Harvard University Press . Archibugi , Daniele , The Global Commonwealth of Citizens . Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy , Princeton University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13490 - 1 Becker , Peter , Heideking , Juergen , & Henretta , James A. ( 2002 ) . Republicanism and Liberalism in America and the German States , 1750 -- 1850 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80066 - 2 Benhabib , Seyla. ( 1996 ) . Democracy and Difference : Contesting the Boundaries of the Political . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04478 - 1 Blattberg , Charles . ( 2000 ) . From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics : Putting Practice First , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829688 - 1 . Birch , Anthony H. ( 1993 ) . The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 41463 - 0 Bittar , Eduardo C.B. ( 2016 ) . `` Democracy , Justice and Human Rights : Studies of Critical Theory and Social Philosophy of Law '' . Saarbrücken : LAP , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 659 - 86065 - 2 Castiglione , Dario. ( 2005 ) . `` Republicanism and its Legacy . '' European Journal of Political Theory . pp 453 -- 65 . Copp , David , Jean Hampton , & John E. Roemer. ( 1993 ) . The Idea of Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43254 - 2 Caputo , Nicholas . ( 2005 ) . America 's Bible of Democracy : Returning to the Constitution . SterlingHouse Publisher , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58501 - 092 - 9 Dahl , Robert A. ( 1991 ) . Democracy and its Critics . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 04938 - 1 Dahl , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . On Democracy . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08455 - 9 Dahl , Robert A. Ian Shapiro & Jose Antonio Cheibub. ( 2003 ) . The Democracy Sourcebook . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 54147 - 3 Dahl , Robert A. ( 1963 ) . A Preface to Democratic Theory . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 13426 - 0 Davenport , Christian . ( 2007 ) . State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86490 - 9 Diamond , Larry & Marc Plattner. ( 1996 ) . The Global Resurgence of Democracy . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5304 - 3 Diamond , Larry & Richard Gunther. ( 2001 ) . Political Parties and Democracy . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6863 - 4 Diamond , Larry & Leonardo Morlino. ( 2005 ) . Assessing the Quality of Democracy . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8287 - 6 Diamond , Larry , Marc F. Plattner & Philip J. Costopoulos. ( 2005 ) . World Religions and Democracy . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8080 - 3 Diamond , Larry , Marc F. Plattner & Daniel Brumberg. ( 2003 ) . Islam and Democracy in the Middle East . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7847 - 3 Elster , Jon . ( 1998 ) . Deliberative Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59696 - 1 Emerson , Peter ( 2007 ) `` Designing an All - Inclusive Democracy . '' Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 33163 - 6 Emerson , Peter ( 2012 ) `` Defining Democracy . '' Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 20903 - 1 Everdell , William R. ( 2003 ) The End of Kings : A History of Republics and Republicans . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 22482 - 1 . Fuller , Roslyn ( 2015 ) . Beasts and Gods : How Democracy Changed Its Meaning and Lost its Purpose . United Kingdom : Zed Books . p. 371 . ISBN 9781783605422 . Gabardi , Wayne . ( 2001 ) . Contemporary Models of Democracy . Polity . Gutmann , Amy , and Dennis Thompson . ( 1996 ) . Democracy and Disagreement . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 19766 - 4 Gutmann , Amy , and Dennis Thompson . ( 2002 ) . Why Deliberative Democracy ? Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12019 - 5 Haldane , Robert Burdone ( 1918 ) . The future of democracy . London : Headley Bros. Publishers Ltd . Halperin , M.H. , Siegle , J.T. & Weinstein , M.M. ( 2005 ) . The Democracy Advantage : How Democracies Promote Prosperity and Peace . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 95052 - 7 Hansen , Mogens Herman . ( 1991 ) . The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 18017 - 3 Held , David . ( 2006 ) . Models of Democracy . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5472 - 9 Inglehart , Ronald . ( 1997 ) . Modernisation and Postmodernisation . Cultural , Economic , and Political Change in 43 Societies . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01180 - 6 Isakhan , Ben and Stockwell , Stephen ( co-editors ) . ( 2011 ) The Secret History of Democracy . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24421 - 4 Jarvie , I.C. ; Milford , K. ( 2006 ) . Karl Popper : Life and time , and values in a world of facts Volume 1 of Karl Popper : A Centenary Assessment , Karl Milford . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5375 - 2 . Khan , L. Ali . ( 2003 ) . A Theory of Universal Democracy : Beyond the End of History . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 2003 - 8 Köchler , Hans . ( 1987 ) . The Crisis of Representative Democracy . Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8204 - 8843 - 2 Lijphart , Arend. ( 1999 ) . Patterns of Democracy : Government Forms and Performance in Thirty - Six Countries . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 07893 - 0 Lipset , Seymour Martin . ( 1959 ) . `` Some Social Requisites of Democracy : Economic Development and Political Legitimacy '' . American Political Science Review . 53 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 105 . doi : 10.2307 / 1951731 . JSTOR 1951731 . Macpherson , C.B. ( 1977 ) . The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 289106 - 8 Morgan , Edmund. ( 1989 ) . Inventing the People : The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America . Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30623 - 1 Mosley , Ivo ( 2003 ) . Democracy , Fascism , and the New World Order . Imprint Academic . ISBN 0 907845 649 . Mosley , Ivo ( 2013 ) . In The Name Of The People . Imprint Academic . ISBN 9781845402624 . Ober , J. ; Hedrick , C.W. ( 1996 ) . Dēmokratia : a conversation on democracies , ancient and modern . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01108 - 7 . Plattner , Marc F. & Aleksander Smolar. ( 2000 ) . Globalisation , Power , and Democracy . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6568 - 8 Plattner , Marc F. & João Carlos Espada. ( 2000 ) . The Democratic Invention . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6419 - 3 Putnam , Robert . ( 2001 ) . Making Democracy Work . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 5 - 551 - 09103 - 5 Raaflaub , Kurt A. ; Ober , Josiah ; Wallace , Robert W ( 2007 ) . Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24562 - 4 . Riker , William H ... ( 1962 ) . The Theory of Political Coalitions . Yale University Press . Sen , Amartya K. ( 1999 ) . `` Democracy as a Universal Value '' . Journal of Democracy . 10 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 17 . doi : 10.1353 / jod. 1999.0055 . Tannsjo , Torbjorn. ( 2008 ) . Global Democracy : The Case for a World Government . Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 3499 - 6 . Argues that not only is world government necessary if we want to deal successfully with global problems it is also , pace Kant and Rawls , desirable in its own right . Thompson , Dennis ( 1970 ) . The Democratic Citizen : Social Science and Democratic Theory in the 20th Century . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 13173 - 5 Vinje , Victor Condorcet ( 2014 ) . The Versatile Farmers of the North ; The Struggle of Norwegian Yeomen for Economic Reforms and Political Power , 1750 -- 1814 . Nisus Publications . https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00HU4KHI4/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_dp_T1_u0ypzb4AM7QD3 Volk , Kyle G. ( 2014 ) . Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . Weingast , Barry . ( 1997 ) . `` The Political Foundations of the Rule of Law and Democracy '' . American Political Science Review . 91 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 263 . doi : 10.2307 / 2952354 . JSTOR 2952354 . Weatherford , Jack . ( 1990 ) . Indian Givers : How the Indians Transformed the World . New York : Fawcett Columbine . ISBN 978 - 0 - 449 - 90496 - 1 Whitehead , Laurence . ( 2002 ) . Emerging Market Democracies : East Asia and Latin America . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7219 - 8 Willard , Charles Arthur . ( 1996 ) . Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge : A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 89845 - 2 Wood , E.M. ( 1995 ) . Democracy Against Capitalism : Renewing historical materialism . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47682 - 9 Wood , Gordon S. ( 1991 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73688 - 2 examines democratic dimensions of republicanism External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Democracy . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Democracy Look up democracy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Library resources about Democracy Resources in your library Democracy at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Dictionary of the History of Ideas : Democracy The Economist Intelligence Unit 's index of democracy Alexis de Tocqueville , Democracy in America Full hypertext with critical essays on America in 1831 -- 32 from American Studies at the University of Virginia Data visualizations of data on democratisation and list of data sources on political regimes on ' Our World in Data ' , by Max Roser . ( 1 ) MaxRange Classifying political regime type and democracy level to all states and months 1789 -- 2015 `` Democracy '' , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Melissa Lane , David Wootton and Tim Winter ( In Our Time , Oct. 18 , 2001 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Age of Enlightenment <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Topics <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Atheism Capitalism Civil liberties Counter-Enlightenment Critical thinking Deism Democracy Empiricism Encyclopédistes Enlightened absolutism Free markets Haskalah Humanism Human rights Liberalism Liberté , égalité , fraternité Methodological skepticism Nationalism Natural philosophy Objectivity Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Socialism Universality Weimar Classicism <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Thinkers <Td_colspan="2"> France Jean le Rond d'Alembert Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Marquis de Condorcet Denis Diderot Claude Adrien Helvétius Baron d'Holbach Georges - Louis Leclerc Montesquieu François Quesnay Jean - Jacques Rousseau Marquis de Sade Voltaire Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Georg Hamann Johann Gottfried von Herder Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Immanuel Kant Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Moses Mendelssohn Friedrich Schiller Thomas Wizenmann Greece Neophytos Doukas Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Ireland Robert Boyle Edmund Burke Italy Cesare Beccaria Gaetano Filangieri Antonio Genovesi Pietro Verri The Netherlands Spinoza Hugo Grotius Balthasar Bekker Bernard Nieuwentyt Frederik van Leenhof Christiaan Huygens Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Jan Swammerdam Poland Tadeusz Czacki Hugo Kołłątaj Stanisław Konarski Ignacy Krasicki Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Stanisław August Poniatowski Jędrzej Śniadecki Stanisław Staszic Józef Wybicki Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Józef Andrzej Załuski Portugal Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo Russia Catherine II Spain Charles III Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro United Kingdom ( Scotland ) Francis Bacon Jeremy Bentham Joseph Black James Boswell Adam Ferguson Edward Gibbon Robert Hooke David Hume Francis Hutcheson Samuel Johnson John Locke Isaac Newton Thomas Reid Adam Smith Mary Wollstonecraft United States Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison George Mason Thomas Paine <Th_colspan="2"> Social and political philosophy Antique philosophers Aristotle Chanakya Cicero Confucius Han Fei Laozi Mencius Mozi Plato Shang Socrates Sun Tzu Thucydides Medieval philosophers Al - Ghazali Augustine Averroes Maimonides Marsilius Muhammad Nizam al - Mulk Thomas Aquinas Modern philosophers Bakunin Bentham Bonald Bosanquet Burke Comte Emerson Engels Erasmus Fourier Franklin Grotius Hegel Hobbes Hume Jefferson Kant Kierkegaard Le Bon Le Play Leibniz Locke Machiavelli Maistre Malebranche Marx Mill Montesquieu Möser Nietzsche Paine Renan Rousseau Royce Sade Smith Spencer Spinoza Stirner Taine Thoreau Tocqueville Vivekananda Voltaire 20th -- 21st - century Philosophers Ambedkar Arendt Aurobindo Aron Azurmendi Badiou Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Berlin Judith Butler Camus Chomsky De Beauvoir Debord Du Bois Durkheim Foucault Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Gramsci Habermas Hayek Heidegger Irigaray Kirk Kropotkin Lenin Luxemburg Mao Marcuse Maritain Michels Mises Negri Niebuhr Nozick Nursî Oakeshott Ortega Pareto Pettit Plamenatz Polanyi Popper Qutb Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Rothbard Russell Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Searle Shariati Simonović Skinner Sombart Sorel Spann Spirito Strauss Sun Taylor Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Ambedkarism Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Islam Islamism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more ... Related articles Jurisprudence Philosophy and economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of love Philosophy of sex Philosophy of social science Political ethics Social epistemology <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Task Force GND : 4011413 - 2 HDS : 9926 LCCN : sh85036647 NARA : 10638055 NDL : 00567687 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy&oldid=854556657 '' Categories : Democracy Classical Greece Elections Greek inventions Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2014 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use British English from December 2015 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles contradicting other articles Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from January 2016 Wikipedia further reading cleanup Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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4,276,625,157,831,076,400 | who is devon's father on young and the restless | Devon Hamilton - wikipedia Devon Hamilton Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Devon Hamilton <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Bryton James Duration 2004 -- First appearance June 1 , 2004 Created by John F. Smith , Kay Alden and Trent Jones Introduced by William J. Bell , David Shaughnessy and John F. Smith Classification Present ; regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Devon Hamilton Winters Occupation Hotel owner Businessman Marketing executive Record producer Media proprietor Residence Genoa City , Wisconsin <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Family Chancellor Barber / Winters ( adoptive ) Father Tucker McCall Mother Yolanda Hamilton Adoptive father Neil Winters Adoptive mother Drucilla Winters Sisters Lily Winters ( adoptive ) Half - brothers Moses Winters ( adoptive ) Half - sisters Ana Hamilton Wife Hilary Curtis ( 2015 -- 17 ) Grandfathers Arthur Hendricks Walter Barber ( adoptive ) Ellis Winters ( adoptive ) Grandmothers Katherine Chancellor Lillie Belle Barber ( adoptive ) Lucinda Winters ( adoptive ) Uncles Brock Reynolds Malcolm Winters ( adoptive ) Aunts Olivia Winters ( adoptive ) Nephews Charlie Ashby ( adoptive ) Nieces Mattie Ashby ( adoptive ) First cousins Mackenzie Browning Nate Hastings ( adoptive ) Lily Winters ( adoptive ) Devon Hamilton is a fictional character from the original CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless portrayed by Bryton James . The character was conceived by head writers John F. Smith , Kay Alden and Trent Jones in the summer of 2004 . Devon is introduced as a homeless teenager when he is fostered by the Winters family , the core African - American characters within the series . Drucilla Winters ( Victoria Rowell ) sympathizes with Devon because she too grew up in the foster care system . Drucilla and husband Neil ( Kristoff St. John ) raise Devon along with their daughter Lily ( Christel Khalil ) and legally adopt Devon in 2006 . As a college freshman , Devon contracts meningitis and loses his ability to hear . He learns sign language to communicate and later receives a cochlear implant . Other notable storylines involving the character include the revelation about his paternity making him the grandson of Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) , inheriting the bulk of Katherine 's billion - dollar estate , and his love affair and marriage to his former stepmother Hilary Curtis ( Mishael Morgan ) . The foster care , meningitis and deaf story arcs received critical acclaim for their social impact and earned James five Outstanding Younger Actor Emmy nominations . James won the award in 2007 . James also earned four consecutive NAACP Image Award nominations for his portrayal of Devon and he won the award in 2009 . The pairing of Devon and Hilary quickly amassed a very active fan base and is considered to be a supercouple . Bryton 's portrayal of Devon during Hilary 's kidnapping at Neil 's hands also earned James a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor Emmy in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 2000s 1.2 2010s 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Foster care and deafness 2.3 Lineage and inheritance 2.4 Relationships 3 Reception 3.1 Awards and nominations 3.2 Foster care 3.3 Hearing loss 3.4 Paternity and inheritance 3.5 Romance 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Devon is born to a young Yolanda Hamilton ( Chene Lawson ) on February 7 , 1988 . Struggling to care for him , Yolanda turns to drugs and Devon is sent to live with his grandmother at the age of six when his mother suffers an overdose . His grandmother is the only person he can depend on and he has very fond memories of her up until her death . Devon and Yolanda eventually reconnect but he is forced to care for himself because of her addiction . Devon acts out and is even arrested for assaulting a guy who teases him about Yolanda 's habit . Devon grows up believing his father is some random guy from the neighborhood who got Yolanda pregnant and rejected her . However , his alleged father dies before Devon meets him . 2000s ( edit ) The character is introduced in 2004 as a delinquent living out of group homes . The homeless teenager is fostered and eventually adopted by Drucilla Winters ( Victoria Rowell ) and her husband , Neil ( Kristoff St. John ) . In 2006 , Devon contracts meningitis and completely loses his hearing and he receives a cochlear implant to restore his hearing . Later Devon is implicated in the murder of Carmen Mesta ( Marisa Ramirez ) . Fortunately his name is cleared when Jana Hawkes ( Emily O'Brien ) admits to the murder . In December 2006 , Devon is officially adopted by Neil and Dru but his happiness is short - lived when Dru is presumed dead in April 2007 . Later that year , Devon starts dating Lily 's friend , Roxanne ( Tatyana Ali ) . In 2008 , Devon meets his `` aunt '' Tyra ( Eva Marcille ) for the first time and he learns that Tyra 's adopted daughter , Ana ( Jamia Simone Nash ) is actually his biological half - sister , also abandoned by Yolanda . In 2009 , Neil and his new wife Karen Taylor ( Nia Peeples ) make plans to adopt Ana but those chances are destroyed when Neil cheats with Tyra -- and Devon witnesses the affair . In May 2009 , Devon meets his great - aunt Virginia ( Della Reese ) who reveals that Tyra is adopted and Devon disapproves when she starts dating Neil . However , Devon realizes his disdain for Tyra stems from the fact that he is attracted to her and after she splits with Neil , they end up sleeping together after he berates her for breaking up Neil 's marriage . Roxanne finds them together and immediately dumps him while Tyra skips town with Ana . Devon and Roxy reconcile in October 2009 . 2010s ( edit ) After he graduates college in 2010 , Devon takes a job as a photographer 's assistant to support his music career . He lands a gig at Tucker McCall 's label Resurrection Music producing with Noah Newman ( Luke Kleintank ) . However , when Noah abandons him for another gig , Devon convinces Tucker to give him another chance which culminates with Tucker firing him . Fortunately , Tucker 's estranged mother Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) launches her own label and hires Devon to run it . When Katherine falls into a coma , it is revealed that Tucker is Devon 's biological father . Devon rejects Tucker and Katherine as Yolanda ( Debbi Morgan ) , now called Harmony , returns looking to make amends and explain her actions . Ana convinces Devon to forgive Yolanda , and try and connect with his new family . In 2012 , Tucker and Harmony convince Devon to get another surgery to improve his hearing . Devon befriends Abby Newman ( Marcy Rylan ) who invests in his label as he produces for Angelina Veneziano ( Diana DeGarmo ) . Devon offers her a record contract , but Angelina instead goes to California and Devon closes down his label and joins the marketing team at Jabot Cosmetics . In 2013 , Tucker offers Devon a position at his record label but Devon turns it down because it would keep him away from his family and Roxy is furious that Devon considered taking the position without consulting her . Katherine passes away and Devon is shocked when he inherits the bulk of her billion dollar estate . Devon offers a million - dollar reward for Cordelia Abbott 's killer and even funds a charity in her name . However , Devon 's paranoia about his new found wealth leads to Roxy leaving him . Devon befriends Mason Wilder ( Lamon Archey ) and the reformed bad girl Hilary Curtis ( Mishael Morgan ) who tips him off about Mason stealing his identity after Devon gets arrested for destroying a hotel room in Las Vegas . Devon also defends Hilary against Lily 's attacks . In 2014 , Devon buys the Genoa City Athletic Club , hires Lily and her husband Cane Ashby ( Daniel Goddard ) to run it . After Hilary rejects him , Devon has several flings , including the gold digger model Esmeralda ( Briana Nicole Henry ) . Despite that , Devon is still attracted to Hilary and is furious to learn she is sleeping with Neil . Devon professes his love for Hilary and kisses Hilary the night before she marries Neil . Hilary rejects him , Devon reluctantly stands in as Neil 's best man at the wedding . Devon drowns his sorrows in alcohol , getting Hilary 's attention , and she urges him to forget about her . Devon admits his love for her and after several close moments , Devon decides to leave town . Though she does n't want to hurt Neil , Hilary admits her feelings for Devon and they grow closer after they are stranded on the side of the road over night . Devon later agrees to a date with Abby ( Melissa Ordway ) hoping to get Cane and Lily off his back just as Hilary is ready to make a decision about their future . Hilary finally professes her love for Devon and they agree to tell Neil the truth just as Neil lands in the hospital after being electrocuted and left blind . Because Hilary refuses to leave Neil until he recovers , Devon and Hilary give in to temptation and begin an affair . They are later discovered by Cane who orders them to end it immediately . However , they continue seeing each other in secret only to be caught by Cane 's father Colin Atkinson ( Tristan Rogers ) who blackmails Devon into paying him off in exchange for his silence . Colin later demands more money so he can help Jill acquire Chancellor Industries from Victor Newman . Cane neutralizes Colin and Devon gives the money directly to Jill and makes her promise to cut Colin out of the company . Devon wants to wait for Neil to adjust to the news that his condition is n't treatable , only for Neil to confront them when they are on a plane trip to Chicago looking for office space for Chancellor . The plane later crashes leaving the group stranded in a blizzard and they are eventually rescued . Devon is devastated when Hilary announces that she faked her love for Devon to avenge her mother 's death . In March 2015 , during a drunken binge , Neil causes a car accident that leads to district attorney Christine Blair ( Lauralee Bell ) and police chief Paul Williams ( Doug Davidson ) losing their unborn child and to keep Neil out of prison , Devon immediately contacts Leslie to represent him . Devon is shocked when Hilary blackmails ADA Winston Mobley ( Ryan Caltagirone ) into giving Neil a suspended sentence . Hilary finally comes clean about her schemes and tells Devon she is still in love with him and she only left him so he could salvage a relationship with Neil . Devon and Hilary reunite and announce their engagement shortly after Hilary and Neil 's divorce is finalized . Devon and Hilary support Lily when her marriage falls apart after her own affair Joe Clark ( Scott Elrod ) and she assist them with wedding planning . At his bachelor party , Devon presumably gets drunk and cheats on Hilary with a prostitute . While he does n't remember anything , Lily warns a distraught Devon to keep quiet unless he is sure . Neil finally gives his blessing on Devon and Hilary 's wedding day they on their honeymoon soon after . When Hilary goes missing , Devon is the prime suspect and he returns to Genoa City to avoid being arrested . Devon is about to be extradited back to Virgin Gorda until Nikki Newman ( Melody Thomas Scott ) pulls strings to stop the transfer . As Devon awaits news after offering a reward , he tracks down the pilot that transported Hilary from the island who reveals she is in Genoa City . Devon receives a ransom note and someone steals the reward and Cane is implicated . Hilary resurfaces suffering from amnesia and believing she is married to Neil and rejecting Devon . Devon is furious when Neil confesses to rescuing Hilary after accidentally causing her accident ; Neil has hired Dr. Simon Neville ( Michael E. Knight ) to help bring her out of the coma . Devon is about to turn Neil in until Hilary talks him out of it . Devon 's hopes for reconciliation are dashed when Hilary regains her memories but not her feelings for Devon . Devon rescues Neil from Neville 's blackmail attempt by investing in Neville 's medical research and Devon puts Neil in charge . Ashley Abbott ( Eileen Davidson ) comes aboard and allows the research project to set up shop in Jabot Cosmetics lab . Hilary also becomes the spokes model for the project to help protect Devon 's investment . In January 2016 , Neil tries to orchestrate Devon and Hilary 's reunion and Devon is furious to find the duo sleeping together . Devon then serves Hilary with divorce papers and after Neil rejects her , Hilary suddenly changes her mind about loving Devon but he is hesitant to believe her . A drunken Neil causes trouble at a press conference forcing Devon to fire allowing Hilary to take over . Devon is suspicious when Ashley suddenly gives up her position at the research company to Hilary . When Jack and Neil form the Abbott - Winters Foundation to support recovery centers across the country , Hilary convinces Devon to donate $1 million to challenge Ashley . Hilary also fights for a seat on the board of the foundation and Devon convinces Neil not to hire her fearing the trouble she could cause . A furious Hilary announces plans to divorce Devon and take half his fortune but when Hilary ends up in the hospital again , he rushes to her side as Neville administers treatment . Though Neville believes his medicine is working , Hilary collapses in Devon 's arms -- she is dying . Devon fires Neville and hires another doctor to save his wife . When the victims of the fail drug protocol announce plans to sue , Hilary convinces Devon to settle with them to avoid escalated scandal . Devon , Hilary , Lily and Cane later support Neil when he reconnects with his estranged mother who dies shortly after their reunion . In September 2016 , Devon attempts to bribe the GC Buzz to kill a story about Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) allegedly abusing his wife Phyllis ( Gina Tognoni ) and it backfires when the tabloid runs a story about Devon bribing the press . To stop the stories ' circulation , Devon buys the production company and plans to shut down production until Hilary convinces him to keep it on the air and just change the way they tell stories . Devon goes a step further and decides to make Hilary the lead anchor . However , Hilary becomes obsessed with keeping viewers happy and spiking ratings which clashes with Devon 's wishes of telling stories without destroying lives . Devon enlist Hilary 's new assistant Mariah Copeland ( Camryn Grimes ) to help keep Hilary on the straight and narrow . Hilary and Mariah clash over how to handle the revelation that her mother Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) has secretly been raising her ex-husband Nick 's ( Joshua Morrow ) presumed dead son . When Hilary edits an interview with Sharon 's husband Dylan McAvoy ( Steve Burton ) to smear Sharon to get back at Mariah , a furious Devon fires her . Despite a humiliating fall on air , Devon convinces Mariah to serve as a temporary replacement until he can find a permanent host as Hilary refuses to return to the job . Meanwhile , Devon and Hilary reconcile and they move into a new penthouse . When Lily reveals that Hilary lied to Devon about her several job offers in order to get him to rehire her , they discuss their trust issues and decide to start over , with honesty first . However , during a gala for the Abbott - Winters Foundation , Devon rejects Hilary when he discovers that Hilary also lied about being responsible for Mariah 's accident and gets into a car accident . Fortunately , Devon survives but initially does n't remember the incident due to a concussion . Devon regains his memory and dumps Hilary because of her constant lying . However , Devon convinces Hilary to co-host GC Buzz with Mariah . After weeks of back and forth , Devon is jealous when Hilary starts seeing Jordan Wilde ( Darnell Kirkwood ) and after she demands that he forgive her or divorce her -- the couple signs divorce papers . As part of Hilary 's divorce settlement , Devon gives her complete control of GC Buzz with the stipulation that she ca n't fire anyone for a year -- to protect Mariah whom he is dating . In the meantime , Devon launches a new business venture with Neil . Soon after his divorce is finalized , Devon and Neil look to acquire Mergeron Enterprises from former Abbott family matriarch Dina ( Marla Adams ) . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) Bryton James , then known as Bryton McClure and for his six year long stint as Richie Crawford on the sitcom , Family Matters was cast in the role of Devon in April 2004 and made his onscreen debut on June 1 , 2004 . Just before completing high school , James took up acting once again and one of his first auditions was for The Young and the Restless . In a 2014 interview with Soap Opera Digest in honor of his 10th anniversary with the series , James reflected on the audition process : `` I remember very vividly walking through the big door on the third floor for the read . The scenes for my audition were heavy drama so I had a sense of what I would be in for . '' James also screen tested opposite his longtime friend and co-star Christel Khalil . James and Khalil had previously worked together on Family Matters where she had a guest role . After almost five years with the series , rumors spread in the spring of 2009 that James had been dropped to recurring status due to his lack of story . Nelson Branco commented on the rumors and said Bryton had indeed been taken off contract . However , Bryton immediately denied the rumors . In September 2009 , James once again confirmed on Twitter that he was still under contract with the show . With the arrival of new executive producer , Jill Farren Phelps , rumors began circulating that the role of Devon was to be recast . The show 's casting call for a brand new character very similar to Devon fed into fan speculation . However , Phelps later confirmed that Bryton was secure and the casting call was indeed for a new character . In 2013 , onscreen events hinted at Bryton 's potential exit once again . James revealed that he signed a new contract with the show in July 2013 during an interview at the 40th Daytime Emmy Awards . James told Soaps In Depth that he would have been worried just like fans had he not already signed a new contract with the series . Bryton revealed that even when he was not getting much story development , he never considered leaving the series because he felt a sense of loyalty to the series . `` The character is so complex '' Bryton James said of his character . Devon is introduced as a `` homeless foster kid with trust issues . '' In a 2004 interview with Soap Opera Weekly , James described Devon as a `` very guarded kid . '' Devon is not the kind of guy that likes to be `` babied '' the actor said in an interview with Soap Opera Digest in 2006 . Devon has a tendency to lash out if he feels like he is being sheltered . Of the character , Scott Hamner said `` Devon is very independent and confident in his ability to care of himself and shape his own destiny . '' James described Devon as being very `` down to earth . '' Over the years , Devon has become accustomed to dealing with huge life changes . Foster care and deafness ( edit ) Of James introduction storyline as the troubled homeless foster kid taken in by Neil and Drucilla , Soap Opera Digest said the character landed on the `` front burner in a social - issue saga . '' James commented that the story was very special for him because it was pitched by Victoria Rowell herself . `` It was something very close to ( Rowell 's ) heart and I wanted to do the best I could '' said the actor . Of his character , James said that Victoria Rowell was a `` huge part '' of developing the character of Devon due to her own experience with the foster care system . James appreciated that his introduction was not the `` traditional '' soap story but instead it was very socially relevant . The foster care story was also `` very different '' from his own life . However , because Rowell grew up in foster care , `` ( Bryton ) got to learn about it through ( Rowell ) '' and a lot of Devons ' experiences within the series are incorporated from Rowell 's real life . `` I tried to understand how to portray this character from the person '' with first hand experience . `` It was a big challenge '' James said . Bryton Brings it on ! Devon struggles a lot more with then he lets on . He believes that things are going to get better but at the same time , he does n't want to be treated different . He does n't want to feel like a handicapped person . `` '' Bryton James , theyoungandtherestless.com Bryton James ( above ) as Devon wearing his cochlear implant in 2012 . From 2006 to 2007 , James who had been asking for the writers to challenge him with a great storyline got the chance to show off his acting chops when his character contracts meningitis and the disease nearly kills him . When Devon starts college , he refuses the recommended immunization shots for the infection . However , the most significant part of the storyline is Devon losing his hearing . Though Devon definitely needs help , he wants to keep everyone at arms length because he wants to deal with the situation on his own . He puts on that tough `` exterior . '' Devon who already has to make his own way in the world due to his chaotic childhood , is forced to re-learn to communicate with his family and friends while starting college . After learning from doctors that surgery is his only option , Devon gets the Cochlear Implant surgery on November 26 , 2006 . At the time of Devon 's meningitis scare , Neil and Dru are on the verge of divorce and it is his illness that brings the Winters family back together . Devon 's illness helps them to realize that there a lot more important things to deal with then their `` trivial problems . '' James did a lot of online research to prepare for the storyline about the different levels of severity in meningitis cases , to how much hearing one could lose , to how much of their hearing a person could get back . James also reached out to some of his own real life friends who are deaf to get a feel for what Devon would feel . James compared it to Devon 's foster care storyline : `` ( Y ) ou ca n't completely understand unless you have been through it . Losing any of your senses is difficult . You can act it all you want but to do the best job , it is something you need to explore with someone who really has been through it . '' James admitted that he was worried about the storyline not knowing if he could completely grasp the situation because he had not experienced it . James had to `` wing it . '' However , Devon is not completely hopeless ; he believes anything is possible because of he 's already survived so much . Devon does not just accept that he will always be deaf . However , James said it was difficult to ignore his co-stars in scenes as if he could not hear them . Bryton and his co-stars immediately had to learn sign language from an onset coach . Fortunately , Devon can still speak , so James does not have to use sign language that often . The Young and the Restless worked in conjunction with Advanced Bionics for the storyline . The storyline was revisited in early 2012 when the character 's hearing is fully restored due to another surgery . James revealed that Devon 's most recent surgery to restore his hearing was actually inspired by real life advances in cochlear implants . His co-star , Eileen Davidson , whom at the time played his stepmother , Ashley Abbott , brought the information to James 's attention , who presented the information to Maria Arena Bell . The advances were eventually incorporated into the show . Of the decision to incorporate the real life medical advancements into the story James said , `` For it come to fruition and for me to play someone going through is very humbling . '' The story culminates on April 11 , 2012 with Devon getting his new implants activated restoring his hearing completely . Of the story , James said that Devon 's hearing loss was `` something you ca n't really understand unless you experience it , so you just try to the best you can . '' The actor praised the writers for giving him the opportunity to play the story . Lineage and inheritance ( edit ) Top of the World While James clearly had fleshed out his fantasy , nothing could have prepared him for the reality of being informed that Devon 's father is actually Tucker , making him the grandson of Genoa City 's matriarch , Katherine . `` '' Julie McElwain , CBS Soaps In Depth ( 2011 ) When Devon was introduced , his paternity was a mystery . In 2009 , the character of Virginia ( Della Reese ) , Devon 's great aunt was introduced to the canvas . Virginia reveals that Devon 's father was not even aware of his existence . In 2011 , it was announced that daytime legend Debbi Morgan would join the cast and Yahoo ! TV pitched several scenarios for her potential character including a recast of Yolanda , originally played by Chene Lawson or the mother of Tucker McCall ( Stephen Nichols ) 's . In May 2011 , Daytime Confidential confirmed that the character of Devon would be involved in two major stories , one of which hinted at him discovering his paternity . Head writer Scott Hamner said the manner in which Devon 's paternity is exposed `` leaves a very bad feeling '' and Devon is bitter about it because of his prior expectations . Devon is turned off by the `` bad judgement '' of his new biological relatives , his father Tucker and grandmother Katherine ( Jeanne Cooper ) . He slighted because it takes them so long to find him despite their wealth and power . Additionally , Devon is angry with Katherine because she had recently put him charge of the music division at her company , a job she assured him was based on his talent . However , he quickly realizes that it was because of their biological connection and Devon is insulted . Jeanne Cooper played Katherine Chancellor , the matriarch of Genoa City and Devon 's grandmother . Devon inheriting half of her billion dollar estate stirred controversy within story , and among viewers and critics . James requested time off for his honeymoon March 2011 and the producers were forced to tell him about the story plans to convince him to stay . While he had always hoped that Devon 's father would be an already established character like Michael Baldwin ( Christian LeBlanc ) James easily accepted the decision to go with Tucker because of the connection to Katherine , the show 's matriarch . James explained that he had discussed the possibility of exploring Devon 's paternity with Maria Arena Bell but he was shocked when it led to him being Katherine 's grandson . However , the revelation makes Devon feel even closer to his adoptive father , Neil . `` Devon always will be Neil 's son '' James insisted . According to James , it is the character 's connection to the Winters family that keeps Devon on the right track when suddenly comes into such wealth . While most people would allow money to change them , James insisted that nothing could ever make Devon turn away from Neil . As a unit , the Winters family was given several stories over the years , but not many of which allowed the family to intermingle with the non African American characters often . Devon 's connection to Katherine further removes the family from the proverbial `` Black Box '' in which the characters only interact with other African American characters . The storyline makes Devon the first biracial character to be introduced in the series and also reflected Bryton 's own heritage . Upon Jeanne Cooper 's passing in May 2013 and the subsequent announcement that Katherine 's death would soon be acknowledged onscreen , many wondered who would benefit from Katherine 's vast empire . Deanna Barnert concluded that Devon would be the biggest winner considering he would be Katherine 's only blood relative still on the canvas at the time of Katherine 's death . Because Devon 's connection to Katherine was still fairly new compared to her other more well established relatives , many wondered exactly how much Devon would benefit compared to Katherine 's other and more well established relatives . In an interview with Soaps In Depth 's Julie McElwain , James hinted that there was quite a bit of story coming for Devon while McEwin questioned if someone could come after Devon 's new inheritance . Devon has no problems using his new wealth to shower his loved ones with expensive gifts , but he is caught off guard when his longtime girlfriend Roxanne ( Tatyana Ali ) suddenly puts a down payment on a new place for them . The money brings a new dynamic to the relationship and Devon starts questioning Roxy 's motives . According to James , Devon feels very guilty for accusing Roxy and though he does n't really believe she is with him for the money , he would have rather they made a decision like that together . While James insisted that Devon 's new wealth would not change him , Devon struggles to keep up with the sudden changes , from billionaire Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) suddenly taking an interest in him to Roxy 's decision to move in together , and Mason Wilder ( Lamon Archey ) 's schemes to suck up to Devon . It would be even harder for Devon to find his `` passion '' because the money brings him so many more opportunities leaving him a bit overwhelmed . In the fall of 2016 , newly installed head writer Sally Sussman Morina revealed that she felt that Devon 's inheritance `` left him without drive , without a goal . '' She continued , `` What does he want ? What does he strive for ? I do n't think those questions were ever asked , so we need to fix that . '' Relationships ( edit ) Mishael Morgan portrays Hilary , Devon 's first major love interest within the series . Their `` forbidden love '' garnered fan support very early on , and even more so after Hilary marries Neil ( Kristoff St. John ) . James appreciated that his character was not immediately thrust into a romance but was instead `` given extremely meaningful and big stories over the first nine years . '' The actor believed it gave the audience time to see Devon 's grow into a `` believable '' leading man . Since his introduction in 2004 , Devon had seen very little romantic development . While the character has brief dalliances here and there , he has a stable girlfriend in Roxanne ( Tatyana Ali ) starting in 2007 . However , the couple receives very little development . The character 's most controversial story to date involved Devon 's affair with his `` aunt '' Tyra ( Eva Marcille ) . In May 2009 the writers introduced Devon 's great - aunt , Virginia ( Della Reese ) who reveals that Tyra is n't his biological aunt , but was taken in by his grandmother as an infant . In June 2009 , Daytime Confidential published a spoiler article which revealed that Devon would begin to develop romantic feelings for Tyra and Devon even fantasizes about kissing her . At the time , Devon is upset with Tyra for breaking up Neil 's marriage to Karen Taylor ( Nia Peeples ) . During an argument on August 12 , 2009 , an angry Devon brings Tyra to tears and when he comforts her , they end up sleeping together ; the two are caught by Roxanne . Devon can be a bit judgmental , and some view him a hypocrite because he comes down so hard on Harmony ( Yolanda ) for sleeping with Tucker , and destroying his marriage . Bryton defends Devon by reminding fans that Devon was only 19 years old when he slept with Tyra , and Devon that is the only big mistake Devon had made in his romantic life . Devon has grown up a bit since his tryst with Tyra . Bryton James regretted the storyline because it made Devon look like a hypocrite when he comes down on his biological parents for having an affair when Tucker is still married . Main article : Devon Hamilton and Hilary Curtis Devon 's most significant and popular pairing proved to be his romantic pairing with Hilary Curtis ( Mishael Morgan ) . The couple faces several obstacles before they even become a couple including Hilary 's `` denial '' of her feelings and Hilary 's misunderstood attraction to her boss Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) which sends Devon into the arms of the gold digging supermodel Esmeralda ( Briana Nicole Henry ) . Jean Passanante said `` Esmeralda is unabashedly attracted to Devon 's money , perhaps as much as she is to Devon himself . '' Devon thinks he has missed his chance with Hilary after seeing her with Jack . Writer Shelly Altman insisted that the duo shared a mutual attraction but they would need to overcome yet another and `` very surprising obstacle ! '' That obstacle comes in the form of Hilary 's short lived romance and sudden marriage to Neil . James viewed the situation differently then he did Devon 's affair with Tyra because at the time , he was very young , still only a teenager when it occurred . In the triangle with Neil and Hilary , Devon is an adult and he can come at Neil as an equal . Despite unflattering circumstances , the pairing was a hit with most fans and critics which James accredited to the writers for `` taking the time , and letting the fans get invested in really caring about Devon and Hilary 's feelings for each other . '' According to James , Devon believes he has found `` true love '' with Hilary . Devon and Hilary face a long uphill battle once their affair is exposed . James was `` thrilled '' to finally get the opportunity to play a more `` traditional soap '' story like Devon and Hilary 's affair . Devon and Hilary married in August 2015 with their wedding airing over the course of 4 episodes . Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Bryton James has received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Devon throughout the years . Bryton was nominated for the Daytime Emmy in the Outstanding Younger Actor category 5 times from 2006 to 2009 , and once again in 2013 . He won the award in 2007 . For his 2009 Emmy nomination , James submitted the scenes of Devon 's reaction to losing his little sister , Ana to the foster care system , after interference from his biological mother . Bryton 's portrayal of Devon has also garnered him several NAACP Image Award nominations for Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Drama Series , from 2005 to 2009 . James won the award in 2009 . In 2016 , James was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . Foster care ( edit ) Deanna Barnert of Soap Opera Weekly said `` The foster care community has taken note '' of the storyline and fans immediately took a liking to James . Soap Opera Digest praised the storyline as the `` Best Social Issue '' arc for the year 2004 . The magazine said , `` A social - issue soap story need n't be constorversial or shocking to be effective , as Y&R proved with an intelligent and realistic tale about foster care . Not an inherently ' sexy ' topic , the story was nonetheless compelling '' specifically due to Victoria Rowell , who played Devon 's foster mother Drucilla was so heavily involved in the story . `` The result was an involving storyline '' that received several accolades . `` By allowing for vastly different viewpoints , it was n't preachy or emotionally manipulative '' and like all great soap stories , it added layers to an existing relationship . Hearing loss ( edit ) Sign ( Language ) of the Times Bryton 's accurate depiction of a cochlear implant ( C.I. ) recipient has been so well - acted that we continue to receive many comments from actual C.I. recipients inquiring if the actor is a real C.I. patient ! `` '' Deanna Barnert , Soap Opera Digest ( 2007 ) He won his first and only Emmy Award in 2007 for his portrayal of Devon during the hearing loss storyline . Despite some thinking the characters picked up sign language too quickly , Bionic Ear experts praised the storyline and James for his portrayal . The storyline also led to increased interests in cochlear implants and provided hope for those dealing with hearing loss . James also thanks and praise from viewers thanking him for his portrayal of Devon 's situation . James earned his fifth Emmy nomination in the Outstanding Young Actor category in 2013 , for his portrayal of Devon during the scenes where Devon 's hearing is completely restored after a new cochlear implant . Paternity and inheritance ( edit ) The storyline about Devon 's paternity received both positive and mixed criticism . Jae Jones from Yahoo ! TV praised the series for reflecting `` current times '' by making Devon the biracial grandson of one of the show 's core characters . Yahoo ! TV also hailed the plot as the best reveal of 2011 . Wordwiley complimented the series for making an established character like Devon Tucker 's son instead of introducing a new character . The author also commented that the dynamic between Katherine , Tucker , Devon and Harmony was rich with potential story . Carolyn Hinsey said Nichols 's Tucker was not a strong enough character to hang such a heavy story one . Naomi Rabinowitz appreciated that the plot cemented both Tucker and Devon to the canvas , and that it made for an interesting dynamic pitting Neil vs. Tucker , but disapproved of the constant rewriting of Katherine 's history . Luke Kerr said that while he was n't a big fan of the initial story , he enjoyed seeing Devon and Tucker bond over their shared interest in music . Sara Bibel praised the story arc because it allowed James to showcase his talent , and it provided the very underused character with a storyline , and described the plot twist as a `` juicy way of defining '' the character . However , Bibel admitted that the execution could have been better . During the week of Devon 's paternity reveal , the show gained 282 , 000 total viewers rebounding from a previous week of a new ratings low . In response to Devon 's inheritance , Sara Bibel described the plot twist as a `` doozy . '' Bibel praised the twist for `` transforming '' Devon without having to make him act `` out of character . '' Boone of Soapcentral said `` I 'm kind of curious to know what Devon 's role will be in the future . '' However , the column also said that Devon has never been a leading character . Others were completely dumbfounded by the twist and said it did n't make any sense . Sara Bibel appreciated that the storyline was the most upbeat of the storylines on the series , but disapproved of Devon 's need to maintain his normal way of life ; `` God forbid we should get to see someone having fun even though aspirational , wish - fulfillment storylines are a daytime staple , '' Bibel said . Bibel later criticized how instead of having some fun , pursuing his own dreams , or a new business venture , Devon reacts to his inheritance `` by feeling guilty about unearned wealth despite being surrounded by people with trust funds . '' CBS Soaps In Depth also criticized the writing for Devon 's reaction due to the money bringing him more misery then happiness . ABC Soaps In Depth said of Devon becoming the go - to - guy for money , `` Why are the numerous rich folks of Genoa City treating The Young and the Restless ' Devon like their own personal piggybank ? '' Romance ( edit ) Further information : Devon Hamilton and Hilary Curtis § Reception and impact After nine years with the series , James ' character entered into a forbidden relationship with his then stepmother Hilary Curtis that was soon called a supercouple . Critics took notice of the pairing 's chemistry in their very first scenes together , long before a romantic relationship was even a possibility . Devon 's relationship with Hilary garnered quite a vocal fan base very quickly with the duo debuting on fan polls in both magazines and online . Devon and Hilary would make several year end `` best - of '' lists in 2014 including Daytime Confidential , TVSource Magazine and the duo was listed as the `` Best Couple '' of 2014 by Nelson Branco of TV Guide ( Canada ) . The TV Watercooler hailed the pairing as `` the show 's best new pairing in years . '' One writer known as Gingersnap appreciated the decision to pair the African American Devon with the African American Hilary and likened them to the Black version of William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . Ashley Ellibe from TVSource Magazine said Devon and Hilary gave fans `` the audacity to hope '' while simultaneously proving Bryton James ' status as a `` romantic daytime hunk . '' Devon and Hilary won the Fan Favorite Award for `` Most Romantic Duo '' at the 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards in 2015 . Despite the critical acclaim and fan response , fans of the pairing controversially accused the writers of racism , while others accused the producers of underestimating James ' appeal as a romantic lead by suddenly pushing Devon aside and rushing Hilary into a romance with Neil and then forcing a triangle . Then executive producer Charles Pratt Jr. sparked further controversy when he attributed the couple 's lack of airtime to budgetary restraints and Mishael Morgan 's real - life pregnancy . Devon 's previous romances were rather poorly received . Critics and fans were very much against Devon 's affair with Hilary a full two months prior story began to play out onscreen . The storyline was compared to fellow CBS soap , Guiding Light 's incest storyline in which first cousins , Tammy Winslow ( Stephanie Gatschet ) and Jonathan Randall ( Tom Pelphrey ) fall in love and marry . Ironically , Tammy is killed off just days after their wedding . TV Guide listed Devon and Tyra 's one - night - stand as the `` WORST AFFAIR '' of 2009 . Naomi Rabinowitz of Soap Opera Digest also disapproved of the storyline and described the dynamic between Tyra and Devon as `` creepy '' due to their lives being so intertwined and Devon being raised to believe Tyra is his aunt . On the other hand , while Lauren Flynn agreed that the plot was a turn off to viewers due to their relation , Flynn argued that the tryst was a `` welcome twist '' to an otherwise lackluster storyline . However , Flynn liked that the storyline gave Devon something to do instead of serving as a talk to for Lily . Jamey Giddens who immediately disapproved of the storyline agreed to wait until after the storyline played out and said the plot was `` ridiculous , '' due to their attraction coming out of nowhere . However , a poll posted on Daytime Confidential saw 60 % of voters being against the storyline as well . Fans tend to hold Devon 's affair with Tyra against the character because of how judgmental he is . Soaps In Depth also praised the decision to put an end to Devon and Roxy 's romance , and accused prior regimes of treating James and Ali as glorified day players . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless . Season 32 . Episode 8321 . Tuesday , February 7 , 2006 . February 7 , 2006 . CBS . At the Winters ' apartment , Devon came out of his room to find Neil and Dru have decorated the living room for a surprise 18th birthday party . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's Who in Genoa City : Devon Hamilton '' . Soap Central . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Spoilers : Tucker Finds Out Who His Son Is ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Owens , Devin ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Hide & Seek '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 36 ( 41 ) : 35 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Jamia Simone Nash Returns to The Young and The Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Owens , Devin ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Rites of Passage '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 39 ( 26 ) : 32 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Three 's Company '' . TV Guide . Lions Gate Entertainment . 62 ( 27 ) : 70 . Jump up ^ `` Temptation '' . Cover story . CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 18 ( 32 ) : 26 -- 29 . August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owens , Devin ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Point Break '' . On the Cover . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 39 ( 32 ) . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( February 28 , 2015 ) . `` THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS : Hilary Tells Neil And Devon She Never Loved Either Of Them ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R : Hilary Is Fired ! '' . Late - breaking News . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 41 ( 50 ) : 6 . December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mal Young ; ( Executive producer ) ; Sally Sussman Morina ( Executive producer / Head writer ) ( December 15 , 2016 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Y&R : Devon 's Accident Aftermath '' . Late - breaking News . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 2 ) : 9 . January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Will Devon Remember ? '' . Late - breaking News . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 4 ) : 9 . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Devon Wants Hilary To Stay '' . Hot Plots Preview . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 6 ) : 14 . February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : About the Actors : Bryton James '' . Soap Central . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dybala , Paul ( February 26 , 2007 ) . `` Topic : Acting with a Cochlear Implant '' . healthyhearing.com . Healthy Hearing LLC . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Owens , Devin ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Speed '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 39 ( 25 ) . Jump up ^ Branco , Nelson ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Nelson Ratings - Apr6 / 09 Sympatico / MSN TV Guide '' . TV Guide . TC Transcontinental . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Young and the Restless : Bryton Update ! '' . Soaps She Knows . Atomic Online . April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Bryton James Clarifies Tweet & Contract Status '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Role At Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : New Boss Jill Farren Phelps Reveals What 's in Store For The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . Lions Gate Entertainment . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Will Devon Jump the Pond on The Young and the Restless ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fix , Christine ; Young , Candace ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Emmys Red Carpet Interview : Bryton James '' . Soaps She Knows . Atomic Online . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McEwin , Julie ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` ready for trouble '' . Feature Interview . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 17 ( 38 ) : 44 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Owens , Devin ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` BRYT FUTURE '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 36 ( 44 ) : 42 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : McElwain , Julie ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` State of Affairs '' . Feature Interview . CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 18 ( 38 ) : 44 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Barnert , Deanna ( October 12 , 2004 ) . `` Nice to Meet You '' . Soap Opera Weekly . 15 ( 41 ) : 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Crisis For Y&R 's Devon '' . Late - breaking news . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 31 ( 40 ) : 12 . October 3 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome To The Family ! '' . Cover story . CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 15 ( 43 ) : 26 -- 29 . October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R $ hould We Worry About Devon ? '' . Hottest Stories . ABC Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 17 ( 49 ) : 33 . December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Naomi ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` Devon Inspiration '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 32 ( 21 ) : 50 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Brar , Jeevan ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Y&R 's Bryton James '' . The TV Watercooler . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless : Behind the Scenes : Bryton Brings it on ! '' . Sony Pictures / CBS . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Young and the Restless ' Character Receives Cochlear Implant , Renewed Hope '' . November 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnert , Deanna ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` Sign ( Language ) of the Times '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnert , Deanna ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : Bryton James of ' Young and the Restless ' '' . TV Buzz . MSN . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outstanding Younger Actor '' . Golden Road . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 38 ( 24 ) : 74 . June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Wednesday , April 11 , 2012 '' . Sony Pictures Television . April 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McElwain , Julie ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` TOP OF THE WORLD '' . Feature Interview . CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 15 ( 29 ) : 48 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Maria Arena Bell ( Executive producer ) ; Bell , Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner ( Head writers ) ( May 19 , 2009 ) . The Young and the Restless . CBS . Jump up ^ Wordwiley ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Five Storyline Possibilities for Debbie Morgan on ' The Young and the Restless ' '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Spoilers : Colin Goes After Lily ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Devon Turn Evil ? '' . Hottest Stories . ABC Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 16 ( 6 ) : 30 . February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Y&R 's Bryton James `` Wants Out Of Black Box '' `` . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` ' Y&R 's ' Bryton McClure Bumped to Recurring Status ? '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McElwain , Julie ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` ready for trouble '' . Feature Interview . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 17 ( 38 ) : 44 -- 47 . Jump up ^ `` Will Katherine 's Cash Ruin Devon ? '' . News . CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 17 ( 48 ) : 6 . December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Young and the Restless ' New Head Writer Sally Sussman Answers Our Burning Questions '' . TV Insider . TVGM Holdings , LLC . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bryton James Dishes Devon and Hilary 's Affair Coming to a Crashing Climax on The Young and the Restless ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Spoilers '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` On The Defense '' . Up - Close and Personal . CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 17 ( 48 ) : 50 . December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` If you could change one your character has done , what would it be and why ? '' . roundup . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 38 ( 34 ) : 48 -- 49 . August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sparks Will Fly ! '' . News . CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 18 ( 10 ) : 4 . March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Is Devon Falling For Hilary ? '' . Hot Plots Preview ! . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 39 ( 9 ) : 12 . March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Y&R 's Kristoff St. John , Bryton James and Mishael Morgan on The Love Triangle That Could Wreck The Winters '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . p. 1 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Y&R 's Kristoff St. John , Bryton James and Mishael Morgan on The Love Triangle That Could Wreck The Winters '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . p. 2 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Navell ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Podcast # 568 : Bryton James of CBS Daytime 's `` The Young and the Restless '' `` . The Buzz . BuzzWorthy Radio . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Hilary and Devon Are Ready to Say `` I Do '' on The Young and the Restless -- But Will They ? ( VIDEO ) `` . TV Insider . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Daytime Emmy Nominees '' . Outstanding Younger Actor . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 34 ( 35 ) : 79 . September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York City : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 24 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best & Worst of 2004 '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 29 ( 51 ) . December 21 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jae ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` The New Generation on ' The Young and the Restless ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wordwiley ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) . `` The Best and Worst of ' The Young and the Restless ' in 2011 '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hinsey , Carolyn ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` It 's Only My Opinion '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : 32 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Naomi ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Second Opinions '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : 38 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` SOAP BYTES : Cane Saves Genevieve on The Young and the Restless ; Jack and Jennifer Learn About Abby and Austin on Days of Our Lives '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Life to Live ' : Thorsten Kaye Slams Two Todds Storyline '' . Deep Soap . XFINITY Comcast . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ratings , Rants and Raves : Y&R Rebounds ; I 'm Still Sick of Doppelgangers and Why People Must Start Watching DAYS ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Deep Soap : ' Days ' Role Recast , ' General Hospital ' Hits Ratings High '' . Deep Soap . XFINITY Comcast . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boone ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` A queen , four kings , and a Jack hold court in Genoa City '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Deep Soap : ' Y&R ' Could Use Some ' General Hospital ' - Style Levity '' . Deep Soap . XFINITY Comcast . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Deep Soap : Has ' All My Children ' Been Canceled Again ? '' . Deep Soap . XFINITY Comcast . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Devon 's scowl '' . 5 Things We 're Loving Right Now . CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 18 ( 2 ) : 31 . January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hey , Big Spender '' . We Speak Out ! . ABC Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 18 ( 9 ) : 34 . March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Slow , Painful Death of The Soap Opera Supercouple '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3 . Devon and Hilary . '' . 5 Things We 're Loving Right Now ... CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 17 ( 44 ) : 31 . November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pavlica , Carissa ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Recap : Is Paul Dylan 's Daddy ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Soap of the Week Poll Results ( July 14 - 18 , 2014 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SOAP OPERA PULSE POLL RESULTS : JULY 14 - 18 EDITION '' . TV Source Magazine . SoSource Media LLC . July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Couples '' . Readers ' Poll . CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 18 ( 38 ) : 39 . September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gingersnap ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` Hevon Must Be Missing Angels : Applauding Y&R 's Hilary Curtis & Devon Hamilton Winters On Finding Rare Love '' . Femfilmrogue . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ellibe , Ashley ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS ' HILARY AND DEVON GIVE FANS THE AUDACITY TO HOPE '' . TVSource Magazine . SoSource Media LLC . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Fan Favorites Poll '' . Pop . CBS Corporation / Lions Gate Entertainment . April 2015 . p. 7 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gingersnap ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` '' Young And The Restless '' Is A Once A Week Minority Madhouse Exhibit `` . Femfilmrogue . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Y&R Showrunner Jill Farren Phelps Set to Begin Contract Negotiations '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Should Devon and Not - So - Aunt Tyra Get Freaky Sneaky on Y&R ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Oh No They Did n't ! '' - TV Guide 's Best & Worst of Soaps in 2009 ! `` . TV Guide . December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rabinowitz , Naomi ; Flynn , Lauren ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` Second Opinions '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : 50 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Devon and Tyra 's Hot Plot Mess of a Romp , Plus How to Fix Y&R 's `` Black Storyline '' `` . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Should Devon and Not - So - Aunt Tyra Get Freaky Sneaky on Y&R ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R : A New Love ? '' . WeSpeakOut ! . CBS Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group . 17 ( 52 ) : 34 . December 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Bryton James '' . Cast . The Young and the Restless . CBS Daytime . `` Devon Hamilton '' . About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City . Soap Central . <Th_colspan="2"> The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Sally Sussman Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Present and future characters <Td_colspan="2"> Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Fenmore Baldwin Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Jeffrey Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Scotty Grainger Devon Hamilton Reed Hellstrom Anita Lawson Chloe Mitchell Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Chelsea Lawson Christian Newman Connor Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Noah Newman Sharon Newman Summer Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Stitch Rayburn Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Past characters <Td_colspan="2"> Kyle Abbott Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Cassandra Rawlins Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Character lists <Td_colspan="2"> 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devon_Hamilton&oldid=800832236 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional adoptees Fictional African - American people Fictional deaf characters Fictional singers Fictional musicians Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Devon Hamilton - fictional character
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-192,340,260,704,310,370 | what is the bell on a train for | Bell code - wikipedia Bell code Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the guard - driver communication codes . For bell codes used between signal boxes , see Railway block code . For the electronic codes used by Teletype machines , computer terminals and terminal emulators , see Bell character . Bell codes or Buzzer codes ( US Communication Signal Appliance codes ) are a series of bells or buzzers used on passenger trains for communication between the driver and guard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Great Britain and India 2 United States 3 See also 4 References Great britain and India ( edit ) Signal Meaning in Great Britain Meaning in India Stop Stop train 1 -- 1 Zone of speed restriction over , resume prescribed speed 1 -- 2 Close doors Ready to start Start train 2 -- 2 Do not open doors Passing automatic signal at ' on ' Set Back Guard required by driver 3 -- 1 Lock central door locking 3 -- 2 -- 1 Testing doors 3 -- 3 Guard required by driver , or guard or driver to speak on the telephone Guard 's warning when the motorman exceeds the speed prescribed 3 -- 3 -- 1 Release central door locking Slow down Protect train in rear Driver / Guard leaving the train 6 Draw forward 9 Police assistance required All codes , except 3 -- 2 -- 1 , must be acknowledged by repeating the code received . United States ( edit ) In the United States , these are known as Communication Signal Appliance codes . Signal Meaning _ When running , stop at once . _ When standing , apply or release brakes . oo When standing , start . ooo When standing or running backward , back up two car lengths . ooo When running forward , stop at next passenger station . oooo When standing , brakes have applied and released on rear car . Brake test completed . o When spotting , switching , or making up trains , prepare to stop . See also ( edit ) Railway block code - bell codes used between manually operated signal boxes Whistle codes - used by locomotives to communicate with signal boxes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Preparation and movement of trains on ERTMS lines '' ( PDF ) . Rail Safety and Standards Board . p. 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` F. Duties of Staff Working Trains during Journey '' . Indian Government Railways General Rules . South Eastern Railway. 1999 . 4.51 . Bell signals between Driver and Guard . Retrieved 16 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Communicating Signal Appliance '' ( PDF ) . Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee . 2008 . p. 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bell_code&oldid=796394909 '' Categories : Passenger rail transportation in the United States Passenger rail transport in the United Kingdom Passenger rail transport in India Rail transport operations Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 15 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Bell codes for communication between driver and guard on passenger trains
2. Communication Signal Appliance codes in the United States
3. Bell codes used in Great Britain and India
4. Railway block code for signal boxes
5. Whistle codes used by locomotives to communicate with signal boxes |
-8,033,339,513,510,189,000 | where is an example of two point perspective seen in raphaels the school of athens | The School of Athens - wikipedia The School of Athens Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The School of Athens <Td_colspan="2"> Artist Raphael Year 1509 -- 1511 Type Fresco 500 cm × 770 cm ( 200 in × 300 in ) Location Apostolic Palace , Vatican City Bramante as Euclid or Archimedes The School of Athens ( Italian : Scuola di Atene ) is one of the most famous frescoes by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael . It was painted between 1509 and 1511 as a part of Raphael 's commission to decorate the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello , in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican . The Stanza della Segnatura was the first of the rooms to be decorated , and The School of Athens , representing Philosophy , was probably the second painting to be finished there , after La Disputa ( Theology ) on the opposite wall , and the Parnassus ( Literature ) . The picture has long been seen as `` Raphael 's masterpiece and the perfect embodiment of the classical spirit of the Renaissance '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Program , subject , figure identifications and interpretations 1.1 Figures 1.2 Central figures ( 14 and 15 ) 1.3 Setting 2 Drawings and cartoon 3 Copies 4 Gallery 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Program , subject , figure identifications and interpretations ( edit ) Zoroaster , Ptolemy , Raphael as Apelles and Perugino or Timoteo Viti as Protogenes The School of Athens is one of a group of four main frescoes on the walls of the Stanza ( those on either side centrally interrupted by windows ) that depict distinct branches of knowledge . Each theme is identified above by a separate tondo containing a majestic female figure seated in the clouds , with putti bearing the phrases : `` Seek Knowledge of Causes , '' `` Divine Inspiration , '' `` Knowledge of Things Divine '' ( Disputa ) , `` To Each What Is Due . '' Accordingly , the figures on the walls below exemplify Philosophy , Poetry ( including Music ) , Theology , and Law . The traditional title is not Raphael 's . The subject of the `` School '' is actually `` Philosophy , '' or at least ancient Greek philosophy , and its overhead tondo - label , `` Causarum Cognitio '' , tells us what kind , as it appears to echo Aristotle 's emphasis on wisdom as knowing why , hence knowing the causes , in Metaphysics Book I and Physics Book II . Indeed , Plato and Aristotle appear to be the central figures in the scene . However , all the philosophers depicted sought knowledge of first causes . Many lived before Plato and Aristotle , and hardly a third were Athenians . The architecture contains Roman elements , but the general semi-circular setting having Plato and Aristotle at its centre might be alluding to Pythagoras ' circumpunct . Commentators have suggested that nearly every great ancient Greek philosopher can be found in the painting , but determining which are depicted is difficult , since Raphael made no designations outside possible likenesses , and no contemporary documents explain the painting . Compounding the problem , Raphael had to invent a system of iconography to allude to various figures for whom there were no traditional visual types . For example , while the Socrates figure is immediately recognizable from Classical busts , the alleged Epicurus is far removed from his standard type . Aside from the identities of the figures depicted , many aspects of the fresco have been variously interpreted , but few such interpretations are unanimously accepted among scholars . The popular idea that the rhetorical gestures of Plato and Aristotle are kinds of pointing ( to the heavens , and down to earth ) is very likely . But Plato 's Timaeus -- which is the book Raphael places in his hand -- was a sophisticated treatment of space , time , and change , including the Earth , which guided mathematical sciences for over a millennium . Aristotle , with his four - elements theory , held that all change on Earth was owing to motions of the heavens . In the painting Aristotle carries his Ethics , which he denied could be reduced to a mathematical science . It is not certain how much the young Raphael knew of ancient philosophy , what guidance he might have had from people such as Bramante , or whether a detailed program was dictated by his sponsor , Pope Julius II . Nevertheless , the fresco has even recently been interpreted as an exhortation to philosophy and , in a deeper way , as a visual representation of the role of Love in elevating people toward upper knowledge , largely in consonance with contemporary theories of Marsilio Ficino and other neo-Platonic thinkers linked to Raphael . Finally , according to Vasari , the scene includes Raphael himself , the Duke of Mantua , Zoroaster and some Evangelists . However , as Heinrich Wölfflin observed , `` it is quite wrong to attempt interpretations of the School of Athens as an esoteric treatise ... The all - important thing was the artistic motive which expressed a physical or spiritual state , and the name of the person was a matter of indifference '' in Raphael 's time . What is evident is Raphael 's artistry in orchestrating a beautiful space , continuous with that of viewers in the Stanza , in which a great variety of human figures , each one expressing `` mental states by physical actions , '' interact , in a `` polyphony '' unlike anything in earlier art , in the ongoing dialogue of Philosophy . An interpretation of the fresco relating to hidden symmetries of the figures and the star constructed by Bramante was given by Guerino Mazzola and collaborators . Figures ( edit ) The identities of some of the philosophers in the picture , such as Plato and Aristotle , are certain . Beyond that , identifications of Raphael 's figures have always been hypothetical . To complicate matters , beginning from Vasari 's efforts , some have received multiple identifications , not only as ancients but also as figures contemporary with Raphael . Vasari mentions portraits of the young Federico II Gonzaga , Duke of Mantua , leaning over Bramante with his hands raised near the bottom right , and Raphael himself . He was writing over 40 years after the painting , and never knew Raphael , but no doubt reflects what was believed in his time . Many other popular identifications of portraits are very dubious . Luitpold Dussler ( de ) counts among those who can be identified with some certainty : Plato , Aristotle , Socrates , Pythagoras , Euclid , Ptolemy , Zoroaster , Raphael , Sodoma and Diogenes of Sinope . Other identifications he holds to be `` more or less speculative '' . A more comprehensive list of proposed identifications is given below : The parenthetical names are the contemporary characters from whom Raphael is thought to have drawn his likenesses . 1 : Zeno of Citium 2 : Epicurus 3 : unknown 4 : Boethius or Anaximander ? 5 : Averroes 6 : Pythagoras 7 : Alcibiades or Alexander the Great ? 8 : Antisthenes or Xenophon ? 9 : unknown or Fornarina as a personification of Love ( Francesco Maria della Rovere ? ) 10 : Aeschines 11 : Parmenides or Nicomachus ? 12 : Socrates 13 : Heraclitus ( Michelangelo ? ) 14 : Plato ( Leonardo da Vinci ? ) 15 : Aristotle ( Giuliano da Sangallo ? ) 16 : Diogenes of Sinope 17 : Plotinus ? 18 : Euclid or Archimedes ( Bramante ? ) 19 : Strabo or Zoroaster ? ( Baldassare Castiglione ? ) 20 : Ptolemy R : Apelles ( Raphael ) 21 : Protogenes ( Il Sodoma or Timoteo Viti ) Central figures ( 14 and 15 ) ( edit ) An elder Plato walks alongside Aristotle . In the center of the fresco , at its architecture 's central vanishing point , are the two undisputed main subjects : Plato on the left and Aristotle , his student , on the right . Both figures hold modern ( of the time ) , bound copies of their books in their left hands , while gesturing with their right . Plato holds Timaeus , Aristotle his Nicomachean Ethics . Plato is depicted as old , grey , wise - looking , and bare - foot . By contrast Aristotle , slightly ahead of him , is in mature manhood , handsome , well - shod and dressed with gold , and the youth about them seem to look his way . In addition , these two central figures gesture along different dimensions : Plato vertically , upward along the picture - plane , into the beautiful vault above ; Aristotle on the horizontal plane at right - angles to the picture - plane ( hence in strong foreshortening ) , initiating a powerful flow of space toward viewers . It is popularly thought that their gestures indicate central aspects of their philosophies , for Plato , his Theory of Forms , and for Aristotle , his empiricist views , with an emphasis on concrete particulars . Many interpret the painting to show a divergence of the two philosophical schools . Plato argues a sense of timelessness whilst Aristotle looks into the physicality of life and the present realm . However , Plato 's Timaeus was , even in the Renaissance , a very influential treatise on the cosmos , whereas Aristotle insisted that the purpose of ethics is `` practical '' rather than `` theoretical '' or `` speculative '' : not knowledge for its own sake , as he considered cosmology to be . Setting ( edit ) Detail of the architecture The building is in the shape of a Greek cross , which some have suggested was intended to show a harmony between pagan philosophy and Christian theology ( see Christianity and Paganism and Christian philosophy ) . The architecture of the building was inspired by the work of Bramante , who , according to Vasari , helped Raphael with the architecture in the picture . Some have suggested that the building itself was intended to be an advance view of St. Peter 's Basilica . There are two sculptures in the background . The one on the left is the god Apollo , god of light , archery and music , holding a lyre . The sculpture on the right is Athena , goddess of wisdom , in her Roman guise as Minerva . The main arch , above the characters , shows a meander ( also known as a Greek fret or Greek key design ) , a design using continuous lines that repeat in a `` series of rectangular bends '' which originated on pottery of the Greek Geometric period and then become widely used in ancient Greek architectural friezes . Drawings and cartoon ( edit ) A number of drawings made by Raphael as studies for the School of Athens are extant . A study for the Diogenes is in the Städel in Frankfurt while a study for the group around Pythagoras , in the lower left of the painting , is preserved in the Albertina Museum in Vienna . Several drawings , showing the two men talking while walking up the steps on the right and the Medusa on Athena 's shield , the statue of Athena ( Minerva ) and three other statues , a study for the combat - scene in the relief below Apollo and `` Euclid '' teaching his pupils are in the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology at Oxford University . The cartoon for the painting is in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana in Milan . Copies ( edit ) The Victoria and Albert Museum has a rectangular version over 4 metres by 8 metres in size , painted on canvas , dated 1755 by Anton Raphael Mengs on display in the eastern Cast Court . Modern reproductions of the fresco abound . For example , a full - size one can be seen in the auditorium of Old Cabell Hall at the University of Virginia . Produced in 1902 by George W. Breck to replace an older reproduction that was destroyed in a fire in 1895 , it is four inches off scale from the original , because the Vatican would not allow identical reproductions of its art works . Other reproductions include : by Neide , in Königsberg Cathedral , Kaliningrad , in the University of North Carolina at Asheville 's Highsmith University Student Union , and a recent one in the seminar room at Baylor University 's Brooks College . A copy of Raphael 's School of Athens was painted on the wall of the ceremonial stairwell that leads to the famous , main - floor reading room of the Bibliothèque Sainte - Geneviève in Paris . The two figures at the left of Plotinus were used as part of the cover art of both Use Your Illusion I and II albums of Guns N ' Roses . Gallery ( edit ) Zeno of Citium Epicurus Averroes and Pythagoras Pythagoras Alcibiades or Alexander the Great and Antisthenes or Xenophon Parmenides Aeschines and Socrates Michelangelo as Heraclitus Leonardo da Vinci as Plato Aristotle Diogenes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones and Penny , 74 ^ Jump up to : History of Art : The Western Tradition by Horst Woldemar Janson , Anthony F. Janson Jump up ^ See Giorgio Vasari , `` Raphael of Urbino '' , in Lives of the Artists , vol . I : `` In each of the four circles he made an allegorical figure to point the significance of the scene beneath , towards which it turns . For the first , where he had painted Philosophy , Astrology , Geometry and Poetry agreeing with Theology , is a woman representing Knowledge , seated in a chair supported on either side by a goddess Cybele , with the numerous breasts ascribed by the ancients to Diana Polymastes . Her garment is of four colours , representing the four elements , her head being the colour of fire , her bust that of air , her thighs that of earth , and her legs that of water . '' For further clarification , and introduction to more subtle interpretations , see E.H. Gombrich , `` Raphael 's Stanza della Segnatura and the Nature of Its Symbolism '' , in Symbolic Images : Studies in the Art of the Renaissance ( London : Phaidon , 1975 ) . Jump up ^ M. Smolizza , ' ' Rafael y el Amor . La Escuela de Atenas como protréptico a la filosofia ' ' , in ' Idea y Sentimiento . Itinerarios por el dibujo de Rafael a Cézanne ' , Barcelona , 2007 , pp. 29 -- 77 . ( A review of the main interpretations proposed in the last two centuries . ) Jump up ^ According to Vasari , `` Raphael received a hearty welcome from Pope Julius , and in the chamber of the Segnatura he painted the theologians reconciling Philosophy and Astrology with Theology , including portraits of all the wise men of the world in dispute . '' Jump up ^ Wōlfflin , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Wōlfflin , pp. 94f . Jump up ^ Guerino Mazzola et al. : Rasterbild - Bildraster . Springer - Verlag , Berlin , et al. 1986 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 17267 - X . Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari , Lives of the Artists , v. I , sel . & transl . by George Bull ( London : Penguin , 1965 ) , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Jürg Meyer zur Capellen , however , qualifies the certainty of this identification writing `` eine Gruppe von Lesenden und Disputierenden , die um eine Sitzfigur , vielleicht Pythagoras , angeordnet ist . '' ( `` a group of people reading and debating , arranged around a seated figure , perhaps Pythagoras . '' ) . Jürg Meyer zur Capellen : Raffael ( Munich : Beck 2010 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Again , Meyer zur Capellen is more cautious : `` Eine Gruppe von Schülern umgibt einen Lehrer ( Archimedes oder Euklid ? ) , der auf einer Tafel ein geometrisches Prinzip erläutert '' Jürg Meyer zur Capellen : Raffael ( Munich : Beck 2010 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Luitpold Dussler : Raphael . A Critical Catalogue ( London and New York : Phaidon 1971 ) , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : `` The School of Athens , Who is Who ? '' , Part 1 by Michael Lahanas . ^ Jump up to : `` The School of Athens , Who is Who ? '' ( Part 2 ) by Michael Lahanas . ^ Jump up to : Raphael has reused the motif of two women from his earlier work the Vision of a Knight ( see Chefs d'oeuvre de l'art : grands peintres N ° 31 : Raphaël ( en deux parties ) , Hachette , 1966 , p. 215 ) . Jump up ^ The interpretation of this figure as Hypatia seems to have originated from the Internet . Serious sources do not mention it at all . H.J. Mozans ( = John Augustine Zahm specifically regrets that Hypatia does not appear in the painting in his book Women in Science ( 1913 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Raphael 's lover Fornarina is portrayed in a famous painting in the National Gallery of Ancient Art in Rome . This identification has been introduced on 2002 by Matteo Smolizza during his cooperation with Lorenza Mochi Onori , former Director of the Museum , in the occasion of the Exhibit La Fornarina di Raffaello , Milan , Fondazione Arte e Civiltà , March 14 -- June 2 , 2002 . It was later investigated on the basis of 1 ) position of the portrait ( specular to Raphael 's one ) ; 2 ) appearance compared with contemporary Raphael 's drawings ; 3 ) strictly contemporary texts by Raphael to the woman ; 4 ) fresco 's general meaning . Cf . Smolizza , pp. 68 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Jill Burke ( ed . ) , Rethinking the High Renaissance : The Culture of the Visual Arts in Early Sixteenth - century Rome , Ashgate Publishing , 2012 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Timoteo Viti is another plausible candidate according to Esperienze letterarie , 24 , Società editrice napoletana , 1999 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Lyttleton , Margaret . `` Meander . '' Grove Art Online . Oxford University Press , 2012 . Accessed 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Luitpold Dussler : Raphael . A Critical Catalogue ( London and New York : Phaidon 1971 ) , p. 74 Jump up ^ Zeichnungen -- 16 . Jahrhundert -- Graphische Sammlung -- Sammlung -- Städel Museum . Staedelmuseum.de ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Raffaello Santi . mit seinen Schülern ( Studie für die `` Schule von Athen '' , Stanza della Segnatura , Vatikan ) ( trans. : Pythagoras and his students ( Study for the ' School of Athens ' , Stanza della Signatura , the Vatican ) ( inventory number 4883 ) ) . Albertina Museum . Vienna , Austria , 2008 . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Raphael ( 1482 - 1520 ). Two Men conversing on a Flight of Steps , and a Head shouting . Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology , University of Oxford , 2011 . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Raphael ( 1482 - 1520 ). Studies for a Figure of Minerva and Other Statues . Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology , University of Oxford , 2011 . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Raphael ( 1482 - 1520 ) . Recto : Combat of nude men . Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology , University of Oxford , 2011 . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Raphael ( 1482 - 1520 ). Euclid instructing his Pupils . Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology , University of Oxford , 2011 . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ School of Athens Cartoon Jump up ^ V&A Museum : Copy of Raphael 's School of Athens in the Vatican . collections.vam.ac.uk ( 2009 - 08 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Information on Old Cabell Hall from University of Virginia Jump up ^ Northern Germany : As Far as the Bavarian and Austrian Frontiers , Baedeker , 1890 , p. 247 . References ( edit ) Roger Jones and Nicholas Penny , Raphael , Yale , 1983 , ISBN 0300030614 . Heinrich Wölfflin , Classic Art : An Introduction to the Italian Renaissance ( London : Phaidon , 2d edn. 1953 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The School of Athens . The School of Athens on In Our Time at the BBC . The School of Athens at the Web Gallery of Art The School of Athens ( interactive map ) Cartoon of The School of Athens The School of Athens reproduction at UNC Asheville BBC Radio 4 discussion about the significance of this picture in the programme In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg . 3 Cool Things You Might Not Know About Raphael 's School of Athens <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Raphael Early works The Kinnaird Resurrection Baronci Altarpiece St. Sebastian Oddi Altar Solly Madonna Mond Crucifixion Three Graces St Michael Portrait of a Man Connestabile Madonna Madonna and Child The Marriage of the Virgin Vision of a Knight St George Colonna Altarpiece Portrait of Perugino Madonna and Child with the Book Florentine period Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga Portrait of Emilia Pia da Montefeltro Portrait of Guidobaldo da Montefeltro Self - portrait Madonna of the Grand Duke Ansidei Madonna Young Man with an Apple Christ Blessing Madonna Terranuova Madonna of the Goldfinch Madonna of the Meadow Esterhazy Madonna Small Cowper Madonna St George and the Dragon La donna gravida Portrait of Agnolo Doni Portrait of Maddalena Doni Madonna of the Pinks Young Woman with Unicorn Madonna with Beardless St Joseph Saint Catherine of Alexandria Canigiani Holy Family La belle jardinière Deposition of Christ Portrait of a Young Woman Tempi Madonna Madonna Colonna Madonna de Bogota Roman period Portrait of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese La disputa The School of Athens Madonna of Loreto Aldobrandini Madonna Madonna with the Blue Diadem Portrait of a Cardinal Alba Madonna Niccolini - Cowper Madonna The Parnassus Cardinal and Theological Virtues The Prophet Isaiah The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple Portrait of Pope Julius II Madonna of Foligno Madonna with the Fish Triumph of Galatea Sistine Madonna Madonna della seggiola Madonna dell'Impannata Madonna della tenda The Fire in the Borgo The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila Deliverance of Saint Peter The Mass at Bolsena Portrait of Bindo Altoviti The Sibyls Ecstasy of St. Cecilia Portrait of Balthasar Castiglione La donna velata Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila Portrait of Andrea Navagero and Agostino Beazzano Portrait of Cardinal Bibbiena Church of Sant'Eligio degli Orefici Creation of the World Transfiguration Portrait of Pope Leo X with Two Cardinals Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary The Holy Family of Francis I Ezekiel 's Vision St. Michael Vanquishing Satan Madonna of the Rose Self - Portrait with a Friend La Fornarina Visitation Portrait of a Young Man Miraculous Draught of Fishes Christ 's Charge to Peter Healing of the Lame Man Death of Ananias Stoning of St. Stephen Conversion of the Proconsul Sacrifice at Lystra St Paul in Prison St Paul Preaching in Athens Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia <Td_colspan="3"> Also attributed to Lorenzo di Credi Attributed GND : 4103544 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_School_of_Athens&oldid=802352935 '' Categories : Raphael rooms 1510s paintings Images of philosophers Philosophy and culture Cultural depictions of Socrates Cultural depictions of Plato Cultural depictions of Archimedes Cultural depictions of Aristotle Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great Cultural depictions of Diogenes Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Articles containing Italian - language text Interlanguage link template link number All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from June 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The School of Athens
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5,481,720,809,045,728,000 | who made money in the stock market crash of 1929 | Jesse Lauriston Livermore - wikipedia Jesse Lauriston Livermore Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Jesse Lauriston Livermore <Td_colspan="2"> ( 1877 - 07 - 26 ) July 26 , 1877 Shrewsbury , Massachusetts , U.S. November 28 , 1940 ( 1940 - 11 - 28 ) ( aged 63 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Cause of death Suicide by ballistic trauma Other names Boy Plunger The Great Bear of Wall Street Occupation Investor Net worth US $ 100 million ( 1929 ) US $5 million ( 1940 ) Spouse ( s ) Nettie Jordan ( m . 1900 ; div. 1917 ) Dorothea `` Dorothy '' Wendt ( m . 1918 ; div. 1932 ) Harriet Metz Noble ( m . 1933 -- 40 ) Children Jesse Lauriston Livermore ( July 26 , 1877 -- November 28 , 1940 ) was an American investor and security analyst . Livermore was famed for making and losing several multimillion - dollar fortunes and short selling during the stock market crashes in 1907 and 1929 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Investment career 3 Personal life 4 Publications and works 5 Legacy and awards 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early years ( edit ) Livermore was born in Shrewsbury , Massachusetts , and moved to Acton , Massachusetts , as a child . He started his trading career at the age of fourteen . With his mother 's blessing , Livermore ran away from home to escape a life of farming his father intended for him . He then began his career by posting stock quotes at the Paine Webber brokerage in Boston . Investment career ( edit ) While working , he would write down certain calculations he had about future market prices , which he would check for accuracy later . A friend convinced him to put his first actual money on the market by making a bet at a bucket shop , a type of gambling establishment that took bets on stock prices but did not actually buy or sell the stock . By the age of fifteen , he had earned profits of over $1,000 ( $26,700 in 2016 USD ) . In the next several years , he continued betting at the bucket shops . He was eventually banned from most bucket shops for winning too much money from them . He then moved to New York City and devoted his energies towards trading in legitimate markets . This change would lead him to devise a new set of rules to trade the market . During his lifetime , Livermore gained and lost several multimillion - dollar fortunes . He sometimes played hunches , famously selling Union Pacific railroad short right before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Most notably , he was worth $3 million and $100 million after the 1907 and 1929 market crashes , respectively . Adjusted for inflation , $100 million in 1929 , equals about $1.39 billion in 2016 . He subsequently lost both fortunes . Apart from his success as a securities speculator , Livermore left traders a working philosophy for trading securities that emphasizes increasing the size of one 's position as it goes in the right direction and cutting losses quickly . Livermore sometimes did not follow his own rules strictly . He claimed that his lack of adherence to his own rules was the main reason for his losses after making his 1907 and 1929 fortunes . Livermore first became famous after the Panic of 1907 when he sold the market short as it crashed . He noticed conditions where a lack of capital existed to buy stock . Accordingly , he predicted that there would be a sharp drop in prices when many speculators were simultaneously forced to sell by margin calls and a lack of credit . With the lack of capital , there would be no buyers in sight to absorb the sold stock , further driving down prices . After the crash and its aftermath , he was worth $3 million . He proceeded to lose 90 % of that 1907 fortune on a blown cotton trade . He violated many of his key rules ; he listened to another person 's advice ( he preferred working alone ) and added to a losing position . He continued losing money in the flat markets from 1908 -- 1912 . He was $1 million in debt and declared bankruptcy . He proceeded to regain his fortune and repay his creditors during the World War I bull market , a period during which he was correctly bullish on stocks . Livermore owned a series of mansions around the world , each fully staffed with servants , a fleet of limousines , and a steel - hulled yacht for trips to Europe . Livermore continued to make money in the bull markets of the 1920s . In 1929 , he noticed market conditions similar to that of the 1907 market . He began shorting various stocks and adding to his positions , and they kept declining in price . When just about everyone in the markets lost money in the Wall Street crash of 1929 , Livermore was worth $100 million after his short - selling profits . For unknown reasons , Livermore yet again lost much of his trading capital accumulated through 1929 . Thus , on March 7 , 1934 , the bankrupt Livermore was automatically suspended as a member of the Chicago Board of Trade . It was never disclosed to anyone what happened to the great fortune he had made in the crash of 1929 , but he had lost it all . It is possible that Livermore turned prematurely bullish and bought stocks and commodities long before the market finally bottomed in the summer of 1932 . Perhaps the rule changes after the crash that made it harder to short stocks hurt his trading style . `` All through time , people have basically acted and reacted the same way in the market as a result of : greed , fear , ignorance , and hope . That is why the numerical formations and patterns recur on a constant basis . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Attributed to Jesse Livermore Personal life ( edit ) One of Livermore 's favorite books was Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds , by Charles Mackay , first published in 1841 . This was also a favorite book of Bernard Baruch , a stock trader and close friend of Livermore . He also was one of the few people who did well in the crash of 1929 . Livermore cited a lot of jokes , including an old story about `` selling down to the sleeping point '' from the book Speculation as a Fine Art by Dickson G. Watts . Livermore was married three times and had two children . He married his first wife , Netit ( Nettie ) Jordan of Indianapolis , at the age of 23 in October 1900 . Less than a year later , he went broke after some reverses in his stock trading ; for a new stake , he asked her to pawn the substantial collection of jewelry he had bought her , but she refused , permanently damaging their relationship . They separated and finally divorced in October 1917 . On December 2 , 1918 , Livermore married Dorothea ( Dorothy ) Fox Wendt ( born 4 August 1895 ) , a 23 - year old former Ziegfeld Follies showgirl . They had two sons , Jesse Jr. ( 13 September 1919 -- 20 February 1976 ) and Paul A. Livermore ( 3 April 1923 -- 2 May 2002 ) . In 1931 , Dorothy Livermore filed for divorce and took up temporary residence in Reno , Nevada , with her new lover ( and later second husband ) James Walter Longcope . On September 16 , 1932 , Dorothy divorced Livermore on grounds of desertion . She retained custody of the couple 's two sons . On March 28 , 1933 , Livermore married 38 - year - old singer and socialite Harriet Metz Noble in Geneva , Illinois . The two met in Vienna where Metz Noble was performing . Metz Noble was from a prominent Omaha family who made a fortune in breweries . Livermore was Metz Noble 's third husband ; her second husband , Arthur Warren Noble , committed suicide in 1930 after losing all his money in the Wall Street crash . Livermore would also commit suicide in 1940 . On November 28 , 1940 , Livermore fatally shot himself in the cloakroom of the Sherry Netherland Hotel in Manhattan . Police found a suicide note of eight small handwritten pages in Livermore 's personal , leather bound notebook . The note was addressed to Livermore 's wife Harriet ( whom Livermore nicknamed `` Nina '' ) read , `` My dear Nina : Ca n't help it . Things have been bad with me . I am tired of fighting . Ca n't carry on any longer . This is the only way out . I am unworthy of your love . I am a failure . I am truly sorry , but this is the only way out for me . Love Laurie '' . At the time of his death , Livermore 's estate was valued at over $5 million . Publications and works ( edit ) In late 1939 , Livermore 's son , Jesse Jr. , suggested to his father that he write a book about his experiences and techniques in trading in the stock and commodity markets . This brought a flash of life back into Livermore , and the book was completed and published by Duell , Sloan and Pearce in March 1940 . It was titled How To Trade In Stocks . The book did not sell well , World War II was underway , and the general interest in the stock market was low . His methods were still new and controversial at the time , and they received mixed reviews from stock market gurus of the period . `` The game of speculation is the most uniformly fascinating game in the world . But it is not a game for the stupid , the mentally lazy , the person of inferior emotional balance , or the get - rich - quick adventurer . They will die poor . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Jesse Livermore , How To Trade In Stocks Other books by or about Livermore include : 1923 -- Reminiscences of a Stock Operator by Edwin Lefèvre ( best - selling biography of Livermore ) multiple reissues since , last on January 17 , 2006 , by Roger Lowenstein ( Foreword ) ( ISBN 0 - 471 - 77088 - 4 ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 77088 - 6 ) -- PDF 1985 -- Jesse Livermore -- Speculator King by Paul Sarnoff ( ISBN 0 - 934380 - 10 - 4 ) 2001 -- Jesse Livermore : The World 's Greatest Stock Trader by Richard Smitten ( ISBN 0 - 471 - 02326 - 4 ) 2001 -- How To Trade In Stocks by Jesse Livermore ( ISBN 0 - 934380 - 75 - 9 ) ( Originally published 1940 ) -- PDF 2003 -- Speculation as a Fine Art by Dickson G. Watts ( ISBN 0 - 87034 - 056 - 5 ) -- PDF 2004 -- Trade Like Jesse Livermore by Richard Smitten ( ISBN 0 - 471 - 65585 - 6 ) -- PDF 2004 -- Lessons from the Greatest Stock Traders of All Time , by John Boik 2006 -- How Legendary Traders Made Millions , by John Boik 2007 -- The Secret of Livermore : Analyzing the Market Key System. , by Andras Nagy ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 9753093 - 7 - 7 ) 2014 -- Jesse Livermore - Boy Plunger. , by Tom Rubython , Forward by Paul Tudor - Jones ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 9570605 - 7 - 9 ) Legacy and awards ( edit ) The popular book Reminiscences of a Stock Operator , by Edwin Lefèvre , reflects on many of those lessons , and is in effect a financial memoir of Livermore ( a pseudonym is used ) starting with the bucket shop days and ending in the 1920s before the crash . The book , which Lefèvre dedicated to Livermore , has an avid following in the investment community , and is still in print . There is some speculation that this partnership between the two men was not their first collaboration . Since Lefèvre was a writer and journalist , it is thought that he was one of the friendly newspapermen that Livermore employed for both information and planted articles . Livermore himself wrote a less widely read book , How to trade in stocks ; the Livermore formula for combining time element and price . It was published in 1940 , the same year Livermore committed suicide . See also ( edit ) List of stock market crashes and bear markets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edwin Lefèvre ( 1923 ) . Reminiscences of a Stock Operator . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Smitten , Richard ( 2005 ) . Trade like Jesse Livermore . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 65585 - 6 . Jump up ^ Edwin Lefèvre ( 1923 ) . Reminiscences of a Stock Operator . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Smitten ( September 14 , 2001 ) . Jesse Livermore : The World 's Greatest Stock Trader . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Richard Smitten ( October 21 , 2004 ) . Trade Like Jesse Livermore . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Edwin Lefèvre ( 1923 ) . Reminiscences of a Stock Operator . Chapter X , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Richard Smitten ( September 14 , 2001 ) . Jesse Livermore : The World 's Greatest Stock Trader . pp. 43 , 47 -- 48 , 125 . Jump up ^ Dorothea Fox Livermore Jump up ^ Richard Smitten ( September 14 , 2001 ) . Jesse Livermore : The World 's Greatest Stock Trader . pp. 115 -- 116 , 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Jesse Livermore Jump up ^ Paul A. Livermore Jump up ^ Hansen , Matthew . `` Hansen : Tale of Omaha 's ' black widow ' is too tempting to not investigate '' . omaha.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Smitten ( September 14 , 2001 ) . Jesse Livermore : The World 's Greatest Stock Trader . p. 281 . Jump up ^ Richard Smitten ( September 14 , 2001 ) . Jesse Livermore : The World 's Greatest Stock Trader . pp. 281 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Smitten ( September 14 , 2001 ) . Jesse Livermore : The World 's Greatest Stock Trader . p. 276 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jesse Lauriston Livermore Jesse Livermore Timeline -- The Timing Of Major Events In Jesse Livermore 's Career . Jesse Livermore photo album Boy Plunger -- Time , Monday , December 9 , 1940 Tribute to Jesse Livermore -- Sayings and beliefs Livermore Secret -- Jesse Livermore Trading System & Secrets VIAF : 5718155 LCCN : no94017249 ISNI : 0000 0001 0776 5514 GND : 118045806 SUDOC : 115335242 BNF : cb15614682w ( data ) NDL : 00854478 IATH : w6hb7xth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Lauriston_Livermore&oldid=805130060 '' Categories : 1877 births 1940 deaths American financiers American investors American money managers American stock traders Businesspeople from Massachusetts Businesspeople from New York City Businesspeople who committed suicide People from Shrewsbury , Massachusetts Suicides by firearm in New York City Hidden categories : Infobox person using certain parameters when dead Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Articles with attributed pull quotes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 07 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Jesse Lauriston Livermore - American investor and security analyst
2. Making and losing multimillion-dollar fortunes
3. Short selling during stock market crashes in 1907 and 1929
4. Livermore's trading career and strategies
5. Personal life and tragic suicide |
-918,581,573,037,034,100 | when does erin lindsay come back to intelligence | Erin Lindsay - wikipedia Erin Lindsay <Th_colspan="2"> Erin Lindsay <Td_colspan="2"> Chicago P.D. character <Td_colspan="2"> Erin Lindsay First appearance CF : `` Rhymes with Shout '' November 26 , 2013 CPD : `` Stepping Stone '' January 8 , 2014 Last appearance CPD : `` Fork In The Road '' May 17 , 2017 Created by Matt Olmstead Portrayed by Sophia Bush Other appearances SVU : `` Chicago Crossover '' November 12 , 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> Information Gender Female Family Barbara `` Bunny '' Fletcher ( mother ) Teddy Courtney ( half - brother ) Hank Voight ( foster father ) Camille Voight ( foster mother ; deceased ) Justin Voight ( foster brother ; deceased ) Significant other ( s ) Jay Halstead ( also ex-partner ) Kelly Severide Nationality American <Th_colspan="2"> Police career Department Chicago Police Department Intelligence Unit ( CF & CPD : S1 ) Patrol ( pre-series ) Years of service 2000s -- 2017 Rank Detective Badge No . 61317 Erin Lindsay is a fictional character from NBC 's Chicago TV franchise , as a lead character in Chicago P.D. and a recurring character in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Chicago Fire and Chicago Med . Portrayed by Sophia Bush , she was introduced as a detective in the Intelligence Unit of the Chicago Police Department . Contents 1 Background and characterization 2 Character arc 2.1 Chicago Fire 2.2 Chicago P.D. 2.3 Partners 3 Crossover appearances 4 References Background and characterization ( edit ) In season 1 of Chicago P.D. , it has been established from the very beginning that Lindsay shared a special relationship with Hank Voight , head of the Intelligence Unit . Her unwavering loyalty to Voight is explained as her background is gradually revealed . She is generally unfazed by the gangsters , drug lords , and physically intimidating suspects the unit encounter on a regular basis . She has mentioned that her biological father was in prison and that he would hit her and her mother Bunny , who was an on - and - off drug addict . Through Bunny , she has a half - brother , Teddy Courtney , who was taken by a pedophilia ring at age 13 and was found by NYPD detectives ten years later working as a male prostitute . Lindsay grew up on the street and by the age of 14 , she had already been arrested 5 times on charges including misdemeanor , simple battery , retail theft , solicitation , and unlawful possession of cannabis . She became a CI for Voight , who , along with his wife , eventually took her in as her legal guardians . Actress Sophia Bush described the character : `` Lindsay comes from the street so she already knows how all these people work . '' She completed high school at St. Ignatius College Prep and joined the Chicago Police Department . After graduating from the police academy , she spent four years on the west side of Chicago as a patrol officer , which she said was all the education she needed . Because of her background , Lindsay is compassionate and sympathetic towards vulnerable young victims , especially girls , as she can relate with their situation . For example , she tries to get a 17 - year - old prostitute and heroin addict , Nadia , to enter drug rehab twice . Eventually , she succeeds in convincing Nadia to stay clean and helps her get a desk job at 21st District headquarters . Character arc ( edit ) Chicago Fire ( edit ) The character was first introduced in Chicago Fire , as one of the Chicago PD detectives the firefighters of 51 regularly come into contact with . She began a relationship with Kelly Severide , the lieutenant of Squad 3 . They eventually break up when he spirals out of control following Leslie Shay 's death . Chicago P.D. ( edit ) When Chicago P.D. premiered , it was established that she has been partnered with Jay Halstead for the past month . The first season coincided with the second season of Chicago Fire , during which she was still dating Lieutenant Kelly Severide from Squad 3 . In season 2 , Lindsay was recruited for a DEA task force . In the episode `` Disco Bob '' , Lindsay becomes disillusioned with the task force , with its seemingly - endless bureaucracy and the menial tasks her handler assigned to her ( she was to spend a number of weeks with the target 's wife , simultaneously pumping her for information and keeping her out of the task force 's way ) , leading her to resign and return to the Chicago PD and Intelligence . Lindsay 's spiral downward begins with Nadia 's death in the Law & Order : Special Victims Unit crossover episode `` Daydream Believer '' . Nadia was an unfortunate victim of circumstances as she was murdered by sociopath Greg Yates , who had intended to target Lindsay . With this knowledge , Lindsay feels guilty and responsible . She begins drinking and becomes addicted to painkillers , egged on by her ne'er - do - well mother Bunny . In the season 2 finale `` Born into Bad News '' , she turns in her badge and resigns ; it is revealed in season 3 that Voight actually filed for a three - week sabbatical on her behalf instead of accepting a resignation . She returns in the season 3 premiere after learning that Halstead 's undercover operation had been compromised and that he was being held hostage and tortured by a drug kingpin wanted by the Chicago PD . She gets clean , moves back in with Voight , and cuts Bunny out of her life as part of Voight 's conditions for returning to Intelligence . In the Law & Order : Special Victims Unit crossover episode `` Nationwide Manhunt '' , Voight sends Lindsay and Dawson to interview Greg Yates when he claims that some of the unidentified remains from the beach have ties to Chicago . When he tells her that her deceased friend Nadia talked a lot about her before killing her , she abruptly stops the interview and leaves the cell . At the end of the episode , Lindsay and Sgt . Dodds are driving down a dark country road , and they come across an abandoned police car -- the officer was shot to death and lying a few feet away from the car . While Erin and Dodds are investigating -- Yates , laying in wait in the woods , starts shooting at them . Sgt . Dodds is shot and drops to the ground . He calls for back - up and orders Erin to stay down -- but she ignores his orders and runs in to the dark woods . While running in the woods , she falls and sprains her ankle and drops her gun in the process . She manages to pick it up and continue . There , she spots a cabin with door open . She checks the cabin and find a girl hiding , she hears a shot and tells her to not move and then goes outside . At that moment , Yates drove by in a pick - up truck . He almost hit Lindsay , who tried to fire at the fugitive as he passed by . Erin found the little girl 's father shot dead a few feet away . When she looked closer , she finds a note in the dead man 's mouth that said , `` See you back home , Erin . '' Yates was headed to Chicago . The episode crossover to Chicago PD episode `` The Song of Gregory Williams Yates '' , Voight benches Lindsay when he became concerned for her when Yates resurfaces and murders four nurses . Yates begins taunting her with notes left at the scenes , when she does n't show to any of the crime scenes . At the station , when a homeless lady brings a box in the station . While everybody believes that it was a bomb inside , the precinct was evacuated . When it was deemed safe , Lindsay opens the box and inside is the nursing student 's hand with a note in it . It says , `` Erin , why do n't you answer the phone when your mother calls ? '' All of a sudden her phone starts ringing believing that it was her mom , but when she answers , Yates was behind the line along with the kidnapped professor from nursing school , Nellie Carr . When everybody in the unit grew suspicious that he knew their every move , Mouse checks her phone . It was revealed that her phone had a spyware that was installed by the prison guard when she and Dawson had to surrender their phones . She goes back into the video call between her and Yates and she notices that he is in her apartment with Nellie , she is able to figure this out because of a picture of Lindsay and Nadia in the background . They go to Lindsay 's apartment and find Nellie , alive in the closet and Yates told her to stay in there and if she tried to leave , he would be outside ready to kill her . During the investigation , it was revealed that Nellie was short for Penelope Williams , she is Yates 's sister , and that this was revenge specifically for her and his parents for giving him up for adoption in North Carolina . When Nellie 's phone rings , it was perceived as a call from her mom but she is in station . Nellie and Lindsay answer it and it is Yates with Nellie 's father behind the line . Yates found him at a truck stop where he had stopped for a break , he is a truck driver . Lindsay leaves Nellie with Platt and runs upstairs to tell Mouse to ping Nellie 's phone and Lindsay keeps him on the phone long enough to get a location . He tells her to come alone . They were located at Yates 's childhood house and calls Voight on the way there , after he goes to the wrong address thinking that Yates would be there , and tells Lindsay not to go there alone . Lindsay goes in , alone and finds Yates and he has Mr. Williams sitting in a chair with the back legs at the edge of a hole in the floor . Mr. Williams also has a noose around his neck and Yates threatens to let the chair go if Lindsay tries to call an ambulance for Mr. Williams . She puts her phone in her pocket and holsters her gun and listens to him talk about all of his victims , why he chose them and how he killed them . Meanwhile , Voight pulls up and goes into the house and while Yates is talking , he starts talking about Nadia and how Yates and Lindsay are similar in their upbringing . She asks why she is there and he tells her that every execution needs one thing , a witness and he throws his father through the hole in the floor and hangs him . He tells her to take him in , but he is walking towards her with an ice pick in his hand and when he yells at her to `` Take me '' she shoots him in the head . She tells him that it will be ruled a clean kill and then she goes out for drinks with Benson . Benson tells her about William Lewis , a serial killer that kidnapped Benson and how he got into his victims heads . Lindsay asks her how she dealt with it , Benson tells her that she is still dealing with it . She also tells Lindsay that her phone is always on if she needs someone to talk to . Lindsay also asked Benson if it was bad that she felt relieved that she was the one that shot and killed him . Benson tells her that Yates killed her best friend and then came at her with an ice pick , she tells Lindsay that it is n't bad that she feels that way at all . Since breaking up with Severide , Lindsay 's main love interest in the show is her partner Jay Halstead . They share a close friendship , which has escalated to a more intimate relationship and cooled down at various times , due to Voight 's vocal dislike for `` in - house '' romances . However , regardless of the status of their relationship , they remained loyal to each other as partners on the job and friends outside of it . Halstead is the only character other than Voight she has confided her past to in detail ; likewise , she is the only character other than Mouse and Halstead 's brother Will who knows about his traumatic past in the military . When Lindsay was on the federal task force , she starts seeing Halstead after work as they no longer had to worry about breaking fraternization rules . In the season 3 premiere , Halstead is the only one who persistently tries to help her , even after Voight had given up . Following her return from her `` sabbatical '' , Voight tells Halstead that he no longer cares about the status of latter and Lindsay 's relationship as long as Halstead is looking out for her . After some hesitation , she agrees to take the next step , and they go public with their relationship for the first time by kissing at Molly 's . In the beginning of season four , they move in together . In `` Army of One '' , she sticks her gun down a pedophile 's throat in the interrogation room when a kid is discovered to be found missing ( and later found dead ) . In `` Fork In The Road '' , she is brought to the review board when she was accused of assault . When Erin 's estranged mother Bunny , murders her boyfriend , she agrees to work with the FBI in exchange for her mother 's freedom . Erin is last seen looking at her cell phone when her boyfriend Jay calls . In `` Chasing Monsters '' , offscreen Olinsky lets Lindsay know that the body of Kevin Bingham has resurfaced . In `` Breaking Point '' , a witness identified Olinsky and Lindsay as the people that were digging near the site where the body was found . Partners ( edit ) Detective Jay Halstead ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Detective Hailey Upton ( Season 4 , episode 22 ) Crossover appearances ( edit ) In addition to her regular role on P.D. , Lindsay has appeared in Special Victims Unit , Fire , and Med . Chicago Fire - `` Rhymes With Shout '' ( November 26 , 2013 ) Chicago Fire - `` Tonight 's The Night '' ( January 21 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` Virgin Skin '' ( February 25 , 2014 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - `` Comic Perversions '' ( February 26 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` Keep Your Mouth Shut '' ( March 4 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` A Rocket Blasting Off '' ( March 11 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` A Dark Day ( 1 ) '' ( April 29 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` Real Never Waits '' ( May 13 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` Wow Me '' ( September 30 , 2014 ) Chicago Fire - `` Nobody Touches Anything '' ( November 11 , 2014 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - `` Chicago Crossover '' ( November 12 , 2014 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - `` Daydream Believer '' ( April 29 , 2015 ) Chicago Med - Mistaken '' ( December 8 , 2015 ) Chicago Med - Malignant '' ( January 5 , 2016 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - `` Nationwide Manhunt '' ( February 10 , 2016 ) Chicago Med : `` Alternative Medicine '' ( October 27 , 2016 ) Chicago Med `` Inherent Bias '' ( November 3 , 2016 ) Chicago Med : `` Free Will '' ( November 10 , 2016 ) Chicago Fire - `` Some Make It , Some Do n't '' ( January 3 , 2017 ) Chicago Fire - `` Deathtrap '' ( March 1 , 2017 ) Chicago Med - Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ( March 9 , 2017 ) Chicago Justice - `` Tycoon '' ( May 14 , 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Actual Physical Violence '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 3 . October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` She 's Got Us '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 22 . May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kasual with a K '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 18 . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Crossover '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 16 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` They 'll Have to Go Through Me '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago P.D. 's Sophia Bush on Lindsay 's Mysterious Past and Her `` Deep '' Connection to the Role `` . TV Guide . January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Conventions '' . Chicago P.D. Season 1 . Episode 6 . February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Gs '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 19 . April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knocked the Family Right Out '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 11 . January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Beautiful Friendship '' . Chicago P.D. Season 1 . Episode 15 . May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Called in Dead '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 9 . December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Do n't Work Together Anymore '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 11 . January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disco Bob '' . Chicago P.D. Season 2 . Episode 12 . January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` You Never Know Who 's Who '' . Chicago P.D. Season 3 . Episode 6 . October 28 , 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> Chicago franchise Chicago Fire Characters Matthew Casey Kelly Severide Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Chicago P.D. Characters Kim Burgess Antonio Dawson Erin Lindsay Hank Voight Episodes Season 1 5 6 Chicago Med Characters Episodes Season 1 Chicago Justice <Td_colspan="2"> Peter Stone See also Law & Order franchise Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Crossovers `` Comic Perversion '' `` Chicago Crossover '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erin_Lindsay&oldid=864268436 '' Categories : Chicago characters Fictional characters from Chicago Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional Chicago Police Department detectives Fictional female detectives Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 05 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Erin Lindsay - Chicago P.D. character
2. Background and characterization of Erin Lindsay
3. Erin Lindsay's role in the Chicago TV franchise
4. Erin Lindsay's relationships and partnerships
5. Crossover appearances of Erin Lindsay in other shows |
-3,827,993,210,710,088,000 | how many books are there in the quran | Quran - wikipedia Quran the central religious text of Islam <Th_colspan="2"> Quran <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Information Religion Islam Period 609 -- 632 Quran Text ( show ) Chapter List Meccan Medinan Verse Section Muqatta'at Content ( show ) Animals Eschatology Female figures God Legends Miracles Parables Prophets Science Reading ( show ) Elocution Memorized Reciter School Speed Style Translations ( show ) List English translations by Ahmadis History ( show ) Samarkand Kufic Quran Sana'a manuscript Topkapi manuscript Birmingham manuscript Exegesis ( show ) Abrogation Biblical narratives Esoteric interpretation Hermeneutics Persons related to verses mentioned by name Revelation Related ( show ) Createdness Criticism Inimitability Infallibility Quran and tradition Quranism Shi'a view Category Islam portal Wikipedia book The Quran ( / kɔːrˈɑːn / kor - AHN ; Arabic : القرآن al - Qurʾān , literally meaning `` the recitation '' ; also romanized Qur'an or Koran ) is the central religious text of Islam , which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God ( Allah ) . It is widely regarded as the finest work in classical Arabic literature . The Quran is divided into chapters ( surah in Arabic ) , which are then divided into verses ( ayah ) . Muslims believe that the Quran was verbally revealed by God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel ( Jibril ) , gradually over a period of approximately 23 years , beginning on 22 December 609 CE , when Muhammad was 40 , and concluding in 632 , the year of his death . Muslims regard the Quran as the most important miracle of Muhammad , a proof of his prophethood , and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam and ended with Muhammad . The word `` Quran '' occurs some 70 times in the text of the Quran , although different names and words are also said to be references to the Quran . According to the traditional narrative , several companions of Muhammad served as scribes and were responsible for writing down the revelations . Shortly after Muhammad 's death , the Quran was compiled by his companions who wrote down and memorized parts of it . These codices had differences that motivated the Caliph Uthman to establish a standard version now known as Uthman 's codex , which is generally considered the archetype of the Quran known today . There are , however , variant readings , with mostly minor differences in meaning . The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical scriptures . It summarizes some , dwells at length on others and , in some cases , presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events . The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance for mankind 2 : 185 . It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events , and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence . Hadith are additional oral and written traditions supplementing the Quran ; from careful authentication they are believed to describe words and actions of Muhammad , and in some traditions also those closest to him . In most denominations of Islam , the Quran is used together with hadith to interpret sharia ( Islamic ) law ; in a small number of denominations , only the Quran is used as a source . During prayers , the Quran is recited only in Arabic . Someone who has memorized the entire Quran is called a hafiz . Quranic verse ( ayah ) is sometimes recited with a special kind of elocution reserved for this purpose , called tajwid . During the month of Ramadan , Muslims typically complete the recitation of the whole Quran during tarawih prayers . In order to extrapolate the meaning of a particular Quranic verse , most Muslims rely on exegesis , or tafsir . Contents 1 Etymology and meaning 2 History 2.1 Prophetic era 2.2 Compilation 3 Significance in Islam 3.1 Inimitability 3.2 In worship 3.3 In Islamic art 4 Text and arrangement 5 Contents 5.1 Monotheism 5.2 Eschatology 5.3 Prophets 5.4 Ethico - religious concepts 5.5 Encouragement for the sciences 6 Literary style 7 Interpretation 7.1 Esoteric interpretation 7.1. 1 History of Sufi commentaries 7.2 Levels of meaning 7.3 Reappropriation 8 Translations 9 Recitation 9.1 Rules of recitation 9.2 Variant readings 10 Writing and printing 10.1 Writing 10.2 Printing 11 Criticism 12 Relationship with other literature 12.1 The Bible 12.2 Relationships 12.3 Arab writing 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Etymology and meaning The word qurʼān appears about 70 times in the Quran itself , assuming various meanings . It is a verbal noun ( maṣdar ) of the Arabic verb qaraʼa ( قرأ ) , meaning `` he read '' or `` he recited '' . The Syriac equivalent is ( ܩܪܝܢܐ ) qeryānā , which refers to `` scripture reading '' or `` lesson '' . While some Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac , the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is qaraʼa itself . Regardless , it had become an Arabic term by Muhammad 's lifetime . An important meaning of the word is the `` act of reciting '' , as reflected in an early Quranic passage : `` It is for Us to collect it and to recite it ( qurʼānahu ) . '' In other verses , the word refers to `` an individual passage recited ( by Muhammad ) '' . Its liturgical context is seen in a number of passages , for example : `` So when al - qurʼān is recited , listen to it and keep silent . '' The word may also assume the meaning of a codified scripture when mentioned with other scriptures such as the Torah and Gospel . The term also has closely related synonyms that are employed throughout the Quran . Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning , but its use may converge with that of qurʼān in certain contexts . Such terms include kitāb ( book ) ; āyah ( sign ) ; and sūrah ( scripture ) . The latter two terms also denote units of revelation . In the large majority of contexts , usually with a definite article ( al - ) , the word is referred to as the `` revelation '' ( waḥy ) , that which has been `` sent down '' ( tanzīl ) at intervals . Other related words are : dhikr ( remembrance ) , used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning , and ḥikmah ( wisdom ) , sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it . The Quran describes itself as `` the discernment '' ( al - furqān ) , `` the mother book '' ( umm al - kitāb ) , `` the guide '' ( huda ) , `` the wisdom '' ( hikmah ) , `` the remembrance '' ( dhikr ) and `` the revelation '' ( tanzīl ; something sent down , signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place ) . Another term is al - kitāb ( The Book ) , though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures , such as the Torah and the Gospels . The term mus'haf ( ' written work ' ) is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books . History Prophetic Era See also : Wahy Cave of Hira , location of Muhammad 's first revelation . Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in the Cave of Hira during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains . Thereafter , he received revelations over a period of 23 years . According to hadith and Muslim history , after Muhammad immigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim community , he ordered many of his companions to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws , which were revealed daily . It is related that some of the Quraysh who were taken prisoners at the Battle of Badr regained their freedom after they had taught some of the Muslims the simple writing of the time . Thus a group of Muslims gradually became literate . As it was initially spoken , the Quran was recorded on tablets , bones , and the wide , flat ends of date palm fronds . Most suras were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both Sunni and Shia sources , relating Muhammad 's use of the Quran as a call to Islam , the making of prayer and the manner of recitation . However , the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad 's death in 632 . There is agreement among scholars that Muhammad himself did not write down the revelation . Quranic verse calligraphy , inscribed on the shoulder blade of a camel with inks Sahih al - Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as , `` Sometimes it is ( revealed ) like the ringing of a bell '' and Aisha reported , `` I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead ( as the Inspiration was over ) . '' Muhammad 's first revelation , according to the Quran , was accompanied with a vision . The agent of revelation is mentioned as the `` one mighty in power '' , the one who `` grew clear to view when he was on the uppermost horizon . Then he drew nigh and came down till he was ( distant ) two bows ' length or even nearer . '' The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad 's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine , because he was severely disturbed after these revelations . According to Welch , these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad 's inspirations . However , Muhammad 's critics accused him of being a possessed man , a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia . Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad 's initial claim of prophethood . Part of Al - Alaq -- 96th sura of the Quran -- the first revelation received by Muhammad . The Quran describes Muhammad as `` ummi '' , which is traditionally interpreted as `` illiterate , '' but the meaning is rather more complex . Medieval commentators such as Al - Tabari maintained that the term induced two meanings : first , the inability to read or write in general ; second , the inexperience or ignorance of the previous books or scriptures ( but they gave priority to the first meaning ) . Muhammad 's illiteracy was taken as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood . For example , according to Fakhr al - Din al - Razi , if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors . Some scholars such as Watt prefer the second meaning of `` ummi '' -- they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts . The final verse of the Quran was revealed on the 18th of the Islamic month of Dhu al - Hijjah in the year 10 A.H. , a date that roughly corresponds to February or March 632 . The verse was revealed after the Prophet finished delivering his sermon at Ghadir Khumm . Compilation See also : History of the Quran , Sana'a manuscript , and Birmingham Quran manuscript <Th_colspan="2"> Quran <Th_colspan="2"> Information Religion Islam Language Quranic Arabic Period 609 -- 632 Chapters 114 Following Muhammad 's death in 632 , a number of his companions who knew the Quran by heart were killed in the Battle of Yamama by Musaylimah . The first caliph , Abu Bakr ( d . 634 ) , subsequently decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved . Zayd ibn Thabit ( d . 655 ) was the person to collect the Quran since `` he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah 's Apostle '' . Thus , a group of scribes , most importantly Zayd , collected the verses and produced a hand - written manuscript of the complete book . The manuscript according to Zayd remained with Abu Bakr until he died . Zayd 's reaction to the task and the difficulties in collecting the Quranic material from parchments , palm - leaf stalks , thin stones and from men who knew it by heart is recorded in earlier narratives . After Abu Bakr , Hafsa bint Umar , Muhammad 's widow , was entrusted with the manuscript . In about 650 , the third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan ( d . 656 ) began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia , the Levant , and North Africa . In order to preserve the sanctity of the text , he ordered a committee headed by Zayd to use Abu Bakr 's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Quran . Thus , within 20 years of Muhammad 's death , the Quran was committed to written form . That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world , and other versions are believed to have been destroyed . The present form of the Quran text is accepted by Muslim scholars to be the original version compiled by Abu Bakr . Quran − in Mashhad , Iran − said to be written by Ali According to Shia , Ali ibn Abi Talib ( d . 661 ) compiled a complete version of the Quran shortly after Muhammad 's death . The order of this text differed from that gathered later during Uthman 's era in that this version had been collected in chronological order . Despite this , he made no objection against the standardized Quran and accepted the Quran in circulation . Other personal copies of the Quran might have existed including Ibn Mas'ud 's and Ubay ibn Ka'b 's codex , none of which exist today . The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad 's lifetime . Several sources indicate that during Muhammad 's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations . Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above - mentioned understanding of the Quran 's early development . The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants has not yielded any differences of great significance . University of Chicago professor Fred Donner states that `` ... there was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission . ( ... ) After the creation of this standardized canonical text , earlier authoritative texts were suppressed , and all extant manuscripts -- despite their numerous variants -- seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established . '' Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted , some still are . There has been no critical text produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based . Historically , controversy over the Quran 's content has rarely become an issue , although debates continue on the subject . In 1972 , in a mosque in the city of Sana'a , Yemen , manuscripts were discovered that were later proved to be the most ancient Quranic text known to exist at the time . The Sana'a manuscripts contain palimpsests , a manuscript page from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again -- a practice which was common in ancient times due to scarcity of writing material . However , the faint washed - off underlying text ( scriptio inferior ) is still barely visible and believed to be `` pre-Uthmanic '' Quranic content , while the text written on top ( scriptio superior ) is believed to belong to Uthmanic time . Studies using radiocarbon dating indicate that the parchments are dated to the period before 671 CE with a 99 percent probability . Birmingham Quran manuscript , dated among the oldest in the world In 2015 , fragments of a very early Quran , dating back to 1370 years ago , were discovered in the library of the University of Birmingham , England . According to the tests carried out by Oxford University Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit , `` with a probability of more than 95 % , the parchment was from between 568 and 645 '' . The manuscript is written in Hijazi script , an early form of written Arabic . This is possibly the earliest extant exemplar of the Quran , but as the tests allow a range of possible dates , it can not be said with certainty which of the existing versions is the oldest . Saudi scholar Saud al - Sarhan has expressed doubt over the age of the fragments as they contain dots and chapter separators that are believed to have originated later . Significance in Islam Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( show ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( show ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( hide ) Quran Tafsir Sunnah ( Hadith , Sirah ) Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( show ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( show ) Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Demographics Denominations Economics Education Feminism Festivals Finance LGBT Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Social welfare Women Related topics ( show ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal Muslims believe the Quran to be the book of divine guidance revealed from God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years and view the Quran as God 's final revelation to humanity . Revelation in Islamic and Quranic contexts means the act of God addressing an individual , conveying a message for a greater number of recipients . The process by which the divine message comes to the heart of a messenger of God is tanzil ( to send down ) or nuzūl ( to come down ) . As the Quran says , `` With the truth we ( God ) have sent it down and with the truth it has come down . '' The Quran frequently asserts in its text that it is divinely ordained . Some verses in the Quran seem to imply that even those who do not speak Arabic would understand the Quran if it were recited to them . The Quran refers to a written pre-text , `` the preserved tablet '' , that records God 's speech even before it was sent down . The issue of whether the Quran is eternal or created became a theological debate ( Quran 's createdness ) in the ninth century . Mu'tazilas , an Islamic school of theology based on reason and rational thought , held that the Quran was created while the most widespread varieties of Muslim theologians considered the Quran to be co-eternal with God and therefore uncreated . Sufi philosophers view the question as artificial or wrongly framed . Muslims believe that the present wording of the Quran corresponds to that revealed to Muhammad , and according to their interpretation of Quran 15 : 9 , it is protected from corruption ( `` Indeed , it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed , We will be its guardian . '' ) . Muslims consider the Quran to be a guide , a sign of the prophethood of Muhammad and the truth of the religion . Inimitability Main articles : I'jaz and Challenge of the Quran Inimitability of the Quran ( or `` I'jaz '' ) is the belief that no human speech can match the Quran in its content and form . The Quran is considered an inimitable miracle by Muslims , effective until the Day of Resurrection -- and , thereby , the central proof granted to Muhammad in authentication of his prophetic status . The concept of inimitability originates in the Quran where in five different verses opponents are challenged to produce something like the Quran : `` If men and sprites banded together to produce the like of this Quran they would never produce its like not though they backed one another . '' So the suggestion is that if there are doubts concerning the divine authorship of the Quran , come forward and create something like it . From the ninth century , numerous works appeared which studied the Quran and examined its style and content . Medieval Muslim scholars including al - Jurjani ( d . 1078 ) and al - Baqillani ( d . 1013 ) have written treatises on the subject , discussed its various aspects , and used linguistic approaches to study the Quran . Others argue that the Quran contains noble ideas , has inner meanings , maintained its freshness through the ages and has caused great transformations at the individual level and in history . Some scholars state that the Quran contains scientific information that agrees with modern science . The doctrine of the miraculousness of the Quran is further emphasized by Muhammad 's illiteracy since the unlettered prophet could not have been suspected of composing the Quran . In worship See also : Salah Shia Muslims reciting the Quran during Ramadan in Qom , Iran The first sura of the Quran is repeated in daily prayers and in other occasions . This sura , which consists of seven verses , is the most often recited sura of the Quran : Praised be God , Lord of the Universe , the Beneficent , the Merciful and Master of the Day of Judgment , You alone We do worship and from You alone we do seek assistance , guide us to the right path , the path of those to whom You have granted blessings , those who are neither subject to Your anger nor have gone astray . '' Other sections of the Quran of choice are also read in daily prayers . Respect for the written text of the Quran is an important element of religious faith by many Muslims , and the Quran is treated with reverence . Based on tradition and a literal interpretation of Quran 56 : 79 ( `` none shall touch but those who are clean '' ) , some Muslims believe that they must perform a ritual cleansing with water before touching a copy of the Quran , although this view is not universal . Worn - out copies of the Quran are wrapped in a cloth and stored indefinitely in a safe place , buried in a mosque or a Muslim cemetery , or burned and the ashes buried or scattered over water . In Islam , most intellectual disciplines , including Islamic theology , philosophy , mysticism and jurisprudence , have been concerned with the Quran or have their foundation in its teachings . Muslims believe that the preaching or reading of the Quran is rewarded with divine rewards variously called ajr , thawab or hasanat . In Islamic art The Quran also inspired Islamic arts and specifically the so - called Quranic arts of calligraphy and illumination . The Quran is never decorated with figurative images , but many Qurans have been highly decorated with decorative patterns in the margins of the page , or between the lines or at the start of suras . Islamic verses appear in many other media , on buildings and on objects of all sizes , such as mosque lamps , metal work , pottery and single pages of calligraphy for muraqqas or albums . Calligraphy , 18th century . Brooklyn Museum . Quranic inscriptions , Bara Gumbad mosque , Delhi , India . Typical glass and enamel mosque lamp with the Ayat an - Nur or `` Verse of Light '' ( 24 : 35 ) . Quranic verses , Shahizinda mausoleum , Samarkand , Uzbekistan . Quran page decoration art , Ottoman period . The leaves from this Quran written in gold and contoured with brown ink have a horizontal format . This is admirably suited to classical Kufic calligraphy , which became common under the early Abbasid caliphs . Manuscript of the Quran at the Brooklyn Museum Text and arrangement Main articles : Sura and Ayah First sura of the Quran , Al - Fatiha , consisting of seven verses . The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths , each known as a sura . Suras are classified as Meccan or Medinan , depending on whether the verses were revealed before or after the migration of Muhammad to the city of Medina . However , a sura classified as Medinan may contain Meccan verses in it and vice versa . Sura titles are derived from a name or quality discussed in the text , or from the first letters or words of the sura . Suras are arranged roughly in order of decreasing size . The sura arrangement is thus not connected to the sequence of revelation . Each sura except the ninth starts with the Bismillah ( بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ) , an Arabic phrase meaning `` In the name of God '' . There are , however , still 114 occurrences of the Bismillah in the Quran , due to its presence in Quran 27 : 30 as the opening of Solomon 's letter to the Queen of Sheba . At - Tin ( the fig ) , 95th sura of the Quran . Each sura consists of several verses , known as ayat , which originally means a `` sign '' or `` evidence '' sent by God . The number of verses differs from sura to sura . An individual verse may be just a few letters or several lines . The total number of verses in the Quran is 6,236 ; however , the number varies if the bismillahs are counted separately . In addition to and independent of the division into suras , there are various ways of dividing the Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading . The 30 juz ' ( plural ajzāʼ ) can be used to read through the entire Quran in a month . Some of these parts are known by names -- which are the first few words by which the juzʼ starts . A juz ' is sometimes further divided into two ḥizb ( plural aḥzāb ) , and each hizb subdivided into four rubʻ al - ahzab . The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts , manzil ( plural manāzil ) , for it to be recited in a week . A different structure is provided by semantical units resembling paragraphs and comprising roughly ten ayat each . Such a section is called a rukū ` . The Muqattaʿat ( Arabic : حروف مقطعات ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt `` disjoined letters '' or `` disconnected letters '' ; also `` mysterious letters '' ) are combinations of between one and five Arabic letters figuring at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 surahs ( chapters ) of the ( Quran just after the basmala . The letters are also known as fawātih ( فواتح ) or `` openers '' as they form the opening verse of their respective suras . Four surahs are named for their muqatta'at , Ṭāʾ - Hāʾ , Yāʾ - Sīn , Ṣād and Qāf . The original significance of the letters is unknown . Tafsir ( exegesis ) has interpreted them as abbreviations for either names or qualities of God or for the names or content of the respective surahs . According to one estimate the Quran consists of 77,430 words , 18,994 unique words , 12,183 stems , 3,382 lemmas and 1,685 roots . Contents Main articles : God in Islam , Islamic eschatology , Prophets and messengers in Islam , Islamic attitudes towards science , and Legends and the Quran The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of God and the resurrection . Narratives of the early prophets , ethical and legal subjects , historical events of Muhammad 's time , charity and prayer also appear in the Quran . The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons . Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message . Monotheism The central theme of the Quran is monotheism . God is depicted as living , eternal , omniscient and omnipotent ( see , e.g. , Quran 2 : 20 , 2 : 29 , 2 : 255 ) . God 's omnipotence appears above all in his power to create . He is the creator of everything , of the heavens and the earth and what is between them ( see , e.g. , Quran 13 : 16 , 50 : 38 , etc . ) . All human beings are equal in their utter dependence upon God , and their well - being depends upon their acknowledging that fact and living accordingly . A 12th - century Quran manuscript at Reza Abbasi Museum . The Quran uses cosmological and contingency arguments in various verses without referring to the terms to prove the existence of God . Therefore , the universe is originated and needs an originator , and whatever exists must have a sufficient cause for its existence . Besides , the design of the universe is frequently referred to as a point of contemplation : `` It is He who has created seven heavens in harmony . You can not see any fault in God 's creation ; then look again : Can you see any flaw ? '' Eschatology Main article : Islamic eschatology The doctrine of the last day and eschatology ( the final fate of the universe ) may be reckoned as the second great doctrine of the Quran . It is estimated that approximately one - third of the Quran is eschatological , dealing with the afterlife in the next world and with the day of judgment at the end of time . There is a reference to the afterlife on most pages of the Quran and belief in the afterlife is often referred to in conjunction with belief in God as in the common expression : `` Believe in God and the last day '' . A number of suras such as 44 , 56 , 75 , 78 , 81 and 101 are directly related to the afterlife and its preparations . Some suras indicate the closeness of the event and warn people to be prepared for the imminent day . For instance , the first verses of Sura 22 , which deal with the mighty earthquake and the situations of people on that day , represent this style of divine address : `` O People ! Be respectful to your Lord . The earthquake of the Hour is a mighty thing . '' The Quran is often vivid in its depiction of what will happen at the end time . Watt describes the Quranic view of End Time : `` The climax of history , when the present world comes to an end , is referred to in various ways . It is ' the Day of Judgment , ' ' the Last Day , ' ' the Day of Resurrection , ' or simply ' the Hour . ' Less frequently it is ' the Day of Distinction ' ( when the good are separated from the evil ) , ' the Day of the Gathering ' ( of men to the presence of God ) or ' the Day of the Meeting ' ( of men with God ) . The Hour comes suddenly . It is heralded by a shout , by a thunderclap , or by the blast of a trumpet . A cosmic upheaval then takes place . The mountains dissolve into dust , the seas boil up , the sun is darkened , the stars fall and the sky is rolled up . God appears as Judge , but his presence is hinted at rather than described . ( ... ) The central interest , of course , is in the gathering of all mankind before the Judge . Human beings of all ages , restored to life , join the throng . To the scoffing objection of the unbelievers that former generations had been dead a long time and were now dust and mouldering bones , the reply is that God is nevertheless able to restore them to life . '' The Quran does not assert a natural immortality of the human soul , since man 's existence is dependent on the will of God : when he wills , he causes man to die ; and when he wills , he raises him to life again in a bodily resurrection . Prophets According to the Quran , God communicated with man and made his will known through signs and revelations . Prophets , or ' Messengers of God ' , received revelations and delivered them to humanity . The message has been identical and for all humankind . `` Nothing is said to you that was not said to the messengers before you , that your lord has at his Command forgiveness as well as a most Grievous Penalty . '' The revelation does not come directly from God to the prophets . Angels acting as God 's messengers deliver the divine revelation to them . This comes out in Quran 42 : 51 , in which it is stated : `` It is not for any mortal that God should speak to them , except by revelation , or from behind a veil , or by sending a messenger to reveal by his permission whatsoever He will . '' Ethico - religious concepts Belief is a fundamental aspect of morality in the Quran , and scholars have tried to determine the semantic contents of `` belief '' and `` believer '' in the Quran . The ethico - legal concepts and exhortations dealing with righteous conduct are linked to a profound awareness of God , thereby emphasizing the importance of faith , accountability , and the belief in each human 's ultimate encounter with God . People are invited to perform acts of charity , especially for the needy . Believers who `` spend of their wealth by night and by day , in secret and in public '' are promised that they `` shall have their reward with their Lord ; on them shall be no fear , nor shall they grieve '' . It also affirms family life by legislating on matters of marriage , divorce , and inheritance . A number of practices , such as usury and gambling , are prohibited . The Quran is one of the fundamental sources of Islamic law ( sharia ) . Some formal religious practices receive significant attention in the Quran including the formal prayers ( salat ) and fasting in the month of Ramadan . As for the manner in which the prayer is to be conducted , the Quran refers to prostration . The term for charity , zakat , literally means purification . Charity , according to the Quran , is a means of self - purification . Encouragement for the sciences The astrophysicist Nidhal Guessoum while being highly critical of pseudo-scientific claims made about the Quran , has highlighted the encouragement for sciences that the Quran provides by developing `` the concept of knowledge . '' . He writes : `` The Qur'an draws attention to the danger of conjecturing without evidence ( And follow not that of which you have not the ( certain ) knowledge of ... 17 : 36 ) and in several different verses asks Muslims to require proofs ( Say : Bring your proof if you are truthful 2 : 111 ) , both in matters of theological belief and in natural science . '' Guessoum cites Ghaleb Hasan on the definition of `` proof '' according the Quran being `` clear and strong ... convincing evidence or argument . '' Also , such a proof can not rely on an argument from authority , citing verse 5 : 104 . Lastly , both assertions and rejections require a proof , according to verse 4 : 174 . Ismail al - Faruqi and Taha Jabir Alalwani are of the view that any reawakening of the Muslim civilization must start with the Quran ; however , the biggest obstacle on this route is the `` centuries old heritage of tafseer ( exegesis ) and other classical disciplines '' which inhibit a `` universal , epidemiological and systematic conception '' of the Quran 's message . The philosopher Muhammad Iqbal , considered the Quran 's methodology and epistemology to be empirical and rational . It 's generally accepted that there are around 750 verses in the Quran dealing with natural phenomena . In many of these verses the study of nature is `` encouraged and highly recommended , '' and historical Islamic scientists like Al - Biruni and Al - Battani derived their inspiration from verses of the Quran . Mohammad Hashim Kamali has stated that `` scientific observation , experimental knowledge and rationality '' are the primary tools with which humanity can achieve the goals laid out for it in the Quran . Ziauddin Sardar built a case for Muslims having developed the foundations of modern science , by highlighting the repeated calls of the Quran to observe and reflect upon natural phenomenon . The physicist Abdus Salam , in his Nobel Prize banquet address , quoted a well known verse from the Quran ( 67 : 3 -- 4 ) and then stated : `` This in effect is the faith of all physicists : the deeper we seek , the more is our wonder excited , the more is the dazzlement of our gaze '' . One of Salam 's core beliefs was that there is no contradiction between Islam and the discoveries that science allows humanity to make about nature and the universe . Salam also held the opinion that the Quran and the Islamic spirit of study and rational reflection was the source of extraordinary civilizational development . Salam highlights , in particular , the work of Ibn al - Haytham and Al - Biruni as the pioneers of empiricism who introduced the experimental approach , breaking with Aristotle 's influence and thus giving birth to modern science . Salam was also careful to differentiate between metaphysics and physics , and advised against empirically probing certain matters on which `` physics is silent and will remain so , '' such as the doctrine of `` creation from nothing '' which in Salam 's view is outside the limits of science and thus `` gives way '' to religious considerations . Literary style Boys studying Quran , Touba , Senegal The Quran 's message is conveyed with various literary structures and devices . In the original Arabic , the suras and verses employ phonetic and thematic structures that assist the audience 's efforts to recall the message of the text . Muslims assert ( according to the Quran itself ) that the Quranic content and style is inimitable . The language of the Quran has been described as `` rhymed prose '' as it partakes of both poetry and prose ; however , this description runs the risk of failing to convey the rhythmic quality of Quranic language , which is more poetic in some parts and more prose - like in others . Rhyme , while found throughout the Quran , is conspicuous in many of the earlier Meccan suras , in which relatively short verses throw the rhyming words into prominence . The effectiveness of such a form is evident for instance in Sura 81 , and there can be no doubt that these passages impressed the conscience of the hearers . Frequently a change of rhyme from one set of verses to another signals a change in the subject of discussion . Later sections also preserve this form but the style is more expository . The Quranic text seems to have no beginning , middle , or end , its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net . The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity , absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness . Michael Sells , citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown , acknowledges Brown 's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression -- its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells 's phrase -- is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated . Sells also addresses the much - discussed repetitiveness of the Quran , seeing this , too , as a literary device . A text is self - referential when it speaks about itself and makes reference to itself . According to Stefan Wild , the Quran demonstrates this metatextuality by explaining , classifying , interpreting and justifying the words to be transmitted . Self - referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itself as revelation ( tanzil ) , remembrance ( dhikr ) , news ( naba ' ) , criterion ( furqan ) in a self - designating manner ( explicitly asserting its Divinity , `` And this is a blessed Remembrance that We have sent down ; so are you now denying it ? '' ) , or in the frequent appearance of the `` Say '' tags , when Muhammad is commanded to speak ( e.g. , `` Say : ' God 's guidance is the true guidance ' '' , `` Say : ' Would you then dispute with us concerning God ? ' '' ) . According to Wild the Quran is highly self - referential . The feature is more evident in early Meccan suras . Interpretation Main article : Tafsir An early interpretation of Sura 108 of the Quran The Quran has sparked a huge body of commentary and explication ( tafsir ) , aimed at explaining the `` meanings of the Quranic verses , clarifying their import and finding out their significance '' . Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims . According to the Quran , Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims . Other early exegetes included a few Companions of Muhammad , like ʻ Ali ibn Abi Talib , ʻ Abdullah ibn Abbas , ʻ Abdullah ibn Umar and Ubayy ibn Kaʻb . Exegesis in those days was confined to the explanation of literary aspects of the verse , the background of its revelation and , occasionally , interpretation of one verse with the help of the other . If the verse was about a historical event , then sometimes a few traditions ( hadith ) of Muhammad were narrated to make its meaning clear . Because the Quran is spoken in classical Arabic , many of the later converts to Islam ( mostly non-Arabs ) did not always understand the Quranic Arabic , they did not catch allusions that were clear to early Muslims fluent in Arabic and they were concerned with reconciling apparent conflict of themes in the Quran . Commentators erudite in Arabic explained the allusions , and perhaps most importantly , explained which Quranic verses had been revealed early in Muhammad 's prophetic career , as being appropriate to the very earliest Muslim community , and which had been revealed later , canceling out or `` abrogating '' ( nāsikh ) the earlier text ( mansūkh ) . Other scholars , however , maintain that no abrogation has taken place in the Quran . The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published a ten - volume Urdu commentary on the Quran , with the name Tafseer e Kabir. . Following this commentary , a five volume English commentary was also published as The English Commentary of the Holy Quran . Esoteric interpretation Main article : Esoteric interpretation of the Quran Esoteric or Sufi interpretation attempts to unveil the inner meanings of the Quran . Sufism moves beyond the apparent ( zahir ) point of the verses and instead relates Quranic verses to the inner or esoteric ( batin ) and metaphysical dimensions of consciousness and existence . According to Sands , esoteric interpretations are more suggestive than declarative , they are allusions ( isharat ) rather than explanations ( tafsir ) . They indicate possibilities as much as they demonstrate the insights of each writer . Sufi interpretation , according to Annabel Keeler , also exemplifies the use of the theme of love , as for instance can be seen in Qushayri 's interpretation of the Quran . Quran 7 : 143 says : when Moses came at the time we appointed , and his Lord spoke to him , he said , ' My Lord , show yourself to me ! Let me see you ! ' He said , ' you shall not see me but look at that mountain , if it remains standing firm you will see me . ' When his Lord revealed Himself to the mountain , He made it crumble . Moses fell down unconscious . When he recovered , he said , ' Glory be to you ! I repent to you ! I am the first to believe ! ' Moses , in 7 : 143 , comes the way of those who are in love , he asks for a vision but his desire is denied , he is made to suffer by being commanded to look at other than the Beloved while the mountain is able to see God . The mountain crumbles and Moses faints at the sight of God 's manifestation upon the mountain . In Qushayri 's words , Moses came like thousands of men who traveled great distances , and there was nothing left to Moses of Moses . In that state of annihilation from himself , Moses was granted the unveiling of the realities . From the Sufi point of view , God is the always the beloved and the wayfarer 's longing and suffering lead to realization of the truths . Men reading the Quran Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes , ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards . The meaning of revelation ( tanzil ) , as opposed to ta'wil , is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed . But this explanation has become so widespread that , at present , it has become the primary meaning of ta'wil , which originally meant `` to return '' or `` the returning place '' . In Tabatabaei 's view , what has been rightly called ta'wil , or hermeneutic interpretation of the Quran , is not concerned simply with the denotation of words . Rather , it is concerned with certain truths and realities that transcend the comprehension of the common run of men ; yet it is from these truths and realities that the principles of doctrine and the practical injunctions of the Quran issue forth . Interpretation is not the meaning of the verse -- rather it transpires through that meaning , in a special sort of transpiration . There is a spiritual reality -- which is the main objective of ordaining a law , or the basic aim in describing a divine attribute -- and then there is an actual significance that a Quranic story refers to . Shia Muslim children reciting the Quran during Ramadan , in Qom , Iran According to Shia beliefs , those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like Muhammad and the imams know the secrets of the Quran . According to Tabatabaei , the statement `` none knows its interpretation except God '' remains valid , without any opposing or qualifying clause . Therefore , so far as this verse is concerned , the knowledge of the Quran 's interpretation is reserved for God . But Tabatabaei uses other verses and concludes that those who are purified by God know the interpretation of the Quran to a certain extent . According to Tabatabaei , there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations . Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning ; rather the implicit meaning , which ultimately is known only to God and ca n't be comprehended directly through human thought alone . The verses in question here refer to the human qualities of coming , going , sitting , satisfaction , anger and sorrow , which are apparently attributed to God . Unacceptable ta'wil is where one `` transfers '' the apparent meaning of a verse to a different meaning by means of a proof ; this method is not without obvious inconsistencies . Although this unacceptable ta'wil has gained considerable acceptance , it is incorrect and can not be applied to the Quranic verses . The correct interpretation is that reality a verse refers to . It is found in all verses , the decisive and the ambiguous alike ; it is not a sort of a meaning of the word ; it is a fact that is too sublime for words . God has dressed them with words to bring them a bit nearer to our minds ; in this respect they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind , and thus help the hearer to clearly grasp the intended idea . History of Sufi commentaries One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami ( d . 1021 ) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved . Sulami 's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al - tafsir ( `` Truths of Exegesis '' ) which is a compilation of commentaries of earlier Sufis . From the 11th century onwards several other works appear , including commentaries by Qushayri ( d . 1074 ) , Daylami ( d . 1193 ) , Shirazi ( d . 1209 ) and Suhrawardi ( d . 1234 ) . These works include material from Sulami 's books plus the author 's contributions . Many works are written in Persian such as the works of Maybudi ( d . 1135 ) kashf al - asrar ( `` the unveiling of the secrets '' ) . Rumi ( d . 1273 ) wrote a vast amount of mystical poetry in his book Mathnawi . Rumi makes heavy use of the Quran in his poetry , a feature that is sometimes omitted in translations of Rumi 's work . A large number of Quranic passages can be found in Mathnawi , which some consider a kind of Sufi interpretation of the Quran . Rumi 's book is not exceptional for containing citations from and elaboration on the Quran , however , Rumi does mention Quran more frequently . Simnani ( d . 1336 ) wrote two influential works of esoteric exegesis on the Quran . He reconciled notions of God 's manifestation through and in the physical world with the sentiments of Sunni Islam . Comprehensive Sufi commentaries appear in the 18th century such as the work of Ismail Hakki Bursevi ( d . 1725 ) . His work ruh al - Bayan ( the Spirit of Elucidation ) is a voluminous exegesis . Written in Arabic , it combines the author 's own ideas with those of his predecessors ( notably Ibn Arabi and Ghazali ) . Levels of meaning 9th - century Quran in Reza Abbasi Museum An 11th - century North African Quran at the British Museum Unlike the Salafis and Zahiri , Shias and Sufis as well as some other Muslim philosophers believe the meaning of the Quran is not restricted to the literal aspect . For them , it is an essential idea that the Quran also has inward aspects . Henry Corbin narrates a hadith that goes back to Muhammad : The Quran possesses an external appearance and a hidden depth , an exoteric meaning and an esoteric meaning . This esoteric meaning in turn conceals an esoteric meaning ( this depth possesses a depth , after the image of the celestial Spheres , which are enclosed within each other ) . So it goes on for seven esoteric meanings ( seven depths of hidden depth ) . According to this view , it has also become evident that the inner meaning of the Quran does not eradicate or invalidate its outward meaning . Rather , it is like the soul , which gives life to the body . Corbin considers the Quran to play a part in Islamic philosophy , because gnosiology itself goes hand in hand with prophetology . Commentaries dealing with the zahir ( outward aspects ) of the text are called tafsir , and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil ( `` interpretation '' or `` explanation '' ) , which involves taking the text back to its beginning . Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God . In contrast , Quranic literalism , followed by Salafis and Zahiris , is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning . Reappropriation Reappropriation is the name of the hermeneutical style of some ex-Muslims who have converted to Christianity . Their style or reinterpretation is ad hoc and unsystematized and geared towards apologetics . This tradition of interpretation draws on the following practices : grammatical renegotiation , renegotiation of textual preference , retrieval , and concession . Translations Main article : Quran translations See also : List of translations of the Quran Translating the Quran has always been problematic and difficult . Many argue that the Quranic text can not be reproduced in another language or form . Furthermore , an Arabic word may have a range of meanings depending on the context , making an accurate translation even more difficult . Nevertheless , the Quran has been translated into most African , Asian , and European languages . The first translator of the Quran was Salman the Persian , who translated surat al - Fatiha into Persian during the seventh century . Another translation of the Quran was completed in 884 in Alwar ( Sindh , India , now Pakistan ) by the orders of Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk . The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian . The Samanid king , Mansur I ( 961 -- 976 ) , ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al - Tabari , originally in Arabic , into Persian . Later in the 11th century , one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al - Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Quran in Persian . In the 12th century , Najm al - Din Abu Hafs al - Nasafi translated the Quran into Persian . The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times . Islamic tradition also holds that translations were made for Emperor Negus of Abyssinia and Byzantine Emperor Heraclius , as both received letters by Muhammad containing verses from the Quran . In early centuries , the permissibility of translations was not an issue , but whether one could use translations in prayer . In 1936 , translations in 102 languages were known . In 2010 , the Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review reported that the Quran was presented in 112 languages at the 18th International Quran Exhibition in Tehran . Robert of Ketton 's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable , Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete , was the first into a Western language ( Latin ) . Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649 , from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet ( 1647 ) by Andre du Ryer . In 1734 , George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English ; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937 , and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955 . All these translators were non-Muslims . There have been numerous translations by Muslims . The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published translations of the Quran in 50 different languages besides a five - volume English commentary and an English translation of the Quran . As with translations of the Bible , the English translators have sometimes favored archaic English words and constructions over their more modern or conventional equivalents ; for example , two widely read translators , A. Yusuf Ali and M. Marmaduke Pickthall , use the plural and singular `` ye '' and `` thou '' instead of the more common `` you '' . The oldest Gurumukhi translation of the Quran Sharif in Gurmukhi has been found in village Lande of Moga district of Punjab which was printed in 1911 . Arabic Quran with interlinear Persian translation from the Ilkhanid Era . The first printed Quran in a European vernacular language : L'Alcoran de Mahomet , André du Ryer , 1647 . Title page of the first German translation ( 1772 ) of the Quran . Verses 33 and 34 of surat Yā Sīn in this Chinese translation of the Quran . Recitation Rules of recitation See also : Tajwid The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited , how each individual syllable is to be pronounced , the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause , to elisions , where the pronunciation should be long or short , where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate , etc . It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas : the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels ( the articulation of the Quranic phonemes ) , the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation , and the musical and melodious features of recitation . In order to avoid incorrect pronunciation , reciters who are not native speakers of Arabic language follow a program of training in countries such as Egypt or Saudi Arabia . The recitations of a few Egyptian reciters were highly influential in the development of the art of recitation . Southeast Asia is well known for world - class recitation , evidenced in the popularity of the woman reciters such as Maria Ulfah of Jakarta . There are two types of recitation : murattal is at a slower pace , used for study and practice . Mujawwad refers to a slow recitation that deploys heightened technical artistry and melodic modulation , as in public performances by trained experts . It is directed to and dependent upon an audience for the mujawwad reciter seeks to involve the listeners . Variant readings See also : Qira'at Page of the Quran with vocalization marks Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century . The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks , therefore several recitations remain acceptable . The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led to an increase in the number of readings during the 10th century . The 10th - century Muslim scholar from Baghdad , Ibn Mujāhid , is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran . He studied various readings and their trustworthiness and chose seven 8th - century readers from the cities of Mecca , Medina , Kufa , Basra and Damascus . Ibn Mujahid did not explain why he chose seven readers , rather than six or ten , but this may be related to a prophetic tradition ( Muhammad 's saying ) reporting that the Quran had been revealed in seven `` ahruf '' ( meaning seven letters or modes ) . Today , the most popular readings are those transmitted by Ḥafṣ ( d . 796 ) and Warsh ( d . 812 ) which are according to two of Ibn Mujahid 's reciters , Aasim ibn Abi al - Najud ( Kufa , d . 745 ) and Nafi ' al - Madani ( Medina , d . 785 ) , respectively . The influential standard Quran of Cairo ( 1924 ) uses an elaborate system of modified vowel - signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on ʻAsim 's recitation , the 8th - century recitation of Kufa . This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran . The variant readings of the Quran are one type of textual variant . According to Melchert , the majority of disagreements have to do with vowels to supply , most of them in turn not conceivably reflecting dialectal differences and about one in eight disagreements has to do with whether to place dots above or below the line . Nasser categorizes variant readings into various subtypes , including internal vowels , long vowels , gemination ( shaddah ) , assimilation and alternation . Occasionally , an early Quran shows compatibility with a particular reading . A Syrian manuscript from the 8th century is shown to have been written according to the reading of Ibn Amir ad - Dimashqi . Another study suggests that this manuscript bears the vocalization of himsi region . Writing and printing Writing Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century , the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists . The earliest manuscripts were written in Ḥijāzī - type script . The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage . Probably in the ninth century , scripts began to feature thicker strokes , which are traditionally known as Kufic scripts . Toward the end of the ninth century , new scripts began to appear in copies of the Quran and replace earlier scripts . The reason for discontinuation in the use of the earlier style was that it took too long to produce and the demand for copies was increasing . Copyists would therefore choose simpler writing styles . Beginning in the 11th century , the styles of writing employed were primarily the naskh , muhaqqaq , rayḥānī and , on rarer occasions , the thuluth script . Naskh was in very widespread use . In North Africa and Spain , the Maghribī style was popular . More distinct is the Bihari script which was used solely in the north of India . Nastaʻlīq style was also rarely used in Persian world . In the beginning , the Quran did not have vocalization markings . The system of vocalization , as we know it today , seems to have been introduced towards the end of the ninth century . Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript , copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make them accessible to people . These copies frequently took the form of a series of 30 parts or juzʼ . In terms of productivity , the Ottoman copyists provide the best example . This was in response to widespread demand , unpopularity of printing methods and for aesthetic reasons . Folio from the `` Blue '' Quran . Brooklyn Museum . kufic script , Eighth or ninth century . maghribi script , 13th - 14th centuries . muhaqaq script , 14th - 15th centuries . shikasta nastaliq script , 18th - 19th centuries . kufic script , with border decorations . Printing Quran divided into 6 books . Published by Dar Ibn Kathir , Damascus - Beirut Wood - block printing of extracts from the Quran is on record as early as the 10th century . Arabic movable type printing was ordered by Pope Julius II ( r . 1503 -- 1512 ) for distribution among Middle Eastern Christians . The first complete Quran printed with movable type was produced in Venice in 1537 / 1538 for the Ottoman market by Paganino Paganini and Alessandro Paganini . Two more editions include those published by the pastor Abraham Hinckelmann in Hamburg in 1694 , and by Italian priest Ludovico Maracci in Padua in 1698 with Latin translation and commentary . Printed copies of the Quran during this period met with strong opposition from Muslim legal scholars : printing anything in Arabic was prohibited in the Ottoman empire between 1483 and 1726 -- initially , even on penalty of death . The Ottoman ban on printing in Arabic script was lifted in 1726 for non-religious texts only upon the request of Ibrahim Muteferrika , who printed his first book in 1729 . Very few books , and no religious texts , were printed in the Ottoman Empire for another century . In 1786 , Catherine the Great of Russia , sponsored a printing press for `` Tatar and Turkish orthography '' in Saint Petersburg , with one Mullah Osman Ismail responsible for producing the Arabic types . A Quran was printed with this press in 1787 , reprinted in 1790 and 1793 in Saint Petersburg , and in 1803 in Kazan . The first edition printed in Iran appeared in Tehran ( 1828 ) , a translation in Turkish was printed in Cairo in 1842 , and the first officially sanctioned Ottoman edition was finally printed in Constantinople between 1875 and 1877 as a two - volume set , during the First Constitutional Era . Gustav Flügel published an edition of the Quran in 1834 in Leipzig , which remained authoritative for close to a century , until Cairo 's Al - Azhar University published an edition of the Quran in 1924 . This edition was the result of a long preparation as it standardized Quranic orthography and remains the basis of later editions . Criticism Main article : Criticism of the Quran The Quran 's statements on the creation of the universe and earth , the origins of human life , biology , earth sciences and so on have been criticized by scientists as containing fallacies , being unscientific , and likely to be contradicted by evolving scientific theories . Several scholars have said that it lacks clarity despite calling itself a clear book . Relationship with other literature The Bible See also : Biblical narratives and the Quran and Tawrat `` It is He Who sent down to thee ( step by step ) , in truth , the Book , confirming what went before it ; and He sent down the Law ( of Moses ) and the Gospel ( of Jesus ) before this , as a guide to mankind , and He sent down the criterion ( of judgment between right and wrong ) . '' <Td_colspan="3"> -- Quran 3 : 3 The Quran speaks well of the relationship it has with former books ( the Torah and the Gospels ) and attributes their similarities to their unique origin and saying all of them have been revealed by the one God . The Quran 's language was similar to the Syriac language according to The Syro - Aramaic Reading of the Koran . The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books ( Tanakh , Bible ) and devotional literature ( Apocrypha , Midrash ) , although it differs in many details . Adam , Enoch , Noah , Eber , Shelah , Abraham , Lot , Ishmael , Isaac , Jacob , Joseph , Job , Jethro , David , Solomon , Elijah , Elisha , Jonah , Aaron , Moses , Zechariah , John the Baptist and Jesus are mentioned in the Quran as prophets of God ( see Prophets of Islam ) . In fact , Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual . Jesus is mentioned more often in the Quran than Muhammad , while Mary is mentioned in the Quran more than the New Testament . Relationships Some non-Muslim groups such as Baha'is and Druze view the Quran as holy . Unitarian Universalists may also seek inspiration from the Quran . The Quran has been noted to have certain narratives similarities to the Diatessaron , Protoevangelium of James , Infancy Gospel of Thomas , Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew and the Arabic Infancy Gospel . One scholar has suggested that the Diatessaron , as a gospel harmony , may have led to the conception that the Christian Gospel is one text . Arab writing Page from a Quran ( ' Umar - i Aqta ' ) . Iran , Afghanistan , Timurid dynasty , circa 1400 . Opaque watercolor , ink and gold on paper Muqaqqaq script . 170 × 109 cm ( 66 ⁄ × 42 ⁄ in ) . Historical region : Uzbekistan . After the Quran , and the general rise of Islam , the Arabic alphabet developed rapidly into an art form . Wadad Kadi , Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at University of Chicago , and Mustansir Mir , Professor of Islamic studies at Youngstown State University , state : Although Arabic , as a language and a literary tradition , was quite well developed by the time of Muhammad 's prophetic activity , it was only after the emergence of Islam , with its founding scripture in Arabic , that the language reached its utmost capacity of expression , and the literature its highest point of complexity and sophistication . Indeed , it probably is no exaggeration to say that the Quran was one of the most conspicuous forces in the making of classical and post-classical Arabic literature . The main areas in which the Quran exerted noticeable influence on Arabic literature are diction and themes ; other areas are related to the literary aspects of the Quran particularly oaths ( q.v. ) , metaphors , motifs and symbols . As far as diction is concerned , one could say that Quranic words , idioms and expressions , especially `` loaded '' and formulaic phrases , appear in practically all genres of literature and in such abundance that it is simply impossible to compile a full record of them . For not only did the Quran create an entirely new linguistic corpus to express its message , it also endowed old , pre-Islamic words with new meanings and it is these meanings that took root in the language and subsequently in the literature ... See also Book : Quran Book : List of surahs in the Quran Book : Islam Alexander the Great in the Quran Al - Sahifa al - Sajjadiyya Bi-la kaifa Biblical and Quranic narratives Challenge of the Quran Criticism of Islam Criticism of the Quran Female figures in the Quran Hadith of the Quran and Sunnah History of the Quran Karbala'i Kazem Karimi Saruqi Quran and miracles Quran reading Tafsir of the Quran Quranic software Digital Quran Wikipedia articles on Quranic studies Quran portal Islam portal Notes ^ ( a ) The English pronunciation varies : / kəˈrɑːn / , / kəˈræn / , / kɔːrˈɑːn / , / kɔːrˈæn / , / koʊˈrɑːn / , / koʊˈræn / ; especially with the spelling quran / kʊˈrɑːn / , / kʊˈræn / ; especially in British English / kɒˈrɑːn / . ^ ( b ) The Arabic pronunciation can be transcribed phonemically as / al. qurˈʔaːn / . The actual pronunciation in Literary Arabic varies regionally . The first vowel varies from ( o ) to ( ʊ ) to ( u ) , while the second vowel varies from ( æ ) to ( a ) to ( ɑ ) . For example , the pronunciation in Egypt is ( qorʕˈʔɑːn ) and in Central East Arabia ( qʊrˈʔæːn ) . ^ ( c ) The form Alcoran ( and its variants ) was usual before the 19th century when it became obsolete . The form Koran was most predominant from the second half of the 18th century till the 1980s , when it has been superseded by either Qur'an or Quran . Other transliterations include al - Coran , Coran , Kuran and al - Qur'an . The adjectives vary as well and include Koranic , Quranic and Qur'anic ( sometimes in lowercase ) . References ^ Jump up to : Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 2007 ) . `` Qurʼān '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Margot Patterson , Islam Considered : A Christian View , Liturgical Press , 2008 p. 10 . Jump up ^ Mir Sajjad Ali , Zainab Rahman , Islam and Indian Muslims , Guan Publishing House 2010 p. 24 , citing N.J. Dawood 's judgement . Jump up ^ Alan Jones , The Koran , London 1994 , ISBN 1842126091 , opening page . `` Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted : it is by far , the finest work of Arabic prose in existence . '' Jump up ^ Arthur Arberry , The Koran Interpreted , London 1956 , ISBN 0684825074 , p. 191 . `` It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs , wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose , there is nothing to compare with it . '' Jump up ^ Lambert , Gray ( 2013 ) . The Leaders Are Coming ! . WestBow Press . p. 287 . ISBN 9781449760137 . Jump up ^ Roy H. Williams ; Michael R. Drew ( 2012 ) . Pendulum : How Past Generations Shape Our Present and Predict Our Future . Vanguard Press . p. 143 . ISBN 9781593157067 . Jump up ^ Chronology of Prophetic Events , Fazlur Rehman Shaikh ( 2001 ) p. 50 Ta - Ha Publishers Ltd . Quran 17 : 105 ^ Jump up to : Living Religions : An Encyclopaedia of the World 's Faiths , Mary Pat Fisher , 1997 , page 338 , I.B. Tauris Publishers . Jump up ^ Quran 17 : 106 Jump up ^ Peters , F.E. ( 2003 ) . The Words and Will of God . Princeton University Press . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11461 - 7 . Jump up ^ Brannon M. Wheeler ( 18 June 2002 ) . Prophets in the Quran : An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis . A&C Black . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 4957 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Donner , Fred , `` The historical context '' in McAuliffe , J.D. ( ed . ) , The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) , p. 31 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Campo , Juan E. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts On File . pp. 570 -- 74 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : its history , teaching and practices ( ( New ed . ) . ed . ) . Indiana Univ . Press . pp. 65 -- 80 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21627 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brannon M. ( 2002 ) . Prophets in the Quran : an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis . Continuum . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 4956 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Tanzil -- Quran Navigator -- القرآن الكريم '' . tanzil.net . Jump up ^ Nasr ( 2003 ) , p. 42 Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 67 -- 76 ^ Jump up to : Handbook of Islamic Marketing , Page 38 , G. Rice -- 2011 Jump up ^ Literacy and Development : Ethnographic Perspectives -- Page 193 , Brian V Street -- 2001 Jump up ^ Apocalypse And / or Metamorphosis -- Page 81 , Norman Oliver Brown -- 1991 Jump up ^ `` qryn '' . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Quran 75 : 17 Jump up ^ Quran 7 : 204 Jump up ^ See `` Ķur'an , al - , '' Encyclopedia of Islam Online and Jump up ^ Quran 20 : 2 cf . Jump up ^ Quran 25 : 32 cf . Jump up ^ According to Welch in the Encyclopedia of Islam , the verses pertaining to the usage of the word hikma should probably be interpreted in the light of IV , 105 , where it is said that `` Muhammad is to judge ( tahkum ) mankind on the basis of the Book sent down to him . '' Jump up ^ Abbas Jaffer ; Masuma Jaffer ( 2009 ) . Quranic Sciences . ICAS press . pp. 11 -- 15 . ISBN 1 - 904063 - 30 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Tabatabai , Sayyid M.H. ( 1987 ) . The Qur'an in Islam : its impact and influence on the life of muslims . Zahra Publ . ISBN 0710302665 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Bell ( Revised and Enlarged by W. Montgomery Watt ) ( 1970 ) . Bell 's introduction to the Qur'an . Univ . Press . pp. 31 -- 51 . ISBN 0852241712 . ^ Jump up to : P.M. Holt , Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis ( 1970 ) . The Cambridge history of Islam ( Reprint . ed . ) . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780521291354 . Jump up ^ Denffer , Ahmad von ( 1985 ) . Ulum al - Qur'an : an introduction to the sciences of the Qur an ( Repr . ed . ) . Islamic Foundation . p. 37 . ISBN 0860371328 . Jump up ^ Translation of Sahih Bukhari , Book 1 Archived 10 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Center for Muslim - Jewish Engagement . `` God 's Apostle replied , ' Sometimes it is ( revealed ) like the ringing of a bell , this form of Inspiration is the hardest of all and then this state passes off after I have grasped what is inspired . Sometimes the Angel comes in the form of a man and talks to me and I grasp whatever he says . ' ʻAisha added : Verily I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the Sweat dropping from his forehead ( as the Inspiration was over ) . '' Jump up ^ Quran 53 : 5 Jump up ^ Quran 53 : 6 -- 9 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Islam online , Muhammad article Jump up ^ Quran 7 : 157 Jump up ^ Günther , Sebastian ( 2002 ) . `` Muhammad , the Illiterate Prophet : An Islamic Creed in the Quran and Quranic Exegesis '' . Journal of Quranic Studies . 4 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 26 . doi : 10.3366 / jqs. 2002.4. 1.1 . Jump up ^ al - Bukhari , Muhammad ( 810 -- 870 ) . `` Sahih Bukhari , volume 6 , book 61 , narrations number 509 and 510 '' . sahih-bukhari.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rippin , Andrew ; et al. ( 2006 ) . The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an ( ( 2a reimpr . ) ed . ) . Blackwell . ISBN 978140511752 - 4 . see section Poetry and Language by Navid Kermani , p. 107 - 120 . For eschatology , see Discovering ( final destination ) by Christopher Buck , p. 30 . For writing and printing , see section Written Transmission by François Déroche , p. 172 - 187 . For literary structure , see section Language by Mustansir Mir , p. 93 . For the history of compilation see Introduction by Tamara Sonn p. 5 - 6 For recitation , see Recitation by Anna M. Gade p. 481 - 493 Jump up ^ Mohamad K. Yusuff , Zayd ibn Thabit and the Glorious Qur'an Jump up ^ The Koran ; A Very Short Introduction , Michael Cook . Oxford University Press , pp. 117 -- 124 Jump up ^ F.E. Peters ( 1991 ) , pp. 3 -- 5 : `` Few have failed to be convinced that ... the Quran is ... the words of Muhammad , perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation . '' ^ Jump up to : Leaman , Oliver ( 2006 ) . The Qur'an : an Encyclopedia . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32639 - 7 . For God in the Quran ( Allah ) , see Allah by Zeki Saritoprak , p. 33 - 40 . For eschatology , see Eschatology by Zeki Saritoprak , p. 194 - 199 . For searching the Arabic text on the internet and writing , see Cyberspace and the Qur'an by Andrew Rippin , p. 159 - 163 . For calligraphy , see by Calligraphy and the Qur'an by Oliver Leaman , p 130 - 135 . For translation , see Translation and the Qur'an by Afnan Fatani , p. 657 - 669 . For recitation , see Art and the Qur'an by Tamara Sonn , p. 71 - 81 and Reading by Stefan Wild , p. 532 - 535 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Mechanics of Islamic Capitalism '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Donner , Fred M. ( 2014 ) . `` Review : Textual Criticism and Qurʾān Manuscripts , by Keith E. Small '' . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 73 ( 1 ) : 166 -- 169 . doi : 10.1086 / 674909 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Melchert , Christopher ( 2000 ) . `` Ibn Mujahid and the Establishment of Seven Qur'anic Readings '' . Studia Islamica ( 91 ) : 5 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Ibn Warraq , Which Koran ? Variants , Manuscript , Linguistics , pg. 45 . Prometheus Books , 2011 . ISBN 1591024307 Jump up ^ For both the claim that variant readings are still transmitted and the claim that no such critical edition has been produced , see Gilliot , C. , `` Creation of a fixed text '' in McAuliffe , J.D. ( ed . ) , The Cambridge Companion to the Qur'ān ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Arthur Jeffery and St. Clair - Tisdal et al , Edited by Ibn Warraq , Summarised by Sharon Morad , Leeds . `` The Origins of the Koran : Classic Essays on Islam 's Holy Book '' . Archived from the original on 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ F.E. Peters ( 1991 ) , pp. 3 -- 5 : `` Few have failed to be convinced that the Quran is the words of Muhammad , perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation . '' Jump up ^ `` ' The Qur'an : Text , Interpretation and Translation ' Third Biannual SOAS Conference , 16 -- 17 October 2003 '' . Journal of Qur'anic Studies . 6 ( 1 ) : 143 -- 145 . April 2004 . doi : 10.3366 / jqs. 2004.6. 1.143 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Uwe ; Sadeghi , Behnam ( September 2010 ) . `` The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qurān of the Prophet '' . Arabica. 57 ( 4 ) : 343 -- 436 . doi : 10.1163 / 157005810X504518 . Jump up ^ Sadeghi , Behnam ; Goudarzi , Mohsen ( March 2012 ) . `` Ṣan'ā ' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān '' . Der Islam . 87 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 129 . doi : 10.1515 / islam - 2011 - 0025 . ^ Jump up to : Coughlan , Sean . `` ' Oldest ' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Bilefsky ( 22 July 2015 ) . `` A Find in Britain : Quran Fragments Perhaps as Old as Islam '' . New York Times . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Watton , Victor , ( 1993 ) , A student 's approach to world religions : Islam , Hodder & Stoughton , pg 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 58795 - 9 Jump up ^ See : Corbin ( 1993 ) , p. 12 Wild ( 1996 ) , pp. 137 , 138 , 141 and 147 Quran 2 : 97 Quran 17 : 105 Jump up ^ Jenssen , H. , `` Arabic Language '' in McAuliffe et al. ( eds . ) , Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān , vol. 1 ( Brill , 2001 ) , pp. 127 -- 135 . ^ Jump up to : Sonn , Tamara ( 2010 ) . Islam : a brief history ( Second ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8093 - 1 . Jump up ^ Quran 85 : 22 Jump up ^ Corbin ( 1993 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Mir Sajjad Ali ; Zainab Rahman ( 2010 ) . Islam and Indian Muslims . Kalpaz Publications . p. 21 . ISBN 8178358050 . Jump up ^ Quran 17 : 88 Jump up ^ Vasalou , Sophia ( 2002 ) . `` The Miraculous Eloquence of the Qur'an : General Trajectories and Individual Approaches '' . Journal of Qur'anic Studies . 4 ( 2 ) : 23 -- 53 . doi : 10.3366 / jqs. 2002.4. 2.23 . Jump up ^ Quran 1 : 1 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` Afghan Quran - burning protests : What 's the right way to dispose of a Quran ? '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ Sengers - , Erik ( 2005 ) . Dutch and Their Gods . p. 129 . Jump up ^ See : `` Kur ` an , al - , '' Encyclopaedia of Islam Online Allen ( 2000 ) p. 53 Jump up ^ مقطعات is the plural of a participle from قطع `` to cut , break '' . Jump up ^ Massey , Keith . `` Mysterious Letters . '' in Jane Dammen McAuliffe ( ed . ) Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān . Vol. 3 ( 205 ) , p. 472 ( referenceworks.brillonline.com ) . Jump up ^ Dukes , Kais . `` RE : Number of Unique Words in the Quran '' . www.mail-archive.com . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Saeed , Abdullah ( 2008 ) . The Qurʼan : an introduction . London : Routledge . p. 62 . ISBN 9780415421249 . Jump up ^ Quran 67 : 3 Jump up ^ Haleem , Muhammad Abdel ( 2005 ) . Understanding the Qur'an : themes and style . I.B. Tauris . p. 82 . ISBN 9781860646508 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Richard C. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . Macmillan Reference USA . pp. 568 -- 62 ( By Farid Esack ) . ISBN 0028656032 . Jump up ^ Quran 41 : 43 Jump up ^ Izutsu , Toshihiko ( 2007 ) . Ethico - religious concepts in the Qur'an ( Repr. 2007 ed . ) . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 0773524274 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 274 Jump up ^ Quran 9 : 103 Jump up ^ Nidhal Guessoum . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 1848855175 . Jump up ^ Nidhal Guessoum . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 1848855175 . Jump up ^ Nidhal Guessoum . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 1848855175 . Jump up ^ Nidhal Guessoum . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 1848855175 . Jump up ^ Nidhal Guessoum . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 1848855175 . Jump up ^ Nidhal Guessoum . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 1848855175 . Jump up ^ Nidhal Guessoum . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 1848855175 . Jump up ^ Nidhal Guessoum . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1848855175 . Jump up ^ Nidhal Guessoum . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 1848855175 . Jump up ^ Issa Boullata , `` Literary Structure of Quran '' , Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān , vol. 3 p. 192 , 204 Jump up ^ Jewishencyclopedia.com -- Körner , Moses B. Eliezer Jump up ^ `` The final process of collection and codification of the Quran text was guided by one over-arching principle : God 's words must not in any way be distorted or sullied by human intervention . For this reason , no serious attempt , apparently , was made to edit the numerous revelations , organize them into thematic units , or present them in chronological order ... This has given rise in the past to a great deal of criticism by European and American scholars of Islam , who find the Quran disorganized , repetitive and very difficult to read . '' Approaches to the Asian Classics , Irene Blomm , William Theodore De Bary , Columbia University Press , 1990 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Samuel Pepys : `` One feels it difficult to see how any mortal ever could consider this Quran as a Book written in Heaven , too good for the Earth ; as a well - written book , or indeed as a book at all ; and not a bewildered rhapsody ; written , so far as writing goes , as badly as almost any book ever was ! '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Sells , Approaching the Qur'ān ( White Cloud Press , 1999 ) Jump up ^ Norman O. Brown , `` The Apocalypse of Islam '' . Social Text 3 : 8 ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Jump up ^ Quran 21 : 50 Jump up ^ Wild , ed. by Stefan ( 2006 ) . Self - referentiality in the Qur'an . Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz . ISBN 3447053836 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tafsir Al - Mizan '' . almizan.org . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 151 Jump up ^ `` How can there be abrogation in the Quran ? '' . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Are the verses of the Qur'an Abrogated and / or Substituted ? '' . mostmerciful.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Islahi , Amin Ahsan . `` Abrogation in the Qur'ān '' . Renaissance Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmood Ahmad . `` Tafseer - e-Kabeer Urdu Vol. 1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . `` English with 5 Volume Commentary '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Godlas , Alan ( 2008 ) . The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an ( Pbk . ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 350 -- 362 . ISBN 1405188200 . Jump up ^ Sands , Kristin Zahra ( 2006 ) . Sufi commentaries on the Qur'an in classical Islam ( 1 . publ. , transferred to digital print . ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0415366852 . Jump up ^ Keeler , Annabel ( 2006 ) . `` Sufi tafsir as a Mirror : al - Qushayri the murshid in his Lataif al - isharat '' . Journal of Qur'anic Studies . 8 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . doi : 10.3366 / jqs. 2006.8. 1.1 . Jump up ^ Tabataba'I , Tafsir Al - Mizan , The Principles of Interpretation of the Quran Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Tabataba'I , Tafsir Al - Mizan , Topic : Decisive and Ambiguous verses and `` ta'wil '' Archived 8 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Quran 3 : 7 Jump up ^ `` Tabatabaee ( 1988 ) , pp. 37 -- 45 '' . maaref-foundation.com . Jump up ^ Mojaddedi , Jawid ( 2008 ) . The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an ( Pbk . ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 363 -- 373 . ISBN 1405188200 . ^ Jump up to : Elias , Jamal ( 2010 ) . `` Sufi tafsir Reconsidered : Exploring the Development of a Genre '' . Journal of Qur'anic Studies . 12 : 41 -- 55 . doi : 10.3366 / jqs. 2010.0104 . ^ Jump up to : Corbin ( 1993 ) , p. 7 Jump up ^ Tabatabaee , Tafsir Al - Mizan Archived 5 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Corbin ( 1993 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Miller , Duane Alexander ( June 2009 ) . `` REAPPROPRIATION : AN ACCOMMODATIONIST HERMENEUTIC OF ISLAMIC CHRISTIANITY '' . St Francis Magazine . 5 ( 3 ) : 30 -- 33 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Aslan , Reza ( 20 November 2008 ) . `` How To Read the Quran '' . Slate . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ An - Nawawi , Al - Majmu ' , ( Cairo , Matba'at at - Tadamun n.d. ) , 380 . Jump up ^ `` English Translations of the Quran '' . Crescent . Monthlycrescent.com . July 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More than 300 publishers visit Quran exhibition in Iran '' . Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review . 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Jonathan ; Blair , Sheila ( 2002 ) . Islam : A Thousand Years of Faith and Power . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Ahmadiyya Muslim Community '' . alislam.org . Jump up ^ `` Quran '' . us.archive.org . Jump up ^ `` Surah 3 -- Read Quran Online '' . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gurmukhi translation of Quran traced to Moga village '' . Tribuneindia.com. 2016 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Kristina ( 2001 ) . The art of reciting the Qur'an ( New ed . ) . Cairo ( u.a. ) : American Univ. in Cairo Press . ISBN 9774245946 . Jump up ^ Small , Keith E. ( 2011 ) . Textual Criticism and Qur'an Manuscripts . Lexington Books . pp. 109 -- 111 . ISBN 9780739142912 . Jump up ^ Melchert , Christopher ( 2008 ) . `` The Relation of the Ten Readings to One Another '' . Journal of Quranic Studies . 10 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 87 . doi : 10.3366 / e1465359109000424 . Jump up ^ Hekmat Nasser , Shady ( 2012 ) . The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Quran : The Problem of Tawatur and the Emergence of Shawdhdh . Brill Academic Pub . ISBN 9004240810 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Yasin ( 2001 ) . `` An Early Mushaf According To The Reading Of Ibn ʻAmir '' . Journal of Qur'anic Studies . 3 ( 2 ) : 71 -- 89 . doi : 10.3366 / jqs. 2001.3. 1.71 . Jump up ^ Rabb , Intisar ( 2006 ) . `` Non-Canonical Readings of the Qur'an : Recognition and Authenticity ( The Ḥimṣī Reading ) '' . Journal of Qur'anic Studies . 8 ( 2 ) : 88 -- 127 . doi : 10.3366 / jqs. 2006.8. 2.84 . Jump up ^ Peter G. Riddell , Tony Street , Anthony Hearle Johns , Islam : essays on scripture , thought and society : a festschrift in honour of Anthony H. Johns , pp. 170 -- 174 , BRILL , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10692 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10692 - 5 Jump up ^ Suraiya Faroqhi , Subjects of the Sultan : culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire , pp , 134 -- 136 , I.B. Tauris , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 760 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 760 - 4 ; The Encyclopaedia of Islam : Fascicules 111 -- 112 : Masrah Mawlid , Clifford Edmund Bosworth Jump up ^ `` Muslim Printing Before Gutenberg '' . muslimheritage.com . Jump up ^ Krek 1979 , p. 203 Jump up ^ First Printed Edition of the Qur'an The First Printed Complete Arabic Quran East Meets West In Venice : The First - Ever Printed Arabic Edition Of Quran Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Libraries Online Exhibitions The Quran in East and West : Manuscripts and Printed Books '' . exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia University Libraries Online Exhibitions Alcorani textus universus ex correctioribus Arabum exemplaribus summa fide , atque pulcherrimis characteribus descriptus , volume 2 , page I '' . exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Suraiya Faroqhi , Subjects of the Sultan : culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire , pp , 134 -- 136 , I.B. Tauris , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 85043 - 760 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 760 - 4 ; The Encyclopaedia of Islam : Fascicules 111 -- 112 : Masrah Mawlid , Clifford Edmund Bosworth Jump up ^ Watson 1968 , p. 435 ; Clogg 1979 , p. 67 Jump up ^ `` the major Ottoman printing houses published a combined total of only 142 books in more than a century of printing between 1727 and 1838 . When taken in conjunction with the fact that only a minuscule number of copies of each book were printed , this statistic demonstrates that the introduction of the printing press did not transform Ottoman cultural life until the emergence of vibrant print media in the middle of the nineteenth century '' Şükrü Hanioğlu , `` A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire '' , Princeton University Press ( 2010 ) , cited after Suresh Emre , On the late adoption of the printing press in the Ottoman Empire ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ `` at imperial expense , a ' Tatar and Turkish Typography ' was established in St. Petersburg ; a domestic scholar , Mullah Osman Ismail , was responsible for the manufacture of the types . One of the first products of this printing house was the Qur'ān . Through the doctor and writer , Johann Georg v. Zimmermann ( d . 1795 ) , who was befriended by Catherine II , a copy of the publication arrived in the Göttingen University library . Its director , the philologist Christian Gottlob Heyne ( d . 1812 ) , presented the work immediately in the Göttingische Anzeigen von gelehrten Sachen ( 28 July 1788 ) ; therein he pointed especially to the beauty of the Arabic types . To the Arabic text marginal glosses have been added that consist predominantly of reading variants . The imprint was reproduced unchanged in 1790 and 1793 in St. Petersburg ( cf . Schnurrer , Bibliotheca arabica , no . 384 ) ; later , after the transfer of the printing house to Kazan , editions appeared in different formats and with varying presentation ( Dorn , Chronologisches Verzeichnis , 371 ) . '' Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān : P - Sh ed . Jane Dammen McAuliffe , Brill , 2004 , p. 251 . For the 1803 Kazan edition : Chauvin , V.C. Bib . des ouvrages arabes , vol . X , 95 ; Schnurrer , C.F. von . Bibliotheca Arabica , 385 . Original held by Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Munich , Germany , Shelfmark BSB A. or. 554 . Jump up ^ Iriye , A. ; Saunier , P. ( 2009 ) . The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History : From the mid-19th century to the present day . Springer . p. 627 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 74030 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kamusella , T. ( 2012 ) . The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe . Springer . pp. 265 -- 266 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 58347 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cook , Michael , The Koran : A Very Short Introduction , Oxford University Press , ( 2000 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ see also : Ruthven , Malise , A Fury For God , London ; New York : Granta , ( 2002 ) , p. 126 Jump up ^ `` Secular Web Kiosk : The Koran Predicted the Speed of Light ? Not Really '' . Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Leirvik , Oddbjørn ( 27 May 2010 ) . Images of Jesus Christ in Islam : 2nd Edition . New York : Bloomsbury Academic ; 2nd edition . pp. 33 -- 66 . ISBN 1441181601 . Jump up ^ Gerd Puin is quoted in the Atlantic Monthly , January , 1999 : `` The Koran claims for itself that it is ' mubeen ' or ' clear ' . But if you look at it , you will notice that every fifth sentence or so simply does n't make sense ... the fact is that a fifth of the Koranic text is just incomprehensible ... `` Jump up ^ Wansbrough , John ( 1977 ) . Quranic Studies : Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation Jump up ^ Geisler , N.L. ( 1999 ) . In Baker encyclopedia of Christian apologetics . Grand Rapids , MI : Baker Books . Entry on Qur'an , Alleged Divine Origin of . Jump up ^ Toby Lester ( January 1999 ) . `` What Is the Koran ? '' . The Atlantic Monthly . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ 3 : 3 نزل عليك الكتاب بالحق مصدقا لما بين يديه وانزل التوراة والانجيل Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 285 Jump up ^ Luxenberg , Christoph ( 2007 ) . The Syro - Aramaic reading of the Koran : a contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran . Berlin : H. Schiler . ISBN 3899300882 . Jump up ^ Annabel Keeler , `` Moses from a Muslim Perspective '' , in : Solomon , Norman ; Harries , Richard ; Winter , Tim ( eds . ) , Abraham 's children : Jews , Christians and Muslims in conversation , by . T&T Clark Publ. ( 2005 ) , pp. 55 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Esposito , John L. The Future of Islam . Oxford University Press US , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516521 - 0 p. 40 Jump up ^ Christian Lore and the Arabic Qur'an by Signey Griffith , p. 112 , in The Qurʼān in its historical context , Gabriel Said Reynolds , ed . Psychology Press , 2008 Jump up ^ Qur'an - Bible Comparison : A Topical Study of the Two Most Influential and Respectful Books in Western and Middle Eastern Civilizations by Ami Ben - Chanan , p. 197 -- 198 , Trafford Publishing , 2011 Jump up ^ New Catholic Encyclopaedia , 1967 , the Catholic University of America , Washington DC , Vol . VII , p. 677 Jump up ^ `` On pre-Islamic Christian strophic poetical texts in the Koran '' by Ibn Rawandi , found in What the Koran Really Says : Language , Text and Commentary , Ibn Warraq , Prometheus Books , ed . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57392 - 945 - 5 Jump up ^ Wadad Kadi and Mustansir Mir , Literature and the Quran , Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an , vol. 3 , pp. 213 , 216 Jump up ^ dictionary.reference.com : koran Jump up ^ dictionary.reference.com : quran Jump up ^ Cambridge dictionary : koran Jump up ^ Cambridge dictionary : quran Jump up ^ `` Alcoran '' . Oxford English Dictionary . 1 ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1888 . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Google Ngram Jump up ^ `` Koran '' . Oxford English Dictionary . 5 ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1901 . p. 753 . Jump up ^ `` Koran '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Quran '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Koran '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Further reading Introductory texts : Hixon , Lex ( 2003 ) . The heart of the Qurʼan : an introduction to Islamic spirituality ( 2 . ed . ) . Quest . ISBN 0835608220 . Hawting , G.R. ( 1993 ) . Approaches to the Qur'ān ( 1 ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05755 - 4 . Rippin , Andrew ( 2006 ) . The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an . Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1752 - 4 . Tabatabae , Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn ( 1988 ) . The Qur'an in Islam : Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 0266 - 3 . Neal Robinson , Discovering the Qur'an , Georgetown University Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58901 - 024 - 6 Sells , Michael , Approaching the Qur'ān : The Early Revelations , White Cloud Press , Book & CD edition ( 15 November 1999 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 883991 - 26 - 5 Wild , Stefan ( 1996 ) . The Quʼran as Text . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09300 - 3 . Bell , Richard ; William Montgomery Watt ( 1970 ) . Bell 's introduction to the Qurʼān . Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 0597 - 2 . Rahman , Fazlur ( 2009 ) ( 1989 ) . Major Themes of the Qur'an ( Second ed . ) . University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 70286 - 5 . Peters , F.E. ( 1991 ) . `` The Quest of the Historical Muhammad '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . Peters , Francis E. ( 2003 ) . The Monotheists : Jews , Christians and Muslims in Conflict and Competition . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12373 - 8 . Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 2007 ) . `` Qurʾān '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 2003 ) . Islam : Religion , History and Civilization . HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 050714 - 5 . Kugle , Scott Alan ( 2006 ) . Rebel Between Spirit And Law : Ahmad Zarruq , Sainthood , And Authority in Islam . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34711 - 4 . Esposito , John ; Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad ( 2000 ) . Muslims on the Americanization Path ? . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513526 - 8 . Corbin , Henry ( 1993 ) ( 1964 ( in French ) ) . History of Islamic Philosophy , Translated by Liadain Sherrard , Philip Sherrard . London ; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 0416 - 2 . Rahman , Fazlur ( 2009 ) ( 1989 ) . Major Themes of the Qur'an ( Second ed . ) . University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 70286 - 5 . Allen , Roger ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to Arabic literature . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77657 - 8 . Traditional Quranic commentaries ( tafsir ) : Main article : List of tafsir works Al - Tabari , Jāmiʻ al - bayān ʻan taʼwīl al - qurʼān , Cairo 1955 -- 69 , transl. J. Cooper ( ed . ) , The Commentary on the Qurʼān , Oxford University Press , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920142 - 6 Tabatabae , Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn . Tafsir al - Mizan . Topical studies : Stowasser , Barbara Freyer . Women in the Qur'an , Traditions and Interpretation , Oxford University Press ; Reprint edition ( 1 June 1996 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511148 - 4 McAuliffe , Jane Dammen ( 1991 ) . Qurʼānic Christians : an analysis of classical and modern exegesis . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 36470 - 6 . Siljander , Mark D. ; Mann , John David ( 2008 ) . A Deadly Misunderstanding : a Congressman 's Quest to Bridge the Muslim - Christian Divide . New York : Harper One . ISBN 9780061438288 . Literary criticism : M.M. Al - Azami ( 2003 ) . The History of The Qur'anic Text : From Revelation to Compilation : A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments ( First ed . ) . UK Islamic Academy . ISBN 1 - 872531 - 65 - 2 . Gunter Luling ( 2003 ) . A challenge to Islam for reformation : the rediscovery and reliable reconstruction of a comprehensive pre-Islamic Christian hymnal hidden in the Koran under earliest Islamic reinterpretations . New Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . ( 580 Seiten , lieferbar per Seepost ) . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1952 - 8 . Luxenberg , Christoph ( 2004 ) . The Syro - Aramaic Reading of the Koran : a contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran , Berlin , Verlag Hans Schiler , 1 May 2007 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89930 - 088 - 8 . Puin , Gerd R ... `` Observations on Early Quran Manuscripts in Sana'a '' , in The Qurʾan as Text , ed . Stefan Wild , E.J. Brill 1996 , pp. 107 -- 111 . Wansbrough , John . Quranic Studies , Oxford University Press , 1977 Ibn Warraq ( editor ) ( 2013 ) . Koranic Allusions : The Biblical , Qumranian , and Pre-Islamic Background to the Koran . Prometheus Books . p. 463 . ISBN 978 - 1616147594 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Encyclopedias : Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an . Jane Dammen McAuliffe et al. ( eds . ) ( First ed . ) . Brill Academic Publishers . 2001 -- 2006 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11465 - 4 . The Qur'an : An Encyclopedia . Oliver Leaman et al. ( eds . ) ( First ed . ) . Routledge. 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77529 - 8 . The Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur'an . Muzaffar Iqbal et al. ( eds . ) ( First ed . ) . Center for Islamic Sciences . January 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926620 - 00 - 8 . Academic journals : `` Journal of Qur'anic Studies / Majallat al - dirāsāt al - Qurʹānīyah '' . School of Oriental and African Studies . ISSN 1465 - 3591 . `` Journal of Qur'anic Research and Studies '' . Medina , Saudi Arabia : King Fahd Qur'an Printing Complex . External links Find more aboutQuranat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Quran browsers and translations : Holy Quran in Easy English , Urdu , Arabic and 70 other languages Tanzil -- Online Quran Navigator Quran.com Al-Quran.info Multilingual Quran ( Arabic , English , French , German , Dutch , Spanish , Italian ) Koran Translations in many languages Read and Compare Koran Translations Word - for - word analysis : Quranic Arabic Corpus , shows syntax and morphology for each word . Word for Word English Translation -- emuslim.com Manuscripts : Several digitised Qurans in the Cambridge University Digital Library Corpus Coranicum research project at Berlin - Brandenburg Academy Other resources : Quran at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) <Th_colspan="2"> Surah <Td_colspan="2"> 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 <Th_colspan="2"> People and things in the Quran <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Characters Non-humans Allāh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran , such as Karīm ( Generous ) Beings in Paradise Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Ḥimār ( Domesticated donkey ) The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah ( female ant ) of Solomon The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh Non-related Dābbat al - Arḍ ( Beast of the Earth ) Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Qaswarah ( `` Lion '' , `` beast of prey '' or `` hunter '' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Iblīs the ( Chief ) Shayṭān ( Devil ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Anṣār ( Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants from Mecca to Medina ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Plant stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thā ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( Lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender Palm tree ) Nakhl ( Date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Islamic holy books Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events , incidents , occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Qadr Mubahalah Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles or military expeditions Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Days Al - Jumu'ah ( The Friday ) As - Sabt ( The Sabbath or Saturday ) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of the Islamic calendar Four holy months Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al - Ḥajj ( literally `` The Pilgrimmage '' , the Greater Pilgrimage ) Al - ' Umrah ( The Lesser Pilgrimage ) Times for Prayer or Remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ ( ' Invocation ' ) , Ṣalāh and Dhikr ( ' Remembrance ' , including Taḥmīd ( ' Praising ' ) , Takbīr and Tasbīḥ ) : Al - ' Ashiyy ( The Afternoon or the Night ) Al - Ghuduww ( `` The Mornings '' ) Al - Bukrah ( `` The Morning '' ) Aṣ - Ṣabāḥ ( `` The Morning '' ) Al - Layl ( `` The Night '' ) Al - ' Ishā ' ( `` The Late - Night '' ) Aẓ - Ẓuhr ( `` The Noon '' ) Dulūk ash - Shams ( `` Decline of the Sun '' ) Al - Masā ' ( `` The Evening '' ) Qabl al - Ghurūb ( `` Before the Setting ( of the Sun ) '' ) Al - Aṣīl ( `` The Afternoon '' ) Al - Aṣr ( `` The Afternoon '' ) Qabl ṭulū ' ash - Shams ( `` Before the rising of the Sun '' ) Al - Fajr ( `` The Dawn '' ) Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Laylat al - Mabit The first pilgrimage <Td_colspan="2"> Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) <Th_colspan="2"> Islam topics <Td_colspan="2"> Outline of Islam <Td_colspan="2"> Beliefs God in Islam Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Angels Revelation Predestination Judgement Day Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj History Leaders Timeline of Islamic history Early conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al - Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Sunnah Hadith Tafsir Seerah Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Quranism Non-denominational Life Culture Animals Art Calendar Children Clothing Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Philosophy Political aspects Qurbani Science medieval Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Law Jurisprudence <Td_colspan="2"> Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Marriage Sex Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Masturbation Nikah Nikah mut'ah Zina Other aspects Cleanliness Criminal Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological baligh kalam <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Islamic studies <Td_colspan="2"> Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism ( evolution ) Feminism Inventions Liberalism and progressivism Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion to mosques <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Other religions Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Sikhism Related topics Apostasy Criticism of Islam Muhammad Quran Cultural Muslim Islamism Criticism Post-Islamism Qutbism Salafi movement Islamophobia Incidents Islamic terrorism Islamic view of miracles Domestic violence Nursing Persecution of Muslims Quran and miracles Symbolism <Td_colspan="2"> Islam portal Category BNE : XX3569490 BNF : cb12008272s ( data ) GND : 4032444 - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Quran - central religious text of Islam
2. Revelation from God
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-3,821,659,180,516,363,300 | how many registered political parties do we have in nigeria | List of political parties in Nigeria - wikipedia List of political parties in Nigeria Jump to : navigation , search Nigeria This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nigeria Constitution Human rights President ( list ) Muhammadu Buhari Vice President Yemi Osinbajo Cabinet Federal Parastatals National Assembly Senate House of Representatives Supreme Court Subdivisions States State governors Local Government Areas Recent elections Presidential : 2011 2015 Parliamentary : 2011 2015 Political parties Foreign relations Nigeria portal Other countries Atlas This page lists the political parties in Nigeria . Nigeria has a multi-party system , with two or three strong parties and a third party that is electorally successful . Chisomcratic Congress Contents ( hide ) 1 Fourth Republic ( 1999 - present ) 2 Political parties ( 1996 - 1998 ) 3 Abortive Third Republic 4 Second Republic ( 1979 - 1983 ) 5 First Republic ( 1960 - 1966 ) 6 See also 7 References Fourth Republic ( 1999 - present ) ( edit ) Advanced Congress of Democrats ( ACD ) Alliance for Democracy ( AD ) Action Democratic Party ( ADP ) All Democratic Peoples Movement ( ADPM ) All Progressives Congress ( APC ) African Democratic Congress ( ADC ) Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance ( APDA ) All Progressives Grand Alliance ( APGA ) All People 's Party ( APP ) African Renaissance Party ( ARP ) Conscience People 's Congress ( CPC ) Communist Party of Nigeria ( CPN ) Citizens Popular Party ( CPP ) Democratic Alternative ( DA ) Democratic Socialist Movement ( DSM ) Fresh Democratic Party ( FDP ) Labour Party ( LP ) Masses Movement of Nigeria ( MMN ) National Conscience Party ( NCP ) New Democrats ( ND ) New Generations Party of Nigeria ( NGP ) National Democratic Party ( NDP ) People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) Progressive Peoples Alliance ( PPA ) People Progressive Party ( PPP ) People 's Redemption Party ( PRP ) People 's Salvation Party ( PSP ) ( aa ) ACTION ALLIANCE Social Democratic Mega Party ( SDMP ) Socialist Party of Nigeria ( SPN ) Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) United Nigeria People 's Party ( UNPP ) United Progressive Party ( UPP ) Mega People Political Party Young Progressive Party ( YPP ) Political parties ( 1996 - 1998 ) ( edit ) National Democratic Coalition ( NADECO ) Committee for National Consensus ( CNC ) Democratic Party of Nigeria ( DPN ) Grassroots Democratic Movement ( GDM ) National Centre Party of Nigeria ( NCPN ) United Nigeria Congress Party ( UNCP ) Justice Party ( JP ) Abortive Third Republic ( edit ) National Republican Convention ( NRC ) Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) Second Republic ( 1979 - 1983 ) ( edit ) Greater Nigerian People 's Party ( GNPP ) National Party of Nigeria ( NPN ) Nigeria Advance Party ( NAP ) Nigerian People 's Party ( NPP ) People 's Redemption Party ( PRP ) Unity Party of Nigeria ( UPN ) Movement of the People Party ( MPP ) First Republic ( 1960 - 1966 ) ( edit ) Action Group ( AG ) Borno Youth Movement ( BYM ) Democratic Party of Nigeria and Cameroon ( DPNC ) Dynamic Party ( DP ) Igala Union ( IU ) Igbira Tribal Union ( ITU ) Kano People 's Party ( KPP ) Lagos State United Front ( LSUF ) Mabolaje Grand Alliance ( MGA ) Midwest Democratic Front ( MDF ) National Independence Party ( NIP ) National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons / National Council of Nigerian Citizens ( NCNC ) Niger Delta Congress ( NDC ) Nigerian National Democratic Party ( NNDP ) Northern Elements Progressive Union ( NEPU ) Northern People 's Congress ( NPC ) Northern Progressive Front ( NPF ) Republican Party ( RP ) United Middle Belt Congress ( UMBC ) United National Independence Party ( UNIP ) Zamfara Commoners Party ( ZCP ) See also ( edit ) Politics of Nigeria List of political parties by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Advanced Peoples Democratic Alliance Stronger Together '' . Jump up ^ `` Democracy for People Global Affairs and Other Info '' . Peoplesdemocraticparty.net. 2015 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Independent National Electoral Commission Nigeria , October 2012 <Th_colspan="3"> Political parties in Nigeria Parliamentary parties Accord Action Congress of Nigeria All Nigeria Peoples Party All Progressives Congress Congress for Progressive Change Labour Party People 's Democratic Party Progressive Peoples Alliance Other parties All Progressives Grand Alliance Democratic People 's Party National Conscience Party National Democratic Party People 's Redemption Party Socialist Party of Nigeria United Nigeria People 's Party <Td_colspan="3"> Portal : Politics Portal : Nigeria List of political parties Politics of Nigeria <Th_colspan="2"> Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society <Td_colspan="2"> Capital punishment Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Demonyms Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Portal <Th_colspan="2"> List of political parties in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara <Th_colspan="2"> Politics of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_parties_in_Nigeria&oldid=804546077 '' Categories : Lists of political parties by country Political parties in Nigeria Nigeria politics - related lists Lists of organisations based in Nigeria Lists of political parties in Africa Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Français Igbo 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Political parties in Nigeria
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964,302,361,191,531,800 | where did the saying get off your soapbox come from | Soapbox - Wikipedia Soapbox Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a raised platform . For other uses , see Soapbox ( disambiguation ) . For the Wikipedia policy , see Wikipedia : NOTSOAPBOX . `` Soapboxing '' in Chinatown , San Francisco Man soapboxing in Speakers ' Corner , Hyde Park , London A soapbox is a raised platform on which one stands to make an impromptu speech , often about a political subject . The term originates from the days when speakers would elevate themselves by standing on a wooden crate originally used for shipment of soap or other dry goods from a manufacturer to a retail store . The term is also used metaphorically to describe a person engaging in often flamboyant impromptu or unofficial public speaking , as in the phrases `` He 's on his soapbox '' , or `` Get off your soapbox . '' Hyde Park , London is known for its Sunday soapbox orators , who have assembled at Speakers ' Corner since 1872 to discuss religion , politics , and other topics . Blogs can be used as soapboxes within the context of the World Wide Web . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins of the term 1.2 Contemporary soapboxing 2 Footnotes 3 Further reading History ( edit ) Origins of the term ( edit ) Throughout the 19th Century and into the 20th , prior to the invention of corrugated fiberboard , manufacturers used wooden crates for the shipment of wholesale merchandise to retail establishments . Discarded containers of every size , well - constructed and sturdy , were readily available in most towns . These `` soapboxes '' made free and easily portable temporary platforms for street corner speakers attempting to be seen and heard at improvised `` outdoor meetings , '' to which passersby would gather to hear often provocative speeches on religious or political themes . The decades immediately preceding World War I have been called the `` Golden Age of Soapbox Oratory . '' Working people had little money to spend and tub - thumping public speakers pushing their social or political agendas provided a form of mass entertainment . Radical political parties , intent on bringing what they perceived as an emancipatory message to the working class , were particularly intent upon making use of `` street meetings , '' with their speeches and leaflets , to advance their specific message . American political activists considered soapboxing a First Amendment right . Law enforcement authorities frequently viewed it as an impediment to the public right - of - way ( New York City , October 1908 ) . Street - corner oratory could also present its share of problems . Chief among these was the policy of local law enforcement authorities , who sometimes saw in radical political discourse a form of incitement to crime and violence and a threat to public order . Additionally , large street corner crowds listening to `` soapboxers '' would often obstruct public walkways or spill into public streets , creating inconveniences to pedestrians or vehicular traffic alike . Consequently , local authorities would often attempt to restrict public oratory through licensing or prescriptive banning . This conflict between dedicated political or religious partisans , on the one hand , and civil authorities intent upon the maintenance of public order , on the other , made soapboxing a matter of frequent public contention . Throughout its history , soapboxing has been tied to the right to speak . From the period 1907 to approximately 1916 , the Industrial Workers of the World conducted dozens of free speech fights in the United States , particularly in the West and the Northwest , in order to protect or reclaim their right to soapbox . Many prominent socialists and other radicals cut their political teeth in these or similar free speech fights , including Seattle newspaper publisher Hermon Titus , Socialist Party of Washington leaders Alfred Wagenknecht and L.E. Katterfeld , IWW activist Elizabeth Gurley Flynn , and prominent syndicalist William Z . Foster . Additional problems could be presented to street corner orators from rival political groups or hecklers . A skilled and effective `` soapboxer '' had to be quick on his feet , figuratively and sometimes literally , having the ability to express political opinions with clarity , to have ready answers for common objections , to be able to deflect hostility with humor or satire , and to be able to face difficulty or danger with fortitude . Soapboxing proved to be what one historian has called `` a hard , but nevertheless necessary , process in the development of revolutionary leaders . '' Contemporary soapboxing ( edit ) During the 1960s , a Free Speech Movement was initiated on the Berkeley , California Campus over fund - raising at an intersection and other political freedoms , and the fight eventually spread to other college campuses across the United States . In the 1992 UK General Election , the Conservative Party were widely expected to be defeated by Neil Kinnock 's Labour Party . Tory leader John Major took his campaign into the streets , delivering many addresses from an upturned soapbox . This approach stood in contrast to the Labour Party 's seemingly slicker campaign and it chimed with the electorate , along with hard - hitting negative campaign advertising focusing on the issue of Labour 's approach to taxation . Major won in excess of 14 million votes , the highest popular vote for a political party in a British general election . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Raymond Challinor , The Origins of British Bolshevism . London : Croom Helm , 1977 ; pg. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Challinor , The Origins of British Bolshevism , pg. 37 . Further reading ( edit ) Look up soapbox in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soapbox . Walker , Thomas U. ( Winter -- Spring 2006 ) . `` Mounting the Soapbox : Poetics , Rhetoric , and Laborlore at the Scene of Speaking '' . Western Folklore. 65 ( 1 / 2 ) : 65 -- 98 . JSTOR 25474780 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Trasciatti , Mary Anne ( Spring 2013 ) . `` Athens or Anarchy ? Soapbox Oratory and the Early Twentieth - Century American City '' . Buildings & Landscapes : Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum . pp. 43 -- 68 . JSTOR 10.5749 / buildland. 20.1. 0043 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soapbox&oldid=791469956 '' Categories : Public speaking Metaphors referring to objects Activism by type Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date format Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch فارسی Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2017 , at 13 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Raised platform for impromptu speeches
2. Political soapboxing
3. Origins of the term "soapbox"
4. Soapboxing as a form of public speaking
5. Contemporary examples of soapboxing |
-6,662,559,521,633,127,000 | the statement was issued by the continental congress because the british government did not allow | Continental Congress - wikipedia Continental Congress This article is part of a series on the United States Continental Congress Predecessors Albany Congress 1754 Stamp Act Congress 1765 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves Continental Association Petition to the King 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Committee of Secret Correspondence Necessity of Taking Up Arms Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Articles of Confederation Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture Congress of the Confederation Bank of North America Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Members List of delegates Presidents of the Continental Congress Secretary of the Continental Congress United States portal The Continental Congress , also known as the Philadelphia Congress , was a convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies . It became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution . The Congress met from 1774 to 1789 in three incarnations . The first call for a convention was made over issues of the blockade and the Intolerable Acts penalizing the Province of Massachusetts , which in 1774 enabled Benjamin Franklin to convince the colonies to form a representative body . Much of what we know today comes from the yearly log books printed by the Continental Congress called Resolutions , Acts and Orders of Congress , which gives a day to day description of debates and issues . Although the delegates were divided early on as to whether to break from Crown rule , the second Continental Congress on July 2 , 1776 , passed a resolution asserting independence , with no opposing vote recorded . The Declaration of Independence was issued two days later declaring themselves a new nation : the United States of America . It established a Continental Army , giving command to one of its members , George Washington of Virginia . It waged war with Great Britain , made a militia treaty with France , and funded the war effort with loans and paper money . The third Continental Congress was the Congress of the Confederation , under the Articles of Confederation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Previous Congresses 2 First Continental Congress , 1774 3 Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1781 4 Confederation Congress , 1781 -- 1788 5 Organization 6 Legacy 7 Timeline 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links Previous congresses ( edit ) Further information : Albany Congress and Stamp Act Congress The idea of a congress of British North American Colonies was first broached in 1754 at the start of the French and Indian war . It met in Albany , New York from June 18 to July 11 , 1754 , and was attended by seven colonies . Among the delegates was Benjamin Franklin , who proposed that the colonies join together in a confederation . While this idea was rejected by the Albany congress , it would be revived in the remaining colonies of British North America 113 years later to create Canada . To present a united front in their opposition to the Stamp act , the Provinces of British North America again met in the Stamp Act Congress , which convened in New York City from 7 through 25 October 1765 . It issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances , which it sent to the British Parliament in London . While the act was repealed , the First Rockingham ministry rejected the Congress ' authority . First Continental Congress , 1774 ( edit ) Main article : First Continental Congress The First Continental Congress met briefly in Carpenter 's Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , from September 5 to October 26 , 1774 . It consisted of fifty - six delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that were to become the United States of America . The delegates , who included George Washington ( then a colonel of the Virginia Colony 's volunteers ) , Patrick Henry , and John Adams , were elected by their respective colonial assemblies . Other notable delegates included Samuel Adams from Massachusetts Bay Colony , and Joseph Galloway and John Dickinson from the Province of Pennsylvania . Peyton Randolph of Virginia was its president . Benjamin Franklin had put forth the idea of such a meeting the year before , but he was unable to convince the colonies of its necessity until the 1773 British blockade at the port of Boston in response to the Boston Tea Party . All of the colonies sent delegates except the newest and most southerly one , the Province of Georgia -- which needed the British Army 's protection in order to contend with attacks from several Native American tribes . Most of the delegates were not yet ready to break away from Great Britain , but they wanted the King and Parliament to act in what they considered a fairer manner . Convened in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by Parliament in 1774 , the delegates organized an economic boycott of Great Britain in protest and petitioned the King for a redress of grievances . The colonies were united in their effort to demonstrate to the mother country their authority by virtue of their common causes and their unity ; but their ultimate objectives were not consistent . The Pennsylvania and New York provinces had sent with their delegates firm instructions to pursue a resolution with Great Britain . While the other colonies all held the idea of colonial rights as paramount , they were split between those who sought legislative equality with Britain and those who instead favored independence and a break from the Crown and its excesses . On October 26 , 1774 , the First Continental Congress adjourned ; but it agreed to reconvene in May 1775 , if Parliament still had not addressed their grievances . Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1781 ( edit ) Main article : Second Continental Congress In London , Parliament debated the merits of meeting the demands made by the colonies ; however , it took no official notice of Congress 's petitions and addresses . On November 30 , 1774 , King George III opened Parliament with a speech condemning Massachusetts and the Suffolk Resolves . At that point it became clear that the Continental Congress would have to convene once again . The Second Continental Congress convened on May 10 , 1775 , at Philadelphia 's State House , passing the resolution for independence the following year on July 2 , 1776 , and publicly asserting the decision two days later with the Declaration of Independence . Thomas Jefferson of Virginia drafted the declaration , and John Adams was a leader in the debates in favor of its adoption . John Hancock of Massachusetts was the president during those debates . To govern during the American Revolutionary War , the Second Continental Congress continued , meeting at various locations , until it became the Congress of the Confederation when the Articles of Confederation were ratified on March 1 , 1781 . Confederation Congress , 1781 -- 1788 ( edit ) Main article : Congress of the Confederation The newly founded country of the United States next had to create a new government to replace the British Parliament / 13 colonies government that it was in rebellion against . After much debate , the Americans adopted the Articles of Confederation , a declaration that established a national government made up of a one - house legislature known as the Congress of the Confederation . It met from 1781 to 1789 . The Confederation Congress helped guide the United States through the final stages of the Revolutionary War , but during peacetime , the Continental Congress steeply declined in importance . During peacetime , there were two important , long - lasting acts of the Confederation Congress : The passage of the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 . This ordinance accepted the abolition of all claims to the land west of Pennsylvania and north of the Ohio River by the states of Pennsylvania , Virginia , New York , Connecticut , and Massachusetts , and the ordinance established Federal control over all of this land in the Northwest Territory -- with the goal that several new states should be created there . In the course of time , this land was divided over the course of many decades into Ohio , Michigan , Indiana , Illinois , Wisconsin , and part of Minnesota . After years of frustration , an agreement was reached in 1786 at the Annapolis Convention to call another convention in May 1787 in Philadelphia with the mission of writing and proposing a number of amendments to the Articles of Confederation to improve the form of government . The report was sent to the Confederation Congress and the State . The result was the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 , which was authorized by all the States thus fulfilling the unanimous requirement of the Articles of Confederation to allow changes to the Articles . Under the Articles of Confederation , the Confederation Congress had little power to compel the individual states to comply with any of its decisions . More and more prospective delegates elected to the Confederation Congress declined to serve in it . The leading men in each State preferred to serve in the state governments , and thus the Continental Congress had frequent difficulties in establishing a quorum . When the Articles of Confederation were superseded by the Constitution of the United States , the Confederation Congress was superseded by the United States Congress . The Confederation Congress finally set up a suitable administrative structure for the Federal government . It put into operation a departmental system , with ministers of finance , of war , and of foreign affairs . Robert Morris was selected as the new Superintendent of Finance , and then Morris used some ingenuity and initiative -- along with a loan from the French Government -- to deal with his empty treasury and also runaway inflation , for a number of years , in the supply of paper money . As the ambassador to France , Benjamin Franklin not only secured the `` bridge loan '' for the national budget , but he also persuaded France to send an army of about 6,000 soldiers across the Atlantic Ocean to America -- and also to dispatch a large squadron of French warships under Comte de Grasse to the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina . These French warships were decisive at the Battle of Yorktown along the coast of Virginia by preventing Lord Cornwallis 's British troops from receiving supplies , reinforcements , or evacuation via the James River and Hampton Roads , Virginia . Robert Morris , the Minister of Finance , persuaded Congress to charter the Bank of North America on Dec. 31 , 1781 . Although a private bank , the Federal Government acquired partial ownership with money lent by France . The Bank of North America played a major role in financing the war against Great Britain . The combined armies of George Washington and Nathanael Greene , with the help of the French Army and Navy , defeated the British in the Battle of Yorktown during October 1781 . Lord Cornwallis was forced to sue for peace and to surrender his entire army to General Washington . During 1783 , the Americans secured the official recognition of the independence of the United States from the United Kingdom via negotiations with British diplomats in Paris , France . These negotiations culminated with the signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , and this treaty was soon ratified by the British Parliament . Organization ( edit ) The delegates to the Continental Congress had extensive experience in deliberative bodies before coming to Congress , with `` a cumulative total of nearly 500 years of experience in their colonial legislatures , and fully a dozen of them had served as Speakers of the houses of their legislatures . '' Both the Parliament of Great Britain and many of their own Colonial assemblies had powerful Speakers of the House and standing committees with strong chairmen , with executive power held by the British Monarch or the colonial Governor . However , the organization of the Continental Congress was based less on the British Parliament or on local state assemblies than on the nine - colony Stamp Act Congress . Nine of the 56 delegates who attended the First Congress in 1774 had previously attended the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 . These were some of the most respected of the delegates , and they influenced the direction of the organization from its opening day , when decisions were made on organization and procedures that lasted over fourteen years until the Congress was adjourned on March 2 , 1788 . The delegates chose a presiding President of the Continental Congress to monitor the debate , maintain order , and make sure journals were kept and documents and letters were published and delivered . Otherwise , the President had little power , and he was largely a figurehead used to meet visiting dignitaries : the office was `` more honorable than powerful '' . The job was not much sought after or retained for long : there were 16 Presidents in 14 years . The turnover of delegates was enormously high as well , with an average year - to - year churn rate of 37 % by one calculation , and 39 % by session - to - session . Of the 343 serving delegates , only 55 % ( 187 delegates ) spent 12 or more months in Philadelphia at the Congress . Only 25 of the delegates served longer than 35 months . This high rate of turnover or churn was not just a characteristic ; it was made into a deliberate policy of term limits . In the Confederation phase of the Congress `` no delegate was permitted to serve more than three years in any six '' . Attendance was variable : while in session , between 54 and 22 delegates were in attendance at any one time , with an average of only 35.5 members attending between 1774 and 1788 . Between 1775 and 1781 they created a few standing committees to handle war related activities , such as the committee of secret correspondence , the treasury board , the board of war and ordnance , and the navy board . However , most of their work was done in small `` ad hoc '' committees consisting of members nominated from the floor . The delegate with the most votes became the chair of the committee . Committees typically had 3 to 5 members : roughly 77 % of the committees had only 3 members . They created 3,294 committees over the 14.5 year calendar life of the congress -- nearly 19 committees a month . At the opening of the Congress , when one delegate suggested they appoint a committee on rules and voting , the motion was rejected , as `` every Gent . was acquainted '' with the British House of Commons usage , and such a committee would be a `` waste of time . '' They did write up rules of debate that guaranteed equal rights to debate and open access to the floor for each delegate . Voting was by the `` unit rule '' : each state cast a single vote . Votes were first taken within each state delegation . The majority determined vote was considered the vote of the state on a motion : in cases of a tie the vote for the state was not counted . The Continental Congress took on powers normally held by the British monarch and his council , such as the conduct of foreign and military affairs . However , the right to tax and regulate trade was reserved for the states , not the Congress . They had no formal way to enforce their motions on the state governments . Delegates did not report directly to the President , but to their home state assemblies : its organizational structure has been described as `` an extreme form of matrix management '' . It ran with very low overhead of 4 men for the 56 delegates , having only Secretary Charles Thomson as its operating officer for the whole period from 1774 to 1789 , supported by a scribe , a doorman , and a messenger . They also appointed initially one , and later two , Congressional Chaplains . Legacy ( edit ) There is a long running debate on how effective the Congress was as an organization . The first critic may have been General George Washington . In an address to his officers , at Newburgh , New York , on March 15 , 1783 , responding to complaints that Congress had not funded their pay and pensions , he stated that he believed that Congress would do the army `` complete justice '' and eventually pay the soldiers . `` But , like all other large Bodies , where there is a variety of different Interests to reconcile , their deliberations are slow . '' In addition to their slowness , the lack of coercive power in the Continental Congress was harshly criticized by James Madison when arguing for the need of a Federal Constitution . His comment in Vices of the Political System of April 1787 set the conventional wisdom on the historical legacy of the institution for centuries to come : A sanction is essential to the idea of law , as coercion is to that of Government . The federal system being destitute of both , wants the great vital principles of a Political Cons ( ti ) tution . Under the form of such a Constitution , it is in fact nothing more than a treaty of amity of commerce and of alliance , between so many independent and Sovereign States . From what cause could so fatal an omission have happened in the Articles of Confederation ? From a mistaken confidence that the justice , the good faith , the honor , the sound policy , of the several legislative assemblies would render superfluous any appeal to the ordinary motives by which the laws secure the obedience of individuals : a confidence which does honor to the enthusiastic virtue of the compilers , as much as the inexperience of the crisis apologizes for their errors . -- James Madison , Vices of the Political System Many commentators take for granted that the leaderless , weak , slow , and small - committee driven , Continental Congress was a failure , largely because after the end of the war the Articles of Confederation no longer suited the needs of a peacetime nation , and the Congress itself , following Madison 's recommendations , called for its revision and replacement . Some also suggest that the Congress was inhibited by the formation of contentious partisan alignments based on regional differences . Others claim that Congress was less ideological than event driven . Others note that the Congress was successful in that the American people `` came to accept Congress as their legitimate institution of Government '' , but the `` rather poor governmental record '' of the Congress forced the constitutional convention of 1787 . Political scientists Calvin Jillson and Rick Wilson in the 1980s accepted the conventional interpretation on the weakness of the Congress due to the lack of coercive power . They explored the role of leadership , or rather the lack of it , in the Continental Congress . Going beyond even Madison 's harsh critique , they used the `` analytical stance of what has come to be called the new institutionalism '' to demonstrate that `` the norms , rules , and institutional structures of the Continental Congress '' were equally to blame `` for the institution 's eventual failure '' , and that the `` institutional structure worked against , rather than with , the delegates in tackling the crucial issues of the day . '' The Historian Richard P. McCormick rendered a more nuanced judgment . He suggested that Madison 's `` extreme judgment '' on the Congress was `` motivated no doubt by Madison 's overriding desire to create a new central government that would be empowered veto the acts of state legislatures , '' but that it fails `` to take any notice of the fact that while the authority of the Confederation Congress was ambiguous , it was not a nullity '' . Benjamin Irvin in his social and cultural history of the Continental Congress , praised `` the invented traditions by which Congress endeavored to fortify the resistance movement and to make meaning of American independence . '' But he noted that after the war 's end , `` Rather than passively adopting the Congress 's creations , the American people embraced , rejected , reworked , ridiculed , or simply ignored them as they saw fit . '' An organizational culture analysis of the Continental Congress by Neil Olsen , looking for the values , norms , and underlying assumptions that drive an organization 's decisions , noted that `` the leaderless Continental Congress outperformed not only the modern congress run by powerful partisan hierarchies , but modern government and corporate entities , for all their coercive power and vaunted skills as ' leaders ' . '' Looking at their mission as defined by state resolutions and petitions entered into the Congressional Journal on its first day , it found that on the common issues of the relief of Boston , securing Colonial rights , eventually restoring harmonious relations with Great Britain , and repealing taxes , they overachieved their mission goals , defeated the largest army and navy in the world , and created two new types of republic . Olsen suggests that the Congress , if slow , when judged by its many achievements -- not the least being recognizing its flaws , then replacing and terminating itself -- was a success . Timeline ( edit ) 1774 September 5 : First Continental Congress convenes at Philadelphia 's Carpenter 's Hall October 14 : Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress is adopted October 18 : Continental Association is adopted October 25 : First Petition to the King is signed October 26 : Congress adjourns , resolving to reconvene the following May if grievances are not redressed 1775 April 19 : War begins at the Battles of Lexington and Concord May 10 : Second Continental Congress convenes at Philadelphia 's State House June 14 : Congress establishes the Continental Army June 15 : Congress appoints one of its members , George Washington , as commander of the Continental Army July 1 : King George III addresses Parliament , stating they will `` put a speedy end '' to the rebellion July 6 : Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms is approved July 8 : Second petition to the king ( the Olive Branch Petition ) is signed and sent to London August 23 : In his Proclamation of Rebellion ( officially titled `` A Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition '' ) , King George III declares elements of the American colonies in `` open and avowed rebellion '' and orders officials of the British Empire `` to use their utmost endeavours to withstand and suppress such rebellion '' October 13 : Congress establishes the Continental Navy November 10 : Congress establishes the Continental Marines 1776 January 10 : Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense June 7 : Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presents a three - part resolution to Congress , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation June 10 : Congress votes on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks to allow time for the delegates to confer with their state assemblies June 11 : Congress appoints a `` Committee of Five '' , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Roger Sherman of Connecticut and Robert R. Livingston of New York , to draft a declaration justifying independence . June 12 : Congress appoints a committee of 13 to draft of a constitution for a union or `` confederation '' of the states July 2 : Lee 's Resolution , or the Resolution of independence is adopted , asserting the independence of the colonies from Britain July 4 : Final text of the United States Declaration of Independence is approved and sent to printer July 12 : John Dickinson presents the Articles of Confederation to Congress August 2 : Declaration of Independence is signed December 12 : Congress adjourns to move to Baltimore , Maryland December 20 : Congress convenes in Baltimore at the Henry Fite House 1777 February 27 : Congress adjourns to return to Philadelphia March 4 : Congress reconvenes at Philadelphia 's State House June 14 : Congress adopts the flag of the 13 United States September 18 : Congress adjourns in order to move to Lancaster , Pennsylvania September 27 : Congress convenes for one day in Lancaster , at the Court House September 30 : Congress reconvenes at York , Pennsylvania at the Court House November 15 : Congress passes the Articles of Confederation and sends it to the states for ratification 1778 June 27 : Congress adjourns to return to Philadelphia July 2 : Congress reconvenes in Philadelphia , first at College Hall , then at the State House 1780 January 15 : Congress establishes the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1781 March 1 : Articles of Confederation go into effect ; Congress becomes the Congress of the Confederation May 26 : Proposed plan from Robert Morris to establish Bank of North America approved by Congress October 17 : Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown , Virginia December 31 : Bank of North America chartered by Congress 1783 June 21 : The Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 forces congress to flee Philadelphia . June 30 : Congress reconvenes in Princeton , New Jersey , first at a house named `` Prospect , '' then Nassau Hall November 4 : Congress adjourns to move to Annapolis , Maryland November 26 : Congress reconvenes at Annapolis , in the State House December 23 : George Washington resigns from the Army 1784 January 14 : The Treaty of Paris is ratified May 7 : Thomas Jefferson is appointed as a minister to France August 19 : Congress adjourns to move to Trenton , New Jersey November 1 : Congress reconvenes at Trenton , at the French Arms Tavern December 24 : Congress adjourns to move to New York City 1785 January 11 : Congress reconvenes in New York City , first at City Hall , then at Fraunces Tavern March 25 -- 28 : The Mount Vernon Compact is signed between Maryland and Virginia covering the use of the Potomac River 1786 August 29 : Shays ' Rebellion begins September 11 -- 14 : The 1786 Annapolis Convention issues a report calling for another meeting in the spring with delegates from all states 1787 May 25 : Constitutional Convention convenes in Philadelphia September 17 : Philadelphia Convention adjourns after writing the United States Constitution 1788 July 2 : New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the US Constitution , thereby allowing for the creation of the new government July 8 : Continental Congress puts the new Constitution into effect by announcing the dates for the elections and the assembly of the new Congress October 10 : The last session during which the Continental Congress succeeded in achieving a quorum . The Continental Congress passes its last act on this date 1789 March 2 : Last session of the Continental Congress at Fraunces Tavern is adjourned sine die . Philip Pell of New York was the sole member in attendance March 4 : First session of the 1st United States Congress begins at Federal Hall April 30 : George Washington inaugurated as first President of the United States July 23 : Charles Thomson transmits to President Washington his resignation of the office of Secretary of Congress July 25 : In accordance with President Washington 's directions , `` the books , records , and papers of the late Congress , the Great Seal of the Federal Union , and the Seal of the Admiralty '' are delivered over to Roger Alden , deputy secretary of the new Congress , who had been designated by President Washington as custodian for the time being See also ( edit ) Albany Congress List of delegates to the Continental Congress Juan de Miralles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 1979 ) . The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . pp. 42 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginning pp 45 -- 49 ^ Jump up to : `` Confederation Congress '' . Ohio Historical Society . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings , pp 133 -- 330 Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis , His Excellency : George Washington ( 2004 ) p 131 Jump up ^ Jillson , Calvin , and Wilson , Rick , Congressional dynamics : structure , coordination , and choice in the first American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Stanford University Press , 1994 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Jillson and Wilson , p. 76 Jump up ^ Olsen , Neil , Pursuing Happiness : the Organizational Culture of the Continental Congress , Nonagram Publications , 2013 , pp. 114 -- 114 Jump up ^ Jillson and Wilson , p. 156 Jump up ^ Olsen , p. 114 Jump up ^ Jillson and Wilson , p. 157 Jump up ^ Jillson and Wilson , p. 3 Jump up ^ Olsen , p. 112 Jump up ^ Olsen , p. 57 Jump up ^ Jillian and Wilson , p. 91 Jump up ^ Burnett , Edmund Cody , Letters of Members of the Continental Congress , The Carnegie Institution of Washington , 1921 , Volume1 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Olsen , p. 71 Jump up ^ Laver , Henry S. , `` Continental Congress '' , Reader 's Guide to American History , editor Peter J. Parish , Routledge , 2013 , pp. 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Henderson , James , Party Politics in the Continental Congress , McGraw Hill , 1974 Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress , Knopf , 1979 Jump up ^ Ammerman , David L. , In the Common Cause : American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774 , University Press of Virginia , 1974 Jump up ^ Marston , Jerrilyn Green , King and Congress : The Transfer of Political Legitimacy , 1774 -- 1776 Jump up ^ Laver , p. 178 Jump up ^ Jillson and Wilson , p. 1 Jump up ^ Jillson and Wilson , p. 4 Jump up ^ McCormick , Richard P. , `` Ambiguous Authority : The Ordinances of the Confederation Congress , 1781 -- 1789 '' , The American Journal of Legal History , Vol. 41 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1997 ) , pp. 411 -- 439 , p. 438 Jump up ^ McCormick , p. 438 Jump up ^ Irvin , Benjamin H. , Clothed in Robes of Sovereignty : The Continental Congress and the People Out of Doors , Oxford University Press , 2011 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Irvin , p. 28 Jump up ^ Olsen , p. 54 Jump up ^ U.S. Congress , Journals of the Continental Congress , Government Printing Office , 1904 , Volume , 1 , pp. 13 -- 24 Jump up ^ Olsen , p. 278 Jump up ^ Taylor , Hannis . The Origin and Growth of the American Constitution , page 268 ( 1911 ) . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 726 . Further reading ( edit ) Burnett , Edward Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton . Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Richard A. Ryerson , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2006 ) 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Henderson , H. James ( 1974 ) . Party Politics in the Continental Congress . New York : McGraw -- Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 028143 - 2 . Horgan , Lucille E. Forged in War : The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy ( 2002 ) Grossman , Mark . Encyclopedia of The Continental Congress ( two volumes , 2015 ) Irvin , Benjamin H. Clothed in Robes of Sovereignty : The Continental Congress and the People Out of Doors ( Oxford University Press ; 2011 ) 378 pages ; analyzes the ritual and material culture used by the Continental Congress to assert its legitimacy and rally a wary public . Jensen , Merrill . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 ( 1959 ) excerpt and text search Jillson , Calvin , and Wilson , Rick , Congressional dynamics : structure , coordination , and choice in the first American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Stanford University Press , 1994 Olsen , Neil , Pursuing Happiness : the Organizational Culture of the Continental Congress , Nonagram Publications , 2013 Rakove , Jack N. ( 1979 ) . The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Resch , John P. , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture and the Homefront vol 1 ( 2005 ) , articles by scholars Primary sources ( edit ) Smith , Paul H. , ed . Letters of Delegates to Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . 26 volumes . Washington : Library of Congress , 1976 -- 1998 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Continental Congress . Journals of the Continental Congress : September 5 , 1774 to March 2 , 1789 . ( 1904 -- 1936 ) Volumes : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Library of Congress -- Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 Library of Congress -- Letters of Delegates to Congress , 1774 -- 1789 Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention From the Collections at the Library of Congress The 14 Presidents of Congress before George Washington , The Treaty of Paris Center <Th_colspan="2"> United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Articles of Confederation <Td_colspan="2"> Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . 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-106,506,948,247,390,240 | what is the best ballet company in russia | Russian ballet - wikipedia Russian ballet Jump to : navigation , search A performance of Giselle , ou Les Wilis Russian ballet ( French : Ballet russe ) is a form of ballet characteristic of or originating from Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Imperial Russian Ballet 2 Ballets Russes 3 Ballet companies 4 Methods 5 Notable dancers 6 Notable Russian ballets 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Imperial Russian ballet ( edit ) Until 1689 , ballet in Russia was nonexistent . The Tsarist control and isolationism in Russia allowed for little influence from the West . It was n't until the rise of Peter the Great that Russian society opened up to the West . St. Petersburg was erected to embrace the West and compete against Moscow 's isolationism . Peter the Great created a new Russia which rivaled the society of the West with magnificent courts and palaces . His vision was to challenge the west . Classical ballet entered the realm of Russia not as entertainment , but as a `` standard of physical comportment to be emulated and internalized - an idealized way of behaving . '' The aim was not to entertain the masses of Russians , but to cultivate a new Russian people . Jean - Baptiste Landé founded Russian ballet . Empress Anna , ( 1730 -- 1740 ) was devoted to ostentatious amusements ( balls , fireworks , tableaux ) , and in the summer of 1734 ordered the appointment of Jean - Baptiste Landé as dancing - master in the military academy she had founded in 1731 for sons of the nobility . In 1738 , he became ballet master and head of the new ballet school , launching the advanced study of ballet in Russia , and winning the patronage of elite families . France provided many leaders such as Charles Didelot in St Petersburg ( 1801 - 1831 ) , Jules Perrot ( 1848 - 1859 ) and Arthur Saint - Léon ( 1859 - 69 ) . In the early 19th century , the theaters were opened up to anyone who could afford a ticket . A seating section called a rayok , or ' paradise gallery ' , consisted of simple wooden benches . This allowed non-wealthy people access to the ballet , because tickets in this section were inexpensive . One author describes the Imperial ballet as `` unlike that of any other country in the world ... the most prestigious of the ballet troupes were those attached to the state - supported theatres . The directors of these companies were personally appointed by the tsar , and all the dancers were , in a sense , Imperial servants . In the theatre , the men in the audience always remained standing until the tsar entered his box and , out of respect , after the performance they remained in their places until he had departed . Curtain calls were arranged according to a strict pattern : first , the ballerina bowed to the tsar 's box , then to that of the theater director , and finally to the general public . Ballets Russes ( edit ) By the early 1900s the Russian ballet went beyond its borders and infiltrated Paris . It had become its own force and was distinctly Russian , while still being embraced by the Parisian society . In 1903 Ivan Clustine , a Russian dancer and choreographer who had started his career at the Bolshoi Theatre , was appointed Maître de ballet at the Paris Opera . Clustine 's hiring promoted a frenzy of questions about his nationality and choreographic agenda : `` His hiring was thought a direct attempt by the Opera to imitate the Russian company ; even he thought as much , maintaining , not without despondency , that inspiration too often came from the north : ' A revolution ! A method that people often apply in the country of the tsars . ' Clustine , although acknowledging his nationality with pride , harbored none of the revolutionary intentions that some thought an inevitable consequence of being Russian . '' The Parisians , while denying adoption of the backwards Russian troupe , had distinct Russian influence in their theater . `` Despite Clustine 's protestations , several features of the Opera 's post-1909 ballets , along with its institutional conventions and balletic policy , appeared to betray a Russian influence . '' The stigma of Russian brutality and force was applied even in Paris . While their style was not only being accepted in Paris , but implemented in Paris theaters , the Ballets Russes were still considered dangerous , even in the theatre of performing art . `` The Ballets Russes , at base , became a metaphor for invasion , an eternal force that could engulf and control , could penetrate the membrane of French society , culture and even art itself . '' The embracing of Russian ballet in the Paris society became a point of contention and French nationalism collided with Russian determination . Questions arose about the Russian intention in the Paris theaters under the title `` cultural politics '' including `` the delimitation of boundaries , the preservation of identity and the nature of relational engagements . '' Russia was incapable of simply bringing Russian culture to the West , but created a paranoia of intentions wherever they went . In the beginning , the relationship between Russia and France through the arts was a testimony to their political allegiances . `` French critics acknowledged a shared choreographic heritage : French ballet had migrated to Russia in the nineteenth century , only to return , decades later , under the guise of the Ballets Russes . The company , then , moored in a history that intertwined both nations , not only contributed to a cultural programme of exchange . The Ballets Russes were a testament to Franco - Russian cooperation , goodwill and support ; they represented ' un nouveau resserrement de l'alliance ' ( a further strengthening of the alliance ) . '' However , the relationship made a negative turn when duplicity amongst the alliance arose . While Russia continued to borrow money from the French banks , `` the Russians no longer interested in supporting French culture and colonial politics . '' This duplicity gave fuel for the paranoia and lack of trust we see in the relationship concerning the arts . The Parisian press spoke of the Ballets Russes in terms of both `` enchantement ' , ' bouleversement ' and ' fantaisie ' . Yet they also invoked metaphors of invasion , describing the company 's Parisian presence in terms of ' assaut ' ( onslaught ) and ' conquete ' ( conquest ) . '' The dual - faceted relationship can be seen in this expression of both enrapture and contention . One French journalist , Maurice Lefevre , called on his fellow Parisians to see the reality of the Russian invasion as though it was an infestation , `` We need to do some soul - searching and ask whether our guests are not about to become our masters . '' To imply that Russia was about to take over France through performing arts seems to be irrational , but evidence would suggest the fears were real among those in Paris . Ballet companies ( edit ) The first ballet company was the Imperial School of Ballet in St. Petersburg in the 1740s . Sergey Diaghilev , ( 1872 - 1929 ) , an enormously important figure in the Russian ballet scene , founded the ballet company Ballets Russes in the 1909 . Diaghilev intervened in every aspect of ballet - direction , production , lighting , scenery , and performance . He headquartered his ballet company in Paris . A protégé of Diaghilev , George Balanchine , founded the New York City Ballet in 1948 . Today , the Kirov Ballet company ( now known as the Mariinsky Ballet ) and the Bolshoi company are two world - renowned Russian ballet companies that tour the world . Mariinsky Ballet ( formerly Kirov ballet ) Bolshoi Ballet Other Russian ballet companies include : Ballets Russes , founded in 1909 Moscow State Academy of Choreography , commonly known as The Bolshoi Ballet Academy , founded in 1773 Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet , founded in 1738 as the Imperial Ballet School Saint Petersburg Eifman Ballet , founded in 1977 Mikhailovsky Theatre Ballet , founded in the 1930s Perm Theatre Ballet , founded in 1896 Novosibirsk Theatre Ballet , founded in 1945 Russian State Ballet of Siberia , founded in 1978 A number of companies have been called , or included in their name , Moscow Ballet . Methods ( edit ) Several methods exist in Russian ballet . The most widely used is the Vaganova method , named after the ballerina and teacher , Agrippina Vaganova . Notable dancers ( edit ) Anna Pavlova , one of the most celebrated dancers of her time Many Russian dancers have gone on to reach worldwide acclaim ; notable Russian dancers include : Nina Ananiashvili Altynai Asylmuratova Mikhail Baryshnikov Natalia Bessmertnova Vakhtang Chabukiani Natalia Dudinskaya Nikolai Fadeyechev Michel Fokine Yekaterina Geltzer Pavel Gerdt Elizaveta Gerdt Alexander Gorsky Alexander Godunov Anna Johansson Tamara Karsavina Mathilde Kschessinska Ekaterina Kondaurova Ekaterina Krysanova Nikolai Legat Sergei Legat Olga Lepeshinskaya Larissa Lezhnina Maris Liepa Ulyana Lopatkina Lydia Lopokova Natalia Makarova Vladimir Malakhov Léonide Massine Ekaterina Maximova Galina Mezentseva Mikhail Mordkin Irek Mukhamedov Vaslav Nijinsky Olesya Novikova Rudolf Nureyev Evgenia Obraztsova Alla Osipenko Natalia Osipova Veronika Part Anna Pavlova Maya Plisetskaya Olga Preobrajenska Farukh Ruzimatov Leonid Sarafanov Marina Semenova Polina Semionova Konstantin Sergeyev Alla Shelest Vladimir Shklyarov Alla Sizova Olga Smirnova Alina Somova Olga Spesivtseva Yulia Stepanova Vasily Tikhomirov Vera Trefilova Nikolay Tsiskaridze Galina Ulanova Agrippina Vaganova Ivan Vasiliev Vladimir Vasiliev Ekaterina Vazem Diana Vishneva Pierre Vladimiroff Vaslav Nijinsky Rudolf Nureyev Svetlana Zakharova Notable Russian ballets ( edit ) The Pharaoh 's Daughter ( 1862 ) The Little Humpbacked Horse ( 1864 ) Le Roi Candaule ( 1868 ) Don Quixote ( 1869 ) La Bayadère ( 1877 ) The Sleeping Beauty ( ballet ) ( 1890 ) The Nutcracker ( 1892 ) The Awakening of Flora ( 1894 ) Swan Lake ( 1895 ) Raymonda ( 1898 ) Harlequinade ( 1900 ) `` The Firebird '' ( 1910 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Cinderella ( 1945 ) See also ( edit ) Ballet portal Mariinsky Ballet Bolshoi Ballet Vaganova method The New York Ballet Institute Glossary of ballet terms References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Homans ( 2010 ) , 244 . Jump up ^ Samuel H. Cross , `` The Russian Ballet Before Dyagilev . '' Slavonic and East European Review . American Series 3.4 ( 1944 ) : 19 - 49 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Roslavleva , Natalia . Era of the Russian Ballet Jump up ^ Anderson ( 1992 ) , 101 . Jump up ^ Roslavleva ( 1966 ) , 154 - 55 ^ Jump up to : Davinia Caddy , The Ballets Russes and Beyond : Music and Dance in Belle - Epoque Paris ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2012 ) , 34 . ^ Jump up to : Caddy ( 2012 ) , 34 . Jump up ^ Sergeĭ Leonidovich Grigorʹev , The Diaghilev Ballet , 1909 - 1929 ( Constable , 1953 ) . Jump up ^ Willia - Aarnio , Peggy . Agrippina Vaganova ( 1879 - 1951 ) : Her Place in the History of Ballet and Her Impact on the Future of Classical Dance Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , Jack . ( 1992 ) . Ballet and Modern Dance : A Concise History . New Jersey : Princeton Book Company . Andre , Paul ; Arkadyev , V. ( 1999 ) Great History of Russian Ballet : Its Art & Choreography ( 1999 ) . Caddy , Davinia. ( 2012 ) . The Ballets Russes and Beyond : Music and Dance in Belle - Epoque Paris . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Cross , Samuel H. ( 1944 ) `` The Russian Ballet Before Dyagilev . '' Slavonic and East European Review . American Series 3.4 ( 1944 ) : 19 - 49 . in JSTOR Curtis , Glenn E , ed. ( 1996 ) . Russia : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . Homans , Jennifer , ( 2010 ) . Apollo 's Angels : A History of Ballet . New York : Random House . Johnson , Alfred Edwin . ( 1913 ) The Russian Ballet ( Houghton Mifflin ) online Lifar , Serge. ( 1954 ) . A history of Russian ballet from its origins to the present day ( Hutchinson ) Lobenthal , Joel . ( 2016 ) Alla Osipenko : Beauty and Resistance in Soviet Ballet ( Oxford University Press ) Norton , Leslie . ( 2004 ) Léonide Massine and the 20th century ballet ( McFarland ) Propert , Walter Archibald. ( 1972 ) The Russian Ballet in Western Europe , 1909 - 1920 . B. Blom Roslavleva , Natalia. ( 1966 ) . Era of the Russian Ballet , New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. , Inc . Surit͡s , E. I͡A , and E. I︠A︡ Surit︠s︡. ( 1990 ) Soviet Choreographers in the 1920s ( Duke Univ Press , 1990 ) . Wiley , Roland John . ( 1990 ) A century of Russian ballet : documents and accounts , 1810 - 1910 ( Oxford University Press ) Willis - Aarino , Peggy. ( 2002 ) . Agrippina Vaganova ( 1879 -- 1951 ) : Her Place in the History of Ballet and Her Impact on the Future of Classical Dance , Lewiston , New York : Edwin Mellen Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ballet of Russia . Russian ballet Russian Ballet Company The Pennsylvania Academy of Ballet , a Vaganova method school BBT / School of Russian American Ballet in Brooklyn , NY , USA The Russian Ballet Academy of Indiana , a professional Vaganova method school Russian ballet today : Who 's who in Russian ballet - a professional community website with discussions , video channel , photos etc <Th_colspan="2"> Ballet General information Company Glossary History Music Timeline Terminology Aplomb Arabesque Barre Battement Divertissement Entrée de ballet Grand pas Pas de deux Pas de quatre Pas de trois Pièce d'occasion Turnout Variation Ballet by genre Ballet d'action Ballet blanc Ballets de cour Character Classical Comédie - ballet Contemporary Comic ballet Grotesque dance Narrative ballet Neoclassical Opéra - ballet Romantic ballet Ballet by region Azerbaijani British French Italian Russian Technique Balanchine Bournonville Cecchetti Pointe technique Positions ( arms ) Positions ( feet ) Vaganova Occupations and ranks Ballet dancer Ballet master Character dancers Corps de ballet Danseur Étoile Danseur noble Demi - soloist Prima ballerina assoluta Principal dancer Répétiteur Soloist Ballet apparel Ballet shoe Dance belt Leg warmer Leotard Pointe shoe Tights Tutu Unitard Awards Prix Benois de la Danse Prix de Lausanne Telstra Ballet Dancer Awards Organisations Ballet Society Publications Ballet Review Dance and Dancers Pointe Related articles Ballet ( documentary film ) Chamber ballet Choreography Royal Academy of Dance Western stereotype of the male ballet dancer <Td_colspan="2"> Lists Ballets Characters Companies Dancers Schools Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_ballet&oldid=823984485 '' Categories : Russian ballet Ballet styles History of ballet Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Polski Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 17 : 07 . About Wikipedia | 1. Russian ballet history
2. Imperial Russian ballet
3. Ballets Russes
4. Notable Russian ballet dancers
5. Vaganova method |
-7,022,348,364,041,284,000 | who are the cast members of when calls the heart | When Calls the Heart - wikipedia When Calls the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . <Th_colspan="2"> When Calls the Heart <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 48 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season . The season premiered with a two - hour Christmas special that was broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event , and continues for 10 episodes which began February 18 , 2018 . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Characters 5 Production 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 <Td_colspan="1"> April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) <Td_colspan="3"> New Year 's Wish <Td_colspan="2"> December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Christmas <Td_colspan="2"> December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="3"> The Christmas Wishing Tree <Td_colspan="2"> December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring ( edit ) Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Josie Bissett as AJ Foster Characters ( edit ) Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and ended on December 21 , 2017 . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired the second and third seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm , Net Makes Announcements , Including ' When Calls the Heart ' Renewal , At Central Park Event '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Johnny Depp , When Calls the Heart , and Eggplant Emoji '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krakow , Erin ( @ erinkrakow ) ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth ! It flew ! Missing my Hope Valley friends already ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : When Calls the Heart Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=835512794 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 03 : 39 . About Wikipedia | 1. When Calls the Heart television series
2. Family drama and western genre
3. Based on Janette Oke's book series
4. Main characters: Elizabeth Thatcher, Jack Thornton, Abigail Stanton
5. Plot set in a small coal-mining town in Western Canada |
8,300,433,556,059,895,000 | who wrote the original how the grinch stole christmas | How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! - Wikipedia How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book by Dr. Seuss . For other uses , see How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( disambiguation ) . How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! <Td_colspan="2"> Book cover Author Dr. Seuss Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Redbook ( magazine ) Random House ( book ) Publication date October 12 , 1957 ( Redbook ) November 24 , 1957 ( renewed 1985 ) Media type Print Pages 69 ISBN 0 - 394 - 80079 - 6 OCLC 178325 How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! is a children 's story by Theodor `` Dr. Seuss '' Geisel written in rhymed verse with illustrations by the author . It follows the Grinch , a grouchy , solitary creature who attempts to put an end to Christmas by stealing Christmas - themed items from the homes of the nearby town Whoville on Christmas Eve . Despite his efforts , Whoville 's inhabitants still celebrate the holiday , so the Grinch returns everything that he stole and is the guest of honor at the Whos ' Christmas dinner . The story was published as a book by Random House in 1957 , and at approximately the same time in an issue of Redbook . The book criticizes the commercialization of Christmas . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named it one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number 61 among the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the fourth of five Dr. Seuss books on the list . The book was adapted as a Christmas special twice , a 1966 animated TV film starring Boris Karloff as both the narrator and the voice of the Grinch and a 2000 live - action feature film starring Jim Carrey . There will also be a computer - animated film adaptation , starring Benedict Cumberbatch scheduled for release on November 9 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Creation and publication 3 Reception 4 Analysis 5 Adaptations 6 Legacy 7 Notes 8 Sources 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The Grinch is a bitter , grouchy , cave - dwelling creature with a heart `` two sizes too small '' who is living as a hermit on the snowy Mount Crumpit , a steep high mountain just north of the town of Whoville , home of the merry and warm - hearted Whos . His only companion is his unloved , but loyal dog , Max . From his cave , the Grinch can hear the noisy Christmas festivities that take place in Whoville . Continuously annoyed , he decides to devise a wicked scheme by stealing their presents , trees , and food for their Christmas feast . He crudely disguises himself as Santa Claus , and forces Max , disguised as a reindeer , to drag a sleigh down the mountain towards Whoville . Once at Whoville , the Grinch slides down the chimney of one house and steals all of the Whos ' Christmas presents , the Christmas tree , and the log for their fire . He is briefly interrupted in his burglary by Cindy Lou , a little Who girl , but concocts a crafty lie to effect his escape from her home . After stealing from one house , he does the same thing to all the other houses in the village of Whoville . After spending all night stealing stuff from the houses of Whoville , the Grinch prepares his journey back to Mount Crumpit , and intends to dump all of the Christmas stuff into the abyss , but Max , utilizing every last of his strength to pull the sleigh upward , causes the sleigh to get stuck on a cliff . As dawn arrives , the Grinch expects the people in Whoville to let out bitter and sorrowful cries , but is confused to hear them singing a joyous Christmas song instead . He puzzles for a moment until it dawns on him that `` maybe Christmas , perhaps , means a little bit more '' than just presents and feasting . The Grinch 's shrunken heart suddenly grows three sizes . The reformed and liberated Grinch begins having second thoughts , and returns to the village to give back all of the Whos ' Christmas stuff . The Grinch is warmly invited to the Whos ' feast , where he has the honor of carving the Roast Beast . Creation and publication ( edit ) Dr. Seuss working on How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! in early 1957 . The Grinch first appeared in a 32 - line illustrated poem by Dr. Seuss called `` The Hoobub and the Grinch , '' which was originally published in the May 1955 edition of Redbook magazine . Dr. Seuss began work on How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! a couple years later , around the beginning of 1957 . He had recently completed The Cat in the Hat and was in the midst of founding Beginner Books with Phyllis and Bennett Cerf and his wife , Helen Palmer Geisel . Helen , who had ongoing medical problems and had suffered a small stroke in April 1957 , nevertheless acted as an unofficial editor , as she had with previous Dr. Seuss books . Dr. Seuss wrote the book quickly and was mostly finished with it within a few weeks . Biographers Judith and Neil Morgan wrote , `` It was the easiest book of his career to write , except for its conclusion . '' According to Dr. Seuss , `` I got hung up getting the Grinch out of the mess . I got into a situation where I sounded like a second - rate preacher or some biblical truisim ... Finally in desperation ... without making any statement whatever , I showed the Grinch and the Whos together at the table , and made a pun of the Grinch carving the ' roast beast . ' ... I had gone through thousands of religious choices , and then after three months it came out like that . '' By mid-May 1957 , the book was finished and in the mail to the Random House offices in New York . In June , the Dr. Seuss and his wife took a month - long vacation to Hawaii , where he checked and returned the book 's galley proof . The book debuted in December 1957 , in both a book version published by Random House and in an issue of Redbook . Dr. Seuss dedicated the book to Theodor `` Teddy '' Owens , the one - year - old son of his niece , Peggy Owens . Reception ( edit ) M.S. Libby , writing in the New York Herald Tribune , compared the book favorably to Dr. Seuss 's earlier works : `` His peculiar and original genius in line and word is always the same , yet , so rich are the variations he plays on his themes , always fresh and amusing . '' Kirkus Reviews wrote , `` Youngsters will be in transports over the goofy gaiety of Dr. Seuss 's first book about a villain . '' The reviewer called the Grinch `` easily the best Christmas - cad since Scrooge . '' Ellen Lewis Buell , in her review in The New York Times , praised the book 's handling of its moral , as well as its illustrations and verse . She wrote , `` Even if you prefer Dr. Seuss in a purely antic mood , you must admit that if there 's a moral to be pointed out , no one can do it more gaily . The reader is swept along by the ebullient rhymes and the weirdly zany pictures until he is limp with relief when the Grinch reforms and , like the latter , mellow with good feelings . '' The review for The Saturday Review of Literature stated : `` The inimitable Dr. Seuss has brought off a fresh triumph in his new picture book ... The verse is as lively and the pages are as bright and colorful as anyone could wish . '' The reviewer suggested that parents and older siblings reading the book to young children would also enjoy its moral and humor . Charlotte Jackson of the San Francisco Chronicle called the book `` wonderful fantasy , in the true Dr. Seuss manner , with pictures in the Christmas colors . '' Analysis ( edit ) Some writers , including Dr. Seuss himself , have made a connection between the Grinch and Dr. Seuss . In the story , the Grinch laments that he has had to put up with the Whos ' celebration of Christmas for 53 years . As both Thomas Fensch and Charles Cohen note , Dr. Seuss was 53 when he wrote and published the book . Dr. Seuss himself asserted the connection in an article in the December 1957 edition of Redbook : `` I was brushing my teeth on the morning of the 26th of last December when I noticed a very Grinch - ish countenance in the mirror . It was Seuss ! So I wrote about my sour friend , the Grinch , to see if I could rediscover something about Christmas that obviously I 'd lost . '' Seuss 's step - daughter , Lark Dimond - Cates , stated in a speech in 2003 , `` I always thought the Cat ... was Ted on his good days , and the Grinch was Ted on his bad days . '' Cohen notes that Seuss drove a car with a license plate that read `` GRINCH '' . Thomas Fensch notes that the Grinch is the first adult and the first villain to be a main character in a Dr. Seuss book . Adaptations ( edit ) The book has been adapted into a variety of media , including stage and film . Chuck Jones and Ben Washam ( Co-Director ) adapted the story as an animated special in 1966 , featuring narration by Boris Karloff , who also provided the Grinch 's voice . Thurl Ravenscroft sang `` You 're a Mean One Mr. Grinch '' with lyrics written by Dr. Seuss himself . A musical stage version was produced by the Old Globe Theatre , San Diego , in 1998 . It also was produced on Broadway and a limited - engagement US tour in 2008 . The North American Tour began in the fall of 2010 and has subsequently toured every fall since . It will begin its 6th tour in October 2015 . In 2000 , the book was adapted into a live - action film , directed by Ron Howard and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch . Illumination Entertainment is also developing a 3D animated feature film , titled The Grinch with Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney set to direct it and Benedict Cumberbatch voicing the Grinch . It was originally scheduled to be released on November 10 , 2017 , but in June 2016 , it was pushed back to November 9 , 2018 . Several audio recordings and audio - visual adaptations of the book have also been published . In 1975 , Zero Mostel narrated an LP record of the story . In 1992 , Random House Home Video released an updated animated version of the book narrated by Walter Matthau . In 2009 , an interactive e-book version was released for the iPhone . The book was adapted into a 13 - minute song , performed by the Boston Pops Orchestra , arranged by Danny Troob , and featuring bassist Reid Burton and actor Will LeBow narrating it on the Boston Pops 's 2013 CD , `` A Boston Pops Christmas -- Live from Symphony Hall with Keith Lockhart '' . As of 2005 , the book had been translated into nine languages , including Latin as Quomodo Invidiosulus Nomine Grinchus Christi Natalem Abrogaverit : How the Grinch Stole Christmas in Latin by Jennifer Morrish Tunberg with the assistance of Terence O. Tunberg . The translation was published in October 1998 by Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers Inc . Legacy ( edit ) Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number 61 among the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the fourth of five Dr. Seuss books on the list . The Grinch appears in the animated specials Halloween Is Grinch Night and The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat and he and Max also appear in the puppet children 's show The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss . The Grinch , Cindy Lou Who , and Max , appear in Seussical , a musical which takes it plot from several Dr. Seuss books . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zielinski , Stan ( 2006 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Collecting Children 's Picturebooks : Dr. Seuss -- Redbook Magazine Original Stories '' . 1stedition.net . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Nel 2004 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Nel 2004 , p. 117 ^ Jump up to : Morgan & Morgan 1995 , pp. 157 -- 58 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1988 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Nel 2004 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Fensch 2001 , pp. 128 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : Fensch 2001 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen 2004 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Hart , William B. ( December 1957 ) . `` Between the Lines '' . Redbook . access - date = requires url = ( help ) as quoted in Cohen 2004 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Dimond - Cates , Lark ( October 27 , 2003 ) . Speech by Lark Dimond - Cates ( Speech ) . United States Postal Service 's unveiling of Theodor Seuss Geisel stamp . Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden , Springfield , Massachusetts . as quoted in Cohen 2004 , p. 321 Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Morgan & Morgan 1995 , pp. 190 -- 92 Jump up ^ http://www.grinchmusical.com/ Jump up ^ `` How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ' Remake in the Works at Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch to Voice the Grinch in ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2011 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's ' The Grinch ' Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005 , p. 125 Jump up ^ Broida , Rick . `` ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ' dazzles on iPhone '' . Cnet . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindemann 2005 , pp. 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ Reardon , Patrick ( 15 December 1998 ) . `` How the Grinch Went Latin '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Cohen , Charles ( 2004 ) . The Seuss , the Whole Seuss , and Nothing But the Seuss : A Visual Biography of Theodor Seuss Geisel . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0375822483 . Fensch , Thomas ( 2001 ) . The Man Who Was Dr. Seuss . Woodlands : New Century Books . ISBN 0 - 930751 - 11 - 6 . Lindemann , Richard ( 2005 ) . The Dr. Seuss Catalog : An Annotated Guide to Works by Theodor Geisel in All Media , Writings About Him , and Appearances of Characters and Places in the Books , Stories and Films . McFarland & Company . MacDonald , Ruth ( 1988 ) . Dr. Seuss . Twayne Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 7524 - 2 . Morgan , Neil ; Morgan , Judith Giles ( 1996 ) . Dr. Seuss and Mr. Geisel : a biography . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80736 - 7 . Nel , Philip ( 2004 ) . Dr. Seuss : American Icon . Continuum Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1434 - 6 . Pease , Donald E. ( 2010 ) . Theodor Seuss Geisel . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532302 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Christmas portal 1950s portal Grinch at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Cat in the Hat Songbook The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing <Td_colspan="2"> as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . <Th_colspan="2"> Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Characters Grinch Book How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1957 ) Music `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( 1966 ) Adaptations Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 , TV special ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 , TV special ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 , TV special ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical ( 1994 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 live action film ) Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 animated film ) Related Dr. Seuss Memorial <Th_colspan="2"> Christmas <Td_colspan="2"> Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_the_Grinch_Stole_Christmas!&oldid=820871834 '' Categories : 1957 books Books adapted into films Books by Dr. Seuss Christmas children 's books Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 03 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. How the Grinch Stole Christmas
2. Dr. Seuss
3. Children's literature
4. Christmas story
5. Adaptations |
617,734,016,604,569,300 | who plays lemon's sister on hart of dixie | Claudia Lee - Wikipedia Claudia Lee Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Claudia Lee '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Claudia Lee Claudia Lee Mirkowski Lafayette , Indiana , U.S. Occupation Actress , singer Years active 2009 -- present Claudia Lee is an American actress , singer and songwriter best known for her role as Magnolia Breeland on the CW comedy - drama Hart of Dixie . She also played Bridget on the comedy Zeke and Luther . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Singing 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Lee was born Claudia Lee Mirkowski in Lafayette Indiana , to Denise and Klaudius Mirkowski . At the age of 3 , her parents enrolled her in dance classes , where she studied ballet , jazz and tap - dancing for 10 years . When she was 8 years old , Lee expressed a desire to learn her father 's native language . Determined that she would learn to speak Polish , her parents sent her to school in Poznań , Poland for one month every summer for five years . Claudia also has an older brother who with whom she shares a `` great bond '' and influences her characters . Long interested in music , Lee began taking piano lessons when she was 10 . At age 13 , she attended the School of Creative and Performing Arts ( SOCAPA ) summer camp in Vermont . There , her roommate introduced Lee to an agent from Hollywood who was instrumental in bringing her to Los Angeles . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Lee and her family arrived in Hollywood in January 2010 . Within her first few weeks , Lee landed a role in a national TV commercial for Comcast with actor Zachary Levi ( Chuck , Less Than Perfect ) . She was then cast in a short film , The Circus Girl , as Elizaveta , a young Russian villain who is traveling with a struggling circus family . Following The Circus Girl , Lee went on to television series Zeke and Luther and Hart of Dixie . In August 2012 , Lee was cast in the Universal Studios film Kick - Ass 2 , which was based on the second volume of the Kick - Ass comic book series by Mark Millar and John Romita , Jr . The film , directed by Jeff Wadlow , was released in August 2013 . In 2014 , Lee appeared in the Fox comedy series Surviving Jack . Singing ( edit ) In 2010 Lee began working with music producer Max DiCarlo . In November of that year , Lee released her first song and music video , `` It Gets Better '' , inspired by a national campaign aimed at stopping bullying. Lee 's debut album , Here Right Now , was released in February 2012 . `` Hollywood Sunset '' , a song on the album , had previously been released in September 2011 . The next two singles from the album , the country - rap song `` 3 Leaf Clover '' , and `` Take My Hand '' that Lee performed on Hart of Dixie , were released in 2012 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Circus Girl Elizaveta Short film 2013 Kick - Ass 2 Brooke 2015 The Girl in the Photographs Colleen 2017 The Outcasts Whitney Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Zeke and Luther Bridget 4 episodes 2011 -- 15 Hart of Dixie Magnolia Breeland Recurring role 2014 Surviving Jack Rachel 7 episodes 2016 Girl Meets World Francesca Episodes : `` Girl Meets High School : Parts One and Two '' References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` About Claudia - Claudia Lee 's official website '' . ClaudiaLeeLive.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Linda Ge ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Girl Meets World ' Casts Luke Benward , Ashley Argota , Claudia Lee for Season 3 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 . General sources Article in Billboard.com Article in Faze Magazine Article in Seventeen Magazine Article in Talk TV World Article in Talk Tunes World Article in The Hollywood Reporter Article in ClevverTV Article in Character Grades External links ( edit ) Official website Claudia Lee on IMDb Claudia Lee on FanAccess Hollywood Sunset on YouTube It Gets Better on YouTube 3 Leaf Clover on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Lee&oldid=798261745 '' Categories : 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Indiana American child actresses American child singers American film actresses American singer - songwriters American television actresses Living people Singers from Indiana People from Lafayette , Indiana Songwriters from Indiana American people of Polish descent Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from February 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with topics of unclear notability from March 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 21 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Claudia Lee - American actress and singer
2. Hart of Dixie - TV show where Claudia Lee played Magnolia Breeland
3. Early life and career of Claudia Lee
4. Filmography of Claudia Lee
5. Claudia Lee's music career |
-1,594,218,914,804,737,300 | do i need visa to go to afghanistan | Visa requirements for Afghanistani citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for Afghanistani citizens Jump to : navigation , search Main article : Afghanistani passport Afghanistani passport Visa requirements for Afghanistani citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Afghanistan . As of 1 January 2017 , Afghanistani citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 20 countries and territories , ranking the Afghanistani passport 104th in terms of travel freedom ( Lowest of all passports ) according to the Henley visa restrictions index . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 3 Territories 4 Vaccination 5 Passport validity 6 See also 7 References Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Afghanistani citizens Afghanistan Visa free access Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Albania Visa required Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa required Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Electronic Entry Visa Argentina Visa required Armenia Visa required Australia Visa required May apply online ( Online Visitor e600 visa ) . 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Latvia Visa required Lebanon Visa required Lesotho eVisa Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa required Lithuania Visa required Luxembourg Visa required Macedonia Visa required Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days Malawi Visa required Malaysia Visa required Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa required Marshall Islands Visa required Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa required Mexico Visa required Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa required Monaco Visa required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa required Morocco Visa required Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar Visa required Namibia Visa required Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa required Netherlands Visa required New Zealand Visa required Nicaragua Visa required Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa required Oman Visa required Pakistan Visa required Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa required Papua New Guinea Visa required Paraguay Visa required Peru Visa required Philippines Visa required Poland Visa required Portugal Visa required Qatar eVisa Romania Visa required Russia Visa required Rwanda Visa required Visa is obtained online . Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa required Saint Lucia Visa required Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa required São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa Visa is obtained online . Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa required Serbia Visa required Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa required Slovakia Visa required Slovenia Visa required Solomon Islands Visa required Somalia Visa required Visa may be obtained on arrival , provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival . South Africa Visa required South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa required Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa required Swaziland Visa required Sweden Visa required Switzerland Visa required Syria Visa required Tajikistan Visa required Tanzania Visa required Thailand Visa required Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa required Trinidad and Tobago Visa required Tunisia Visa required Turkey Visa required Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Ukraine Visa required United Arab Emirates Visa required United Kingdom Visa required United States Visa required Uruguay Visa required Uzbekistan Visa required Vanuatu Visa required Vatican City Visa required Venezuela Visa required Vietnam Visa required Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa Zimbabwe eVisa Territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for Afghanistani citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas and restricted zones : <Th_colspan="3"> Africa Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . Eritrea ( outside Asmara ) Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) Ascension Island Entry permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena Visitor 's pass on arrival Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha Visa required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Western Sahara controlled territory ) Unknown Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival <Th_colspan="3"> Asia Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Hong Kong Visa required India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for all of Arunachal Pradesh , Manipur , Mizoram and parts of Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Macau Visa on arrival North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Taiwan Visa required Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province Special permits required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region Travel permit required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . <Th_colspan="3"> Caribbean and North Atlantic Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Anguilla Visa required Aruba Visa required Bermuda Visa required Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba Visa required British Virgin Islands Visa required Cayman Islands Visa required Curacao Visa required French Guiana Visa required French West Indies Visa required Montserrat Visa required Puerto Rico Visa required Sint Maarten Visa required Turks and Caicos Islands Visa required U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required <Th_colspan="3"> Europe Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Abkhazia Visa required Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Gibraltar Visa required Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Kosovo Visa required Nagorno - Karabakh Republic Visa required Travellers with Nagorno - Karabakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Nagorno - Karabakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . South Ossetia Visa required Three day prior notification required . Transnistria Visa required Registration required after 24h . <Th_colspan="3"> Oceania Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) American Samoa Visa required Ashmore and Cartier Islands Authoristion required Special authorisation required . Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days French Polynesia Visa required Guam Visa required Niue Visa on arrival 30 days Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permit required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . <Th_colspan="3"> South Atlantic and Antarctica Visitor to Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Falkland Islands Visa required South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica Special permits required for British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Arab League -- Certain countries will deny access to holders of Israeli visas or passport stamps of Israel . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Passport validity ( edit ) Many countries require passport validity of no less than 6 months and one or two blank pages . See also ( edit ) Afghanistan portal Visa policy of Afghanistan Afghanistani passport References ( edit ) ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ MINISTERE DE LA SECURITE PUBLIQUE , DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA POLICE NATIONALE , COMISSARIAT GENERAL DE LA POLICE DE L'AIR , DES FRONTIERES ET DES ETRANGERS NOTE CIRCULAIRE DU 17 / 02 / 2015 ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 1 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 2 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ eVisa Lesotho ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 3 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ https://www.migration.gov.rw/services/visa/ ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.smf.st/virtualvisa/ ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Uganda Electronic Visa / Permit Application System ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/asia-oceania/british-indian-ocean-territory?ta=entryRequirements&pg=4 ^ http://www.eritrea.be/MoT.htm ^ http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/services/entry-permits/ ^ http://www.sthelenatourism.com/the-island/useful-info/ ^ http://www.tristandc.com/visitsadmin.php ^ http://www.lonelyplanet.com/somaliland-puntland-and-somalia/practical-information/visas ^ http://www.somalilandgov.com/Visa%20Application.htm ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://as.and.nic.in/TourismAND/TCorner/ForeignersNew.htm ^ http://arunachaltourism.com/entry_formalities.php ^ http://manipurbhawan.nic.in/entryformalities.htm ^ http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ ^ http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/web9.htm ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.pamirs.org/visas.htm ^ http://www.traveltajikistan.com/visas/gbao.html ^ http://tajiktourism.com/tajikistan-visa/ ^ http://www.xzta.gov.cn/yww/Essential/Notice/4719.shtml ^ http://www.tibettravel.org/tibet-travel-permit/tibet-permits.html ^ http://www.tibettravelplanner.com/travel_permit.htm ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://mfaapsny.org/aps/council/visa.php ^ http://www.athosfriends.org/PilgrimsGuide/planning/ ^ http://www.mountathosinfos.gr/pages/agionoros/pilgrims_info.en.html ^ http://www.korinia.com/living-north-cyprus.php ^ http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/tourism/tourist.html ^ http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1608&tt=graphic&lang=l1 ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.jan-mayen.no/visit.htm ^ http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19620601-0001.html ^ http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,158 ^ http://www.nkr.am/en/the-procedure-of-foreign-citizens-entry-to-the-nkr/92/ ^ http://www.nkrusa.org/nkr_office/visa_travel.shtml ^ http://mfa.gov.az/index.php?options=content&id=587 ^ http://mfa-rso.su/node/55 ^ http://mfa-rso.su/en/node/406 ^ http://www.luxlana.net/Transdniestr.html ^ http://transnistria-tour.com/en/rules-and-tipps ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/activities.html ^ http://www.clipperton.fr/incagen.html?geopolitique.htm~main ^ http://www.cook-islands.gov.ck/faq.php ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.niueisland.com/getting-niue ^ http://www.visitpitcairn.pn/visitpitcairn/visaslegalinfo/touristinfo/index.html ^ http://www.government.pn/visaInfo.php ^ http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf ^ http://www.fws.gov/bakerisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/howlandisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/jarvisisland/ ^ http://www.fws.gov/johnstonisland/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/midway/visit.html ^ http://www.fws.gov/palmyraatoll/visit.html ^ http://www.falklandislands.com/product.php/35/17/entry_and_exit_requirements/abce58e896311945651c12e01c7562dc ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/south-america/south-georgia-south-sandwich#entryRequirements ^ http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis ^ http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/tourism/index.php ^ http://www.fco.gov.uk/content/en/travel-advice/north-central-south-america/12940285/fco_trv_ca_britishantarcticterr?ta=travelSummary&pg=1 ^ http://britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk/en/tourism/ ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-a-l-Antarctique ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-australes ^ http://www.taaf.fr/Acces-aux-iles-Eparses ^ http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM ^ http://www.antarctica.gov.au/living-and-working/predeparture/expeditioner-engagement-information ^ http://www.heardisland.aq/about/frequently-asked-questions#visit_heard_island ^ http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/peter-I-oy.html ^ http://www.npolar.no/en/antarctica/dronning-maud-land.html ^ http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Foreign-Relations/Antarctica/3-New-Zealand-Procedures-for-Visitors-to-Antarctica/index.php ^ Country list - Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations ; and malaria situation ^ `` International Travel Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . <Th_colspan="2"> Visa policy by country <Td_colspan="2"> Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu <Td_colspan="2"> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty <Th_colspan="2"> Visa requirements <Td_colspan="2"> Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan <Td_colspan="2"> British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Afghanistani_citizens&oldid=805820054 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of Afghanistan Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی پښتو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Visa requirements for Afghanistani citizens
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273,697,878,513,289,250 | who does the president pro tempore replace in the senate | President pro tempore of the United States Senate - wikipedia President pro tempore of the United States Senate Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> President pro tempore of the United States Senate <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Orrin Hatch ( R ) since January 6 , 2015 <Td_colspan="2"> Legislative branch of the U.S. government Senate of the United States Style Mr. President ( Informal and within the Senate ) The Honorable ( Formal ) Status Deputy presiding officer of one chamber in a bicameral legislature Member of United States Senate Residence United States Capitol Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer Elected by the U.S. Senate Term length At the pleasure of the Senate , and until another is elected or their term of office as a Senator expires Constituting instrument United States Constitution Inaugural holder John Langdon April 6 , 1789 Formation March 4 , 1789 Succession Third Deputy Any senator , typically a member of the majority party , designated by the President pro tempore Website senate.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President pro tempore of the United States Senate ( also president pro tem ) is the second - highest - ranking official of the United States Senate . Article One , Section Three of the United States Constitution provides that the Vice President of the United States is , despite not being a U.S. Senator , the President of the Senate , and mandates that the Senate must choose a President pro tempore to act in the Vice President 's absence . Unlike the Vice President , the President pro tempore is an elected member of the Senate , able to speak or vote on any issue . Selected by the Senate at large , the President pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers . During the Vice President 's absence , the President pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions . In practice , neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore usually presides ; instead , the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. Senators of the majority party to give them experience in parliamentary procedure . Since 1890 , the most senior U.S. Senator in the majority party has generally been chosen to be President pro tempore and holds the office continuously until the election of another . This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949 . Since enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947 , the president pro tempore is third in the line of succession to the presidency , after the vice president and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and ahead of the Secretary of State . The automatic line of succession applies only to the presidency ; the office of Vice President remains vacant until an appointment is made as provided in the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the Constitution . The current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch . Elected on January 6 , 2015 , he is the 90th person to serve in this office . On January 2 , 2018 , Hatch announced his pending retirement from the Senate , effective January 3 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Power and responsibilities 2 History 3 Related officials 3.1 Acting president pro tempore 3.1. 1 Permanent acting president pro tempore 3.2 Deputy president pro tempore 3.3 President pro tempore emeritus 4 Salary 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Power and responsibilities ( edit ) The office of president pro tempore is created by Article I , Section 3 of the Constitution : The Senate shall choose their other Officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States . John Tyler is the only Senate president pro tempore to also become President of the United States . Although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives , the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited . In the Senate , most power rests with party leaders and individual senators , but as the chamber 's presiding officer , the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the absence of the vice president , including ruling on points of order . Additionally , under the 25th Amendment to the Constitution , the president pro tempore and the speaker are the two authorities to whom declarations must be transmitted that the president is unable to perform the duties of the office , or is able to resume doing so . The president pro tempore is third in the line of presidential succession , following the vice president and the speaker . Additional duties include appointment of various congressional officers , certain commissions , advisory boards , and committees and joint supervision of the congressional page school . The president pro tempore is the designated legal recipient of various reports to the Senate , including War Powers Act reports under which he or she , jointly with the speaker , may have the president call Congress back into session . The officeholder is an ex officio member of various boards and commissions . With the secretary and sergeant at arms , the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol and Senate buildings . History ( edit ) Benjamin Wade came within one vote of being the first president pro tempore to succeed to the presidency after the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson in 1868 The office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789 . The first president pro tempore , John Langdon , was elected on April 6 the same year . Originally , the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate . Until the 1960s , it was common practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions , so the president pro tempore rarely presided unless the vice presidency became vacant . Until 1891 , the president pro tempore served only until the return of the vice president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress . Between 1792 and 1886 , the president pro tempore was second in the line of presidential succession following the vice president and preceding the speaker , but as is the case today , the president pro tempore would not assume the vice presidency if it became vacant . Before the ratification of the Twenty - fifth Amendment in 1967 , a vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled only by a regular election . There has never been a legal office of Acting Vice President . On three occasions during the 19th century , the Senate was without both a president and a president pro tempore : July 9 -- 11 , 1850 , following Millard Fillmore 's accession to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor , until William R. King was elected president pro tempore ; September 19 -- October 10 , 1881 , following Chester Arthur 's accession to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield , until Thomas F. Bayard was elected president pro tempore ; November 25 -- December 7 , 1885 , following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks , until John Sherman was elected president pro tempore . President pro tempore Robert Byrd and House Speaker Dennis Hastert presided over a special joint session following the September 11 , 2001 , attacks . Here President Bush shakes hands with Byrd . When President Andrew Johnson , who had no vice president , was impeached and tried in 1868 , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Franklin Wade was next in line to the presidency . Wade 's radicalism is thought by many historians to be a major reason why the Senate , which did not want to see Wade in the White House , acquitted Johnson . The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the presidential line of succession in 1886 . Both were restored to it in 1947 , though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker . William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 ( 54th -- 62nd Congress ) , a tenure longer than anyone else . He resigned from the position due to ill health a couple of months before his death . Electing his successor proved difficult , as Senate Republicans , then in the majority , were split between progressive and conservative factions , each promoting its own candidate . Likewise , the Democrats proposed their own candidate . As a result of this three - way split , no individual received a majority vote . It took four months for a compromise solution to emerge : Democrat Augustus Bacon would serve for a single day , August 14 , 1911 , during the vice president 's absence . Thereafter , Bacon and four Republicans -- Charles Curtis , Jacob Gallinger , Henry Cabot Lodge , and Frank Brandegee -- would alternate as president pro tempore for the remainder of the Congress . In January 1945 , the 79th Congress elected Kenneth McKellar , who at the time was the Senator with the longest continuous service , to be President pro tempore . Since then , it has become customary for the majority party 's senior member to hold this position . Arthur Vandenberg ( in 1947 -- 1949 ) was the last president pro tempore not to be the senior member of the majority party , aside from the single day accorded Milton Young ( in December 1980 ) , who was the retiring senior member of the Republican Party , which would hold the majority in the incoming 97th Congress . Three presidents pro tempore subsequently became Vice President : John Tyler , William R. King and Charles Curtis . Tyler is the only one to become president ( in April 1841 , following the death of William Henry Harrison ) . Related officials ( edit ) Acting president pro tempore ( edit ) President pro tempore Carl Hayden seated to the left of House Speaker John W. McCormick during a 1963 speech by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a joint session of Congress . While the president pro tempore does have other official duties , the holders of the office have , like the vice president , over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis , owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position . Furthermore , as the president pro tempore is now usually the most senior senator of the majority party , he or she most likely also chairs a major Senate committee and has other significant demands on his or her time . Therefore , the president pro tempore has less time now than in the past to preside daily over the Senate . Instead , junior senators from the majority party are designated acting president pro tempore to preside over the Senate . This allows junior senators to learn proper parliamentary procedure . The acting president pro tempore is usually reappointed daily by the president pro tempore . Permanent acting president pro tempore ( edit ) In June 1963 , because of the illness of president pro tempore Carl Hayden , Senator Lee Metcalf was designated permanent acting president pro tempore . No term was imposed on this designation , so Metcalf retained it until he died in office in 1978 . Deputy president pro tempore ( edit ) Hubert Humphrey ( D - Minnesota ) was the first Deputy President pro tempore in 1977 -- 1978 The ceremonial post of deputy president pro tempore was created for Hubert Humphrey , a former vice president , in 1977 following his losing bid to become the Senate majority leader . The Senate resolution creating the position stated that any former president or former vice president serving in the Senate would be entitled to this position , though none has served since Humphrey 's death in 1978 , and former vice president Walter Mondale , who sought his former Senate seat in Minnesota in 2002 , is the only one to have tried . Andrew Johnson is the only former president to have subsequently served in the Senate . George J. Mitchell was elected deputy president pro tempore in 1987 , because of the illness of president pro tempore John C. Stennis , similar to Metcalf 's earlier designation as permanent acting president pro tempore . The office has remained vacant since 1989 and no senator other than Humphrey and Mitchell has held it since its creation . Mitchell is the only person to have served as deputy president pro tempore who was neither a former president nor former vice president of the United States . The post is largely honorary and ceremonial , but comes with a salary increase . By statute , the compensation granted to the position holder equals the rate of annual compensation paid to the president pro tempore , majority leader , and minority leader . ( See 2 U.S.C. § 6112 . ) President pro tempore emeritus ( edit ) Patrick Leahy ( D - Vermont ) , former president pro tempore , and current president pro tempore emeritus . Since 2001 , the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus has been given to a senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore . The position has been held by Strom Thurmond ( R - South Carolina ) ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , Robert Byrd ( D - West Virginia ) ( 2003 -- 2007 ) , Ted Stevens ( R - Alaska ) ( 2007 -- 2009 ) and Patrick Leahy ( D - Vermont ) ( 2015 -- present ) . From 2009 to 2015 , no senator met the requirements for the position . The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001 . With the change in party control , Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore , reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001 . Thurmond 's retirement from the Senate on January 3 , 2003 , coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control , making Stevens president pro tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus . Byrd returned as president pro tempore , and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus , when the Democrats gained control of the Senate in 2007 . While a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties , he is entitled to an increase in staff and advises party leaders on the functions of the Senate . The office 's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the 113th Congress , shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the title in six years . Quoted in CQ Roll Call , Leahy commented , `` ( The Republicans ) did n't keep their commitment . They want to treat us differently than we treated them , and so they 've got that right . It seems kind of petty , but it really does n't matter to me . I 've got plenty of funding , plenty of good staff . '' Salary ( edit ) The salary of the president pro tempore for 2012 was $193,400 , equal to that of the majority leaders and minority leaders of both houses of Congress . If there is a vacancy in the office of vice president , then the salary would be the same as that of the vice president , $230,700 . See also ( edit ) List of Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Seniority in the United States Senate Acting Vice President of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Senate Historical Office ; With a preface by Senator Robert C. Byrd , President pro tempore ( 2008 ) . Erickson , Nancy ( Secretary of the Senate ) , ed . Pro Tem : Presidents Pro Tempore of the United States Senate since 1789 ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 079984 - 6 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hillary takes Senate gavel -- for an hour '' . CNN . January 24 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Christopher M. ( December 20 , 2012 ) . The President Pro Tempore of the Senate : History and Authority of the Office ( Report ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mount , Steve . `` Constitutional Topic : Presidential Line of Succession '' . USConstitution.net . Steve Mount . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burr , Thomas ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` Hatch now third in line for presidency as Senate president pro tem '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ; Scherer , Michael ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah will retire , opening door for a Romney candidacy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kathy Gill . `` US Senate Organization '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Pro Tempore '' . United States Senate . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sachs , Richard C. ( January 22 , 2003 ) . `` The President Pro Tempore of the Senate : History and Authority of the Office '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Richard E. Berg - Andersson ( June 7 , 2001 ) . `` A Brief History of Congressional Leadership '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gene ( 1977 ) . High Crimes and Misdemeanors : The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson . William Morrow & Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03072 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gold , Martin B. ; Gupta , Dimple . `` The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures : A Majoritarian Means to Over Come the Filibuster * '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy . 28 ( 1 ) : 211 . Jump up ^ `` APPOINTMENT OF A SENATOR TO THE CHAIR - Rules of the Senate - United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hubert H. Humphrey '' . virtualology.com . Evisum Inc. 2000 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ S. Res. 103 , adopted , June 6 , 2001 . `` Thanking and Electing Strom Thurmond President pro tempore emeritus . '' Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 32b Jump up ^ Lesniewski , Niels ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Leahy : ' Kind of Petty ' Not to Fund Emeritus Office in ' Cromnibus ' '' . CQ Roll Call . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` President pro tempore '' . Official website of the United States Senate . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . <Th_colspan="3"> Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan 3rd in line Succeeded by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo <Th_colspan="3"> Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate <Td_colspan="2"> Langdon Lee Langdon Izard H Tazewell Livermore Bingham Bradford Read Sedgwick Laurance Ross Livermore Tracy Howard Hillhouse Baldwin Bradley Brown Franklin Anderson Smith Bradley Milledge Gregg Gaillard Pope Crawford Varnum Gaillard Barbour Gaillard Macon Smith L Tazewell White Poindexter Tyler WR King Southard Mangum Sevier Atchison WR King Atchison Cass Bright Stuart Bright Mason Rusk Fitzpatrick Bright Fitzpatrick Foot Clark Foster Wade Anthony Carpenter Anthony Ferry Thurman Bayard Davis Edmunds Sherman Ingalls Manderson Harris Ransom Harris Frye Bacon / Curtis / Gallinger / Brandegee / Lodge Clarke Saulsbury Cummins Moses Pittman WH King Harrison Glass McKellar Vandenberg McKellar Bridges George Hayden Russell Ellender Eastland Magnuson Young Magnuson Thurmond Stennis Byrd Thurmond Byrd Thurmond Byrd Stevens Byrd Inouye Leahy Hatch <Th_colspan="2"> United States Congress <Td_colspan="2"> House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Members and leaders <Td_colspan="2"> Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=841979780 '' Categories : Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate Legislative deputy speakers United States Senate Senior legislators Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2012 Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 11 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. President pro tempore of the United States Senate
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4,658,526,823,826,090,000 | who played ann romano on one day at a time | Joseph Campanella - wikipedia Joseph Campanella Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Joseph Campanella <Td_colspan="2"> Campanella in The Nurses , 1965 Joseph Anthony Campanella ( 1924 - 11 - 21 ) November 21 , 1924 ( age 92 ) Lewistown , Pennsylvania Occupation Actor Years active 1952 -- 2009 Spouse ( s ) Kathryn Jill Bartholomew ( m . 1964 ) Joseph Anthony Campanella ( born November 21 , 1924 ) is an American character actor who has appeared in more than 200 television and film roles since the early 1950s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Campanella was born in Lewistown , Pennsylvania to Philip and Mary O. Campanella , immigrants from Sicily . He appeared in such television shows as Combat , Decoy , The Eleventh Hour , The Doctors ( 1963 ) , The Fugitive , Mission : Impossible , Marcus Welby , M.D. , Gunsmoke , The Big Valley , Alias Smith and Jones , The Untouchables , Police Story , The Road West , The Invaders , The Mary Tyler Moore Show , Rockford Files , The Golden Girls , and Mama 's Family . He had a recurring role from 1959 - 62 as a criminal named Joe Turino on the long - running CBS daytime drama The Guiding Light . He had a role in 1967 as Lew Wickersham in the television series Mannix as Joe Mannix 's boss and friend , before the PI started his own firm . Campanella appeared as attorney Brian Darrell from 1969 - 72 in The Bold Ones : The Lawyers . Campanella played Los Angeles County Sheriff 's Department Captain Monty Ballard in the crime drama TV movie Sky Heist in 1975 . He played Ann Romano 's ex-husband , Ed Cooper , in eight episodes of One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 1984 ) and Barbara Stanwyck 's love interest in the first season ( 1985 -- 1986 ) of Aaron Spelling 's short - lived Dynasty spinoff , The Colbys . He appeared in a second - season episode of The Golden Girls as a detective and a seventh - season episode of `` Star Trek : Voyager . '' He had a prominent role as Harper Deveraux on the soap opera Days of Our Lives from 1987 to 1988 and from 1990 -- 92 , and a recurring role on The Bold and the Beautiful from 1996 to 2005 . Campanella hosted the Canadian educational program Science International between 1976 -- 79 , which aired on Nickelodeon as What Will They Think Of Next ? He appeared in the independent comedy , For Heaven 's Sake . On Broadway , Campanella was featured in three productions . His first , The Captains and the Kings , opened in January 1962 and lasted only seven performances . In February 1962 , he was cast in A Gift of Time with Henry Fonda and Olivia de Havilland . The show was written and directed by Garson Kanin , and Campanella received a Tony nomination as Best Featured Actor in a Play . His last Broadway performance was in the musical Hot Spot in 1963 , which starred Judy Holliday . The show was not well received and delayed its opening four times , resulting in a run of 58 previews and 43 regular performances . He formerly provided the voice - over for BMW commercials in the United States , intoning , `` BMW ... the ultimate driving machine . '' For several years beginning in the 1970s , Campanella was a spokesman for Napa Auto Parts . Campanella voiced the character of Dr. Curt Connors / The Lizard on Spider - Man : The Animated Series ( 1994 -- 97 ) . He narrated the Discover science series on the Disney Channel from 1992 - 94 . Personal life ( edit ) Campanella 's father , Philip , an immigrant from Sicily , was an early member of the American Federation of Musicians . Campanella himself served in the United States Navy during World War II , becoming one of its youngest commanders . He later graduated from Manhattan College in 1948 , and attended Columbia University , where he studied drama . Joseph Campanella is the younger brother of actor Frank Campanella , who died in December 2006 . Filmography ( edit ) The Young Lovers ( 1964 ) The St. Valentine 's Day Massacre ( 1967 ) Ben ( 1972 ) Silent Running ( 1972 ) ( voice only ) The President 's Plane Is Missing ( 1973 ) ( TV movie ) Skyway to Death ( 1974 ) ( TV movie ) Terror on the 40th Floor ( 1974 ) ( TV movie ) Hit Lady ( 1974 ) ( TV movie ) Child Under a Leaf ( 1974 ) Sky Heist ( 1975 ) ( TV movie ) Meteor ( 1979 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) Hangar 18 ( 1980 ) Earthbound ( 1981 ) My Body , My Child ( 1982 ) ( TV movie ) Great Transport ( 1983 ) Steele Justice ( 1987 ) Club Fed ( 1990 ) A Show of Force ( 1990 ) Down the Drain ( 1990 ) Last Call ( 1991 ) Christmas at Cadillac Jack 's ( 2007 ) Biography portal New York City portal California portal Film portal Television portal World War II portal United States Navy portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Joseph Campanella profile '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Suskin , Steven ( 2009 ) . The Sound of Broadway Music : A Book of Orchestrators and Orchestrations . Oxford University Press . p. 432 . ISBN 978 - 0199790845 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Wilson 's Road Trips '' . BT Memories . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Participates in Seminar ( photo ) '' . Ludington Daily News . February 19 , 1979 . p. 6 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal . `` Joseph Campanella biography '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday 07 January 2007 '' . jasperjottings.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Campanella , Character Actor , 87 , Dies '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Joseph Campanella on IMDb VIAF : 120327396 LCCN : n82012628 ISNI : 0000 0001 1456 1923 GND : 141079738 BNF : cb141612885 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Campanella&oldid=796435028 '' Categories : 1924 births Living people Male actors from Pennsylvania American male film actors 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male voice actors American male soap opera actors American male television actors Manhattan College alumni American people of Sicilian descent Male actors of Italian descent American military personnel of World War II Hidden categories : Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from April 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Polski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 20 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Joseph Campanella - American character actor
2. Television and film roles of Joseph Campanella
3. Personal life of Joseph Campanella
4. Broadway performances of Joseph Campanella
5. Filmography of Joseph Campanella |
700,917,575,497,559,000 | you don't mess with the zohan movie cast | You Do n't Mess with the Zohan - wikipedia You Do n't Mess with the Zohan Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> You Do n't Mess with the Zohan <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Dennis Dugan Produced by Adam Sandler Jack Giarraputo Robert Smigel Written by Adam Sandler Robert Smigel Judd Apatow Starring Adam Sandler John Turturro Emmanuelle Chriqui Nick Swardson Lainie Kazan Ido Mosseri Rob Schneider Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Michael Barrett Edited by Tom Costain Production company Relativity Media Happy Madison Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 06 ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $201.1 million You Do n't Mess with the Zohan is a 2008 American political satire comedy film directed by Dennis Dugan and produced by Adam Sandler , who also starred in the film . It was the fourth film that included a collaboration of Sandler as actor and Dugan as director . The film revolves around Zohan Dvir ( Hebrew : זוהן דביר ) , an Israeli counterterrorist army commando who fakes his own death in order to pursue his dream of becoming a hairstylist in New York City . The story was written by Adam Sandler , Judd Apatow , and Robert Smigel . It was released on June 6 , 2008 in the US and on August 15 , 2008 in the UK . The film grossed $201 million worldwide from a $90 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Zohan Dvir ( Adam Sandler ) is a superhuman Israeli counter-terrorist and the finest and most respected soldier in the Israel Defense Forces . However , Zohan has become both disgusted and disenchanted by the constant fighting , secretly dreaming of moving to the US and becoming a hairdresser . This reaches a breaking point when a barbecue he hosts is interrupted by the IDF sending Zohan on a mission to stop a Palestinian terrorist group being led by his personal arch - enemy , Fatoush `` Phantom '' Hakbarah ( John Turturro ) , another superhuman . Despite being upset over his ruined party , Zohan sees it as his long - awaited chance to desert the IDF and move to America . During the pursuit he fakes his own death and smuggles himself onto a plane to New York City , cuts his hair , and adopts the alias `` Scrappy Coco '' ( the names of two dogs he shared the flight 's baggage hold with ) while claiming that he is `` Half Australian , Half Mount Everest . '' Meanwhile , the Phantom becomes rich and famous for supposedly killing Zohan and starts his own fast - food business , `` Phantom 's Muchentuchen '' . Initially unsuccessful in finding employment at several salons , Zohan 's military expertise earns him a new friend , Michael ( Nick Swardson ) , who gives him a place to stay . However , Michael starts to freak out when he finds Zohan sleeping with his mother , Gail ( Lainie Kazan ) . Zohan encounters a fellow Israeli named Oori ( Ido Mosseri ) at a disco ; he recognizes Zohan but vows to keep his identity a secret . Oori takes him to an area in lower Manhattan populated with Middle Eastern immigrants , who are split between a Palestinian side and an Israeli side of the street . Zohan attempts to land a job in a struggling salon of a Palestinian woman named Dalia ( Emmanuelle Chriqui ) . Dalia reluctantly allows Zohan to sweep floors for free , but after losing one of her employees , she eventually allows him to be a stylist after he pleases a senior lady with an exceptional haircut and back room sexual service . Zohan 's reputation spreads rapidly among the elderly women of lower Manhattan . Dalia 's business prospers , upsetting Grant Walbridge ( Michael Buffer ) , a corporate magnate who has been trying to buy out all the local tenants on the block so that he can build a rollercoaster mall . Zohan is identified by a Palestinian cab driver named Salim ( Rob Schneider ) , who bears a grudge against Zohan for having taken his goat away in Palestine long ago because Salim spat on the Zohan . Salim convinces his friends to help him kill Zohan but , after a failed bomb attempt , he is forced to contact Phantom . Salim attempts to blackmail Phantom , but he ends up getting the stiff end of the deal as he convinces Phantom to visit New York to find Zohan . Meanwhile , Zohan realizes that he has fallen in love with Dalia and comes clean to Michael and his mother about his true identity ( after learning of Phantom 's visit ) before meeting Dalia . Dalia rejects Zohan after he reveals he was formerly an Israeli counterterrorist operative . Zohan decides to leave Dalia to protect her and confront Phantom in a championship Hacky Sack game sponsored by Walbridge . Zohan 's fight is cut short with sudden news of the Middle Eastern block being attacked , and he quickly leaves , shortly after discussing his plans with undercover agent ( Harry Denton ) . Zohan arrives and calms the Israelis and Palestinians , who each blame the other for the violence , while making peace with Salim . Phantom then appears and confronts Zohan , but Zohan refuses to fight . Dalia appears , revealing that she is Phantom 's sister , and convinces her brother to cooperate with Zohan against the arsonists , revealed to be racist rednecks hired by Walbridge to instigate an interethnic riot so he can get his new mall in the aftermath . As Zohan and Phantom work to save the block ( by singing `` The Sound '' , a sound so loud , it destroys many shop windows , blows the manhole cover , and even blows up the artificial breasts of Walbridge 's girlfriend ) , Phantom admits that he always wanted to be a shoe salesman rather than a terrorist . Although the rednecks are defeated and Walbridge is jailed , Phantom keeps singing `` The Sound '' and accidentally destroys all of the shops on the block . However , with the Israelis and Palestinians united , the block is transformed into a collectively owned mall called the Peace and Brotherhood Fire Insurance Mall . Phantom opens a shoe shop in the mall called Fatoush 's Kickin ' Shoes , Oori reopens his `` Going Out of Business '' electronics shop , Salim gets back his goat , which he gives small children rides on next to Trendy Toddler , and Zohan and Dalia open a beauty salon together called Dalohan , with Zohan having now married Dalia . In the end , Zohan 's parents , initially unsupportive of his dream to be a hairdresser , show up , approving of his new job and lifestyle before his father requests that he cut his hair , which Zohan happily does . Cast ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Zohanelen `` Zohan '' Dvir / Scrappy Coco John Turturro as Fatoush `` Phantom '' Hakbarah Emmanuelle Chriqui as Dalia Hakbarah Nick Swardson as Michael Klayman Lainie Kazan as Gail Klayman Ido Mosseri as Oori Rob Schneider as Salim the taxi driver Dave Matthews as James T. O'Skanlon the white supremacist Michael Buffer as Grant Walbridge the villain . Sayed Badreya as Hamdi Daoud Heidami as Nasi Kevin Nealon as Kevin the community watch member Robert Smigel as Yosi Dina Doronne as Mrs. Dvir , Zohan 's mother Shelley Berman as Mr. Dvir , Zohan 's father John Paul DeJoria as Paul Mitchell Alec Mapa as Claude Ahmed Ahmed as Waleed Ben Wise as Yitzhak Joseph Marshak as Pinchas Guri Weinberg as Aharon Danny A. Abeckaser as Ze'ev Ido Ezra as Hassan Mousa Kraish as Bashir Roni Levi as Ephraim Reuven Bar - Yotam as Levi Shulie Cowen as Debbie Maysoon Zayid as Nadira Helen Siff as Mrs. Skitzer Cynthia Frost as Mrs. Paulson Lina So as Scarlett Keh , Paul Mitchell 's salon receptionist Barbara Ann Davison as Scrappy and Coco 's owner Nicole Bennett as Walbridge 's girlfriend Lily Javaherpour as Inaz , Hamdi 's daughter Kristina Haddad as Hamdi 's wife Larry Marko as Phantom 's trainer Cameos Rick Gifford as Philip Barry Livingston as Gray `` Pancake '' Kleibolt Henry Winkler as himself Kevin James as himself ( uncredited ) Chris Rock as taxi driver Mariah Carey as herself Julia Lea Wolov as Mariah 's Assistant Dana Goodman as Mariah 's Assistant John McEnroe as himself George Takei as himself Bruce Vilanch as himself Charlotte Rae as Mrs. Greenhouse Edmund Lyndeck as Pharmacist Harry Denton as Undercover Agent Production ( edit ) Filming of one of the scenes while in Mexico Sandler , Robert Smigel , and Judd Apatow wrote the first draft of the script in 2000 , but the movie was delayed after the events of 9 / 11 because those involved felt that the subject would be too sensitive . Apatow left the project after the first draft in 2000 to work on his show Undeclared and had , for the most part , not been involved in the project since . The film is based in part on the story of Nezi Arbib , an Israeli soldier who after his service moved to southern California and opened a hair salon . Sandler trained with Arbib and his brothers , also former soldiers , for two weeks to learn hairstyling and work with clients . The movie features elements that first appeared in the SNL sketches `` Sabra Shopping Network '' and `` Sabra Price Is Right , '' which starred Tom Hanks and were written by Robert Smigel . They originated lines such as ' Sony guts ' and ' Disco , Disco , good , good ' . The first sketch is also notable for featuring one of Adam Sandler 's first ( uncredited ) television appearances while the second featured Sandler , Schneider , Smigel and Kevin Nealon in supporting parts . Robert Smigel worked with Sandler on past films including Billy Madison , Happy Gilmore , and Little Nicky , but this was the first time in which he was credited for helping to write the script . He was also an executive producer on the film which allowed him to further contribute to the movie 's comedic sensilbility . The Israeli newspaper Haaretz commented that the movie was known in Hollywood circles as `` the Israeli movie . '' Haaretz also noted that while `` Israeli actors were rushing to audition ( for the movie ) , the response among Arab actors was far from enthusiastic . ( Emmanuelle Chriqui , who played Zohan 's Palestinian love interest , was raised as an Orthodox Jew . ) The film poked fun at the popularity of hummus in Israeli culture . In the movie , characters used it to brush their teeth and as a method to douse the flames of a fire , as well as a hair care product . Soundtrack ( edit ) The score to the film was composed by Rupert Gregson - Williams . He recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage in April 2008 . The soundtrack contains many songs in Hebrew , mostly by the popular Israeli band Hadag Nahash , the psychedelic trance duo Infected Mushroom , and Dana International . The film features `` Strip '' by Adam Ant , `` Look on the Floor ( Hypnotic Tango ) ( Angel City Remix ) '' by Bananarama , the Ace of Base songs `` Hallo Hallo '' and `` Beautiful Life '' , the Rockwell song Somebody 's Watching Me and Mariah Carey songs `` Fantasy '' and `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' . The soundtrack contains ( near the end ) music re-arranged for the movie by Julius Dobos , based on the song `` Jimmy Jimmy Jimmy Aaja '' from the Bollywood movie Disco Dancer ( 1982 ) starring Mithun Chakraborty . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 37 % based on 182 reviews ; the site 's consensus is that the film `` features intermittent laughs , and will please Sandler diehards , but after a while the leaky premise wears thin . '' Metacritic gives the film a rating of 54 out of 100 , based on 37 reviews -- indicating mixed or average reviews . John Podhoretz , in The Weekly Standard , wrote that the movie has a `` mess '' of a plot and features , `` as usual for Sandler , plenty of dumb humor of the sort that gives dumb humor a bad name , but that delights his 14 - year - old - boy fan base . '' But the film also has an `` unusual '' amount of `` tantalizing comic ideas '' so that `` every 10 minutes or so , it makes you explode with laughter . '' Entertainment Weekly gave the movie a C+ grade , calling it `` another ' mess ' from Sandler '' which is , unlike Monty Python , a `` circus that never flies . '' On the positive side , Time claimed the film to be a `` laff scuffle , '' and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars . David Edelstein of New York Magazine went as far as to say `` Adam Sandler is mesmerizing , '' and A.O. Scott of The New York Times said it was `` the finest post-Zionist action - hairdressing sex comedy I have ever seen . '' Box oFfice ( edit ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan grossed $38 million on its opening weekend , ranked second behind Kung Fu Panda . As of September 7 , 2008 , it reached a domestic tally of $100 million . The film grossed $202.9 million worldwide . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD on October 7 , 2008 , with a 2 - disc unrated edition , a single - disc unrated edition , and a theatrical edition , as well as a Blu - ray edition and UMD for PSP . It has sold over 1.2 million DVD units gathering revenue of $25.1 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 1 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : You Do n't Mess With the Zohan -- Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo : You Do n't Mess With the Zohan '' . Box oFfice Mojo . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : Robert Smigel '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Real - Life ' Zohan ' Calls San Diego Home '' . 10News.com. 2008 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilad Halpern ( May 25 , 2008 ) . `` ' Shampoo ' meets ' Munich ' : New Adam Sandler film stars Mossad hit man turned hairdresser '' . Haaretz . ^ Jump up to : Podhoretz , John ( June 16 , 2008 ) . `` Pushtak to Shove : Adam Sandler attacks the Middle East '' . The Weekly Standard . 13 ( 38 ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marks , Gil ( 2010 ) , Encyclopedia of Jewish Food , John Wiley and Sons , pp. 269 -- 271 Jump up ^ ' Zohan ' Film Styles a New Israeli Hero , Rebecca Spence . The Forward . June 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ The Commentator : Is Adam Sandler Our Greatest Jewish Mind ? , Daniel Treiman . The Forward . June 19 , 2008 Jump up ^ Dan Goldwasser ( 2008 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Rupert Gregson - Williams scores You Do n't Mess with the Zohan '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ You Do n't Mess with the Zohan at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ You Do n't Mess with the Zohan at Metacritic Jump up ^ Lisa Schwarzbaum ( June 13 , 2008 ) . `` Movie Review : You Do n't Mess With the Zohan ( 2008 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 997 ) . Jump up ^ Richard Schickel ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Zohan : Laff Scuffle , Not Laff Riot '' . Time . Jump up ^ Movie Review : You Do n't Mess With the Zohan ( PG - 13 ) . Roger Ebert . June 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David Edelstein ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Israeli Stud , Aspiring Hairdresser '' . New York Magazine . Jump up ^ A.O. Scott ( June 6 , 2008 ) . `` Watch Out , He 's Packing a Blow - Dryer '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 2000s portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : You Do n't Mess with the Zohan Official website You Do n't Mess with the Zohan on IMDb You Do n't Mess with the Zohan at AllMovie You Do n't Mess with the Zohan at Box Office Mojo You Do n't Mess with the Zohan at Rotten Tomatoes You Do n't Mess with the Zohan at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Dennis Dugan <Td_colspan="2"> Problem Child ( 1990 ) Brain Donors ( 1992 ) The Shaggy Dog ( 1994 ) Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Beverly Hills Ninja ( 1997 ) Big Daddy ( 1999 ) Saving Silverman ( 2001 ) National Security ( 2003 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Judd Apatow Director The 40 - Year - Old Virgin ( 2005 ) Knocked Up ( 2007 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) This Is 40 ( 2012 ) Trainwreck ( 2015 ) Writer only Heavyweights ( 1995 ) Celtic Pride ( 1996 ) Fun with Dick and Jane ( 2005 ) Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story ( 2007 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Producer only The Cable Guy ( 1996 ) Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) Wake Up , Ron Burgundy : The Lost Movie ( 2004 ) Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2006 ) Superbad ( 2007 ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 ) Forgetting Sarah Marshall ( 2008 ) Step Brothers ( 2008 ) Pineapple Express ( 2008 ) Year One ( 2009 ) Get Him to the Greek ( 2010 ) Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) Wanderlust ( 2012 ) The Five - Year Engagement ( 2012 ) Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) Begin Again ( 2013 ) Pee - wee 's Big Holiday ( 2016 ) Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping ( 2016 ) The Big Sick ( 2017 ) Television The Ben Stiller Show ( 1992 -- 93 ) Freaks and Geeks ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Undeclared ( 2001 -- 02 ) `` Bart 's New Friend '' ( 2015 ) Love ( 2016 -- present ) Related articles Apatow Productions Casting in films 40 Odd Years Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Don%27t_Mess_with_the_Zohan&oldid=801415864 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2000s comedy films American films American comedy films Columbia Pictures films Happy Madison films Relativity Media films Films directed by Dennis Dugan Films set in Israel Films set in New York City Films shot in Israel Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Mexico Films shot in New York City Israel in fiction Israeli -- Palestinian conflict films Films about Jews and Judaism Screenplays by Judd Apatow Screenplays by Adam Sandler American political satire films Films produced by Adam Sandler Black comedy films Film scores by Rupert Gregson - Williams Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 14 : 56 . 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2,841,247,309,381,534,000 | what was the last game of thrones season | Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network HBO <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 7 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Game of Thrones episodes The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016 . Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes , the eighth season will have only six episodes . Like the previous season , it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will also adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series , The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 , and concluded in July 2018 . The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019 . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Crew 3.3 Writing 3.4 Filming 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 References 5 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 69 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 70 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 71 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 72 5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD 73 6 TBA David Benioff & D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss 2019 ( 2019 ) TBD Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Conleth Hill as Varys Carice van Houten as Melisandre Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Supporting cast ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Marc Rissmann as Harry Strickland Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016 , and , like the previous season , it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series , The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season . The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017 . Miguel Sapochnik , who previously directed `` The Gift '' and `` Hardhome '' on season 5 , as well as `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' on season 6 will return as director . He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter , who had directed two episodes on seasons two , three and five , including `` The Rains of Castamere '' and `` Mother 's Mercy '' . The final episode of the show will be directed by Benioff and Weiss , who have previously directed one episode each . At the show 's South by Southwest panel on March 12 , 2017 , Benioff and Weiss announced the writers for the show to be Dave Hill ( episode 1 ) and Bryan Cogman ( episode 2 ) . The showrunners will then divide up the screenplay for the remaining four episodes amongst themselves . Writing ( edit ) Writing for the eighth season started with a 140 - page outline . Benioff said that the divvying up process and who should write what section became more difficult because `` this would be the last time that we would be doing this '' . Filming ( edit ) In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film , the final season would be `` six one - hour movies '' on television . He continued , `` The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so , than film . What they 're doing is monumental . '' Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 , and concluded in July 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating that after season six , they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 - month time frame , as Weiss said , `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed in July 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes , and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason . Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show , saying , `` From the beginning we 've wanted to tell a 70 - hour movie . It will turn out to be a 73 - hour movie , but it 's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning , middle and now we 're coming to the end . It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way , I 'm very happy we 've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to . '' The season is scheduled to premiere during the first half of 2019 . Music ( edit ) Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Directors revealed for all episodes '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder 's Cut , Superman 's Black Suit & ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Biz ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The final season of ' Game of Thrones ' will only be six episodes '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Will Return in 2019 '' . HBO . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . Winteriscoming.net . January 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate in Season 8 '' . Hollywood Life . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . Making Off Game of Thrones . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 8 Filming Will Continue Up Until Summer 2018 '' . SuperHeroHype . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , John ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a new tag team in town . 💪 Hope you enjoyed season 7 . Thanks for watching and we 'll be back . The wait starts now . 😊 # gameofthrones # GOT '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ChristineDoesCons ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Hannah Murray @ COT 2018 '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Rory McCann Says He 's Already Training For Cleganebowl '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con Stockholm 2017 - Iain Glen Q&A '' . YouTube . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinkaid , Ben ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` What News From Westeros ? Everything we know about Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Melisandre return confirmed as fans theorise on character storyline '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Emma ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 cast : Who will be in the final series ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deen , Sarah ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones star Joe Dempsie is scared he 'll get drunk and reveal final season secrets '' . Metro . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Night 's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8 , confirms Lord Commander actor '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medeiros , Madison ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Attention Cleganebowl Fans : The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL '' . Refinery29 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riddell , Rose ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Daniel Portman on ' Game of Thrones ' and his upcoming visit to New Zealand '' . Coup de Main . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 casting announcement debunks fan theory '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Confirms ' Game of Thrones ' Will End With Eighth Season '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 8 : Everything We Know About the Final Season '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Missed From Game of Thrones at SXSW 2017 '' . Making Game of Thrones . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd , James Hibberd ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO clarifies prequels , final seasons plan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelleher , Kevin ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Final Season Has Finished Filming . Now a Winter of Waiting Begins '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones producers confirm final season only 6 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO Boss Narrows Down Final Season Premiere Date '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire <Td_colspan="2"> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Reigns : Game of Thrones Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire & Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Myrcella Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte The Known World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_8)&oldid=866309504 '' Categories : Game of Thrones Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Română Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 15 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Game of Thrones season 8
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-4,671,600,072,880,095,000 | prime minister of sri lanka 2017 in hindi | Prime Minister of Sri Lanka - wikipedia Prime Minister of Sri Lanka Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Prime Minister of Sri Lanka ශ්රී ලංකා අග්රාමාත්ය இலங்கை பிரதமர் <Td_colspan="2"> Emblem of Sri Lanka <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of Sri Lanka <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Ranil Wickremesinghe since 9 January 2015 Style Mr. Prime Minister ( Informal ) The Honourable ( Formal and diplomatic ) Member of Cabinet National Security Council Parliament Reports to Parliament Residence Temple Trees Seat Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Nominator Parliament of Sri Lanka Appointer President of Sri Lanka Term length Five years Constituting instrument Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Precursor Leader of the House , State Council of Ceylon Inaugural holder Don Stephen Senanayake Formation 14 October 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 10 - 14 ) Succession First in the presidential line of succession Salary LKR 858,000 annually ( 2016 ) Website Prime Minister 's Office Sri Lanka This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Sri Lanka Government ( show ) Constitution Human rights Executive ( show ) President ( List ) Maithripala Sirisena Prime Minister ( List ) Ranil Wickremesinghe Cabinet 15th cabinet Ministries Legislature ( show ) Parliament Speaker Deputy Speaker Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Judiciary ( show ) Constitutional Council Supreme Court Chief Justice ( K. Sripavan ) Court of Appeal High Courts District Courts Magistrate 's Courts Primary Courts Labour Tribunal Political parties ( show ) Political parties Elections ( show ) Elections Political parties Last election Next election Administrative geography ( show ) Provinces Districts Municipalities Wards Grama Niladhari divisions Foreign policy ( show ) Foreign relations Related issues ( show ) Civil War Sri Lanka Portal Other countries Atlas The Prime Minister of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese : ශ්රී ලංකා අග්රාමාත්ය Śrī Laṃkā agrāmāthya ; Tamil : இலங்கை பிரதமர் ) is the most senior member of parliament in the cabinet of ministers in Sri Lanka which is collectively accountable for their policies and actions to parliament . The President is both head of state and head of government in Sri Lanka . Since 1978 , most prime ministers have served as mere deputies to the executive presidency , while at times served as the de-facto head of government . The current holder of the office , Ranil Wickremesinghe , leader of the United National Party , was appointed by Maithripala Sirisena on 9 January 2015 . This was the third time that Wickramasinghe was appointed Prime Minister of Sri Lanka . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appointment 2 Powers and role 2.1 Head of the cabinet of ministers 2.2 Principal adviser to the president 2.3 Presidential succession 3 Privileges of office 3.1 Salary 3.2 Official residence and office 3.3 Travel 3.4 Security 4 History 5 Last election 6 List of Prime Ministers 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Appointment ( edit ) The president will appoint a member of parliament as prime minister , who in the President 's opinion , `` is most likely to command the confidence of Parliament '' . The prime minister will continue to hold office throughout the period during which the cabinet of ministers continues to function under the provisions of the constitution unless he / she resigns from the post or ceases to be a member of parliament . Powers and role ( edit ) Under the Soulbury Constitution the post of Prime Minister was created in 1947 as the head of government in the Westminster system . In 1978 , under the second amendment to the Republican Constitution of 1972 much of the powers of the premiership was transferred to the executive presidency as head of government and head of the cabinet of ministers in addition to being the head of state . As a result the Prime Minister became a senior most member cabinet of ministers and successor to the President . The prime minister would serve as the deputy to the president if both are from the same political party . In certain occasions , when the president is not from the majority party in parliament or a national government is formed , the prime minister would be appointed from a party different to the president . In such a situations the prime minister would serve as the de-facto head of government . In 2015 , the nineteenth amendment restored certain degree of powers to the premiership . The prime minister is the second in the order of precedence after the president and head of the cabinet of ministers . The prime minister would be a member of the constitutional council , national security council and the senior most member cabinet of ministers . Head of the cabinet of ministers ( edit ) As head of the cabinet of ministers , the Prime Minister has the power to : Determine the number of Cabinet Ministers and Ministries and assignment of subjects . Determine the number of Non-cabinet Ministers and Ministries and assignment of subjects . Principal adviser to the president ( edit ) By the constitution , the Prime Minister holds formal power to advise the president on : Appoint , dismiss , or accept the resignation of cabinet and non-cabinet ministers . Change of subjects assigned to cabinet ministers . Presidential succession ( edit ) As per the constitution , if the office of president becomes vacant , the prime minister would `` act in the office of President during the period between the occurrence of such vacancy and the assumption of office by the new President and shall appoint one of the other Ministers of the Cabinet to act in the office of Prime Minister '' . In such as situation , the office of Prime Minister is vacant or the prime minister is unable to act , the Speaker shall act in the office of President . The president may appoint the prime minister to exercise , perform and discharge the powers , duties and functions of the office of President for a period during the president is unable to exercise , perform and discharge the powers , duties and functions of his office due to illness , absence from Sri Lanka or any other cause . Privileges of office ( edit ) Salary ( edit ) The Prime Minister would receive a salary ( as of 2016 ) of LKR 858,000 annually paid from the Prime Minister 's Office . Official residence and office ( edit ) The official residence of the prime minister is the Prime Minister 's House most commonly referred to as Temple Trees . The Prime Minister 's Office is located on Sir Ernest de Silva Mawatha ( formerly known as Flower Road ) in Colombo . In recent years from time to time , Temple Trees has been by some presidents such as Kumaratunga and Rajapaksa . While certain Prime Minister such as Wickremesinghe have chosen to stay at his personal residence . Travel ( edit ) For ground travel , the prime minister uses the prime ministerial car , which is an armored black Mercedes - Benz S - Class ( S600 ) Pullman Guard . For domestic air travel , helicopters from the No. 4 ( VVIP / VIP ) Helicopter Squadron of the Sri Lanka Air Force are used while for long distance travel , regular flights of the Sri Lankan Airlines are used . Security ( edit ) Traditionally security for the prime minister has been provided by the Sri Lanka Police . During emergencies military units have been allocated to bolster security . At present the Prime Minister 's Security Division is in charge of security of the Prime Minister . History ( edit ) The first Prime Minister of Ceylon with his Cabinet members The post of Prime Minister of Ceylon was created in 1947 prior to independence from Britain and the formation of the Dominion of Ceylon in 1948 . United National Party leader D.S. Senanayake became the first Prime Minister of Then Ceylon in 1947 after independence . In 1972 when Sri Lanka became a republic the name of the post changed to Prime Minister of Sri Lanka . With a Westminster - based political system established the Prime Minister was the head of government therefore held the most powerful political office of the country at the time . This changed with a constitutional change in 1978 , when the Executive Presidency was created , making the President both head of state and head of government . Until 1978 the Prime minister was also the Minister of Defence and External Affairs . The Prime Minister is appointed by the President as a member of the cabinet of ministers . In the event the post president is vacant , the Prime Minister becomes the acting president until Parliament convenes to elect a successor or new elections could be held to elect a new president . This was the case with H.E. President Dingiri Banda Wijetunge . United National Party leaders Dudley Senanayake and Ranil Wickramasinghe together with Sri Lanka Freedom Party leader Sirimavo Bandaranaike was appointed three times to the position . With passing of the 19th amendment to the constitution in 2015 , the prime minister was granted more powers when appointing ministers and leading the cabinet . Last election ( edit ) e d Summary of the 2015 Sri Lankan parliamentary election <Th_colspan="2"> Alliances and parties Votes % <Th_colspan="3"> Seats District National Total United National Front for Good Governance All Ceylon Makkal Congress Democratic National Movement Jathika Hela Urumaya Muslim Tamil National Alliance National Front for Good Governance Sri Lanka Muslim Congress Tamil Progressive Alliance Democratic People 's Front National Union of Workers Up - Country People 's Front United Left Front United National Party 5,098,916 45.66 % 93 13 106 United People 's Freedom Alliance Ceylon Workers ' Congress Citizen 's Front Democratic National Front Democratic People 's Congress Liberal Party Mahajana Eksath Peramuna National Congress National Freedom Front Pivithuru Hela Urumaya Socialist Alliance Communist Party of Sri Lanka Democratic Left Front Lanka Sama Samaja Party National Liberation People 's Party Sri Lanka People 's Party Sri Lanka Freedom Party Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal United Citizens ' Front 4,732,664 42.38 % 83 12 95 Tamil National Alliance Eelam People 's Revolutionary Liberation Front Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi People 's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization 515,963 4.62 % 14 16 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna 543,944 4.87 % 6 Sri Lanka Muslim Congress 44,193 0.40 % 0 Eelam People 's Democratic Party 33,481 0.30 % 0 Independents 42,828 0.38 % 0 0 0 All Ceylon Makkal Congress 33,102 0.30 % 0 0 0 Democratic Party 28,587 0.26 % 0 0 0 Buddhist People 's Front Bodu Bala Sena United Lanka Great Council 20,377 0.18 % 0 0 0 Tamil National People 's Front All Ceylon Tamil Congress 18,644 0.17 % 0 0 0 Ceylon Workers ' Congress 17,107 0.15 % 0 0 0 Frontline Socialist Party 7,349 0.07 % 0 0 0 United People 's Party 5,353 0.05 % 0 0 0 Others 24,467 0.22 % 0 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> Valid Votes 11,166,975 100.00 % 196 29 225 <Td_colspan="2"> Rejected Votes 517,123 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Total Polled 11,684,098 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Registered Electors 15,044,490 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Turnout 77.66 % <Td_colspan="4"> List of Prime Ministers ( edit ) Main article : List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka See also ( edit ) President of Sri Lanka Prime Minister 's Office Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The UNFGG contested under the name and symbol of UNP . ^ Jump up to : The ACMC contested separately in one district ( Ampara ) and with the UNFGG in other districts . ^ Jump up to : The SLMC contested separately in two districts ( Batticaloa and Vanni ) and with the UNFGG in other districts . ^ Jump up to : The CWC contested separately in three districts ( Badulla , Kandy and Kegalle ) and with the UPFA in other districts . Jump up ^ The CF contested separately in two districts ( Nuwara Eliya and Vanni ) and with the UPFA in other districts . Jump up ^ The LP contested separately in four districts ( Colombo , Galle , Kurunegala and Matara ) and with the UPFA in other districts . Jump up ^ The TNA contested under the name and symbol of ITAK . Jump up ^ The TNPF contested under the name and symbol of ACTC . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas , Kris ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` Of Ministers ' Salaries And Parliamentary Perks '' . Roar.lk . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kavindya Chris ( 20 November 2016 ) . `` Do MPs get fat salaries ? '' . Ceylontoday.lk . Ceylon Today . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Election - 17 - 08 - 2015 - Official Election Results -- All Island Results '' . Department of Elections , Sri Lanka . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Election - 17 - 08 - 2015 - Official Election Results -- Composition of the Parliament '' . Department of Elections , Sri Lanka . External links ( edit ) Parliament of Sri Lanka - Handbook of Parliament , Prime Ministers <Th_colspan="3"> Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka <Td_colspan="2"> Don Stephen Senanayake Dudley Senanayake John Kotelawala S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike Wijeyananda Dahanayake Dudley Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Dudley Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Junius Richard Jayewardene Ranasinghe Premadasa Dingiri Banda Wijetunga Ranil Wickremesinghe Chandrika Kumaratunga Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Ranil Wickremesinghe Mahinda Rajapaksa Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Disanayaka Jayaratne Ranil Wickremesinghe <Th_colspan="2"> Parliament of Sri Lanka <Td_colspan="2"> 15th Parliament Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka Members Current members By length of service Youngest members Longest - serving members ever Women and minority members Sri Lankan Tamil members Sri Lankan Moor members Other minority members Lady members Appointed members Leaders Prime Minister ( list ) Speaker of the Parliament ( list ) Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees Deputy Chairman of Committees Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Chief Government Whip Chief Opposition Whip Parliament Secretariat Secretariat leaders Secretaries - General ( list ) Deputy Secretary General ( list ) Assistant Secretary General ( list ) Departments Serjeant - at - Arms Administration Legislative Services Finance and Supplies Hansard Co-ordinating Engineer Catering and Housekeeping Information Systems and Management Powers , procedure and customs Powers Legislative Power of the Sri Lankan Parliament Committees Selection House Standing Orders Parliamentary Business Public Accounts Public Enterprises Privileges Public Petitions Items Mace Chair Bar History History of Parliament of Sri Lanka Building of Parliament Sri Lankan Parliament Building Miscellaneous Historic Sri Lankan legislature Parliaments Districts <Td_colspan="2"> Website : Parliament of Sri Lanka <Th_colspan="2"> Prime minister Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Armenia Artsakh Aruba Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo ( Kinshasa ) Cook Islands Croatia Cuba Curaçao Northern Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica East Timor Egypt Equatorial Guinea Estonia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France Ghana Georgia Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malaysia Malta Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Myanmar ( Burma ) Nagorno - Karabakh Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Niue Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Ossetia Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Sweden Syria Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan Turkey Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vietnam Yemen Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka&oldid=826396977 '' Categories : Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Tamil - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 සිංහල தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 21 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
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-4,328,408,821,599,148,500 | who is the model in duran duran rio | Rio ( song ) - wikipedia Rio ( song ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Rio '' <Td_colspan="2"> 12 - inch vinyl single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Duran Duran <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Rio B - side `` The Chauffeur '' ( Sing Blue Silver ) `` Hold Back the Rain '' `` Rio Part 1 '' `` My Own Way '' Released August 1982 ( Australia ) 1 November 1982 ( UK ) 2 April 1983 ( US ) Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded January -- February 1982 at AIR Studios , London Genre New wave synthpop Length 4 : 40 ( Single Version ) 5 : 11 ( Part 1 ) 5 : 29 ( Part 2 ) 4 : 34 ( US Single Version ) 3 : 57 ( US Single Remix ) Label EMI ( UK ) Harvest Capitol ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Simon Le Bon John Taylor Roger Taylor Andy Taylor Nick Rhodes Producer ( s ) Colin Thurston <Th_colspan="2"> Duran Duran singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Save a Prayer '' ( 1982 ) `` Rio '' ( 1982 ) `` Is There Something I Should Know ? '' ( 1983 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Save a Prayer '' ( 1982 ) `` Rio '' ( 1982 ) `` Is There Something I Should Know ? '' ( 1983 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Rio '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Rio '' is the seventh single by Duran Duran . It was first released as a single in Australia , in August 1982 , followed by a UK release on 1 November 1982 . The song was the fourth , final , and title single lifted from the band 's album of the same name , and was edited for its release . It was issued worldwide in October 1982 and became a Top 10 hit in the UK Singles Chart , peaking at # 9 on 11 December 1982 . `` Rio '' was released as the third single from the album in Australia , and debuted on the Kent Music Report top 100 singles chart dated 6 September 1982 . The song did not attract much notice in the United States upon its initial global release , but received very early airplay at highly influential KROQ in Los Angeles as early as 2 August 1982 . After the band 's breakthrough hit `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' stormed MTV and scaled the American charts in December 1982 , radio programmers paid closer attention to the catchy melody and insistent , intricate bass line of `` Rio '' , and Capitol Records reissued the single in March 1983 to great success as the band 's 2nd US top 20 hit ( peaking at # 14 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 About the song 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 B - sides , bonus tracks and remixes 4.1 Complete list of versions 4.1. 1 Additional information `` Rio '' versions 5 Formats and track listing 5.1 7 `` : EMI . / EMI 5346 United Kingdom 5.2 7 `` : EMI . / EMI 5346 United Kingdom 5.3 12 `` : EMI. / 12 EMI 5346 United Kingdom 5.4 7 `` : Harvest . / B - 5175 United States ( 1982 ) 5.5 7 `` : Capitol . / B - 5215 United States ( Reissue 1983 ) 5.6 CD : Part of Singles Box Set 1981 - 1985 boxset 6 Notes 7 Other appearances 8 Covers , samples , & media references 9 Goldfinger version 10 Nicole Scherzinger version 10.1 Track listing 10.1. 1 2 - track CD single 10.1. 2 CD single maxi jewelcase 11 Moby version 12 References 13 External links About the song ( Edit ) The keyboard pattern for `` Rio '' , well - known among Duran Duran fans and synthesizer enthusiasts , was produced by an arpeggiator -- a software tool which can play the individual notes in a chord in a chosen pattern . It was once rumoured that the synthesiser used to achieve this was a Roland Jupiter - 8 . However , it has been said by Nick Rhodes to actually be a Roland Jupiter - 4 using the random mode on the arpeggiator with a Cmaj7 chord . Rhodes created the unusual sound at the beginning of the song by throwing several small metal rods onto the strings of a grand piano in the studio . The recorded sound was then reversed to create the intro . The laughter on the track was that of Rhodes ' girlfriend at the time . The song 's verse was musically inspired by their earlier song `` See Me , Repeat Me '' and the chorus was taken from `` Stevie 's Radio Station '' , a song written by TV Eye which featured singer Andy Wickett who went on to be one of Duran Duran 's early singers . The song was a favourite of Nick and John and was incorporated into Duran Duran live sets during Wickett 's tenure . The tenor saxophone solo was performed by Andy Hamilton , who has also worked with Wham ! and Elton John amongst others . Music video ( Edit ) Director Russell Mulcahy filmed the vivid music video for `` Rio '' , which featured iconic images of the band in Antony Price suits , singing and playing around on a yacht speeding over the crystal blue Caribbean Sea . Short segments show band members trying to live out their assorted daydreams , only to be teased , tormented , and made fools of by a body - painted vixen Reema Ruspoli . The music video was shot over the course of three days in May 1982 on the island of Antigua . The yacht scenes were filmed on the bay at English Harbour , the beach scenes at Miller 's Beach , and the segment featuring the raft at Shirley Heights . Some close ups were filmed later on the Solent due to a film processing error . Director Mulcahy originally planned a scene where the band members got chased off the island by people wielding guns , but did n't have enough film stock left to shoot this . He had to borrow a tourist 's camera to shoot the part of Nick Rhodes playing a saxophone on a raft . When the video was featured on VH1 's Pop - Up Video , it mentions that after the video was completed , Mulcahy , Simon LeBon , and John Taylor went for a swim and were inches away from sharks when the yacht captain yelled for them to get out of the water . Nick Rhodes was reportedly seasick during the filming , and has often said `` I hate boats unless they 're tied up and you 're having cocktails on them . '' While in Antigua , the band also filmed a video for the album track `` Night Boat '' , which appeared with `` Rio '' and nine other videos on the Duran Duran video album released in 1983 . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 -- 83 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 60 Canada Finland 14 Ireland 9 New Zealand 36 UK Singles Chart 9 US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Billboard Mainstream Rock 5 US Cash Box Top 100 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Canada 37 US Cash Box 94 US Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual 104 B - sides , bonus tracks and remixes ( Edit ) There are 13 different official mixes of `` Rio '' , many of which are edits of the album version or Kershenbaum remix with fades in various places . The B - side of the November 1982 original United Kingdom single was `` The Chauffeur ( Blue Silver ) '' , an acoustic version of the moody album track . The B - side of the April 1983 reissue in the United States was an upbeat remix of `` Hold Back The Rain '' . The B - side of the 12 '' single included a remix of `` My Own Way '' . In 1998 Recall 22 ( Dan Bewick and Matt Frost ) released three new promo mixes of `` Rio '' in France . Complete list of versions ( Edit ) `` Rio '' ( Album Version ) -- 5 : 33 `` Rio '' ( Single Version ) -- 4 : 40 `` Rio '' ( Night Version ) -- 6 : 46 `` Rio '' ( Part 1 ) -- 5 : 11 `` Rio '' ( Part 2 ) -- 5 : 29 `` Rio '' ( Part 2 ) ( Full 7 ' ' Mix ) -- 5 : 02 `` Rio '' ( US Album Remix ) -- 5 : 24 `` Rio '' ( US Edit ) -- 4 : 44 `` Rio '' ( US Single Version ) -- 4 : 34 `` Rio '' ( US Single Remix ) -- 3 : 57 `` Rio '' ( UK promo Single Version ) -- 4 : 57 `` Rio '' ( Brazilian Edit ) -- 3 : 36 `` Rio '' ( Video Version ) -- 5 : 03 Additional information `` Rio '' versions ( Edit ) Rio `` Single Version '' was made available on CD , being part of a Japanese promo compilation released in 1988 : I Do n't Want Your ... Special DJ Copy . Rio `` Night Version '' is also known as `` 12 Inch Dance Version '' or `` Carnival Version '' . Rio `` Part 2 ( Full 7 ' ' Mix ) '' was originally released on the Japanese EP of `` Carnival '' in 1982 . This version is also available on `` a Japanese - only 2CD compilation of four previously released EP 's : `` Nite Romantics '' , `` Carnival '' , `` Tiger Tiger '' & `` Strange Behavior '' . Rio `` US Album Remix '' appears on the promotional American 12 '' single for `` Rio '' and is also labelled as `` Night Version '' on an American split promo 12 `` , being part of `` Special Extended Selections '' . Rio `` US Edit '' appears on the `` Greatest '' CD . Rio `` US Single Remix '' was released on the US 7 '' reissue of Rio in 1983 and was remixed by David Kershenbaum . Rio `` UK Promo Single Version '' was released as a `` one - sided promo only '' in 1982 . `` Brazilian Edit '' can be found on a Brazilian 4 track 7 '' EP . Formats and track listing ( Edit ) 7 `` : emi . / Emi 5346 United Kingdom ( Edit ) `` Rio '' ( Single Version ) -- 4 : 40 `` The Chauffeur ( Blue Silver ) '' -- 3 : 48 Track 1 is an edit of the `` U.S. Album Remix '' . Track 2 is the `` Early Version '' and is a shorter acoustic version of the moody album track . 7 `` : emi . / Emi 5346 United Kingdom ( Edit ) `` Rio '' -- 5 : 11 `` The Chauffeur ( Blue Silver ) '' -- 3 : 48 Track 1 is `` Rio '' ( Part 1 ) . Track 2 is the `` Early Version '' of The Chauffeur and is a shorter acoustic version of the moody album track . Note : Two different versions of this single were available in the UK , both with identical sleeves and labels . 12 `` : EMI. / 12 EMI 5346 United Kingdom ( edit ) `` Rio '' ( Part 2 ) -- 5 : 29 `` Rio '' ( Part 1 ) -- 5 : 11 `` My Own Way '' -- 4 : 34 ( a.k.a. `` Carnival remix '' ) 7 `` : Harvest . / B - 5175 United States ( 1982 ) ( edit ) `` Rio '' ( US Single version ) -- 4 : 34 `` Hold Back the Rain '' ( Album version ) -- 3 : 59 7 `` : Capitol . / B - 5215 United States ( Reissue 1983 ) ( edit ) `` Rio '' ( US Single remix ) -- 3 : 57 `` Hold Back the Rain '' ( US Album remix ) -- 6 : 32 CD : part of singles Box Set 1981 - 1985 boxset ( Edit ) `` Rio '' ( Part 1 ) -- 5 : 11 `` The Chauffeur '' ( Blue Silver ) -- 3 : 48 `` Rio '' ( Part 2 ) -- 5 : 29 `` My Own Way '' ( Carnival remix ) -- 4 : 34 Track 2 is the `` Early Version '' of The Chauffeur and is a shorter acoustic version of the moody album track . Notes ( edit ) Remixes done by David Kershenbaum Other appearances ( Edit ) Apart from the single , `` Rio '' has also appeared on : Albums : Carnival ( 1982 ) Arena ( 2004 reissue only ) Decade ( 1989 ) Night Versions : The Essential Duran Duran ( 1998 ) Greatest ( 1998 ) Strange Behaviour ( 1999 ) Singles Box Set 1981 - 1985 ( 2003 ) Covers , samples , & media references ( Edit ) Cover versions of `` Rio '' have been recorded by Goldfinger , Bodyjar , Cranial Screwtop , Nip Drivers and Nicole Scherzinger . Nirvana performed the song `` Rio '' during the Hollywood Rock show in Brazil , on 16 January 1993 , and Barenaked Ladies played `` Rio '' live in Calgary on 1 April 2004 , among other occasions . The song was also played acoustically on the 2007 Ships and Dips Cruise . Green Day played it live briefly on their 21st Century Breakdown World Tour . The music video for the Fountains of Wayne song `` Mexican Wine '' is partially based on the video for `` Rio . '' Parts of the song were sung by Santa Claus on `` Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics '' South Park episode , after he bemoaned how there were hundreds of songs about Jesus Christ , but only about 4 about him . It has been referenced in the lyrics of the 2005 UK # 1 hit by Arctic Monkeys , `` I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor '' : `` Your name is n't Rio , but I do n't care for sand '' . The Killers also referenced the song in `` On Top '' . In 2008 , for their video `` Never Too Late '' , Hedley released a shot - for - shot remake of the video . `` Rio '' was also used for and against former England and Manchester United defender Rio Ferdinand , as a chant sung ' His name is Rio , Rio , Rio Ferdinand ' . Darren Criss as Blaine Anderson and Matt Bomer as Cooper Anderson covered this song as a mash - up with another Duran Duran song , `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' in the third season of Glee . Also , during the iTunes trailer for the film Alpha and Omega , both songs can be heard ( except the song , `` Hungry Like The Wolf , '' is the instrumental part at the beginning of the song ) . California indie rock band Rogue Wave performed a version of the song in July 2013 for The A.V. Club 's A.V. Undercover : Summer Break series . The song also appears in several music video games : Singstar 80 's ( also features the song 's music video ) Rock Band ( downloadable content ) Karaoke Revolution Presents : American Idol Encore ( cover version by Wavegroup ) Rock Band Track Pack Volume 2 Dance Dance Revolution Band Hero Rocksmith 2014 Goldfinger version ( Edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Rio '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Goldfinger <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Duran Duran Tribute Album Released December 1997 Format CD single Genre Ska punk , punk rock Length 2 : 59 Label Mojo Songwriter ( s ) Duran Duran Producer ( s ) Jay Rifkin and John Feldmann In 1997 Goldfinger brought their version of Rio out , which first appeared on a tribute album of Duran Duran , then later on the albums Spokesman and The Best of Goldfinger . Nicole Scherzinger version ( Edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Rio '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Nicole Scherzinger Released August 2008 Format CD single Recorded 2007 - 2008 Genre R&B , pop Length 3 : 39 Label A&M , Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Duran Duran Producer ( s ) Ron Fair , JR Rotem , Ben H. Allen <Th_colspan="2"> Nicole Scherzinger singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Puakenikeni '' ( 2008 ) `` Rio '' ( 2008 ) `` Nobody Can Change Me '' ( 2010 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Puakenikeni '' ( 2008 ) `` Rio '' ( 2008 ) `` Nobody Can Change Me '' ( 2010 ) Nicole Scherzinger ( lead vocalist for the Pussycat Dolls ) recorded a remixed cover of `` Rio '' as a promotion for Caress Brazilian body wash from Unilever . The song was released to radio on 28 July 2008 and as a CD single in August 2008 . The music video shows Scherzinger performing in a pink dress in front of a crowd , with flowers appearing all around her as she sings on stage . Of the cover , Duran Duran singer Simon Le Bon said `` When we were first approached about Nicole doing a version of ' Rio ' for this campaign , we thought it was the perfect fit . She 's exotic and beautiful and embodies everything that inspired the original version . Because it 's one of our signature songs very few people have covered it over the years , so it has been great for us to hear a new interpretation . '' Track listing ( edit ) 2 - track CD single ( edit ) `` Rio ( Caress Brazilian Mix ) '' `` Rio ( Caress Brazilian Mix ) '' ( Instrumental ) CD single maxi jewelcase ( edit ) `` Rio '' ( Caress Brazilian Mix ) `` Rio '' ( Caress Brazilian Mix ) ( Instrumental ) `` Rio '' ( dance Remix ) `` Rio '' ( Video ) The making of the `` Rio '' ( Caress Brazilian Mix ) '' video Moby version ( Edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Rio '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Moby <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Making Patterns Rhyme Released 3 June 2014 Format Music download Genre Electronic Length 5 : 34 Label Modern Records Songwriter ( s ) Duran Duran Producer ( s ) Moby <Th_colspan="2"> Moby singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` Rio '' ( 2014 ) `` Almost Love '' ( 2015 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' ( 2014 ) `` Rio '' ( 2014 ) `` Almost Love '' ( 2015 ) The song was recreated by Moby for the compilation album Making Patterns Rhyme . References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Official Charts > Duran Duran '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Audio recordings of the station obtained by industry publication Radio & Records show in an archived column written by Adam Jacobson . Jump up ^ `` Vintage Synth Explorer '' . Vintagesynth.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 15 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 October 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Odell , Michael . `` Duran Duran : In their own words Archived 2 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine . '' . The Observer , 16 November 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 463 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ `` Duran Duran Rio '' . Ionpool.net . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Recall 22 Discography '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Duran Duran - Rio ( Recall 22 Mixes ) ( CDr ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue Wave covers Duran Duran '' . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MSN.com - Hotmail , Outlook , Skype , Bing , Latest News , Photos & Videos '' . Caressbrazilian.msn.com . Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicole Scherzinger - `` Rio '' official video from CaressBrazilian on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Hear Moby 's Dusky Take on Duran Duran 's ' Rio ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . External links ( Edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Duran Duran <Td_colspan="2"> Nick Rhodes John Taylor Roger Taylor Simon Le Bon Stephen Duffy Simon Colley Andy Wickett Alan Curtis Jeff Thomas Andy Taylor Warren Cuccurullo Sterling Campbell Studio albums Duran Duran Rio Seven and the Ragged Tiger Notorious Big Thing Liberty Duran Duran Thank You Medazzaland Pop Trash Astronaut Red Carpet Massacre All You Need Is Now Paper Gods Live albums Arena Live at Hammersmith ' 82 ! A Diamond in the Mind : Live 2011 Compilations , EPs and remixes Carnival Master Mixes Decade : Greatest Hits Greatest Night Versions : The Essential Duran Duran Strange Behaviour Singles Box Set 1981 -- 1985 Singles Box Set 1986 -- 1995 The Essential Collection From Mediterranea with Love Singles `` Planet Earth '' `` Careless Memories '' `` Girls on Film '' `` My Own Way '' `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' `` Save a Prayer '' `` Rio '' `` Is There Something I Should Know ? '' `` Union of the Snake '' `` New Moon on Monday '' `` The Reflex '' `` The Wild Boys '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` Notorious '' `` Skin Trade '' `` Meet El Presidente '' `` I Do n't Want Your Love '' `` All She Wants Is '' `` Do You Believe in Shame ? '' `` Burning the Ground '' `` Violence of Summer ( Love 's Taking Over ) '' `` Serious '' `` Ordinary World '' `` Come Undone '' `` Too Much Information '' `` Perfect Day '' `` White Lines '' `` Out of My Mind '' `` Electric Barbarella '' `` Someone Else Not Me '' `` ( Reach Up for The ) Sunrise '' `` What Happens Tomorrow '' `` Nice '' `` Falling Down '' Other songs `` Night Boat '' `` New Religion '' `` The Chauffeur '' Videography Duran Duran Video 45 Duran Duran Dancing on the Valentine Sing Blue Silver Arena ( An Absurd Notion ) 6ix by 3hree Decade : Greatest Hits Greatest Live from London Live at Hammersmith ' 82 ! Related artists Arcadia Neurotic Outsiders The Devils The Power Station Swahili Blonde TV Mania John Frusciante Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Reportage Duran Duran concert tours Duran Duran 's charity concert at Villa Park 1983 Drum Yasmin Le Bon Amber Le Bon <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Nicole Scherzinger <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Videography Songs Studio albums Killer Love Big Fat Lie Singles `` Whatever U Like '' `` Baby Love '' `` Poison '' `` Do n't Hold Your Breath '' `` Right There '' `` Wet '' `` Try with Me '' `` Boomerang '' `` Your Love '' `` Run '' `` On the Rocks '' Collaborations `` Coconut Tree '' `` Come to Me '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hotel Room Service '' `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' `` Lie About Us '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Scream '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Fino all'estasi '' Related articles The Pussycat Dolls Eden 's Crush Days of the New <Th_colspan="2"> Moby <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Moby Ambient Everything Is Wrong Animal Rights Play 18 Hotel Last Night Wait for Me Destroyed Innocents Long Ambients 1 : Calm . Sleep . These Systems Are Failing More Fast Songs About the Apocalypse Everything Was Beautiful , and Nothing Hurt EPs Move -- The E.P. Compilations Instinct Dance / Early Underground I Like to Score MobySongs 1993 -- 1998 Play : The B Sides 18 B Sides + DVD Go -- The Very Best of Moby Singles `` Mobility '' `` Go '' `` Drop a Beat '' `` Next Is the E '' `` I Feel It '' / `` Thousand '' `` Move ( You Make Me Feel So Good ) '' `` All That I Need Is to Be Loved '' `` Hymn '' `` Feeling So Real '' `` Everytime You Touch Me '' `` Into the Blue '' `` Bring Back My Happiness '' `` That 's When I Reach for My Revolver '' `` James Bond Theme ( Moby 's Re-Version ) '' `` Honey '' `` Run On '' `` Bodyrock '' `` Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad ? 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-2,324,514,019,614,718,500 | which song in bedknobs and broomsticks was originally written for mary poppins | Bedknobs and Broomsticks - wikipedia Bedknobs and Broomsticks Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Bedknobs and Broomsticks <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical poster Directed by Robert Stevenson Produced by Bill Walsh Screenplay by Bill Walsh Don DaGradi Based on The Magic Bedknob & Bonfires and Broomsticks by Mary Norton Starring Dame Angela Lansbury Sir Bruce Forsyth David Tomlinson John Ericson Ian Weighill Cindy O'Callaghan Roy Snart Music by Songs : Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Score : Irwin Kostal Cinematography Frank Phillips Edited by Cotton Warburton Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date October 7 , 1971 ( 1971 - 10 - 07 ) ( United Kingdom ) December 13 , 1971 ( 1971 - 12 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 117 minutes ( 1971 original version ) 96 minutes ( 1979 reissue version ) 139 minutes ( 2001 reconstruction version ) Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $17.9 million Bedknobs and Broomsticks is a 1971 British - American musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution Company in North America on December 13 , 1971 . It is based upon the books The Magic Bedknob ; or , How to Become a Witch in Ten Easy Lessons ( 1943 ) and Bonfires and Broomsticks ( 1945 ) by English children 's author Mary Norton . The film , which combines live action and animation , stars Angela Lansbury and David Tomlinson . The film is frequently compared with Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , since it combines live action and animation and is partially set in the streets of London . It also features numerous cast members from Mary Poppins , particularly Tomlinson , supporting actor Reginald Owen ( in his last film role ) , a similar film crew , songwriters the Sherman Brothers , director Robert Stevenson , art director Peter Ellenshaw , and musical direction by Irwin Kostal . This was the last film released prior to the death of Walt Disney 's surviving brother , Roy O. Disney , who died one week later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reaction 5.2 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 Cast reunion 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) During The Blitz , Charlie , Carrie , and Paul are evacuated from London to the remote village of Pepperinge Eye , where they are placed in the reluctant care of Miss Eglantine Price , a reclusive woman who agrees to the arrangement temporarily . The three children attempt to run back to London , but change their minds after observing Miss Price attempting to fly on a broomstick . Miss Price reveals she is learning witchcraft through a correspondence school with hopes of using her spells in the British war effort , and offers the children a transportation spell in exchange for their silence . Miss Price casts the spell on a knob Paul has removed from the bed in the children 's shared bedroom , and she adds only Paul can work the spell . Later , Miss Price receives a letter from her school announcing its closure , thus preventing her from learning the final spell . She convinces Paul to use the enchanted bed to return the group to London and locate the headmaster of the college , Professor Emelius Browne . They discover Browne is actually a charismatic showman who created the course from an old book and is surprised to learn the spells actually work for Miss Price . He gives the book to Miss Price , who is distraught to discover the final spell is missing . The group travels to Portobello Road to locate the rest of the book . They are approached by Swinburne , who takes them to his employer , the Bookman who possesses the remainder of the book . They exchange their pieces , but learn only the spell was inscribed on a medallion , the Star of Astaroth , that belonged to a sorcerer of that name . The Bookman reveals the medallion may have been taken by a pack of wild animals , given anthropomorphism by Astaroth , to a remote island called Naboombu . It was said in the 17th century , a lascar claimed he saw Naboombu . The Bookman , however , does not believe the island exists , as he looked in every chart for it , until Paul confirms its existence via a storybook he found at Mr. Browne 's residence . The group fly on the bed and land in the island 's lagoon , where they are brought before King Leonidas , who rules the island . He is wearing the Star of Astaroth , then invites Mr. Browne to act as a referee in a soccer game . The chaotic match ends in Leonidas ' self - proclaimed victory , but Mr. Browne cleverly swaps the medallion with his referee whistle as he leaves . Upon examining the Star , Miss Price finds the missing spell , `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' . When he discovers the theft , Leonidas pursues the travelers , but Miss Price transforms him into a rabbit and the five escape . Back home , Miss Price prepares to try out the spell , but the Star has vanished back into the fantasy world of Naboombu . Paul reveals the spell `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' was actually in his storybook the whole time . Miss Price attempts the spell on Mr. Browne 's shoes ; while the spell works and imbues the shoes with life , she finds she inadvertently brought other items throughout the house to life as well , and has difficultly controlling them . Mrs. Hobday informs Miss Price the children can be relocated with another family , but Miss Price wants them to stay . Mr. Browne is leery of commitment , and when the children refer to him as a father figure , he attempts to return to London . A platoon of Nazi commandos land on the coast and invade Miss Price 's house , where they imprison her and the children in the local museum . Mr. Browne comes to the rescue after observing more Nazis disabling phone lines , inspiring Miss Price to use `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' to enchant the museum 's exhibits into an army . The army of knights ' armour and military uniforms chase the Nazis away , but as the Nazis retreat they destroy Miss Price 's workshop , ending her career as a witch . Though disappointed her career is over , she is happy she played a small part in the war effort . Mr. Browne enlists in the army , promising to return to Miss Price and the children and departs with the local Home Guard escorting him , while Paul reveals he still has the enchanted bedknob , hinting they can continue on with their adventures . Cast ( edit ) Angela Lansbury as Miss Eglantine Price . Miss Price is initially a somewhat reclusive woman , reluctant to take in children from London as she believes they will get in the way of her witchcraft , which she prefers to keep secret but hopes to use to bring the nascent World War II to an end . David Tomlinson as Mr. Emelius Browne . Introduced as `` Professor Browne , '' the title by which Miss Price knows him , he is running a Correspondence College of Witchcraft based on what he believes to be `` nonsense words '' found in an old book . When Miss Price and the children find him in London , he is revealed to be a street performer and con artist , and not a very good one . He is , however , a smooth talker , which proves useful on the group 's adventures , and believes in doing everything `` with a flair . '' As the adventures unfold , he finds himself developing an attachment to Miss Price and the children , a feeling he struggles with . Ian Weighill as Charles `` Charlie '' Rawlins . Charlie is the eldest of the orphaned Rawlins children ; eleven , going on twelve , according to Carrie , an age which Miss Price calls `` The Age of Not Believing . '' Accordingly , he is initially cynical and disbelieving of Miss Price 's magical efforts , but comes around as time goes on ; it is at his initial suggestion that Ms. Price uses the Substitutiary Locomotion spell on the museum artifacts . Cindy O'Callaghan as Carrie Rawlins . Slightly younger than Charlie , she takes on a motherly attitude toward her brothers , especially Paul . She is the first to encourage a friendly relationship between Miss Price and the children . Roy Snart as Paul Rawlins . Paul is about six ; his possession of the bedknob and the Isle of Naboombu children 's book lead to the group 's adventures as well as the eventual solution to the quest for the Substitutiary Locomotion spell . Paul is prone to blurting out whatever is on his mind , which occasionally leads to trouble . Roddy McDowall as Mr. Rowan Jelk , the local clergyman . Deleted scenes reveal Mr. Jelk to be interested in marrying Miss Price , largely for her property . Sam Jaffe as the Bookman , a mysterious criminal also in pursuit of the Substitutiary Locomotion spell . It is implied that there is some history and bad blood between him and Mr. Browne . Bruce Forsyth as Swinburne , a spiv and associate of the Bookman 's who acts as his muscle . Tessie O'Shea as Mrs. Jessica `` Jessie '' Hobday , the local postmistress of Pepperinge Eye and chairwoman of the War Activities Committee . John Ericson as Colonel Heller , leader of the German raiding party which comes ashore at Pepperinge Eye . Reginald Owen as Major General Sir Brian Teagler , commander of the local Home Guard . Arthur Gould - Porter as Captain Ainsley Greer , a British Army captain who comes from HQ in London to inspect the Home Guard and becomes lost in the area . He is constantly running into locals who suspect him of being a Nazi in disguise . Hank Worden as Old Home Guard Soldier ( uncredited ) Cyril Delevanti as Elderly farmer Voices ( edit ) Lennie Weinrib as King Leonidas and Secretary Bird . The king is a lion , and a devoted football player with a fearsome temper , as well as a notorious cheat who is known to make up the rules as he goes along -- according to Paul 's book . His Secretary Bird is a prim and proper type who often bears the brunt of the king 's temper . Dallas McKennon as Bear . The Bear is a sailor and fisherman on the Isle of Naboombu who pulls the bed , with Miss Price 's group on it , out of the lagoon with his fishing pole , and takes them to see the King after warning them of his temper . Bob Holt as Codfish , a denizen of the Naboombu lagoon . Leslie Caron , Lynn Redgrave , Judy Carne , and Julie Andrews were all considered for the role of Eglantine Price before the Disney studio decided on Lansbury . David Tomlinson replaced Ron Moody as Emelius Brown because Moody refused to star in the film unless he received top billing which the studio would not allow . Peter Ustinov was also considered before Tomlinson was cast . Production ( edit ) Filming took place at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . The castle scenes were shot on location at Corfe Castle , Dorset , England . The armor used for the climactic battle against the Nazis had been assembled in Spain for the movie El Cid and was later shipped to Burbank for use in the movie Camelot before being rented for this film . Release ( edit ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks was originally intended to be a large - scale epic holiday release similar to Mary Poppins , but after its premiere , it was shortened from its two and a half - hour length ( while the liner notes on the soundtrack reissue in 2002 claims it was closer to three hours ) to a more manageable ( to movie theatres ) two hours . Along with a minor subplot involving Roddy McDowall 's character , three songs were removed entirely , and the central dance number `` Portobello Road '' was shortened by more than six minutes . The 139 - minute version of the film would eventually be published years later . By 1976 , the film had earned rentals of $8.5 million in North America . The movie was reissued theatrically on April 13 , 1979 , with a shorter running time of 96 minutes and all songs , excluding `` Portobello Road '' and `` Beautiful Briny Sea '' , muted out . Home media ( edit ) The film has been released for home several times on VHS and DVD . Upon rediscovering the removed song `` A Step in the Right Direction '' on the original soundtrack album , Disney decided to reconstruct the film 's original running length . Most of the film material was found , but some segments of `` Portobello Road '' had to be reconstructed from work prints with digital re-coloration to match the film quality of the main content . The footage for `` A Step in the Right Direction '' was never located . As of 2009 , it remains lost , and it is believed that the footage was possibly destroyed . A reconstruction of `` A Step in the Right Direction '' , using the original music track linked up to existing production stills , was included on the DVD as an extra to convey an idea of what the lost sequence would have looked like . The edit included several newly discovered songs , including `` Nobody 's Problems '' , performed by Lansbury . The number had been cut before the premiere of the film . Lansbury had only made a demo recording , singing with a solo piano because the orchestrations would have been added when the picture was scored . When the song was cut , the orchestrations had not yet been added ; therefore , it was finally orchestrated and put together when it was placed back into the film . The soundtrack for some of the spoken tracks was unrecoverable . Therefore , Lansbury and McDowall re-dubbed their parts , while other actors made ADR dubs for those who were unavailable . Even though David Tomlinson was still alive when the film was being reconstructed , he was in ill - health , and unavailable to provide ADR for Emelius Browne . Some of the alternate actors who re-dubbed the newly inserted scenes had questionable likenesses to that of the original voices ( the postmistress , for example , had a British regional accented voice that changed from Welsh to Scottish and back again on the reconstructed scenes ) . Elements of the underscoring were either moved or extended when it was necessary to benefit the new material . The extended version of the film was released on VHS and DVD on March 20 , 2001 , to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the film . The reconstruction additionally marks the first time the film was presented in stereophonic sound . A new edition called Bedknobs and Broomsticks : Enchanted Musical Edition was released on DVD on September 8 , 2009 . This new single - disc edition is an identical transfer to the 30th Anniversary Edition , dropping the Scrapbook and Film Facts to make room for a Wizards of Waverly Place Special Effects featurette and a The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Blu - ray infomercial . The Sherman Brothers Featurette , the lost song `` A Step in the Right Direction '' and most of the other bonus features are retained from the previous edition . The movie was released on Special Edition Blu - ray , DVD , and Digital HD on August 12 , 2014 , in its 117 - minute General Release Version , with the deleted scenes used in the previous reconstructed version presented in a separate section on the Blu - ray disc . Many fans are disappointed that the 30th anniversary version has not been transferred onto Blu - ray as an option , ( e.g. a Blu - ray set containing both the 117 - min and 140 - min versions ) , as despite the ADR dubbing , many still prefer the longer uncut version . Reception ( edit ) Critical reaction ( edit ) The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics . It has a score of 63 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Accolades ( edit ) The film received five Academy Award nominations and won one . Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Golden Globe Awards February 6 , 1972 Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Angela Lansbury Nominated Academy Awards April 10 , 1972 Best Special Visual Effects Alan Maley , Eustace Lycett and Danny Lee Won Best Costume Design Bill Thomas Nominated Best Art Direction Art Direction : John B. Mansbridge and Peter Ellenshaw ; Set Decoration : Emile Kuri and Hal Gausman Nominated Best Song Original for the Picture Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman Nominated Best Original Song and Adaptation Score Song Score : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ; Adaptation : Irwin Kostal Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bedknobs and Broomsticks <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Richard M. Sherman , Robert B. Sherman and Irwin Kostal Released 1971 Label Walt Disney Producer Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Irwin Kostal The musical score for Bedknobs and Broomsticks was composed by Irwin Kostal , with all songs written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman . A soundtrack album was released by Buena Vista Records in 1971 . While the film was released in mono sound , the musical score was recorded in stereo and the soundtrack album was released in stereo . An expanded soundtrack album was later released on CD on August 13 , 2002 . These songs include : `` The Old Home Guard '' `` The Age of Not Believing '' ( received an Oscar nomination for Best Song Original for the Picture ) `` With a Flair '' ( only in the reconstruction ) `` Eglantine '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( only in the reconstruction ) `` Portobello Road '' `` The Beautiful Briny '' `` Substitutiary Locomotion '' `` A Step in the Right Direction '' `` Nobody 's Problems '' ( only in the reconstruction ) `` Solid Citizen '' ( replaced by the soccer match ) `` Fundamental Element '' ( sections were incorporated into `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ) Cast reunion ( edit ) The three child stars of the film shared their recollections on an edition of The One Show broadcast on BBC One on 3 May 2016 and Angela Lansbury recorded a short filmed tribute to them . The two boys did not go any further with their film careers ; Ian Weighill who played the older boy , Charlie , reportedly became a train engineer and Roy Snart who played the younger boy , Paul , is the head of a software company . Cindy O'Callaghan , who played Carrie , went on to appear in numerous television productions including `` EastEnders '' and `` Gem '' . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Cartoon portal 1970s portal Film portal List of American films of 1971 Mary Poppins References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bedknobs and Broomsticks , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Bedknobs and Broomsticks : Cast & Crew ' movies.msn.com Jump up ^ ' Bedknobs & Broomsticks ' Turner Classic Movies Database Jump up ^ According to film critic Leonard Maltin 's book Disney Films . Jump up ^ Bedknobs and Broomsticks , imdb.com , December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All - time Film Rental Champs '' , Variety , 7 January 1976 p 44 Jump up ^ `` Bedknobs and Broomsticks : Enchanted Musical Edition DVD Review '' . DVDizzy.com . Jump up ^ `` NY Times : Bedknobs and Broomsticks '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ The One Show 3 May 2016 Retrieved 4 May 2016 Jump up ^ Where Are They Now Bedknobs and Broomsticks at The Express 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bedknobs and Broomsticks Official website Bedknobs and Broomsticks 30th Anniversary Edition DVD Review at UltimateDisney.com Bedknobs and Broomsticks on IMDb Bedknobs and Broomsticks at AllMovie Bedknobs and Broomsticks at The Big Cartoon DataBase Bedknobs and Broomsticks at the TCM Movie Database Bedknobs and Broomsticks at Rotten Tomatoes Bedknobs and Broomsticks at DBCult Film Institute A contemporary , 1971 review <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Robert Stevenson <Td_colspan="2"> Happy Ever After ( 1932 ) Falling for You ( 1933 ) Tudor Rose ( 1936 ) The Man Who Changed His Mind ( 1936 ) Jack of All Trades ( 1936 ) King Solomon 's Mines ( 1937 ) Non-Stop New York ( 1937 ) Owd Bob ( 1938 ) The Ware Case ( 1938 ) Young Man 's Fancy ( 1939 ) Return to Yesterday ( 1940 ) Tom Brown 's School Days ( 1940 ) Back Street ( 1941 ) Joan of Paris ( 1942 ) Forever and a Day ( 1943 ) Jane Eyre ( 1943 ) Dishonored Lady ( 1947 ) To the Ends of the Earth ( 1948 ) I Married a Communist ( 1949 ) Walk Softly , Stranger ( 1950 ) My Forbidden Past ( 1951 ) The Las Vegas Story ( 1952 ) Johnny Tremain ( 1957 ) Old Yeller ( 1957 ) Darby O'Gill and the Little People ( 1959 ) Kidnapped ( 1960 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Son of Flubber ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) The Gnome - Mobile ( 1967 ) Blackbeard 's Ghost ( 1968 ) The Love Bug ( 1968 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Herbie Rides Again ( 1974 ) The Island at the Top of the World ( 1974 ) One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing ( 1975 ) The Shaggy D.A. ( 1976 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Walt Disney Animation Studios <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> List of feature films <Td_colspan="2"> Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics <Td_colspan="2"> History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time <Th_colspan="2"> The Sherman Brothers <Td_colspan="2"> Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1975 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bedknobs_and_Broomsticks&oldid=804774552 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films 1970s adventure films 1970s fantasy films 1970s musical films American animated fantasy films American children 's adventure films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American films American musical fantasy films Animated films based on children 's books Animated musical films Association football films Battle of Britain films British animated fantasy films British children 's adventure films British children 's animated films British children 's fantasy films British fantasy adventure films British films British musical films Films about animals playing sports Films about shapeshifting Films based on British novels Films based on multiple works Films directed by Robert Stevenson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Bill Walsh ( producer ) Films set in 1940 Films set in England Films set in London Films shot in Dorset Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films with live action and animation Magic in film Musicals about World War II Nazis in fiction Walt Disney Pictures films World War II films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 02 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Bedknobs and Broomsticks film
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-3,142,866,150,153,000,000 | what type of mutation produces the bcr-abl chimeric protein | Fusion protein - wikipedia Fusion protein Jump to : navigation , search This article is about chimeric fusion proteins . For proteins involved in membrane fusion , see membrane fusion protein . Fusion proteins or chimeric ( \ kī - ˈmir - ik ) proteins ( literally , made of parts from different sources ) are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins . Translation of this fusion gene results in a single or multiple polypeptides with functional properties derived from each of the original proteins . Recombinant fusion proteins are created artificially by recombinant DNA technology for use in biological research or therapeutics . Chimeric or chimera usually designate hybrid proteins made of polypeptides having different functions or physico - chemical patterns . Chimeric mutant proteins occur naturally when a complex mutation , such as a chromosomal translocation , tandem duplication , or retrotransposition creates a novel coding sequence containing parts of the coding sequences from two different genes . Naturally occurring fusion proteins are commonly found in cancer cells , where they may function as oncoproteins . The bcr - abl fusion protein is a well - known example of an oncogenic fusion protein , and is considered to be the primary oncogenic driver of chronic myelogenous leukemia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 Recombinant technology 2.1 Chimeric protein drugs 3 Natural occurrence 4 See also 5 External links Functions ( edit ) Some fusion proteins combine whole peptides and therefore contain all functional domains of the original proteins . However , other fusion proteins , especially those that occur naturally , combine only portions of coding sequences and therefore do not maintain the original functions of the parental genes that formed them . Many whole gene fusions are fully functional and can still act to replace the original peptides . Some , however , experience interactions between the two proteins that can modify their functions . Beyond these effects , some gene fusions may cause regulatory changes that alter when and where these genes act . For partial gene fusions , the shuffling of different active sites and binding domains have potential to result in new proteins with novel functions . Recombinant technology ( edit ) A recombinant fusion protein is a protein created through genetic engineering of a fusion gene . This typically involves removing the stop codon from a cDNA sequence coding for the first protein , then appending the cDNA sequence of the second protein in frame through ligation or overlap extension PCR . That DNA sequence will then be expressed by a cell as a single protein . The protein can be engineered to include the full sequence of both original proteins , or only a portion of either . If the two entities are proteins , often linker ( or `` spacer '' ) peptides are also added , which make it more likely that the proteins fold independently and behave as expected . Especially in the case where the linkers enable protein purification , linkers in protein or peptide fusions are sometimes engineered with cleavage sites for proteases or chemical agents that enable the liberation of the two separate proteins . This technique is often used for identification and purification of proteins , by fusing a GST protein , FLAG peptide , or a hexa - his peptide ( 6xHis - tag ) , which can be isolated using affinity chromatography with nickel or cobalt resins . Di - or multimeric chimeric proteins can be manufactured through genetic engineering by fusion to the original proteins of peptide domains that induce artificial protein di - or multimerization ( e.g. , streptavidin or leucine zippers ) . Fusion proteins can also be manufactured with toxins or antibodies attached to them in order to study disease development . Chimeric protein drugs ( edit ) Sketches of mouse ( top - left ) , chimeric ( top - right ) and humanized ( bottom - left ) monoclonal antibodies . Human parts are shown in brown , and non-human parts in blue . The purpose of creating fusion proteins in drug development is to impart properties from each of the `` parent '' proteins to the resulting chimeric protein . Several chimeric protein drugs are currently available for medical use . Many chimeric protein drugs are monoclonal antibodies whose specificity for a target molecule was developed using mice and hence were initially `` mouse '' antibodies . As non-human proteins , mouse antibodies tend to evoke an immune reaction if administered to humans . The chimerization process involves engineering the replacement of segments of the antibody molecule that distinguish it from a human antibody . For example , human constant domains can be introduced , thereby eliminating most of the potentially immunogenic portions of the drug without altering its specificity for the intended therapeutic target . Antibody nomenclature indicates this type of modification by inserting - xi - into the non-proprietary name ( e.g. , abci - xi - mab ) . If parts of the variable domains are also replaced by human portions , humanized antibodies are obtained . Although not conceptually distinct from chimeras , this type is indicated using - zu - such as in dacli - zu - mab . See the list of monoclonal antibodies for more examples . In addition to chimeric and humanized antibodies , there are other pharmaceutical purposes for the creation of chimeric constructs . Etanercept , for example , is a TNFα blocker created through the combination of a tumor necrosis factor receptor ( TNFR ) with the immunoglobulin G 1 Fc segment . TNFR provides specificity for the drug target and the antibody Fc segment is believed to add stability and deliverability of the drug . Natural occurrence ( edit ) Naturally occurring fusion genes are most commonly created when a chromosomal translocation replaces the terminal exons of one gene with intact exons from a second gene . This creates a single gene that can be transcribed , spliced , and translated to produce a functional fusion protein . Many important cancer - promoting oncogenes are fusion genes produced in this way . Examples include : Gag - onc fusion protein Bcr - abl fusion protein Tpr - met fusion protein Antibodies are fusion proteins produced by V ( D ) J recombination . See also ( edit ) Genetic engineering Protein engineering External links ( edit ) Library resources about Fusion protein Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Mutant Chimeric Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) ChiPPI : The Server Protein - Protein Interaction of Chimeric Proteins . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusion_protein&oldid=818101507 '' Categories : Engineered proteins Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 15 : 46 . About Wikipedia | 1. Fusion proteins in biological research and therapeutics
2. Recombinant fusion proteins and their functions
3. Chimeric protein drugs in medical use
4. Natural occurrence of fusion genes in cancer cells
5. Genetic engineering and protein engineering in fusion protein production |
-1,544,808,847,097,741,600 | when was the last time the new england patriots played jacksonville jaguars | Jacksonville Jaguars - wikipedia Jacksonville Jaguars Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Jacksonville Jaguars <Td_colspan="2"> Current season <Td_colspan="2"> Established November 30 , 1993 ; 24 years ago ( 1993 - 11 - 30 ) First season : 1995 Play in and headquartered at TIAA Bank Field Jacksonville , Florida <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Logo Wordmark <Th_colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations <Td_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 1995 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1995 -- present ) AFC Central ( 1995 -- 2001 ) AFC South ( 2002 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> Current uniform <Td_colspan="2"> Team colors Black , Teal , Gold Mascot Jaxson de Ville <Th_colspan="2"> Personnel Owner ( s ) Shahid Khan President Mark Lamping General manager David Caldwell Head coach Doug Marrone <Th_colspan="2"> Team history <Td_colspan="2"> Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Team nicknames <Td_colspan="2"> Jags <Th_colspan="2"> Championships <Td_colspan="2"> League championships ( 0 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Conference championships ( 0 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Division championships ( 3 ) AFC Central : 1998 , 1999 AFC South : 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 7 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NFL : 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2005 , 2007 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Home fields <Td_colspan="2"> TIAA Bank Field ( 1995 -- present ) The Jacksonville Jaguars are an American professional football franchise based in Jacksonville , Florida . The Jaguars compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) South division . The team plays its home games at TIAA Bank Field . The Jaguars and the Carolina Panthers joined the NFL as expansion teams for the 1995 season . Since their inception , the Jaguars have won division championships in 1998 and 1999 ( as members of the now - defunct AFC Central ) and 2017 ( as members of the AFC South ) and have qualified for the playoffs seven times , most recently in 2017 after a ten - season playoff drought . From their inception until 2011 , the Jacksonville Jaguars ' majority owner was Wayne Weaver . The team was then purchased by Pakistani - born businessman Shahid Khan for an estimated $ 770 million . In 2015 , Forbes estimated the team value at $1.48 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1989 -- 1994 1.2 1995 -- 2002 1.2. 1 1995 1.2. 2 1996 1.2. 3 1997 -- 99 1.2. 4 2000 -- 02 1.3 2003 -- 2011 1.3. 1 2003 -- 05 1.3. 2 2006 1.3. 3 2007 1.3. 4 2008 1.3. 5 2009 -- 2010 1.3. 6 2011 1.4 2012 1.4. 1 2012 1.4. 2 NFL International Series 1.5 2013 -- 2016 1.5. 1 2014 -- 2015 1.5. 2 2016 -- 2017 1.6 2017 -- present 2 Team colors , logos and mascot 2.1 Logos 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 1995 -- 2001 2.2. 2 2002 -- 2008 2.2. 3 2009 -- 2011 2.2. 4 2012 2.2. 5 2013 -- present 2.3 Mascot 2.4 Jacksonville Roar 3 Stadium 4 Rivals 5 Statistics and records 5.1 Season - by - season results 6 Current roster 7 Players of note 7.1 Retired numbers 7.2 Pride of the Jaguars 7.3 Florida Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and coordinators 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Offensive coordinators 8.3 Defensive coordinators 9 Current coaching staff 10 Work in the community 11 Broadcast media 11.1 Radio 11.2 Television 12 See also 13 Notes and references 14 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Jacksonville Jaguars 1989 -- 1994 ( edit ) Wayne Weaver ( right ) was the first owner of the Jacksonville Jaguars from 1993 to 2011 . In 1989 , the prospective ownership group Touchdown Jacksonville ! was organized . The group initially included future Florida Governor Jeb Bush and Jacksonville developer Tom Petway , and came to be led by shoe magnate Wayne Weaver , founder of Nine West . In 1991 , the NFL announced plans to add two expansion teams in 1994 ( later delayed until 1995 ) , its first expansion since the 1976 addition of the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Touchdown Jacksonville ! announced its bid for a team , and Jacksonville was ultimately chosen as one of five finalists , along with Charlotte , St. Louis , Baltimore , and Memphis . Jacksonville was considered the least likely expansion candidate for several reasons . The Jacksonville metropolitan area and television market were smaller than those of nearly every team in the league . Although Jacksonville was the 15th largest city in the nation at the time ( It has since grown to become the 11th - largest ) , it has always been a medium - sized market because the surrounding suburbs and rural areas are far smaller than the city itself . There were 635,000 people in Jacksonville proper according to the 1990 census , but only 900,000 people in the metropolitan area . Additionally , the Gator Bowl was outdated , and the ownership group struggled to negotiate a lease with the city . The troubled negotiations over the Gator Bowl lease led the ownership group to withdraw from the NFL expansion bidding in July 1993 . Charlotte was awarded the first franchise -- the Carolina Panthers -- in October 1993 . Surprisingly , the naming of the second expansion city was delayed a month . Most pundits speculated that the delay was made to allow St. Louis to shore up its bid . At the time , St. Louis was considered the favorite for the second franchise , with Baltimore 's three bids also considered strong . However , in a surprising move , the NFL owners voted 26 -- 2 in favor of awarding the 30th franchise to Jacksonville . After the Gator Bowl game on December 31 , 1993 , the old stadium was essentially demolished and replaced with a reinforced concrete superstructure . All that remained of the old stadium was the west upper concourse and a portion of the ramping system . To accommodate construction , the 1994 and 1995 games of `` The World 's Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party '' were split between the home fields of Florida and Georgia , and the 1994 Gator Bowl was played at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville . 1995 -- 2002 ( edit ) Tom Coughlin was Jacksonville 's head coach for its first eight seasons In January 1994 Wayne Weaver chose Tom Coughlin as the first - ever head coach of the Jaguars . Coughlin had worked in the NFL as a position coach , but he had been neither a head coach nor a coordinator in the NFL . The Jaguars ' hiring of Coughlin contrasted with the hiring moves made by their fellow expansion team . The same month that Weaver hired Coughlin as his head coach , Carolina Panthers owner Jerry Richardson went a more conventional route and hired former Buffalo Bills general manager Bill Polian as the Panthers ' first GM ( the Panthers ' head coach , Dom Capers , would not be hired until a full year after Coughlin ) . As it emerged that Weaver had no intention of hiring a general manager , it became apparent that Coughlin would have most of the authority regarding hiring decisions . Coughlin spent his year as `` head coach without a team '' preparing for the personnel moves that would come from the expansion draft , free agency , and the rookie draft in the spring of 1995 . 1995 ( edit ) Main article : 1995 Jacksonville Jaguars season The inaugural logo of the Jacksonville Jaguars . Along with the Carolina Panthers , the Jacksonville Jaguars entered the NFL as the first expansion teams in almost 20 years . Both teams participated in the 1995 NFL expansion draft , with the Jaguars taking Steve Beuerlein with the first pick . Beuerlein quickly lost his starting job to former Green Bay Packers backup Mark Brunell . The Jaguars finished their inaugural season with a record of 4 -- 12 . Both the Jaguars and the Panthers ( 7 -- 9 ) broke the previous record for most wins by an expansion team ( 3 ) set by the Cincinnati Bengals in 1968 . The inaugural season featured many of the players who would lead Jacksonville into the playoffs in the team 's next four seasons , including quarterback Mark Brunell ( acquired in a draft day trade from Green Bay ) , offensive lineman Tony Boselli ( drafted with the 2nd pick overall in the 1995 NFL Draft ) running back James Stewart ( also drafted in 1995 ) , and wide receiver Jimmy Smith ( signed as a free agent ) . Mark Brunell practicing with the Jaguars before their inaugural game on September 3 , 1995 . The team played its first regular season game at home in front of a crowd of 72,363 on September 3 , 1995 , a 10 -- 3 loss against the Houston Oilers . The team picked up its first win in Week 4 as the Jaguars defeated the Oilers 17 -- 16 on October 1 in Houston . The next week against the Pittsburgh Steelers , the Jaguars earned their first home win by defeating the eventual AFC Champions 20 -- 16 . The team 's other two wins came in a season sweep of the Cleveland Browns including a Week 17 24 -- 21 victory sealed by a Mike Hollis 34 - yard field goal in the Browns ' final game before the team relocated to Baltimore and was renamed the Ravens . Main article : 1996 Jacksonville Jaguars season Jacksonville 's 1996 season was a marked success as they won six of their last seven games of the season and finished with a record of 9 -- 7 . Quarterback Mark Brunell threw for over 4,000 yards and wide receivers Keenan McCardell and Jimmy Smith each accumulated over 1,000 receiving yards . In the team 's final game of the regular season against the Atlanta Falcons , needing a win to earn a playoff berth , the Jaguars caught a bit of luck when Morten Andersen , one of the most accomplished kickers in NFL history , missed a 30 - yard field goal with less than a minute remaining that would have given the Falcons the lead . The Jaguars clinched the fifth seed in the AFC playoffs . The Jaguars visited the Buffalo Bills in their first playoff game in franchise history . Despite being a heavy underdog , the Jaguars won 30 -- 27 , and knocked Buffalo quarterback Jim Kelly out of what would turn out to be the last game of his career . Their next game was on the road against the Denver Broncos , who had earned the AFC 's top seed with a 13 -- 3 record and were widely regarded as the best team in the AFC , if not the NFL . While the Broncos scored two touchdowns early in the game , after the first quarter , the Jaguars largely dominated . In what is often regarded as one of the three biggest upsets in NFL playoff history , the Jaguars defeated the Broncos by the same score as the previous week against the Bills , 30 -- 27 . Upon their return home , the Jags were greeted by an estimated 40,000 fans at the stadium . Many of these fans had watched the game on the stadium JumboTron displays and had stayed into the early hours of the morning when the team arrived . In the AFC Championship Game , the Jaguars miracle season came to an end , as they lost 20 -- 6 to the New England Patriots , in Foxboro . Their fellow second - year NFC expansion team , the Carolina Panthers , also got to their conference championship game , where they lost 30 -- 13 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers . 1997 -- 99 ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars vs. Cincinnati Bengals in January 2000 . Main article : 1997 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 1997 , the franchise 's third season , the Jaguars and the Steelers both finished the season with an 11 -- 5 record , tops in the AFC Central Division . Pittsburgh won the division in a tiebreaker as a result of having higher net in division games than Jacksonville . As a result , the Jaguars settled for 2nd place in the division , a Wild Card berth and , for the second straight year , the 5th seed in the AFC playoffs . The Jags postseason would end quickly as they fell in their first game , a 42 -- 17 defeat against the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium . The Broncos , led by Terrell Davis , ran at will against the Jaguars , rushing for 5 touchdowns and over 300 yards . Main article : 1998 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 1998 , the Jaguars again finished 11 -- 5 and won their first AFC Central Division title . The team became the first NFL expansion team to make the playoffs three times in its first four seasons of play . In the Wild Card Round , the Jaguars hosted their first home playoff game , a 25 -- 10 win over the New England Patriots . The team 's season ended the next week in the Divisional Round as the New York Jets defeated the Jaguars 34 -- 24 . Main article : 1999 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 1999 , the Jaguars compiled a league best 14 -- 2 regular season record , the best record in franchise history . The team 's two losses were to the Tennessee Titans . The Jaguars won the AFC Central Division for the second straight year and clinched the # 1 seed in the AFC . The Jaguars hosted the Miami Dolphins in the AFC Divisional playoffs , a 62 -- 7 victory in what would be Dan Marino and Jimmy Johnson 's last NFL game . Jacksonville 's 62 points and 55 - point margin are the second most ever in NFL playoff history , and Fred Taylor 's 90 - yard run in the first quarter is the longest ever in an NFL playoff game . The Jaguars ' bid for a Super Bowl title came to an end the next week in the AFC championship game . The Jags fell at home to the Titans 33 -- 14 in a game that the Jaguars led 14 -- 10 at halftime , before allowing 23 unanswered points in the 2nd half . The Jaguars finished the 1999 season 15 -- 3 , with all three of their losses coming against the Titans . The loss marked the end of an era that saw the Jaguars make the playoffs in four of the team 's first 5 years and would be the team 's last playoff appearance until the 2005 season . 2000 -- 02 ( edit ) Main articles : 2000 Jacksonville Jaguars season , 2001 Jacksonville Jaguars season , and 2002 Jacksonville Jaguars season The Jaguars struggled during this period , due in part to salary cap problems . In the 2000 season , veteran quarterback Mark Brunell and young running back Fred Taylor led the squad through a painful 7 -- 9 season . The Jaguars finished with records of 6 -- 10 in both the 2001 and 2002 seasons . After the 2002 season , head coach Tom Coughlin was fired after eight seasons , leading the Jaguars to a total record of 68 -- 60 and four trips to the playoffs . The 2002 season also marked the last full season for Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell , who was benched in the third game of 2003 in favor of Byron Leftwich . Brunell piled up over 25,000 yards as a Jaguar and earned three trips to the Pro Bowl . In 2002 the NFL split up the two conferences into four divisions , sending the Jacksonville Jaguars to the AFC South . This put them in the same division as the Indianapolis Colts , Tennessee Titans , and the expansion Houston Texans . 2003 -- 2011 ( edit ) Head Coach Jack Del Rio set an NFL - record for consecutive seasons ( 9 ) coaching a team without once winning a division title . 2003 -- 05 ( edit ) Main articles : 2003 Jacksonville Jaguars season , 2004 Jacksonville Jaguars season , and 2005 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 2003 , the Jaguars hired Jack Del Rio as head coach . Del Rio was a linebacker during the late 80s and early 90s before retiring . He was formerly the Carolina Panthers ' defensive coordinator , bringing the team 's defensive ranking from 30th to second . Prior to that , Del Rio was the Baltimore Ravens linebackers coach , participating in that capacity on the Ravens ' record setting championship 2000 defense . The Jaguars selected quarterback Byron Leftwich with the seventh pick of the NFL draft . The Jaguars had high hopes for their new quarterback . The team had many failures and heartbreaking moments , ending the 2003 season at 5 -- 11 and missing the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season . Despite resolving their salary cap problems , the team 's rebuilding was clearly taking longer than expected . Byron Leftwich was the quarterback of the Jaguars from 2003 to 2006 Maurice Jones - Drew , one of the league 's smallest running backs turned out to be a second round steal for the Jags Reggie Nelson hitting Reggie Wayne of the Indianapolis Colts on Monday Night Football in 2007 . Josh Scobee is the all - time leading scorer for the Jaguars with 1,022 points . The 2004 season , the 10th season of the Jaguars franchise , resulted in a 9 -- 7 record , their first winning season since 1999 , with road victories against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field and the Indianapolis Colts at the RCA Dome . The Jaguars ' defense was a strong suit , as it included two Pro Bowl players , defensive tackles Marcus Stroud and John Henderson . Josh Scobee was selected in the 5th round of the 2004 NFL Draft and became a dominant placekicker for the Jaguars setting multiple franchise records . Byron Leftwich enjoyed a solid year in 2004 , helped by strong performances from holdovers Fred Taylor and Jimmy Smith . Unfortunately , Taylor sustained a season - ending injury at Green Bay . The very next week the Jaguars fell to the Houston Texans , which would ultimately eliminate them from playoff contention . The 2005 Jaguars hoped to challenge the Colts for the division title . However , due to their scintillating 13 -- 0 start , including two victories against the Jaguars , the Colts easily clinched the AFC South title . With a 12 -- 4 record , the Jaguars earned a wild card and their first playoff appearance since 1999 . While the Jaguars managed to win key games in 2005 , nine of their final ten games were against opponents with losing records . Though these games were wins , key players Byron Leftwich , Mike Peterson , Akin Ayodele , Paul Spicer , and Rashean Mathis were hurt during this stretch . The Jaguars ended the season losing 28 -- 3 to the two - time defending champion New England Patriots on January 7 , 2006 in the AFC wild card playoff round . 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Jacksonville Jaguars season Jacksonville looked like a team on the rise coming off of their 12 -- 4 season , and was considered a playoff contender entering the season . But injuries plagued the team . Reggie Hayward , Greg Jones , Donovin Darius , Byron Leftwich , and Mike Peterson all suffered season - ending injuries . Marcus Stroud , Matt Jones , Paul Spicer , and Fred Taylor also faced injuries during the season . The team started off 2 -- 0 , defeating the Dallas Cowboys ( earning the NFL 's highest winning percentage on opening days at . 750 with a record of 9 -- 3 ) , and shutting out the defending champs Pittsburgh Steelers . But the team lost its next two games , and suffered embarrassing losses to the Houston Texans over the course of the season ( Jacksonville has struggled against the Texans since Houston entered the league in 2002 ) . They missed the playoffs with an 8 -- 8 record , but there were some positives , in particular an impressive rookie season by their second - round draft pick , running back Maurice Jones - Drew . 2007 ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Jacksonville Jaguars season In the 2007 NFL Draft , the Jaguars used their first - round pick ( 21st overall ) to select Florida safety Reggie Nelson . On June 15 , 2007 , the Jaguars released veteran strong safety Donovin Darius , who had seen diminished playing time in previous years due to mounting injuries . On August 31 , 2007 , the Jaguars announced that long time back - up quarterback David Garrard would start for the team , ahead of former first round draft pick Byron Leftwich , who was released in the team 's final roster cuts . Garrard led the Jaguars to an 11 -- 5 record and a wild card spot in the playoffs . The Jaguars defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 31 -- 29 to win their first playoff game in almost eight years and their first road playoff win since 1997 . It was also the first time in the 50 + year history of the Steelers that they had been beaten twice at home by the same team in the same season . However , in the divisional round , the Jaguars fell to the then - undefeated New England Patriots ; the teams were tied at halftime , but the Patriots pulled ahead and won 31 -- 20 . Tom Brady completed 26 of 28 passes in this game , being pressured by the Jaguars ' defense only once , on the first play . This game , more than any other , gave the Jaguars ' front office a strong desire to upgrade the pass rush during the offseason . The team 's offense in 2007 was largely a run - first offense , with Maurice Jones - Drew and Fred Taylor each putting up a lot of yards . David Garrard , however showed to be an efficient passer in 2007 , throwing only 3 interceptions . 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2008 season began with high expectations for the Jaguars . The team acquired free agent wide receiver Jerry Porter and rookie defensive ends Quentin Groves of Auburn and Derrick Harvey of Florida to address the team 's most glaring needs . ( Porter was released the following year and Groves was traded to Oakland in 2010 . ) Journalists including ESPN. com 's Kevin Seifert predicted the Jaguars were poised to make a Super Bowl run . However , the Jaguars failed to live up to those expectations , struggling to a 5 -- 11 finish , the franchise 's worst record since 2003 . The team 's struggles were in part , the result of a rash of injuries to the team 's offensive line . The Jaguars lost starting guards Vince Manuwai and Maurice Williams for the season within the first quarter of the opening game . Tackle Richard Collier 's career ended in early September when he was brutally attacked and shot 14 times . Center Brad Meester missed the first two months of the season and guard Chris Naeole , signed to the roster mid-season in response to these injuries , was injured in pregame warmups before playing a single snap . The 2008 season marked the end of running back Fred Taylor 's 11 - year career as a Jaguar . Taylor , who is considered to be one of the greatest Jaguars in the history of the franchise , rushed for over 10,000 yards during his tenure with Jacksonville and earned one trip to the Pro Bowl . In 2009 , he signed with the New England Patriots . Taylor 's departure opened up the door for Maurice Jones - Drew to become the team 's feature running back . In 2011 , Taylor signed a one - day contract so he could retire as a Jaguar . 2009 -- 2010 ( edit ) Main articles : 2009 Jacksonville Jaguars season and 2010 Jacksonville Jaguars season The Jaguars hoped to begin a new era in 2009 under their first - ever general manager , Gene Smith . Smith made his mark early on in the 2009 NFL Draft by acquiring talent such as Eugene Monroe , Terrance Knighton , Derek Cox , Eben Britton and Mike Thomas , who all made significant contributions in their rookie years . The Jaguars finished off this season 7 -- 9 and did not manage to make the playoffs . In the offseason , the Jaguars parted ways with veteran players John Henderson and Reggie Hayward as part of the team 's `` youth movement '' . The Jaguars entrance during a 2009 preseason game . However , 2009 also saw the team 's attendance numbers plummet , leading to television blackouts and speculation that the team could eventually be moved or sold . 2009 marked a low point , with the team 's attendance averaging around 50,000 , causing seven of the eight home games to be blacked out , and leading NFL commissioner Roger Goodell to address the issue with owner Wayne Weaver . Jacksonville is one of the league 's smallest markets , though its stadium is relatively large ; since 2005 the team has covered nearly 10,000 of the stadium 's 73,000 total seats with tarp in order to lower the stadium 's official capacity to a more typical size and reduce blackouts . 73,000 total seats still ranks as one of the largest in the NFL . From 2008 the team further suffered from the late - 2000s recession , which hit Florida particularly hard , and structural changes within the NFL that disadvantage teams in smaller markets . In 2010 , to address this issue , the team and the City of Jacksonville undertook several measures aimed at ensuring the franchise 's continued viability in Jacksonville . Supporters began the `` Team Teal '' drive to drum up ticket sales . The city negotiated a five - year , $16.6 million naming rights deal with Jacksonville - based EverBank to rename the stadium EverBank Field . As a result , the Jaguars ' attendance increased dramatically in 2010 . While attendance figures were stagnant for most of the NFL , Jacksonville saw an increase of 36.5 % , by far the highest in the league , and had none of their home games blacked out . Wells Fargo Center with their `` Go Jaguars '' lighting for the 2011 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2010 season proved a big year for the Jaguars on the field as well . Running back Maurice Jones - Drew emerged as second in the league in rushing yards and David Garrard threw for 23 touchdowns , a franchise record . Marcedes Lewis went to his first pro bowl and the Jags had one of the best young defensive tackle duo with Terrance Knighton and rookie Tyson Alualu . Josh Scobee set a team record with a 59 - yard field goal to beat the Indianapolis Colts . Heading into December , Jacksonville was at the top of the AFC South and in playoff contention . In Week 15 , they lost to Indianapolis , 34 -- 24 , which placed the Colts back atop the AFC South . The Jaguars lost their last two games , placing themselves out of playoff contention . They finished the season 8 -- 8 . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2011 season began on the 10th anniversary of the 9 / 11 attacks . In the 2011 NFL draft , the Jaguars traded a first and a second round pick in order to move up to the 10th pick and select Missouri quarterback Blaine Gabbert . On September 6 , 2011 , quarterback David Garrard was cut from the team just days before the start of the season ; Luke McCown was named starter . The move was similar to the one that named Garrard himself the starter over Byron Leftwich in 2007 . McCown started two games until he threw four interceptions in a lopsided loss to the New York Jets and Blaine Gabbert was named the starter the following week . The Jaguars offense would continue to struggle under the rookie quarterback , losing the next 4 games in a row , until an upset victory over the Baltimore Ravens at home on Monday Night Football . On November 29 , 2011 , owner Wayne Weaver announced the firing of head coach Jack Del Rio , whose record had been 3 -- 8 through the first 12 weeks of the season and 68 -- 71 over his 9 - year tenure . Del Rio was succeeded by defensive coordinator Mel Tucker on an interim basis . Weaver also announced that General Manager Gene Smith had been given a three - year extension of his contract . 2012 ( edit ) Businessman Shahid Khan purchased the Jaguars in 2012 . Immediately following the announcement of Del Rio being fired , Weaver also announced that the team would be sold to Illinois businessman Shahid Khan . Khan 's assumption of ownership was approved a couple of weeks later by the NFL team owners , and Khan took over full ownership on January 4 , 2012 . He immediately began the team 's search for head coaching candidates . On February 13 , 2012 , the Jaguars hired MetLife Stadium president and CEO Mark Lamping as team president . Lamping also spent 13 years as the president of the St. Louis Cardinals . Lamping is the second team president in franchise history and the first since 1997 , when David Seldin left that position . 2012 ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Jacksonville Jaguars season On January 10 , 2012 , former Atlanta Falcons offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey was named head coach of the Jaguars . On January 13 , it was announced that interim head coach Mel Tucker would remain on the staff as defensive coordinator / assistant head coach and that former Falcons quarterbacks coach Bob Bratkowski would become offensive coordinator . On January 20 , 2012 , the team hired John Bonamego as special teams coordinator . The Jaguars began the 2012 season with a new coaching staff and a new owner . One of the main priorities of the new leadership was to improve the team 's struggling receiving corps and see improvement from quarterback Blaine Gabbert after a disappointing rookie season . To do this , the team selected wide receiver Justin Blackmon in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft and acquired Laurent Robinson in free agency . Despite the changes , the team struggled mightily on both sides of the ball . The team finished with a 2 -- 14 record , the worst in franchise history . Both general manager Gene Smith and head coach Mike Mularkey were fired shortly after the end of the season . NFL International Series ( edit ) Main article : NFL International Series On August 21 , 2012 , the Jaguars announced they had finalized a deal to play one regular season home game each year between 2013 and 2016 at London 's historic Wembley Stadium as part of the NFL International Series . The first of these games was against the San Francisco 49ers on October 27 , 2013 . This deal was later extended through 2020 . 2013 -- 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Jacksonville Jaguars season Jaguars take the field in London , United Kingdom on October 27 , 2013 . On January 8 , 2013 , former Atlanta Falcons Director of Player Personnel David Caldwell was hired as the second full - time General Manager in Jaguars history . He formerly served as a scout for the Indianapolis Colts for 10 years from 1998 -- 2007 . His first task with the team was to lead the interview process for a new head coach . Nine days later former Seattle Seahawks defensive coordinator Gus Bradley was named head coach of the Jaguars . The Jaguars struggled early on in 2013 and went into the bye week with an 0 -- 8 record . On November 1 Justin Blackmon was suspended indefinitely after violating the NFL 's Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse . Despite the loss of Blackmon the Jaguars got their first win with Gus Bradley on November 10 with a 29 -- 27 victory over the Tennessee Titans . This was followed by a respectable showing against the Arizona Cardinals , despite a 27 -- 14 loss , and the Jaguars ' second and third victory of the season against the Houston Texans and the Cleveland Browns . The Jaguars would win again the very next week against the Houston Texans 27 -- 20 on Thursday night , improving to 4 -- 9 . They finished the season 4 -- 12 . 2014 -- 2015 ( edit ) Main articles : 2014 Jacksonville Jaguars season and 2015 Jacksonville Jaguars season Blake Bortles handing off to Toby Gerhart in December 2014 . After finishing the 2013 season with a 4 -- 12 record , a two - win improvement over the previous season , the Jaguars traded their 2011 NFL draft first round draft pick Blaine Gabbert to the San Francisco 49ers for the 6th round pick of the 2014 NFL draft . Maurice Jones - Drew , after 7 years with the Jaguars , also left the team and signed a three - year contract with the Oakland Raiders . In the first round of the 2014 NFL draft the Jaguars selected quarterback Blake Bortles from University of Central Florida and then wide receiver Marqise Lee from University of Southern California in the second round . The new draft picks helped put more confidence in the struggling team . Justin Blackmon was suspended yet again for violating the NFL 's Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse in July . Later in July , EverBank Field unveiled their two new endzone scoreboards , which are considered to be the world 's largest . The Jaguars managed to end their season with a 3 -- 13 record . Dante Fowler Jr. was selected by the Jaguars as the third overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft . However , Fowler tore his ACL at rookie minicamp on May 8 and did not return for the 2015 season . Josh Scobee was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers for a 2016 NFL Draft sixth round pick . Jason Myers took over as the main placekicker for the Jaguars . The Jaguars finished the 2015 season with a record of 5 -- 11 , the team 's fifth straight losing season and their eighth straight non-winning season . The Star - Spangled Banner performed before a Jacksonville Jaguars game at EverBank Field in 2015 . 2016 -- 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Jacksonville Jaguars season With plenty of cap space to work with , Jacksonville splurged in free agency , adding defensive tackle Malik Jackson from the Denver Broncos and cornerback Prince Amukamara from the New York Giants . With the fifth selection , the Jaguars selected cornerback Jalen Ramsey from Florida State University in the first round and then the second round linebacker Myles Jack of UCLA in the 2016 NFL Draft . Jack was considered to be a top - 10 talent , but fell to the second round due to a knee injury . On October 2 , 2016 , the Jacksonville Jaguars defeated the Indianapolis Colts 30 -- 27 in the NFL International Series game . On December 18 , 2016 , Gus Bradley was fired after the Jaguars ' ninth loss in a row during the 2016 season . Bradley 's W-L record as head coach of the Jaguars was 14 -- 48 in three seasons . 2017 -- present ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season On January 9 , 2017 the Jaguars announced the interim head coach Doug Marrone was to be the new head coach , the contract of General Manager David Caldwell was to be extended and Tom Coughlin was returning to Jacksonville to become Executive Vice President of Football Operations . Both Doug Marrone and David Caldwell report to the Executive Vice President Tom Coughlin . In the first round of the 2017 NFL Draft the Jaguars selected running back Leonard Fournette of LSU . At the annual NFL International Series in London on September 24 , 2017 Jaguars players locked arms and kneeled during the national anthem in response to President Donald Trump 's remarks on NFL players who kneel . Shahid Khan also participated with the Jaguars in locking arms during the anthem and the Baltimore Ravens kneeled on the opposite side of the field . The Jaguars went on to defeat the Ravens in a 44 - 7 win . Four weeks later on October 17 , President of the Jaguars Mark Lamping sent a letter of apology to the director of military affairs and veterans in Jacksonville that says the Jaguars were '' remiss in not fully comprehending the effect of the national anthem demonstration on foreign soil has had on the men and women who have or continue to serve our country . '' After their week 15 win over the Houston Texans , the Jaguars clinched their first playoff trip since 2007 ; they finished the season 10 - 6 , a seven - game turnaround from the previous year . The Jaguars defeated the Buffalo Bills 10 - 3 in Jacksonville , marking the first playoff win in ten years . In the Divisional Round , on January 14 , 2018 , the Jaguars defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 45 - 42 in Pittsburgh to advance to their 3rd AFC Championship Game , and their first since 1999 . However , they narrowly fell to the New England Patriots 24 - 20 . For the season , the defense earned the nickname `` Sacksonville '' because of its dominance . Team colors , logos and mascot ( edit ) Logos ( edit ) The day after the NFL awarded the expansion team to Jacksonville , a triumphant Wayne Weaver held up the Jaguars ' proposed silver helmet and teal jersey at the NFL owners ' meeting in Chicago . The team 's colors were to be teal , gold , and silver with black accents . However , this jersey and helmet design , with a gold leaping jaguar , created controversy . Ford Motor Company , then - parent of the automaker Jaguar , believed that the Jaguars ' logo bore too much resemblance to the automaker 's logo . Though no lawsuit was brought to trial , lawyers from the team and the automaker negotiated an ultimately amicable agreement whereby Jaguar would be named the official car of the Jaguars , and the Jaguars would redesign their uniforms . The new logo was a snarling jaguar head with a teal tongue , which Weaver said was his wife 's touch . He also claimed that the teal tongue came from `` feeding Panthers to our Jaguars '' -- an obvious jab at their expansion brethren . During the Jaguars ' first ever preseason game teal - colored candies were handed out to all the fans who attended , turning their tongues a teal color just like on the logo . Additionally , raspberry lollipops were handed out by the `` Candy Man '' in section 142 to also turn the home fans ' tongues teal . In 2009 , Weaver announced that he wanted to ' clean up ' the team 's image . This meant the elimination of the full - body crawling Jaguar logo , the clawing Jaguar , and the two previous wordmarks which bent the text around these logos . In February 2013 , Jaguars owner Shahid Khan , who had acquired the team in late 2011 , introduced a new brand identity for the team that included a new logo , wordmark , and secondary logo . The new Jaguar head logo was intended to be `` fiercer '' and more realistic . The secondary logo incorporated the new Jaguar head logo along with the first official usage of the team 's popular nickname `` Jags '' . The two images were incased in a shield - style shape , designed to be a tribute to Jacksonville 's military community . Beginning in 2013 , the Jaguars began to feature gold more prominently than in the past . In fact , from 2009 -- 12 gold had only been used in the team logo and as a minor accent color . Jaguars wordmark logo ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jaguars wordmark logo ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Jaguars wordmark logo ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Uniforms ( edit ) For most of their history , the Jaguars have done what many other NFL teams located in subtropical climates traditionally practice : wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season -- forcing opponents to wear their dark ones under the sweltering autumns in Jacksonville . The only exceptions were in 2004 and 2008 -- 10 , when the Jaguars chose to wear teal for all home games . In the preseason , the Jaguars typically wear teal at home since these games are played at night when there is very little advantage with the heat . 1995 -- 2001 ( edit ) Following the logo change , the redesigned uniforms featured an all - black helmet , white pants with teal , black , and gold stripes , and numbers with gold inner trim and black outer trim . The home jersey was teal with white numbers and the away jersey was white with teal numbers . Both jerseys had a black collar and no sleeve stripes . A prowling jaguar on each sleeve replaced the leaping jaguar going across both shoulders in the original design . The Jaguars in 1995 were the first NFL team to have 2 - tone borders on their numbers and lettering , and the first NFL team to show a complex logo ( the crawling Jaguar ) on the sleeve . Minor modifications were introduced to the Jaguars uniform during this time , most notably the font of the jersey numbers , replacing the original block numbers with a unique font . Two stripes were also added to the end of the sleeves below the prowling jaguar . 2002 -- 2008 ( edit ) During this period , the Jaguars made minor changes to their uniform , each time adding more black to the look . The team introduced a black alternate jersey in 2002 . During that same year , the team also introduced alternate black pants , worn with either the white or the teal jersey . After the black pants were introduced , the white pants would only be seen for the first few games of the year , presumably due to the heat . The black pants originally included two teal stripes down each side . The fan reaction to the extra black in the alternate jersey and alternate pants was positive , so in 2004 the Jaguars went through a formal uniform change , which teams are only allowed to do once every five years . These changes were mostly to the away look . Before 2004 , the white away jerseys had teal numbers with black and gold trim , but after , the white jerseys had black numbers with teal and gold trim . The black pants were also changed . The teal stripes were replaced with the Jaguar logo on each hip . Teal almost disappeared from the away uniform . The stripes on the white pants were altered in 2008 so that the center , thickest stripe was black , and its accents were teal . In the 2008 year , the gold in the uniforms noticeably shifted from a bright yellow metallic appearance to more beige . 2009 -- 2011 ( edit ) The Jaguars unveiled new uniforms for the 2009 season . Team owner Wayne Weaver reportedly wanted to `` clean up '' the look , feeling that the team had too many uniform styles . The new uniforms were introduced in a press conference on April 22 . At this press conference , Weaver elaborated that different people had taken different liberties with the Jaguars ' image over the years , singling out the ' All Black ' look which the team wore for every prime - time home game from 2003 to 2007 as a point of regret . He also said that the team would wear their teal jerseys at home even on hot days , saying that the practice of choosing to wear white on hot days had also diluted the team 's image . The new uniform reflected a simpler look overall . The collar and sleeve ends are the same color as the rest of the jersey . The crawling jaguar was removed . The numbers on the jerseys were changed to a simpler , block font with a thicker , single color border . After all of these subtractions , two features were added . The first was a `` JAGUARS '' wordmark underneath the NFL insignia on the chest . The second was two thin ' stripes ' of off - color fabric which were added to each midseam of the jersey , curling up to the neckline on the front and below the number on the back . The stripe on the home jersey is a white line next to a black line , matching the color of the numbers , and the stripe on the away jersey is a black line next to a teal line , again matching the numbers . The pants have similar stripes , both for the home and away uniform . The away uniforms were still black pants and numbers on a white jersey , but they now used teal as the only accent color as opposed to using gold in previous years . The Jaguars ' identity , in terms of colors , beginning in 2009 is exclusively teal and black , with gold only being used in the logo . The final change made to the Jaguars ' uniforms in 2009 was to the helmet . The new helmet and facemask were black just like the old ones , but when light hit the new ones a certain way , both the helmet and face mask sparkled with a shiny teal appearance . These were the first helmets in professional football which changed color with different angles of light . The logo and number decals also incorporated this effect . 2012 ( edit ) Prior to the 2012 season , new Jaguars owner Shahid Khan announced that the team would once again use a black jersey , something they had not done since 2008 . In September of that year , the team announced that it would use the black jersey and black pants as their primary home uniform . The teal jersey was resurrected as an alternate . 2013 -- present ( edit ) On April 23 , 2013 , the Jaguars unveiled new uniforms designed by Nike . The primary home jersey is black with white numerals outlined in teal and gold . The road jersey is white with teal numerals outlined in black and gold , marking the first time since 2003 that the team has used teal numbers on their road jersey . The alternate jersey is teal with black numerals outlined in white and gold . The team had never before used black numbers on their teal jersey . All three jerseys feature a contrasting stripe that bends around the neck , and semi-glossy patches on the shoulders meant to resemble claw marks . The team added their new shield logo onto a patch just above the player 's heart , meant to pay tribute to Jacksonville 's military heritage . The helmet , first of its kind in the NFL , features a glossy gold finish in the back that fades to matte black in the front , via a color gradient . The new uniform set includes black and white pants with the Jaguars logo on the hip and a tri-color pattern down the player 's leg . In November 2015 , as one of eight teams participating in Nike 's `` Color Rush '' initiative for four games of Thursday Night Football during the 2015 season , Jacksonville introduced an all - gold second alternative uniform . The set features a gold jersey with black sleeves and black trim , as well as all gold pants . The white front and back numbers are lined in the teal accent color and bordered by black . The TV numbers on the shoulders are white with black bordering . The set also features gold undershirts and socks . Mascot ( edit ) Main article : Jaxson de Ville See also : Curtis Dvorak Jaxson de Ville with American Idol season 6 finalist Phil Stacey . Since his introduction in 1996 , Jaxson de Ville has served as the Jaguars ' mascot . Jaxson entertains the crowd before and during games with his antics . The mascot has established a reputation for making dramatic entrances including bungee jumping off the stadium lights , sliding down a rope from the scoreboard and parachuting into the stadium . Jaxson 's antics got him into trouble in 1998 and stemmed the changing of the NFL 's mascot rules , and also caused him to calm down . However , Jaxson was still seen , by some , as a mascot that gets in the way during the game . After the October 22 , 2007 game against Indianapolis , Colts President Bill Polian complained to the NFL , and Jaxson was reprimanded again . Jaxson 's first appearance was on August 18 , 1996 and was played by Curtis Dvorak from his inception until his retirement in June 2015 . Jacksonville Roar ( edit ) Main article : Jacksonville Roar The Jacksonville Roar is the professional cheerleading squad of the Jaguars . The group was established in 1995 , the team 's inaugural year , and regularly performs choreographed routines during the team 's home contests . In addition to performing at games and pep rallies , members function as goodwill ambassadors of the team , participating in corporate , community , and charitable events in the Jacksonville metropolitan area where they sign autographs and pose for pictures . They also join NFL tours to entertain American servicemen and women around the world . Stadium ( edit ) Main article : TIAA Bank Field TIAA Bank Field , home of the Jacksonville Jaguars and the world 's largest scoreboards . TIAA Bank Field ( formerly known as Jacksonville Municipal Stadium , Alltel Stadium , and EverBank Field ) is located on the north bank of the St. Johns River , and has been the home of the Jaguars since the team 's first season in 1995 . The stadium has a capacity of 69,132 , with additional seating added during Florida -- Georgia Game and the Gator Bowl . The stadium served as the site of Super Bowl XXXIX in addition to four Jaguar playoff games including the 1999 AFC Championship Game . It also hosted the ACC Championship Game from 2005 -- 07 and the River City Showdown in 2007 and 2008 . From 1995 -- 97 and again from 2006 -- 09 , the stadium was named Jacksonville Municipal Stadium . From 1997 -- 2006 , the stadium was referred to as Alltel Stadium . The naming rights were purchased by EverBank prior to the 2010 season . Prior to the 2018 season the Jaguars announced the stadium would be renamed TIAA Bank Field . The stadium got a substantial upgrade in 2014 with the addition of new scoreboards , pools , cabana seating and premium seating that includes 180 field - level seats . The scoreboards are 60 feet high and 362 feet long . The new scoreboards at EverBank Field are now the world 's largest video boards . Two 25 feet by 12 feet pools were installed in the north and south end zones along with the cabana seating . The stadium upgrades were $63 million that owner Shahid Khan helped finance $20 million of the total cost . Rivals ( edit ) The Jacksonville Jaguars have three primary rivals : their divisional rivals ( Tennessee Titans , Indianapolis Colts , and Houston Texans ) . They have geographic rivalries with the Miami Dolphins and Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The Jaguars also have a rivalry with their 1995 expansion brethren , the Carolina Panthers . The Jaguars also have rivalries with other teams that arose from the AFC Central days , most notably with the Pittsburgh Steelers . Statistics and records ( edit ) Main article : List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Season - by - season results ( edit ) This is a partial list of the Jaguars ' last five completed seasons . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Super Bowl champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth As of December 31 , 2017 Season Team League Conference Division <Th_colspan="4"> Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties 2013 2013 NFL AFC South 3rd 12 0 -- -- 2014 2014 NFL AFC South 3rd 13 0 -- -- 2015 2015 NFL AFC South 3rd 5 11 0 -- -- 2016 2016 NFL AFC South 4th 13 0 -- -- 2017 2017 NFL AFC South 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bills ) 10 -- 3 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Steelers ) 45 -- 42 Lost AFC Championship Game ( Patriots ) 24 -- 20 -- Current roster ( edit ) <Th_colspan="10"> Jacksonville Jaguars roster view talk Quarterbacks 5 Blake Bortles -- Cody Kessler Running backs 40 Tommy Bohanon FB 41 Tim Cook 27 Leonard Fournette 30 Corey Grant KR 38 Brandon Wilds 24 T.J. Yeldon Wide receivers 45 Lamar Atkins 84 Keelan Cole 13 Rashad Greene 11 Marqise Lee 85 Jaydon Mickens 15 Donte Moncrief 16 Tevaun Smith 10 Jaelen Strong 12 Dede Westbrook 14 Shane Wynn Tight ends 86 David Grinnage 83 Ben Koyack 81 Niles Paul 80 James O'Shaughnessy 88 Austin Seferian - Jenkins Offensive linemen 60 A.J. Cann G 66 Avery Gennesy G 65 Brandon Linder C 68 Andrew Norwell G 78 Jermey Parnell T 75 Will Poehls T 64 Chris Reed G 74 Cam Robinson T 69 Tyler Shatley C 70 Brandon Thomas G 73 Josh Walker G 72 Josh Wells T Defensive linemen 54 Eli Ankou DT 96 Michael Bennett DT 93 Calais Campbell DE 99 Marcell Dareus DT 79 Hunter Dimick DE 56 Dante Fowler Jr . DE 97 Malik Jackson DT 95 Abry Jones DT 98 Kapron Lewis - Moore DE 91 Yannick Ngakoue DE 59 Carroll Phillips DE 94 Dawuane Smoot DE Linebackers 53 Blair Brown OLB 57 Brooks Ellis LB 44 Myles Jack OLB 58 Deon King OLB 55 Lerentee McCray OLB 52 Donald Payne MLB 50 Telvin Smith OLB Defensive backs 21 A.J. Bouye CB 22 Don Carey FS 42 Barry Church SS 35 Cody Davis FS 39 Tashaun Gipson FS 25 D.J. Hayden CB -- Dexter McDougle CB 34 Charlie Miller S 31 Jalen Myrick CB 23 Tyler Patmon CB 20 Jalen Ramsey CB 29 Sammy Seamster CB 26 Jarrod Wilson SS Special teams 49 Colin Holba LS 4 Josh Lambo K 3 Brad Nortman P 46 Carson Tinker LS Reserve lists 14 Justin Blackmon WR ( Susp . ) Rookies in italics Roster updated March 28 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 71 Active , 1 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters <Td_colspan="10"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Players of note ( edit ) Further information : List of Jacksonville Jaguars players Retired numbers ( edit ) Pride of the Jaguars display in EverBank Field . Although not officially retired , the number 71 worn by offensive tackle Tony Boselli , the Jaguars ' first - ever draft pick , has not been worn since his retirement in 2002 . According to team officials , while the number is not in circulation , the number ( along with Fred Taylor 's number 28 ) is officially available for use if the circumstances warrant it . Pride of the Jaguars ( edit ) A contest was held in July 2006 to name the club 's ring of honor and `` Pride of the Jaguars '' was chosen with 36 % of the vote . It was unveiled during the 2006 season during a game against the New York Jets on October 8 . Former offensive tackle Tony Boselli was the first player inducted . On January 1 , 2012 , team owner Wayne Weaver and his wife Delores were added to the Pride of the Jaguars in their final game before the sale of the team to Shahid Khan . On June 7 , 2012 the Jaguars announced Fred Taylor would be the next inductee into the Pride of the Jaguars . He was officially inducted on September 30 , 2012 . Longtime Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell was also inducted into the `` Pride of the Jaguars '' on December 15 , 2013 . <Th_colspan="5"> Pride of the Jaguars No . Player Position Seasons Inducted 71 Tony Boselli OT 1995 -- 2001 2006 -- Wayne and Delores Weaver Owners 1993 -- 2011 2012 28 Fred Taylor RB 1998 -- 2008 2012 8 Mark Brunell QB 1995 -- 2003 2013 82 Jimmy Smith WR 1995 - 2005 2016 Florida Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Florida Sports Hall of Fame All - time first - round draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of Jacksonville Jaguars first - round draft picks Head coaches and coordinators ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Jacksonville Jaguars head coaches Name Term <Th_colspan="4"> Regular Season <Th_colspan="2"> Playoffs Awards Reference Win % Tom Coughlin 1995 -- 2002 68 60 0 . 531 Jack Del Rio 2003 -- 2011 69 71 0 . 486 Mel Tucker ( Interim ) 2011 0 . 400 0 0 Mike Mularkey 2012 14 0 . 125 0 0 Gus Bradley 2013 -- 2016 14 48 0 . 226 0 0 Doug Marrone 2016 -- present 11 7 0 . 611 Offensive coordinators ( edit ) Name Tenure Kevin Gilbride 1995 -- 1996 Chris Palmer 1997 -- 1998 Bobby Petrino 2001 Bill Musgrave 2003 -- 2004 Carl Smith 2005 -- 2006 Dirk Koetter 2007 -- 2011 Bob Bratkowski 2012 Jedd Fisch 2013 -- 2014 Greg Olson 2015 -- 2016 Nathaniel Hackett 2016 -- present Defensive coordinators ( edit ) Name Tenure Dick Jauron 1995 -- 1998 Dom Capers 1999 -- 2000 Gary Moeller 2001 John Pease 2002 Mike Smith 2003 -- 2007 Gregg Williams 2008 Mel Tucker 2009 -- 2012 Bob Babich 2013 -- 2015 Todd Wash 2016 -- present Current coaching staff ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Jacksonville Jaguars staff <Td_colspan="7"> Front Office Owner -- Shahid Khan President -- Mark Lamping Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Tom Coughlin General Manager -- David Caldwell Senior Vice President of Football Administration & Technology -- Tony Khan Special Assistant to the General Manager -- John Idzik Jr . Director of Football Administration -- Tim Walsh Director of Football Operations -- Hamzah Ahmad Director of Professional Scouting -- Chris Polian Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Dengler Director of Pro Personnel -- Chris Driggers Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- DeJuan Polk Director of College Scouting -- Mark Ellenz Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Paul Roell Director of Player Development and Youth Football -- Marcus Pollard Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Marrone Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Nathaniel Hackett Quarterbacks -- Scott Milanovich Running Backs -- Tyrone Wheatley Wide Receivers -- Keenan McCardell Tight Ends -- Ron Middleton Offensive Line -- Pat Flaherty Assistant Offensive Line -- Tony Sparano Jr . Offensive Assistant -- John Donovan Offense Research -- Eric Price Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Todd Wash Defensive Line -- Marion Hobby Assistant Defensive Line -- Jason Rebrovich Linebackers -- Mark Collins Defensive Backs -- Perry Fewell Assistant Defensive Backs -- Joe Danna Defensive Assistant -- Mike Rutenberg Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Joe DeCamillis Assistant Special Teams -- Mike Mallory Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Tom Myslinski Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Cedric Scott Strength & Conditioning Associate -- Alex Hampton Strength & Conditioning Associate -- Jess Langvardt Coaching Support Staff Director of Team Administration -- Tyler Wolf Assistant to the EVP of Football Operations and Head Coach -- ElizaBeth Mayers → Coaching Staff → Management and Scouting → Staff Directory → More NFL staffs <Td_colspan="7"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Work in the community ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars Foundation The Jacksonville Jaguars Foundation was established in 1994 , when the franchise deal was first announced . Since then , the Foundation has given over $20 million to area efforts in community improvement . The Foundation focuses on many initiatives , such as Honor Rows , anti-tobacco programs , NFL Play 60 , and support for veterans . The Foundation grants over $1 million annually to organizations that assist `` economically and socially disadvantaged youth and families '' . The Jaguars ' first head coach , Tom Coughlin , established the Tom Coughlin Jay Fund Foundation in 1996 to help young cancer victims and their families with emotional and financial assistance . The charity remained in Jacksonville after Coughlin left to coach the New York Giants . Broadcast Media ( edit ) Media affiliates Radio ( edit ) From their inaugural 1995 season until 2013 , the Jaguars ' flagship radio station was WOKV , which simulcasts on both AM 690 and on 104.5 FM . Starting with the 2014 season , the team will be moving the broadcast to WJXL ( 1010 AM and 92.5 FM ) and simulcast on 99.9 Gator Country Frank Frangie is the play - by - play announcer with former Jaguars players Tony Boselli and Jeff Lageman providing color analysis . <Th_colspan="5"> Jaguars Radio network affiliates Market Frequency Call sign Branding Jacksonville 1010 AM & 92.5 FM WJXL 1010XL 99.9 WGNE - FM 99.9 Gator Country St. Augustine 1420 AM WAOC ESPN Radio 1420 Orlando 1080 AM WHOO Sports Talk 1080 The Team Melbourne 1240 AM WMMB New Talk WMMB Lake City 94.3 FM WNFB Mix 94.3 Ocala 900 AM WMOP ESPN Radio Port St. Lucie 1590 AM WPSL 1590 WPSL Gainesville 850 AM WRUF ESPN 850 Savannah , GA 104.3 FM and 1400 AM WSEG Star 1400 Brunswick , GA 107.7 FM WHFX 107.7 The Fox Jesup , GA 105.5 FM WIFO Big Dog 105.5 Country Waycross , GA 1150 AM WJEM The Jock 1150 Tallahassee 93.3 FM WVFT Talk Radio 93.3 Panama City 97.7 FM WYYX 97X Palm Coast 1550 AM WNZF WNZF Newsradio Kingsland , GA 106.3 FM WKBX KBAY 106.3 Television ( edit ) WJXT televises all preseason games and also televises regular season games that are televised nationally on ESPN or NFL Network . <Th_colspan="3"> Television affiliates Market Station Notes Jacksonville WJXT Preseason games , ESPN and NFL Network regular season games WJXX Monday Night Football Wild Card simucasted on ABC WJAX - TV CBS games WFOX - TV Fox games WTLV NBC games Orlando WFTV Preseason games Tallahassee WTXL - TV Preseason games Gainesville WNBW - DT Preseason and NBC games Savannah , GA WSAV - TV Preseason and NBC games Dothan , AL WTVY Preseason and CBS regional / national games Panama City WJHG - TV Preseason and NBC games Valdosta / Albany , GA WSWG Preseason and CBS regional / national Games Charleston , SC WTAT - TV Preseason and Fox regional / national games Mobile , AL - Pensacola WPMI - TV Preseason and NBC games See also ( edit ) American football portal National Football League portal Jacksonville portal Florida portal London portal List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Cultural significance of the jaguar in North America Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sexton , Brian ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Jaguars History '' . Jacksonville Jaguars . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jaguars Public Relations ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Jaguars introduce new brand identity and campaign '' . Jacksonville Jaguars . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistani - born Khan approved as Jaguars ' new owner '' . National Football League . Associated Press . December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Jacksonville Jaguars Sold To Illinois Businessman For $770 Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen . `` Shahid Khan -- Forbes '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Frank Litsky ( December 1 , 1993 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; N.F.L. Expansion Surprise : Jacksonville Jaguars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t3/tables/tab01.txt Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab22.txt Jump up ^ `` Alltel Stadium -- BNI Engineers '' . BNIEngineers.com . Bliss & Nyitray , Inc . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dame , Mike . `` Gator Bowl moves to Gainesville for one year '' , South Florida Sun - Sentinel . January 28 , 1994 . Page C4 . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ( 1996 ) . Game Plans For Success . McGraw - Hill . p. 256 . ISBN 0809231719 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Brian ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` On This Day : Expansion Draft 1995 '' . Jaguars . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Articles - jaguars.com '' . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thigpen Drops Crown On Packers ' Heads '' . AP . 25 December 1995 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Andersen 's Miss Puts Jaguars in Postseason '' . Chicago Sun - Times . December 23 , 1996 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Allan , Scott ( 2010 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Biggest playoff upsets in NFL history '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) . `` 11 Biggest NFL Playoff Upsets '' . Totalprosports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Top 5 : Biggest playoff upsets '' . Covers.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Stop talking about the 1996 season '' . Big Cat Country . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 1997 NFL season Jump up ^ Team profile , pro-football-reference.com ; accessed November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruppel , Chris ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` New York Jets Throwback Thursday : Playoff Home Cookin ' '' . Vox Media . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fred Taylor historic 90 yard run , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , January 15 , 2000 ; accessed November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Law , Zach ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tennessee Titans Classic Games : 1999 AFC Championship vs. Jacksonville Jaguars '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marvez , Alex . `` Salary Cap Will Just Exacerbate Jags ' Problems '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Wild Card '' . profootballhof.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Scobee '' . Jaguars.com . Jaguars . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 05 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2004 Jacksonville Jaguars '' . pro-football - reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots throttle Jaguars as champs begin title defense '' . ESPN . January 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Draft '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Jump up ^ `` Expert picks : Cowboys , Chargers on collision course ? '' . 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ News 4 Jax Archived November 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fred Taylor Retires as a Member of the Jacksonville Jaguars '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Sam ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Jaguars singing the small - market blues in Jacksonville '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NFL Football Attendance '' . ESPN . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goodell : Jaguars ' attendance `` a concern '' `` . news4jax.com . Associated Press . February 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Les ( September 27 , 2006 ) . `` A Solution , or Merely a Cover ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stellino , Vito ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars Notebook : Mayor John Peyton encourages fans to buy more tickets '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stellino , Vito ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` NFL commissioner Roger Goodell still has high hopes for Jaguars ' future '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Tia ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars now have EverBank Field -- and the city 's $4 million '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars see dramatic spike in attendance '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jason Notte ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars Avoid NFL Blackout , Bills Face Third '' . TheStreet.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis vs. Jacksonville '' . cbssports.com. 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft 2011 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Del Rio out in Jacksonville '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tania Ganguli ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Jaguars being sold , Jack Del Rio fired '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Khan era begins '' . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ganguli , Tania . `` Jaguars hire Mark Lamping as team president '' . jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Oesher , John . `` Tucker , Bratkowski named coordinators '' . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Kuharsky , Paul . `` Jaguars fire Mike Mularkey '' . ESPN.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Jags to play games in London '' . espn.com . ESPN . Associated Press . August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report : 49ers to play Jaguars in London '' . espn.com . ESPN . Associated Press . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL to hold three games in London in 2014 '' . firstcoastnews.com. 2013 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NFL extends agreement to play regular - season games at Wembley Stadium for an additional five years '' . NFLUK . National Football League . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John . `` Caldwell named Jaguars General Manager '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gus Bradley named head coach of Jaguars '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris . `` Jaguars ' Justin Blackmon suspended , will miss season '' . NFL.com . NFL . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DiRocco , Michael . `` QB Blaine Gabbert dealt to Niners '' . ESPN.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bien , Louis . `` Maurice Jones - Drew signs with the Raiders , or : Another sign of hard times for running backs '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hornack , Ken . `` After previous draft failures , Jaguars pin future to top picks Bortles , Lee , Robinson '' . Foxsports.com . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katzowitz , Josh . `` Report : Justin Blackmon arrested for marijuana possession '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibber , Ryan Van . `` Jaguars unveil world 's largest scoreboards at EverBank Field '' . SBNation.com . sbnation . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Halloran , Ryan . `` Final drive stalls as Jaguars finish season 3 -- 13 with loss to Houston '' . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jaguars select Dante Fowler Jr. with No. 3 overall pick '' . NFL . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Tim ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Dante Fowler Jr . Injury : Updates on Jaguars DE 's Knee and Return '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiRocco , Mike ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Jaguars trade kicker Josh Scobee to Steelers '' . ESPN . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 NFL Draft : Jaguars win with big D additions , Eagles empty - handed '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars 30 - 27 Colts : NFL Wembley win for Jacksonville as Blake Bortles stars '' . BBC . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gus Bradley fired by Jacksonville Jaguars '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Marrone new head coach ; Tom Coughlin returns '' . Jacksonville Jaguars . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars select RB Leonard Fournette with No. 4 pick in NFL draft '' . USA Today . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump NFL row : Defiance after US president urges boycott '' . BBC . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean . `` Jaguars president apologizes for kneeling during national anthem in London '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ DiRocco , Michael ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Jaguars survive Bills -- and Blake Bortles , the passer -- for first playoff win since ' 07 season '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Lorenzo ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Jaguars handle Steelers , crash AFC Championship Game party '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots rally late , end Jaguars ' season in AFC title game '' . The Florida Times - Union . January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John . `` A new logo for a new era '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFC South '' . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ketchman , Vic ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` Another Fred Taylor ? '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars continue their offseason overhaul with new uniforms , logo '' . NFL . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teal to become Jaguars ' alternate jersey '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars and NIKE Unveil New Uniform Design for 2013 '' . Jaguars.com . Jacksonville Jaguars. April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Jacksonville Jaguars unveil their new team uniforms '' . National Football League . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Color Rush : Four Games . Eight Teams . A Bold New Look for Thursday Night '' . Nike.com. 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jacksonville.com ( 1999 ) . `` Jaxson De Villain '' . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Michael David Smith ( 2007 ) . `` Jaguars Mascot Jaxson de Ville Draws Ire of Colts President Bill Polian '' . sports.aol.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fox 30 Online ( 2007 ) . `` Jaguars Mascot Busted For Not Following Rules '' . Fox30.online.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Teneshia L. Wright ( 2001 ) . `` Alltales : `` Singer 's Streak Hits Seven '' `` . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jaguars Press Release ( 2001 ) . `` Jaxson de Ville , the ROAR to Travel to Middle East to Visit U.S. Armed Forces '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Roar '' Football Babble ^ Jump up to : `` Cheerleader Auditions '' Jacksonville Jaguars website Jump up ^ `` Jaxson de Ville , the ROAR to Travel to Middle East to Visit U.S. Armed Forces '' , jaguars.com ( Jaguars Press Release ; 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Jaguars Notebook '' . Jacksonville.com . August 10 , 2004 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` City 's take from stadium will go up '' . Jacksonville.com . September 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EverBank buying naming rights to Jacksonville Municipal Stadium '' . Jump up ^ Heilman , Phillip ( 16 February 2018 ) . `` New name for Jaguars ' stadium : TIAA Bank Field '' . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ DiRocco , Michael . `` Jaguars unveil mammoth video boards '' . ESPN.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kuharsky , Paul . `` Best divisional rivalry : Jaguars vs. Titans -- AFC South Blog -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` Steelers - Jaguars rivalry born of inspiration and emulation '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NFL Record and Fact Book '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.jaguars.com/news/article-JaguarsNews/2013-NFL-Record-and-Fact-Book/9175294f-cd24-4231-b003-cb3c9bb2bbce Jump up ^ `` ' Honor ring ' named '' . Jaguars.com . July 17 , 2006 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` A special moment '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John . `` Brunell to enter Pride of the Jaguars '' . Jaguars.com . Jaguars . Jump up ^ `` Tom Coughlin 's Coaching Record '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Del Rio 's Coaching Record '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars Foundation - Jaguars.com '' . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weavers select 38 charities for grants '' . Jacksonville.com . June 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars Media Guide -- Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars Foundation '' . Jaguars.com . Jaguars . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Coughlin Jay Fund -- Leadership '' . Tom Coughlin Jay Fund Foundation . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : Jaguars change stations on radio , TV '' . The Florida Times - Union . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacksonville Jaguars . 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-1,636,102,793,999,370,500 | who designed the tomb of the unknown soldier | Tomb of the Unknown Soldier ( Arlington ) - wikipedia Tomb of the Unknown Soldier ( Arlington ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the monument in the United States . For similar monuments , see Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . North side view The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier or the Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified . Having no officially designated name , it is located in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia , United States of America . The World War I `` Unknown '' is a recipient of the Medal of Honor , the Victoria Cross , and several other foreign nations ' highest service awards . The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor , presented by U.S. Presidents who presided over their funerals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tomb of 1921 2 Tomb of 1931 3 The Unknown of World War I 4 The Unknowns of World War II and Korea 5 The Unknown of Vietnam 5.1 Identification of the Unknown 5.2 Redesignation of the crypt 6 Tomb guards 6.1 Weapons 6.2 Walking the mat 6.3 Changing of the Guard 6.4 Dedication 7 Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Tomb of 1921 ( edit ) Tomb as of November 11 , 1922 . The Tomb of 1931 would occupy this same location . On March 4 , 1921 , the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater . On November 11 , 1921 , the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred below a three - level marble tomb . The bottom two levels are six marble sections each and the top at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below . A stone , rather than marble , slab covers the rectangular opening . Tomb of 1931 ( edit ) Since 1921 the intent was to place a superstructure on top of the Tomb , but it was not until July 3 , 1926 , that Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb and the expenditure of $50,000 ( with a completed cost of $48,000 ) . A design competition was held and won by architect Lorimer Rich and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones . An appropriation from Congress for the work was secured and on December 21 , 1929 , a contract for completion of the Tomb itself was entered into . The Tomb would consist of seven pieces of marble in four levels ( cap , die , base and sub-base ) of which the die is the largest block with the sculpting on all four sides . Quarrying the Yule marble ( 3.9 miles south of Marble , Colorado by the Vermont Marble Company ) was a one - year process beginning in 1930 . The cap was quarried on the first attempt but the base required three tries . The large middle block also required three tries . In late January 1931 , the 56 ton middle block was lifted out of the quarry . The quarrying involved 75 men . When the block was separated from the mountain inside the quarry it weighed 124 tons . A wire saw was then brought into the quarry to cut the block down to 56 tons . On February 3 , the block reached the marble mill site ( in the town of Marble ) after a four - day trip from the quarry . Here it was crated , then shipped to Vermont on February 8 . The block was sawn to final size in West Rutland , Vermont , and fabricated by craftsmen in Proctor , Vermont , before it was shipped by train to Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia . By September , all 7 blocks were on the grounds of the Tomb site , at Arlington . Assembly began in September 1931 . An imperfection was found in the base , requiring three more quarryings . By the end of December 1931 , the assembly was completed . Finishing work followed with the carvings on the die block by the Piccirilli Brothers under the direction of the sculptor Thomas Jones . ( The brothers also carved the Lincoln statue for the Lincoln Memorial ) . The Tomb was completed without formal ceremony on April 9 , 1932 . The Tomb was placed at the head of the grave of the World War I Unknown . West of this grave are the crypts of Unknowns from World War II ( south ) and Korea ( north ) . Between the two lies a crypt that once contained an Unknown from Vietnam ( middle ) . His remains were positively identified in 1998 through DNA testing as First Lieutenant Michael Blassie , United States Air Force and were removed . Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza . The Tomb has a flat - faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classical pilasters set into the surface with objects and inscription carved into the sides . The 1931 symbolism of the objects on the north , south and east sides changed over time . North and South panel with 3 wreaths on each side represent ( in 1931 ) `` a world of memories '' but later the six major battles engaged in by American forces in France : Ardennes , Belleau Wood , Château - Thierry , Meusse - Argonne , Oisiu - Eiseu , and Somme . Each wreath has 38 leaves and 12 berries . East panel that faces Washington , DC , are three Greek figures representing Peace , Victory , and `` American Manhood '' -- but later `` Valor '' instead of `` American Manhood '' Western panel is inscribed with ( centered on the panel ) : HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY AN AMERICAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT TO GOD Tomb Dimensions as of 2004 ( xxx ) * 1931 die block dimension coming out of the quarry . Level Length Width Height Cubic Feet Tons Cap 12 ' - 5.4 '' 6 ' - 6.7 '' 1 ' - 3.3 '' 100.69 8.56 Die 12 ' - 3.0 '' ( 14 ' - 0 `` ) * 6 ' - 6.4 '' ( 7 ' - 4.8 `` ) * 5 ' - 2.1 '' ( 6 `` - 0 '' ) * 385.43 ( 621.6 ) * 32.76 ( 52.84 ) * Base 13 ' - 10.0 '' 7 ' - 11.9 '' 1 ' - 11.1 '' 198.64 16.88 Sub-Base 14 ' - 10.4 '' 9 ' - 0.2 '' 1 ' - 10.9 '' 255.81 21.74 The Unknown of World War I ( edit ) The World War I Unknown arriving at the Washington Navy Yard , 1921 ( colorized ) On Memorial Day , 1921 , four unknown servicemen were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France . U.S. Army Sgt . Edward F. Younger , who was wounded in combat , highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Cross in `` The Great War '' selected the Unknown of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Châlons - en - Champagne , France , on October 24 , 1921 . Younger selected the World War I Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets . He chose the third casket from the left . The chosen Unknown was transported to the United States aboard the USS Olympia . Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery , France . The World War I Unknown lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda from his arrival in the United States until Armistice Day , 1921 . On November 11 , 1921 , President Warren G. Harding officiated at the interment ceremonies at the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery . During the ceremony , the World War I Unknown was awarded the Victoria Cross by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty , on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom . ( The United Kingdom Victoria Cross was placed with the soldier . Earlier , on March 4 , 1921 , the British Unknown Warrior was conferred the U.S. Medal of Honor by General of the Armies John Pershing . ) In 1928 , the Unknown Soldier was presented the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to America 's youth by the Boy Scouts of America . The Unknowns of World War II and Korea ( edit ) The Korean War Unknown joins the two candidates from World War II aboard the USS Canberra On August 3 , 1956 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to select and pay the tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War . The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958 . The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe , Africa , Hawaii , and the Philippines . Two Unknowns from World War II , one from the European Theater and one from the Pacific Theater , were placed in identical caskets and taken aboard the USS Canberra , a guided - missile cruiser resting off the Virginia Capes . Navy Hospital Corpsman 1st Class William R. Charette , then the U.S. Navy 's only active - duty Medal of Honor recipient who was an enlisted man , selected the World War II Unknown . The remaining casket received a solemn burial at sea . Four unknown Americans who died in the Korean War were disinterred from the National Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii . Army Master Sergeant Ned Lyle made the final selection . Both caskets arrived in Washington on May 28 , 1958 , where they lay in the Capitol Rotunda until the morning of May 30 , when they were carried on caissons to Arlington National Cemetery . President Eisenhower awarded each the Medal of Honor , and the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War were interred in the plaza beside their World War I comrade . The Unknown of Vietnam ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The designation of the Vietnam Unknown proved to be difficult -- with improvements in DNA testing it is possible , though unlikely , that the recovered remains for every unknown soldier killed in the Vietnam War will be identified . The Vietnam Unknown service member was originally designated by Medal of Honor recipient U.S. Marine Corps Sgt . Maj . Allan Jay Kellogg , Jr. , during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , May 17 , 1984 . Each branch of the Armed Services took part in the transportation to honor the unknown . The Marines from Marine Barracks Hawaii consisted of an Honor Guard of 9 enlisted men and Lt. Denis Muller . The designated Vietnam Unknown was transported aboard the USS Brewton , where the Marines stood guard over the casket during the voyage to Naval Air Station Alameda , California . At Travis , the debarkation ceremony turned the remains over to the USAF on May 24 . The next day , the remains of were flown from Travis Air Force Base , California , arriving at Andrews Air Force Base , Maryland . Once there the remains were turned over to the US Army , where the remains were taken to Fort McNair for placement upon the horse - drawn wagon which later carried the Unknown to the Capital Rotunda for display before interment . While on display for public viewing , all branches of the US Armed Forces stood in honor , guarding the casket of the Unknown for 2 weeks . The Tomb guards stood at death watch for the entire day as thousands of people braved the dreary weather to pay their respects . The presidential wreath was brought forward toward President Reagan during the interment ceremony for the Unknown Serviceman of the Vietnam Era at the Tomb of the Unknowns on May 28 , 1984 . Many Vietnam veterans and President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan visited the Vietnam Unknown in the U.S. Capitol . An Army caisson carried the Vietnam Unknown from the Capitol to the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day , May 28 , 1984 . President Reagan presided over the funeral , and presented the Medal of Honor to the Vietnam Unknown , and also acted as next of kin by accepting the interment flag at the end of the ceremony . The interment flags of all Unknowns at the Tomb of the Unknowns are on view in the Memorial Display Room . Identification of the Unknown ( edit ) In 1994 , Ted Sampley , a POW / MIA activist , determined that the remains of the Vietnam Unknown were likely those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie , who was shot down near An Lộc , Vietnam , in 1972 . Sampley published an article in his newsletter and contacted Blassie 's family , who attempted to pursue the case with the Air Force 's casualty office without result . In January 1998 CBS News broadcast a report based on Sampley 's investigation which brought political pressure to support the identification of the remains . The body was exhumed on May 14 , 1998 . Based on mitochondrial DNA testing , Department of Defense scientists confirmed the remains were those of Blassie . The identification was announced on June 30 , 1998 , and on July 10 , Blassie 's remains arrived home to his family in St. Louis , Missouri ; he was reinterred at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery on July 11 . Redesignation of the crypt ( edit ) The slab over the crypt that once held the remains of the Vietnam Unknown has since been replaced . The original inscription of `` Vietnam '' and the dates of the conflict has been changed to `` Honoring and Keeping Faith with America 's Missing Servicemen '' as a reminder of the commitment of the Armed Forces to the fullest possible accounting of missing service members . Tomb guards ( edit ) Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge The tomb guards are soldiers of the United States Army . The first military guards were troopers from the 3rd Cavalry , `` Brave Rifles '' , who were posted nearby on Fort Myer . Since April 6 , 1948 , ( known then as `` Army Day '' ) , when the regiment was reactivated , it has been guarded by soldiers from 3rd Infantry Regiment , `` The Old Guard '' . The Old Guard is also posted to Fort Myer , Virginia , adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery . It is considered one of the highest honors to serve as a Sentinel at the Tomb of the Unknowns . Fewer than 20 percent of all volunteers are accepted for training and of those only a fraction pass training to become full - fledged Tomb Guards . This attrition rate has made the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge the second least - awarded qualification badge of the United States military ( the first being the Astronaut Badge ) . The soldier `` walking the mat '' does not wear rank insignia , so as not to outrank the Unknowns , whatever their ranks may have been . Non-commissioned officers ( usually the Relief Commander and Assistant Relief Commanders ) , do wear insignia of their rank when changing the guard only . They have a separate uniform ( without rank ) that is worn when they actually guard the Unknowns or are `` posted . '' The duties of the sentinels are not purely ceremonial . The sentinels will confront people who cross the barriers at the tomb or who they perceive to be disrespectful or excessively loud . Weapons ( edit ) Over the years there have been several different types of weapons used by the tomb guards . The changes in weapons reflect the changes in the Army , including M1903 Springfield rifle , M1 Garand and M14 rifles , M1911 and M9 pistols . Tomb guards currently carry M14 rifles , which are unloaded and affixed to ceremonial rifle stocks . These rifles are cleaned daily and kept ready for use at all times . Walking the mat ( edit ) There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves . The tomb guard : Marches 21 steps south down the black mat laid across the Tomb . Turns and faces east , toward the Tomb , for 21 seconds . Turns and faces north , changes weapon to outside shoulder , and waits 21 seconds . Marches 21 steps down the mat . Turns and faces east for 21 seconds . Turns and faces south , changes weapon to outside shoulder , and waits 21 seconds . Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard . After each turn , the guard executes a sharp `` shoulder - arms '' movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat . Out of respect for the interred , the sentinels command silence at the tombs . If the guard walking the mat must vocally confront a disturbance from spectators , or a threat , the routine is interrupted , and remains so until the disturbance is under control . The sentinel will exit the mat , place the weapon in port arms position , and confront the disturbance . Once under control , the sentinel then walks on the pavement to the other side of the mat , turns to shoulder arms , and continues the routine . Twenty - one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed -- the 21 - gun salute . The mat is usually replaced twice per year : before Memorial Day and before Veterans Day . This is required because of the wear on the rubber mat by the special shoes worn by tomb guards . The sentinels have metal plates built into the soles and inner parts of their shoes to allow for a more rugged sole and to give the signature click of the heel during maneuvers . The sentinels wear sunglasses because of the bright reflection from the marble surrounding the Tomb and the Memorial Amphitheater . On the ground not covered by the mat , a rust pattern in the tile can be seen that corresponds to the precise steps taken during the changing of the guard . The metal from the guards ' boots causes the brown rust markings on the stone . On the mat itself , footprints caused by standing guard are also visible . Changing of the guard ( edit ) Changing of the Guard , 2005 . While Arlington National Cemetery is open , during the day in summer months from April 1 to September 30 , the guard is changed every half hour . During the winter months , from October 1 to March 31 , the guard is changed every hour . After the cemetery closes to the public ( 7 p.m. to 8 a.m. April through September , and 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. October through March ) , the guard is changed every 2 hours . The ceremony can be witnessed by the public whenever Arlington National Cemetery is open . The guard change is very symbolic , but also conducted in accordance with Army regulations . The relief commander or assistant relief commander , along with the oncoming guard , are both required for a guard change to take place . The relief commander orders the guard being relieved to `` pass on your orders '' to the oncoming guard . The guard being relieved will say to the oncoming guard , `` Post and orders remain as directed . '' The oncoming guard 's response is always , `` Orders acknowledged . '' During changes when the public is witnessing the ceremony , the commander will inform the public that the ceremony is about to take place and that those in attendance should remain `` silent and standing '' throughout the entire event . Dedication ( edit ) A civilian guard was first posted at the Tomb on November 17 , 1925 , to prevent , among other things , families from picnicking on the flat marble slab with views of the city . A military guard was first posted on March 25 , 1926 . The first 24 - hour guard was posted on midnight , July 2 , 1937 . The Tomb of the Unknowns has been guarded continuously , 24 hours a day , 7 days a week , since that time . Inclement weather , terrorist attacks , et cetera , do not cause the watch to cease . Since 1948 , the tomb guards , a special platoon within the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment ( The Old Guard ) work on a team rotation of 24 hours on , 24 hours off , for five days , taking the following four days off . A guard takes an average of six hours to prepare his uniform -- heavy wool , regardless of the time of year -- for the next day 's work . In addition to preparing the uniform , guards also conduct physical training , tomb guard training , participate in field exercises , cut their hair before the next work day , and at times are involved in regimental functions as well . Tomb guards are required to memorize 35 pages of information about Arlington National Cemetery and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , including the locations of nearly 300 graves and who is buried in each one . A special Army decoration , the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is authorized for wear after passing a detailed test of 100 questions ( from a pool of more than 300 ) , a uniform test with two gigs ( errors ) or fewer ( measured to the 1 / 64 `` ) , and a test on the guard changing sequence . After serving honorably for a period of nine months , and having passed the sequence of tests , a tomb guard is permanently awarded the Badge . Since the first award on February 7 , 1958 , fewer than 650 soldiers have completed training and been awarded this badge , including four women . A small number of tomb guard Identification Badges have also been retroactively awarded to soldiers who served as Guards before 1959 . Those numbers make the Badge the second rarest award currently issued in the United States Army ; only the Army Astronaut Badge is rarer . The badge was designed in 1956 and first issued to members of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns on February 7 , 1958 . The badge was first issued only as a temporary wear item , meaning the soldiers could only wear the badge during their tenure as members of the honor guard . Upon leaving the duty , the badge was returned and reissued to incoming soldiers . In 1963 , a regulation was enacted that allowed the badge to be worn as a permanent part of the military uniform , even after the soldier 's completion of duty at the Tomb of the Unknowns . Damage and repair to the Tomb monument ( edit ) The crack can be seen underneath the words `` An American '' and above the word `` Soldier . '' Cracking and weathering are causing concerns for the long - term preservation of the Tomb Monument . A November 1963 report first recorded horizontal cracking of the monument 's marble die block . Though this was the first time that the damage was documented , the report made it clear that the cracks had become visible some time before that date . In 1963 -- 1964 , there were two cracks -- referred to as `` primary '' and `` secondary '' -- extending approximately 34 feet around the die block . By 1974 , they had extended to 40 feet . They grew another 4.6 feet over the next 15 years . Inspection has determined that the cracks have increased horizontally since 1990 . Analysis also indicates that the cracks are not surficial but extend partially through the block and will eventually extend all the way through . The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble 's surface . As much as 2.85 mm of the marble surface has been lost through weathering . The study projected that before 2010 , the Tomb Monument will have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concludes the only solutions are to enclose or replace the monument . Several options have been considered to deal with the damage . Officials at Arlington National Cemetery determined that proper repair can return the Tomb Monument to an acceptable appearance . However , because the cracks will continue to lengthen and widen , continuous grouting , regrouting , touch - up , monitoring , and maintenance would be required . Therefore , a report commissioned by Arlington National Cemetery and published in June 2006 confirmed the Cemetery 's conclusion that `` replacement of the three pieces of the Tomb Monument is the preferred alternative '' . A final decision was scheduled to be made on September 30 , 2007 . The National Trust for Historic Preservation objects to the plan to replace the authentic Tomb Monument . The Trust expressed concern that Arlington National Cemetery seeks to replace the existing monument with marble from the original quarry , which experts agree is likely eventually to crack . The Trust has observed that the Cemetery 's own 1990 report recommended that the monument be repaired and that the Cemetery , in fact , commissioned Oehrlein Architects to repair the stone . In 2007 , Mary Oehrlein informed Congressional staff members that : `` The existing monument can easily be repaired , as was done 17 years ago , using conventional conservation methods to re-grout the cracks . Once repaired , the fault lines would be virtually invisible from the public viewing areas . '' On September 26 , 2007 , U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka announced that an amendment crafted together with Senator Jim Webb will be added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 ( H.R. 1585 ) that would require a report on the plans of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to replace the monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns . The secretaries would be required to advise Congress on the current efforts to maintain and preserve the monument . Additionally , they would have to provide an assessment on the feasibility and advisability of repairing rather than replacing the Tomb Monument . Finally , if the secretaries choose replacement , they would have to report those plans and detail how they intend to dispose of the current monument . Once the report is provided , the secretaries are prevented from taking action to replace the monument for at least 180 days . The Akaka - Webb amendment was included in the bill by unanimous consent of the Senate . An amendment to the Fiscal Year 2008 Defense Authorization Bill authorized a review of the monument 's condition . The bill also authorized repair , but not replacement , of the monument . Final passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2008 ( H.R. 4986 ) was signed by President Bush on January 28 , 2008 . October 21 , 2011 : Completed repair of the cracks in the Tomb . In 2003 John Haines , a retired car dealer , offered to donate a large slab of marble to the Arlington National Cemetery to replace the existing marble . Haines paid $31,000 for the marble slab . The marble was not removed from the quarry , however , because imperfections were found and the block was rejected . In June 2009 Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that the monument was to be repaired , not replaced . In 2010 , the cracks were filled but the repairs lasted only a few months . As of June 2011 , the cemetery was struggling to repair the cracks in the monument , one of which measured 28.4 feet ( 8.7 m ) long , with another at 16.2 feet ( 4.9 m ) . In September 2011 , the cracks were filled again and on October 21 , 2011 , inspection by the Corps of Engineers and other experts pronounced the repairs a success . See also ( edit ) Civil War Unknowns Monument Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier Tomb of the Unknown Soldier -- for a list of similar memorials in other countries Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier World War I memorials Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier The Unknown Warrior -- London , UK The Unknown Soldier -- Paris , France Military rites Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Syracuse University Archives has an extensive collection of Lorimer Rich ( 1914 Syracuse graduate ) papers pertaining to his architect design work of the Tomb , including 44 numbered drawings of the Tomb . http://archives.syr.edu/collections/alumni/rich_box.html Archived February 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Many sources reference the 1931 Tomb as a sarcophagus , but it is not : in a sarcophagus , the remains are placed in a hollowed - out portion of the stone ; the marble in the Tomb was not hollowed out and the remains are underneath the Tomb . Jump up ^ 1931 body block tonnage calculated in 2004 is different ( by 5.9 % ) from the other source amount of 56 tons and can not be explained with certainty . Sub-base cubic footage and tons was calculated from the source dimensions because cubic feet and tons were not included in the source data table . Per cubic foot , the marble weighs 170 pounds . Jump up ^ The identification took place after Blassie 's family lobbied the Pentagon to perform the DNA testing . His remains ( 6 partial bones ) had originally been recovered several months after his aircraft had been shot down and were not sufficient to allow for positive identification at the time . CNN.com `` Home at last for a fallen hero '' . June 11 , 1998 . Also see : U.S. National Library of Medicine -- Visible Proofs , `` Michael Blassie unknown no more '' , May 23 , 2006 Jump up ^ The Tomb Guard Identification Badge is the only badge awarded by the United States Army that can be revoked after a soldier has left the military . The Regimental Commander of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment has the authority to revoke a badge from any Guard ( past or present ) for any act that would bring discredit upon the Tomb of the Unknowns . `` Army Regulation 600 - 8 - 22 -- `` Military Awards '' ( 11 December 2006 ) ; para. 8 - 40f '' ( PDF ) . Department of the Army . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery : The Tomb of the Unknowns '' . Arlingtoncemetery.mil . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients - World War I Tomb of the Unknown Soldier ( archived from the original on October 22 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ World War I Unknown Soldier , Arlington National Cemetery website . ^ Jump up to : `` The Quartermaster Review September -- October 1963 '' . United States Army . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Configuration of 1921 Tomb '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Unknown Soldier of World War I '' . The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funeral , 1921 - 1969 . United States Army . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Tomb '' . Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marble , Colorado : City of Stone '' ; by Duane Vandenbusche and Rex Myers ; Golden Bell Press ; Denver , Colorado ; 6th printing February 1996 ^ Jump up to : `` The Vermont Marble Museum '' . Vermont Marble Company . April 1931 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dedication photo '' . Syracuse University Archives . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Scan of the Tomb , 2004 '' . Direct Dimensions Inc , Owing Mills , Maryland . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Victoria Cross '' . The British Army 212 ( Yorkshire ) Field Hospital ( volunteers ) website . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1929 - 1926 '' . Boy Scouts of America National Council . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 79 -- 429 ; Pub. L. 84 -- 975 ^ Jump up to : `` Quartermaster Review ( January -- February 1964 ) '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert M. Poole ( 2009 ) . On hallowed ground : the story of Arlington National Cemetery . Walker & Company . pp. 301 -- 302 . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1548 - 6 . Jump up ^ Memorial day tribute : holiday holds special meaning for Blassie family - LaVonne Johnson , Citizen Airman . June 2003 . Jump up ^ McVeigh , Alex ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` First Tomb Badge recipient laid to rest '' . The Official Home Page Of The United States Army . Jump up ^ `` Who Are The Tomb Guards '' . tombguard.org . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Changing of the Guard '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Society of the Honor Guard -- Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting Arlington National Cemetery '' . Retrieved September 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb of the Unknown Soldier FAQ '' . Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Still Vigilant at the Tomb of the Unknowns Despite Irene - ABC News Jump up ^ PHOTO : Despite Sandy , Soldiers Stand Guard At Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier : The Two - Way : NPR Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091014110013/http://www.tombguard.org/Nov01_Jan02.pdf Jump up ^ The Sentinel , `` Post and Orders Remain as Directed '' ( PDF ) . August 2002 -- September 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Repair or Replacement Project ( draft ) '' ( PDF ) . June 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Take Action for Historic Preservation '' . Nationaltrust.org . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Crack Mars Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , ABC News May 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ John Paul Woodley , Jr. , Assistant Secretary of the Army ( Civil Works ) ; William F. Tuerk , Under Secretary for Memorial Affairs , Department of Veterans Affairs ( 2008 ) . `` Report on Alternative Measures To Address Cracks in the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia '' . Congressional Record . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Akaka - Webb Amendment to Halt Replacement of the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns is Approved by Senate '' . September 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. , `` Bid to Replace Tomb Monument Stalls '' , Washington Post , January 30 , 2008 , p . A03 . Jump up ^ Nancy Lofholm , Marble for Unknowns tomb just sits , Denver Post , August 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMichael , William ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Tomb of Unknowns to be repaired , not replaced '' . Army Times . Army Times Publishing Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : video by Army Corps of Engineers , Norfolk District Jump up ^ Davenport , Christian , `` Repairs On Persistent Cracks At Tomb Of Unknowns Delayed '' , Washington Post , June 9 , 2011 , p . B1 . Jump up ^ Army Corps of Engineers photos and text Further reading ( edit ) The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funeral , 1921 - 1969 , CHAPTER I , The Unknown Soldier of World War I , State Funeral , 23 October -- 11 November 1921 by B.C. Mossman and M.W. Stark . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History , 1991 . CMH Pub 90 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of the Unknowns . Official U.S. Army Tomb Guard and Tomb of the Unknowns website Arlington Cemetery official site Arlington Historical Society Arlington Convention and Visitors Service official website Snopes 's article on the Tomb of the Unknowns Society of the Honor Guard - Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Video of the Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns , by Dover Lodge # 489 video of a changing of the guard The short film Interment Ceremony Of The Vietnam Unknown ( 1985 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Historic film footage of November 11 , 1921 interment ceremony for the World War I Unknown Soldier at the tomb of 1921 The Unknowns - 2016 Documentary film Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 35 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 20 '' W / 38.87639 ° N 77.07222 ° W / 38.87639 ; - 77.07222 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&oldid=843439383 '' Categories : Arlington National Cemetery Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Military monuments and memorials in the United States World War I memorials in the United States American recipients of the Victoria Cross American World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross Monuments and memorials in Virginia Marble sculptures in Virginia 1931 sculptures Tombs of Unknown Soldiers Tombs in the United States 1921 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 04 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
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-3,023,071,818,640,955,400 | how far is it from maine to new york | Maine - wikipedia Maine This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 October 2018 . There are 3 pending revisions awaiting review . This article is about the U.S. state of Maine . For other uses , see Maine ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> State of Maine État de Maine ( French ) <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : `` The Pine Tree State '' `` Vacationland '' Mang <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : `` Dirigo '' ( Latin for `` I lead '' , `` I guide '' , or `` I direct '' ) <Td_colspan="2"> State song ( s ) : `` State of Maine Song '' <Td_colspan="2"> Official language None Spoken languages English : 92 % French : 5 % Other : ≤ 3 % Demonym Mainer Capital Augusta Largest city Portland Largest metro Greater Portland Area Ranked 39th Total 35,385 sq mi ( 91,646 km ) Width 210 miles ( 338 km ) Length 320 miles ( 515 km ) % water 13.5 Latitude 42 ° 58 ′ N to 47 ° 28 ′ N Longitude 66 ° 57 ′ W to 71 ° 5 ′ W <Td_colspan="2"> Population Ranked 42nd Total 1,335,907 ( 2017 est . ) Density 43.0 / sq mi ( 16.6 / km ) Ranked 38th Median household income $50,756 ( 40th ) <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation Highest point Mount Katahdin 5,270 ft ( 1606.4 m ) Mean 600 ft ( 180 m ) Lowest point Atlantic Ocean Sea level <Td_colspan="2"> Before statehood District of Maine ( Massachusetts ) Admission to Union March 15 , 1820 ( 23rd ) Governor Paul LePage ( R ) President of the Senate Michael Thibodeau ( R ) Legislature Maine Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Senators Susan Collins ( R ) Angus King ( I ) U.S. House delegation Chellie Pingree ( D ) Bruce Poliquin ( R ) ( list ) Time zone Eastern : UTC − 5 / − 4 ISO 3166 US - ME Abbreviations ME , Me . Website www.maine.gov <Th_colspan="2"> show Maine state symbols <Td_colspan="2"> The Flag of Maine <Td_colspan="2"> The Seal of Maine <Th_colspan="2"> Living insignia Bird Chickadee Fish Landlocked Atlantic salmon Flower White pine cone Insect Honey bee Mammal Moose Tree Eastern white pine <Th_colspan="2"> Inanimate insignia Beverage Moxie Food Blueberry pie Fossil Pertica quadrifaria Gemstone Tourmaline Soil Chesuncook soil series <Th_colspan="2"> State route marker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> State quarter <Td_colspan="2"> Released in 2003 <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of United States state symbols Maine ( / meɪn / ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 38th most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . It is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the northeast and northwest respectively . Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States , and the northernmost east of the Great Lakes . It is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout the state , even in coastal areas such as its most populous city of Portland . The capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian - speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short - lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years . As Maine entered the 18th century , only a half dozen European settlements had survived . Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maine 's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812 . At the close of the War of 1812 , it was occupied by British forces , but the territory of Maine was returned to the United States as part of a peace treaty that was to include dedicated land on the Michigan peninsula for Native American peoples . Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820 , when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become a separate state . On March 15 , 1820 , under the Missouri Compromise , it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Race , ancestry and language 4.2 Birth data 4.3 Religion 5 Economy 5.1 Taxation 5.2 Shipbuilding 6 Transportation 6.1 Airports 6.2 Highways 6.3 Rail 6.3. 1 Passenger 6.3. 2 Freight 7 Law and government 7.1 Counties 7.2 State and local politics 7.3 Federal politics 8 Municipalities 8.1 Organized municipalities 8.2 Unorganized territory 8.3 Most populous cities and towns 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Sports teams 10.1. 1 Professional 10.1. 2 Non-professional 10.1. 3 NCAA 10.2 State symbols 10.3 In popular culture 11 Notable people 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Notes 13.2 Citations 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) There is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name `` Maine '' , but the most likely origin is that the name was given by early explorers after the former province of Maine in France . Whatever the origin , the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English King 's Commissioners ordered that the `` Province of Maine '' be entered from then on in official records . The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco - American Day , which stated that the state was named after the former French province of Maine . Other theories mention earlier places with similar names , or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland . Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivan 's 1795 `` History of the District of Maine '' . He made the unsubstantiated claim that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I , Henrietta Maria , who once `` owned '' the Province of Maine in France . This was quoted by Maine historians until the 1845 biography of that queen by Agnes Strickland established that she had no connection to the province ; further , King Charles I married Henrietta Maria in 1625 , three years after the name Maine first appeared on the charter . A new theory , put forward by Carol B. Smith Fisher in 2002 , is that Sir Ferdinando Gorges chose the name in 1622 to honor the village where his ancestors first lived in England , rather than the province in France . `` MAINE '' appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset , which is today Broadmayne , just southeast of Dorchester . The view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic , corresponding to modern Welsh `` maen '' , plural `` main '' or `` meini '' . Some early spellings are : MAINE 1086 , MEINE 1200 , MEINES 1204 , MAYNE 1236 . Today the village is known as Broadmayne , which is primitive Welsh or Brythonic , `` main '' meaning rock or stone , considered a reference to the many large sarsen stones still present around Little Mayne farm , half a mile northeast of Broadmayne village . The first known record of the name appears in an August 10 , 1622 land charter to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason , English Royal Navy veterans , who were granted a large tract in present - day Maine that Mason and Gorges `` intend to name the Province of Maine '' . Mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands , where the chief island is called Mainland , a possible name derivation for these English sailors . In 1623 , the English naval captain Christopher Levett , exploring the New England coast , wrote : `` The first place I set my foote upon in New England was the Isle of Shoals , being Ilands ( sic ) in the sea , above two Leagues from the Mayne . '' Initially , several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine ( cf . the Spanish Main ) . A reconfirmed and enhanced April 3 , 1639 , charter , from England 's King Charles I , gave Sir Ferdinando Gorges increased powers over his new province and stated that it `` shall forever hereafter , be called and named the PROVINCE OR COUNTIE OF MAINE , and not by any other name or names whatsoever ... '' Maine is the only U.S. state whose name has exactly one syllable . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Maine Settlement of the northern borders by the Webster -- Ashburton Treaty of 1842 Maine State House , designed by Charles Bulfinch , built 1829 -- 1832 Misty Morning , Coast of Maine Arthur Parton ( 1842 -- 1914 ) . Between 1865 and 1870 , Brooklyn Museum The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian - speaking Wabanaki peoples , including the Passamaquoddy , Maliseet , Penobscot , Androscoggin and Kennebec . During the later King Phillip 's War , many of these peoples would merge in one form or another to become the Wabanaki Confederacy , aiding the Wampanoag of Massachusetts & the Mahican of New York . Afterwards , many of these people were driven from their natural territories , but most of the tribes of Maine continued , unchanged , until the American Revolution . Before this point , however , most of these people were considered separate nations . Many had adapted to living in permanent , Iroquois - inspired settlements , while those along the coast tended to be semi-nomadic -- traveling from settlement to settlement on a yearly cycle . They would usually winter inland & head to the coasts by summer . European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present - day Hancock County , most likely through trade . About 200 years earlier , from the settlements in Iceland and Greenland , Norwegians had first identified America and attempted to settle areas such as Newfoundland , but failed to establish a permanent settlement there . Archeological evidence suggests that Norwegians in Greenland returned to North America for several centuries after the initial discovery to collect timber and to trade , with the most relevant evidence being the Maine Penny , an 11th - century Norwegian coin found at a Native American dig site in 1954 . The first European settlement in Maine was in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , led by French explorer Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons ; his party included Samuel de Champlain , noted as an explorer . The French named the entire area Acadia , including the portion that later became the state of Maine . The first English settlement in Maine was established by the Plymouth Company at the Popham Colony in 1607 , the same year as the settlement at Jamestown , Virginia . The Popham colonists returned to Britain after 14 months . The French established two Jesuit missions : one on Penobscot Bay in 1609 , and the other on Mount Desert Island in 1613 . The same year , Castine was established by Claude de La Tour . In 1625 , Charles de Saint - Étienne de la Tour erected Fort Pentagouet to protect Castine . The coastal areas of western Maine first became the Province of Maine in a 1622 land patent . The part of Eastern Maine north of the Kennebec River was more sparsely settled , and was known in the 17th century as the Territory of Sagadahock . A second settlement was attempted in 1623 by English explorer and naval Captain Christopher Levett at a place called York , where he had been granted 6,000 acres ( 24 km ) by King Charles I of England . It also failed . Central Maine was formerly inhabited by people of the Androscoggin tribe of the Abenaki nation , also known as Arosaguntacook . They were driven out of the area in 1690 during King William 's War . They were relocated at St. Francis , Canada , which was destroyed by Rogers ' Rangers in 1759 , and is now Odanak . The other Abenaki tribes suffered several severe defeats , particularly during Dummer 's War , with the capture of Norridgewock in 1724 and the defeat of the Pequawket in 1725 , which greatly reduced their numbers . They finally withdrew to Canada , where they were settled at Bécancour and Sillery , and later at St. Francis , along with other refugee tribes from the south . The province within its current boundaries became part of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1652 . Maine was much fought over by the French , English , and allied natives during the 17th and early 18th centuries , who conducted raids against each other , taking captives for ransom or , in some cases , adoption by Native American tribes . A notable example was the early 1692 Abenaki raid on York , where about 100 English settlers were killed and another estimated 80 taken hostage . The Abenaki took captives taken during raids of Massachusetts in Queen Anne 's War of the early 1700s to Kahnewake , a Catholic Mohawk village near Montreal , where some were adopted and others ransomed . After the British defeated the French in Acadia in the 1740s , the territory from the Penobscot River east fell under the nominal authority of the Province of Nova Scotia , and together with present - day New Brunswick formed the Nova Scotia county of Sunbury , with its court of general sessions at Campobello . American and British forces contended for Maine 's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812 , with the British occupying eastern Maine in both conflicts . The territory of Maine was confirmed as part of Massachusetts when the United States was formed following the Treaty of Paris ending the revolution , although the final border with British North America was not established until the Webster -- Ashburton Treaty of 1842 . Maine was physically separate from the rest of Massachusetts . Long - standing disagreements over land speculation and settlements led to Maine residents and their allies in Massachusetts proper forcing an 1807 vote in the Massachusetts Assembly on permitting Maine to secede ; the vote failed . Secessionist sentiment in Maine was stoked during the War of 1812 when Massachusetts pro-British merchants opposed the war and refused to defend Maine from British invaders . In 1819 , Massachusetts agreed to permit secession , sanctioned by voters of the rapidly growing region the following year . Formal secession and formation of the state of Maine as the 23rd state occurred on March 15 , 1820 , as part of the Missouri Compromise , which geographically limited the spread of slavery and enabled the admission to statehood of Missouri the following year , keeping a balance between slave and free states . Maine 's original state capital was Portland , Maine 's largest city , until it was moved to the more central Augusta in 1832 . The principal office of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court remains in Portland . The 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment , under the command of Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain , prevented the Union Army from being flanked at Little Round Top by the Confederate Army during the Battle of Gettysburg . Four U.S. Navy ships have been named USS Maine , most famously the armored cruiser USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) , whose sinking by an explosion on 15 February 1898 precipitated the Spanish -- American War . Geography ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of counties in Maine , List of Maine rivers , List of lakes in Maine , Geology of Maine , and Geology of New England A map of Maine and surrounding regions To the south and east is the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and northeast is New Brunswick , a province of Canada . The Canadian province of Quebec is to the northwest . Maine is both the northernmost state in New England and the largest , accounting for almost half the region 's entire land area . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state ( New Hampshire to the west ) . Maine is the easternmost state in the United States in both its extreme points and its geographic center . The municipalities of Eastport and Lubec are , respectively , the easternmost city and town in the United States . Estcourt Station is Maine 's northernmost point , as well as the northernmost point in New England . ( For more information see extreme points of the United States . ) Maine 's Moosehead Lake is the largest lake wholly in New England , as Lake Champlain is located between Vermont , New York and Quebec . A number of other Maine lakes , such as South Twin Lake , are described by Thoreau in The Maine Woods ( 1864 ) . Mount Katahdin is both the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail , which extends southerly to Springer Mountain , Georgia , and the southern terminus of the new International Appalachian Trail which , when complete , will run to Belle Isle , Newfoundland and Labrador . Maine has several unique geographical features . Machias Seal Island and North Rock , off its easternmost point , are claimed by both the U.S. and Canada and are within one of four areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute , but it is the only one of the disputed areas containing land . Also in this easternmost area in the Bay of Fundy is the Old Sow , the largest tidal whirlpool in the Western Hemisphere . Maine is the least densely populated U.S. state east of the Mississippi River . It is called the Pine Tree State ; about 83 % of its land is forested , the most forest cover of any U.S. state . In the forested areas of the interior lies much uninhabited land , some of which does not have formal political organization into local units ( a rarity in New England ) . The Northwest Aroostook , Maine unorganized territory in the northern part of the state , for example , has an area of 2,668 square miles ( 6,910 km ) and a population of 10 , or one person for every 267 square miles ( 690 km ) . Maine is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome . The land near the southern and central Atlantic coast is covered by the mixed oaks of the Northeastern coastal forests . The remainder of the state , including the North Woods , is covered by the New England - Acadian forests . Maine has almost 230 miles ( 400 km ) of coastline ( and 3,500 miles ( 5,600 km ) of tidal coastline ) . West Quoddy Head , in Lubec , Maine , is the easternmost point of land in the 48 contiguous states . Along the famous rock - bound coast of Maine are lighthouses , beaches , fishing villages , and thousands of offshore islands , including the Isles of Shoals which straddle the New Hampshire border . There are jagged rocks and cliffs and many bays and inlets . Inland are lakes , rivers , forests , and mountains . This visual contrast of forested slopes sweeping down to the sea has been summed up by American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay of Rockland and Camden , Maine , in `` Renascence '' : The coast of Maine near Acadia National Park Boothbay Harbor All I could see from where I stood Was three long mountains and a wood ; I turned and looked the other way , And saw three islands in a bay . Geologists describe this type of landscape as a `` drowned coast '' , where a rising sea level has invaded former land features , creating bays out of valleys and islands out of mountain tops . A rise in the elevation of the land due to the melting of heavy glacier ice caused a slight rebounding effect of underlying rock ; this land rise , however , was not enough to eliminate all the effect of the rising sea level and its invasion of former land features . Much of Maine 's geomorphology was created by extended glacial activity at the end of the last ice age . Prominent glacial features include Somes Sound and Bubble Rock , both part of Acadia National Park on Mount Desert Island . Carved by glaciers , Somes Sound is considered to be the only fjord on the eastern seaboard and reaches depths of 175 feet ( 50 m ) . The extreme depth and steep drop - off allow large ships to navigate almost the entire length of the sound . These features also have made it attractive for boat builders , such as the prestigious Hinckley Yachts . Bubble Rock , a glacial erratic , is a large boulder perched on the edge of Bubble Mountain in Acadia National Park . By analyzing the type of granite , geologists were able to discover that glaciers carried Bubble Rock to its present location from near Lucerne -- 30 miles ( 48 km ) away . The Iapetus Suture runs through the north and west of the state , being underlain by the ancient Laurentian terrane , and the south and east underlain by the Avalonian terrane . Acadia National Park is the only national park in New England . Areas under the protection and management of the National Park Service include : Acadia National Park near Bar Harbor Appalachian National Scenic Trail Maine Acadian Culture in St. John Valley Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island in New Brunswick , Canada , operated by both the US and Canada , just across the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge from Lubec . Saint Croix Island International Historic Site at Calais Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument Maine State Parks Maine Wildlife Management Areas ( WMA ) Climate ( edit ) Autumn in Stratton Winter in Bangor Maine has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) , with warm ( although generally not hot ) , humid summers . Winters are cold and snowy throughout the state , and are especially severe in the northern parts of Maine . Coastal areas are moderated somewhat by the Atlantic Ocean , resulting in milder winters and cooler summers in immediate coastal areas . Daytime highs are generally in the 75 -- 80 ° F ( 24 -- 27 ° C ) range throughout the state in July , with overnight lows in the high 50s ° F ( around 15 ° C ) . January temperatures range from highs near 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) on the southern coast to overnight lows averaging below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) in the far north . The state 's record high temperature is 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) , set in July 1911 , at North Bridgton . Precipitation in Maine is evenly distributed year - round , but with a slight summer maximum in northern / northwestern Maine and a slight late - fall or early - winter maximum along the coast due to `` nor'easters '' or intense cold - season storms . In coastal Maine , the late spring and summer months are usually driest -- a rarity across the Eastern United States . Maine has fewer days of thunderstorms than any other state east of the Rockies , with most of the state averaging less than 20 days of thunderstorms a year . Tornadoes are rare in Maine , with the state averaging fewer than two per year , mostly occurring in the southern part of the state . Maine rarely sees tropical cyclones . In January 2009 , a new record low temperature for the state was set at Big Black River of − 50 ° F ( − 46 ° C ) , tying the New England record . Annual precipitation varies from 909 mm ( 35.8 in ) in Presque Isle , to 1,441 mm ( 56.7 in ) in Acadia National Park . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Maine Location July ( ° F ) July ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) Portland 78 / 59 26 / 15 31 / 13 − 0 / − 10 Lewiston 81 / 61 27 / 16 29 / 11 − 2 / − 12 Bangor 79 / 57 26 / 14 27 / 6 − 2 / − 14 Augusta 79 / 60 26 / 15 27 / 11 − 2 / − 11 Presque Isle 77 / 55 25 / 13 20 / 1 − 6 / − 17 Demographics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 96,540 -- 1800 151,719 57.2 % 1810 228,705 50.7 % 1820 298,335 30.4 % 1830 399,455 33.9 % 1840 501,793 25.6 % 1850 583,169 16.2 % 1860 628,279 7.7 % 1870 626,915 − 0.2 % 1880 648,936 3.5 % 1890 661,086 1.9 % 1900 694,466 5.0 % 1910 742,371 6.9 % 1920 768,014 3.5 % 1930 797,423 3.8 % 1940 847,226 6.2 % 1950 913,774 7.9 % 1960 969,265 6.1 % 1970 992,048 2.4 % 1980 1,124,660 13.4 % 1990 1,227,928 9.2 % 2000 1,274,923 3.8 % 1,328,361 4.2 % Est. 2018 1,341,582 1.0 % <Td_colspan="4"> Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Maine was 1,329,328 on July 1 , 2015 , a 0.07 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The population density of the state is 41.3 people per square mile , making it the least densely populated state in New England , the American northeast , the eastern seaboard , of all of the states with an Atlantic coastline and of all of the states east of the Mississippi River . The mean population center of Maine is located in Kennebec County , just east of Augusta . The Greater Portland metropolitan area is the most densely populated with nearly 40 % of Maine 's population . Portland 's estimated population in 2016 was 66,937 . As explained in detail under `` Geography '' , there are large tracts of uninhabited land in some remote parts of the interior . Maine has experienced a very slow rate of population growth since the 1990 census ; its rate of growth ( 0.57 % ) since the 2010 census ranks 45th of the 50 states . The modest population growth in the state has been concentrated in the southern coastal counties ; the northern , more rural areas of the state have experienced a significant decline in population in recent years . Race , ancestry and language ( edit ) At the 2010 Census , 94.4 % of the population was non-Hispanic White , 1.1 % non-Hispanic Black or African American , 0.6 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 1.0 % Asian , 0.1 % from some other race and 1.4 % of two or more races. 1.3 % of Maine 's population was of Hispanic , Latino , or Spanish origin . Maine population by race hide Racial composition 1990 2000 White 98.4 % 96.9 % 95.2 % Black 0.4 % 0.5 % 1.2 % Asian 0.5 % 0.7 % 1.0 % Native 0.5 % 0.6 % 0.6 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- -- Other race 0.1 % 0.2 % 0.3 % Two or more races -- 1.0 % 1.6 % hide Largest ancestries ( 2011 ) Percent English 21.6 % Irish 17.8 % French 16.3 % American 9.4 % German 8.5 % French Canadian 7.6 % Italian 5.8 % Scottish 5.5 % Polish 2.1 % Swedish 1.8 % Maine population density map People citing that they are American are of overwhelmingly English descent , but have ancestry that has been in the region for so long ( often since the 1600s ) that they choose to identify simply as Americans . Maine has the highest percentage of French Americans among American states . It also has the highest percentage of non-Hispanic whites of any state , at 94.4 % of the total population , according to the 2010 Census . In 2011 , 89.0 % of all births in the state were to non-Hispanic white parents . The state also has the highest percentage of French - speakers of any state . Most of the French in Maine are of Canadian origin , but in some cases have been living there since prior to the American Revolutionary War . There are particularly high concentrations of French in the northern part of Maine in Aroostook County , which is part of a cultural region known as Acadia that goes over the border into New Brunswick . Along with the Acadian population in the north , many French came from Quebec as immigrants between 1840 and 1930 . Census figures show that Maine has the highest percentage of people speaking French at home of any state : 5.28 % of Maine households are French - speaking , compared with 4.68 % in Louisiana , which is the second highest state . French - speakers are the state 's chief linguistic minority ; the 2000 Census reported 92.25 % of Maine residents aged five and older spoke only English at home . Maine does not have an official language , but the most widely spoken language in the state is English . Spanish is the third-most - spoken language in Maine , after English and French . The upper Saint John River valley area was once part of the so - called Republic of Madawaska , before the frontier was decided in the Webster - Ashburton Treaty of 1842 . Over one quarter of the population of Lewiston , Waterville , and Biddeford are Franco - American . Most of the residents of the Mid Coast and Down East sections are chiefly of British heritage . Smaller numbers of various other groups , including Irish , Italian and Polish , have settled throughout the state since the late 19th and early 20th century immigration waves . Birth Data ( edit ) Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live births by single race / ethnicity of mother Race 2013 2014 2015 2016 White : 11,950 ( 93.5 % ) 11,842 ( 93.2 % ) 11,805 ( 93.6 % ) ... > Non-Hispanic White 11,774 ( 92.1 % ) 11,654 ( 91.8 % ) 11,563 ( 91.7 % ) 11,484 ( 90.4 % ) Black 455 ( 3.6 % ) 450 ( 3.5 % ) 473 ( 3.7 % ) 411 ( 3.2 % ) Asian 253 ( 2.0 % ) 248 ( 1.9 % ) 186 ( 1.5 % ) 192 ( 1.5 % ) American Indian 118 ( 0.9 % ) 158 ( 1.2 % ) 143 ( 1.1 % ) 97 ( 0.7 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 172 ( 1.3 % ) 200 ( 1.6 % ) 251 ( 2.0 % ) 238 ( 1.9 % ) Total Maine 12,776 ( 100 % ) 12,698 ( 100 % ) 12,607 ( 100 % ) 12,705 ( 100 % ) Since 2016 , data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected , but included in one Hispanic group ; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race . Religion ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> Religion in Maine ( 2014 ) religion percent <Td_colspan="2"> Protestant <Td_colspan="2"> 37 % <Td_colspan="2"> No religion <Td_colspan="2"> 31 % <Td_colspan="2"> Catholic <Td_colspan="2"> 21 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other faith <Td_colspan="2"> 5 % <Td_colspan="2"> Mormon <Td_colspan="2"> 2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Jewish <Td_colspan="2"> 2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Do n't know <Td_colspan="2"> 2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Other Christian <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % <Td_colspan="2"> Buddhist <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % According to the Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) , the religious affiliations of Maine in 2010 were : Protestant -- 37 % Evangelical Protestant -- 4 % Catholic Church -- 28 % Other religions -- 1.7 % Non-Christian religions include Hinduism , Islam , Buddhism and Bahá'í . The Catholic Church was the largest religious institution with 202,106 members , the United Methodist Church had 28,329 members , the United Church of Christ had 22,747 members In 2010 , a study named Maine as the least religious state in the United States . Economy ( edit ) See also : Maine locations by per capita income Stereoscopic view `` Lobster pots ready for placing '' ~ 1928 Bath Iron Works naval shipbuilding The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Maine 's total gross state product for 2010 was $52 billion . Its per capita personal income for 2007 was US $33,991 , 34th in the nation . As of May 2018 , Maine 's unemployment rate is 3.0 % Old port area of Portland Maine 's agricultural outputs include poultry , eggs , dairy products , cattle , wild blueberries , apples , maple syrup , and maple sugar . Aroostook County is known for its potato crops . Commercial fishing , once a mainstay of the state 's economy , maintains a presence , particularly lobstering and groundfishing . Western Maine aquifers and springs are a major source of bottled water . Maine 's industrial outputs consist chiefly of paper , lumber and wood products , electronic equipment , leather products , food products , textiles , and bio-technology . Naval shipbuilding and construction remain key as well , with Bath Iron Works in Bath and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery . Brunswick Landing , formerly Naval Air Station Brunswick , is also in Maine . Formerly a large support base for the U.S. Navy , the BRAC campaign initiated the Naval Air Station 's closing , despite a government - funded effort to upgrade its facilities . The former base has since been changed into a civilian business park , as well as a new satellite campus for Southern Maine Community College . Maine is the number one US producer of low - bush blueberries ( Vaccinium angustifolium ) . Preliminary data from the USDA for 2012 also indicate Maine was the largest blueberry producer of the major blueberry producing states in the US , with 91,100,000 lbs . This data includes both low ( wild ) , and high - bush ( cultivated ) blueberries : Vaccinium corymbosum . The largest toothpick manufacturing plant in the United States used to be located in Strong , Maine . The Strong Wood Products plant produced 20 million toothpicks a day . It closed in May 2003 . Tourism and outdoor recreation play a major and increasingly important role in Maine 's economy . The state is a popular destination for sport hunting ( particularly deer , moose and bear ) , sport fishing , snowmobiling , skiing , boating , camping and hiking , among other activities . Historically , Maine ports played a key role in national transportation . Beginning around 1880 , Portland 's rail link and ice - free port made it Canada 's principal winter port , until the aggressive development of Halifax , Nova Scotia , in the mid-1900s . In 2013 , 12,039,600 short tons passed into and out of Portland by sea , which places it 45th of US water ports . Portland Maine 's Portland International Jetport was recently expanded , providing the state with increased air traffic from carriers such as JetBlue and Southwest Airlines . Maine has very few large companies that maintain headquarters in the state , and that number has fallen due to consolidations and mergers , particularly in the pulp and paper industry . Some of the larger companies that do maintain headquarters in Maine include Fairchild Semiconductor in South Portland ; IDEXX Laboratories , in Westbrook ; Hannaford Bros. Co. in Scarborough ; Unum in Portland ; TD Bank in Portland ; L.L. Bean in Freeport ; and Cole Haan in Yarmouth . Maine is also the home of The Jackson Laboratory , the world 's largest non-profit mammalian genetic research facility and the world 's largest supplier of genetically purebred mice . Taxation ( edit ) Further information : State tax levels in the United States Maine has an income tax structure containing two brackets , 6.5 % to 7.95 % of personal income . Before July 2013 Maine had four brackets : 2 % , 4.5 % , 7 % , and 8.5 % . Maine 's general sales tax rate is 5.5 % . The state also levies charges of 9 % on lodging and prepared food and 10 % on short - term auto rentals . Commercial sellers of blueberries , a Maine staple , must keep records of their transactions and pay the state 1.5 cents per pound ( $1.50 per 100 pounds ) of the fruit sold each season . All real and tangible personal property located in the state of Maine is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute . The administration of property taxes is handled by the local assessor in incorporated cities and towns , while property taxes in the unorganized territories are handled by the State Tax Assessor . Shipbuilding ( edit ) Further information : Bath Iron Works and Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Maine has a long - standing tradition of being home to many shipbuilding companies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Maine was home to many shipyards that produced wooden sailing ships . The main function of these ships was to transport either cargos or passengers overseas . One of these yards was located in Pennellville Historic District in what is now Brunswick , Maine . This yard , owned by the Pennell family , was typical of the many family - owned shipbuilding companies of the time period . Other such examples of shipbuilding families were the Skolfields and the Morses . During the 18th and 19th centuries , wooden shipbuilding of this sort made up a sizable portion of the economy . Transportation ( edit ) Airports ( edit ) Portland International Jetport Maine receives passenger jet service at its two largest airports , the Portland International Jetport in Portland , and the Bangor International Airport in Bangor . Both are served daily by many major airlines to destinations such as New York , Atlanta , and Orlando . Essential Air Service also subsidizes service to a number of smaller airports in Maine , bringing small turboprop aircraft to regional airports such as the Augusta State Airport , Hancock County - Bar Harbor Airport , Knox County Regional Airport , and the Northern Maine Regional Airport at Presque Isle . These airports are served by Cape Air with Cessna 402s and Penair with Saab 340s . Many smaller airports are scattered throughout Maine , only serving general aviation traffic . The Eastport Municipal Airport , for example , is a city - owned public - use airport with 1,200 general aviation aircraft operations each year from single - engine and ultralight aircraft . Highways ( edit ) The Penobscot Narrows Bridge , carrying U.S. Route 1 and Maine State Route 3 over the Penobscot River Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) travels through Maine , as well as its easterly branch I - 295 and spurs 195 , 395 and the unsigned I - 495 . In addition , U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) starts in Fort Kent and travels to Florida . The eastern terminus of the eastern section of US 2 starts in Houlton , near the New Brunswick , Canada border to Rouses Point , New York , at US 11 . US 2A connects Old Town and Orono , primarily serving the University of Maine campus . US 201 and US 202 flow through the state . US 2 , Maine State Route 6 ( Route 6 ) , and Route 9 are often used by truckers and other motorists of the Maritime Provinces en route to other destinations in the United States or as a short cut to Central Canada . Rail ( edit ) See also : List of Maine railroads Passenger ( edit ) A southbound Downeaster passenger train at Ocean Park , Maine , as viewed from the cab of a northbound train The Downeaster passenger train , operated by Amtrak , provides passenger service between Brunswick and Boston 's North Station , with stops in Freeport , Portland , Old Orchard Beach , Saco , and Wells . The Downeaster makes five daily trips , three of which continue past Portland to Brunswick . Freight ( edit ) Freight service throughout the state is provided by a handful of regional and shortline carriers : Pan Am Railways ( formerly known as Guilford Rail System ) , which operates the former Boston & Maine and Maine Central railroads ; St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad ; Maine Eastern Railroad ; Central Maine and Quebec Railway ; and New Brunswick Southern Railway . Law and government ( edit ) See also : List of Governors of Maine , List of United States Senators from Maine , List of Maine State Senators , and Electoral reform in Maine The Maine Constitution structures Maine 's state government , composed of three co-equal branches -- the executive , legislative , and judicial branches . The state of Maine also has three Constitutional Officers ( the Secretary of State , the State Treasurer , and the State Attorney General ) and one Statutory Officer ( the State Auditor ) . The legislative branch is the Maine Legislature , a bicameral body composed of the Maine House of Representatives , with 151 members , and the Maine Senate , with 35 members . The Legislature is charged with introducing and passing laws . The executive branch is responsible for the execution of the laws created by the Legislature and is headed by the Governor of Maine ( currently Paul LePage ) . The Governor is elected every four years ; no individual may serve more than two consecutive terms in this office . The current attorney general of Maine is Janet T. Mills . As with other state legislatures , the Maine Legislature can by a two - thirds majority vote from both the House and Senate override a gubernatorial veto . Maine is one of seven states that do not have a lieutenant governor . The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting state laws . The highest court of the state is the Maine Supreme Judicial Court . The lower courts are the District Court , Superior Court and Probate Court . All judges except for probate judges serve full - time , are nominated by the Governor and confirmed by the Legislature for terms of seven years . Probate judges serve part - time and are elected by the voters of each county for four - year terms . Counties ( edit ) See also : List of counties in Maine Maine is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties . Since 1860 there have been 16 counties in the state , ranging in size from 370 to 6,829 square miles ( 958 to 17,700 km ) . Maine counties hide County name County seat Year founded 2010 population Percent of total Area ( sq. mi . ) Percent of total Androscoggin Auburn 1854 107,702 8.11 % 497 1.44 % Aroostook Houlton 1839 71,870 5.41 % 6,829 19.76 % Cumberland Portland 1760 281,674 21.20 % 1,217 3.52 % Franklin Farmington 1838 30,768 2.32 % 1,744 5.05 % Hancock Ellsworth 1789 54,418 4.10 % 1,522 4.40 % Kennebec Augusta 1799 122,151 9.20 % 951 2.75 % Knox Rockland 1860 39,736 2.99 % 1,142 3.30 % Lincoln Wiscasset 1760 34,457 2.59 % 700 2.03 % Oxford Paris 1805 57,833 4.35 % 2,175 6.29 % Penobscot Bangor 1816 153,923 11.59 % 3,556 10.29 % Piscataquis Dover - Foxcroft 1838 17,535 1.32 % 4,377 12.67 % Sagadahoc Bath 1854 35,293 2.66 % 370 1.07 % Somerset Skowhegan 1809 52,228 3.93 % 4,095 11.85 % Waldo Belfast 1827 38,786 2.92 % 853 2.47 % Washington Machias 1790 32,856 2.47 % 3,255 9.42 % York Alfred 1636 197,131 14.84 % 1,271 3.68 % Total counties : 16 Total 2010 population : 1,328,361 Total state area : 34,554 square miles ( 89,494 km ) State and local politics ( edit ) See also : As Maine goes , so goes the nation ; Maine Democratic Party ; Maine Green Independent Party ; Libertarian Party of Maine ; Maine Republican Party ; Political party strength in Maine ; and Same - sex marriage in Maine Gubernatorial election results Year Democratic Republican 1956 59.2 % 180,254 40.8 % 124,395 1958 52.0 % 145,673 48.0 % 134,572 1960 47.3 % 197,447 52.7 % 219,768 1962 49.9 % 146,121 50.1 % 146,604 1966 53.1 % 172,036 46.9 % 151,802 1970 50.1 % 163,138 49.9 % 162,248 36.8 % 132,219 23.5 % 84,176 1978 47.8 % 176,493 34.4 % 126,862 1982 61.9 % 281,066 38.1 % 172,949 1986 30.2 % 128,744 39.9 % 170,312 1990 44.1 % 230,038 46.7 % 243,766 33.8 % 172,951 23.1 % 117,990 1998 12.0 % 50,506 18.9 % 79,716 2002 47.2 % 238,179 41.5 % 209,496 2006 38.1 % 209,927 30.2 % 166,425 18.8 % 109,387 37.6 % 218,065 2014 43.4 % 265,125 48.2 % 294,533 Presidential election results Year Democratic Republican 1952 33.8 % 118,806 66.1 % 232,353 1956 29.1 % 102,468 70.9 % 249,238 1960 43.0 % 181,159 57.1 % 240,608 1964 68.8 % 262,264 31.1 % 118,701 1968 55.3 % 217,312 43.1 % 169,254 1972 38.5 % 160,584 61.5 % 256,458 1976 48.1 % 232,279 48.9 % 236,320 1980 42.3 % 220,974 45.6 % 238,522 1984 38.8 % 214,515 60.8 % 336,500 43.9 % 243,569 55.3 % 307,131 1992 38.8 % 263,420 30.4 % 206,504 51.6 % 312,788 30.8 % 186,378 2000 49.1 % 319,951 44.0 % 286,616 53.6 % 396,842 44.6 % 330,201 2008 57.7 % 421,923 40.4 % 295,273 2012 56.3 % 401,306 41.0 % 292,276 2016 47.8 % 357,735 44.9 % 335,593 In state general elections , Maine voters tend to accept independent and third - party candidates more frequently than most states . Maine has had two independent governors recently ( James B. Longley , 1975 -- 1979 and current U.S. Senator Angus King , 1995 -- 2003 ) . Maine state politicians , Democrats and Republicans alike , are noted for having more moderate views than many in the national wings of their respective parties . Maine is an alcoholic beverage control state . On May 6 , 2009 , Maine became the fifth state to legalize same - sex marriage ; however , the law was repealed by voters on November 3 , 2009 . On November 6 , 2012 , Maine , along with Maryland and Washington , became the first state to legalize same - sex marriage at the ballot box . Federal politics ( edit ) Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election In the 1930s , Maine was one of very few states which retained Republican sentiments . In the 1936 presidential election , Franklin D. Roosevelt received the electoral votes of every state other than Maine and Vermont ; these were the only two states in the nation that never voted for Roosevelt in any of his presidential campaigns , though Maine was closely fought in 1940 and 1944 . In the 1960s , Maine began to lean toward the Democrats , especially in presidential elections . In 1968 , Hubert Humphrey became just the second Democrat in half a century to carry Maine , perhaps because of the presence of his running mate , Maine Senator Edmund Muskie , although the state voted Republican in every presidential election in the 1970s and 1980s . Since 1969 , two of Maine 's four electoral votes have been awarded based on the winner of the statewide election ; the other two go to the highest vote - getter in each of the state 's two congressional districts . Every other state except Nebraska gives all its electoral votes to the candidate who wins the popular vote in the state at large , without regard to performance within districts . Maine split its electoral vote for the first time in 2016 , with Donald Trump 's strong showing in the more rural central and northern Maine allowing him to capture one of the state 's four votes in the Electoral College . Ross Perot achieved a great deal of success in Maine in the presidential elections of 1992 and 1996 . In 1992 , as an independent candidate , Perot came in second to Democrat Bill Clinton , despite the long - time presence of the Bush family summer home in Kennebunkport . In 1996 , as the nominee of the Reform Party , Perot did better in Maine than in any other state . Maine has voted for Democratic Bill Clinton twice , Al Gore in 2000 , John Kerry in 2004 , and Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 . In 2016 , Republican Donald Trump won one of Maine 's electoral votes with Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton winning the other three . Although Democrats have mostly carried the state in presidential elections in recent years , Republicans have largely maintained their control of the state 's U.S. Senate seats , with Edmund Muskie , William Hathaway and George J. Mitchell being the only Maine Democrats serving in the U.S. Senate in the past fifty years . In the 2010 midterm elections , Republicans made major gains in Maine . They captured the governor 's office as well as majorities in both chambers of the state legislature for the first time since the early 1970s . However , in the 2012 elections Democrats managed to recapture both houses of Maine Legislature . Maine 's U.S. senators are Republican Susan Collins and Independent Angus King . The governor is Republican Paul LePage . The state 's two members of the United States House of Representatives are Democrat Chellie Pingree and Republican Bruce Poliquin . Municipalities ( edit ) Organized municipalities ( edit ) An organized municipality has a form of elected local government which administers and provides local services , keeps records , collects licensing fees , and can pass locally binding ordinances , among other responsibilities of self - government . The governmental format of most organized towns and plantations is the town meeting , while the format of most cities is the council - manager form . As of 2013 the organized municipalities of Maine consist of 23 cities , 431 towns , and 34 plantations . Collectively these 488 organized municipalities cover less than half of the state 's territory . Maine also has 3 Reservations : Indian Island , Indian Township Reservation , and Pleasant Point Indian Reservation . The largest municipality in Maine , by population , is the city of Portland ( pop . 66,318 ) . The smallest city by population is Eastport ( pop . 1,331 ) . The largest town by population is Brunswick ( pop . 20,278 ) . The smallest town by population is Frye Island , a resort town which reported zero year - round population in the 2000 Census ; one plantation , Glenwood Plantation , Maine , also reported a permanent population of zero . In the 2000 census , the smallest town aside from Frye Island was Centerville with a population of 26 , but since that census , Centerville voted to disincorporate and therefore is no longer a town . The next smallest town with a population listed in that census is Beddington ( pop . 50 at the 2010 census ) . The largest municipality by land area is the town of Allagash , at 128 square miles ( 332 km ) . The smallest municipality by land area is the plantation of Monhegan Island , at 0.86 square miles ( 2.2 km ) . The smallest municipality by area that is not an island is Randolph , at 2.23 square miles ( 6 km ) . Unorganized territory ( edit ) Unorganized territory has no local government . Administration , services , licensing , and ordinances are handled by the state government . The unorganized territory of Maine consists of over 400 townships ( towns are incorporated , townships are unincorporated ) , plus many coastal islands that do not lie within any municipal bounds . The UT land area is slightly over one half the entire area of the State of Maine . Year - round residents in the UT number approximately 9,000 , about 1.3 % of the state 's total population , with many more people residing only seasonally within the UT . Only four of Maine 's sixteen counties ( Androscoggin , Cumberland , Waldo and York ) are entirely incorporated , although a few others are nearly so , and most of the unincorporated area is in the vast and sparsely populated Great North Woods of Maine . Most populous cities and towns ( edit ) QuickFacts US Census Maine Portland : The 49 most populous cities and towns at the 2010 US Census Portland ( 66,194 ) Lewiston ( 36,592 ) Bangor ( 33,039 ) Auburn ( 25,055 ) South Portland ( 24,002 ) Biddeford ( 21,277 ) Sanford ( 20,798 ) Brunswick ( 20,278 ) Augusta ( 19,136 ) Scarborough ( 18,919 ) Saco ( 18,482 ) Westbrook ( 17,494 ) Windham ( 17,001 ) Gorham ( 16,381 ) Waterville ( 15,722 ) York ( 12,529 ) Falmouth ( 11,185 ) Kennebunk ( 10,798 ) Orono ( 10,362 ) Standish ( 9,874 ) Presque Isle ( 9,692 ) Wells ( 9,589 ) Kittery ( 9,490 ) Brewer ( 9,482 ) Buxton ( 9,093 ) Cape Elizabeth ( 9,015 ) Lisbon ( 9,009 ) Topsham ( 8,794 ) Old Orchard Beach ( 8,624 ) Skowhegan ( 8,589 ) Bath ( 8,514 ) Yarmouth ( 8,349 ) Caribou ( 8,189 ) Freeport ( 7,879 ) Old Town ( 7,840 ) Winslow ( 7,794 ) Gray ( 7,761 ) Farmington ( 7,760 ) Ellsworth ( 7,741 ) Waterboro ( 7,693 ) Rockland ( 7,297 ) Hampden ( 7,257 ) Berwick ( 7,246 ) South Berwick ( 7,220 ) Cumberland ( 7,211 ) Fairfield ( 6,735 ) Belfast ( 6,668 ) Oakland ( 6,240 ) Eliot ( 6,204 ) Augusta Bangor Bath Biddeford Brunswick Lewiston Old Town Portland Saco Throughout Maine , many municipalities , although each separate governmental entities , nevertheless form portions of a much larger population base . There are many such population clusters throughout Maine , but some examples from the municipalities appearing in the above listing are : Portland , South Portland , Cape Elizabeth , Westbrook , Scarborough , and Falmouth Lewiston and Auburn Bangor , Orono , Brewer , Old Town , and Hampden Biddeford , Saco and Old Orchard Beach Brunswick and Topsham Waterville , Winslow , Fairfield , and Oakland Presque Isle and Caribou Education ( edit ) Further information : List of colleges and universities in Maine , Education in Maine , List of high schools in Maine , and List of school districts in Maine Bates College and Bowdoin College of Lewiston and Brunswick There are thirty institutions of higher learning in Maine . These institutions include the University of Maine , which is the oldest , largest and only research university in the state . UMaine was founded in 1865 and is the state 's only land grant and sea grant college . The University of Maine is located in the town of Orono and is the flagship of Maine . There are also branch campuses in Augusta , Farmington , Fort Kent , Machias , and Presque Isle . Bowdoin College is a liberal arts college founded in 1794 in Brunswick , making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state . Colby College in Waterville was founded in 1813 making it the second oldest college in Maine . Bates College in Lewiston was founded in 1855 making it the third oldest institution in the state and the oldest coeducational college in New England . The three colleges collectively form the Colby - Bates - Bowdoin Consortium and are ranked among the best colleges in the United States ; often placing in the top 10 % of all liberal arts colleges . Stevens Hall at the University of Maine in Orono Maine 's per - student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was 21st in the nation in 2012 , at $12,344 . The collegiate system of Maine also includes numerous baccalaureate colleges such as : the Maine Maritime Academy ( MMA ) , Unity College , and Thomas College . There is only one medical school in the state , ( University of New England 's College of Osteopathic Medicine ) and only one law school ( The University of Maine School of Law ) . Private schools in Maine are funded independently of the state and its furthered domains . Private schools are less common than public schools . A large number of private elementary schools with under 20 students exist , but most private high schools in Maine can be described as `` semi-private '' . Culture ( edit ) UMaine Division 1 Hockey Sports teams ( edit ) Professional ( edit ) Maine Red Claws , basketball , NBA G League Portland Sea Dogs , minor league baseball , Eastern League ( U.S. baseball ) Maine Mariners , ice hockey , ECHL Maine Mammoths , arena football , NAL Non-professional ( edit ) Portland Phoenix FC , soccer , Premier Developmental League Maine Roller Derby , roller derby , Women 's Flat Track Derby Association NCAA ( edit ) Maine Black Bears The moose , the state mammal , as displayed at the Maine State Museum in Augusta State symbols ( edit ) Main article : List of Maine state symbols Adapted from the Maine facts site . Maine State Quarter State berry : Wild blueberry State bird : Black - capped chickadee State cat : Maine Coon State dessert : Blueberry pie made with wild Maine blueberries State fish : Land - locked salmon State flower : White Pinecone and Tassel State fossil : Pertica quadrifaria State gemstone : Tourmaline State herb : Wintergreen State insect : European honey bee State mammal : Moose State soft drink : Moxie State soil : Chesuncook soil series State song : `` State of Maine Song '' State treat : Whoopie pie State tree : Eastern White Pine State vessel : Arctic exploration schooner Bowdoin State motto : Dirigo ( `` I lead '' ) In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Maine in popular culture Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Maine A citizen of Maine is known as a `` Mainer '' , though the term is often reserved for those whose roots in Maine go back at least three generations . The term `` Downeaster '' may be applied to residents of the northeast coast of the state . The term `` Mainiac '' is considered by some to be derogatory , but embraced with pride by others , and is used for a variety of organizations and for events such as the YMCA Mainiac Sprint Triathlon & Duathlon . See also ( edit ) Maine portal New England portal United States portal Index of Maine - related articles Outline of Maine References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maine does not have an official language . Both English and French are considered the de facto languages of the state . French in particular is legally protected and recognized as Maine 's minority language . Maine ( along with Louisiana ) is considered a part of the Francophone world and makes up the largest French - speaking population in the United States . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Maine for Vacation '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . There 's a reason it 's called `` Vacationland '' ... ^ Jump up to : `` Maine - World Travel Guide '' . World Travel Guide . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cobarrubias , Juan ( 1983 ) . Progress in Language Planning : International Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 9789027933584 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Status CODOFIL - Louisiana DCRT '' . www.crt.state.la.us . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French Language - Acadian Culture in Maine '' . acim.umfk.maine.edu . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Languages in Maine ( State ) - Statistical Atlas '' . statisticalatlas.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maine DHHS - Multicultural Resources - Interpreting Services& Referral Agencies '' . www.maine.gov . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maine : Population estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . 2017 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katahdin 2 '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ In the event of a vacancy in the office of Governor , the President of the State Senate is first in line for succession . Jump up ^ `` Title 1 , § 224 : State soft drink '' . legislature.maine.gov . Jump up ^ `` Portland , Maine Climate Summary '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , George ( 1982 ) ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : Random House . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938530 - 02 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Journal of the Senate '' ( doc ) . State of Maine , HP1629 , item 1 , 123rd Maine State Legislature . March 6 , 2002 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . WHEREAS , the State of Maine is named after the Province of Maine in France ... Jump up ^ Schroeder , Emily A. `` Origin of Maine 's Name '' . Maine State Library . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Agnes ( 1845 ) . Lives of the Queens of England , Henrietta Maria . VIII . ISBN 978 - 0217842747 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Carol B. Smith ( February 26 , 2002 ) . `` Who Really Named Maine ? '' . Bangor Daily News . p . A8 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guyton , Kathy ( 2009 ) . The U.S. State Names : The Stories of How Our States Were Named . Nederland , Colorado : Mountain Storm Press . pp. 193 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 0982523902 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mike . `` User - submitted name Maine '' . Behind the Name . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ correspondence to Carol B. Smith Fisher , 26 April 2002 , from Hywel Wyn Owen , Director and Professor of the Place - Name Research Center , University of Wales Bangor Jump up ^ Ekwall , Eilert , ed. ( 1960 ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 319 . ISBN 978 - 0198691037 . Jump up ^ Shain , Samuella ( August 1 , 1997 ) . The Maine Reader : The Down East Experience from 1614 to the Present . David R. Godine Publisher . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56792 - 078 - 9 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baxter , James Phinney ( 1890 ) . Sir Ferdinando Gorges and his Province of Maine . Boston : Prince Society . p. 180 . Jump up ^ `` Real Fact # 922 '' . Snapple . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Facts and Trivia '' . Waltham , Massachusetts : Digital Properties . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Native Americans or Indians in the Eastern United States in 1600 '' . www.celebrateboston.com . Jump up ^ `` Abenaki '' . tolatsga.org . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Science : Bye , Columbus '' . Time . December 11 , 1978 . Jump up ^ MPBN , `` Rolling Back the Frontier '' Archived July 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Story of Maine ; accessed January 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ Massachusetts Historical Society ( 1884 ) . Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society . The Society . p. 339 . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Trigger ( ed . ) : Handbook of North American Indians . Vol. 15 . Northeast . Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington D.C. 1978 ISBN 0 - 16 - 004575 - 4 Jump up ^ `` York commemorates Candlemas Raid '' . The Portsmouth Herald . February 1 , 2001 . Jump up ^ John Demos , The Unredeemed Captive : A Family Story from Early America , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1994 , pp. 186 and 224 Jump up ^ Darren Bonaparte , `` The History of Akwesasne '' Archived October 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Wampum Chronicles , accessed February 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Woodard , Colin . The Lobster Coast . New York . Viking / Penguin , ISBN 0 - 670 - 03324 - 3 , 2004 , pp. 139 -- 140 , 150 -- 151 Jump up ^ Woodard , Colin . `` Parallel 44 : Origins of the Mass Effect '' , The Working Waterfront , August 31 , 2010 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Woodard , Colin . The Lobster Coast : Rebels , Rusticators and the Forgotten Frontier ( 2004 ) Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03324 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Maine History ( Statehood ) '' . www.maine.gov . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tree and impervious cover in the United States '' ( PDF ) . USDA . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olson ; D. M ; E. Dinerstein ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World : A New Map of Life on Earth '' . BioScience. 51 ( 11 ) : 933 -- 938 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2001 ) 051 ( 0933 : TEOTWA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0006 - 3568 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Maine.gov : Facts About Maine '' . State of Maine . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2010 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Length of the U.S. Coastline by State '' . fen.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Answers -- The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life 's Questions '' . Answers.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maine '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lent , Robert ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` New All Time Low Temperature Recorded in Maine '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Each state 's high temperature record '' . USA Today . August 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) NOAA National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved on October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center . NOAA 's 1981 -- 2010 Climate Normals . http://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Maine/average-yearly-precipitation.php Jump up ^ `` Maine climate averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Population Centers by State : 2010 ( US Census Bureau ) '' . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` census.gov '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts : Portland city , Maine '' . www.census.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mass . Benchmarks '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Interactive : Population change in Maine towns , 2010 - 2016 '' . Portland Press Herald . 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2010_State_Profile_TEMPLATE '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . July 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Population of Maine : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts Jump up ^ Center for New Media and Promotions ( C2PO ) . `` 2010 Census Data '' . census.gov . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selected Social Characteristics in the United States : 2011 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates ( DP02 ) : Maine '' . U.S. Census Bureau American Factfinder . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharing the Dream : White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera . Jump up ^ Reynolds Farley , `` The New Census Question about Ancestry : What Did It Tell Us ? '' , Demography , Vol. 28 , No. 3 ( August 1991 ) , pp. 414 , 421 . Jump up ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi , `` The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns '' , Social Science Research , Vol. 14 , No. 1 ( 1985 ) , pp. 44 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters , `` Ethnic Groups in Flux : The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites '' , Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , Vol. 487 , No. 79 ( September 1986 ) , pp. 82 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Mary C. Waters , Ethnic Options : Choosing Identities in America ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1990 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ French Canadian Emigration to the United States 1840 -- 1930 . Claude Bélanger , Department of History , Marianopolis College Jump up ^ French - Canadian Americans by Marianne Fedunkiw Jump up ^ `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLA Language Map Data Center '' . Modern Language Association . Jump up ^ `` Languages -- Maine '' . www.city-data.com . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' ( PDF ) . cdc.gov . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' ( PDF ) . cdc.gov . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' ( PDF ) . cdc.gov . Jump up ^ `` National Vital Statistics Reports '' ( PDF ) . cdc.gov . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Religious Landscape Study '' . May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Dyke ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` The Role of Religion in Maine '' . Maine Public Broadcasting Network . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GDP by State '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics program of Maine '' . www.maine.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Brunswick Landing -- Midcoast Regional Redevelopment Authority '' . Midcoast Regional Redevelopment Authority . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Data '' . usda.mannlib.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ `` Part1_Ports_tonsbycommCY2013. htm '' . www.navigationdatacenter.us . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 - 57 : Tonnage of Top 50 U.S. Water Ports , Ranked by Total Tons ( a ) -- Bureau of Transportation Statistics '' . www.rita.dot.gov . Jump up ^ `` Tax forms '' ( PDF ) . maine.gov . Jump up ^ `` Tax forms '' ( PDF ) . maine.gov . Jump up ^ `` Title 36 , § 1811 : Sales tax '' . legislature.maine.gov . Jump up ^ KEPM -- Eastport , Maine -- Eastport Municipal Airport `` . Great Circle Mapper . http://gc.kls2.com/airport/KEPM . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Downeaster Schedule , effective November 1 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak Train Schedules , Timetables . Amtrak . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maine QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . State & County QuickFacts . United States Census Bureau . January 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` General Election Results -- Maine '' . United States Election Atlas . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Passes Gay Marriage in Historic ' Question 1 ' Vote '' . The Huffington Post . November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trump takes 1 of Maine 's 4 electoral votes , in a first for the state '' . November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine.gov : Local '' . maine.gov . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unorganized Territory '' . maine.gov . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fact Finder US Census Maine Portland Archived November 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Carnegie Classifications Basic Classification '' . carnegieclassifications.iu.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` About UMaine '' . Umaine.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Bates College '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . ( Bates College ) was the first coeducational college in New England . Jump up ^ `` National Liberal Arts College Rankings Top Liberal Arts Colleges US News Best Colleges '' . colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` College Guide Rankings 2015 -- Liberal Arts Colleges '' . Washington Monthly . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Colleges '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bidwell , Allie . `` How States Are Spending Money in Education '' . U.S. News & World Report -- News . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Maine '' . Maine.gov . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maine State Berry -- Wild Blueberry '' . Statesymbolsusa.org . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maine State Symbols and Emblems '' . maine.gov . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whoopie pie to become Maine state ' treat ' '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com -- definition of `` Mainer '' `` . Dictionary.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Maine : A Spiritual Frontier Opens for Business '' . 2014 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Louise Dickinson Rich . State o'Maine. Harper & Row , 1964 , p ix Jump up ^ `` Mainiac Tri '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMaineat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity State government Maine government Maine Office of Tourism Search for tourism - related businesses Visit Maine ( agriculture ) Maine fairs , festivals , etc . -- Agricultural Dept . U.S. government Maine State Guide , from the Library of Congress U.S. EIA Energy Profile for Maine -- economic , environmental and energy data U.S. Geological Survey Real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of Maine U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Maine State Facts -- agricultural U.S. Census Bureau Quick facts on Maine Portland Magazine Editorial on Maine news , events , and people Information Maine at Curlie Maine Historical Society Old USGS maps of Maine . 1860 Map of Maine by Mitchell . 1876 Panoramic Birdseye View of Portland by Warner at LOC. , Portland Stage Company Comprehensive compilation of media sources in Maine . 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-2,782,434,719,095,471,600 | when did london win the 2012 olympic bid | London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics - Wikipedia London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics Jump to : navigation , search This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2012 ) For further developments , see 2012 Summer Olympic development and Legacy of the 2012 Summer Olympics . Bids for the 2012 ( 2012 ) Summer Olympics and Paralympics <Th_colspan="2"> Overview <Td_colspan="2"> Games of the XXX Olympiad XIV Paralympic Games <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> London Paris Madrid Moscow New York City <Th_colspan="2"> Details City London , England NOC British Olympic Association ( BOA ) <Th_colspan="2"> Evaluation IOC score 7.6 <Th_colspan="2"> Previous Games hosted <Td_colspan="2"> 1908 Summer Olympics 1948 Summer Olympics <Th_colspan="2"> Decision <Td_colspan="2"> Result Defeated Paris in Round 4 , 54 -- 50 <Td_colspan="2"> Part of a series on 2012 Summer Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details , legacy ) Development ( venues , torch relay , security ) Marketing ( mascots ) Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medallists ) World and Olympic records Concerns and controversies ( minute of silence ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Olympics ( medal table ) IOC BOA LOCOG Part of a series on 2012 Summer Paralympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Development ( venues , torch relay ) Mascots Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table Closing ceremony Controversies Paralympics ( medal table ) IPC BPA LOCOG London 2012 was the successful bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics , held in London with most events taking place in Stratford in the borough of Newham . The British Olympic Association had been working on the bid since 1997 , and presented its report to government ministers in December 2000 . Following three consecutive unsuccessful UK bids to host summer Olympic Games ( Birmingham for 1992 and Manchester for 1996 and 2000 ) , the decision was made to bid with London , given the clear indication that it was the only UK city that had a chance of being selected by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) when put up against other world cities in a competitive bidding process . On 6 July 2005 at its 117th Session in Singapore , the IOC awarded London the right to host the Games of the XXX Olympiad . The city beat the favourite Paris 54 to 50 on the fourth and final ballot . London is the first city to host the Games three times . At the time of the bid , the budget projection was around £ 2 billion , but it was later estimated that the true cost would be around £ 9 billion . The project involved a major regeneration of the Stratford area of London , as well as improvements to surrounding services and associated venues . Public transport , an aspect of the proposal which scored poorly for the bid , saw numerous improvements , including to the London Underground and the new `` Olympic Javelin '' service . The celebrations of the bid 's success were partly silenced the day after the announcement when the 7 July 2005 London bombings killed 52 people and injured hundreds more . There was no confirmed link between the IOC decision and the attack , which also coincided with the G8 Summit in Scotland . Following the success of the bid , the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games ( LOCOG ) was established to oversee the ongoing development of the games . Some alterations were made after the bid was accepted , including the decision by the IOC to eliminate some sporting events , and a new layout for the Olympic Zone , both resulting in some relatively minor changes to the Olympic venues . London 2012 banner at The Monument Contents ( hide ) 1 Sporting venues 1.1 Olympic Zone 1.2 River Zone 1.3 Central Zone 1.4 Outside Greater London 1.5 Olympic Village 1.6 Transport and infrastructure 1.7 Budget 1.8 Ticketing 1.9 Political commitment 1.10 Other details 2 Planned legacy of the Games 2.1 Sports venues 2.2 Social and economic benefits 2.3 Transport 3 Opinions of the bid 3.1 Support 3.2 Criticism 4 IOC evaluation report 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 7.1 Publications and information 7.2 News Sporting venues ( edit ) The 2012 Olympics were planned to use a mixture of newly built venues , existing facilities , and temporary facilities , some of them in well known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade . In the wake of the problems that plagued the Millennium Dome , the intention was that there would be no white elephants after the games . Some of the new facilities would be reused in their Olympic form , while others would be reduced in size and several would be relocated elsewhere in the UK . The plans would contribute to the regeneration of Stratford in east London , which would be the site of the Olympic Park , and of the neighbouring Lower Lea Valley . However , this required the compulsory purchase of some businesses and this caused controversy , with some of the business owners claiming that the compensation offered was inadequate . The purchased buildings were demolished to make way for Olympic venues and infrastructure improvements . The majority of venues were divided into three zones within Greater London : the Olympic Zone , the River Zone and the Central Zone . Also some venues ( such as those for sailing ) were outside the boundaries of Greater London . The IOC noted that future negotiations were necessary to ensure the use of the Old Trafford and Villa Park football stadiums . The need for compulsory purchase orders was also highlighted as a possible problem for the Olympic Park , but IOC did not expect this to cause any `` undue delay to construction schedules '' . At the time of the bid , 60 % of the venues and facilities were in place . The remaining venues were proposed to be completed between 2007 and the start of the games . At time of the bid the following were the tentative completion dates for some of the remaining venues : Channel Tunnel / Stratford rail link ( 2007 ) ; Aquatics Centre and London Velopark ( 2008 ) ; East London line extension ( 2010 ) ; Olympic Stadium and Heathrow 's Terminal Five final completion ( 2011 ) . Olympic Zone ( edit ) The Olympic Zone encompasses all of the facilities within the 500 - acre ( 2 km2 ) Olympic Park in Stratford . This park was developed on existing waste and industrial land , at grid reference TQ379849 , just seven minutes by Olympic Javelin train from central London . The park contains : The Olympic Stadium , hosting the track and field athletics events as well as the opening and closing ceremonies . The Aquatics Centre , hosting diving , swimming and synchronised swimming . The Water Polo Arena , hosting water polo -- the first Olympic venue dedicated to hosting the sport . The London Velopark , including a 6,000 - seat indoor velodrome for track cycling and a 6,000 - seat outdoor BMX racing track . The Riverbank Arena , with 15,000 and 5,000 - seat arenas , hosting hockey . Four indoor arenas ( Olympic Park Arenas 1 -- 4 ) , hosting basketball ( 2 ) , fencing ( 4 ) , volleyball ( 1 ) , handball ( 3 ) , and the fencing and shooting disciplines of the modern pentathlon ( 2 ) . The London Olympic Village , with accommodation for all athletes and accredited officials ( some 17,320 beds in total ) . After the games , the village was planned to become a district of the Stratford City development , a multi-billion - pound development project on the former railway goods yard to the east of the Olympic Park . The Olympic Press and Broadcast Centres . A tennis training centre . River Zone ( edit ) ExCel Exhibition Centre The River Zone featured five main venues in the Thames Gateway area straddling the River Thames : The ExCeL Exhibition Centre , for boxing , fencing , judo , table tennis , taekwondo , weightlifting , and wrestling . The Millennium Dome and Greenwich Arena , for badminton , basketball , and gymnastics . Greenwich Park , for equestrianism . The Royal Artillery Barracks , for shooting . Central Zone ( edit ) The Central Zone was formed out of all the remaining venues within Greater London . They are quite widely spread across central and west London : The new Wembley Stadium for the football finals . The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Wimbledon for tennis . Lord 's Cricket Ground for archery . Regent 's Park for road bicycle racing . Baseball and softball were also due to be hosted in Regent 's Park before it was announced in July 2005 that they would be dropped as Olympic events for the London games . Horse Guards Parade for beach volleyball . Hyde Park for the triathlon . Outside Greater London ( edit ) Three of the venues were just outside Greater London : Weald Country Park , Essex for mountain biking Broxbourne , Hertfordshire for canoe / kayak slalom Dorney Lake , in Buckinghamshire , for rowing and canoe / kayak flatwater . The Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy , in Portland Harbour , Dorset , on the south coast of England , would be used for the sailing events . It is around 120 miles ( 192 km ) from central London . The earlier stages of the football competition were played at football stadia around the country including : Hampden Park in Glasgow Millennium Stadium in Cardiff Old Trafford in Manchester St James ' Park in Newcastle Ricoh Arena in Coventry Windsor Park in Belfast Olympic village ( edit ) The Olympic Village was located in Lower Lea Valley in east London . The area was then underdeveloped , and thus a well - suited place to construct the village . Because the Olympic Village is located within the Olympic Park , about 75 percent of athletes would be within 15 minutes of their venues ; this compact design , according to double Olympic decathlon gold medallist Daley Thompson , would `` make ( the experience ) so much more inspirating ( sic ) and real '' . When the games are over , the Village will be converted into new homes and facilities for the local community . Australian construction company Lend Lease Corp Ltd was chosen to build the Olympic Village . The project cost £ 5.3 billion ( A $13.2 billion ) and was constructed in two phases . The first phase , which involves the development of 4,200 residential buildings and other accommodations for the village , began in 2008 . When the 2012 Olympics are over , the second phase will involve the refurbishment of the Olympic village and construction on another 500,000 m ( 5,400,000 sq ft ) of space to complete the regeneration of Stratford City . The Olympic Village 's accommodations are the most spacious in Olympic history . Each athlete and official is guaranteed their own bed -- over 17,000 beds in total . Each apartment was billed to include Internet access and wireless networking and other state - of - the - art technology . Transport and infrastructure ( edit ) A London Underground train decorated to promote London 's olympic bid -- this coincided with plans for investment the city 's public transport network Public transport , an aspect of the bid which scored poorly in the IOC 's initial evaluation , was planned to see numerous improvements , including the expansion of the London Underground 's East London Line , upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line , and the temporary `` Olympic Javelin '' service . The games were won without a commitment to deliver Crossrail by 2012 . This was the largest transport project proposed for London , and it was widely assumed in the early stages of the bidding process that the games could not be won without a guarantee that it would be completed before the games . The bid envisaged that 80 % of athletes would be within 20 minutes of their events and 97 % would be within 30 minutes of their events . It was estimated that 80 % of spectators would arrive by rail . Together , all the planned heavy rail , light rail , and underground services ( excluding Crossrail ) were expected to deliver around 240 trains every hour . Additionally , there were to be two major park and ride sites off the M25 within 25 minutes of the Olympic Park capable of holding 12,000 cars . For the most part , predictions showed that on event days , 78 % of spectators were likely to travel from within London and only 22 % from the rest of the UK and Europe . Organizers hoped to use low - or no - emission vehicles to transport Olympic athletes and officials . Budget ( edit ) As of the time of the bid , projections for the cost of the 2012 Olympics were low . The bid team believed that London could end the Games with a surplus of more than £ 100 million . The organising committee laid out the following figures : £ 560 million for new venues , including £ 250 million for the Olympic Stadium . £ 650 million for the Olympic village . £ 1.5 billion to run the Games . £ 200 million on security . The revenue for the games was also projected : £ 1.5 billion from a special Olympic National Lottery game . £ 625 million from a council tax surcharge of £ 20 per year for London households . £ 560 million from IOC television and marketing deals . £ 450 million from sponsorship and official suppliers . £ 300 million from ticket sales . £ 250 million from the London Development Agency . £ 60 million from licensing . While this projection seemed reasonable , many were adamant about the actual costs . In early 2007 , it was suggested that the actual cost of the games could exceed £ 9.35 billion ( US $18.03 billion ) , well over the bid projection . For comparison , the 2004 games in Athens cost around £ 7 billion ( US $13.5 billion ) and estimates for the 2008 games in Beijing run between £ 10 billion and £ 20 billion ( US $19 billion and US $39 billion ) . Ticketing ( edit ) Approximately 8.0 million tickets were proposed to be available for the Olympics , and 1.5 million tickets for the Paralympics. and the London Organising Committee planned on selling a total of 6.5 million ( an 81 % sellout ) Olympic tickets , and a 63 % sellout for Paralympic tickets . Olympic tickets go on sale on 15 March 2011 and should remain on sale until the start of the event , depending on availability . With the purchase of a ticket , each person is entitled to free transportation on London 's public transport system for that day . Paralympic tickets go on sale on 9 September 2011 . Marketing Director David Magliano said that 1.5 million tickets would be sold for £ 15 ( US $29 ) . The average ticket price was set to be £ 40 ( US $77 ) and 75 % of all tickets would cost less than £ 50 ( US $97 ) , prices that Magliano says are reasonably accessible to almost everyone in Britain . In addition to stadium seats , there would be 20,000 £ 10 ( US $19 ) tickets for the Olympic Park to watch events on big screens . Political commitment ( edit ) To facilitate the Olympics at a governmental level , Cabinet - level Minister for the Olympics Tessa Jowell was set to be responsible for the games . Also in the Cabinet would be an Olympic Security Committee to co-ordinate security planning . In addition , the government proposed to create the Olympic Delivery Authority , which would oversee the construction of venues and see that the games are lived out past 2012 . Other details ( edit ) A tri-generation plant to supply electricity , heat and chilled water to the Olympic Park using technology which produces 33 % lower CO emissions than from the electricity grid . By 2012 , it was estimated that over 135,000 hotel rooms would be available within 50 kilometres of the Olympic Park , up from 103,000 at the time of the bid . 40,330 rooms had been guaranteed at the time of the bid . For the first time in any Games , live Olympic backdrop presentation facilities would be available to broadcast rights holders via rooftop studios on the main press centre with a direct view of the Olympic Stadium and Park . The torch relay would highlight the `` Olympic Truce '' by passing through the countries of Nobel Peace Prize winners . Following criticism of the International Torch relay in advance of the 2008 Beijing Summer Games , this was re-designed to be a UK - wide 70 - day , 8000 - mile torch relay with a brief excursion to Dublin , Ireland . The first chairman of the London Olympic Bid was airline executive Barbara Cassani . Charles Allen , Lord Coe and Alan Pascoe were appointed Vice Chairmen in September 2003 . Cassani guided the group through the first submission to the IOC , but stepped down in May 2004 in favour of Lord Coe . Coe , himself an Olympic gold medal - winning athlete and former Conservative politician , enlisted the support of many current and former British Olympians , including Kelly Holmes , Steve Redgrave , and Daley Thompson . Planned legacy of the Games ( edit ) The organising committee paid special attention to the after effects of the games on London , and what they could do to make sure the games left a lasting impression on London and the world . The LOCOG planned out the uses of important stadiums and transportation systems after the games , as well as the social factors of the 2012 legacy . One of the most prominent of the proposed legacy is the conversion of the Olympic Village into 3,600 apartments , most of which will be affordable housing . Most of Stratford City will be regenerated with the construction of 500,000 more square metres of space . The committee outlined plans to donate the sports equipment used in the Games to sports clubs and charities in the United Kingdom . Sports venues ( edit ) One of the priorities governing the contents of London 's bid was to avoid leaving `` white elephants '' after the games . To be sure that important venues and stadiums do not go to waste , the organising committee has planned what to do with them after the games . All venues that will not have a planned use after the games are over will be built as temporary venues . The 80,000 - seat Olympic Stadium will be converted into a 25,000 - seat multi-purpose venue to be mainly used for athletics events . The Stadium should become the hub of east London activities when the games end . The Aquatics Centre after the games will include two 50 - metre pools , a 25 - metre diving pool and a fitness centre . They will be able to accommodate elite , development , local club and community users . The venue will allow for 3,500 spectators and would host local , national , and worldwide swimming events . To connect a variety of cycling and walking trails throughout the Lea Valley , the London Velopark will be transformed into a multi-discipline cycling centre . It will be extended further northwards , with the legacy road cycling circuit straddling the A12 and extending into the old Eton Manor site , where the mountain biking area will be located . The transformed stadium will consist of a 3,000 - seat velodrome , road track , competition and play BMX tracks , and a mountain biking course for use by all levels of cyclists . The Olympic Hockey Centre after the games will become a venue providing training and competition facilities for hockey at all levels . It will feature a 5,000 seat arena and a training pitch . In addition , several of the indoor arenas would be assembled elsewhere in the UK . The construction of the Aquatics Centre and the Velopark was confirmed before London won the Games , so it might be more accurate to call them legacies of the bid rather than of the Games . While the legacy venues would be tailored to London 's ongoing needs , some of them would be expensive for that purpose . For example , London will have paid for an 80,000 - seat athletics stadium , but will only possess a 25,000 - seat stadium . Social and economic benefits ( edit ) At the time of the bid , those involved in British sport were hopeful that there would also be a 2012 legacy of increased commitment to sport in the UK , with the social and health benefits they believe that could bring , but it will be difficult to assess whether or not this really happens . Some commentators have argued that it would be better to invest directly in grass roots sport . Disability organisations including the Autism Awareness Campaign UK were confident that the Olympic and Paralympic Games would encourage people across the disability spectrum to take up sport . Other legacy items would include the conversion of the Olympic Village Polyclinic into a lifelong learning centre for the east London community with a nursery and primary and secondary schools , and the conversion of the media and press centre into a creative industries centre for east London . The organisers claimed that 3,000 new permanent jobs would be created , but opponents of the games were concerned that some of the 11,000 existing jobs in the Olympic Zone may be lost . It was also hoped that there will be a wider economic effect from the improvements which the games might make to London 's image . Transport ( edit ) The planned transport legacy for the capital included new bus transit schemes , extensions to existing Underground lines , redevelopments of London Underground stations and upgrades to the trains used . There were also to be many upgrades to National Rail services with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link , a new high - speed rail link , several new stations and upgrades to stations such as Kings Cross St. Pancras . Please view the Legacy Map to see the upgrades to the London Transport network in context . Opinions of the bid ( edit ) Support ( edit ) The Head of the IOC evaluation commission praised the passion behind the London 2012 bid when they visited Stratford and other places in the city . The IOC evaluation commission chair Nawal El Moutawakel speaking at a press conference in London observed : `` We could feel it , hear it and see it . '' She added , `` It was in every speech and every word . '' 2012 was seen as a window of opportunity as observers saw Europe as the destination for the Games . Four of the five finalist cities were from Europe . Support for the bid topped 70 % of the people of the United Kingdom and 68 % of the people in London , as shown by an opinion poll commissioned by the IOC . Some of the support can be attributed to the city 's `` Back the Bid '' campaign , which included the slogan on posters that were hung around London in the months leading up to the decision to award the 2012 Games to London . Many disability organisations including the Autism Awareness Campaign UK urged all people with disabilities to back the London 2012 bid . On 17 June 2005 , British Prime Minister Tony Blair reiterated the Government 's total commitment to London 's bid for the 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games . Mr Blair told BBC Five Live that he would be travelling to Singapore with the London delegation to stress the `` complete 100 % support '' of politicians from all the major political parties in the country . `` The most important thing is to show people that the Government is absolutely behind the bid '' , said Mr Blair , who travelled to the Far East before returning to chair the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles Hotel in Perthshire , Scotland . The leaders of the opposition parties also attended the meeting and expressed their support of the venture . Criticism ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many Londoners challenged the high cost of the Olympics and the £ 20 per year council tax rise to fund it as well as the possibility of white elephant sites like the Millennium Dome being left . Additionally there were concerns that unions , including the RMT , would strike near or during the proceedings for bonuses and that construction deadlines would not be met . Outside of London the success was not universally welcomed , with fears that the event would divert funding from the rest of the country and that the rest of the United Kingdom would be forced to help fund it , for no benefit . Local business -- some extant in this area for over 100 years -- were questioning the package of measures in place to allow them to find new sites when the new Olympic village displaced them . Comparison had been drawn between the Manchester bid and this one , in terms of the amount of government support , and the overwhelmingly hostile attitude of the London - based press to Manchester 's bid . Furthermore the cost of travelling and accommodation would rise across London which many thought would outprice tourists and leave many events under - attended . IOC evaluation report ( edit ) The International Olympic Committee 's evaluation report was generally very positive . It scored poorly on the transportation and public / government support aspects of the evaluation , but received a 10 in accommodations . London has proposed Games based on providing world - class facilities and services for the athletes , and a legacy for sport and the community . Whilst the Olympic Park would undoubtedly leave a strong sporting and environmental legacy for London , the magnitude of the project , including the planned upgrade and expansion of transport infrastructure , would require careful planning to ensure all facilities and rehabilitation projects were completed on time . Air quality in London at proposed Games - time is generally satisfactory . Increasing levels of ozone pollution are however a concern , but legislation and actions now in place are aimed at correcting that trend . With its rich history , the capacities of UK Paralympic Sport are among the best in the world . Athletes have been closely involved in the planning of the Olympic Village . The east side of the village would appear to be somewhat crowded . See also ( edit ) London 2012 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rivals for 2012 : London '' . BBC Sport. 8 June 2005 . Retrieved 6 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London wins 2012 Olympics '' . CNN . 7 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Experts debate Games bid benefits '' . BBC News . 6 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Going for Gold : Transport for London 's 2012 Olympic Games '' ( pdf ) . House of Commons Transport Committee . 14 March 2006 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IOC support after London attacks '' . BBC Sport. 8 July 2005 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Olympic Programme in 2012 '' . IOC. 8 July 2005 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Mark ( 8 February 2007 ) . `` London 2012 must learn from the £ 1bn Sydney hangover '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Park land row rumbles on '' . BBC Sport. 4 November 2005 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Olympic zone '' . BBC Sport. 16 January 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : ExCeL Centre '' . BBC Sport. 8 November 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Millennium Dome '' . BBC Sport. 8 November 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Greenwich Park '' . BBC Sport. 16 January 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Royal Artillery Barracks '' . BBC Sport. 3 November 2004 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2007 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Wembley '' . BBC Sport. 16 January 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Wimbledon '' . BBC Sport. 16 January 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Archery '' . BBC Sport. 16 January 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Regent 's Park '' . BBC Sport. 16 January 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Horse Guards Parade '' . BBC Sport. 16 January 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Hyde Park '' . BBC Sport. 16 January 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 venue : Outside London '' . BBC Sport. 8 November 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Olympic Games and the environment '' . London.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 25 February 2007 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` London reveals dramatic vision for 2012 '' . 4 November 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lend Lease wins bid to build London 's Olympic village '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 5 March 2007 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie firm to build Olympic village '' . 6 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The most spacious accommodation in Games history '' . LOCOG . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coe : ' Time to Engage the London Public ' '' . LondonNet Ltd. 19 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` London plan at - a-glance '' . BBC Sport. 5 July 2005 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stratford Olympic Park '' . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Olympics budget increase '' . BBC News . 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Just the ticket '' . LOCOG . Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ticketing at London 2012 '' . London 2012 website . Retrieved 22 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stunning image of a London Games '' . LOCOG. 18 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2007 . Retrieved 11 March 2007 . Jump up ^ London 2012 Tickets To go on Sale March 15 Archived 18 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , worldnewsinsight.com Jump up ^ Six weeks to apply for London 2012 tickets from March , moneycontrol.com , 16 January 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games '' ( PDF ) . September 2006 . Archived from the original ( pfd ) on 30 December 2006 . Retrieved 11 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Olympism and culture '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 1 December 2006 . Retrieved 11 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Louth , Nick ( 7 July 2005 ) . `` How Britain will benefit from the games '' . MSN . Archived from the original on 17 February 2007 . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legacy of the Games '' . 8 March 2007 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . Jump up ^ London 2012 : Demolition work starts on Olympic Park site 14 December 2006 Jump up ^ Samuel , Martin ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` Who needs an Olympic pool when there 's no room for a kickabout ? '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Smit , Martina ( 21 February 2005 ) . `` Olympic inspectors praise Brit passion '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics . Official site Newham Olympics site Publications and information ( edit ) IOC page about the London 2012 bid London 2012 Candidate City -- Exhibition at the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBA ) Impact of 2012 London Olympics on Property Markets - Report by GVA Grimley LLP IOC Evaluation ( PDF file ) `` London appoints vice-chairmen '' ( Press release ) . London 2012 . 11 September 2003 . News ( edit ) `` Why London won the Olympics '' ( BBC ) `` London 's green Olympic blueprint '' at BBC News , 24 October 2005 Gamesbids.com <Th_colspan="3"> Bids for the 2012 Summer Olympics <Td_colspan="3"> 117th Session of the International Olympic Committee ( Singapore ) Elected city London Candidate cities Madrid Moscow New York Paris Applicant cities Havana Istanbul Leipzig Rio de Janeiro <Th_colspan="2"> British bids for the Olympic Games Summer Birmingham London 1908 1944 1948 2012 Manchester 2000 <Td_colspan="2"> italics - Successful bids Coordinates : 51 ° 32 ′ 46 '' N 0 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W / 51.54615 ° N 0.01269 ° W / 51.54615 ; - 0.01269 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_bid_for_the_2012_Summer_Olympics&oldid=798827503 '' Categories : 2012 Summer Olympics bids Redevelopment projects in London 2012 Summer Paralympics Sport in London Olympic Games bids by Great Britain Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from June 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles with obsolete information from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with OS grid coordinates Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Español Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 01 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. London bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics
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4. Sporting venues and zones in London
5. Budget and ticketing for the 2012 Olympics |
-3,482,534,868,908,479,000 | what is on the top floor of the empire state building | Empire State Building - Wikipedia Empire State Building <Th_colspan="2"> Empire State Building <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap <Th_colspan="2"> Record height <Td_colspan="2"> Tallest in the world from 1931 to 1970 Preceded by Chrysler Building Surpassed by World Trade Center ( North Tower ) <Th_colspan="2"> General information Status Complete Type Office building ; observation deck Architectural style Art Deco Location 350 Fifth Avenue Manhattan , New York 10118 Construction started March 17 , 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 - 03 - 17 ) Completed April 11 , 1931 ; 87 years ago ( April 11 , 1931 ) Opening May 1 , 1931 ; 87 years ago ( May 1 , 1931 ) Cost $ 40,948,900 ( $534 million in 2016 dollars ) Owner Empire State Realty Trust <Th_colspan="2"> Height Architectural 1,250 ft ( 381.0 m ) Tip 1,454 ft ( 443.2 m ) Roof 1,250 ft ( 381.0 m ) Top floor 1,224 ft ( 373.1 m ) Observatory 1,224 ft ( 373.1 m ) ( 102nd floor ) 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) ( 86th floor ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other dimensions 424 ft ( 129.2 m ) east -- west by 187 ft ( 57.0 m ) north -- south <Th_colspan="2"> Technical details Floor count 102 Floor area 2,248,355 sq ft ( 208,879 m ) Lifts / elevators 73 <Th_colspan="2"> Design and construction Architect Shreve , Lamb and Harmon Developer Empire State Inc. , including John J. Raskob and Al Smith Structural engineer Homer Gage Balcom Main contractor Starrett Brothers and Eken <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Empire State Building <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Historic Landmark <Td_colspan="2"> NYC Landmark <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Location in New York City Empire State Building ( New York City ) Empire State Building ( New York ) Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show all Coordinates 40 ° 44 ′ 54.36 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 08.36 '' W / 40.7484333 ° N 73.9856556 ° W / 40.7484333 ; - 73.9856556 Coordinates : 40 ° 44 ′ 54.36 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 08.36 '' W / 40.7484333 ° N 73.9856556 ° W / 40.7484333 ; - 73.9856556 NRHP reference # 82001192 <Th_colspan="2"> Significant dates Added to NRHP November 17 , 1982 Designated NHL June 24 , 1986 Designated NYCL May 19 , 1981 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> References <Td_colspan="2"> I. ^ Empire State Building at Emporis The Empire State Building is a 102 - story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Designed by Shreve , Lamb & Harmon and completed in 1931 , the building has a roof height of 1,250 feet ( 380 m ) and stands a total of 1,454 feet ( 443.2 m ) tall , including its antenna . Its name is derived from `` Empire State '' , the nickname of New York , which is of unknown origin . As of 2017 the building is the 5th - tallest completed skyscraper in the United States and the 28th - tallest in the world . It is also the 6th - tallest freestanding structure in the Americas . The site of the Empire State Building , located on the west side of Fifth Avenue between West 33rd and 34th Streets , was originally part of an early 18th century farm . In the late 1820s , it came into the possession of the prominent Astor family , with John Jacob Astor 's descendants building the Waldorf -- Astoria Hotel on the site in the 1890s . By the 1920s , the family had sold the outdated hotel and the site indirectly ended up under the ownership of Empire State Inc. , a business venture that included businessman John J. Raskob and former New York governor Al Smith . The original design of the Empire State Building was for a 50 - story office building . However , after fifteen revisions , the final design was for a 86 - story 1,250 - foot building , with an airship mast on top . This ensured it would be the world 's tallest building , beating the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street , two other Manhattan skyscrapers under construction at the time that were also vying for that distinction . Demolition of the Waldorf -- Astoria began in October 1929 , and the foundation of the Empire State Building was excavated before demolition was even complete . Construction on the building itself started on March 17 , 1930 , with an average construction rate of one floor per day . A well - coordinated schedule meant that the 86 stories were topped out on September 19 , six months after construction started , and the mast was completed by November 21 . From that point , interior work proceeded at a quick pace , and it was opened on May 1 , 1931 , thirteen and a half months after the first steel beam was erected . Despite the publicity surrounding the building 's construction , its owners failed to make a profit until the early 1950s . However , it has been a popular tourist attraction since opening , with around 4 million visitors to the building 's 86th and 102nd floor observatories every year . The Empire State Building stood as the world 's tallest building for nearly 40 years until the completion of the World Trade Center 's North Tower in Lower Manhattan in late 1970 . Following the September 11 attacks in 2001 , it was again the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center was completed in April 2012 . The Empire State Building is an American cultural icon and has been featured in more than 250 TV shows and movies since the film King Kong was released in 1933 . A symbol of New York City , the tower has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The Empire State Building and its ground - floor interior have been designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , and were confirmed as such by the New York City Board of Estimate . It was also designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986 , and was ranked number one on the American Institute of Architects ' List of America 's Favorite Architecture in 2007 . Contents 1 Location 2 History 2.1 Site 2.2 Planning process 2.3 Construction 2.4 Opening and early years 2.5 Profitability 2.6 Loss of `` tallest building '' title 2.7 After 9 / 11 3 Architecture 3.1 Exterior 3.2 Interior 3.2. 1 Lobby 3.2. 2 Major renovations 3.3 Features 3.3. 1 Above the 102nd floor 3.3. 2 Broadcast stations 3.3. 3 Observation decks 3.3. 4 New York Skyride 3.3. 5 Lights 3.4 Height records 4 Notable tenants 5 Incidents 5.1 1945 plane crash 5.2 2000 elevator plunge 5.3 Suicide attempts 5.4 Shootings 6 Importance 6.1 Iconic status 6.2 In popular culture 6.3 Empire State Building Run - Up 6.4 Economics 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Bibliography 8.4 Further reading 9 External links Location The Empire State Building is located on the west side of Fifth Avenue in Manhattan , between 33rd and 34th Streets . The tenants ' main entrance is located at 350 Fifth Avenue , though in August 2018 , a new visitor 's entrance opened at 20 West 34th Street . Although physically located in South Midtown , a mixed residential and commercial area , the building is so large that it was assigned its own ZIP Code , 10118 ; it is one of 43 buildings in New York City that has its own ZIP Code . The area to the south and west features other major Manhattan landmarks as well , including Macy 's at Herald Square on Sixth Avenue and 34th Street , Koreatown on 32nd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues , Penn Station and Madison Square Garden on Seventh Avenue between 32nd and 34th Streets , and the Flower District on 28th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues . The nearest New York City Subway stations are 34th Street -- Herald Square at Sixth Avenue and Broadway , one block west , and 33rd Street at Park Avenue , two blocks east . There is also a PATH station at 33rd Street and Sixth Avenue . To the east of the Empire State Building is Murray Hill , a neighborhood with a mix of residential , commercial , and entertainment . One block east of the Empire State Building , on Madison Avenue at 34th Street , is the New York Public Library 's Science , Industry and Business Library , which is located on the same block as the City University of New York 's Graduate Center . History Site The tract was originally part of Mary and John Murray 's farm on Murray Hill . The earliest recorded major action on the site was during the American Revolutionary War , when General George Washington 's troops were retreating from the British following the Battle of Kip 's Bay . In 1799 , John Thompson ( or Thomson ; accounts vary ) bought a 20 - acre ( 8 ha ) tract of land roughly bounded by Madison Avenue , 36th Street , Sixth Avenue , and 33rd Street , immediately north of the Caspar Samler farm , for 482 British pounds ( roughly US $2400 at the time , or £ 43459 today ) . Thompson was said to have sold the farm to Charles Lawton for $10,000 ( equal to $216294 today ) on September 24 , 1825 , although details of this sale are unclear , as details of the deed that certified the sale were later lost . In 1826 , John Jacob Astor of the prominent Astor family bought the land from Lawton for $20,500 . The Astors also purchased a parcel from the Murrays . John Jacob 's son William Backhouse Astor Sr. bought a half interest on July 28 , 1827 , for $20,500 , for a tract of land on Fifth Avenue from 32nd to 35th streets . On March 13 , 1893 , John Jacob Astor Sr 's grandson William Waldorf Astor opened the Waldorf Hotel on the site with the help of hotelier George Boldt . On November 1 , 1897 , Waldorf 's cousin , John Jacob Astor IV , opened the 16 - story Astoria Hotel on an adjacent site . The combined hotel had 1,300 bedrooms making it the largest hotel in the world at the time . After Boldt died , in early 1918 , the hotel lease was purchased by Coleman du Pont . By the 1920s , the hotel was becoming dated and the elegant social life of New York had moved much farther north than 34th Street . The Astor family decided to build a replacement hotel further uptown , and sold the hotel to Bethlehem Engineering Corporation in 1928 for $14 -- 16 million . They closed the hotel on May 3 , 1929 . Planning process Bethlehem Engineering Corporation originally intended to build a 25 - story office building on the Waldorf -- Astoria site . The company 's president , Floyd De L. Brown , paid $100,000 of the $1 million down payment required to start construction on the tower , with the promise that the difference would be paid later . Brown borrowed $900,000 from a bank , but then defaulted on the loan . The building plans went through fifteen versions before the current plan was approved . The land was then resold to Empire State Inc. , a group of wealthy investors that included Louis G. Kaufman , Ellis P. Earle , John J. Raskob , Coleman du Pont , and Pierre S. du Pont . The name came from the state nickname for New York . Alfred E. Smith , a former Governor of New York and U.S. presidential candidate whose 1928 campaign had been managed by Raskob , was appointed head of the company . The group also purchased nearby land so they would have the 2 acres ( 1 ha ) needed for the tower 's base , with the combined plot measuring 425 feet ( 130 m ) wide by 200 feet ( 61 m ) long . The Empire State Inc. consortium was announced to the public in August 1929 . Empire State Inc. contracted William F. Lamb , of architectural firm Shreve , Lamb and Harmon , to create the building design . Lamb produced the building drawings in just two weeks using the firm 's earlier designs for the Reynolds Building in Winston - Salem , North Carolina as the basis . Concurrently , Lamb 's partner Richmond Shreve created `` bug diagrams '' of the project requirements . The 1916 Zoning Act forced Lamb to design a structure that incorporated setbacks resulting in the lower floors being larger than the upper floors . Consequently , the tower was designed from the top down , giving it a `` pencil '' - like shape . The original plan of the building was 50 stories , but was later increased to 60 and then 80 stories . Height restrictions were placed on nearby buildings to ensure that the top fifty floors of the planned 80 - story , 1,000 - foot - tall ( 300 m ) building would have unobstructed views of the city . The New York Times lauded the site 's proximity to transportation , with the Brooklyn -- Manhattan Transit 's 34th Street station and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad 's 33rd Street terminal one block away , as well as Penn Station two blocks away and the Grand Central Terminal nine blocks away at its closest . It also praised the 3,000,000 square feet ( 280,000 m ) of proposed floor space near `` one of the busiest sections in the world '' . While plans for the Empire State Building were being finalized , an intense competition in New York for the title of `` world 's tallest building '' was underway. 40 Wall Street ( then the Bank of Manhattan Building ) and the Chrysler Building in Manhattan both vied for this distinction and were already under construction when work began on the Empire State Building . The `` Race into the Sky '' , as popular media called it at the time , was representative of the country 's optimism in the 1920s , fueled by the building boom in major cities . The 40 Wall Street tower was revised , in April 1929 , from 840 feet ( 260 m ) to 925 feet ( 282 m ) making it the world 's tallest . The Chrysler Building added its 185 - foot ( 56 m ) steel tip to its roof in October 1929 , thus bringing it to a height of 1,046 feet ( 319 m ) and greatly exceeding the height of 40 Wall Street . The Chrysler Building 's developer , Walter Chrysler , realized that his tower 's height would exceed the Empire State Building 's as well , having instructed his architect , William Van Alen , to change the Chrysler 's original roof from a stubby Romanesque dome to a narrow steel spire . Raskob , wishing to have the Empire State Building be the world 's tallest , reviewed the plans and had five floors added as well as a spire ; however , the new floors would need to be set back because of projected wind pressure on the extension . On November 18 , 1929 , Smith acquired a lot at 27 -- 31 West 33rd Street , adding 75 feet ( 23 m ) to the width of the proposed office building 's site . Two days later , Smith announced the updated plans for the skyscraper that included an observation deck on the 86th - floor roof at a height of 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) , higher than the Chrysler 's 71st - floor observation deck . The 1,050 - foot Empire State Building would only be 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) taller than the Chrysler Building , and Raskob was afraid that Chrysler might try to `` pull a trick like hiding a rod in the spire and then sticking it up at the last minute . '' The plans were revised one last time in December 1929 , with a 16 - story , 200 - foot ( 61 m ) metal `` crown '' and an additional 222 - foot ( 68 m ) dirigible mooring mast . The roof height was now 1,250 feet ( 380 m ) , making it the tallest building in the world by far , even without the antenna . The addition of the dirigible station meant that another floor , the now - enclosed 86th floor , would have to be built below the crown ; however , unlike the Chrysler 's spire , the Empire State 's mast would serve a practical purpose . The final plan was announced to the public on January 8 , 1930 , just before the start of construction . The New York Times reported that the spire was facing some `` technical problems '' , but they were `` no greater than might be expected under such a novel plan . '' By this time the blueprints for the building had gone through up to fifteen versions before they were approved . Lamb described the other specifications he was given for the final , approved plan : The program was short enough -- a fixed budget , no space more than 28 feet from window to corridor , as many stories of such space as possible , an exterior of limestone , and completion date of ( May 1 ) , 1931 , which meant a year and six months from the beginning of sketches . The contractors were Starrett Brothers and Eken , Paul and William A. Starrett and Andrew J. Eken , who had also constructed other New York City buildings such as the original Stuyvesant Town , Starrett City and Trump Tower . The project was financed primarily by Raskob and Pierre du Pont , while James Farley 's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials . John W. Bowser was the construction superintendent of the proejct , and the structural engineer of the building was Homer G. Balcom . The tight completion schedule necessitated the commencement of construction even though the design had yet to be finalized . Construction Demolition of the old Waldorf -- Astoria began on October 1 , 1929 . Stripping the building down was an arduous process , as the hotel had been constructed using more rigid material than earlier buildings had been . Furthermore , the old hotel 's granite , wood chips , and `` ' precious ' metals such as lead , brass , and zinc '' were not in high demand resulting in issues with disposal . Most of the wood was deposited into a woodpile on nearby 30th Street or was burned in a swamp elsewhere . Much of the other materials that made up the old hotel , including the granite and bronze , were dumped into the Atlantic Ocean near Sandy Hook , New Jersey . By the time the hotel 's demolition started , Raskob had secured the required funding for the construction of the building . The plan was to start construction later that year but , on October 24 , the New York Stock Exchange suffered a sudden crash marking the beginning of the decade - long Great Depression . Despite the economic downturn , Raskob refused to cancel the project because of the progress that had been made up to that point . Neither Raskob , who had ceased speculation in the stock market the previous year , nor Smith , who had no stock investments , suffered financially in the crash . However , most of the investors were affected and as a result , in December 1929 , Empire State Inc. obtained a $27.5 million loan from Metropolitan Life Insurance Company so construction could begin . The stock market crash resulted in no demand in new office space , Raskob and Smith nonetheless started construction , as canceling the project would have resulted in greater losses for the investors . A worker bolts beams during construction ; the Chrysler Building can be seen in the background . A structural steel contract was awarded on January 12 , 1930 , with excavation of the site beginning ten days later on January 22 , before the old hotel had been completely demolished . Two twelve - hour shifts , consisting of 300 men each , worked continuously to dig the 55 - foot ( 17 m ) foundation . Small pier holes were sunk into the ground to house the concrete footings that would support the steelwork . Excavation was nearly complete by early March , and construction on the building itself started on March 17 , with the builders placing the first steel columns on the completed footings before the rest of the footings had been finished . Around this time , Lamb held a press conference on the building plans . He described the reflective steel panels parallel to the windows , the large - block Indiana Limestone facade that was slightly more expensive than smaller bricks , and the tower 's lines and rise . Four colossal columns , intended for installation in the center of the building site , were delivered ; they would support a combined 10,000,000 pounds ( 4,500,000 kg ) when the building was finished . The structural steel was pre-ordered and pre-fabricated in anticipation of a revision to the city 's building code that would have allowed the Empire State Building 's structural steel to carry 18,000 pounds per square inch ( 124,106 kPa ) , up from 16,000 pounds per square inch ( 110,316 kPa ) , thus reducing the amount of steel needed for the building . Although the 18,000 - psi regulation had been safely enacted in other cities , Mayor Jimmy Walker did not sign the new codes into law until March 26 , 1930 , just before construction was due to commence . The first steel framework was installed on April 1 , 1930 . From there , construction proceeded at a rapid pace ; during one stretch of 10 working days , the builders erected fourteen floors . This was made possible through precise coordination of the building 's planning , as well as the mass production of common materials such as windows and spandrels . On one occasion , when a supplier could not provide timely delivery of dark Hauteville marble , Starrett switched to using Rose Famosa marble from a German quarry that was purchased specifically to provide the project with sufficient marble . The scale of the project was massive , with trucks carrying `` 16,000 partition tiles , 5,000 bags of cement , 450 cubic yards ( 340 m ) of sand and 300 bags of lime '' arriving at the construction site every day . There were also cafes and concession stands on five of the incomplete floors so workers did not have to descend to the ground level to eat lunch . Temporary water taps were also built so workers did not waste time buying water bottles from the ground level . Additionally , carts running on a small railway system transported materials from the basement storage to elevators that brought the carts to the desired floors where they would then be distributed throughout that level using another set of tracks . The 57,480 short tons ( 51,320 long tons ) of steel ordered for the project was the largest - ever single order of steel at the time , comprising more steel than was ordered for the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street combined . According to historian John Tauranac , building materials were sourced from numerous , and distant , sources with `` limestone from Indiana , steel girders from Pittsburgh , cement and mortar from upper New York State , marble from Italy , France , and England , wood from northern and Pacific Coast forests , ( and ) hardware from New England . '' The facade , too , used a variety of material , most prominently Indiana limestone but also Swedish black granite , terracotta , and brick . By June 20 , the skyscraper 's supporting steel structure had risen to the 26th floor , and by July 27 , half of the steel structure had been completed . Starrett Bros. and Eken endeavored to build one floor a day in order to speed up construction , a goal that they almost reached with their pace of 4 ⁄ stories per week ; prior to this , the fastest pace of construction for a building of similar height had been 3 ⁄ stories per week . While construction progressed , the final designs for the floors were being designed from the ground up ( as opposed to the general design , which had been from the roof down ) . Some of the levels were still undergoing final approval , with several orders placed within an hour of a plan being finalized . On September 10 , as steelwork was nearing completion , Smith laid the building 's cornerstone during a ceremony attended by thousands . The stone contained a box with contemporary artifacts including the previous day 's New York Times , a U.S. currency set containing all denominations of notes and coins minted in 1930 , a history of the site and building , and photographs of the people involved in construction . The steel structure was topped out at 1,048 feet ( 319 m ) on September 19 , twelve days ahead of schedule and 23 weeks after the start of construction . Workers raised a flag atop the 86th floor to signify this milestone . Afterward , work on the building 's interior and crowning mast commenced . The mooring mast topped out on November 21 , two months after the steelwork had been completed . Meanwhile , work on the walls and interior was progressing at a quick pace , with exterior walls built up to the 75th floor by the time steelwork had been built to the 95th floor . The majority of the facade was already finished by the middle of November . Because of the building 's height , it was deemed infeasible to have many elevators or large elevator cabins , so the builders contracted with the Otis Elevator Company to make 66 cars that could speed at 1,200 feet per minute ( 366 m / min ) , which represented the largest - ever elevator order at the time . In addition to the time constraint builders had , there were also space limitations because construction materials had to be delivered quickly , and trucks needed to drop off these materials without congesting traffic . This was solved by creating a temporary driveway for the trucks between 33rd and 34th Streets , and then storing the materials in the building 's first floor and basements . Concrete mixers , brick hoppers , and stone hoists inside the building ensured that materials would be able to ascend quickly and without endangering or inconveniencing the public . At one point , over 200 trucks made material deliveries at the building site every day . A series of relay and erection derricks , placed on platforms erected near the building , lifted the steel from the trucks below and installed the beams at the appropriate locations . The Empire State Building was structurally completed on April 11 , 1931 , twelve days ahead of schedule and 410 days after construction commenced . Al Smith shot the final rivet , which was made of solid gold . Photograph of a cable worker taken by Lewis Hine The project involved more than 3,500 workers at its peak , including 3,439 on a single day , August 14 , 1930 . Many of the workers were Irish and Italian immigrants , with a sizable minority of Mohawk ironworkers from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal . According to official accounts , five workers died during the construction , although the New York Daily News gave reports of 14 deaths and a headline in the socialist magazine The New Masses spread unfounded rumors of up to 42 deaths . The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build , including demolition of the Waldorf -- Astoria ( equivalent to $533,628,800 in 2016 ) . This was lower than the $60 million budgeted for construction . Lewis Hine captured many photographs of the construction , documenting not only the work itself but also providing insight into the daily life of workers in that era . Hine 's images were used extensively by the media to publish daily press releases . According to the writer Jim Rasenberger , Hine `` climbed out onto the steel with the ironworkers and dangled from a derrick cable hundreds of feet above the city to capture , as no one ever had before ( or has since ) , the dizzy work of building skyscrapers '' . In Rasenberger 's words , Hine turned what might have been an assignment of `` corporate flak '' into `` exhilarating art '' . These images were later organized into their own collection . Onlookers were enraptured by the sheer height at which the steelworkers operated . New York magazine wrote of the steelworkers : `` Like little spiders they toiled , spinning a fabric of steel against the sky '' . Opening and early years The Empire State Building was officially opened on May 1 , 1931 , forty five days ahead of its projected opening date , by United States President Herbert Hoover , who turned on the building 's lights with the ceremonial button push from Washington , D.C. . Over 350 guests attended the opening ceremony , and following luncheon , at the 86th floor including Jimmy Walker , Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Al Smith . An account from that day stated that the view from the luncheon was obscured by a fog , with other landmarks such as the Statue of Liberty being `` lost in the mist '' . The building officially opened the next day . Advertisements for the observatories were placed in local newspapers , while nearby hotels also released advertisements that lauded their proximity to the newly opened tower . According to The New York Times , builders and real estate speculators predicted that the 1,250 - foot - tall ( 380 m ) Empire State Building would be the world 's tallest building `` for many years '' , thus ending the great New York City skyscraper rivalry . At the time , most engineers agreed that it would be difficult to build a building taller than 1,200 feet ( 370 m ) , even with the hardy Manhattan bedrock as a foundation . ( Technically , it was believed possible to build a tower of up to 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) , but it was deemed uneconomical to do so , especially during the Great Depression . ) As the tallest building in the world , at that time , and the first one to exceed 100 floors , the Empire State Building became an icon of the city and , ultimately , of the nation . Seen from the north The Empire State Building 's opening coincided with the Great Depression in the United States , and as a result much of its office space was vacant from its opening . In the first year , only 23 % of the available space was rented , as compared to the early 1920s , where the average building would have occupancy of 52 % upon opening and 90 % rented within five years . The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the `` Empty State Building '' . Jack Brod , one of the building 's longest resident tenants , co-established the Empire Diamond Corporation with his father in the building in mid-1931 and rented space in the building until he died in 2008 . Brod recalled that there were only about 20 tenants at the time of opening , including him , and that Al Smith was the only real tenant in the space above his seventh - floor offices . Generally , during the early 1930s , it was rare for more than a single office space to be rented in the building , despite Smith 's and Raskob 's aggressive marketing efforts in the newspapers and to anyone they knew . The building 's lights were continuously left on , even in the unrented spaces , to give the impression of occupancy . This was exacerbated by competition from Rockefeller Center as well as from buildings on 42nd Street , which , when combined with the Empire State Building , resulted in surplus of office space in a slow market . Aggressive marketing efforts served to reinforce the Empire State Building 's status as the world 's tallest . The observatory was advertised in local newspapers as well as on railroad tickets . The building became a popular tourist attraction , with one million people each paying one dollar to ride elevators to the observation decks in 1931 . In its first year of operation , the observation deck made approximately $2 million in revenue , as much as its owners made in rent that year . By 1936 , the observation deck was crowded on a daily basis , with food and drink available for purchase at the top , and by 1944 the tower had received its 5 millionth visitor . In 1931 , NBC took up tenancy , leasing space on the 85th floor for radio broadcasts . From the outset the building was in debt , losing $1 million per year by 1935 . Real estate developer Seymour Durst recalled that the building was so underused in 1936 that there was no elevator service above the 45th floor , as the building above the 41st floor was empty except for the NBC offices and the Raskob / Du Pont offices on the 81st floor . Per the original plans , the Empire State Building 's spire was intended to be an airship docking station . Raskob and Smith had proposed dirigible ticketing offices and passenger waiting rooms on the 86th floor , while the airships themselves would be tied to the spire at the equivalent of the building 's 106th floor . An elevator would ferry passengers from the 86th to the 101st floor after they had checked in on the 86th floor , after which passengers would have climbed steep ladders to board the airship . The idea , however , was impractical and dangerous due to powerful updrafts caused by the building itself , the wind currents across Manhattan , and the spires of nearby skyscrapers . Furthermore , even if the airship were to successfully navigate all these obstacles , its crew would have to jettison some ballast by releasing water onto the streets below in order to maintain stability , and then tie the craft 's nose to the spire with no mooring lines securing the tail end of the craft . On September 15 , 1931 , in the first and only instance of an airship using the building 's mast , a small commercial United States Navy airship circled 25 times in 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) winds . The airship then attempted to dock at the mast , but its ballast spilled and the craft was rocked by unpredictable eddies . The near - disaster scuttled plans to turn the building 's spire into an airship terminal , although one blimp did manage to make a single newspaper delivery afterward . In 1932 , the Fifth Avenue Association gave the tower its 1931 `` gold medal '' for architectural excellence , signifying that the Empire State had been the best - designed building on Fifth Avenue to open in 1931 . A year later , on March 2 , 1933 , the movie King Kong was released . The movie , which depicted a large stop motion ape named Kong climbing the Empire State Building , made the still - new building into a cinematic icon . On July 28 , 1945 , a B - 25 Mitchell bomber crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building , between the 79th and 80th floors . One engine completely penetrated the building and landed in a neighboring block , while the other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft . Fourteen people were killed in the incident , but the building escaped severe damage and was reopened two days later . Profitability Seen from Herald Square , one block west The Empire State Building only started becoming profitable in the 1950s , when it was finally able to break even for the first time . Despite the lack of nearby transportation centers , the Empire State Building started to attract renters due to its reputation . A 222 - foot ( 68 m ) radio antenna was erected on top of the tower starting in 1950 , allowing the area 's television stations to broadcast from the building . However , despite the turnaround in the building 's fortunes , Raskob put the tower up for sale in 1951 , with a minimum asking price of $50 million . The property was purchased by business partners Roger L. Stevens , Henry Crown , Alfred R. Glancy and Ben Tobin . The sale was brokered by the Charles F. Noyes Company , a prominent real estate firm in upper Manhattan , for $51 million , the highest price paid for a single structure at the time . By this time , the Empire State had been fully leased for several years with a waiting list of parties looking to lease space in the building , according to the Cortland Standard . That year , six news companies formed a partnership to pay a combined annual fee of $600,000 to use the tower 's antenna , which was completed in 1953 . Crown bought out his partners ' ownership stakes in 1954 , becoming the sole owner . The following year , the American Society of Civil Engineers named the building one of the `` Seven Modern Civil Engineering Wonders '' . In 1961 , a group headed by Harry B. Helmsley , Lawrence A. Wien , and Wien 's son - in - law Peter L. Malkin gained control of the building for $65 million , which became the new highest price for a single structure . Over 3,000 people paid $10,000 for one share each in a company called Empire State Building Associates . The company in turn subleased the building to another company headed by Helmsley and Wein , raising $33 million of the funds needed to pay the purchase price . In a separate transaction , the land underneath the building was sold to Prudential Insurance for $29 million . Helmsley , Wein , and Malkin quickly started a program of minor improvement projects , including the first - ever full - building facade refurbishment and window - washing in 1962 , the installation of new flood lights on the 72nd floor in 1964 , and replacement of the manually operated elevators with automatic units in 1966 . The little - used western end of the second floor was used as a storage space until 1964 , at which point it received escalators to the first floor as part of its conversion into a highly - sought retail area . Loss of `` tallest Building '' title In 1961 , the same year that Helmsley , Wien , and Malkin had purchased the Empire State Building , the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey formally backed plans for a new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan . The plan originally included 66 - story twin towers with column - free open spaces . The Empire State 's owners and real estate speculators were worried that the twin towers ' 7,600,000 square feet ( 710,000 m ) of office space would create a glut of rentable space in Manhattan as well as take away the Empire State Building 's profits from lessees . A revision in the World Trade Center 's plan brought the twin towers to 1,370 feet ( 420 m ) each or 110 stories , taller than the Empire State . Opponents of the new project included prominent real - estate developer Robert Tishman , as well as Wien 's Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center . In response to Wein 's opposition , Port Authority executive director Austin J. Tobin said that Wein was only opposing the project because it would overshadow his Empire State Building as the world 's tallest building . The World Trade Center 's Twin Towers surpassed the Empire State Building in height by 1970 . The World Trade Center 's twin towers started construction in 1966 . The following year , the Ostankino Tower succeeded the Empire State Building as the tallest freestanding structure in the world . In 1970 , the Empire State surrendered its position as the world 's tallest building , when the still under construction North Tower of the World Trade Center surpassed it , on October 19 ; the North Tower was topped out , on December 23 , 1970 . In December 1975 , the observation deck was opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers , significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory on the Empire state . The Empire State Building was also losing revenue during this period , particularly as a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971 ; although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until 1984 . By 1980 , there were nearly two million annual visitors , although a building official had previously estimated between 1.5 million and 1.75 million annual visitors . The building received its own ZIP code in May 1980 in a roll out of 63 new postal codes in Manhattan . At the time , the tenants of the tower collectively received 35,000 pieces of mail daily . The Empire State Building celebrated its 50th anniversary on May 1 , 1981 , with a much - publicized , but poorly received , laser light show , as well as an `` Empire State Building Week '' that ran through to May 8 . The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission voted to make the lobby a city landmark on May 19 , 1981 , citing the historic nature of the first and second floors , as well as `` the fixtures and interior components '' of the upper floors . The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1986 in close alignment to the New York City Landmarks report . That year , the Plaza Hotel and Metropolitan Museum of Art further uptown were also designated as National Historic Landmarks . The Empire State Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places the following year due to its architectural significance . From the early to mid 1990s , the building underwent a $55 million series of upgrades with the alarm systems , elevators , windows , and air conditioning being replaced , the 86th floor observation deck made accessible to disabled visitors , and the facade again refurbished . Prudential sold the land under the building in 1991 for $42 million to a buyer representing hotelier Hideki Yokoi , who was imprisoned at the time in connection with a deadly fire at the Hotel New Japan hotel in Tokyo . The land was bought jointly by Donald Trump and Hideki Yokoi in 1994 . Having secured a half - ownership of the land , Trump devised plans to take ownership of the building itself so he could renovate it , even though Helmsley and Malkin had already started their refurbishment project . He sued Empire State Building Associates in February 1995 , claiming that the latter had caused the building to become a `` high - rise slum '' and a `` second - rate , rodent - infested '' office tower . Trump had intended to have Empire State Building Associates evicted for violating the terms of their lease , but was denied . this led to Helmsley 's companies countersuing Trump in May . This sparked a series of lawsuits and countersuits that lasted several years , partly arising from Trump 's desire to obtain the building 's master lease by taking it from Empire State Building Associates . Upon Harry Helmsley 's death in 1997 , the Malkins sued Helmsley 's widow , Leona Helmsley , for ownership of the building . After 9 / 11 The view from the building 's observatory , looking south With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks in 2001 , the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City , but was only the second - tallest building in the Americas after the Willis Tower in Chicago . As a result of the attacks , transmissions from nearly all of the city 's commercial television and FM radio stations were again broadcast from the Empire State Building . The attacks also led to an increase in security due to persistent terror threats against New York City landmarks . In 2002 , Trump and Yokoi sold their land claim to the Empire State Building Associates , now headed by Malkin , in a $57.5 million sale . This action merged the building 's title and lease for the first time in half a century . Despite the lingering threat posed by the 9 / 11 attacks , the Empire State Building remained popular with 3.5 million visitors to the observatories in 2004 , compared to about 2.8 million in 2003 . Leona Helmsley 's remaining share in the building was bought by Peter Malkin 's company in 2006 . In 2008 the building was temporarily `` stolen '' by the New York Daily News to show how easy it was to transfer the deed on a property , since city clerks were not required to validate the submitted information , as well as to help demonstrate how fraudulent deeds could be used to obtain large mortgages and then have individuals disappear with the money . The paperwork submitted to the city included the names of Fay Wray , the famous star of King Kong , and Willie Sutton , a notorious New York bank robber . The newspaper then transferred the deed back over to the legitimate owners , who at that time were Empire State Land Associates . The building 's public areas received a $550 million renovation in 2009 ( see § Major renovations ) . The building received new air conditioning , waterproofing , a renovated observation deck and lobby , and a relocated 80th - floor gift shop . This included $120 million of energy efficient upgrades , which allowed the building to receive a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) rating in September 2011 . The new One World Trade Center surpassed the Empire State Building as the tallest LEED - certified building when it opened in 2014 . As of 2014 the building is owned by the Empire State Realty Trust with Anthony Malkin as Chairman , CEO , and President . Details on the trust 's profits are scarce , but it is known that significantly more revenue was earned from tourism than from leasing the office space in 2011 . In August 2016 , the Qatar Investment Authority ( QIA ) obtained a 10 % share in the Empire State Building through a $622 million investment in the Empire State Realty Trust . The trust 's president John Kessler called it an `` endorsement of the company 's irreplaceable assets '' . The investment has been described by the real - estate magazine The Real Deal as `` an unusual move for a sovereign wealth fund '' , as these funds typically buy direct stakes in buildings rather than real estate companies . Other foreign entities that have a stake in the Empire State Building include investors from Norway , Japan , and Australia . Architecture The Empire State Building as seen across the East River , from Brooklyn The height of the Empire State Building , to its 102nd floor , is 1,250 ft ( 381 m ) , 1,453 feet 8 ⁄ inches ( 443.092 m ) including its 203 ft ( 61.9 m ) pinnacle . The building has 85 stories of commercial and office space representing a total of 2,158,000 sq ft ( 200,500 m ) of rentable space . It has an indoor and outdoor observation deck on the 86th floor , the highest floor within the actual tower . The remaining 16 stories are part of the Art Deco spire , which is capped by an observatory on the 102nd - floor . The spire is hollow with no floors between levels 86 and 102 . Atop the tower is the 203 ft ( 61.9 m ) pinnacle , much of which is covered by broadcast antennas , and surmounted with a lightning rod . According to the official fact sheets the building rises 1,860 steps from the first to the 102nd floor , weighs 365,000 short tons ( 331,122 t ) , has an internal volume of 37,000,000 cubic feet ( 1,000,000 m ) , and an exterior with 200,000 cubic feet ( 5,700 m ) of limestone and granite . Construction of the tower 's exterior required ten million bricks and 730 short tons ( 650 long tons ) of aluminum and stainless steel , and the interior required 1,172 miles ( 1,886 km ) of elevator cable and 2,000,000 feet ( 609,600 m ) of electrical wires . The building has a capacity for 20,000 tenants and 15,000 visitors . The building has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers . The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate . It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986 . In 2007 , it was ranked number one on the AIA 's List of America 's Favorite Architecture . Exterior A series of setbacks causes the building to taper with height . The Empire State Building 's art deco design is typical of pre -- World War II architecture in New York . The modernistic , stainless steel canopies of the entrances on 33rd and 34th Streets lead to two - story - high corridors around the elevator core , crossed by stainless steel and glass - enclosed bridges at the second - floor level . The riveted steel frame of the building was originally designed to handle all of the building 's gravitational stresses and wind loads . The exterior of the building is clad in Indiana limestone panels sourced from the Empire Mill in Sanders , Indiana , which give the building its signature blonde color . The limestone facade , which is lined with vertical steel mullions parallel to each window , also helps to increase the stiffness of the steel frame against high winds . The amount of material used in the building 's construction resulted in a very stiff structure when compared to other skyscrapers , with a structural stiffness of 42 pounds per square foot ( 2.0 kPa ) versus the Willis Tower 's 33 pounds per square foot ( 1.6 kPa ) and the John Hancock Center 's 26 pounds per square foot ( 1.2 kPa ) . A December 1930 feature in Popular Mechanics estimated that a building with the Empire State 's dimensions would still stand even if hit with an impact of 50 short tons ( 45 long tons ) . The Empire State Building design featured one major setback and several smaller ones that reduce the level dimensions as the height increases , thus making upper 81 floors much smaller than the lower five floors . However , this design allows sunlight to illuminate the interiors of the top floors and , in addition , positions these floors away from the noisy streets below . This design was mandated as per the 1916 Zoning Resolution , which was intended to allow sunlight to reach the streets as well . Normally , a building of the Empire State 's dimensions would be permitted to build up to 12 stories on the Fifth Avenue side , and up to 17 stories on the 33rd / 34th Streets side , before it would have to utilize setbacks . However , the setbacks were arranged such that the largest setback was on the sixth floor , above the five - floor `` base '' , so the rest of the building above the sixth floor would have a facade of uniform shape . Interior The Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors . It has 6,500 windows ; 73 elevators ; a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft ( 257,211 m ) ; and a base covering 2 acres ( 8,094 m ) . Its original 64 elevators , built by the Otis Elevator Company , are located in a central core and are of varying heights , with the longest of these elevators reaching from the lobby to the 80th floor . As originally built , there were four `` express '' elevators that connected the lobby , 80th floor , and several landings in between ; the other 60 `` local '' elevators connected the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings . Of the 64 total elevators , 58 were for passenger use ( comprising the four express elevators and 54 local elevators ) , and eight were for freight deliveries . The elevators were designed to move at 1,200 feet per minute ( 366 m / min ) . At the time of the skyscraper 's construction , their practical speed was limited to 700 feet per minute ( 213 m / min ) as per city law , but this limit was removed shortly after the building opened . Additional elevators connect the 80th floor to the six floors above it , as the six extra floors were built after the original 80 stories were approved . The elevators were mechanically operated until 2011 , when they were replaced with digital elevators during the $550 million renovation of the building . The Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all , including service elevators . Utilities are grouped in a central shaft . On each floor between levels 6 and 86 , the central shaft is surrounded by a main corridor on all four sides . As per the final specifications of the building , the corridor is surrounded in turn by office space 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) deep . Each of the floors has 210 structural columns that pass through it , which provide structural stability , but limits the amount of open space on these floors . However , the relative dearth of stone in the building allows for more space overall , with a 1 : 200 stone - to - building ratio in the Empire State compared to a 1 : 50 ratio in similar buildings . Lobby Aluminum relief of the building The original main lobby is accessed from Fifth Avenue , on the building 's east side , and contains an entrance with one set of double doors between a pair of revolving doors . At the top of each doorway is a bronze motif depicting one of three `` crafts or industries '' used in the building 's construction -- Electricity , Masonry , and Heating . The lobby contains two tiers of marble , a lighter marble on the top , above the storefronts , and a darker marble on the bottom , flush with the storefronts . There is a pattern of zigzagging terrazzo tiles on the lobby floor , which leads from the entrance on the east to the aluminum relief on the west . The chapel - like three - story - high lobby , which runs parallel to 33rd and 34th Streets , contains storefronts on both its northern and southern sides . These storefronts are framed on each side by tubes of dark `` modernistically rounded marble '' , according to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , and above by a vertical band of grooves set into the marble . Immediately inside the lobby is an airport - style security checkpoint . The walls on both the northern and southern sides of the lobby house storefronts and escalators to a mezzanine level . At the west end of the lobby is an aluminum relief of the skyscraper as it was originally built ( i.e. without the antenna ) . The relief , which was intended to provide a welcoming effect , contains an embossing of the building 's outline , accompanied by what the Landmarks Preservation Commission describes as `` the rays of an aluminum sun shining out behind ( the tower ) and mingling with aluminum rays emanating from the spire of the Empire State Building '' . In the background is a state map of New York with the building 's location marked by a `` medallion '' in the very southeast portion of the outline . A compass is located in the bottom right and a plaque to the tower 's major developers is on the bottom left . The plaque at the western end of the lobby is located on the eastern interior wall of a one - story tall rectangular - shaped corridor that surrounds the banks of escalators , with a similar design to the lobby . The rectangular shaped corridor actually consists of two long hallways on the northern and southern sides of the rectangle , as well as a shorter hallway on the eastern side and another long hallway on the western side . At both ends of the northern and southern corridors , there is a bank of four low - rise elevators in between the corridors . The western side of the rectangular elevator - bank corridor extends north to the 34th Street entrance and south to the 33rd Street entrance . It borders three large storefronts and leads to escalators that go both to the second floor and to the basement . Going from west to east , there are secondary entrances to 34th and 33rd Streets from both the northern and southern corridors , respectively , at approximately the two - thirds point of each corridor . Until the 1960s , an art deco mural , inspired by both the sky and the Machine Age , was installed in the lobby ceilings . Subsequent damage to these murals , designed by artist Leif Neandross , resulted in reproductions being installed . Renovations to the lobby in 2009 , such as replacing the clock over the information desk in the Fifth Avenue lobby with an anemometer and installing two chandeliers intended to be part of the building when it originally opened , revived much of its original grandeur . The north corridor contained eight illuminated panels created in 1963 by Roy Sparkia and Renée Nemorov , in time for the 1964 World 's Fair , depicting the building as the Eighth Wonder of the World alongside the traditional seven . The building 's owners installed a series of paintings by the New York artist Kysa Johnson in the concourse level . Johnson later filed a federal lawsuit , in January 2014 , under the Visual Artists Rights Act alleging the negligent destruction of the paintings and damage to her reputation as an artist . As part of the building 's 2010 renovation , Denise Amses commissioned a work consisting of 15,000 stars and 5,000 circles , superimposed on a 13 - by - 5 - foot ( 4.0 by 1.5 m ) etched - glass installation , in the lobby . Major renovations At dusk Capital improvements were made to the Empire State Building during the early to mid-1990s at a cost of $55 million . These improvements entailed replacing alarm systems , elevators , windows , and air conditioning ; making the observation deck compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) ; and refurbishing the limestone facade . The observatory renovation was added after disability rights groups and the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the building in 1992 , in what was the first lawsuit filed by an organization under the new law . A settlement was reached in 1994 , in which the Empire State Building Associates agreed to add ADA - compliant elements , such as new elevators , ramps , and automatic doors , during its ongoing renovation . The building 's public areas received a $550 million renovation in 2009 with improvements to the air conditioning and waterproofing , renovations to the observation deck and main lobby , and relocation of the gift shop to the 80th floor . $120 million of the budget was spent on improving the energy efficiency of the building with the goal of reducing energy emissions by 38 % within five years . For example , all of the windows were refurbished onsite into film - coated `` superwindows '' which block heat but pass light . Air conditioning operating costs on hot days were reduced , saving $17 million of the project 's capital cost immediately and partially funding some of the other retrofits . The Empire State Building won a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) rating in September 2011 , as well as the World Federation of Great Towers ' Excellence in Environment Award for 2010 . The building started undergoing a 10 - year renovation in the 2010s to further improve energy efficiency , public areas , and amenities . In August 2018 , in a move to improve the flow of visitor traffic , the main visitor 's entrance was shifted to 20 West 34th Street as part of a major renovation of the observatory lobby . The new lobby includes several technological features , including large LED panels , digital ticket kiosks in nine languages , and a two - story architectural model of the building surrounded by two metal staircases . The first phase of the renovation , to be completed by 2019 , would feature an updated exterior lighting system and digital hosts . Features Above the 102nd floor The final stage of the building was the installation of a hollow mast , a 158 - foot ( 48 m ) steel shaft fitted with elevators and utilities , above the 86th floor . At the top would be a conical roof and the 102nd - floor docking station . The elevators would ascend 167 feet ( 51 m ) from the 86th floor ticket offices to a 33 - foot - wide ( 10 m ) 101st - floor waiting room . From there , stairs would lead to the 102nd floor , where passengers would enter the airships . The airships would have been moored to the spire at the equivalent of the building 's 106th floor . On the 102nd floor of the Empire State Building ( formerly the 101st floor ) , there is a door with stairs ascending to the 103rd floor ( formerly the 102nd ) . This was built as a disembarkation floor for airships tethered to the building 's spire , and has a circular balcony outside . It is now an access point to reach the spire for maintenance . The room now contains electrical equipment , but celebrities and dignitaries may also be given permission to take pictures there . Above the 103rd floor , there is a set of stairs and a ladder to reach the spire for maintenance work . The mast 's 480 windows were all replaced in 2015 . Broadcast stations Antennae for broadcast stations are located at the top of the Building . Broadcasting began at the Empire State Building on December 22 , 1931 , when NBC and RCA began transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the spire , with two separate transmitters for the visual and audio data . They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there . In 1934 , RCA was joined by Edwin Howard Armstrong in a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the building 's antenna . This setup , which entailed the installation of the world 's first FM transmitter , continued only until October of the next year due to disputes between RCA and Armstrong . Specifically , NBC wanted to install more TV equipment in the room where Armstrong 's transmitter was located . After some time , the 85th floor became home to RCA 's New York television operations initially as experimental station W2XBS channel 1 then , from 1941 , as commercial station WNBT channel 1 ( now WNBC - TV channel 4 ) . NBC 's FM station , W2XDG , began transmitting from the antenna in 1940 . NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the building until 1950 when the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) ordered the exclusive deal be terminated . The FCC directive was based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the seven extant New York - area television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted . Other television broadcasters would later join RCA at the building on the 81st through 83rd floors , often along with sister FM stations . Construction of a dedicated broadcast tower began on July 27 , 1950 , with TV , and FM , transmissions starting in 1951 . The broadcast tower was completed by 1953 . From 1951 , six broadcasters agreed to pay a combined $600,000 per year for the use of the antenna . In 1965 , a separate set of FM antennae was constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area to act as a master antenna . Seen from the Top of the Rock The placement of the stations in the Empire State Building became a major issue with the construction of the World Trade Center Twin Towers in the late 1960s , and early 1970s . The greater height of the Twin Towers would reflect radio waves broadcast from the Empire State Building , eventually resulting in some broadcasters relocating to the newer towers instead of suing the developer , the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Even though the nine stations who were broadcasting from the Empire State Building were leasing their broadcast space until 1984 , most of these stations moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed in 1971 . The broadcasters obtained a court order stipulating that the Port Authority had to build a mast and transmission equipment in the North Tower , as well as pay the broadcasters ' leases in the Empire State Building until 1984 . Only a few broadcasters renewed their leases in the Empire State Building . The September 11 attacks in 2001 destroyed the World Trade Center and the broadcast centers atop it , leaving most of the city 's stations without a station for ten days until a temporary tower was built in Alpine , New Jersey . By October 2001 , nearly all of the city 's commercial broadcast stations ( both television and FM radio ) were again transmitting from the top of the Empire State Building . In a report that Congress commissioned about the transition from analog television to digital television , it was stated that the placement of broadcast stations in the Empire State Building was considered `` problematic '' due to interference from other nearby towers . In comparison , the Congressional report stated that the former Twin Towers had very few buildings of comparable height nearby thus signals suffered little interference . In 2003 , a few FM stations were relocated to the nearby Condé Nast Building to reduce the number of broadcast stations using the Empire State Building . Eleven television stations and twenty - two FM stations had signed 15 - year leases in the building by May 2003 . It was expected that a taller broadcast tower in Bayonne , New Jersey , or Governors Island , would be built in the meantime with the Empire State Building being used as a `` backup '' since signal transmissions from the building were generally of poorer quality . With the completion of 1 World Trade Center , some TV Stations began moving their transmitting facilities to 1 World Trade Center , while others , including WABC - TV remained at the Empire State Building , with no plans to consider a move to the new tower . As of 2018 , the Empire State Building is home to the following stations : Television : WABC - 7 , WPIX - 11 , WNET - 13 Newark ( to move to 1 WTC by 2018 ) , WXTV - 41 Paterson , and WFUT - 68 Newark FM : WNYL - 92.3 , WPAT - 93.1 Paterson , WNYC - 93.9 , WPLJ - 95.5 , WXNY - 96.3 , WQHT - 97.1 , WSKQ - 97.9 , WEPN - 98.7 , WBAI - 99.5 , WHTZ - 100.3 Newark , WCBS - 101.1 , WFAN - 101.9 , WNEW - FM - 102.7 , WKTU - 103.5 Lake Success , WAXQ - 104.3 , WWPR - 105.1 , WQXR - 105.9 Newark , WLTW - 106.7 and WBLS - 107.5 Observation decks The 86th and 102nd floors contain observatories , which see a combined average of 4 million visitors per year . Since opening , the observatories have been more popular than similar observatories at 30 Rockefeller Plaza , the Chrysler Building , the first One World Trade Center , or the Woolworth Building , despite being more expensive . Tourists must pay to visit the observation deck on the 86th floor ; there is an additional charge to visit the 102nd floor . Other ticket options for visitors include scheduled access to view the sunrise from the observatory , a `` premium '' guided tour with VIP access , and the `` AM / PM '' package which allows for two visits in the same day . The 86th floor observatory contains both an enclosed section and a wide - open section . The 102nd floor observatory is completely enclosed and much smaller . The 102nd floor observatory was closed to the public from the late 1990s to 2005 . The observation decks were redesigned in mid-1979 . According to a 2010 report by Concierge.com , the five lines to enter the observation decks are `` as legendary as the building itself '' . Concierge.com stated that there are five lines : the sidewalk line , the lobby elevator line , the ticket purchase line , the second elevator line , and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck . However , in 2016 , New York City 's official tourism website , NYCgo.com , made note of only three lines : the security check line , the ticket purchase line , and the second elevator line . For an extra fee tourists can skip to the front of the line . The Empire State Building garners significant revenue from ticket sales for its observation decks , making more money from ticket sales than it does from renting office space during some years . A 360 ° panoramic view of New York City from the 86th - floor observation deck in spring 2005 . East River is to the left , Hudson River to the right , south is near center . New York skyride In early 1994 , a motion simulator attraction was built on the 2nd floor , as a complement to the observation deck . The cinematic presentation lasts approximately 25 minutes , while the simulation is about eight minutes . The ride has had two incarnations . The original version , which ran from 1994 until around 2002 , featured James Doohan , Star Trek 's Scotty , as the airplane 's pilot who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm . After the World Trade Center terrorist attacks in September 11 , 2001 , the ride was closed . An updated version debuted in mid-2002 , featuring actor Kevin Bacon as the pilot , with the new flight also going haywire . This new version served a more informative goal , as opposed to the old version 's main purpose of entertainment , and contained details about the 9 / 11 attacks . The simulator has received mixed reviews , with assessments of the ride ranging from `` great '' to `` satisfactory '' to `` corny '' . Lights Lighting at the top of the Building The building was originally equipped with white searchlights atop the tower . They saw their first use in November 1932 when they lit up to signal Roosevelt 's victory over Hoover in the presidential election of that year . These were later swapped for four `` Freedom Lights '' in 1956 . In February 1964 , flood lights were added on the 72nd floor to illuminate the top of the building at night so that the building could be seen from the World Fair later that year . The lights were shut off from November 1973 to July 1974 because of the energy crisis at the time . In 1976 , the businessman Douglas Leigh suggested that Helmsley install 204 metal - halide lights , which were four times as bright as the 1,000 incandescent lights they were to replace . New red , white , and blue metal - halide lights were installed in time for the country 's bicentennial that July . After the bicentennial , Helmsley retained the new lights due to the reduced maintenance cost , about $116 a year . Since 1976 , the spire has been lit in colors chosen to match seasonal events and holidays . Organizations are allowed to make requests through the building 's website . The building is also lit in the colors of New York - based sports teams on nights when they host games : for example , orange , blue , and white for the New York Knicks ; red , white , and blue for the New York Rangers . It was twice lit in scarlet to support New Jersey 's Rutgers University , once for a football game against the University of Louisville on November 9 , 2006 , and again on April 3 , 2007 when the women 's basketball team played in the national championship game . There have also been special occasions where the lights are modified from the usual schedule . After the eightieth birthday , and subsequent death , of Frank Sinatra in 1998 , for example , the building was bathed in blue light to represent the singer 's nickname `` Ol ' Blue Eyes '' . After actress Fay Wray , who starred in King Kong , died in September 2004 , the building lights were extinguished for 15 minutes . The floodlights bathed the building in red , white , and blue for several months after the destruction of the World Trade Center in September 2001 , then reverted to the standard schedule . On June 4 , 2002 , the Empire State Building donned purple and gold ( the royal colors of Elizabeth II ) , in thanks for the United Kingdom playing the Star Spangled Banner during the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace on September 12 , 2001 ( a show of support after the September 11 attacks ) . On January 13 , 2012 , the building was lit in red , orange , and yellow to honor the 60th anniversary of NBC program The Today Show . From June 1 to 3 , 2012 , the building was lit in blue and white , the colors of the Israeli flag , in honor of the 49th annual Celebrate Israel Parade . During 2012 , the building 's four hundred metal halide lamps and floodlights were replaced with 1,200 LED fixtures , increasing the available colors from nine to over 16 million . The computer - controlled system allows the building to be illuminated in ways that were unable to be done previously with plastic gels . For instance , on November 6 , 2012 , CNN used the top of the Empire State Building as a scoreboard for the 2012 United States presidential election . When incumbent president Barack Obama had reached the 270 electoral votes necessary to win re-election , the lights turned blue , representing the color of Obama 's Democratic Party . Had Republican challenger Mitt Romney won , the building would have been lit red , the color of the Republican Party . Also , on November 26 , 2012 , the building had its first ever synchronized light show , using music from recording artist Alicia Keys . The building 's owners adhere to strict standards in using the lights ; for instance , they do not use the lights to play advertisements . Height Records Height comparison of New York City buildings , with Empire State second from left The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper ( to structural height ) , which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by the North Tower of the World Trade Center in October 1970 . The Empire State Building was also the tallest man - made structure in the world before it was surpassed by the Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma ( KWTV Mast ) in 1954 , and the tallest freestanding structure in the world until the completion of the Ostankino Tower in 1967 . An early - 1970s proposal to dismantle the spire and replace it with an additional 11 floors , which would have brought the building 's height to 1,494 feet ( 455 m ) and made it once again the world 's tallest at the time , was considered but ultimately rejected . With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks , the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City , and the second - tallest building in the Americas , surpassed only by the Willis Tower in Chicago . The Empire State Building remained the tallest building in New York until the new One World Trade Center reached a greater height in April 2012 . As of July 2018 , it is the fourth - tallest building in New York City after One World Trade Center , 432 Park Avenue , and 30 Hudson Yards . It is the fifth - tallest completed skyscraper in the United States behind the two other tallest buildings in New York City , as well as the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago . The Empire State Building is the 28th - tallest in the world as of October 2017 , the tallest being Burj Khalifa in Dubai . It is also the sixth - tallest freestanding structure in the Americas behind the five tallest buildings and the CN Tower . The Midtown skyline , as viewed from the observation deck in January 2006 Notable tenants As of 2013 , the building houses around 1,000 businesses . Current tenants include : Air China Boy Scouts of America , Greater New York Councils Coty Croatian National Tourist Board Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Filipino Reporter Helios and Matheson Human Rights Foundation Human Rights Watch Kaplan International Center Li & Fung LinkedIn Media General Noven Pharmaceuticals People 's Daily Qatar Airways Turkish Airlines World Monuments Fund Former tenants include : The King 's College ( now located at 56 Broadway ) China National Tourist Office ( now located at 370 Lexington Avenue ) National Film Board of Canada ( now located at 1123 Broadway ) Nathaniel Branden Institute Schenley Incidents 1945 plane crash Aftermath of the B - 25 Empire State Building crash Main article : B - 25 Empire State Building crash At 9 : 40 am on July 28 , 1945 , a B - 25 Mitchell bomber , piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith Jr. , crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors where the offices of the National Catholic Welfare Council were located . One engine completely penetrated the building landing on the roof of a nearby building where it started a fire that destroyed a penthouse . The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft causing a fire , which was extinguished in 40 minutes . Fourteen people were killed in the incident . Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver survived a plunge of 75 stories inside an elevator , which still stands as the Guinness World Record for the longest survived elevator fall recorded . Despite the damage and loss of life , the building was open for business on many floors two days later . The crash helped spur the passage of the long - pending Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946 , as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the law , allowing people to sue the government for the incident . Also as a result of the crash , the Civil Aeronautics Administration enacted strict regulations regarding flying over New York City , setting a minimum flying altitude of 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) above sea level regardless of the weather conditions . A year later , on July 24 , 1946 , another aircraft narrowly missed striking the building . The unidentified twin - engine plane scraped past the observation deck , scaring the tourists there . 2000 elevator plunge On January 24 , 2000 , an elevator in the building suddenly descended 40 stories after a cable that controlled the cabin 's maximum speed was severed . The elevator fell from the 44th floor to the fourth floor , where a narrowed elevator shaft provided a second safety system . Despite the 40 - floor fall , both of the passengers in the cabin at the time were only slightly injured . Since that elevator had no fourth - floor doors , the passengers were rescued by an adjacent elevator . After the fall , building inspectors reviewed all of the building 's elevators . Suicide attempts Because of the building 's iconic status , it and other Midtown landmarks are popular locations for suicide attempts . More than 30 people have attempted suicide over the years by jumping from the upper parts of the building , with most attempts being successful . The first suicide from the building occurred on April 7 , 1931 , before the tower was even completed , when a carpenter who had been laid - off went to the 58th floor and jumped . The first suicide after the building 's opening occurred from the 86th floor observatory in February 1935 , when Irma P. Eberhardt fell 1,029 feet ( 314 m ) onto a marquee sign . On December 16 , 1943 , William Lloyd Rambo jumped to his death from the 86th floor , landing amidst Christmas shoppers on the street below . In the early morning of September 27 , 1946 , shell - shocked Marine Douglas W. Brashear Jr. jumped from the 76th - floor window of the Grant Advertising Agency ; police found his shoes 50 feet ( 15 m ) from his body . On May 1 , 1947 , Evelyn McHale leapt to her death from the 86th floor observation deck and landed on a limousine parked at the curb . Photography student Robert Wiles took a photo of McHale 's oddly intact corpse a few minutes after her death . The police found a suicide note among possessions that she left on the observation deck : `` He is much better off without me ... I would n't make a good wife for anybody '' . The photo ran in the May 12 , 1947 edition of Life magazine and is often referred to as `` The Most Beautiful Suicide '' . It was later used by visual artist Andy Warhol in one of his prints entitled Suicide ( Fallen Body ) . A 7 - foot ( 2.1 m ) mesh fence was put up around the 86th floor terrace in December 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three - week span in October and November of that year . By then , sixteen people had died from suicide jumps . Only one person has jumped from the upper observatory . Frederick Eckert of Astoria ran past a guard in the enclosed 102nd floor gallery on November 3 , 1932 and jumped a gate leading to an outdoor catwalk intended for dirigible passengers . He landed and died on the roof of the 86th floor observation promenade . Two people have survived falls by not falling more than a floor . On December 2 , 1979 , Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor , only to be blown back onto a ledge on the 85th floor by a gust of wind and left with a broken hip . On April 25 , 2013 , a man fell from the 86th floor observation deck , but he landed alive with minor injuries on an 85th - floor ledge where security guards brought him inside and paramedics transferred him to a hospital for a psychiatric evaluation . Shootings Two fatal shootings have occurred in the direct vicinity of the Empire State Building . Abu Kamal , a 69 - year - old Palestinian teacher , shot seven people on the 86th floor observation deck during the afternoon of February 23 , 1997 . He killed one person and wounded six others before committing suicide . Kamal reportedly committed the shooting in response to events happening in Palestine and Israel . On the morning of August 24 , 2012 , 58 - year - old Jeffrey T. Johnson shot and killed a former co-worker on the building 's Fifth Avenue sidewalk . He had been laid off from his job in 2011 . Two police officers confronted the gunman , and he aimed his firearm at them . They responded by firing 16 shots , killing him but also wounding nine bystanders . Most of the injured were hit by bullet fragments , although three took direct hits from bullets . Importance Iconic status Souvenir of the building As the tallest building in the world and the first one to exceed 100 floors , the Empire State Building immediately became an icon of the city and of the nation . In 2013 , Time magazine noted that the Empire State Building `` seems to completely embody the city it has become synonymous with '' . The historian John Tauranac calls the tower `` ' the ' twentieth - century New York building '' , despite the existence of taller and more modernist buildings . Early in the building 's history , travel companies such as Short Line Motor Coach Service and New York Central Railroad used the building as an icon to symbolize the city . After the construction of the first World Trade Center , architect Paul Goldberger noted that the Empire State Building `` is famous for being tall , but it is good enough to be famous for being good . '' As an icon of the United States , it is also very popular among Americans . In a 2007 survey , the American Institute of Architects found that the Empire State Building was `` America 's favorite building '' . The building was originally a symbol of hope in a country devastated by the Depression , as well as a work of accomplishment by newer immigrants . The writer Benjamin Flowers states that the Empire State was `` a building intended to celebrate a new America , built by men ( both clients and construction workers ) who were themselves new Americans . '' The architectural critic Jonathan Glancey refers to the building as an `` icon of American design '' . The Empire State Building has been hailed as an example of a `` wonder of the world '' due to the massive effort expended during construction . The Washington Star listed it as part of one of the `` seven wonders of the modern world '' in 1931 , while Holiday magazine wrote in 1958 that the Empire State 's height would be taller than the combined heights of the Eiffel Tower and the Great Pyramid of Giza . The American Society of Civil Engineers also declared the building `` A Modern Civil Engineering Wonder of the United States '' in 1958 , and one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World in 1994 . Ron Miller , in a 2010 book , also described the Empire State Building as one of the `` seven wonders of engineering '' . It has often been called the Eighth Wonder of the World as well , an appellation that it has held since shortly after opening . The panels installed in the lobby in 1963 reflected this , showing the seven original wonders alongside the Empire State Building . In popular Culture Main article : Empire State Building in popular culture As an icon of New York City , the Empire State Building has been featured in various films , books , TV shows , and video games . According to the building 's official website , more than 250 movies contain depictions of the Empire State Building . In his book about the building , John Tauranac writes that the first documented appearance of the tower in popular culture was Swiss Family Manhattan , a 1932 children 's story by Christopher Morley . A year later , the film King Kong depicted Kong , a large stop motion ape that climbs the Empire State Building , bringing the building into the popular imagination . Later movies such as An Affair to Remember ( 1957 ) , Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) , and Independence Day ( 1996 ) also featured the building . The building has also been featured in other works , such as `` Daleks in Manhattan '' , a 2007 episode of the TV series Doctor Who ; and Empire , an eight - hour black - and - white silent film by Andy Warhol , which was later added to the Library of Congress 's National Film Registry . Empire State Building Run - up The Empire State Building Run - Up , a foot race from ground level to the 86th - floor observation deck , has been held annually since 1978 . Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers , and are often tower running enthusiasts . The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) and takes in 1,576 steps . The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds , achieved by Australian professional cyclist Paul Crake in 2003 , at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft ( 2,010 m ) per hour . Economics ESRT began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange on October 2 , 2013 . See also New York City portal Architecture portal History of the tallest skyscrapers List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of tallest buildings in the world List of tallest buildings in the United States List of tallest buildings in New York City List of tallest buildings by U.S. state List of tallest freestanding structures in the world References Notes Jump up ^ The tenants ' entrance is located at 350 Fifth Avenue , while the visitors ' entrance is located at 20 West 34th Street . ^ Jump up to : The Empire State Building is located within the 10001 zip code area , but 10118 has been assigned as the building 's own zip code by the United States Postal Service since 1980 . ^ Jump up to : Most sources state that there are 102 floors , but some give a figure of 103 floors due to the presence of a balcony above the 102nd floor . See § Opening and early years and § Above the 102nd floor for a detailed explanation . Jump up ^ Some sources say that this purchase was made for $2,600 . Jump up ^ Some sources say the farm may have been purchased by Charles Lawton for $10,000 in 1825 and by John Jacob Astor 's son William Backhouse Astor Sr. in 1827 , but others say John Jacob bought Thompson 's farm directly in 1826 . This conflates John 's purchase of the entire parcel with William 's subsequent purchase of a half - interest that included the current Empire State Building 's land . ^ Jump up to : The 101st floor was later renamed the 102nd floor and is 101 floors above ground . The former 102nd floor , now the 103rd floor , is now a balcony that is off - limits to the public , and is 102 floors above ground . Jump up ^ As per the 1916 Zoning Act , the wall of any given tower that faces a street could only rise to a certain height , proportionate to the street 's width , at which point the building had to be set back by a given proportion . This system of setbacks would continue until the tower reaches a floor level in which that level 's floor area was 25 % that of the ground level 's area . After that 25 % threshold was reached , the building could rise without restriction . This law was modified in 1961 . ^ Jump up to : See Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , PDF page 26 , for a diagram of the lobby . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building unveils new entrance , lobby '' . am New York . August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , p. 413 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` EMPIRE STATE TOWER , TALLEST IN WORLD , IS OPENED BY HOOVER ; THE HIGHEST STRUCTURE RAISED BY THE HAND OF MAN '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . May 2 , 1931 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fodor 's ; Sinclair , M. ( 1998 ) . Exploring New York City . Fodor 's Exploring Guides . Fodor 's Travel Publications . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 03559 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' The Skyscraper Center Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat website ^ Jump up to : Emporis GmbH . `` Empire State Building , New York City -- 114095 -- EMPORIS '' . emporis.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' SkyscraperPage Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey datasheet KU3602 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : William Branigin ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Gunman shoots former co-worker near Empire State Building , is shot by police '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . The 103 - floor Empire State Building draws ^ Jump up to : Edward Rothstein ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` A View Inside King Kong 's Perch '' . The Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . The walkway circles around the building 's narrow spire , which , in 1930 , was envisioned as a mooring mast for dirigibles . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Tarquinio , J. Alex ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` South of Midtown Manhattan , Bargain Commercial Rents '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kravitz , Derek ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Midtown South : Living Where the Action Is '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Verrill , Courtney ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` 14 weird facts that you probably did n't know about the Empire State Building '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The plane crash of ' 45 , more Empire State Building secrets '' . am New York . Newsday. April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sederstrom , Jonathan ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` One World Trade Center Wo n't Get an Exclusive Zip Code : USPS Officials '' . Commercial Observer . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan Zip Code Map '' . nyc.gov . New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development . ^ Jump up to : `` Manhattan Adding 63 ZIP Codes ; Empire State Gets Own Code '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . May 1 , 1980 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA Neighborhood Maps : Pennsylvania Station / Times Square '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2018 . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Deborah ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Living In Koreatown Exotic Flavor , Beyond Just the Food '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See : Buckley , Cara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Midtown 's Lush Passage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . The location is five blocks from the Empire State Building . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA Neighborhood Maps : Herald Square / Murray Hill '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2015 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , p. 866 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , pp. 6 , 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` TOWER SITE PART OF $2,400 FARM ; 20 - Acre Tract in 1799 Was the Scene of Fights With British -- Sold for $10,000 in 1805 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . May 2 , 1931 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Timeline '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , L.J. ( 2003 ) . Famous Works of Art in Popular Culture : A Reference Guide . Greenwood Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31808 - 5 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Craven , Wayne ( 2009 ) . Gilded Mansions : Grand Architecture and High Society . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06754 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lewis , N.P. ( 1916 ) . The Planning of the Modern City : A Review of the Principles Governing City Planning . John Wiley & Sons , Incorporated . p. 400 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Commercial West . Financial Communications . 1911 . p. 15 - PA17 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morehouse 1991 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK NOMINATION : EMPIRE STATE BUILDING '' . nps.gov . United States Department of the Interior ; National Park Service . April 26 , 1985 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel history '' . Waldorfnewyork.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy and Rutherford 1931 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ The American Architect and Building News Company ( 1898 ) . American Architect and Architecture. 59 -- 62 ( Public domain ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : The American Architect and Building News Company . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ `` Coleman Du Pont Purchases The Waldorf -- Astoria ; Sale of Hotel Announced by George C. Boldt , Who Relinquishes Control Today '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 3 , 1918 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 2004 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , pp. 85 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Al - Kodmany 2017 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : `` SMITH TO HELP BUILD HIGHEST SKYSCRAPER ; Ex-Governor Heads Group That Will Put 80 - Story Office Building on Waldorf Site . COST PUT AT $60,000,000 He Will Be President and Have Executive Control of Concern Yet to Be Incorporated . Directors of New Company . To Be Nearly 1,000 Feet High . SMITH TO HELP BUILD HIGH SKYSCRAPER '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . August 30 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Wagner 2003 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 388 -- 389 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` ENLARGES SITE FOR 1,000 - FOOT BUILDING ; Empire State Adds 75 Feet in 33d Street to the Waldorf Hotel Plot '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . November 19 , 1929 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman 1980 , pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Bascomb 2004 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Bascomb 2004 , p. 247 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH SKYSCRAPER HAS A NOVEL DESIGN ; Setbacks of the Empire State Building Will Begin With the Sixth Story . LIFTS IN CENTRE CYLINDER Plan Will Save Space and Assure Light , and Air to Neighbors -- Mooring Mast Offers Problems '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1930 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dupre , Judith ( 2013 ) . Skyscrapers : A History of the World 's Most Extraordinary Buildings . Hachette Books . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 942 - 2 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , Kay ( March 14 , 1976 ) . `` Empire State Building Challenged '' ( PDF ) . Utica Observer . Utica , New York : Associated Press . p. 9E . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Willis 1995 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , p. 1230 . Jump up ^ Flowers 2001 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Homer G. Balcom , Engineer , Is Dead '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . July 5 , 1938 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` RAZING OF WALDORF STARTED BY SMITH ; Ceremony on Roof Marks the Beginning of Demolition of Historic Hotel . ITS EARLY DAYS RECALLED Former Governor Tells of `` Digging Out '' Fashionable Guests to Serve on Juries '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . October 2 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Douglas 2004 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ `` APPROVES $27,500,000 FOR SMITH PROJECT ; Metropolitan Life Grants Loan to the Empire State Building Company '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . December 14 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ `` STEEL CONTRACT LET. ; Empire State Building to Require Total of 50,000 Tons '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . January 12 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 203 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` EXCAVATING FINISHED FOR SMITH BUILDING ; Steel Construction on Empire State Structure Here Will Begin on March 15 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . March 6 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` STANDARDS FOR STEEL EASED IN NEW CITY LAW ; Bill Signed by Walker Allows 18,000 - Pound Stress to the Square Inch '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . March 26 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Start Empire State Building Frame '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . April 1 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 204 -- 205 . ^ Jump up to : Poore , C.G. ( July 27 , 1930 ) . `` GREATEST SKYSCRAPER RISES ON A CLOCKWORK SCHEDULE ; The Empire State Building Soars Upward , as a Modern Army Daily , Defeats Time , Far Above the Throngs on Fifth Avenue Some Staggering Figures . Preliminary Considerations . The Order of Progress . Design Speeds Erection . The Factors of Success '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Popular Mechanics & December 1930 , p. 922 . Jump up ^ Bascomb 2004 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , p. 396 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH LAYS STONE FOR TALLEST TOWER ; 5,000 Witness Ceremony as Former Governor Wields Trowel at Empire State Building . RECORDS SEALED IN BLOCK Head of Company Traces History of Site on Which 85 - Story Office Structure is Being Erected '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 10 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : `` Workers Raise Flag 1,048 Feet Above Fifth Av . As Steel Frame of Smith Building Is Finished '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 20 , 1930 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Tower Mast Up ; Steel Workers Raise Flag '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . November 22 , 1930 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 213 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Willis & Friedman 1998 , pp. 130 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 390 -- 391 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , D. ( 2014 ) . Skywalkers : Mohawk Ironworkers Build the City . Roaring Brook Press . pp. 85 , 87 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4668 - 6981 - 3 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , p. 398 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Flowers 2001 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Wickes Hine : The Construction of the Empire State Building , 1930 -- 31 ( New York Public Library Photography Collection ) '' . New York Public Library . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 283 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Rasenberger 2009 , pp. 398 -- 399 . ^ Jump up to : Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. ( 2007 ) . The Great Depression in America : A Cultural Encyclopedia . The Great Depression in America : A Cultural Encyclopedia . Greenwood Press . pp. 144 -- 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33522 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Langmead 2009 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 227 -- 228 . ^ Jump up to : `` EMPIRE STATE BUILDING OPEN '' ( PDF ) . Cortland Standard . Cortland , New York . May 2 , 1931 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ `` RIVALRY FOR HEIGHT IS SEEN AS ENDED '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . May 2 , 1931 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 75 - STORY BUILDINGS FOUND ECONOMICAL ; Advisable Where Land is $400 a Foot , Says W.C. Clark , S.W. Straus Economist . TESTS MADE BY ENGINEERS Skyscrapers of 150 Stories , 2,000 Feet in Height , Are Held to Be Structurally Possible '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 22 , 1929 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Willis & Friedman 1998 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ `` NYT Travel : Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Smith , Adam ( August 18 , 2008 ) . `` A Renters ' Market in London '' . Time . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Winters , Patricia ( July 17 , 1994 ) . `` To Oldest Tenant , Empire State A Jewel '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 -- via Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Ramirez , Anthony ( June 30 , 1996 ) . `` NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT : MIDTOWN ; A Fixture at the Empire State '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Douglas ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Jack Brod , Early Tenant of Skyscraper , Dies at 98 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 273 -- 274 , 276 , 279 -- 280 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 286 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 290 -- 291 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , p. 1326 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ `` British Flier , on Wedding Trip , Gets Bond As 5,000,000 th Empire State Tower Visitor '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 9 , 1944 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 294 -- 295 . ^ Jump up to : Haskett , Thomas R. ( August 1967 ) . `` BROADCAST ANTENNAS ON THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING '' . Broadcast Engineering magazine : 24 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 295 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 82 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , pp. 1344 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Hearst Magazines ( May 1931 ) . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines . p. 812 . Jump up ^ Goldman 1980 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Reingold , Lester A. ( July 2000 ) . `` Airships and the Empire State Building -- Fact and Fiction '' . Air and Space Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` Throng Strains Necks as Blimp Tries to Kiss Empire State Mast '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . September 15 , 1931 . p. 3 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Blimp Moored to Tower of Empire State Building '' ( PDF ) . Daily Sentinel . Rome , New York : Associated Press . September 15 , 1931 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` MOORS TO EMPIRE STATE. ; Small Dirigible Makes Brief Contact While Traffic Is Jammed Below '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . September 16 , 1931 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMPIRE TOWER WINS 1931 FIFTH AV . PRIZE ; Association Gives Its Medal and Diploma for Building 's Architectural Excellence . SMITH PRAISES BACKERS Calls Structure Their Expression of Confidence in the Continued Growth of the City '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 24 , 1932 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson 2010 , pp. 413 -- 414 . ^ Jump up to : Berman & Museum of New York City 2003 , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army Pushes Bomber Crash Investigation '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . July 30 , 1945 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2010 , pp. 1188 . ^ Jump up to : `` O'Dwyer Starts TV Tower Work '' ( PDF ) . Buffalo Courier - Express . Associated Press . July 28 , 1950 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Kinney , Harrison ; Gill , Brendan ( April 1 , 1953 ) . `` The Talk of the Town '' . The New Yorker : 19 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Tower Reported Near Sale '' . The New York Times . December 18 , 1951 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appraiser 's ' Inside ' Helped Sell Empire State Building '' ( PDF ) . Jamestown Journal . Jamestown , New York : Associated Press . June 22 , 1951 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` Empire State Building Has a Tangled History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Ben Tobin , 92 , Investor in Hotels And in Real Estate '' by Wolfgang Saxon June 16 , 1996 Jump up ^ Sun Sentinel : `` Ben Tobin , Bought Or Built Notable Broward Buildings -- Russian Immigrant Created A Real - estate Empire During Depression '' by David Nitkin June 9 , 1996 Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ `` EMPIRE STATE BUILDING WILL CHANGE HANDS '' ( PDF ) . Cortland Standard . Cortland , New York : Associated Press . May 26 , 1951 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` DEAL IS CLOSED ON EMPIRE STATE ; Col. Henry Crown Increases His Ownership to 100 % in Famed Office Structure '' . The New York Times . October 15 , 1954 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building Given Special Award '' . Chicago Tribune . December 29 , 1955 . p. 28 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building '' . ASCE Metropolitan Section . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Sold ; Price Is 65 Million ; Empire State Building Bought By Syndicate for $65,000,000 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . August 23 , 1961 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Buyer to Sell Empire State To Prudential in Leaseback Deal '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . August 24 , 1961 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 351 . Jump up ^ `` Tower at Empire State Getting First Cleaning '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . August 3 , 1962 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top of the Empire State To Get New Floodlights '' . The New York Times . January 21 , 1964 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Lelyveld , Joseph ( February 23 , 1964 ) . `` The Empire State to Glow at Night '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 352 -- 353 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 352 . Jump up ^ `` THE EMPIRE STATE GETS ESCALATORS '' . The New York Times . December 24 , 1964 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study ; 355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . March 12 , 1961 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , pp. 353 -- 354 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Thomas W. ( February 15 , 1964 ) . `` CRITICS IMPUGNED ON TRADE CENTER '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Trade Center Becomes World 's Highest Building By 4 Feet '' . The New York Times . October 20 , 1970 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trade Center ' Topped Out ' With Steel Column 1,370 Feet Above Street '' . The New York Times . December 24 , 1970 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackhammers Bite Pavement to Start Trade Center Job '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . August 6 , 1966 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Trade Center tower surpasses Empire State '' . CBS News . April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman & Museum of New York City 2003 , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : World Trade Center chronology '' . PBS -- American Experience . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , pp. 356 -- 357 . ^ Jump up to : Mouat , Lucia ( November 28 , 1979 ) . `` No Longer The Tallest , ' Most Famous ' Building In World '' ( PDF ) . Olean Times - Herald . Monitor News Service . p. 14 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . Jump up ^ Phelps , Timothy M. ( May 1 , 1981 ) . `` LIGHT SHOW MORE LIKE A FLICKER '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State celebrates 50th year '' ( PDF ) . Auburn Citizen - Advertiser . United Press International . April 30 , 1981 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 -- via Fultonhistory.com . ^ Jump up to : Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. i . ^ Jump up to : Pitts , Carolyn ( April 26 , 1985 ) . `` Empire State Building '' ( PDF ) . National Historic Landmark Nomination . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Heller Anderson , Susan ; Dunlap , David W. ( July 1 , 1986 ) . `` NEW YORK DAY BY DAY ; 3 New U.S. Landmarks '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . See also : `` Asset Detail -- Empire State Building '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( July 8 , 1994 ) . `` Trump Plans Revitalization Of Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Oser , Alan S. ( July 21 , 1996 ) . `` PERSPECTIVES ; The Empire State Building 's Two - Front Campaign '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COMPANY NEWS ; Empire State Buyer Found '' . The New York Times . November 1 , 1991 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Owns Half of Empire State Building '' . Los Angeles Times . July 8 , 1994 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilpin , Kenneth N. ( February 17 , 1995 ) . `` COMPANY NEWS ; Trump Sues Empire State Building Management Company '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Loses Round in Empire State Suit '' . The New York Times . March 22 , 1995 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David Cay ( May 31 , 1995 ) . `` Helmsley , in a Countersuit Against Trump , Alleges a Conspiracy as Big as the Empire State '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( 1997 ) . `` With Helmsley Death , Wife Faces Battle for Empire '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dunlap , David W. ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` 1 World Trade Center Will Reclaim the Sky in Lower Manhattan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's official : 1 WTC is New York 's new tallest building '' . NY Daily News . April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrero et al. 2002 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Rashbaum , William K. ( July 15 , 2002 ) . `` Terror Makes All the World A Beat for New York Police '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( March 19 , 2002 ) . `` Partnership in Deal for Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( August 14 , 2004 ) . `` Making Sense of New York , From 86 Stories Up ; Views From the Empire State Building , Mapped Out in Steel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HELMSLEY CAVES IN -- EMPIRE STATE BLDG . WAR ENDS '' . New York Post . August 30 , 2006 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It took 90 minutes to ' steal ' the Empire State Building '' . NY Daily News . December 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cortese , Amy ( October 5 , 2008 ) . `` The Empire State Building Gets a Makeover '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 ULI Fall Meeting & Urban Land Expo -- Green Retrofit : What Is Making This the Wave of the Future ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Mireya ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` Empire State Building Plans Environmental Retrofit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 368 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold Certification Inhabitat New York City '' . Inhabitat.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bloomfield , Craig ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Empire State Building Achieves LEED Gold '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Green Building Council . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Realty Trust '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bagli , Charles V. ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` Empire State Building Observation Decks Generate Startling Profits '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Matt ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Qatar buys chunk of Empire State Building '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Putzier , Konrad ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Qatar 's Empire State Building investment is rare move for foreign fund '' . The Real Deal New York . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Empire State Realty . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Nash , Eric ( August 1999 ) . Manhattan Skyscrapers . Princeton Architectural Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9781568981819 . ^ Jump up to : Popular Mechanics & December 1930 , p. 920 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . Asce.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : White , Norval & Willensky , Elliot ( 2000 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 4th ed . ) , New York : Three Rivers Press , p. 226 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3107 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building -- Accompanying 7 photos , exterior and interior , from 1978 '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory . National Park Service . April 26 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` America 's FavoriteArchitecture '' ( PDF ) . NPR . The American Institute of Architects ; Harris Interactive . 2007 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taranath 2016 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Iver ( November 10 , 1981 ) . `` LIMESTONE CENTER TURNS TO TOURISM '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taranath 2016 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Willis 1995 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Kayden & Municipal Art Society 2000 , pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` SMITH SKYSCRAPER HAS A NOVEL DESIGN ; Setbacks of the Empire State Building Will Begin With the Sixth Story . LIFTS IN CENTRE CYLINDER Plan Will Save Space and Assure Light , and Air to Neighbors -- Mooring Mast Offers Problems '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . January 8 , 1930 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Willis 1995 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Bonnier Corporation ( April 1931 ) . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Popular Mechanics & December 1930 , p. 921 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building To Get Modernized Elevators '' . CBS . June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , pp. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Fodor 's 2010 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Lepik , Andres ( 2008 ) . Skyscrapers . Prestel . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7913 - 3992 - 4 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , pp. 12 , 15 . Jump up ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1981 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Overhead , a Lobby Is Restored to Old Glory '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bosworth , Patricia ( 1984 ) . Diane Arbus : A Biography . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 215 . ISBN 9780393326611 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Files Suit Over Missing Empire State Building Paintings '' . New York Times . January 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` Restored Lobby 's Crowning Touch '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ( January 28 , 1992 ) . `` Advocates of Disabled File Complaint About the Empire State Building '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US v. Empire State Building of NYC '' ( TXT file ) ( Press release ) . United States Department of Justice . March 3 , 1994 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lovins , Amory ( March -- April 2012 ) . `` A Farewell to Fossil Fuels '' . Foreign Affairs . ^ Jump up to : `` New York 's Empire State Building Gets a Surprising Upgrade '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inaccessible New York : Up To The 103rd Floor Of The Empire State Building '' . CBS New York . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Jen ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's The View From The Private 103rd Balcony Of The Empire State Building '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Keiko ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Raising the Glass at the Empire State Building '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zarkin , K. ; Zarkin , M.J. ( 2006 ) . The Federal Communications Commission : Front Line in the Culture and Regulation Wars . Understanding our government . Greenwood Press . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33416 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lessing , L. ( 1956 ) . Man of High Fidelity : Edwin Howard Armstrong : A Biography . Lippincott . p. 20 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Radio Corporation of America ( 1943 ) . Radio Age . Radio Corporation of America . p. 6 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Guerrero et al. 2002 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Cianci , P.J. ( 2013 ) . High Definition Television : The Creation , Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology . McFarland , Incorporated , Publishers . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8797 - 4 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( May 12 , 2003 ) . `` Broadcasters Put Antennas In Midtown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio stations in New York , NY '' . World Radio Map . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Al - Kodmany 2017 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` 3.3 Million Were Expected at Trade Center Attraction ; a Million Have n't Shown Up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . the Empire State Building , whose two observatories are a veritable cash machine , drawing more than 4 million tourists annually ^ Jump up to : `` ESB Tickets '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fodor 's 2010 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Things Not to Do in New York '' . Concierge.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Building Tickets -- Observatory and Optional Skip the Line Tickets '' . The Official Guide to New York City . May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Robertson ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` No threat from large gorillas '' . The Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . According to details prepared for the proposed initial public offering of Empire State Realty Trust , the skyscraper earned $62.9 million from its observation deck in nine months last year , compared with $62.6 million from the rental of office space . Jump up ^ Trucco , Terry ( January 1 , 1995 ) . `` TRAVEL ADVISORY : EMPIRE STATE BUILDING ; New York on One Floor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Curious Flight Path '' . The New Yorker . November 5 , 2001 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , A. ; Dunford , M. ( 2011 ) . The Rough Guide to New York . Rough Guides . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84836 - 590 - 2 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VR World . Mecklermedia. 1994 . p. 32 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michelin Tire Corporation ( 2002 ) . New York City . Michelin green guides . Michelin Tire Corporation . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 06 - 100408 - 1 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fodor 's New York City . Fodor 's Travel Guides . Fodor 's Travel . 2016 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8041 - 4370 - 7 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Quay , Sara E. ; Damico , Amy M. ( 2010 ) . September 11 in Popular Culture : A Guide . Greenwood . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35505 - 9 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kleinfield , N.R. ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Feud Over Views From the Empire State Building '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Melina , Remy ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` What Do the Empire State Building 's Lights Mean ? '' . Live Science . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : City Lights . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . May 22 , 1989 . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Berman & Museum of New York City 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Lights '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See , for example : `` ESB to light up with NYCFC , Red Bulls colors '' . am New York . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Peters , Chris ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Empire State Building lights up blue and orange for Islanders win '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schlabach , Mark ( November 10 , 2006 ) . `` Rutgers finds new level of success with win '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building turns blue as silent tribute '' . BBC News . May 15 , 1998 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tallmer , Jerry ( September 29 , 2004 ) . `` Whatever Happened to Fay Wray ? '' . The Villager . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lighting Schedule '' . Empire State Building . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2001 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Tallest Buildings in the World '' . The Washington Post . January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TODAY celebrates 60 years ! '' . NBC News . January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benhorin , Yitzhak ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` NYC celebrates Israel with annual parade '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Taub , Eric A. ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Bathed in New Lights , Empire State Building Will Star in More Vivid Show '' . City Room . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Santora , Marc ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Empire State Building , Now in 16 Million Colors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , Charlie ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Empire State Building lights up to broadcast election results '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building Light Show : LED Display Synchronized To Two Alicia Keys Songs Over Manhattan '' . Huffington Post . November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History of the Twin Towers , archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 , retrieved January 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ McWhirter , N. ; McWhirter , R. ( 1994 ) . The Guinness Book of Records . Guinness Superlatives . p. 101 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carmody , Deirdre ( October 11 , 1972 ) . `` 11 Floors May Be Added to the Empire State '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Buildings in the United States '' . The Skyscraper Center . April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Completed Buildings in the World '' . The Skyscraper Center . April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Towers in the World '' . The Skyscraper Center . April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Glancey , Jonathan ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Empire State Building : American icon '' . BBC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Americas Archived October 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Air China . Retrieved on October 15 , 2012 . `` New York AIR CHINA Ltd. ( New York ) Empire State Building 350 Fifth Avenue , Suite 6905 New York , NY 10118 '' Jump up ^ Pincus , Adam ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Boy Scouts move store out of Empire State Building '' . The Real Deal New York . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 2 - Coty expands in Empire State Building '' . Reuters. April 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foreigners flocking to 350 Fifth Avenue Archived October 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Real Estate Weekly . June 30 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Rubenstein , Dana ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` FDIC Signs Lease for Empire State Building '' . Observer . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Helios and Matheson Moved Principal Executive Office to Empire State Building '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Us - HRF.org '' . HRF.org . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact '' . Archived September 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Empire State '' . Kaplan International . January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Lois ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Empire expansion '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David M. Levitt ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` The Tangled Tale Behind the Empire State Building 's IPO '' . Businessweek . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Media General takes lease at Empire State Building '' . The Real Deal . January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pharma Firm Bolts Chrysler Building for Empire State '' . Observer . May 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reds Go Green : Chinese Communist Party Newspaper Signs Empire State Building Lease . Archived December 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 25,000 Square Feet Of Pre-Builts Leased At The Empire State Building '' ( Press release ) . Empire State Realty Trust . May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Airlines moves into Empire State Bldg '' . The Real Deal New York . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dedicated to saving the world 's most treasured places '' . World Monuments Fund . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Cara ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` An Evangelical College in Manhattan , Where the Sin Is '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us Archived September 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' China National Tourist Office . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Contact us . '' National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gladstein , M.R. ( 1999 ) . The New Ayn Rand Companion . ABC - Clio ebook . Greenwood Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30321 - 0 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ `` 750th Squadron 457th Bombardment Group : Officers -- 1943 to 1945 '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CRASH FIRE RUINS SCULPTOR 'S STUDIO ; PHOTO - DIAGRAM OF THE PLANE CRASH '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . July 29 , 1945 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Fall Survived In An Elevator '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2006 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Day A Bomber Hit The Empire State Building '' . NPR . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Eight months after the crash , the U.S. government offered money to families of the victims . Some accepted , but others initiated a lawsuit that resulted in landmark legislation . The Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946 , for the first time , gave American citizens the right to sue the federal government . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ `` EMPIRE STATE PLANE STILL NOT IDENTIFIED '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . July 26 , 1946 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chivers , C.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Elevator Cable Failed at Empire State Building , City Finds '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Empire State Elevator Plummets 40 Floors '' . The New York Times . 2000 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Adam ( January 25 , 2000 ) . `` 2 SURVIVE EMPIRE ST . ELEVATOR PLUNGE '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Charles ; Piper , Tinka Markham ; Bucciarelli , Angela ; Tardiff , Kenneth ; Vlahov , David ; Galea , Sandro ( November 2007 ) . `` Suicide Tourism in Manhattan , New York City , 1990 -- 2004 '' . Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine . 84 ( 6 ) : 755 -- 765 . doi : 10.1007 / s11524 - 007 - 9224 - 0 . ISSN 1099 - 3460 . PMC 2232032 . PMID 17885807 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyer dies in Empire suicide horror '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VanDam , Jeff ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` An urban icon where they used to go fishing '' . The Herald Tribune . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KILLED IN 57 - STORY FALL. ; Carpenter 's Death at Empire State Building Believed to Be Suicide '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . April 7 , 1931 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Dives from Empire State Bldg '' . The Schenectady Gazette . December 17 , 1943 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leaps to Death from 76th Floor '' . Tuscaloosa News . September 27 , 1946 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of the Week '' . Life : 42 -- 43 . May 12 , 1947 . ISSN 0024 - 3019 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dillenberger , Jane D. ( February 1 , 2001 ) . The Religious Art of Andy Warhol . A&C Black . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1334 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAFETY GUARD COMPLETED ON THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . December 5 , 1947 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reavill , Gil ; Zimmerman , Jean ( 2003 ) . Manhattan . Compass American Guides ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Compass American Guides . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 90495 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Leaps to His Death Off Empire Tower '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . November 4 , 1932 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Douglas , George H. ( 2004 ) . Skyscrapers : A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America . London : McFarland . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2030 - 8 . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Broughton , Geoffrey ( 1987 ) . Expressions . London : Collins ELT . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 370641 - 9 . Jump up ^ Goldman 1980 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Stepansky , Joseph ; Kemp , Joe ; Calcano , Bryan ; Beekman , Daniel ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Man tumbles off Empire State Building '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jack ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Empire State Building Fall : Man Survives Plunge on 86th Floor '' . The Epoch Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman shoots 7 , kills self at Empire State Building '' . CNN . February 24 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kleinfield , N.R. ( February 25 , 1997 ) . `` From Teacher to Gunman : U.S. Visit Ends in Fatal Rage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Police : All Empire State shooting victims were wounded by officers '' . CNN . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Empire State Building : A City Icon Turns 82 Amid Battle to Go Public '' . TIME . May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tauranac 2014 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Empire State Building is America 's Favorite '' . Bloomberg . February 9 , 2007 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ron ( 2010 ) . Seven Wonders of Engineering . Seven Wonders . Ebsco Publishing . pp. 7 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 5989 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Judith ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Empire State Building : The 8th World Wonder -- A History in Photos '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV & Movies '' . Empire State Building . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tauranac 2014 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Langmead 2009 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Complete National Film Registry Listing '' . National Film Preservation Board . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYRR Empire State Building Run - Up Crowns Dold and Walsham as Champions '' . New York Road Runners . February 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Race Winners '' . Empire State Building . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yousuf , Hibah ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Empire State Building IPO disappoints '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Bibliography Al - Kodmany , Kheir ( 2017 ) . Understanding Tall Buildings : A Theory of Placemaking . Understanding Tall Buildings : A Theory of Placemaking . Taylor & Francis . pp. 71 -- 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 60866 - 0 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Bascomb , Neal ( 2004 ) . Higher : A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City . Broadway Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7679 - 1268 - 6 . Berman , J.S. ; Museum of the City of New York ( 2003 ) . The Empire State Building . Portraits of America . Barnes and Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3889 - 4 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . `` Designation List 143 LP - 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Landmarks Preservation Commission . May 19 , 1981 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Douglas , George H. ( 2004 ) . Skyscrapers : A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America . McFarland . pp. 107 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2030 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Flowers , Benjamin ( 2001 ) . Skyscraper : The Politics and Power of Building New York City in the Twentieth Century . EBL - Schweitzer . University of Pennsylvania Press , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 0260 - 1 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Fodor 's Travel Publications ( 2010 ) . Fodor 's See It New York City , 4th Edition . Fodor 's See It New York City . Fodor 's Travel Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 0498 - 0 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Goldman , Jonathan ( 1980 ) . The Empire State Building Book . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24455 - 2 . Guerrero , P.F. ; Abramowitz , A.D. ; Morrison , F. ( 2002 ) . Telecommunications : Many Broadcasters Will Not Meet May 2002 Digital Television Dtv Deadline . Diane Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7567 - 2547 - 1 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 Kayden , Jerold S. ; The Municipal Art Society of New York ( 2000 ) . Privately Owned Public Space : The New York City Experience . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 36257 - 9 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Langmead , Donald ( 2009 ) . Icons of American Architecture : From the Alamo to the World Trade Center . Greenwood icons . Greenwood . pp. 71 -- 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34207 - 3 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . `` Man 's Mightiest Monument '' . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines : 920 -- 924 . December 1930 . McCarthy , James Remington ; Rutherford , John ( 1931 ) . Peacock alley : the romance of the Waldorf -- Astoria. Harper . Morehouse , W. ( 1991 ) . The Waldorf -- Astoria : America 's Gilded Dream . M. Evans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87131 - 663 - 9 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Rasenberger , Jim ( 2009 ) . High Steel : The Daring Men Who Built the World 's Greatest Skyline , 1881 to the Present . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 174675 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Taranath , B.S. ( 2016 ) . Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings : Steel and Composite Construction . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 5090 - 9 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Tauranac , John ( 2014 ) . The Empire State Building : The Making of a Landmark . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 19678 - 7 . Wagner , Geraldine B. ( 2003 ) . Thirteen Months to Go : The Creation of the Empire State Building . San Diego , CA : Thunder Bay Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59223 - 105 - 8 . Willis , Carol ( 1995 ) . Form Follows Finance : Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago . Princeton Architectural Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56898 - 044 - 7 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Willis , Carol ; Friedman , Donald ( 1998 ) . Building the Empire State . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 73030 - 2 . Further reading Aaseng , Nathan ( 1998 ) . Construction : Building the Impossible . Minneapolis , MN : The Oliver Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881508 - 59 - 5 . James , Theodore Jr. ( 1975 ) . The Empire State Building . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 012172 - 3 . Kingwell , Mark ( 2006 ) . Nearest Thing to Heaven : The Empire State Building and American Dreams . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10622 - 0 . Pacelle , Mitchell ( 2001 ) . Empire : A Tale of Obsession , Betrayal , and the Battle for an American Icon . New York : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 40394 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Empire State Building . Look up Empire State Building in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Empire State Building . Official website Empire State Building on CTBUH Skyscraper Center Empire State Building under construction ( 1930 -- 1931 ) at the New York Public Library Empire State Building at Viva 2 -- archive of over 500 construction photographs at The Skyscraper Museum Empire State Building archive , circa 1930 -- 1969 . Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives , Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library , Columbia University . <Th_colspan="3"> Records Preceded by Chrysler Building World 's tallest structure 1931 -- 1954 Succeeded by KWTV Mast World 's tallest freestanding structure on land 1931 -- 1967 Succeeded by Ostankino Tower Tallest building in the world 1931 -- 1970 Succeeded by World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( North Tower ) Tallest building in the United States 1931 -- 1970 Tallest building in New York City 1931 -- 1972 Preceded by World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) ( North Tower ) Tallest building in New York City 2001 -- 2013 Succeeded by One World Trade Center ( current ) <Th_colspan="2"> Timeline of tallest buildings in New York City <Td_colspan="2"> Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church ( c. 1643 ) Trinity Church ( 85 m ) ( 1846 ) New York World Building ( 94 m ) ( 1890 ) Manhattan Life Insurance Building ( 100 m ) ( 1894 ) Park Row Building ( 119 m ) ( 1899 ) Singer Building ( 187 m ) ( 1908 ) Metropolitan Life Tower ( 213 m ) ( 1909 ) Woolworth Building ( 241 m ) ( 1913 ) 40 Wall Street ( 283 m ) ( 1930 ) Chrysler Building ( 320 m ) ( 1930 ) Empire State Building ( 443 m ) ( 1931 ) World Trade Center ( 526 m ) ( 1973 ) Empire State Building ( 443 m ) ( 2001 ) One World Trade Center ( 541 m ) ( 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Supertall skyscrapers <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Current <Td_colspan="2"> North America 3 World Trade Center 432 Park Avenue 875 North Michigan Avenue Aon Center Bank of America Plaza Bank of America Tower Chrysler Building Empire State Building Franklin Center JPMorgan Chase Tower One World Trade Center One57 Salesforce Tower The New York Times Building Trump International Hotel and Tower Two Prudential Plaza U.S. Bank Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Willis Tower Wilshire Grand Center South America Gran Torre Santiago Asia China Hong Kong 85 Sky Tower Bank of China Tower Central Plaza The Center Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China World Trade Center Tower III Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing World Financial Center CITIC Plaza Diwang International Fortune Center East Pacific Center Eton Place Dalian Fortune Center Gate to the East Greenland Puli Center Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou International Finance Center KK100 Leatop Plaza Longxi International Hotel Minsheng Bank Building Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1 Nina Tower Pearl River Tower Ping An Finance Centre The Pinnacle Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shimao International Plaza Shun Hing Square Suning Plaza 1 , Wuxi Tianjin World Financial Center Wanda Plaza Wenzhou World Trade Center The Wharf Times Square White Magnolia Plaza International Commerce Centre International Finance Centre Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza Jin Mao Tower Wuxi Maoye City -- Marriott Hotel Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zhujiang New City Tower Zifeng Tower 23 Marina Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper ( Abeno Harukas ) Abraj Al Bait The Address Downtown Dubai ADNOC Headquarters Al Hamra Tower Almas Tower Arraya Tower Aspire Tower Baiyoke Tower II Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower Elite Residence Emirates Office Tower Etihad Towers Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith HHHR Tower The Index Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Kingdom Centre Taipei 101 The Landmark Lotte World Tower MahaNakhon The Marina Torch Northeast Asia Trade Tower Ocean Heights Petronas Towers Princess Tower Rose Tower Telekom Tower Vincom Landmark 81 World Trade Center Abu Dhabi Europe City of Capitals Eurasia Federation Tower Mercury City Tower OKO Tower The Shard Australia Q1 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Under construction <Td_colspan="2"> North America 3 Hudson Boulevard 9 DeKalb Avenue 30 Hudson Yards 35 Hudson Yards 45 Broad Street 50 Hudson Yards 53W53 111 West 57th Street 125 Greenwich Street Central Park Tower Comcast Technology Center Manhattan West Tower 1 One Vanderbilt Vista Tower Asia China Baoneng Center Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center Changsha A9 Financial District Changsha IFS Tower T1 Chengdu Greenland Tower China Resources Centre Block A China Resources Headquarters Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Concord International Centre Dalian Greenland Center Dalian International Trade Center Deji Plaza Dongguan International Trade Center 1 Eye of Spring Trade Center Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Goldin Finance 117 Greenland Group Suzhou Center Guangxi Finance Plaza Haikou Tower Hanking Center Heartland 66 Office Tower Hon Kwok City Center Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Jin Wan Plaza 1 Jinan Center Financial City Logan Century Center 1 Mandarin Oriental Chengdu Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Ningbo Center One Shenzhen Bay Phoenix Towers Rose Rock International Finance Center Runhua Global Center 1 Shenglong Global Center Shimao Hunan Center Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 Sino - Steel Tower South Asian Gate Spring City 66 Suning Plaza Tower 1 , Zhenjiang Suzhou IFS Suzhou Zhongnan Center Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin Modern City Office Tower Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower Wuhan Center Wuhan Greenland Center Xiamen International Centre Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 India DB Crown Lokhandwala Minerva Namaste Tower Palais Royale Three Sixty West World One Saudi Arabia Capital Market Authority Headquarters Diamond Tower Jeddah Tower Lamar Towers South Korea LCT Landmark Tower LCT Residential Tower A LCT Residential Tower B Parc1 Tower UAE Address Boulevard Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 Marina 106 The Skyscraper other Abu Dhabi Plaza The Exchange 106 Gate of Kuwait Gate of Taipei Iconic Tower Merdeka PNB 118 Pertamina Energy Tower Ryugyong Hotel The Stratford Residences VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Europe Lakhta Center Australia Australia 108 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Construction delayed or suspended <Td_colspan="2"> Al Quds Endowment Tower Barwa Tower Burj Al Alam Busan Lotte Town Tower Doha Tower and Convention Center Dubai Towers Doha Forum 66 India Tower JW Marriott International Finance Centre Lighthouse Tower Millennium Tower Orchid Heights Pentominium The Pinnacle Plaza Rakyat Qatar National Bank Tower Signature Tower Jakarta Skycity Square Capital Tower Tameer Commercial Tower Tour Financial Hub Center Two World Trade Center <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Former <Td_colspan="2"> World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings <Th_colspan="2"> Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) Broadway ( 13.2 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) <Td_colspan="2"> Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City WorldCat Identities GND : 4284884 - 2 LCCN : sh85042848 NARA : 10676252 VIAF : 230439460 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_State_Building&oldid=865553816 '' Categories : 1930s architecture in the United States 1931 establishments in New York ( state ) Art Deco architecture in New York City Art Deco skyscrapers Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Empire State Building Fifth Avenue Former world 's tallest buildings Midtown Manhattan National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan Office buildings completed in 1931 Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan Symbols of New York City Radio masts and towers in the United States Tourist attractions in Manhattan Tourist attractions in New York City Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use mdy dates from February 2018 Use American English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Pages with maps Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 95 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 16 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Empire State Building
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5. Landmark and tourist attraction |
1,162,713,525,733,027,000 | who plays benny blanco in carlito's way | Carlito 's Way - wikipedia Carlito 's Way Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Carlito 's Way <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical poster Directed by Brian De Palma Produced by Martin Bregman Willi Baer Michael S. Bregman Screenplay by David Koepp Based on Carlito 's Way and After Hours by Edwin Torres Starring Al Pacino Sean Penn Penelope Ann Miller Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Stephen H. Burum Edited by Bill Pankow Production companies Epic Productions Bregman / Baer Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 144 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $63.8 million Carlito 's Way is a 1993 American crime film directed by Brian De Palma , based on the novels Carlito 's Way and After Hours by Judge Edwin Torres . The film adaptation was scripted by David Koepp . It stars Al Pacino , Sean Penn , Penelope Ann Miller , Luis Guzman , John Leguizamo , Jorge Porcel , Joseph Siravo and Viggo Mortensen . The film stars Pacino as Carlito Brigante , a fictional Puerto Rican criminal who vows to go straight and to retire in paradise . However , his criminal past proves difficult to escape , and he unwittingly ends up being dragged into the same activities that got him imprisoned in the first place . The film is based mainly on After Hours , but used the title of the first novel to avoid it being confused with Martin Scorsese 's 1985 film of the same name . Carlito 's Way received a mixed response from critics , with a similar lukewarm result at the box office , but has subsequently gained a cult following . Both Sean Penn and Penelope Ann Miller received Golden Globe nominations for their performances . A prequel titled Carlito 's Way : Rise to Power , based on the first novel , was filmed and released direct - to - video in 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Accolades 5 Music 5.1 Score 5.2 Soundtrack 6 Releases 7 Prequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1975 , after serving 5 years of a 30 - year prison sentence , Carlito Brigante ( Al Pacino ) is freed on a legal technicality exploited by his close friend and lawyer , Dave Kleinfeld ( Sean Penn ) . Carlito vows to be through with his criminal activities but is persuaded to accompany his young cousin Guajiro ( John Ortiz ) to a drug deal held at a bar . Guajiro is betrayed and killed by his suppliers and Carlito is forced to shoot his way out . Afterwards , Carlito takes Guajiro 's $ 30,000 from the botched deal and uses it to buy into a nightclub owned by a gambling addict named Saso ( Jorge Porcel ) with the intent on saving $75,000 to retire to the Caribbean . As nightclub co-owner , Carlito declines several offers for a business partnership with a hot - headed young gangster from the Bronx named Benny Blanco ( John Leguizamo ) . Carlito also rekindles his romance with his former girlfriend Gail ( Penelope Ann Miller ) , a ballet dancer who moonlights as a stripper . Kleinfeld develops a love interest with Benny 's girlfriend , Steffie , a waitress at the club . Benny 's frustration with Carlito 's constant rejections boils over and he confronts Carlito one night at his table . Carlito publicly humiliates Benny , who reacts by manhandling Steffie . Fueled by his now - extensive use of alcohol and cocaine , Kleinfeld brazenly pulls out a gun and threatens to kill Benny , but Carlito intervenes . Despite being personally threatened by Benny himself , Carlito lets Benny go unharmed ; a decision which alienates Carlito 's gangster friend and personal bodyguard Pachanga ( Luis Guzmán ) . Kleinfeld , who stole $1 million in payoff money from his Italian mob - boss client , Anthony `` Tony T '' Taglialucci , is coerced into providing his yacht to help Tony T break out of the Rikers Island prison barge . Kleinfeld begs for Carlito 's assistance in the prison break , and Carlito reluctantly agrees . Under cover of night , Carlito , Kleinfeld , and Tony T 's son , Frankie , sail to a floating buoy outside of the barge where Tony T is waiting . As they pull Tony T aboard , Kleinfeld unexpectedly kills him and Frankie and dumps both of their bodies in the East River . Carlito immediately severs his ties with Kleinfeld and decides to leave town with Gail . The next day , Kleinfeld barely survives a retaliatory assassination attempt when he 's stabbed in the chest at his office by two mobsters . Carlito is apprehended by police and taken to the office of District Attorney Norwalk ( James Rebhorn ) , where he is played a tape of Kleinfeld offering to testify to false criminal allegations against Carlito . Norwalk advises that he is aware of Carlito as an accomplice to the Taglialucci murders in an attempt to leverage him into betraying Kleinfeld to save himself , but Carlito refuses . Carlito visits Kleinfeld under police protection in the hospital , where he confesses to selling him out . Having noticed a suspicious man dressed in a police uniform waiting in the lobby , Carlito deftly unloads Kleinfeld 's revolver and parts ways with him . The man turns out to be Tony T 's other son , Vinnie ( Joseph Siravo ) , seeking vengeance for his brother and father . Vinnie sneaks into Kleinfeld 's room and executes him without incident because of Kleinfeld 's empty gun . Carlito buys train tickets to Miami for himself and Gail , now pregnant . When he stops by his club to get the stashed money , Carlito is met by a group of mobsters led by Vinnie . The Italians plan on killing Carlito , but he manages to slip out through a secret exit . The Italians pursue him throughout the city 's subway system and into Grand Central Terminal , where they engage in a gunfight . Carlito kills all of his pursuers except Vinnie , who is shot and killed by police attracted by the gunfire . As Carlito runs to catch the train where Gail and Pachanga are waiting for him , he is ambushed by a disguised Benny , who shoots Carlito several times in the abdomen with a silenced gun . Pachanga admits to the dying Carlito that he is now working for Benny , only to be shot as well . Carlito hands a tearful Gail the money and tells her to escape with their unborn child and start a new life elsewhere . As he is wheeled away on a gurney , Carlito stares at a billboard with a Caribbean beach and a picture of a woman . The billboard then comes to life in his mind , and the woman , who is clearly Gail , starts dancing as Carlito slowly dies . Cast ( edit ) Al Pacino as Carlito Brigante . Pacino came to Carlito 's Way directly from his Oscar - winning role in Scent of a Woman . To get into the character , he accompanied Torres through East Harlem . There he could absorb the sights and atmosphere . Pacino first envisioned Carlito with a ponytail . But after his visits to Harlem he quickly realized the guys there were not into wearing their hair that way . The beard was Pacino 's idea . The black leather coat just fit into the period setting . Sean Penn as David Kleinfeld . For the pivotal role of Carlito 's sleazy lawyer and best friend , Penn was lured back from early retirement by the challenge of playing the corrupt lawyer . Taking the role meant that he could finance his movie The Crossing Guard and work with Pacino . De Palma and Penn sat down and discussed what ' 70s mob lawyers looked like . Often , men in the entertainment business can look more bizarre than the talent they represent . Penn shaved the hair on the front of his forehead to give the appearance of a receding hairline . He permed the rest . Alan Dershowitz , believing that Penn was attempting to look like him , threatened the filmmakers with a defamation lawsuit . Penelope Ann Miller as Gail . Carlito 's girlfriend and one of the few people he truly trusts , she is the only person who has ever seen Carlito 's goodness . She is a dancer dreaming of the big time , but is reduced to working in a strip club to make ends meet . Although the story is a suspenseful crime thriller , their doomed romance is at the heart of the film . At the time , Miller was 29 years old to Pacino 's 53 . Casting for Gail proved difficult because of the character 's striptease scenes . The character needed someone who was both a talented dancer and actor . John Leguizamo as Benny Blanco . Leguizamo completed the main cast as `` Benny Blanco from the Bronx '' , an up - and - coming gangster who is determined to exceed Carlito 's reputation but lacks any sense of ethics . Luis Guzmán as Pachanga . One of the few remaining old time friends of Carlito , he works as his right - hand man at the Club Paradise . He would eventually betray Carlito to work with Blanco . After Carlito escapes and kills the mobsters , Pachanga and Carlito run to Gail and the train , where Blanco shoots both Carlito and Pachanga . In Koepp 's first draft of the screenplay , Pachanga spoke in a very heavy slang style . Following rumbles from the Latino cast and crew , Koepp toned this down . Jorge Porcel as Saso . Saso , or `` Ron '' , is the owner of Club Paradise before Kleinfeld asks Carlito to take charge . He is a gambling addict with many dangerous debts to settle . Ingrid Rogers as Steffie. Rogers makes her feature debut as Steffie who works in the Club Paradise . She was initially Benny Blanco 's girlfriend before she set her sights on David Kleinfeld and his riches . James Rebhorn as Bill Norwalk . Norwalk is the District Attorney involved with Carlito 's conviction case . He shadows Carlito throughout the film trying to convict him , but eventually turns his attention away from Carlito and towards the corrupt Kleinfeld . Joseph Siravo as Vincent `` Vinnie '' Taglialucci . The elder son of Tony T and older brother of Frankie , he is out to avenge his father 's and brother 's deaths . Vinnie disguises himself as a police officer and kills Kleinfled . He and other Italian gangsters chase Carlito on the subway and into the train station . Carlito kills all except for Vinnie on the escalator . A wounded Vinnie staggers after Carlito but the police finish Vinnie off . Frank Minucci as Anthony `` Tony T . '' Taglialucci . An Italian mob boss known as Tony T. , he is the father of Vinnie and Frankie and a client of Kleinfeld . He lent him a million dollars for a payoff while in prison , but Kleinfeld laundered the money . He is sprung from the prison barge but is murdered by Kleinfeld before he can get out of the water . Adrian Pasdar as Frank `` Frankie '' Taglialucci . The youngest son of Tony T. and younger brother of Vinnie . He accompanies Kleinfeld and Carlito on the boat to rescue Tony . Kleinfeld kills him with a crowbar while he steers the boat , then dumps his and his father 's bodies into the sea . Richard Foronjy as Pete Amadesso . An old acquaintance of Carlito and a business associate of Tony T and Vincent . He is among those who chase Carlito to Grand Central . Pete is shot by Carlito on the escalator . Viggo Mortensen as Lalin . Once a handsome , suave gangster friend of Carlito 's , he is now a paraplegic in a wheelchair . He arrives at the nightclub wearing a hidden microphone to gain evidence against Carlito for DA Norwalk , as it is the only way he could stay out of prison . John Augstin Ortiz as Guajiro . Carlito 's young , naive cousin , he convinces Carlito to make a stop at a pool hall as his backup during a drug deal . The deal goes wrong and he is killed by the drug dealers . Al Israel as Rolando . A former partner of Carlito 's , whom he meets with , and announces his retirement to . Rolando is grateful to Carlito for not snitching on him while in prison , but does n't believe Carlito would truly retire . Orlando Urdaneta as a bartender . Production ( edit ) Pacino first heard about Carlito Brigante in a YMCA gym in New York City in 1973 . Pacino was working out for his movie Serpico when he met New York state supreme court Judge Edwin Torres ( the author who was writing the novels Carlito 's Way and After Hours ) . When the novels were completed Al read them and liked them , especially the character of Carlito . Inspiration for the novels came from Torres ' background , things that were most familiar to him : the East Harlem barrio where he was born and raised in an atmosphere of racial gangs , drugs and poverty . In 1989 , Pacino faced a $6 million lawsuit from producer Elliott Kastner . Kastner claimed Pacino had gone back on an agreement to star in his version of a Carlito movie with Marlon Brando as criminal lawyer David Kleinfeld . The suit was dropped and the project was abandoned . Pacino went to producer Martin Bregman with the intention of getting a Carlito film made . First thing on the list was to get a script written that would portray Carlito Brigante 's world and provide a suitable showcase for Pacino 's talents . David Koepp had just finished writing the script for Bregman 's forthcoming The Shadow when producer Michael S. Bregman suggested him to write the script for Carlito 's Way . The decision came that the screenplay would be based on the second novel After Hours . Carlito at this stage would match closer with Pacino 's age . Although based primarily on the second novel , the title Carlito 's Way remained , mainly because of the existence of Martin Scorsese 's movie After Hours . Bregman would work closely with Koepp for two years to develop the shooting script for Carlito 's Way . Koepp wrestled with the voice - over throughout the writing process . Initially the voice - over was to take place in the hospital , but De Palma suggested the train station platform . The hospital scenes were written 25 to 30 times because the actors had trouble with the sequence , with Pacino even thinking that Carlito would not go to the hospital . With one final re-write Koepp managed to make the scene work to Pacino 's satisfaction . In the novels Kleinfeld does not die , but De Palma has a huge sense of justice and retribution . He could not have Carlito killed off and have Kleinfeld live . At one point , The Long Good Friday director , John Mackenzie , was linked with the film . When Carlito 's Way and its sequel After Hours were optioned , Martin Bregman had Abel Ferrara in mind . However , when Bregman and Ferrara parted ways , De Palma was brought in . Bregman explained that this decision was not about `` getting the old team back together '' , rather than making use of the best talent available . De Palma , reluctantly , read the script and as soon as Spanish - speaking characters cropped up he feared it would be Scarface all over again . He said that he did not want to make another Spanish - speaking gangster movie . When De Palma finally did read it all the way through , he realized it was not what he thought it was . De Palma liked the script and envisioned it as a noir movie . Bregman supervised casting throughout the various stages of pre-production , and carefully selected the creative team who would make the film a reality . This included production designer Richard Sylbert , editor Bill Pankow , costume designer Aude Bronson - Howard and director of photography Stephen Burum . Initially , filming began on March 22 , 1993 , though the first scheduled shoot , the Grand Central Station climax , had to be changed when Pacino showed up on crutches . Instead , the tension - building pool hall sequence , where Pacino accompanies his young cousin Guajiro on an ill - fated drug deal , started the production . Because the film was heavily character based and featured little action , the early pool sequence had to be elaborate and set up right . A huge amount of time was spent setting it up and filming it . After the film studio had viewed a cut of the pool hall sequence , a note was passed onto the crew stating that they felt the scene was too long . De Palma spent more time adding to the sequence and with the help of editor Bill Pankow made it work . The producers came back saying `` much better shorter . '' Apart from the poster sequence , which was shot in Florida , the entire movie was filmed on location in New York . De Palma roamed Manhattan searching for suitable visual locations . A tenement on 115th Street became the site of Carlito 's homecoming : the barrio scene . The courtroom , in which Carlito thanks the prosecutor , was shot in Judge Torres 's workplace , the State Supreme Court Building at 60 Centre Street . The Club Paradise was initially in a West Side brownstone as the model for the book 's postprandial premises . But this was considered too cramped for filming . A multi-level bistro club designed by De Palma took shape at the Kaufman - Astoria Studios in Long Island City , in a style of 1970 's art deco disco . Tony Taglialucci 's escape from Rikers Island , a night shoot mid-river , was considered impossible . Instead , the production used a Brooklyn shipyard where Kleinfeld 's boat was lowered into an empty `` lock '' into which river water was pumped . Smoke machines and towers of space lights were installed . For a climactic finale , De Palma staged a chase from the platform of the Harlem - 125th Street ( Metro - North ) Station to the escalators of Grand Central Terminal . For the shoot , trains were re-routed and timed so that Pacino and his pursuers could dart from car to hurtling car . The length of the escalator scene during the climactic shoot out at Grand Central Station caused a headache for editor Pankow . He had to piece together the sequences so that the audience would be so tied up in the action that they would not be thinking about how long the escalator was running . Reception ( edit ) Carlito 's Way wrapped on July 20 , 1993 , and was released on 3 November 1993 . Critical response to the theatrical release was somewhat lukewarm . The film was criticized for re-treading old ground , mainly De Palma 's own Scarface and The Untouchables . Roger Ebert stated in his review that the film is one of De Palma 's finest with some of the best set - pieces he has done . Patrick Doyle was praised on his scoring of the film soundtrack , which was described as `` elegiac '' and `` hauntingly beautiful , '' which `` displays Doyle as one of the major talents of modern film scoring . '' Peter Travers ( of Rolling Stone ) criticised the film for Pacino 's `` Rican '' accent slipping into his `` Southern drawl from Scent of a Woman '' , `` De Palma 's erratic pacing and derivative shootouts '' and `` what might have been if Carlito 's Way had forged new ground and not gone down smokin ' in the shadow of Scarface . '' On the Siskel & Ebert show , Ebert gave the film a thumbs up while Siskel gave it a thumbs down . Owen Gleiberman ( from Entertainment Weekly ) described the film as `` a competent and solidly unsurprising urban - underworld thriller '' and is `` okay entertainment , '' but went on to say that the plot would have worked better `` as a lean and mean Miami Vice episode . '' The film has a fresh rating of 80 % on the Rotten Tomatoes review site . Bregman was surprised about some of the negative reviews , but stated that some of the same reviewers have since `` retracted '' their views upon further discussions of the film . A few weeks before the film 's premiere , De Palma told the crew not to get their hopes up about the film 's reception . He correctly predicted that Pacino , having just won an Oscar , would be criticized ; Koepp , having just done Jurassic Park , would `` suck '' ; Penn would be `` brilliant '' because he had not done anything for a while ; and he himself , having not been forgiven for The Bonfire of the Vanities , would not quite be embraced . Carlito 's Way premiered with an opening weekend box office taking of over $9 million . At the end of its theatrical run , the film had grossed over $36 million in the United States and $63 million worldwide . Sean Penn and Penelope Ann Miller both received Golden Globe nominations for their respective roles as Kleinfeld and Gail . The post cinematic appreciation of the film was later highlighted when the French publication Cahiers du cinéma named it as Best film of the 1990s along with The Bridges of Madison County and Goodbye South , Goodbye . Accolades ( edit ) Award Subject Result CFCA Award Best Supporting Actor Sean Penn Nominated David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Actor Al Pacino Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Sean Penn Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Penelope Ann Miller Nominated Nastro d'Argento Best Male Dubbing Giancarlo Giannini Won Music ( edit ) Patrick Doyle composed the original score , while Musical supervisor Jellybean Benitez supplemented the soundtrack with elements of salsa , merengue and other authentic styles . Score ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Carlito 's Way : Original Motion Picture Score <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Patrick Doyle Released Genre Soundtrack Label Varese Sarabande No . Title Length 1 . `` Carlito 's Way '' 05 : 17 2 . `` Carlito And Gail '' 04 : 05 3 . `` The Cafe '' 01 : 59 4 . `` Laline '' 02 : 36 5 . `` You 're Over , Man '' 02 : 09 6 . `` Where 's My Cheesecake ? '' 02 : 12 7 . `` The Buoy '' 04 : 04 8 . `` The Elevator '' 01 : 45 9 . `` There 's An Angle Here '' 02 : 18 10 . `` Grand Central '' 10 : 08 11 . `` Remember Me '' 04 : 52 Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Carlito 's Way : Music From The Motion Picture <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released November 9 , 1993 Genre Soundtrack Label Sony No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` I Love Music '' The O'Jays 2 . `` Rock the Boat '' The Hues Corporation 3 . `` That 's the Way ( I Like It ) '' KC and the Sunshine Band 4 . `` Rock Your Baby '' George McCrae 5 . `` Parece Mentira '' Marc Anthony 6 . `` Back Stabbers '' The O'Jays 7 . `` TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) '' MFSB 8 . `` Got to be Real '' Cheryl Lynn 9 . `` Lady Marmalade '' Labelle 10 . `` Pillow Talk '' Sylvia 11 . `` El Watusi '' Ray Barretto 12 . `` Oye Como Va '' Santana 13 . `` You Are So Beautiful '' Joe Cocker Releases ( edit ) The film has been released on VHS and LaserDisc standard and widescreen versions . It was later released on DVD in 2004 , with an Ultimate Edition following in 2005 . The Ultimate Edition DVD includes deleted scenes , an interview with De Palma , a making - of documentary and more . In 2007 an HD DVD version was released , which features the same bonus material as the Ultimate Edition . The film was released on Blu - ray on May 18 , 2010 . Prequel ( edit ) Main article : Carlito 's Way : Rise to Power A prequel based on Edwin Torres ' first novel was released direct - to - video in 2005 , with the title Carlito 's Way : Rise to Power . Critically panned , the film nevertheless received Torres 's blessing as an accurate adaptation of the first half of his novel . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The name was changed to avoid title - conflict with a film that had already been made by the same name ^ Jump up to : Carlito 's Way Press Pack , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Edwin Torres ( 2004 ) . The Making of Carlito 's Way ( DVD ) . Universal . ^ Jump up to : Hot Dog magazine , August 2000 , P. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Hot Dog magazine , August 2000 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Brian De Palma ( 2004 ) . The Making of Carlito 's Way ( DVD ) . Universal . Jump up ^ Kelly , Richard T. ( 2005 ) . Sean Penn : His Life and Times . Cannongate Publishers . p. 273 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carlito 's Way Press Pack , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : David Koepp ( 2004 ) . The Making of Carlito 's Way ( DVD ) . Universal . Jump up ^ Carlito 's Way Press Pack , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Bregman ( 2004 ) . The Making of Carlito 's Way ( DVD ) . Universal . ^ Jump up to : Carlito 's Way Press Pack `` , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Carlito 's Way Press Pack `` , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bill Pankow ( 2004 ) . The Making of Carlito 's Way ( DVD ) . Universal . Jump up ^ Hot Dog magazine , August 2000 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Seitz , Matt Zoller . `` Carlito 's Way -- Reverse Shot '' . www.reverseshot.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 1993 ) . `` Review by Berardinelli '' . www.reelviews.net . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( December 11 , 1993 ) . `` Roger Ebert review '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Carlito 's Way score '' . www.soundtrack-express.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter . `` Rolling Stone review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen . `` Entertainment Weekly review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Villella , Fiona A . `` A Revelation : Carlito 's Way '' . www.sensesofcinema.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Carlito 's Way at Amazon '' . www.amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Carlito 's Way at DVD Times '' . www.dvdtimes.co.uk . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Chris . `` Film Critic DVD review '' . Filmcritic.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HD DVD review at High - Def Digest '' . High - Def Digest . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Carlito 's Way Rise to Power '' . Highdefdigest.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . References ( edit ) Universal Pictures , Carlito 's Way `` Press Pack '' , 1993 . Highbury Entertainment , `` The Making Of Carlito 's Way '' , Hotdog Magazine , August 2000 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Carlito 's Way Carlito 's Way on IMDb Carlito 's Way at AllMovie Carlito 's Way at Box Office Mojo Carlito 's Way at Rotten Tomatoes Carlito 's Way on Innamoramento.net <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Brian De Palma <Td_colspan="2"> Murder a la Mod ( 1968 ) Greetings ( 1968 ) The Wedding Party ( 1969 ) Dionysus in ' 69 ( 1970 ) Hi , Mom ! ( 1970 ) Get to Know Your Rabbit ( 1972 ) Sisters ( 1973 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Obsession ( 1976 ) Carrie ( 1976 ) The Fury ( 1978 ) Home Movies ( 1980 ) Dressed to Kill ( 1980 ) Blow Out ( 1981 ) Scarface ( 1983 ) Body Double ( 1984 ) Wise Guys ( 1986 ) The Untouchables ( 1987 ) Casualties of War ( 1989 ) The Bonfire of the Vanities ( 1990 ) Raising Cain ( 1992 ) Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) Snake Eyes ( 1998 ) Mission to Mars ( 2000 ) Femme Fatale ( 2002 ) The Black Dahlia ( 2006 ) Redacted ( 2007 ) Passion ( 2012 ) Domino ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlito%27s_Way&oldid=837180664 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1990s crime drama films American crime drama films American films Films about murderers Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on multiple works of a series Films directed by Brian De Palma Films set in 1975 Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Mafia films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 06 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Carlito's Way - American crime film
2. Al Pacino - starring role as Carlito Brigante
3. Brian De Palma - director of the film
4. Sean Penn - plays the role of David Kleinfeld
5. Plot - Carlito's attempt to go straight and his struggle to escape his criminal past |
4,910,046,349,643,623,000 | how did the last season of jane the virgin end | Jane the Virgin - wikipedia Jane the Virgin Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Jane the Virgin <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Drama Romantic comedy Telenovela Satire Based on Juana la virgen by Perla Farías Developed by Jennie Snyder Urman Starring Gina Rodriguez Andrea Navedo Yael Grobglas Justin Baldoni Ivonne Coll Brett Dier Jaime Camil Elias Janssen Narrated by Anthony Mendez Theme music composer Gustavo Santaolalla Composer ( s ) Kevin Kiner Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Spanish No. of seasons No. of episodes 68 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Jennie Snyder Urman Ben Silverman Gary Pearl Jorge Granier Brad Silberling Producer ( s ) Paul Sciarrotta Meredith Averill Corinne Brinkerhoff David S. Rosenthal Josh Reims Gina Lamar Mark Grossan Sean Canino Eva Longoria Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Manhattan Beach , California Cinematography Lowell Peterson Xavier Grobet Editor ( s ) Eric Lea Raul Davalos Bruce Green Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Poppy Productions RCTV International Electus Entertainment Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The CW Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 with Spanish - language dubbing on SAP channel ( where available ) Original release October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows La virgen de la calle <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.cwtv.com/shows/jane-the-virgin Jane the Virgin is an American satirical romantic comedy - drama telenovela developed by Jennie Snyder Urman , that debuted on The CW on October 13 , 2014 . It is a loose adaptation of the Venezuelan telenovela Juana la Virgen created by Perla Farías . The series stars Gina Rodriguez as Jane Villanueva , a working , religious young Latina virgin , who becomes pregnant after being accidentally artificially inseminated . The program parodies commonly used tropes and devices in Latin telenovelas . Jane the Virgin has received critical acclaim since its premiere . At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards , Gina Rodriguez won the award for Best Actress -- Television Series , Musical or Comedy , while the show was nominated for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series also received the Peabody Award and was named a TV Program of the Year by the American Film Institute . Beginning with the fourth episode of season three , the series ' on - screen title card was modified , with `` The Virgin '' crossed out in favor of a substitute each episode . This mirrored the storyline , in which Jane is no longer a virgin . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fourth season , of seventeen episodes , that premiered on October 13 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Series overview 4 Development and production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.1. 1 Critics ' top ten lists 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Accolades 7 DVD releases 8 Novel 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set in Miami , the series details the surprising and unforeseen events that take place in the life of Jane Gloriana Villanueva , a hard - working , religious young Venezuelan American woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until her marriage to her detective boyfriend are complicated when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup . To make matters worse , the biological donor is a married man , a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works , but was also her former teenage crush . In addition to adjusting to pregnancy and then motherhood , in the initial episodes Jane is faced with questions about her professional future and the daunting prospect of choosing between the father of her baby or her boyfriend . As the series evolves , in predictably unpredictable telenovela fashion , the issues shift as her child grows into a toddler , her writing career moves forward , and her family members likewise develop independent plotlines . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva , a 23 - year - old , religious young Latina woman who becomes pregnant after being artificially inseminated by mistake . After meeting Rafael and hearing his situation , she agrees to carry the baby full term and turn over custody to him and his wife Petra , but only if she is sure her baby will be safe and loved with them . But , as the pregnancy grows , they both start to have feelings for each other . Jane ends up having a baby boy named Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva . She marries Michael Cordero in the Season 2 . In Season 3 Episode 10 , she becomes widowed when he dies from his gunshot wound . She later finds her feelings resurfacing for Rafael again . Executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman stated that Gina Rodriguez `` was literally the third person that came in '' during the casting . Jenna Ortega as Young Jane , at age 10 , is the most frequent ( 21 chapters as of season 3 ) of the four younger `` Janes '' seen in flashbacks . Andrea Navedo as Xiomara `` Xo '' Gloriana Villanueva , Jane 's outgoing mother . She was only sixteen years old when she had Jane , which is why Jane would rather keep her virginity until marriage than make the same mistake her mother did . She is a dance teacher , but dreams of having a singing career . She marries Jane 's father in the Season 3 finale . Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano ( birthname : Natalia ) , Rafael 's scheming wife and a member of a shady Czech crime family who got married to Rafael in order to steal his wealth , though over time she did fall in love with him . She later divorces Rafael and in Season 2 , she gives birth to their twin daughters , Anna and Elsa . Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano , the 31 - year - old owner of the Marbella Hotel and the biological father of Jane 's child who has fallen out of love with his wife . As the series progresses , he develops growing feelings for Jane , and divorces Petra after discovering her affair . In Season 2 he has two daughters with Petra and in Season 3 briefly goes to jail . Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Villanueva , Jane 's pious maternal grandmother . She is highly religious , and encourages Jane to save her virginity until marriage . Although she rarely speaks English , she understands it , since her granddaughter usually only speaks to her in English . She was in the country illegally until she got her green card in season 2 . Brett Dier as Michael Cordero , Jr. , Jane 's 29 - year - old husband who was a detective . He is aware of Petra 's affair , and blackmails her to ensure that her marriage remains intact , so that Jane will give the baby to them , however later he decides to support Jane 's decision to keep the baby . He also dislikes Rafael due to Jane 's , and eventually Rafael 's , attraction to one another . He is the head detective in the hunt for Sin Rostro , a high - profile drug dealer who seems to be based in the Marbella Hotel , however he later quits to become a lawyer . Jane and Michael get married in the season two finale . He dies in season three . Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega , a self - involved , famous telenovela star and Jane 's biological father . He is currently trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter . He also has feelings for Xiomara , who was his girlfriend in high school . He marries Xiomara in the season 3 finale . Elias Janssen as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva , Jane and Rafael 's baby . Named after Jane 's grandfather and Alba 's husband , who died before Jane was born . Aria Rose Garcia as toddler Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva . Joseph Sanders played the role in season 3 . Anthony Mendez ( voice over ) as the Latin Lover Narrator ; Third - person omniscient . The narration features both metanarration and metafiction . Recurring ( edit ) Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver , Rafael 's lesbian , neurotic , recovering alcoholic sister , and the doctor who accidentally artificially inseminated Jane . Bridget Regan as Rose , a former lawyer , former girlfriend of Luisa , and eventually stepmother of Luisa and Rafael who defends Luisa against the malpractice suit . She is later revealed to be the crime lord Sin Rostro , and is arrested in season 3 . Megan Ketch as Susanna Barnett , Michael 's partner who was in fact Rose in disguise . After being discovered , she shot Michael in the chest . Elisabeth Röhm as Eileen , the second woman whose identity Rose steals for the next three years . In the meantime , the real Eileen murdered Scott . Mia and Ella Allan as Anna and Elsa Solano , Petra and Rafael 's twin daughters as a result of Petra 's artificial insemination . Carlo Rota as Emilio Solano , Luisa 's biological father and Rafael 's adopted father . He is murdered by his wife , Rose . Michael Rady as Lachlan Moore , Rafael 's rival and Petra 's former fiancé . Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan , Jane 's best friend and co-worker . Azie Tesfai as Detective Nadine Hansan , a police detective and rival , partner , and brief lover to Michael . She was killed taking a bullet that was meant for Michael , after she was revealed to be working with Sin Rostro . Camille Collard as Frankie , Jane 's co-worker and friend . Brian Dare as Luca , Jane 's co-worker and friend . Vanessa Merrell and Veronica Merrell as Valeria and Victoria , twins and Rogelio 's former step - daughters . Priscilla Barnes as Magda , Petra 's mother . She is confined to a wheelchair ( but only pretends to be paraplegic ) and she is Petra 's co-conspirator in her plot to steal Rafael 's hotel and wealth . She is currently imprisoned , but still working against Petra from inside . Yael Grobglas also portrays Anezka , Petra 's long - lost twin sister who grew up with a rough life in the Czech Republic . At the end of the second season she drugs Petra and begins a scheme with Magda to impersonate Petra , this is so they can gain controlling shares in the Marbella . Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez , one of Jane 's teachers at grad school and briefly her love interest . Alano Miller as Roman Zazo , Rafael 's best friend and Petra 's lover . He is believed to be murdered in the hotel , causing tension for everyone , including Petra and Rafael . Alano Miller as Aaron Zazo , Roman 's twin brother , who appears from `` Chapter Fourteen '' onwards investigating his brother 's murder , is later revealed to be Roman ; it was Aaron who was murdered . Roman is later killed , in self - defense , by Petra . Rita Moreno as Liliana De La Vega , Jane 's paternal grandmother . She is the mother of Rogelio and is always sour on Xiomara and Rogelio 's relationship . Cástulo Guerra as Manuel De La Vega , Jane 's paternal grandfather . He is the father of Rogelio and has recently came out as gay . Dennis Mencia as Mateo Villanueva , Alba 's late husband and the maternal grandfather of Jane . His great - grandson is named in honor of him . Sofia Pernas as Catalina Maria Mora , Jane 's newfound maternal cousin and a brief love interest of Rafael . Ricardo Chavira as Bruce , Xiomara 's boyfriend of three years who she becomes briefly engaged to , only to break things off due to her lingering feelings for Rogelio . Justina Machado as Darci Factor , Rogelio 's ex-girlfriend and the mother of her and Rogelio 's unborn daughter . She runs a matchmaking business . Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge , Alba 's love interest and later boyfriend . Johnny Messner as Chuck Chesser , the new owner of the rival hotel to the Marbella who serves as a new love interest for Petra . Francisco San Martin as Fabian , Rogelio 's costar on telenovela Los Viajes de Guillermo who has a brief fling with Jane . Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Jane the Virgin episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 <Td_colspan="1"> October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 <Td_colspan="1"> October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 17 <Td_colspan="1"> October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA Development and production ( edit ) Gina Rodriguez portrays the title role . On June 27 , 2013 , American television network The CW announced that it was planning to release a new show based on the Venezuelan soap opera Juana La Virgen . On February 23 , 2014 , Entertainment Weekly announced that Rodriguez would play the title role of Jane Villanueva . On May 8 , 2014 , during The CW 's 2014 -- 2015 upfronts , the series was officially picked up . On July 18 , 2014 , an extended trailer was released by The CW . On August 8 , 2014 , it was announced that White Collar 's Bridget Regan and Azie Tesfai would join the series as respectively Rose , a former lawyer , and Detective Nadine Hansan , a police detective and rival to Dier 's character . On August 10 , 2014 , TVLine announced that Melrose Place and Emily Owens , M.D. actor Michael Rady would join the series as Lachlan . Filming for season one commenced on July 28 , 2014 . The show is filmed on soundstages in Los Angeles and the pilot was filmed in Huntington Beach , California . On October 21 , 2014 , the show was given a full season order . On January 11 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season , set to air during the 2015 -- 16 television season . Its second season premiered on October 12 , 2015 . On March 11 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season , which premiered on October 17 , 2016 . Broadcast ( edit ) Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2014 , during the 2014 -- 15 television season . Unique to the CW , it is the network 's only program to feature a Spanish language audio track on the second audio program channel ; however , as many CW stations usually do not carry the SAP channel due to a lack of need , this is more limited than the major networks , which are required by the FCC to have a SAP channel for the Descriptive Video Service track , which as a minor network the CW is not required to carry . The show premiered in Canada on Global TV and in Australia on Fox8 on December 1 , 2014 . The first two seasons aired in the United Kingdom on E4. , with the first - run episodes on UK Netflix from season 3 onwards . Sony Channel broadcast the series throughout Southeast Asia as replacements of Sony Entertainment Television in the region ( including BeTV in the Philippines ) . In Canada , new episodes are added each week to the streaming service Shomi , in addition to cable carriage by some providers of American CW affiliates ( Chicago 's WGN - TV , available as a superstation in Canada , carried the series ' first two seasons until it ended its CW affiliation before the 2016 - 17 television season ) . The show premiered in New Zealand on July 24 on Prime . In the Philippines , Jane the Virgin premiered on ABS - CBN on March 28 , 2016 , dubbed in Filipino . The show replaced the local drama series You 're My Home on a late - night timeslot , as part of the Primetime BIDA evening block . Days before the premiere , a teaser showing Gina Rodriguez promoting the show was also released . ABS - CBN only aired the first two seasons , locally editing and splitting the episodes into half - hour segments similar to the network 's teleserye and anime programs . For a total of 74 modified episodes , the season - two finale aired on July 8 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 100 % ( 50 reviews ) 80 % ( 23 reviews ) 100 % ( 11 reviews ) 87 % ( 4 reviews ) 100 % ( 12 reviews ) - 100 % ( 9 reviews ) - Critical reception ( edit ) Jane the Virgin has received critical acclaim , with critics praising its writing and Gina Rodriguez 's performance . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a `` certified fresh '' rating of 100 % based on 50 reviews , with a rating average of 7.7 out of 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Jane the Virgin 's dubious premise has become part of its unlikely charm -- along with delightfully diverse writing and a knockout performance by Gina Rodriguez . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , gives the show a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 23 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The second season also received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , the season holds a 87 out of 100 , based on four reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rating of 100 % based on 11 reviews and a rating average of 9.7 out of 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Jane the Virgin stays true to its over-the - top telenovela roots in season two while layering in more humor and increasingly complex storytelling . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety praised the show , saying that the series `` is envisioned , edited and curated with great deftness and economy , and the fact that it is so entertaining and accessible should not preclude it from being at the center of conversations about the best the medium has to offer . '' Critics ' top ten lists ( edit ) ( show ) 2014 <Td_colspan=""> No. 3 TV Guide No. 3 The Salt Lake Tribune No. 6 TV.com No. 7 Las Vegas Weekly No. 8 Sioux City Journal No. 10 Boston Globe -- American Film Institute -- Associated Press -- Chicago Reader -- Huffington Post -- Los Angeles Times -- Philadelphia Daily News -- ScreenCrush ( show ) 2015 <Td_colspan=""> No. 3 Village Voice No. 4 Vulture No. 4 Slate No. 5 The Salt Lake Tribune No. 6 Las Vegas Weekly No. 7 TV.com -- Boob Tube Dude -- Criticwire -- Variety -- The Week ( show ) 2016 <Td_colspan=""> No. 1 Variety No. 2 Boob Tube Dude No. 8 MTV -- CNN Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 9 : 00 pm 22 October 13 , 2014 1.61 May 11 , 2015 1.24 2014 -- 15 177 1.55 0.6 22 October 12 , 2015 1.06 May 16 , 2016 0.97 2015 -- 16 180 1.48 0.6 20 October 17 , 2016 1.09 May 22 , 2017 0.96 2016 -- 17 155 1.60 0.7 Friday 9 : 00 pm 17 October 13 , 2017 0.68 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) The show has been acknowledged by the People 's Choice Awards , Golden Globe Awards , Critics ' Choice Awards , the Primetime Emmy Awards , the Image Awards and the Television Critics Association as well as honored by the American Film Institute and the George Foster Peabody Awards . Year Award Category Recipients Outcome 2014 America Film Institute Award AFI Television Program Of The Year Jane the Virgin Won TV Guide Award Favorite New Show Jane the Virgin Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Award Favorite New TV Comedy Jane the Virgin Won Golden Globe Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Won Peabody Award Honoree Jane the Virgin Won Critics ' Choice Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Nominated TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Jaime Camil ( `` Chapter Twelve '' ) Won TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Gina Rodriguez ( `` Chapter Twenty '' ) Won Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Jaime Camil Nominated Choice TV Actress : Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Choice TV : Breakout Show Jane the Virgin Nominated Choice TV : Breakout Star Gina Rodriguez Nominated Choice TV : Liplock Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni Nominated Television Critics Association Award Outstanding New Program Jane the Virgin Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Individual Achievement in Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Imagen Award Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Jane the Virgin Won Best Actress -- Television Gina Rodriguez Won Best Supporting Actor -- Television Justin Baldoni Nominated Jaime Camil Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Television Ivonne Coll Nominated Andrea Navedo Won Gold Derby Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Comedy Lead Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Breakthrough Performer Gina Rodriguez Won EWwy Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Won Best Actress -- Comedy Gina Rodriguez Won Best Supporting Actor -- Comedy Jaime Camil Nominated Emmy Award Outstanding Narrator Anthony Mendez Nominated Voice Arts Award Outstanding Narration -- TV or Film , Best Voice over Anthony Mendez Won Gotham Award Breakthrough Series -- Long Form Jane the Virgin Nominated Dorian Award Campy TV Show of the Year Jane the Virgin Won Online Film and Television Association Award Best Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Guest Actress Rita Moreno Won Maxwell Weinberg Award Arpi Ketendjian CBS Studios Won NHMC Impact Gala Award Honoree Gina Rodriguez Won HOLA Award Breakthrough Performance Andrea Navedo Won GiRL POWER Media Role Model Award Honoree Gina Rodriguez Won Honoree Andrea Navedo Won Honoree Ivonne Coll Won International Drama Award Best Mini-Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Director Brad Silberling Nominated Paleyfest LA Honoree Jane the Virgin Won 2016 Satellite Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series Jennie Snyder Urman Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series Brad Silberling Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Critics ' Choice Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Nominated TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Yael Grobglas ( `` Chapter Thirty - Six '' ) Nominated Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing Susan Ham , Sharyn Gersh Nominated GMS Award Best Music Supervision Kevin J. Edelman Nominated The Women 's Image Award Best Actress in a Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Series Jennie Snyder Urman ( `` Chapter One : Pilot '' ) Nominated Artios Award Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Comedy Alyson Silverberg , Jonathan Clay Harris Nominated Frijolywood Award / Frijoldeoro Award Screenwriter in Comedy Carolina Rivera Won Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Won NHMC Impact Award Outstanding Performance in a Comedy Series Andrea Navedo Won Cine Award Best Comedy Series Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor Jaime Camil Nominated Best Supporting Actress Ivonne Coll Won Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series Madison Rojas Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV : Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Choice TV : Actor Jaime Camil Nominated Choice TV : Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Emmy Award Outstanding Narrator Anthony Mendez Nominated EWwy Award Best Actress -- Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Comedy Jaime Camil Nominated Imagen Award Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Jane the Virgin Won Best Actress -- Television Gina Rodriguez Won Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Won Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Andrea Navedo Nominated TV Line Performer of the Week Honoree Gina Rodriguez ( `` Chapter Forty - Seven '' ) Won 2017 Golden Globe Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Gina Rodriguez Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Favorite TV Comedy Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Black Reel Award Outstanding Actress , Comedy Series Gina Rodriguez Nominated MTV Award Best American Story Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Actor in a Show Gina Rodriguez Nominated GMS Award Best Music Supervision Kevin J. Edelman Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Comedy TV Show Jane the Virgin Nominated Choice Comedy TV Actress Gina Rodriguez Nominated Choice Comedy TV Actor Jaime Camil Nominated Imagen Award Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Jane the Virgin Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Jaime Camil Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Ivonne Coll Nominated DVD releases ( edit ) Name Release date Ep # Additional information The Complete First Season September 29 , 2015 22 Features Immaculate Creation - ' Behind the Scenes ' Getting to Know the Cast Gag Reel Deleted Scenes The Complete Second Season 22 Features Novel ( edit ) A tie - in novel , based on the book Jane writes in the show , is being published through Simon & Schuster . The story will be a historical romance set in Miami during 1902 and feature `` railroad tycoons , hotel booms , and exciting expansion for The Magic City . '' In the series , the book 's plot is inspired by the love story of Jane and Michael . Title Release date Snow Falling November 14 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bustle '' . bustle.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosie Narasaki ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` 7 Reasons You Should Catch Up With ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jane the Virgin ' Is The CW 's Best Show Ever '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jane The Virgin ' Trailer and Official Synopsis : The CW Presents Adaptation of ' Juana la Virgen ' '' . Novela Lounge . May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jane the Virgin ' : See the CW Comedy 's Updated Title '' from The Hollywood Reporter ( November 2 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Premiere Dates 2017 Guide '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sava , Oliver ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` Adapting a telenovela with Jane the Virgin showrunner Jennie Urman '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Choy , Danny ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Latinos in the US : Voiceover Actor Anthony Mendez Talks About His Role in New CW TV Show ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . Latin Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin Episode Count Revealed ( Hint : It 's the Shortest Season Yet ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dries , Kate ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` A Show Called Jane the Virgin Might Be the Next Thing on Your DVR '' . Jezebel.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' : Gina Rodriguez cast as lead in new CW pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Gina Rodriguez Lands Title Role in CW 's ' Jane the Virgin ' , Brad Silberling to Direct '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : The CW Orders Four Dramas , Including Flash , iZombie and Jane the Virgin , Passes on Supernatural Spin - Off '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Regan & Azie Tesfai to Recur on ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Rady Cast in ' Jane the Virgin ' on The CW -- Season 1 '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` JaneTheVirginWriters on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' takes ' wacky ' telenovela premise for a spin '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Laylan ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood thinks Huntington Beach looks great on camera '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' Get Full - Season Orders at CW '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Reign ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Supernatural , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' renewed by the CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` The CW Moves ' Jane the Virgin ' & ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' Premieres Up to Monday October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` The CW Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin and The Flash : Premiere on Fox8 '' . Foxtel . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Drops ' Jane The Virgin ' After Two Seasons '' . tvwise.co.uk . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix UK Takes First Window Rights To ' Jane The Virgin ' , Will Stream Season 4 This Autumn '' . tvwise.co.uk . June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin Full Trailer : Starting March 28 on ABS - CBN ! '' . ABS - CBN Entertainment . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN Airs the Tagalized Version of ' Jane the Virgini ' on Primetime '' . ABS - CBN Social Media Newsroom . March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : The Hit American TV Series '' . 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Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up , ' Castle ' , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin Episode Count Revealed ( Hint : It 's the Shortest Season Yet ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards '' . American Film Institute . December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Nominees '' . peopleschoice.com . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes . `` Peabody Awards 2015 Entertainment TV Winners : Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Erik Pedersen . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards Nominations 2015 '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Jane the Virgin 's Jaime Camil '' . February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Gina Rodriguez '' . May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` TCA Award Nominees 2015 : ' Empire ' ' Transparent ' ' Jane the Virgin ' - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2015/ Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` NAACP Image Award Nominations 2015 -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . Deadline.com . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations 2016 -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week '' . March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Performer of the Week : Gina Rodriguez '' . November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations '' . Deadline.com . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice : Full List of Winners '' . peopleschoice.com . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin - ' The Complete 2nd Season ' on DVD , Blu ... PLUS Blu for the ' 1st Season ' ! Also , an MOD re-release for ' The Complete 1st Season ' on DVD , too '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Jump up ^ Weldon , Sarah ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` That Jane the Virgin book is coming to life thanks to Simon & Schuster '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Television Television shows set in Miami The CW shows Virginity in television Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 17 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Jane the Virgin - American satirical romantic comedy-drama telenovela
2. Gina Rodriguez - actress who plays the title role of Jane Villanueva
3. Accolades - Golden Globe Award, Peabody Award, and TV Program of the Year by the American Film Institute
4. Plot - Jane, a young Latina virgin, becomes pregnant after being accidentally artificially inseminated
5. Cast - Gina Rodriguez, Andrea Navedo |
5,266,715,403,488,022,000 | describe the interdependence of culture morality religion and acceptable behaviour in the society | Morality and religion - wikipedia Morality and religion Jump to : navigation , search Morality and religion is the relationship between religious views and morals . Many religions have value frameworks regarding personal behavior meant to guide adherents in determining between right and wrong . These include the Triple Jems of Jainism , Judaism 's Halacha , Islam 's Sharia , Catholicism 's Canon Law , Buddhism 's Eightfold Path , and Zoroastrianism 's `` good thoughts , good words , and good deeds '' concept , among others . These frameworks are outlined and interpreted by various sources such as holy books , oral and written traditions , and religious leaders . Many of these share tenets with secular value frameworks such as consequentialism , freethought , and utilitarianism . Religion and morality are not synonymous . Morality does not necessarily depend upon religion , though for some , this is `` an almost automatic assumption . '' According to The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics , religion and morality `` are to be defined differently and have no definitional connections with each other . Conceptually and in principle , morality and a religious value system are two distinct kinds of value systems or action guides . '' In the views of others , the two can overlap . According to one definition , morality is an active process which is , `` at the very least , the effort to guide one 's conduct by reason , that is , doing what there are the best reasons for doing , while giving equal consideration to the interests of all those affected by what one does . '' Value judgments can vary greatly between religions , past and present . People in various religious traditions , such as Christianity , may derive ideas of right and wrong from the rules and laws set forth in their respective authoritative guides and by their religious leaders . Equating morality to adherence to authoritative commands in a holy book is the Divine Command Theory . Polytheistic religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism generally draw from some of the broadest canons of religious works . There has been interest in the relationship between religion and crime and other behavior that does not adhere to contemporary laws and social norms in various countries . Studies conducted in recent years have explored these relationships , but the results have been mixed and sometimes contradictory . The ability of religious faiths to provide value frameworks that are seen as useful is a debated matter . Religious commentators have asserted that a moral life can not be led without an absolute lawgiver as a guide . Other observers assert that moral behavior does not rely on religious tenets , and secular commentators point to ethical challenges within various religions that conflict with contemporary social norms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Relationship between religion and morality 2 Religious frameworks 3 Religion and social dimensions 4 Criticism of religious values 5 Secular morality 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Relationship between religion and morality ( edit ) Within the wide range of ethical traditions , religious traditions co-exist with secular value frameworks such as humanism , utilitarianism , and others . There are many types of religious values . Modern monotheistic religions , such as Islam , Judaism , Christianity ( and to a certain degree others such as Sikhism ) define right and wrong by the laws and rules set forth by their respective gods and as interpreted by religious leaders within the respective faith . Polytheistic religious traditions tend to be less absolute . For example , within Buddhism , the intention of the individual and the circumstances play roles in determining whether an action is right or wrong . Barbara Stoler Miller points out a further disparity between the morals of religious traditions , stating that in Hinduism , `` practically , right and wrong are decided according to the categories of social rank , kinship , and stages of life . For modern Westerners , who have been raised on ideals of universality and egalitarianism , this relativity of values and obligations is the aspect of Hinduism most difficult to understand . '' According to Stephen Gaukroger : `` It was generally assumed in the 17th century that religion provided the unique basis for morality , and that without religion , there could be no morality . '' This view slowly shifted over time . In 1690 , Pierre Bayle asserted that religion `` is neither necessary nor sufficient for morality '' . Modern sources separate the two concepts . For example , The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics says that , For many religious people , morality and religion are the same or inseparable ; for them either morality is part of religion or their religion is their morality . For others , especially for nonreligious people , morality and religion are distinct and separable ; religion may be immoral or nonmoral , and morality may or should be nonreligious . Even for some religious people the two are different and separable ; they may hold that religion should be moral and morality should be , but they agree that they may not be . Richard Paula and Linda Elder of the Foundation for Critical Thinking assert that , `` Most people confuse ethics with behaving in accordance with social conventions , religious beliefs , and the law . '' They separate the concept of ethics from these topics , stating : The proper role of ethical reasoning is to highlight acts of two kinds : those which enhance the well - being of others -- that warrant our praise -- and those that harm or diminish the well - being of others -- and thus warrant our criticism . They note problems that could arise if religions defined ethics , such as : religious practices like `` torturing unbelievers or burning them alive '' potentially being labeled `` ethical '' the lack of a common religious baseline across humanity because religions provide different theological definitions for the idea of sin They further note that various documents , such as the UN Declaration of Human Rights lay out `` transcultural '' and `` trans - religious '' ethical concepts and principles -- such as slavery , genocide , torture , sexism , racism , murder , assault , fraud , deceit , and intimidation -- which require no reliance on religion ( or social convention ) for us to understand they are `` ethically wrong '' . Armin Geertz suggests that `` the age - old assumption that religion produces morals and values is neither the only , nor the most parsimonious , hypothesis for religion '' . Religious frameworks ( edit ) Religions provide different ways of dealing with moral dilemmas . For example , there is no absolute prohibition on killing in Hinduism , which recognizes that it `` may be inevitable and indeed necessary '' in certain circumstances . In Christian traditions , certain acts are viewed in more absolute terms , such as abortion or divorce . In the latter case , a 2008 study by the Barna Group found that some denominations have a significantly higher divorce rate than those in non-religious demographic groups ( atheists and agnostics ) . However Catholics and Evangelical Christians had the lowest divorce rates and the agnostic / atheist group had by far the lowest number of married couples to begin with . According to Thomas Dixon , `` Many today ... argue that religious beliefs are necessary to provide moral guidance and standards of virtuous conduct in an otherwise corrupt , materialistic , and degenerate world . '' In the same vein , Christian theologian Ron Rhodes has remarked that `` it is impossible to distinguish evil from good unless one has an infinite reference point which is absolutely good . '' Thomas Dixon states , `` Religions certainly do provide a framework within which people can learn the difference between right and wrong . '' Religion and social dimensions ( edit ) According to global research done by Gallup on people from 145 countries , adherents of all the major world religions who attended religious services in the past week have higher rates of generosity such as donating money , volunteering , and helping a stranger than do their coreligionists who did not attend services ( non-attenders ) . Even for people who were nonreligious , those who said they attended religious services in the past week exhibited more generous behaviors . Another global study by Gallup on people from 140 countries showed that highly religious people are more likely to help others in terms of donating money , volunteering , and helping strangers despite them having , on average , lower incomes than those who are less religious or nonreligious . One study on pro-social sentiments showed that non-religious people were more inclined to show generosity in random acts of kindness , such as lending their possessions and offering a seat on a crowded bus or train . Religious people were less inclined when it came to seeing how much compassion motivated participants to be charitable in other ways , such as in giving money or food to a homeless person and to non-believers . A comprehensive study by Harvard University professor Robert Putnam found that religious people are more charitable than their irreligious counterparts . The study revealed that forty percent of worship service attending Americans volunteer regularly to help the poor and elderly as opposed to 15 % of Americans who never attend services . Moreover , religious individuals are more likely than non-religious individuals to volunteer for school and youth programs ( 36 % vs. 15 % ) , a neighborhood or civic group ( 26 % vs. 13 % ) , and for health care ( 21 % vs. 13 % ) . Other research has shown similar correlations between religiosity and giving . Some scientific studies show that the degree of religiosity is generally associated with higher ethical attitudes -- for example , surveys suggesting a positive connection between faith and altruism . The overall relationship between faith and crime is unclear . A 2001 review of studies on this topic found `` The existing evidence surrounding the effect of religion on crime is varied , contested , and inconclusive , and currently no persuasive answer exists as to the empirical relationship between religion and crime . '' Dozens of studies have been conducted on this topic since the twentieth century . A 2005 study by Gregory S. Paul argues for a positive correlation between the degree of public religiosity in a society and certain measures of dysfunction , however , an analysis published later in the same journal contends that a number of methodological and theoretical problems undermine any findings or conclusions taken from Paul 's research . In another response , Gary Jensen builds on and refines Paul 's study . His conclusion is that a `` complex relationship '' exists between religiosity and homicide `` with some dimensions of religiosity encouraging homicide and other dimensions discouraging it '' . Some works indicate that some societies with lower religiosity have lower crime rates -- especially violent crime , compared to some societies with higher religiosity . Phil Zuckerman notes that Denmark and Sweden , `` which are probably the least religious countries in the world , and possibly in the history of the world , '' enjoy `` among the lowest violent crime rates in the world ( and ) the lowest levels of corruption in the world . '' However , Zuckerman noted that none of these correlations mean that atheism and non-religiosity cause social well - being , instead existential security is what allows for atheism and non-religion to thrive in these societies . Modern research in criminology also acknowledges an inverse relationship between religion and crime , with some studies establishing this connection . A meta - analysis of 60 studies on religion and crime concluded , `` religious behaviors and beliefs exert a moderate deterrent effect on individuals ' criminal behavior '' . However , in his books about the materialism in Americas Evangelical Churches Ron Sider accuses fellow Christians of failing to do better than their secular counterparts in the percentage adhering to widely held moral standards ( e.g. , lying , theft and sexual infidelity ) . A Georgia State University study published in the academic journal Theoretical Criminology suggests that religion helps criminals to justify their crimes and might `` encourage '' it . The research concluded that `` many street offenders anticipate an early death , making them less prone to delay gratification , more likely to discount the future costs of crime , and thus more likely to offend '' . Criticism of religious values ( edit ) Religious values can diverge from commonly - held contemporary moral positions , such as those on murder , mass atrocities , and slavery . For example , Simon Blackburn states that `` apologists for Hinduism defend or explain away its involvement with the caste system , and apologists for Islam defend or explain away its harsh penal code or its attitude to women and infidels '' . In regard to Christianity , he states that the `` Bible can be read as giving us a carte blanche for harsh attitudes to children , the mentally handicapped , animals , the environment , the divorced , unbelievers , people with various sexual habits , and elderly women '' . He provides examples such as the phrase in Exodus 22 : 18 that has `` helped to burn alive tens or hundreds of thousands of women in Europe and America '' : `` Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live , '' and notes that the Old Testament God apparently has `` no problems with a slave - owning society '' , considers birth control a crime punishable by death , and `` is keen on child abuse '' . Blackburn notes morally suspect themes in the Bible 's New Testament as well . Philosopher David Hume stated that , `` The greatest crimes have been found , in many instances , to be compatible with a superstitious piety and devotion ; Hence it is justly regarded as unsafe to draw any inference in favor of a man 's morals , from the fervor or strictness of his religious exercises , even though he himself believe them sincere . '' Bertrand Russell said , `` There are also , in most religions , specific ethical tenets which do definite harm . The Catholic condemnation of birth control , if it could prevail , would make the mitigation of poverty and the abolition of war impossible . The Hindu beliefs that the cow is a sacred animal and that it is wicked for widows to remarry cause quite needless suffering . '' He asserts that You find this curious fact , that the more intense has been the religion of any period and the more profound has been the dogmatic belief , the greater has been the cruelty and the worse has been the state of affairs ... You find as you look around the world that every single bit of progress in humane feeling , every improvement in the criminal law , every step toward the diminution of war , every step toward better treatment of the colored races , or every mitigation of slavery , every moral progress that there has been in the world , has been consistently opposed by the organized churches of the world . According to Paul Copan , Jewish laws in the bible show an evolution of moral standards towards protecting the vulnerable , imposing a death penalty on those pursuing forced slavery and identifying slaves as persons and not property . According to Bertrand Russell , `` Clergymen almost necessarily fail in two ways as teachers of morals . They condemn acts which do no harm and they condone acts which do great harm . '' He cites an example of a clergyman who was warned by a physician that his wife would die if she had another ( her tenth ) child , but impregnated her regardless , which resulted in her death . `` No one condemned him ; he retained his benefice and married again . So long as clergymen continue to condone cruelty and condemn ' innocent ' pleasure , they can only do harm as guardians of the morals of the young . '' Russell further states that , `` The sense of sin which dominates many children and young people and often lasts on into later life is a misery and a source of distortion that serves no useful purpose of any sort or kind . '' Russel allows that religious sentiments have , historically , sometimes led to morally acceptable behavior , but asserts that , `` in the present day , ( 1954 ) such good as might be done by imputing a theological origin to morals is inextricably bound up with such grave evils that the good becomes insignificant in comparison . '' Secular morality ( edit ) Main article : Secular morality All the world 's major religions , with their emphasis on love , compassion , patience , tolerance , and forgiveness can and do promote inner values . But the reality of the world today is that grounding ethics in religion is no longer adequate . This is why I am increasingly convinced that the time has come to find a way of thinking about spirituality and ethics beyond religion altogether . The 14th Dalai Lama , Tenzin Gyatso , 10 September 2012 The 14th Dalai Lama , Tenzin Gyatso in 2007 There are number of secular value frameworks , such as consequentialism , freethought , humanism , and utilitarianism . Yet , there have been opposing views about the ability of both religious and secular moral frameworks to provide useful guides to right and wrong actions . Various non-religious commentators have supported the ability of secular value frameworks to provide useful guides . Bernard Williams argued that , `` Either one 's motives for following the moral word of God are moral motives , or they are not . If they are , then one is already equipped with moral motivations , and the introduction of God adds nothing extra . But if they are not moral motives , then they will be motives of such a kind that they can not appropriately motivate morality at all ... we reach the conclusion that any appeal to God in this connection either adds to nothing at all , or it adds the wrong sort of thing . '' Other observers criticize religious morals as incompatible with modern social norms . For example , popular atheist Richard Dawkins , writing in The God Delusion , has stated that religious people have committed a wide variety of acts and held certain beliefs through history that we now consider morally repugnant . He has stated that Adolf Hitler and the Nazis held broadly Christian religious beliefs that inspired the Holocaust on account of antisemitic Christian doctrine , that Christians have traditionally imposed unfair restrictions on the legal and civil rights of women , and that Christians have condoned slavery of some form or description throughout most of Christianity 's history . According to Paul Copan , the position of the Bible to slaves is a positive one for the slaves in that Jewish laws imposed a death penalty on those pursuing slavery and treated slaves as persons , not property . See also ( edit ) Criticism of Christianity # Ethics Criticism of Islam # Morality Ethics in religion Morality without religion Notes ( edit ) a . Zuckerman identifies that Scandinavians have `` relatively high rates of petty crime and burglary '' , but `` their overall rates of violent crime -- such as murder , aggravated assault , and rape -- are among the lowest on earth '' ( Zuckerman 2008 , pp. 5 -- 6 ) . b . The authors also state that `` A few hundred years ago rates of homicide were astronomical in Christian Europe and the American colonies , '' and `` ( t ) he least theistic secular developing democracies such as Japan , France , and Scandinavia have been most successful in these regards . '' They argue for a positive correlation between the degree of public religiosity in a society and certain measures of dysfunction , an analysis published later in the same journal argues that a number of methodological problems undermine any findings or conclusions in the research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Esptein , Greg M. ( 2010 ) . Good Without God : What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe . New York : HarperCollins . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 167011 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Rachels , ( ed ) James ; Rachels , ( ed ) Stuart ( 2011 ) . The Elements of Moral Philosophy ( 7 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 803824 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Childress , ( ed ) James F. ; Macquarrie , ( ed ) John ( 1986 ) . The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics . Philadelphia : The Westminster Press . p. 401 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 20940 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Blackburn , Simon ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bodhippriya Subhadra Siriwardena , ' The Buddhist perspective of lay morality ' , 1996 Jump up ^ Edgar Saint George , `` Religion 's Effects On Crime Rates '' Jump up ^ Peggy Morgan , `` Buddhism . '' In Morgan , Peggy ; Lawton , Clive A. , eds. ( 2007 ) . Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions ( Second ed . ) . Columbia University Press . pp. 61 , 88 -- 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2330 - 3 . Jump up ^ Miller , Barbara Stoler ( 2004 ) . The Bhagavad Gita : Krishna 's Counsel in Time of War . New York : Random House . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 21365 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Gaukroger , Stephen ( 2012 ) . Objectivity : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960669 - 6 . Jump up ^ Childress , ( ed ) James F. ; Macquarrie , ( ed ) John ( 1986 ) . The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics . Philadelphia : The Westminster Press . p. 400 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 20940 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Paul , Richard ; Elder , Linda ( 2006 ) . The Miniature Guide to Understanding the Foundations of Ethical Reasoning . United States : Foundation for Critical Thinking Free Press . pp. np . ISBN 0 - 944583 - 17 - 2 . Jump up ^ Geertz , Armin W. ( 2014 ) . `` Whence religion ? How the brain constructs the world and what this might tell us about the origins of religion , cognition and culture '' . In Geertz , Armin W. Origins of Religion , Cognition and Culture . Religion , Cognition and Culture . Routledge . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 54456 - 2 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 19 . ( ... ) the age - old assumption that religion produces morals and values is neither the only , nor the most parsimonious , hypothesis for religion . Jump up ^ Werner Menski , `` Hinduism . '' In Morgan , Peggy ; Lawton , Clive A. , eds. ( 2007 ) . Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions ( Second ed . ) . Columbia University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2330 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barna Group ( 31 March 2008 ) . `` New Marriage and Divorce Statistics Released '' . Barna Group . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Thomas ( 2008 ) . Science and Religion : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929551 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ron Rhodes . `` Strategies for Dialoguing with Atheists '' . Reasoning from the Scriptures Ministries . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stark , Rodney ; Smith , Buster G. ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` Religious Attendance Relates to Generosity Worldwide '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Steve ; Pelham , Brett ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` Worldwide , Highly Religious More Likely to Help Others '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ Highly Religious People Are Less Motivated by Compassion Than Are Non-Believers by Science Daily Jump up ^ Laura R. Saslow , Robb Willer , Matthew Feinberg , Paul K. Piff , Katharine Clark , Dacher Keltner and Sarina R. Saturn My Brother 's Keeper ? Compassion Predicts Generosity More Among Less Religious Individuals ^ Jump up to : `` Religious citizens more involved -- and more scarce ? '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Campbell , David ; Putnam , Robert ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Religious people are ' better neighbors ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Arthur . `` Religious Faith and Charitable Giving '' . Jump up ^ Kerley , Kent R. ; Matthews , Todd L. ; Blanchard , Troy C. ( 2005 ) . `` Religiosity , Religious Participation , and Negative Prison Behaviors '' . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 44 ( 4 ) : 443 -- 457 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 5906.2005. 00296. x . Jump up ^ Saroglou , Vassilis ; Pichon , Isabelle ; Trompette , Laurence ; Verschueren , Marijke ; Dernelle , Rebecca ( 2005 ) . `` Prosocial Behavior and Religion : New Evidence Based on Projective Measures and Peer Ratings '' . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 44 ( 3 ) : 323 -- 348 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 5906.2005. 00289. x . Jump up ^ Regnerus , Mark D. ; Burdette , Amy ( 2006 ) . `` Religious Change and Adolescent Family Dynamics '' . The Sociological Quarterly . 47 ( 1 ) : 175 -- 194 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1533 - 8525.2006. 00042. x . Jump up ^ Conroy , S.J. ; Emerson , T.L.N. ( 2004 ) . `` Business Ethics and Religion : Religiosity as a Predictor of Ethical Awareness Among Students '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 50 ( 4 ) : 383 -- 396 . doi : 10.1023 / B : BUSI. 0000025040.41263. 09 . Jump up ^ e.g. a survey by Robert Putnam showing that membership of religious groups was positively correlated with membership of voluntary organizations Jump up ^ Baier , Colin J. ; Wright , Bradley R.E. ( February 2001 ) . `` '' If You Love Me , Keep My Commandments `` : A Meta - analysis of the Effect of Religion on Crime '' ( PDF ) . 38 . No. 1 . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency : 3 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Original in italics . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Gregory S. ( 2005 ) . `` Cross-National Correlations of Quantifiable Societal Health with Popular Religiosity and Secularism in the Prosperous Democracies : A First Look '' . Journal of Religion and Society . Baltimore , Maryland . 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gerson Moreno - Riaño ; Mark Caleb Smith ; Thomas Mach ( 2006 ) . `` Religiosity , Secularism , and Social Health '' . Journal of Religion and Society . Cedarville University . 8 . Jump up ^ Gary F. Jensen ( 2006 ) Department of Sociology , Vanderbilt University Religious Cosmologies and Homicide Rates among Nations : A Closer Look http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/2006/2006-7.html http://moses.creighton.edu/JRS/pdf/2006-7.pdf Journal of Religion and Society , Volume 8 , ISSN 1522 - 5658 http://purl.org/JRS Jump up ^ Paul , Gregory S. ( 2005 ) . `` Cross-National Correlations of Quantifiable Societal Health with Popular Religiosity and Secularism in the Prosperous Democracies : A First Look '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Religion and Society . Baltimore , Maryland . 7 : 4 , 5 , 8 , and 10 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Phil . Society Without God : What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us about Contentment . New York : New York University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9714 - 3 . Zuckerman 's work is based on his studies conducted during a 14 - month period in Scandinavia in 2005 -- 2006 of 150 people . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Phil ( 2007 ) . Martin , Michael , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Atheism . Cambridge Univ . Press . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 60367 - 6 . Jump up ^ As is stated in : Doris C. Chu ( 2007 ) . Religiosity and Desistance From Drug Use . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 2007 ; 34 ; 661 originally published online Mar 7 , 2007 ; doi : 10.1177 / 0093854806293485 Jump up ^ For example : Albrecht , S.I. , Chadwick , B.A. , & Alcorn , D.S. ( 1977 ) . Religiosity and deviance : Application of an attitude - behavior contingent consistency model . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 16 , 263 -- 274 . Burkett , S. , & White , M. ( 1974 ) . Hellfire and delinquency : Another look . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 13,455 -- 462 . Chard - Wierschem , D. ( 1998 ) . In pursuit of the `` true '' relationship : A longitudinal study of the effects of religiosity on delinquency and substance abuse . Ann Arbor , MI : UMI Dissertation . Cochran , J.K. , & Akers , R.L. ( 1989 ) . Beyond Hellfire : An explanation of the variable effects of religiosity on adolescent marijuana and alcohol use . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 26 , 198 -- 225 . Evans , T.D. , Cullen , F.T. , Burton , V.S. , Jr. , Dunaway , R.G. , Payne , G.L. , & Kethineni , S.R. ( 1996 ) . Religion , social bonds , and delinquency . Deviant Behavior , 17 , 43 -- 70 . Grasmick , H.G. , Bursik , R.J. , & Cochran , J.K. ( 1991 ) . `` Render unto Caesar what is Caesar 's '' : Religiosity and taxpayer 's inclinations to cheat . The Sociological Quarterly , 32 , 251 -- 266 . Higgins , P.C. , & Albrecht , G.L. ( 1977 ) . Hellfire and delinquency revisited . Social Forces , 55 , 952 -- 958 . Johnson , B.R. , Larson , D.B. , DeLi , S. , & Jang , S.J. ( 2000 ) . Escaping from the crime of inner cities : Church attendance and religious salience among disadvantaged youth . Justice Quarterly , 17 , 377 -- 391 . Johnson , R.E. , Marcos , A.C. , & Bahr , S.J. ( 1987 ) . The role of peers in the complex etiology of adolescent drug use . Criminology , 25 , 323 -- 340 . Powell , K. ( 1997 ) . Correlates of violent and nonviolent behavior among vulnerable inner - city youths . Family and Community Health , 20 , 38 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Baier , C.J. , & Wright , B.R. ( 2001 ) . `` If you love me , keep my commandments '' : A meta - analysis of the effect of religion on crime . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 38 , 3 -- 21 . Jump up ^ See , for instance , Ronald J. Sider , The Scandal of the Evangelical Conscience : Why Are Christians Living Just Like the Rest of the World ? ( Grand Rapids , Mich. : Baker , 2005 ) . Sider quotes extensively from polling research by The Barna Group showing that moral behavior of evangelical Christians is unexemplary . Jump up ^ `` New Study Suggests Religion May Help Criminals Justify Their Crimes '' . www.slate.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Volkan Topalli ; Timothy Brezina ; Mindy Bernhardt ( February 2013 ) . `` With God on my side : The paradoxical relationship between religious belief and criminality among hardcore street offenders '' . Theoretical Criminology . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Simon ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Simon ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Simon ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 10 , 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Simon ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Jump up ^ David Hume , `` The Natural History of Religion . '' In Hitchens , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Portable Atheist : Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever . Philadelphia : Da Capo Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81608 - 6 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1957 ) . Why I Am Not a Christian : And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects . New York : George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. vii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 20323 - 8 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1957 ) . Why I Am Not a Christian : And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects . New York : George Allen & Unwin Ltd . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 20323 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Copan , Paul . `` Does the Old Testament Endorse Slavery ? An Overview '' . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1957 ) . Why I Am Not a Christian : And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects . New York : George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 20323 - 8 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1957 ) . Why I Am Not a Christian : And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects . New York : George Allen & Unwin Ltd . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 20323 - 8 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1957 ) . Why I Am Not a Christian : And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects . New York : George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 20323 - 8 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1957 ) . Why I Am Not a Christian : And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects . New York : George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 20323 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dalai Lama ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` Dalai Lama '' . Facebook . Facebook . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Bernard ( 1972 ) . Morality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45729 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Richard ( 2006 ) . The God Delusion . Boston , New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 262 -- 279 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 68000 - 4 . Jump up ^ Paul , Gregory S. ( 2005 ) . `` Cross-National Correlations of Quantifiable Societal Health with Popular Religiosity and Secularism in the Prosperous Democracies : A First Look '' . Journal of Religion and Society . Baltimore , Maryland . 7 : 4 , 5 , 8 . Jump up ^ Paul , Gregory S. ( 2005 ) . `` Cross-National Correlations of Quantifiable Societal Health with Popular Religiosity and Secularism in the Prosperous Democracies : A First Look '' . Journal of Religion and Society . Baltimore , Maryland . 7 : 11 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morality_and_religion&oldid=799033800 '' Categories : Morality Religious ethics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : external links All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 07 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Morality and religion
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-2,835,726,480,328,573,000 | wizards of waverly place season 1 free download | Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 1 ) - wikipedia Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 1 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 1 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Wizards of Waverly Place season one cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 21 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Disney Channel Original release October 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) -- August 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 31 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Next → Season 2 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes The first season of Wizards of Waverly Place aired on Disney Channel from October 12 , 2007 to August 31 , 2008 . The season introduces the Russo children , Alex ( Selena Gomez ) , Justin ( David Henrie ) , and Max Russo ( Jake T. Austin ) as they compete to become the leading wizard in their family . Maria Canals Barrera and David DeLuise star as their parents and Jennifer Stone co-stars as Alex 's best friend , Harper Finkle Guest stars and recurring cast include : Amanda Tepe as Monotone Woman , Skyler Samuels as Gigi Hollingsworth , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Daryl Sabara as T.J. Taylor , Brian Kubach as Riley , Shane Lyons as Manny Kin , Eric Allan Kramer as Coach Gunderson , Chelsea Staub as Kari Langsdorf , Sara Paxton as Millie , Julie Brown as Ms. Angela and Jeff Garlin as Uncle Kelbo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Premise 3 Theme Song 4 Release 5 Descriptions of the Russo children 6 Cast 7 Episodes 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) The series was created and as executive produced by Todd J. Greenwald , who began developing the show after working as a writer and consulting producer during the first season of Hannah Montana . The show is produced by It 's a Laugh Productions and Disney Channel Original Productions . The theme song , `` Everything Is Not What It Seems '' , written by John Adair and Steve Hampton , is of techno - pop style and is performed by Selena Gomez . The series is filmed at Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood , California . Premise ( edit ) Set on Waverly Place in Manhattan , New York 's Greenwich Village neighborhood , Wizards of Waverly Place centers on the Italian - Mexican Russo family , which includes Alex ( Selena Gomez ) , her older brother Justin ( David Henrie ) and their younger brother Max ( Jake T. Austin ) . The three Russo siblings are wizards in training and live with their Italian - American father Jerry ( David DeLuise ) , a former wizard , and their Mexican - American mother Theresa , who is a mortal . Alex also has a mortal friend , Harper ( Jennifer Stone ) , who at first does not know the Russos are wizards . Theme song ( edit ) The theme song begins with Alex ( Selena Gomez ) waking up in the morning with her alarm clock going off . She uses a spell to make the time 6 : 30 . She then goes into the bathroom where Justin ( David Henrie ) is looking at himself in the mirror and spitting out mouthwash when Alex pushes him to the side . He gets annoyed and then uses magic to trap her in the mirror . In the kitchen , Max ( Jake T. Austin ) has an orange which he turns into a vanilla cupcake . Meanwhile , Harper ( Jennifer Stone ) meets Alex at the front door and shows off her watermelon shirt . Back at the kitchen , Max is about to put his cupcake into his backpack when his mother , Theresa ( Maria Canals Barrera ) , makes him turn it back into an orange . Alex is telling Max to hurry up . In the lair , Jerry ( David DeLuise ) is talking to someone when his spell book flies away . He then goes to retrieve it . In the sub shop , Alex opens her book bag , which the spell book goes into ( meanwhile Harper was distracted not seeing anything ) . Jerry lectures her as the main title card appears . Then the four friends walk to school . Throughout the sequence , the furniture in the background seems to be moving around . Release ( edit ) The show debuted on Disney Channel on October 12 , 2007 after the premiere of Twitches Too , gathering 5.9 million viewers . In February 2009 , the episode `` Helping Hand '' broke the record for the largest audience in the 7 : 00 PM ( Eastern Time ) time period on the Disney Channel , with a total of 4.5 million viewers . In January 2010 , `` Wizards vs. Werewolves '' one - hour special episode became the series ' most - watched episode with 6.2 million viewers , surpassing the 6 million viewers of `` Paint By Committee '' episode In 2009 , the series was the top scripted telecast for teens between the age of 9 -- 14 ( 1.63 million / 6.7 rating ) and second in kids 6 -- 11 ( 1.81 million / 7.4 rating ) , which was only slightly behind `` The Suite Life on Deck '' ( 1.82 million / 7.4 rating . ) Descriptions of the Russo children ( edit ) Alex is the naughty one , always getting scolded for using magic without permission . She is so desperate to get the `` no free - wheeling magic '' rule lifted that she at one point gets her classmate , T.J. Taylor , also a wizard , to charm her parents into allowing it . However , this backfires and her parents do n't care that they took a trip to Mars and Alex forgot her brother there . Throughout this series , Alex has one main love interest . She has a crush on her classmate , Riley , and at first humiliates herself once her brothers get revenge in front of him , but he puts that aside . Riley appears to return her feelings , as he asks her brother if she ever talks about him . She tells him she 's his good luck charm as an attempt to impress him , and uses magic to make him believe her . They begin to date , but Riley soon breaks up with her when she 's being paranoid about him looking at other girls . She animates a mannequin , Manny Kin , from a shop and makes Riley jealous , but Manny falls in love with her . She later gets a crush on Brad Sherwood , whose competing against her brother for their principal 's attention . She continuously drops hints , but when he does n't get it , she tries to give him a love potion . It backfires , however , and she drinks both halves , meaning she falls passionately in love with herself . After her brother wins over Brad , Brad asks her out , but Alex realizes she was only a backup , so she rejects him . Justin is the smart one who always follows the rules , but is willing to accept an alternate approach now and then . He at first has a crush on Miranda ( Lucy Hale ) , a classmate . With a lot of help from his sister , he finally gets his first kiss with her , but they break up soon enough for differences . He then gets a crush on another classmate , Kari Landsdorf , but can not ask her out as she only dates baseball players . Justin uses magic to join the baseball team and then Kari notices him . When Justin asks her out , he realizes she only sees films about cats . After hearing this , Justin walks away , saying they can wait until a cat movie comes out . However , they never get around to it , as Kari never makes another appearance . When the Sub Station employs Millie , Justin gets a crush on her . When he asks her out , she misunderstands and he 's stuck babysitting her cousin while she goes on their date with her boyfriend . Max is the dimwitted odd one of the family . He has a different approach to things and does n't understand most things . Cast ( edit ) Selena Gomez as Alex Russo David Henrie as Justin Russo Jake T. Austin as Max Russo Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo David DeLuise as Jerry Russo Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes This season consists of 21 episodes . Filmed from July 2007 to December 2007 . Wizards of Waverly Place Season 1 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Crazy 10 - Minute Sale '' Fred Savage Todd J. Greenwald October 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) 102 5.9 <Td_colspan="8"> Alex wants to go to The Crazy 10 - Minute Sale , an annual clothing sale which lasts for ten minutes where every item is very inexpensive in order to get a jacket she wants at a very low sale price . Unfortunately , her dad will not let her go because she has wizard class that day . However , after duplicating herself using the Edgebono Utoosis spell , she leaves her clone at wizard class . But the clone will not talk but bark like a dog . Alex 's plans to find the jacket change when Harper informs her that her mom is at the sale with her , and Gigi , her enemy , hides the jacket . When Alex 's dad finds out she skipped class , he goes and gets her . While he is gone , Max gets a new wand and toys with Alex 's clone . But whatever Max does to the clone using the E-Mimic feature on his wand , Alex does the same thing , exposing her clearly to her mom and dad . Alex exposes Gigi 's real name ( Gertrude ) in order to get the jacket . Guest star : Skyler Samuels as Gigi `` First Kiss '' Joe Regalbuto Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio October 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) 104 4.8 <Td_colspan="8"> Justin is going out with a girl called Miranda , but he can not seem to work up the courage to kiss her . Meanwhile , Max creates a sandwich that is among the few being considered to become the official sandwich of the New York Mets . Justin goes to the cinema with Miranda , where he tries to kiss her but messes it up . Alex uses a spell to rewind time to give Justin another chance to kiss Miranda , which he botches again and again , and Alex ends up rewinding time for Justin 17 times . As this is happening , Alex 's time manipulation affects what the officials from the New York Mets think of Max 's sandwich . The spell to rewind time ( which purportedly gives mortals déjà vu ) makes Max 's unique sandwich ultimately bore the taste testers , who are unaware that they have in fact tasted Max 's sandwich 17 times . This ruins the chances for it to become the New York Mets ' official sandwich . Jerry , who is at the sandwich tasting , deduces that Alex keeps rewinding time and heads to the cinema to stop her . In the end , he is supportive of Justin and lets Alex rewind time for a final eighteenth occurrence for Justin to get his first kiss . The family 's frustration over the sandwich fiasco is quickly forgotten when they discover that Justin just had his first kiss . When it is discovered that Alex has not yet had her own first kiss , Justin teases her , but she gets back at him by kissing a random boy right in front of him the next day . Guest stars : Lucy Hale as Miranda , Wayne Federman as Mr. Kaminsky , Bryant Johnson as Matt , Jim Wise as Mr. Malone `` I Almost Drowned in a Chocolate Fountain '' Joe Regalbuto Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 26 ) 105 3.7 <Td_colspan="8"> Alex decides to cheat on her Spanish test using pocket elves , who have in - depth knowledge of diverse subjects . She cheats successfully and is allowed to go on a date that night with Riley . To get revenge for Alex 's snitching , Justin and Max try to plant the pocket elf in her purse , who then bites her , causing her to have Chocoholism ( an uncontrollable craving for chocolate ) . Guest stars : Brian Kubach as Riley , Al Madrigal as Spanish Pocket Elf , Jack Plotnick as Pocket Elf `` New Employee '' Bob Berlinger Peter Murrieta November 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) 107 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> After Harper complains that she and Alex never spend time together anymore , Alex decides to tell her parents to hire Harper . She somehow convinces her parents to actually hire her , but it turns out that Harper is a complete klutz and has never worked a real day in her life . After Harper causes complete destruction for an hour , Alex 's parents tell her to either make Harper improve immediately or they will fire her . Alex uses `` The Serving Wench Spell '' to help Harper overcome her skills of an oaf . However , her plan backfires when Harper becomes a strict workaholic , leading Alex to fire her best friend . Meanwhile , Justin starts a tutoring business that makes the young local tutor Frankie mad . Frankie tries to get back at Justin by having a bunch of kids try to beat him up . In order to get back at Frankie , Justin gets his dumb , yet strong , students to scare and beat up Frankie and his friends in the yogurt parlor . Harper has been working for only a few hours but suddenly becomes Employee of the Month . Alex then runs into the scene , where Harper is making everyone who wants to use the restroom order something . Alex tries very badly to apologize to Harper , which does not exactly work out , so she uses another spell to ruin Harper 's great waitressing skills . They make up while covered in frozen yogurt . Guest star : Paulie Litt as Frankie Absent : Jake T. Austin as Max Russo 5 5 `` Disenchanted Evening '' Mark Cendrowski Jack Sanderson November 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 09 ) 114 4.6 <Td_colspan="8"> Alex meets fellow wizard TJ Taylor at school , who charmed his parents with magic to let him use magic anytime he wants . This is what Alex wants from her more conservative mom and dad ; in a twisted turn of events , Jerry and Theresa are charmed by a noodle kugel to obey Alex 's wishes , but Alex soon dislikes their laid - back attitude and tries to restore them to their usual selves . Guest star : Daryl Sabara as T.J. Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 6 6 `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Carpet '' Fred Savage Peter Murrieta November 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 10 ) 101 4.0 <Td_colspan="8"> Alex stumbles upon Jerry 's old magic carpet and convinces him to give her flying lessons . Having treated Alex as his little girl all her life , he does not want her to grow up and gets impatient while teaching her how to fly . When Alex flies into a building , Jerry gets very mad and says she is not yet ready for lessons . Alex asks Justin to help her , and Justin decides to help her and gives her lessons . Jerry gives Alex another shot at lessons and while they are riding Jerry notices that Alex has improved . Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 7 7 `` Alex 's Choice '' Bob Berlinger Matt Goldman November 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 16 ) 109 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> Gigi invites Alex and Harper to her annual tea party held at the Hotel Fleur Dubladubladufladufla . Alex tries to convince Harper not to go , because she learns that Gigi plans to embarrass Harper by crowning her the biggest loser with the crown with the pink upper case letter `` L . '' Meanwhile , Justin and Max send out a prank letter in the Wizard Mail , one where they claim they are lost on an island in `` The Lava Sea '' , and they and Theresa , who let them into the lair , get into trouble by emergency wizards . Guest stars : Skyler Samuels as Gigi , Brian Scolaro as Goblin , Michael A. Shepperd as Officer Lamp Absent : David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 8 8 `` Curb Your Dragon '' Bob Berlinger Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein November 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 30 ) 108 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> Alex buys Justin an enchanted dragon disguised as a Beagle because she feels bad she lost his other dog nine years ago . However , since it can still breathe fire and fly they have to hide from their parents that the dog is a dragon saying it is a lost dog and hanging up posters . One day , while they are at school , the dragon seller comes back , claims the dog and enters it in the local dog show where Alex , Justin , and Max must outsmart the dragon seller and retrieve Dragon . Guest stars : Paulie Litt as Frankie , Taylor Negron as Dragon Seller Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 9 9 `` Movies '' Mark Cendrowski Justin Varava December 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 14 ) 113 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> Alex makes friends with one of Justin 's friends and tries to get into a horror movie she 's too young for with them . Tired of being treated young by her parents and Justin , she accidentally transports herself into the movie , Night of the Halloween Sorority Party Disaster 2 , forcing Justin to save her . Meanwhile , Theresa treats Max like a baby when she has trouble accepting that Alex and Justin are growing up . Note : Dan Benson , who portrays Zach Rosenblack in this episode , later portrays Zeke Beakerman . Guest stars : Tiffany Thornton as Susan , Malese Jow as Ruby Donahue Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 10 10 `` Pop Me and We Both Go Down '' Bob Berlinger Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio January 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 06 ) 103 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> When Justin gets a big zit on his forehead right before the school dance , Alex tries to get rid of it and accidentally uses an animation spell on it causing Justin to face trouble his zit gets him into at the dance . Meanwhile , Alex searches for her father 's trophy as she accidentally animated it and so she can learn the reversal spell to un-animate Justin 's zit when she found the trophy . But in the end Justin finds out that Miranda , the girl in his biology class , has a zit as well . Guest stars : Lucy Hale as Miranda , Charlie Bodin as Trophy Man , J.R. May as Large Boyfriend , Zone as DJ , Curtis Armstrong as The Zit Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 11 11 `` Potion Commotion '' Bob Berlinger Todd J. Greenwald February 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) 110 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> Justin wants to be chosen for the World School Summit at the U.N. , but he faces tough competition from a popular classmate Alex is infatuated with . Alex plans to use a love potion to make him fall in love with her , also helping Justin to sabotage his meeting . Unfortunately , Alex accidentally drinks the entire potion instead of just half and becomes obsessed with herself . After the potion wears off , it seems to have some after - effects ; Alex mails herself mass amounts of flowers . Meanwhile , Max 's wizard powers begin to develop , and he must wear a goofy hat to control them while his powers settle in . Guest stars : Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate , Shane Lyons as Brad Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 12 12 `` Justin 's Little Sister '' Andrew Tsao Eve Weston March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) 117 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> When Alex gets annoyed that everyone is constantly comparing her to Justin , she makes a wish with a Genie that her family and teachers will stop comparing her to him . Instead , the Genie cons her , causing everyone except Alex to forget who Justin is . Alex messes up her last wish , turning Justin invisible . After explaining the situation to Jerry , Max manages to confuse the genie and she gives him one free wish , in which he wishes for the reset button , which allows them to reverse all damage done by the Genie . Guest stars : Candace Brown as Genie , Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate 13 13 `` Wizard School '' ( Part 1 ) Mark Cendrowski Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio April 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) 111 3.7 <Td_colspan="8"> Jerry and Theresa send Alex and Justin over the summer to a wizard school called Wiz Tech , presided over by teacher Dr. Evilini . While Justin excels , Alex constantly gets into trouble . But Alex soon uncovers an evil plot to steal Justin 's powers . Meanwhile , Max and Jerry camp out on the terrace after Theresa questions their `` man - hood '' . Guest stars : Octavia Spencer as Dr. Evilini , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , J. Evan Bonifant as Jerko Phoenix Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 14 14 `` Wizard School '' ( Part 2 ) Mark Cendrowski Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein April 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) 112 3.7 <Td_colspan="8"> Alex tries to stop Wiz Tech teacher Dr. Evilini from draining Justin 's powers during a school championship tournament of a wizard 's table tennis-esque sport called 12 Ball . Justin gets pitted against a boy named Jerko Phoenix , the only one to simultaneously play 11 balls the year before . At the end of the 12 ball tournament , Alex uses a truth spell on Dr. Evilini to get her arrested and to prevent Justin from getting his powers drained . Meanwhile , a woman tries to run the Waverly Sub Station out of business by advertising a restaurant called The Salad Bowl . Guest stars : Octavia Spencer as Dr. Evilini , Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous , Amanda Tepe as Information Desk Lady , J Evan Bonifant as Jerko Phoenix , Ian Abercrombie as Headmaster Crumbs , Robyn Moran as Salad Bowl Girl Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 15 15 `` The Supernatural '' Mark Cendrowski Matt Goldman May 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 18 ) 115 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> Justin uses magic to land a spot on the school 's baseball team so he can impress a girl named Kari ( Chelsea Kane ) . Meanwhile , Alex tries to impress Riley by making him think she 's the team 's good luck charm . Guest stars : Brian Kubach as Riley , Chelsea Staub as Kari Landsdorf , Michael Patrick McGill as Ump Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo 16 16 `` Alex in the Middle '' Bob Berlinger Matt Goldman June 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 15 ) 106 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> Jerry 's wizard brother , Kelbo Russo , visits . He shows the kids a different , less conservative style of wizard training from that which Jerry uses ( namely , actually letting them use their powers ) . Finding Kelbo more fun than Jerry , Alex appoints him as her new wizard teacher over her own father , but Kelbo quickly proves to be just as childish and irresponsible with his powers as Alex is with her own , and ends up endangering them both . They are saved by Jerry , who then reveals a secret that he had kept from them : he originally defeated Kelbo in the wizard competition , but , as wizards are forbidden to marry mortals , gave his powers up to Kelbo anyway in order to marry Theresa . Guest stars : Jeff Garlin as Uncle Kelbo , Eric Allan Kramer as Coach Gunderson Absent : Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle 17 17 `` Report Card '' Andrew Tsao Gigi McCreery , Perry Rein & Peter Murrieta June 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 29 ) 118 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> Alex , Justin , and Max get their wizard report cards . To hide the fact that she got a failing grade , Alex attempts to destroy the report card numerous times , all of which are unsuccessful . When Jerry and Theresa become suspicious , Alex , in a panic , turns them into guinea pigs . After Professor Crumbs finds out that Alex lied about her parents and her report card , he suspends Alex 's powers for irresponsibility . Max and Justin lose the guinea pigs , not realizing who they actually are , and are brought up to speed by Alex . After finding them and changing them back , Professor Crumbs , shocked by how much trouble Alex has caused , decides to permanently strip Alex of her powers , but Justin stands up for her , explaining that cleaning up after Alex makes him a better wizard . Moved by Justin 's loyalty to his younger sister , and seeing that Alex has learned her lesson , Crumbs gives Alex back her powers and departs . Guest stars : Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs , Charlie Adler as Report Card 18 18 `` Credit Check '' Fred Savage Todd J. Greenwald July 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 06 ) 121 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> Alex 's keen fashion sense leads her to begin an internship with a fashion magazine , but her employer takes credit for all of her ideas . She then plans a fashion show with Harper 's distasteful clothing style to take revenge on him . Meanwhile , Justin tries to impress a new girl , Millie , working at the Sub Station , but finds out to his dismay that she has a boyfriend . Guest stars : Julia Duffy as Ms. Angela , Jeffrey Christopher Todd as Jeffrey , Sara Paxton as Millie 19 19 `` Alex 's Spring Fling '' Victor Gonzalez Matt Goldman July 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 20 ) 119 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> Riley dumps Alex because he is becoming tired of the way Alex constantly acts jealous . She then plans to turn the tables on Riley by making him jealous instead . To do so , Alex animates a mannequin , naming him `` Manny Kin '' , and pretends when in front of Riley that they are developing a relationship . However , Manny genuinely falls in love with Alex , preventing her from being able to change him back to a mannequin . Alex then animates Justin 's precious action figure Calico Woman and tries to make Manny fall in love with her . Meanwhile , Justin is left in charge of the house when Jerry and Theresa go out of town , and his position of authority goes to his head . Guest stars : Brian Kubach as Riley , Lauren Phillips as Calico Girl , Matt Smith as Manny Absent : Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo , David DeLuise as Jerry Russo 20 20 `` Quinceañera '' Andrew Tsao Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein August 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 10 ) 116 3.7 <Td_colspan="8"> The family prepares for Alex 's Quinceañera , a traditional celebration to mark her journey to womanhood on her 15th birthday . Theresa takes control of the plans , turns it into the party that she wants , and refuses to listen to Alex 's objections . This eventually irritates Alex to the point that she switches bodies with Theresa , who was not able to have a Quinceañera of her own when she was 15 . Also joining in the party is Grandma Magdalena , who forgets her responsibility to teach Max and Justin to salsa dance . In the end , after all is resolved , Theresa realizes her error and allows Alex to have the party that she wants . Guest stars : Belita Moreno as Magdalena , Gabrielle Dennis as Candace 21 21 `` Art Museum Piece '' Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio August 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 31 ) 120 N / A <Td_colspan="8"> When Alex decides to use magic to take a shortcut on her Art History Assignment , she brings historical masterpieces to life , such as Mona Lisa , The Blue Boy , Vincent van Gogh , and The Scream , in order to answer questions on her worksheet correctly . Meanwhile , Max and Jerry play football in the house using a spell which spreads to Theresa . Guest stars : Julie Brown as Miss Marinovich , Danielle Bisutti as Mona Lisa , Britt Prentice as Babe Ruth References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Nielsens : Friday night was ' Murder ' on ABC '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Shines with `` Night of Stars '' Programming Event `` . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' Hits Series Highs with 6.2 Million Viewers `` . Jump up ^ Princess Protection Program is TV 's No. 1 Entertainment Telecast of 2009 in Kids 6 -- 11 and Tweens 9 -- 14 Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Sets New Viewing Records in 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wizards of Waverly Place '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Nielsens : Cable 's most - watched shows , Oct. 15 -- 21 '' . USA Today . October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top Cable : MNF Back on Track 10 / 22 -- October 28 , 2007 '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Cable November 5 -- 11 , 2007 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen 's Most Watched Shows ( Cable Networks ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Cable TV Ratings for the Week ending August 10 , 2008 : TNT 's ' The Closer ' Bests WWE , Saving Grace and NASCAR -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) List of Wizards of Waverly Place ( season 1 ) episodes at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> hide Wizards of Waverly Place Characters Alex Russo Episodes Seasons : ( 1 4 ) `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' Related Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex Soundtrack Video game Spellbound Disney Channel All Star Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wizards_of_Waverly_Place_(season_1)&oldid=845830738 '' Categories : 2007 American television seasons 2008 American television seasons Wizards of Waverly Place Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 12 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Wizards of Waverly Place season 1
2. Cast of Wizards of Waverly Place season 1
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4. Theme song of Wizards of Waverly Place
5. Release and reception of Wizards of Waverly Place season 1 |
-9,206,810,958,045,127,000 | where do you get national insurance number from | National Insurance number - wikipedia National Insurance number Jump to : navigation , search The National Insurance number is a number used in the United Kingdom in the administration of the National Insurance or social security system . It is also used for some purposes in the UK tax system . The number is described by the United Kingdom government as a `` personal account number '' . The number is sometimes referred to as a NI No or NINO . Contents ( hide ) 1 Allocation of number 2 Format 3 Temporary numbers 4 Administrative numbers 5 Numbercards 6 Crown dependencies 7 Use for tax purposes 8 Use for identification 9 References 10 External links Allocation of number ( edit ) People born and resident in the UK are assigned a Child Reference Number shortly after birth when a claim is made for Child Benefit . At age 15 years 9 months HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) notifies each child of their NI number . In 1993 , a one - off mass allocation of NI numbers was made to all children under the age of 16 whose parents were in receipt of Child Benefit . As a result of this , siblings who met the criteria above were allocated NI numbers sequentially . Persons from abroad who wish to work in the UK , or those to whom a number was not initially allocated as children , must apply for a number through the Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) . The prefixes used are typically different from those used in the normal run . Format ( edit ) The format of the number is two prefix letters , six digits , and one suffix letter . The example used is typically QQ123456C . Often , the number is printed with spaces to pair off the digits , like this : QQ 12 34 56 C . Neither of the first two letters can be D , F , I , Q , U or V . The second letter also can not be O . The prefixes BG , GB , NK , KN , TN , NT and ZZ are not allocated . Validation lists of issued two - letter prefixes are published from time to time . After the two prefix letters , the six digits are issued sequentially from 00 00 00 to 99 99 99 . The last two digits determine the day of the week on which various social security benefits are payable and when unemployed claimants need to attend their Jobcentre to sign on ( renew their claims ) : 00 to 19 for Monday , 20 to 39 for Tuesday , 40 to 59 for Wednesday , 60 to 79 for Thursday and 80 to 99 for Friday . The suffix letter is either A , B , C , or D. ( although F , M , and P have been used for temporary numbers in the past ) . The NI number is unique without the suffix letter , so , for example , if AB 12 34 56 C exists , then there will be no other numbers beginning with AB 12 34 56 ( although temporary numbers were not necessarily unique , because two people with the same date of birth would have had the same number ) . In official electronic submissions , the final letter may be represented by a space if not known . Until 1975 , the suffixes A , B , C and D at the end of the NI number signified the period of validity of the National Insurance cards originally used to collect National Insurance contributions ( NICs ) . Cards were exchanged every twelve months and because of the very large numbers of cards issued the exchange was staggered . Suffix A cards ran from March of one year until March of the next when they were exchanged for a new one . Stagger B suffix cards ran from June until the following June , stagger C from September until the following September and stagger D from December until the following December . For example , a B stagger card issued in 1955 might have run from the first Monday in June that year until the first Sunday in June the following year . This staggered system operated from 5 July 1948 until 1975 , at which time the A stagger cards were extended to run an extra five weeks , until 5 April 1975 , in line with the end of the tax year . The B , C and D stagger NI Cards had a shorter period of validity in their final year , and ran from June , September and December respectively in 1974 until 6 April 1975 . From 6 April 1975 onwards , a computerised National Insurance Recording System ( NIRS ) was used to allocate all NICs by tax years . In Great Britain , expired NI cards were sorted into one hundred separate groups corresponding to the final two numbers of the NI number and were posted to the individual insured person 's NI account ( the RF1 ) by the corresponding one hundred ledger sections at the Records Branch of the Central Office of the Ministry of Labour and its successors -- the Ministry of National Insurance ( from 1945 ) , Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance ( 1953 ) , the Department of Health and Social Security ( 1968 ) , Department of Social Security ( 1988 ) , and Department for Work and Pensions ( since 2001 ) . These 100 sections dealt not only with the recording of NI contributions but with requests for information about qualifying contributions necessary to pay sickness , unemployment , widows , and other benefits and also with any correspondence arising from those NI accounts and NI cards . Within each of the 100 sections , NI numbers were allocated among 16 splits with one clerk administering each split . To trace unknown NI numbers , a general index contained millions of small RF2 index slips , filed in order of surname and listing the name ( s ) , date of birth , and NI number for every person within the National Insurance scheme . The Northern Ireland National Insurance scheme is funded and administered separately from the scheme in Great Britain but operates identically so that , in practice , the same rules apply throughout the United Kingdom . Temporary numbers ( edit ) Until April 2001 , employers sometimes allocated their employees a temporary insurance number , which followed the format `` TN dd mm yy x '' , where ' TN ' stands for temporary number and is static and x is M for male , F for female , or P for pensioner and the numbers in the midsection were the employee 's date of birth . In the case of a woman born on 31 December 1958 , for example , the temporary NI number would have been TN 31 12 58 F. Temporary NI numbers could not be used to trace back any NI credits or personal details . Since 2001 the National Insurance number must be obtained -- the temporary code must not now be used . Another type of temporary NI number is the Revenue - issued `` temporary reference '' used when HMRC is unable to trace a taxpayer 's original NI number . It follows the format 63T12345 . Administrative numbers ( edit ) Reference numbers similar in format to NI numbers are sometimes allocated for tax or benefit purposes with special prefix letters . Special prefixes used in the past include the letters OO ( for Tax Credit claims ) , CR ( for investigations ) , FY ( formerly for Attendance Allowance claims , named after the Fylde social security office where claims were processed ) , MW ( used from 1980 to 1987 for migrant workers ) , NC ( formerly for Stakeholder Pensions , PP ( for use by pension schemes as PP999999P ) , and PY or PZ ( both used for tax - only accounts created prior to 2003 ) . Numbercards ( edit ) From 1984 until 2011 , when a person was allocated an NI number he or she also received a plastic ' numbercard ' of similar proportions to a credit card with the number raised on the front . Prior to 1984 , a manila notification card was issued instead . The card is only used as a reminder of the number and the card itself is not needed to start work , and is not considered a valid identity card . Numbercards were phased out from September 2010 , and the issue of numbercards ceased completely in October 2011 . NI numbers are now notified by letter . Crown dependencies ( edit ) National Insurance numbers issued in the Isle of Man hold the prefix MA . Similarly , those issued in Jersey start with JY , and those issued in Guernsey hold the prefix GY . Only Channel Island NINOs issued prior to 1975 are validated , and recognised for UK use by HMRC . Use for tax purposes ( edit ) The National Insurance number is used as a reference number in the Pay As You Earn system , and also by the self - employed . It is also used in applications for Individual Savings Accounts ( ISAs ) , to check that an individual has opened only one ISA in a tax year . However , the NI number is not used universally as a tax identification number . Taxpayers who need to file a tax return are given a different number , a Unique Taxpayer Reference ( UTR ) , which is used as a reference number in the self - assessment tax system . Use for identification ( edit ) NI numbers are sometimes used for identification purposes in other contexts which have nothing to do with their original National Insurance purpose -- such as forming part of evidence of right to work in the UK . The NI card , however , is not proof of identity . Since 2010 the National Insurance number has been required in order to register to vote in Northern Ireland , Wales , Scotland , and England . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is a National Insurance Number ? '' ( PDF ) . Royal Conservatoire of Scotland . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ for example , by HM Revenue & Customs in National Insurance Manual NIM39100 Jump up ^ `` 04281 National Insurance Numbers ( NINOs ) '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Briefing PaperLibrary . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NIM39305 - National Insurance Numbers ( NINOs ) : Registration of a new NINO : Juvenile Registration : the automatic process '' . HMRC Manuals . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What do the letters at the beginning and at the end of my NI number mean ? '' . payroll Help . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` HM Revenue & Customs : Applying for a National Insurance Number '' . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NIM39110 - National Insurance Numbers ( NINOs ) : Format and Security : What a NINO looks like '' . HM Revenue and Customs . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Insurance Number Freedom of Information request '' ( PDF ) . DWP Central Freedom of Information Team . 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Message Implementation Guidelines for PAYE NINO Verification Request , Appendix B : Valid National Insurance Number Prefixes ( page 46 ) Jump up ^ List of valid National Insurance number prefixes , HM Revenue & Customs : Avoiding and correcting errors in your Employer Annual Return Jump up ^ `` Decision Makers ' Guide : Chapter 08 - Payment of benefit / Deductions from benefit '' ( PDF ) . Department for Work and Pensions . July 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Example regulations : `` The Social Security ( Claims and Payments ) Amendment Regulations 2009 '' . The Stationery Office . 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Insurance Number '' . Cabinetoffice.gov.uk . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` HM Revenue and Customs : Taking on a new employee '' . Hmrc.gov.uk. 2010 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ HMRC website : Final phase to replace NI numbercards Jump up ^ `` NIM39620 : Isle of Man Cases '' . Hmrc.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NIM39115 : NINO prefixes '' . Hmrc.gov.uk. 1975 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ HMRC : How to get a Self Assessment tax return Jump up ^ `` Full Guide for Employers on Preventing Illegal Working in the UK '' ( PDF ) . UK Border Agency . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.registertovote.service.gov.uk/register-to-vote/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Insurance . UK Government Data Standards Catalogue - National Insurance Number - The official UK government definition of the NI number format . Also includes links to the XML Schema data type definition in the CitizenIdentificationTypes schema published by the Office of the e-Envoy . Format and Security : What a NINO looks like HM Revenue & Customs official page <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) National identification numbers by country <Td_colspan="2"> Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil ( RG CPF CNPJ ) Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Denmark France Ghana Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain ( DNI NIE ) Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Insurance_number&oldid=791921653 '' Categories : National identification numbers Taxation in the United Kingdom Pensions and benefits in the United Kingdom National Insurance Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2016 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 09 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. National Insurance number in the UK
2. Administration of the National Insurance system
3. Format and allocation of National Insurance numbers
4. Use of National Insurance numbers for tax purposes
5. Identification purposes of National Insurance numbers |
7,209,093,899,392,544,000 | what is the fight or flight response in psychology | Fight - or - flight response - wikipedia Fight - or - flight response Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fight or Flight . Fight or flight ? The fight - or - flight response ( also called hyperarousal , or the acute stress response ) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event , attack , or threat to survival . It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon . His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system , preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing . More specifically , the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines , especially norepinephrine and epinephrine . The hormones estrogen , testosterone , and cortisol , as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin , also affect how organisms react to stress . This response is recognised as the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 1.1 Autonomic nervous system 1.1. 1 Sympathetic nervous system 1.1. 2 Parasympathetic nervous system 1.2 Reaction 1.3 Function of physiological changes 2 Emotional components 2.1 Emotion regulation 2.2 Emotional reactivity 3 Cognitive components 3.1 Content specificity 3.2 Perception of control 3.3 Social information processing 4 Other animals 4.1 Evolutionary perspective 4.2 Examples 4.3 Varieties of responses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Physiology ( edit ) Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates heart rate , digestion , respiratory rate , pupillary response , urination , and sexual arousal . This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight - or - flight response and its role is mediated by two different components : the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system . Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Sympathetic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord and its main function is to activate the physiological changes that occur during the fight - or - flight response . This component of the autonomic nervous system utilises and activates the release of norepinephrine in the reaction . Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Parasympathetic nervous system The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla , physically surrounding the sympathetic origin , and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system . Its main function is to activate the `` rest and digest '' response and return the body to homeostasis after the fight or flight response . This system utilises and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Reaction ( edit ) The fight - or - flight response The reaction begins in the amygdala , which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus . The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH . The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously , via the sympathetic nervous system , and releases the hormone epinephrine . The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol , which increases blood pressure , blood sugar , and suppresses the immune system . The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy . This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to liver cells and the subsequent production of glucose . Additionally , the circulation of cortisol functions to turn fatty acids into available energy , which prepares muscles throughout the body for response . Catecholamine hormones , such as adrenaline ( epinephrine ) or noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ) , facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action and : Acceleration of heart and lung action Paling or flushing , or alternating between both Inhibition of stomach and upper - intestinal action to the point where digestion slows down or stops General effect on the sphincters of the body Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body Liberation of metabolic energy sources ( particularly fat and glycogen ) for muscular action Dilation of blood vessels for muscles Inhibition of the lacrimal gland ( responsible for tear production ) and salivation Dilation of pupil ( mydriasis ) Relaxation of bladder Inhibition of erection Auditory exclusion ( loss of hearing ) Tunnel vision ( loss of peripheral vision ) Disinhibition of spinal reflexes Shaking . Function of physiological changes ( edit ) The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running . Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include : Increased blood flow to the muscles activated by diverting blood flow from other parts of the body . Increased blood pressure , heart rate , blood sugars , and fats in order to supply the body with extra energy . The blood clotting function of the body speeds up in order to prevent excessive blood loss in the event of an injury sustained during the response . Increased muscle tension in order to provide the body with extra speed and strength . Emotional components ( edit ) Emotion regulation ( edit ) See also : Emotional self - regulation In the context of the fight or flight response , emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal . Emotional reactivity ( edit ) During the reaction , the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response . Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity may be prone to anxiety and aggression , which illustrates the implications of appropriate emotional reaction in the fight or flight response . Cognitive components ( edit ) Content specificity ( edit ) The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative . These negative cognitions may be characterised by : attention to negative stimuli , the perception of ambiguous situations as negative , and the recurrence of recalling negative words . There also may be specific negative thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction . Perception of control ( edit ) See also : Control ( psychology ) Perceived control relates to an individual 's thoughts about control over situations and events . Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual 's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities . Therefore , overestimation or underestimation of perceived control can lead to anxiety and aggression . Social information processing ( edit ) See also : Social information processing ( cognition ) The social information processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts . The attribution of hostility , especially in ambiguous situations , seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the fight or flight response because of its implications towards aggression . Other animals ( edit ) Evolutionary perspective ( edit ) An evolutionary psychology explanation is that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves . The fight or flight response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival . Examples ( edit ) A typical example of the stress response is a grazing zebra . If the zebra sees a lion closing in for the kill , the stress response is activated as a means to escape its predator . The escape requires intense muscular effort , supported by all of the body 's systems . The sympathetic nervous system 's activation provides for these needs . A similar example involving fight is of a cat about to be attacked by a dog . The cat shows accelerated heartbeat , piloerection ( hair standing on end , normally to dissipate heat ) , and pupil dilation , all signs of sympathetic arousal . Note that the zebra and cat still maintain homeostasis in all states . Varieties of responses ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bison hunted by dogs Animals respond to threats in many complex ways . Rats , for instance , try to escape when threatened , but will fight when cornered . Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them . Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest . Other animals have alternative self - protection methods . Some species of cold - blooded animals change color swiftly , to camouflage themselves . These responses are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system , but , in order to fit the model of fight or flight , the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way . Thus , flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place . And often both fight and flight are combined in a given situation . The fight or flight actions also have polarity -- the individual can either fight or flee against something that is threatening , such as a hungry lion , or fight for or fly towards something that is needed , such as the safety of the shore from a raging river . A threat from another animal does not always result in immediate fight or flight . There may be a period of heightened awareness , during which each animal interprets behavioral signals from the other . Signs such as paling , piloerection , immobility , sounds , and body language communicate the status and intentions of each animal . There may be a sort of negotiation , after which fight or flight may ensue , but which might also result in playing , mating , or nothing at all . An example of this is kittens playing : each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal , but they never inflict real damage . See also ( edit ) Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis Coping ( psychology ) Defense physiology Emotional dysregulation Freezing behavior Escape distance The Relaxation Response Rest and digest Vasoconstriction Workplace bullying Yerkes -- Dodson law Acute stress reaction Anxiety Anxiety disorder Panic attack Phobia Social anxiety Social anxiety disorder Tend and befriend Body reactivity Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some references say he first described the response in 1914 in The American Journal of Physiology . Others in the 1915 edition of Bodily Changes in Pain , Hunger , Fear and Rage . Other sources say that he first used the term in 1929 or in 1932 edition of the same book . The issue needs further research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cannon , Walter ( 1932 ) . Wisdom of the Body . United States : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393002055 . Jump up ^ Walter Bradford Cannon ( 1929 ) . Bodily changes in pain , hunger , fear , and rage . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ Jansen , A ; Nguyen , X ; Karpitsky , V ; Mettenleiter , M ( 27 October 1995 ) . `` Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System : Basis of the Fight - or - Flight Response '' . Science Magazine . 5236 ( 270 ) . Jump up ^ Walter Bradford Cannon ( 1915 ) . Bodily Changes in Pain , Hunger , Fear and Rage : An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement . Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ `` Adrenaline , Cortisol , Norepinephrine : The Three Major Stress Hormones , Explained '' . Hufflington Post . April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gozhenko , A ; Gurkalova , I.P. ; Zukow , W ; Kwasnik , Z ( 2009 ) . PATHOLOGY -- Theory . Medical Student 's Library . Radom . pp. 270 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , A ; Thews , G ( 1989 ) . `` Autonomic Nervous System '' . In Janig , W. Human Physiology ( 2 ed . ) . New York , NY : Springer - Verlag . pp. 333 -- 370 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Chudler , Eric . `` Neuroscience For Kids '' . University of Washington . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Margioris , Andrew ; Tsatsanis , Christos ( April 2011 ) . `` ACTH Action on the Adrenal '' . Endotext.org . Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Padgett , David ; Glaser , R ( August 2003 ) . `` How stress influences the immune response '' . Trends in Immunology. 24 ( 8 ) : 444 -- 448 . doi : 10.1016 / S1471 - 4906 ( 03 ) 00173 - X . PMID 12909458 . Jump up ^ King , Michael . `` PATHWAYS : GLYCOGEN & GLUCOSE '' . Washington University , St. Louis . Jump up ^ `` HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE '' . University of Utah . Archived from the original on 8 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Gleitman , Alan J. Fridlund and Daniel Reisberg ( 2004 ) . Psychology ( 6 ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97767 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stress Management for Health Course . `` The Fight Flight Response '' . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Olpin , Michael . `` The Science of Stress '' . Weber State University . Jump up ^ Cistler , Josh ; Bunmi O. Olatunji ; Matthew T. Feldner ; John P. Forsyth ( 2010 ) . `` Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders : An Integrative Review '' . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment . 32 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s10862 - 009 - 9161 - 1 . PMC 2901125 . PMID 20622981 . Jump up ^ Gross , James ( 1998 ) . `` Sharpening the Focus : Emotion Regulation , Arousal , and Social Competence '' . Psychological Inquiry. 9 ( 4 ) : 287 -- 290 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327965pli0904_8 . Jump up ^ Avero , Pedro ; Calvo , M ( 1 July 1999 ) . `` Emotional reactivity to social - evaluative stress : genderdifferences in response systems concordance '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 27 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 170 . doi : 10.1016 / S0191 - 8869 ( 98 ) 00229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carthy , T ; Horesh N ; Apter A ; Edge MD ; Gross JJ ( May 2010 ) . `` Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children '' . Behavior Research and Therapy . 48 ( 5 ) : 384 -- 393 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brat. 2009.12. 013 . Jump up ^ Valiente , C ; Eisenberg N ; Smith CL ; Reiser M ; Fabes RA ; Losoya S ; Guthrie IK ; Murphy BC ( December 2003 ) . `` The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children 's externalising problems : A longitudinal assessment '' . Personality . 71 ( 6 ) : 1171 -- 1196 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.7106011 . PMID 14633062 . Jump up ^ Reid , Sophie C. ; Salmon , Karen ; Peter F. Lovibond ( October 2006 ) . `` Cognitive Biases in Childhood Anxiety , Depression , and Aggression : Are They Pervasive or Specific ? '' . Cognitive Therapy and Research . 30 ( 5 ) : 531 -- 549 . doi : 10.1007 / s10608 - 006 - 9077 - y . Jump up ^ Beck , Aaron ( 1979 ) . Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders . United States : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Weems , CF ; Silverman , WK ( April 2006 ) . `` An integrative model of control : implications for understanding emotion regulation and dysregulation in childhood anxiety '' . Journal of Affective disorders . 91 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 124 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jad. 2006.01. 009 . Jump up ^ Brendgen , M ; Vitaro F ; Turgeon L ; Poulin F ; Wanner B ( June 2004 ) . `` Is there a dark side of positive illusions ? Overestimation of social competence and subsequent adjustment in aggressive and nonaggressive children '' . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology . 32 ( 3 ) : 305 -- 320 . doi : 10.1023 / B : JACP.0000026144.08470.cd . PMID 15228179 . Jump up ^ Crick , Nicki ; Dodge , Kenneth ( January 1994 ) . `` A review and reformulation of social information - processing mechanisms in children 's social adjustment '' . Psychological Bulletin . 115 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 101 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.115. 1.74 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Kenneth ( March 1980 ) . `` Social cognition and children 's aggressive behavior '' . Journal of Child Development . 51 ( 1 ) : 162 -- 170 . doi : 10.2307 / 1129603 . Jump up ^ Grohol , John . `` What 's the purpose of the fight or flight response ? '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , David ; Kopin , I ( 2007 ) . `` Evolution of concepts of stress '' . Stress. 10 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 20 . doi : 10.1080 / 10253890701288935 . PMID 17514579 . Jump up ^ Gill , A.C. ( 2004 ) . Revision of the Indo - Pacific dottyback fish subfamily Pseudochrominae ( Perciformes : Pseudochromidae ) . Smithiana Monographs . pp. 1 -- 123 . Further reading ( edit ) Sapolsky , Robert M. , 1994 . Why Zebras Do n't Get Ulcers . W.H. Freeman and Company . This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter4/sec2_1.html '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight-or-flight_response&oldid=843329782 '' Categories : Sympathetic nervous system Aggression Fear Dichotomies Psychological theories Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Scots Simple English Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 12 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Fight or flight response
2. Physiological reaction to stress
3. Sympathetic nervous system
4. Emotional components of stress response
5. Cognitive components of stress response |
-1,658,029,566,965,763,000 | who are the leaders of the emerging church | Emerging church - wikipedia Emerging church This is an old revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 01 : 17 , 27 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 01 : 17 , 27 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search The emerging church is a Christian movement of the late 20th and early 21st centuries that crosses a number of theological boundaries : participants are described as Protestant , post-Protestant , evangelical , post-evangelical , liberal , post-liberal , conservative , post-conservative , anabaptist , reformed , charismatic , neocharismatic , and post-charismatic . Emerging churches can be found throughout the globe , predominantly in North America , Western Europe , Australia , New Zealand , and Africa . url = http://www.religionlink.org/tip_060410.php title = ReligionLink.org : Emerging Church trend expands , diversifies work = religionlink.org accessdate = August 28 , 2011 ) ) while others worship in traditional Christian denominations . Proponents believe the movement transcends such `` modernist '' labels of `` conservative '' and `` liberal , '' calling the movement a `` conversation '' to emphasize its developing and decentralized nature , its vast range of standpoints , and its commitment to dialogue . Participants seek to live their faith in what they believe to be a `` postmodern '' society . What those involved in the conversation mostly agree on is their disillusionment with the organized and institutional church and their support for the deconstruction of modern Christian worship , modern evangelism , and the nature of modern Christian community . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 Terminology 1.2 Variety and debate 2 History 3 Values and characteristics 3.1 Trinitarian based values 3.2 Post-Christendom mission and evangelism 3.3 Postmodern worldview and hermeneutics 3.4 Generous orthodoxy 3.5 Centered set 3.6 Authenticity and conversation 3.7 Missional living 3.8 Communitarian or egalitarian ecclesiology 3.9 Creative and rediscovered spirituality 3.10 Use of new technologies 3.11 Morality and justice 4 Parallels in other religions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Definitions Terminology Emerging churches are fluid , hard to define , and varied ; they contrast themselves with what has gone before by using the term `` inherited church '' . Key themes of the emerging church are couched in the language of reform , praxis - oriented lifestyles , post-evangelical thought , and incorporation or acknowledgment of political and postmodern elements . Terminological confusion has occurred because of the use of words with similar etymology . When used as descriptors , `` emerging '' and `` emergent '' can be interchangeable . However , when used as names , they are different . In this case `` Emerging '' refers to the whole informal , church - based , global movement , whilst `` Emergent '' to a formal , organisational subset associated with Tony Jones , Brian McLaren , Doug Pagitt , and others : the `` Emergent stream . '' Variety and debate Mark Driscoll and Ed Stetzer described three categories within the movement : Relevants , Reconstructionists , and Revisionists . Relevants are theological conservatives who are interested in updating to current culture . They look to people like Dan Kimball and Donald Miller . Reconstructionists are generally theologically evangelical , and speak of new forms of church that result in transformed lives . They look to Neil Cole , Michael Frost and Alan Hirsch . Revisionists are theologically liberal , and openly question whether evangelical doctrine is appropriate for the postmodern world . They look to leaders such as Brian McLaren , Rob Bell and Doug Pagitt . Driscoll has subsequently identified a fourth stream , the house church movement , which he previously included under the Reconstructionist label . Driscoll and Scot McKnight have now voiced concerns over Brian McLaren and the `` emergent thread . '' Some evangelical leaders such as Shane Claiborne have also sought to distance themselves from the emerging church movement , its labels and the `` emergent brand . '' History According to Mobsby the term `` emerging church '' was first used in 1970 , when Larson and Osborne predicted a movement characterised by : contextual and experimental mission ; new forms of church ; the removal of barriers and division ; a blend of evangelism and social action ; attention to both experience and tradition ; the breakdown of clergy / laity distinctions . The Catholic political theologian , Johann Baptist Metz , used the term emergent church in 1981 in a different context . Marcus Borg says : `` The emerging paradigm has been visible for well over a hundred years . In the last twenty to thirty years , it has become a major grassroots movement among both laity and clergy in ' mainline ' or ' old mainline ' Protestant denominations . '' He describes it as : `` a way of seeing the Bible ( and the Christian tradition as a whole ) as historical , metaphorical , and sacramental , ( and ) a way of seeing the Christian life as relational and transformational . '' The history of the emerging church that preceded the US Emergent organization began with Mike Riddell and Mark Pierson in New Zealand from 1989 , and with a number of practitioners in the UK including Jonny Baker , Ian Mobsby , Kevin , Ana and Brian Draper , and Sue Wallace amongst others , from around 1992 . The influence of the Nine O'Clock Service has been ignored also , owing to its notoriety , yet much that was practised there was influential on early proponents of alternative worship . Common to the identity of many of these emerging - church projects that began in Australia , New Zealand and the United Kingdom , is their development with very little central planning on behalf of the established denominations . They occurred as the initiative of particular groups wanting to start new contextual church experiments , and are therefore very `` bottom up '' . Murray says that these churches began in a spontaneous way , with informal relationships formed between otherwise independent groups and that many became churches as a development from their initial more modest beginnings . Values and characteristics Trinitarian based values Gibbs and Bolger interviewed a number of people involved in leading emerging churches and from this research have identified some core values in the emerging church , including desires to imitate the life of Jesus ; transform secular society ; emphasise communal living ; welcome outsiders ; be generous and creative ; and lead without control . Ian Mobsby suggests Trinitarian Ecclesiology is the basis of these shared international values . Mobsby also suggests that the Emerging Church is centred on a combination of models of Church and of Contextual Theology that draw on this Trinitarian base : the Mystical Communion and Sacramental models of Church , and the Synthetic and Transcendent models of Contextual Theology . According to Mobsby , the Emerging Church has reacted to the missional needs of postmodern culture and re-acquired a Trinitarian basis to its understanding of Church as Worship , Mission and Community . He argues this movement is over and against some forms of conservative evangelicalism and other reformed ecclesiologies since the enlightenment that have neglected the Trinity , which has caused problems with certainty , judgementalism and fundamentalism and the increasing gap between the Church and contemporary culture . Post-Christendom mission and evangelism Members of the movement often place a high value on good works or social activism , including missional living . According to Stuart Murray , Christendom is the creation and maintenance of a Christian nation by ensuring a close relationship of power between the Christian Church and its host culture . Today , churches may still attempt to use this power in mission and evangelism . The emerging church considers this to be unhelpful . Murray summarizes Christendom values as : a commitment to hierarchy and the status quo ; the loss of lay involvement ; institutional values rather than community focus ; church at the centre of society rather than the margins ; the use of political power to bring in the Kingdom ; religious compulsion ; punitive rather than restorative justice ; marginalisation of women , the poor , and dissident movements ; inattentiveness to the criticisms of those outraged by the historic association of Christianity with patriarchy , warfare , injustice and patronage ; partiality for respectability and top - down mission ; attractional evangelism ; assuming the Christian story is known ; and a preoccupation with the rich and powerful . The emerging church seeks a post-Christendom approach to being church and mission through : renouncing imperialistic approaches to language and cultural imposition ; making ' truth claims ' with humility and respect ; overcoming the public / private dichotomy ; moving church from the center to the margins ; moving from a place of privilege in society to one voice amongst many ; a transition from control to witness , maintenance to mission and institution to movement . In the face of criticism , some in the emerging church respond that it is important to attempt a `` both and '' approach to redemptive and incarnational theologies . Some Evangelicals and Fundamentalists are perceived as `` overly redemptive '' and therefore in danger of condemning people by communicating the Good News in aggressive and angry ways . A more loving and affirming approach is proposed in the context of post-modernity where distrust may occur in response to power claims . It is suggested that this can form the basis of a constructive engagement with 21st - century post-industrial western cultures . According to Ian Mobsby , the suggestion that the emerging church is mainly focused on deconstruction and the rejection of current forms of church should itself be rejected . Postmodern worldview and hermeneutics The emerging church is a response to the perceived influence of modernism in Western Christianity . As some sociologists commented on a cultural shift that they believed to correspond to postmodern ways of perceiving reality in the late 20th century , some Christians began to advocate changes within the church in response . These Christians saw the contemporary church as being culturally bound to modernism . They changed their practices to relate to the new cultural situation . Emerging Christians began to challenge the modern church on issues such as : institutional structures , systematic theology , propositional teaching methods , a perceived preoccupation with buildings , an attractional understanding of mission , professional clergy , and a perceived preoccupation with the political process and unhelpful jargon ( `` Christian - ese '' ) . As a result , some in the emerging church believe it is necessary to deconstruct modern Christian dogma . One way this happens is by engaging in dialogue , rather than proclaiming a predigested message , believing that this leads people to Jesus through the Holy Spirit on their own terms . Many in the movement embrace the missiology that drives the movement in an effort to be like Christ and make disciples by being a good example . The emerging church movement contains a great diversity in beliefs and practices , although some have adopted a preoccupation with sacred rituals , good works , and political and social activism . Much of the Emerging Church movement has also adopted the approach to evangelism which stressed peer - to - peer dialogue rather than dogmatic proclamation and proselytizing . A plurality of Scriptural interpretations is acknowledged in the emerging church movement . Participants in the movement exhibit a particular concern for the effect of the modern reader 's cultural context on the act of interpretation echoing the ideas of postmodern thinkers such as Jacques Derrida and Stanley Fish . Therefore a narrative approach to Scripture , and history are emphasized in some emerging churches over exegetical and dogmatic approaches ( such as that found in systematic theology and systematic exegesis ) , which are often viewed as reductionist . Others embrace a multiplicity of approaches . Generous orthodoxy Spearheaded by Brian McLaren , some emerging church leaders see interfaith dialogue as a means to share their narratives as they learn from the narratives of others . Some Emerging Church Christians believe there are radically diverse perspectives within Christianity that are valuable for humanity to progress toward truth and a better resulting relationship with God , and that these different perspectives deserve Christian charity rather than condemnation . Reformed and evangelical opponents , like John MacArthur , do not believe that such generosity is appropriate , citing the movement 's shift away from traditional evangelical beliefs such as eternal punishment and penal substitution towards a reintroduction of , for example , elements of ancient mysticism . Centered set Movement leaders such as Rob Bell appropriate set theory as a means of understanding a basic change in the way the Christian church thinks about itself as a group . Set theory is a concept in mathematics that allows an understanding of what numbers belong to a group , or set . A bounded set would describe a group with clear `` in '' and `` out '' definitions of membership . The Christian church has largely organized itself as a bounded set , those who share the same beliefs and values are in the set and those who disagree are outside . The centered set does not limit membership to pre-conceived boundaries . Instead a centered set is conditioned on a centered point . Membership is contingent on those who are moving toward that point . Elements moving toward a particular point are part of the set , but elements moving away from that point are not . As a centered - set Christian membership would be dependent on moving toward the central point of Jesus . Christians are then defined by their focus and movement toward Christ rather than a limited set of shared beliefs and values . John Wimber utilized the centered set understanding of membership in his Vineyard Churches . The centered set theory of Christian Churches came largely from missional anthropologist Paul Hiebert . The centered set understanding of membership allows for a clear vision of the focal point , the ability to move toward that point without being tied down to smaller diversions , a sense of total egalitarianism with respect for differing opinions , and an authority moved from individual members to the existing center . Authenticity and conversation The movement favors the sharing of experiences via testimonies , prayer , group recitation , sharing meals and other communal practices , which they believe are more personal and sincere than propositional presentations of the Gospel . Teachers in the emerging church tend to view the Bible and its stories through a lens which they believe finds significance and meaning for their community 's social and personal stories rather than for the purpose of finding cross-cultural , propositional absolutes regarding salvation and conduct . The emerging church claims they are creating a safe environment for those with opinions ordinarily rejected within modern conservative evangelicalism and fundamentalism . Non-critical , interfaith dialog is preferred over dogmatically - driven evangelism in the movement . Story and narrative replaces the dogmatic : The relationship between words and images has changed in contemporary culture . In a post-foundational world , it is the power of the image that takes us to the text . The bible is no longer a principal source of morality , functioning as a rulebook . The gradualism of postmodernity has transformed the text into a guide , a source of spirituality , in which the power of the story as a moral reference point has superseded the didactic . Thus the meaning of the Good Samaritan is more important than the Ten Commandments -- even assuming that the latter could be remembered in any detail by anyone . Into this milieu the image speaks with power . Those in the movement do not engage in aggressive apologetics or confrontational evangelism in the traditional sense , preferring to encourage the freedom to discover truth through conversation and relationships with the Christian community . The limits of interreligious conversation were tested in 2006 Emergent Village coordinator Tony Jones co-convened the first encounter of Emergent church and `` Jewish emergent '' leaders in a meeting co-hosted by Synagogue 3000 , a Jewish nonprofit group . Emergent church scholar Ryan Bolger documented the meeting in a scholarly article co-authored with one of the organizers , while Jones recounted the episode , which had drawn criticism from conservative Christians , in his book The New Christians : Dispatches from the Emergent Frontier . Missional living While some Evangelicals emphasize eternal salvation , many in the emerging church emphasize the here and now . Participants in this movement assert that the incarnation of Christ informs their theology . They believe that as God entered the world in human form , adherents enter ( individually and communally ) into the context around them and aim to transform that culture through local involvement . This holistic involvement may take many forms , including social activism , hospitality and acts of kindness . This beneficent involvement in culture is part of what is called missional living . Missional living leads to a focus on temporal and social issues , in contrast with a perceived evangelical overemphasis on salvation . Drawing on research and models of contextual theology , Mobsby asserts that the emerging church is using different models of contextual theology than conservative evangelicals , who tend to use a `` translation '' model of contextual theology ( which has been criticized for being colonialist and condescending toward other cultures ) ; the emerging church tends to use a `` synthetic '' or `` transcendent '' model of contextual theology . The emerging church has charged many conservative evangelical churches with withdrawal from involvement in contextual mission and seeking the contextualization of the gospel . Christian communities must learn to deal with the problems and possibilities posed by life in the `` outside '' world . But of more importance , any attempt on the part of the church to withdraw from the world would be in effect a denial of its mission . Many emerging churches have put a strong emphasis on contextualization and , therefore , contextual theology . Contextual theology has been defined as `` A way of doing theology in which one takes into account : the spirit and message of the gospel ; the tradition of the Christian people ; the culture in which one is theologising ; and social change in that culture . '' Emerging churches , drawing on this synthetic ( or transcendent ) model of contextual theology , seek to have a high view towards the Bible , the Christian people , culture , humanity and justice . It is this `` both ... and '' approach that distinguishes contextual theology . Emerging communities participate in social action , community involvement , global justice and sacrificial hospitality in an effort to know and share God 's grace . At a conference entitled `` The Emerging Church Forum '' in 2006 , John Franke said `` The Church of Jesus Christ is not the goal of the Gospel , just the instrument of the extension of God 's mission . '' `` The Church has been slow to recognize that missions is n't ( sic ) a program the Church administers , it is the very core of the Church 's reason for being . '' This focus on missional living and practicing radical hospitality has led many emerging churches to deepen what they are doing by developing a rhythm of life , and a vision of missional loving engagement with the world . A mixture of emerging Churches , Fresh Expressions of Church and mission initiatives arising out of the charismatic traditions , have begun describing themselves as new monastic communities . They again draw on a combination of the Mystical Communion Model and Sacramental Models , with a core concern to engage with the question of how we should live . The most successful of these have experimented with a combination of churches centred on place and network , with intentional communities , cafes and centres to practice hospitality . Many also have a rhythm , or rule of life to express what it means to be Christian in a postmodern context . Communitarian or egalitarian Ecclesiology Proponents of the movement communicate and interact through fluid and open networks because the movement is decentralized with little institutional coordination . Because of the participation values named earlier , being community through participation affects the governance of most Emerging Churches . Participants avoid power relationships , attempting to gather in ways specific to their local context . In this way some in the movement share with the house church movements a willingness to challenge traditional church structures / organizations though they also respect the different expressions of traditional Christian denominations . International research suggests that some Emerging Churches are utilizing a Trinitarian basis to being church through what Avery Dulles calls ' The Mystical Communion Model of Church ' . Not an institution but a fraternity ( or sorority ) . Church as interpersonal community . Church as a fellowship of persons -- a fellowship of people with God and with one another in Christ . Connects strongly with the mystical ' body of Christ ' as a communion of the spiritual life of faith , hope and charity . Resonates with Aquinas ' notion of the Church as the principle of unity that dwells in Christ and in us , binding us together and in him . All the external means of grace , ( sacraments , scripture , laws etc . ) are secondary and subordinate ; their role is simply to dispose people for an interior union with God effected by grace . Dulles sees the strength in this approach being acceptable to both Protestant and Catholic : In stressing the continual mercy of God and the continual need of the Church for repentance , the model picks up Protestant theology ... ( and ) in Roman Catholicism ... when it speaks of the church as both holy and sinful , as needing repentance and reform ... The biblical notion of Koinonia , ... that God has fashioned for himself a people by freely communicating his Spirit and his gifts ... this is congenial to most Protestants and Orthodox ... ( and ) has an excellent foundation in the Catholic tradition . Creative and rediscovered spirituality This can involve everything from expressive , neocharismatic style of worship and the use of contemporary music and films to more ancient liturgical customs and eclectic expressions of spirituality , with the goal of making the church gathering reflect the local community 's tastes . Emerging church practitioners are happy to take elements of worship from a wide variety of historic traditions , including traditions of the Catholic Church , the Anglican churches , the Orthodox churches , and Celtic Christianity . From these and other religious traditions emerging church groups take , adapt and blend various historic church practices including liturgy , prayer beads , icons , spiritual direction , the labyrinth , and lectio divina . The Emerging Church is also sometimes called the `` Ancient - Future '' church . One of the key social drives in Western Post-industrialised countries , is the rise in new / old forms of mysticism . This rise in spirituality appears to be driven by the effects of consumerism , globalisation and advances in information technology . Therefore , the Emerging Church is operating in a new context of postmodern spirituality , as a new form of mysticism . This capitalizes on the social shift in starting assumptions from the situation that most are regarded as materialist / atheist ( the modern position ) , to the fact that many people now believe in and are searching for something more spiritual ( postmodern view ) . This has been characterised as a major shift from religion to spirituality . So , in the new world of ' spiritual tourism ' , the Emerging Church Movement is seeking to missionally assist people to shift from being spiritual tourists to Christian pilgrims . Many are drawing on ancient Christian resources recontextualised into the contemporary such as contemplation and contemplative forms of prayer , symbolic multi-sensory worship , story telling and many others . This again has required a change in focus as the majority of unchurched and dechurched people are seeking ' something that works ' rather than something that is ' true ' . Use of new technologies Emerging - church groups use the Internet as a medium of decentralized communication . Church websites are used as announcement boards for community activity , and they are generally a hub for more participation based new technologies such as blogs , Facebook groups , Twitter accounts , etc . The use of the blog is an especially popular and appropriate means of communication within the Emerging church . Through blogs , members converse about theology , philosophy , art , culture , politics , and social justice , both among their local congregations and across the broader Emerging community . These blogs can be seen to embrace both sacred and secular culture side - by - side as an excellent example of the church 's focus on contextual theology . Morality and justice Drawing on a more ' Missional Morality ' that again turns to the synoptic gospels of Christ , many emerging - church groups draw on an understanding of God seeking to restore all things back into restored relationship . This emphasises God 's graceful love approach to discipleship , in following Christ who identified with the socially excluded and ill , in opposition to the Pharisees and Sadducees and their purity rules . Under this movement , traditional Christians ' emphasis on either individual salvation , end - times theology or the prosperity gospel have been challenged . Many people in the movement express concern for what they consider to be the practical manifestation of God 's kingdom on earth , by which they mean social justice . This concern manifests itself in a variety of ways depending on the local community and in ways they believe transcend `` modernist '' labels of `` conservative '' and `` liberal . '' This concern for justice is expressed in such things as feeding the poor , visiting the sick and prisoners , stopping contemporary slavery , critiquing systemic and coercive power structures with `` postcolonial hermeneutics , '' and working for environmental causes . Parallels in other religions Drawing on the success of Christian emerging church movements , a ' Jewish Emergent ' movement has come into being , often conducting dialogue with evangelical Christian emergent movements . Synagogue 3000 describes its mission as `` challenging and promising alternatives to traditional synagogue structures '' -- participants in the movement conduct worship outside of a traditional synagogue environment and attempt to engage with younger non-practising Jews . See also Christianity portal Alternative worship Cafe church Christian contemplation Cultural appropriation Ecumenism Inculturation Missio Dei Postmodern Christianity Progressive Christianity References Jump up ^ Lillian Kwon , ( March 14 , 2009 ) . `` Catholics join Emerging Church conversation '' . christiantoday.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help ) Jump up ^ Kreider , Larry ( 2001 ) . `` 1 '' . House Church Networks . House to House Publications . ISBN 1 - 886973 - 48 - 2 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pam Hogeweide ( 2005 ) . `` The ' emerging church ' comes into view '' . cnnw.com . Christian News Northwest . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuart Murray , Church After Christendom , ( London : Paternoster Press , 2004 ) , 73 . 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Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Falsani , Cathleen . `` The Emerging Church Brand : The Good , the Bad , and the Messy -- Shane Claiborne God 's Politics Blog Sojourners '' . Blog.sojo.net . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ B Larson , R Osbourne , The emerging church , ( London : Word Books , 1970 ) , 9 - 11 . Jump up ^ Compare : https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=emerging+church%2C+emergent+church&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cemerging%20church%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cemergent%20church%3B%2Cc0 Jump up ^ Johannes Baptist Metz , The Emergent Church ( New York , NY : Crossroad , 1981 ) Jump up ^ Borg , Marcus J. ( 2003 ) . The Heart of Christianity . HarperSanFrancisco . pp. 6 , 13 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073068 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative worship & emerging church -- The same or different ? '' . Alternativeworship.org . 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Jump up ^ `` Emergent Embraces Ecumenism - UPDATED . '' Provocations and Pantings ( blog ) . Jump up ^ Flaccus , Gillian. ( 2006 . ) Disillusioned Jews , Christians share ideas on ' emergent ' faith . ( Associated Press . ) Orange County Register , January 21 . Jump up ^ Haji , R. , & Lalonde , R.N. ( 2012 ) . Interreligious Communication . In Giles , H. ( Ed . ) . The Handbook of Intergroup Communication . Routledge. The Handbook of Intergroup Communication , p. 285 ... Jump up ^ Landres , J.S. ; Bolger , R.K. ( 2007 ) . `` Emerging patterns of interreligious conversation : a Christian - Jewish experiment '' . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 612 ( 1 ) : 225 -- 239 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716207301563 . Jump up ^ Jones , Tony . ( 2008 ) . The New Christians : Dispatches from the Emergent Frontier . Jossey - Bass . Jump up ^ Chia , L. ( 2010 ) . Emerging faith boundaries : bridge - building , inclusion , and the emerging church movement in America ( Doctoral dissertation , University of Missouri -- Columbia ) . Jump up ^ Webber , Robert , John Burke , Dan Kimball , Doug Pagitt , Karen M. Ward , and Mark Driscoll . Listening to the Beliefs of Emerging Churches : Five Perspectives . ( Grand Rapids , Mich : Zondervan , 2007 ) p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 27135 - 2 Jump up ^ Griffiths , Rev Dr. Steve ( 2007 - 01 - 30 ) . `` An Incarnational Missiology for the Emerging Church '' . Rev Dr. Steve Griffiths speaks about the Emerging Church and how they view and approach missions . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ SB Bevans , Models of Contextual Theology , New York : Orbis , 2002 ) , 3 - 46 . Jump up ^ SB Bevans , Models of Contextual Theology , New York : Orbis , 2002 ) , 81 - 96 . Jump up ^ I Mobsby , Emerging & Fresh Expressions of Church , ( London : Moot Community Publishing , 2007 ) , 28 - 9 . Jump up ^ BA Harvey , Another City , ( Harrisburg : Trinity Press International , 1999 ) , 14 . Jump up ^ SB Bevans , Contextual Theology , ( New York : Orbis , 2002 ) , 1 . Jump up ^ I Mobsby , The Becoming of G-d , ( Oxford : YTC Press , 2008 ) , 67 - 82 . Jump up ^ I Mobsby , Emerging & Fresh Expressions of Church , ( London : Moot Community Publishing , 2007 ) , 28 - 32 . Jump up ^ `` Notes of John Franke at the Emerging Church Forum '' . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ian Mobsby , The Becoming of G-d , ( Oxford : YTCPress , 2008 ) , 65 - 82 . Jump up ^ Ian Mobsby , The Becoming of G-d , ( Oxford : YTC Press , 2008 ) , 30 - 1 . Jump up ^ and a significant number of emerging church proponents remain in denominationally identified communities . There is also a significant presence within the movement that remains within traditional denominational structures . ( Missional ) `` Emergent Village : Values and Practices '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ A Dulles , Models of Church , ( New York : Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Ltd , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ I Mobsby , Emerging & Fresh Expressions of Church , ( London : Moot Community Publishing , 2007 ) , 54 - 5 . Jump up ^ A Dulles , Models of Church ( New York : Bantam Doubleday Dell , 1991 ) 46 Jump up ^ A Dulles , Models of Church , 50 - 1 . Jump up ^ Webber , Robert , John Burke , Dan Kimball , Doug Pagitt , Karen M. Ward , and Mark Driscoll . Listening to the Beliefs of Emerging Churches : Five Perspectives . ( Grand Rapids , Mich : Zondervan , 2007 ) Appendix 2 Jump up ^ E Davis , Techgnosis , ( London : Serpents Tail , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ J Caputo , On Religion , ( London : Routledge , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ I Mobsby , Emerging & Fresh Expressions of Church , ( London : Moot Community Publishing , 2007 ) , Chapter Two and Three . Jump up ^ Barry Taylor , Entertainment Theology , ( Grand Rapids : Baker , 2008 ) , 14 - 15 . Jump up ^ I Mobsby , The Becoming of G-d , ( Oxford : YTC Press , 2008 ) , 83 - 96 . Jump up ^ Barry Taylor , Entertainment Theology , ( Grand Rapids : Baker , 2008 ) , 96 - 102 . Jump up ^ `` ' Emerging church ' seeks the justice Jesus sought '' . ContraCostaTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Brian McLaren in Africa '' . Brianmclaren.net . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Brian . `` Everything must change '' . Amazon.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Brian McLaren `` Church Emerging : Or Why I Still Use the Word Postmodern But with Mixed Feelings '' in An Emergent Manifesto of Hope eds . Doug Pagitt and Tony Jones ( Grand Rapids , Michigan : Baker Books , 2007 ) , 141ff . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 7156 - 9 Jump up ^ `` The Emerging Synagogue ? '' . Parse , Christianity Today . 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Emergent Jews ' consult evangelicals on staying relevant '' . The Jerusalem Post . 22 January 2006 . Jump up ^ J. Shawn Landres ; Ryan K. Bolger ( July 2007 ) . `` Emerging Patterns of Interreligious Conversation : A Christian - Jewish Experiment '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 612 : 225 -- 239 . JSTOR 25097938 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716207301563 . External links Postmodernity and the Emerging Church Movement : Reading Room : Extensive online resources on the Emerging Church Movement , Tyndale University College and Seminary The Emerging Church , Part One July 8 , 2005 , PBS Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly . Retrieved July 29 , 2005 . The Emerging Church , Part Two July 15 , 2005 , PBS Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly . Retrieved July 29 , 2005 . What is the Emerging Church ? -- 2006 guest lecture by Dr. Scot McKnight at Westminster Theological Seminary Five Streams of the Emerging Church -- Christianity Today article by Scot McKnight The Emergent Mystique -- Christianity Today feature by Andy Crouch What Should We Think of the Emerging Church ? Part One -- Christian Post column by Albert Mohler What Should We Think of the Emerging Church ? Part Two -- Christian Post column by Albert Mohler An Interview with Tony Jones , National Coordinator of Emergent Village `` Will the Real Emerger Please Stand Up ? '' by C. Michael Patton , President of Credo House Ministries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emerging_church&oldid=797434502 '' Categories : Emerging Church Movement Missional Christianity Evangelicalism Christian movements Christian terminology Postmodern religion Evangelical movement Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia | 1. Emerging church movement
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-5,830,780,778,534,984,000 | what was the only part of the current us invaded by the japanese during wwii | List of territories occupied by imperial Japan - wikipedia List of territories occupied by imperial Japan This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a list of regions occupied or annexed by the Empire of Japan until 1945 , the year of the end of World War II in Asia , after the surrender of Japan . Control over all territories except the Japanese mainland ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and some 6,000 small surrounding islands ) was renounced by Japan in the Unconditional Surrender after World War II and the Treaty of San Francisco . A number of territories occupied by the United States after 1945 were returned to Japan , but there are still a number of disputed territories , with Russia ( the Kuril Islands dispute ) , South Korea and North Korea ( the Liancourt Rocks dispute ) , the People 's Republic of China and Taiwan ( the Senkaku Islands dispute ) . Maximum extent of the Japanese empire Contents 1 Pre-World War II 1.1 Colony 1.2 Occupied locations 2 World War II 2.1 Areas attacked but not conquered 2.2 Raided without immediate intent of occupation 3 See also 4 References Pre-world War II ( edit ) Colony ( edit ) Hokkaido - since 1869 Kuril Islands - 1875 - 1945 Ryukyu Islands - 1879 - 1945 & since 1972 Nanpō Islands - 1891 - 1945 & since 1968 Taiwan - 1895 - 1945 Minami - Tori - shima - 1898 - 1945 & since 1968 South Karafuto ( Sakhalin ) - 1905 - 1945 Kwantung Leased Territory - 1905 - 1945 Korea - 1910 - 1945 Shandong - formerly of German Empire - 1914 - 1922 South Pacific Mandate 1919 - 1945 Okinotorishima - 1931 - 1945 & since 1968 Occupied locations ( edit ) Manchuria - 1931 - 1945 all ports and major towns in the Primorsky Krai and Siberia regions of Russia east of the city of Chita , from 1918 until gradually withdrawing in 1922 . World War II ( edit ) Occupied or controlled region Japanese name Date Population est. ( 1943 ) Notes South Sakhalin Karafuto Prefecture ( 樺太 庁 ) of Imperial Japan prewar - 1945 406,000 mainland China various 1931 - 1945 200,000,000 ( est ) Manchukuo 50 million ( 1940 ) , Jehol , Kwantung Leased Territory , Jiangsu , Shanghai , Shandong , Hebei , Beijing , Tianjin , plus parts of : Guangdong , Guangxi , Hubei , Hunan , Fujian , Guizhou , Inner Mongolia Japan Naichi ( 内地 ) prewar - 1945 72,000,000 Present day Japan , Kuril and Ryukyu Islands Korea Chosen ( 朝鮮 ) prewar - 1945 25,500,000 Both North and South Taiwan Taiwan ( 臺灣 ) prewar - 1945 6,586,000 Hong Kong Hong kong ( 香港 ) December 12 , 1941 - August 15 , 1945 1,400,000 Hong Kong ( UK ) : : East Asia ( subtotal ) - - 306,792,000 Vietnam Annan ( 安南 ) July 15 , 1940 - August 29 , 1945 22,122,000 As French Indochina Cambodia Kambojia ( カンボジア ) July 15 , 1940 - August 29 , 1945 3,100,000 As French Indochina , Japanese occupation of Cambodia Laos Raosu ( ラオス ) July 15 , 1940 - August 29 , 1945 1,400,000 As French Indochina , Japanese occupation of Laos Thailand Tai ( タイ ) December 8 , 1941 - August 15 , 1945 16,216,000 Allied with Japan Malaysia Maraya ( マラヤ ) Kita Boruneo ( 北 ボルネオ ) March 27 , 1942 - September 6 , 1945 ( Malaya ) , March 29 , 1942 - September 9 , 1945 ( Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan , North Borneo ) 4,938,000 plus 39,000 ( Brunei ) As Malaya ( UK ) , British Borneo ( UK ) , Brunei ( UK ) Philippines Firipin ( フィリピン ) May 8 , 1942 - July 5 , 1945 17,419,000 Philippines ( USA ) Indonesia Higashi Indo ( 東 印度 ) January 18 , 1942 - October 21 , 1945 72,146,000 As Dutch East Indies Singapore Shōnan tou ( 昭 南島 ) March 29 , 1942 - September 9 , 1945 822,000 Singapore ( UK ) Myanmar Biruma ( ビルマ ) 1942 -- 1945 16,800,000 Burma ( UK ) East Timor Higashi Chimoru ( 東 チモール ) February 19 , 1942 - September 2 , 1945 450,000 Portuguese Timor : : Southeast Asia ( subtotal ) - - 155,452,000 New Guinea N / A December 27 , 1941 - September 15 , 1945 1,400,000 As Papua and New Guinea ( Australia ) Guam Ōmiya Island ( 大 宮島 ) January 6 , 1942 - October 24 , 1945 from Guam ( USA ) South Pacific Mandate N / A 1919 - 1945 129,000 from German Empire Nauru N / A August 26 , 1942 - September 13 , 1945 3,000 from United Kingdom , Australia and New Zealand Wake Island , US Ōtori Island ( 大 鳥島 ) December 27 , 1941 - September 4 , 1945 nil USA Attu and Kiska Islands ( US ) Atsuta Island ( 熱田 島 ) Narukami Island ( 鳴神 島 ) June 6 , 1942 - September 27 , 1943 nil USA Kiribati N / A December 1941 - January 22 , 1944 28,000 from Gilbert Islands ( UK ) : : Pacific Islands ( subtotal ) - - 1,433,000 : : Total Population - - 463,677,000 Disclaimer : Not all areas were considered part of Imperial Japan but rather part of puppet states , included separately for demographic purposes . Sources : POPULSTAT Asia Oceania Other occupied World War 2 islands : Andaman Islands ( India ) - March 29 , 1942 - September 9 , 1945 Christmas Island ( Australia ) - March 1942 - October 1945 Areas attacked but not conquered ( edit ) Kohima and Manipur ( India ) Dornod ( Khalkhin Gol , Mongolia ) Midway Atoll ( United States ) Raided without immediate intent of occupation ( edit ) Air raids Pearl Harbor ( Hawaii ) Colombo and Trincomalee ( Sri Lanka ) Air raids on Australia , including : Broome ( Western Australia , Australia ) Darwin ( Northern Territory , Australia ) Townsville ( Queensland , Australia ) Lookout Air Raids ( Oregon , United States ) Naval bombardment by submarine British Columbia ( Canada ) Santa Barbara ( California , United States ) Fort Stevens ( Oregon , United States ) Newcastle ( New South Wales , Australia ) Gregory ( Western Australia , Australia ) Midget sub attack Sydney ( New South Wales , Australia ) Diego Suarez ( Madagascar ) See also ( edit ) Japanese colonial empire Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Tanaka Memorial Jewish settlement in the Japanese Empire Sangokujin - ' third country person ' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gregory Smits ( 1999 ) . Visions of Ryukyu : Early - Modern Thought and Politics . Honolulu : University of Hawai'i Press , 143 -- 149 Jump up ^ Leonard A. Humphreys ( 1995 ) . ' The Way of the Heavenly Sword : The Japanese Army in the 1920s . Stanford University Press . p. 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.populstat.info/Asia/asia.html Populstat ASIA Jump up ^ http://www.populstat.info/Oceania/oceania.html Populstat OCEANIA <Th_colspan="3"> Countries and territories occupied by Imperial Japan during World War II British Empire Burma Christmas Island Hong Kong India : Andaman Islands Malaya Nauru New Guinea Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan and British North Borneo Singapore Solomon Islands United States Attu Guam Kiska Philippines Wake Island Other China Mengkiang France Cambodia Laos Vietnam Netherlands Indonesia Portugal East Timor 1870 -- 1937 Karafuto Korea Manchukuo South Pacific Mandate : Northern Marianas Taiwan <Th_colspan="3"> Empire of Japan Overview Agriculture Censorship Demographics Economy Economic history Education Eugenics Foreign commerce and shipping Industrial production Militarism Nationalism Statism Internal politics State Shinto Kazoku Emperors Meiji ( Mutsuhito ) Taishō ( Yoshihito ) Shōwa ( Hirohito ) Symbols Flag of Japan Rising Sun Flag Imperial Seal of Japan Government Seal of Japan State Seal of Japan Privy Seal of Japan Kimigayo Policies Constitution Charter Oath Foreign relations Imperial Rescript on Education Imperial Rule Assistance Association Kokutai Mokusatsu National Spiritual Mobilization Movement Peace Preservation Law Political parties Supreme Court of Judicature Tokkō Tonarigumi Greater East Asia Conference Government Administration ( Ministries ) Imperial Household Home Ministry War Army Navy Treasury Foreign Affairs Agriculture and Commerce Commerce and Industry Munitions Colonial Affairs Greater East Asia East Asia Development Board ( Kōain ) Legislative & Deliberative Bodies Daijō - kan Privy Council Gozen Kaigi Imperial Diet Peers Representatives Military Armed Forces Imperial General Headquarters Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors Senjinkun military code Nuclear weapons program Kamikaze War crimes Supreme War Council Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Air Service Railways and Shipping Imperial Guard Imperial Way Faction ( Kōdōha ) Japanese holdout Tōseiha Kenpeitai Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff Air Service Land Forces Fleet Faction Treaty Faction History Meiji period Meiji Restoration Boshin War Satsuma Rebellion First Sino - Japanese War Triple Intervention Boxer Rebellion Anglo - Japanese Alliance Russo - Japanese War Taishō period World War I Siberian Intervention General Election Law Washington Naval Treaty Shōwa period Shōwa financial crisis Jinan Incident London Naval Treaty Pacification of Manchukuo January 28 Incident Anti-Comintern Pact Second Sino - Japanese War Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Tripartite Pact Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact Pacific War Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Soviet -- Japanese War Surrender ( Potsdam Declaration , Jewel Voice Broadcast ) Occupation Territories Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Karafuto Korea Kwantung Manchukuo South Pacific Taiwan Occupied territories Borneo Burma French Indochina Dutch East Indies Hong Kong Malaya Philippines Singapore Thailand Other topics Sonnō jōi Fukoku kyōhei Hakkō ichiu Internment camps German pre -- World War II industrial co-operation Racial Equality Proposal Shinmin no Michi Shōwa Modan Socialist thought Yasukuni Shrine International Military Tribunal for the Far East Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_territories_occupied_by_Imperial_Japan&oldid=863528952 '' Categories : Japanese military occupations Japan - related lists Japanese military - related lists Japan in World War II New Imperialism Japan in World War II - related lists Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 10 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Territories occupied by imperial Japan
2. World War II in Asia
3. Japanese colonial empire
4. Disputed territories after World War II
5. Imperial Japan's control over territories |
2,910,123,902,650,901,000 | who draw the border between india and pakistan | Radcliffe Line - Wikipedia Radcliffe Line Jump to : navigation , search Movement of refugees upon the Partition of India The Radcliffe Line was the boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan published on 17 August 1947 upon the Partition of India . It was named after its architect , Sir Cyril Radcliffe , who , as chairman of the Border Commissions , was charged with equitably dividing 175,000 square miles ( 450,000 km ) of territory with 88 million people . Today its western side still serves as the Indo - Pakistani border and the eastern side serves as the India - Bangladesh border . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Events leading up to the Radcliffe Boundary Commissions 1.2 Prior ideas of partition 1.3 Sikh concerns 1.4 Final negotiations 2 Process and key people 2.1 Members of the Commissions 3 Problems in the process 3.1 Boundary - making procedures 3.2 Political representation 3.3 Local knowledge 3.4 Haste and indifference 3.5 Secrecy 3.6 Implementation 4 Disputes along the Radcliffe Line 4.1 Punjab 4.1. 1 Ferozpur District 4.1. 2 Gurdaspur District 4.1. 3 Pakistani View on the Award of Gurdaspur to India 4.1. 4 Assessments on the ' Controversial Award of Gurdaspur to India and the Kashmir Dispute ' 4.2 Bengal 4.2. 1 Chittagong Hill Tracts 4.2. 2 Malda District 4.2. 3 Khulna and Murshidabad Districts 4.2. 4 Karimganj 5 Legacy 5.1 Legacy and historiography 5.2 Artistic depictions 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Events leading up to the Radcliffe Boundary Commissions ( edit ) On 15 July 1947 , the Indian Independence Act 1947 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom stipulated that British rule in India would come to an end just one month later , on 15 August 1947 . The Act also stipulated the partition of the Provinces of British India into two new sovereign dominions : the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan . The Indian Independence Act , passed by the British parliament , abandoned the suzerainty of the British Crown over the princely states and dissolved the Indian Empire , so that the rulers of the states found themselves fully independent and were free to decide for themselves whether to accede to one of the new dominions or to remain independent . Pakistan was intended as a Muslim homeland , while the Union of India remained secular . Muslim - majority British provinces in the north were to become the foundation of Pakistan . The provinces of Baluchistan ( 91.8 % Muslim before partition ) and Sindh ( 72.7 % ) were granted entirely to Pakistan . However , two provinces did not have an overwhelming majority -- Bengal in the north - east ( 54.4 % Muslim ) and the Punjab in the north - west ( 55.7 % Muslim ) . The western part of the Punjab became part of West Pakistan and the eastern part became the Indian state of East Punjab , which was later divided between a smaller Punjab State and two other states . Bengal was also partitioned , into East Bengal ( in Pakistan ) and West Bengal ( in India ) . Following independence , the North - West Frontier Province ( whose borders with Afghanistan had earlier been demarcated by the Durand Line ) voted in a referendum to join Pakistan . This controversial referendum was boycotted by the most popular Pukhtun movement in the province at that time . The area is now a province in Pakistan called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The Punjab 's population distribution was such that there was no line that could neatly divide Hindus , Muslims , and Sikhs . Likewise , no line could appease the Muslim League , headed by Jinnah , and the Indian National Congress led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel , and by the British . Moreover , any division based on religious communities was sure to entail `` cutting through road and rail communications , irrigation schemes , electric power systems and even individual landholdings . '' However , a well - drawn line could minimize the separation of farmers from their fields , and also minimize the numbers of people who might feel forced to relocate . As it turned out , on `` the sub-continent as a whole , some 14 million people left their homes and set out by every means possible -- by air , train , and road , in cars and lorries , in buses and bullock carts , but most of all on foot -- to seek refuge with their own kind . '' Many of them were slaughtered by an opposing side , some starved or died of exhaustion , while others were afflicted with `` cholera , dysentery , and all those other diseases that afflict undernourished refugees everywhere '' . Estimates of the number of people who died range between 200,000 ( official British estimate at the time ) and two million , with the consensus being around one million dead . Prior ideas of partition ( edit ) The idea of partitioning the provinces of Bengal and Punjab had been present since the beginning of the 20th century . Bengal had in fact been partitioned by the then viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905 , along with its adjoining regions . The resulting ' Eastern Bengal and Assam ' province , with its capital at Dhaka , had a Muslim majority and the ' West Bengal ' province , with its capital at Calcutta , had a Hindu majority . However , this partition of Bengal was reversed in 1911 in an effort to mollify Bengali nationalism . Proposals for partitioning Punjab had been made starting from 1908 . Its proponents included the Hindu leader Bhai Parmanand , Congress leader Lala Lajpat Rai , industrialist G.D. Birla , and various Sikh leaders . After the Lahore resolution ( 1940 ) of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan , B.R. Ambedkar wrote a 400 - page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan , wherein he discussed the boundaries of the Muslim and non-Muslim regions of Punjab and Bengal . His calculations showed a Muslim majority in 16 western districts of Punjab and non-Muslim majority in 13 eastern districts . In Bengal , he showed non-Muslim majority in 15 districts . He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries . If they did , they did not quite `` understand the nature of their own demand '' . Districts of Punjab with Muslim ( green ) and non-Muslim ( pink ) majorities , as per 1941 census After the breakdown of the 1945 Simla Conference of viceroy Lord Wavell , the idea of Pakistan began to be contemplated seriously . Sir Evan Jenkins , the private secretary of the viceroy ( later the governor of Punjab ) , wrote a memorandum titled `` Pakistan and the Punjab '' , where he discussed the issues surrounding the partition of Punjab . K.M. Panikkar , then prime minister of the Bikaner State , sent a memorandum to the viceroy titled `` Next Step in India '' , wherein he recommended that the British government concede the principle of ' Muslim homeland ' but carry out territorial adjustments to the Punjab and Bengal to meet the claims of the Hindus and Sikhs . Based on these discussions , the viceroy sent a note on `` Pakistan theory '' to the Secretary of State . The viceroy informed the Secretary of State that Jinnah envisaged full provinces of Bengal and Punjab going to Pakistan with only minor adjustments , whereas Congress was expecting almost half of these provinces to remain in India . This essentially framed the problem of partition . The Secretary of State responded by directing Lord Wavell to send ' actual proposals for defining genuine Muslim areas ' . The task fell on V.P. Menon , the Reforms Commissioner , and his colleague Sir B.N. Rau in the Reforms Office . They prepared a note called `` Demarcation of Pakistan Areas '' , where they defined the western zone of Pakistan as consisting of Sindh , N.W.F.P. , British Baluchistan and three western divisions of Punjab ( Rawalpindi , Multan and Lahore ) . However , they noted that this allocation would leave 2.2 million Sikhs in the Pakistan area and about 1.5 million in India . Excluding the Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts of the Lahore Division from Pakistan would put a majority of Sikhs in India . ( Amritsar had a non-Muslim majority and Gurdaspur a marginal Muslim majority . ) To compensate for the exclusion of the Gurdaspur district , they included the entire Dinajpur district in the eastern zone of Pakistan , which similarly had a marginal Muslim majority . After receiving comments from John Thorne , member of the Executive Council in charge of Home affairs , Wavell forwarded the proposal to the Secretary of State . He justified the exclusion of the Amritsar district because of its sacredness to the Sikhs and that of Gurdaspur district because it had to go with Amritsar for ' geographical reasons ' . The Secretary of State commended the proposal and forwarded it to the India and Burma Committee , saying , `` I do not think that any better division than the one the Viceroy proposes is likely to be found '' . Sikh concerns ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2017 ) While Master Tara Singh confused Rajagopalchari 's offer with the Muslim League demand he could see that any division of Punjab would leave the Sikhs divided between Pakistan and Hindustan . He espoused the doctrine of self - reliance , opposed partition and called for independence on the grounds that no single religious community should control Punjab . Other Sikhs argued that just as Muslims feared Hindu domination the Sikhs also feared Muslim domination . Sikhs warned the British government that the morale of Sikh troops in the British Army would be affected if Pakistan was forced on them . Since Hindus seemed more concerned about the rest of India than Punjab , Master Tara Singh refused to ally with them and preferred to approach the British directly . Giani Kartar Singh drafted the scheme of a separate Sikh state if India was divided . During the Partition developments Jinnah offered Sikhs to live in Pakistan with safeguards for their rights . Sikhs refused because they opposed the concept of Pakistan and also because they were opposed to being a small minority within a Muslim majority . There are various reasons for the Sikh refusal to join Pakistan but one clear fact was that the Partition of Punjab left a deep impact on the Sikh psyche with many Sikh holy sites ending up in Pakistan . While the Congress had insisted for an India which was united and the Muslim League asked for a separate country , Sikh leader Dr. Vir Singh Bhatti proposed the creation of a separate Sikh state `` Khalistan '' . Sikh leaders who were unanimous in their opposition to Pakistan wanted a Sikh state to be created . Master Tara Singh wanted the right for an independent Khalistan to federate with either Hindustan or Pakistan . However , the Sikh state being proposed was for an area where no religion was in absolute majority . Negotiations for the independent Sikh state had commenced at the end of World War II and the British initially agreed but the Sikhs withdrew this demand after pressure from Indian nationalists . The proposals of the Cabinet Mission Plan had seriously jolted the Sikhs because while both the Congress and League could be satisfied the Sikhs saw nothing in it for themselves . as they would be subjected to a Muslim majority . Master Tara Singh protested this to Pethic - Lawrence on May 5 . By early September the Sikh leaders accepted both the long term and interim proposals despite their earlier rejection . The Sikhs attached themselves to the Indian state with the promise of religious and cultural autonomy . Final negotiations ( edit ) Pre-partition Punjab province In March 1946 , the British government sent a Cabinet Mission to India to find a solution to resolve the conflicting demands of Congress and the Muslim League . Congress agreed to allow Pakistan to be formed with ' genuine Muslim areas ' . The Sikh leaders asked for a Sikh state with Ambala , Jalandher , Lahore Divisions with some districts from the Multan Division , which , however , did not meet the Cabinet delegates ' agreement . In discussions with Jinnah , the Cabinet Mission offered either a ' smaller Pakistan ' with all the Muslim - majority districts except Gurdaspur or a ' larger Pakistan ' under the sovereignty of the Indian Union . The Cabinet Mission came close to success with its proposal for an Indian Union under a federal scheme , but it fell apart in the end because of Nehru 's opposition to a heavily decentralised India . Hindus and Sikhs in Punjab and Bengal clamoured for the division of these two provinces , arguing that if India could be divided along religious lines then so should these provinces because the Muslim majorities in both provinces were small . Scholar Akbar Ahmed says that the basic unit of administration in India was the province and not the district and that the district level division reduced the principle of partition to absurdity . According to Ahmed , such a division should have meant that Muslim estates in the United Provinces be separated and given to Pakistan . Scholar Sialkoti writes that V.P Menon decided with Sardar Patel to only give Muslims a ' moth - eaten Pakistan ' . Nehru then discussed partitioning Punjab and Bengal with Wavell . Nehru told Menon that the partition of Punjab and Bengal would bring the more fertile parts of these two provinces into the Indian Union so that a truncated Pakistan would not be worth having . Nehru told Gandhi that ' ' it is unlikely that Jinnah and the Muslim League will agree to this truncated Pakistan which can never succeed economically or otherwise ' ' . Sir Cripps remarked ' ' the Pakistan they are likely to get would be very different from what they wanted and it may not be worth their while . ' On March 8 the Congress passed a resolution to divide Punjab . In March 1947 , Lord Mountbatten arrived in India as the next viceroy , with an explicit mandate to achieve transfer of power before June 1948 . Scholar Sialkoti states that Mountbatten and his staff had already evaluated all the recommendations for the partition of Punjab and done their homework prior to their arrival . Within ten days , Mountbatten 's staff had categorically stated that Congress had conceded the Pakistan demand except for the 13 eastern districts of Punjab ( including Amritsar and Gurdaspur ) . However , Jinnah held out . Through a series of six meetings with Mountbatten , he continued to maintain that his demand was for six full provinces . He `` bitterly complained '' that the Viceroy was ruining his Pakistan by cutting Punjab and Bengal in half as this would mean a ' moth - eaten Pakistan ' . But Mountbatten insisted on a partition . The Gurdaspur district remained a key contentious issue for the non-Muslims . Their members of the Punjab legislature made representations to Mountbatten 's chief of staff Lord Ismay as well as the Governor telling them that Gurdaspur was a `` non-Muslim district '' . They contended that even if it had a marginal Muslim majority of 51 % , which they believed to be erroneous , the Muslims paid only 35 % of the land revenue in the district . In April , Governor Evan Jenkins wrote a note to Mountbatten proposing that Punjab be divided along Muslim and non-Muslim majority districts , but `` adjustments could be made by agreement '' regarding the tehsils ( subdistricts ) contiguous to these districts . He proposed that a Boundary Commission be set up consisting of two Muslim and two non-Muslim members recommended by the Punjab Legislative Assembly . He also proposed that a British judge of the High Court be appointed as the chairman of the Commission . Jinnah and the Muslim League continued to oppose the idea of partitioning the provinces , and the Sikhs were disturbed about the possibility of getting only 12 districts ( without Gurdaspur ) . In this context the Partition Plan of 3 June was announced with a notional partition showing 17 districts of Punjab in Pakistan and 12 districts in India , along with the establishment of a Boundary Commission to decide the final boundary . In Sialkoti 's view , this was done mainly to placate the Sikhs . Mountbatten decided to threaten Jinnah by drawing a line less favourable to Muslims and more favourable to Sikhs if he did not agree to partitioning Punjab and Bengal . However , Lord Ismay prevailed that he should use ' hurt feelings ' rather than threats to persuade Jinnah for partition . They ultimately succeeded . On the 2nd of June Jinnah once again approached Mountbatten to plead for the unity of Punjab and Bengal but Mountbatten threatened that ' ' You will lose Pakistan probably for good . ' ' Process and key people ( edit ) A crude border had already been drawn up by Lord Wavell , the Viceroy of India prior to his replacement as Viceroy , in February 1947 , by Lord Louis Mountbatten . In order to determine exactly which territories to assign to each country , in June 1947 , Britain appointed Sir Cyril Radcliffe to chair two Boundary Commissions -- one for Bengal and one for Punjab . The Commission was instructed to `` demarcate the boundaries of the two parts of the Punjab on the basis of ascertaining the contiguous majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims . In doing so , it will also take into account other factors . '' Other factors were undefined , giving Radcliffe leeway , but included decisions regarding `` natural boundaries , communications , watercourses and irrigation systems '' , as well as socio - political consideration . Each commission also had 4 representatives -- 2 from the Indian National Congress and 2 from the Muslim League . Given the deadlock between the interests of the two sides and their rancorous relationship , the final decision was essentially Radcliffe 's . After arriving in India on 8 July 1947 , Radcliffe was given just five weeks to decide on a border . He soon met with his fellow college alumnus Mountbatten and travelled to Lahore and Calcutta to meet with commission members , chiefly Nehru from the Congress and Jinnah , president of the Muslim League . He objected to the short time frame , but all parties were insistent that the line be finished by the 15 August British withdrawal from India . Mountbatten had accepted the post as Viceroy on the condition of an early deadline . The decision was completed just a couple of days before the withdrawal , but due to political manoeuvring , not published until 17 August 1947 , two days after the grant of independence to India and Pakistan . Members of the Commissions ( edit ) Each boundary commission consisted of 5 people -- a chairman ( Radcliffe ) , 2 members nominated by the Indian National Congress and 2 members nominated by the Muslim League . The Bengal Boundary Commission consisted of Justices C.C. Biswas , B.K. Mukherji , Abu Saleh Mohamed Akram and S.A. Rahman . The members of the Punjab Commission were Justices Mehr Chand Mahajan , Teja Singh , Din Mohamed and Muhammad Munir . Problems in the process ( edit ) Boundary - making procedures ( edit ) The Punjabi section of the Radcliffe Line All lawyers by trade , Radcliffe and the other commissioners had all of the polish and none of the specialized knowledge needed for the task . They had no advisers to inform them of the well - established procedures and information needed to draw a boundary . Nor was there time to gather the survey and regional information . The absence of some experts and advisers , such as the United Nations , was deliberate , to avoid delay . Britain 's new Labour government `` deep in wartime debt , simply could n't afford to hold on to its increasingly unstable empire . '' `` The absence of outside participants -- for example , from the United Nations -- also satisfied the British Government 's urgent desire to save face by avoiding the appearance that it required outside help to govern -- or stop governing -- its own empire . '' Political representation ( edit ) The equal representation given to politicians from Indian National Congress and the Muslim League appeared to provide balance , but instead created deadlock . The relationships were so tendentious that the judges `` could hardly bear to speak to each other '' , and the agendas so at odds that there seemed to be little point anyway . Even worse , `` the wife and two children of the Sikh judge in Lahore had been murdered by Muslims in Rawalpindi a few weeks earlier . '' In fact , minimizing the numbers of Hindus and Muslims on the wrong side of the line was not the only concern to balance . The Punjab Border Commission was to draw a border through the middle of an area home to the Sikh community . Lord Islay was rueful for the British not to give more consideration to the community who , in his words , had `` provided many thousands of splendid recruits for the Indian Army '' in its service for the crown in World War I . However , the Sikhs were militant in their opposition to any solution which would put their community in a Muslim ruled state . Moreover , many insisted on their own sovereign state , something no - one else would agree to . Last of all , were the communities without any representation . The Bengal Border Commission representatives were chiefly concerned with the question of who would get Calcutta . The Buddhist tribes in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bengal had no official representation and were left totally without information to prepare for their situation until two days after the partition . Perceiving the situation as intractable and urgent , Radcliffe went on to make all the difficult decisions himself . This was impossible from inception , but Radcliffe seems to have had no doubt in himself and raised no official complaint or proposal to change the circumstances . Local knowledge ( edit ) Before his appointment , Radcliffe had never visited India and knew no one there . To the British and the feuding politicians alike , this neutrality was looked upon as an asset ; he was considered to be unbiased toward any of the parties , except of course Britain . Only his private secretary , Christopher Beaumont , was familiar with the administration and life in the Punjab . Wanting to preserve the appearance of impartiality , Radcliffe also kept his distance from Viceroy Mountbatten . No amount of knowledge could produce a line that would completely avoid conflict ; already , `` sectarian riots in Punjab and Bengal dimmed hopes for a quick and dignified British withdrawal '' . `` Many of the seeds of postcolonial disorder in South Asia were sown much earlier , in a century and half of direct and indirect British control of large part of the region , but , as book after book has demonstrated , nothing in the complex tragedy of partition was inevitable . '' Haste and indifference ( edit ) Radcliffe justified the casual division with the truism that no matter what he did , people would suffer . The thinking behind this justification may never be known since Radcliffe `` destroyed all his papers before he left India '' . He departed on Independence Day itself , before even the boundary awards were distributed . By his own admission , Radcliffe was heavily influenced by his lack of fitness for the Indian climate and his eagerness to depart India . The implementation was no less hasty than the process of drawing the border . On 16 August 1947 at 5 : 00 pm , the Indian and Pakistani representatives were given two hours to study copies , before the Radcliffe award was published on 17 August . Secrecy ( edit ) To avoid disputes and delays , the division was done in secret . The final Awards were ready on 9 August and 12 August , but not published until two days after the partition . According to Read and Fisher , there is some circumstantial evidence that Nehru and Patel were secretly informed of the Punjab Award 's contents on August 9 or 10 , either through Mountbatten or Radcliffe 's Indian assistant secretary . Regardless of how it transpired , the award was changed to put a salient east of the Sutlej canal within India 's domain instead of Pakistan 's . This area consisted of two Muslim - majority tehsils with a combined population of over half a million . There were two apparent reasons for the switch : the area housed an army arms depot , and contained the headwaters of a canal which irrigated the princely state of Bikaner , which would accede to India . Implementation ( edit ) After the partition , the fledgling governments of India and Pakistan were left with all responsibility to implement the border . After visiting Lahore in August , Viceroy Mountbatten hastily arranged a Punjab Boundary Force to keep the peace around Lahore , but 50,000 men was not enough to prevent thousands of killings , 77 % of which were in the rural areas . Given the size of the territory , the force amounted to less than one soldier per square mile . This was not enough to protect the cities much less the caravans of the hundreds of thousands of refugees who were fleeing their homes in what would become Pakistan . Both India and Pakistan were loath to violate the agreement by supporting the rebellions of villages drawn on the wrong side of the border , as this could prompt a loss of face on the international stage and require the British or the UN to intervene . Border conflicts led to three wars , in 1947 , 1965 , and 1971 , and the Kargil conflict of 1999 . Disputes along the Radcliffe Line ( edit ) There were disputes regarding the Radcliffe Line 's award of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Gurdaspur district . Disputes also evolved around the districts of Malda , Khulna , and Murshidabad in Bengal and the sub-division of Karimganj of Assam . In addition to Gurdaspur 's Muslim majority tehsils , Radcliffe also gave the Muslim majority tehsils of Ajnala ( Amritsar District ) , Zira , Ferozpur ( in Ferozpur District ) , Nakodar and Jullander ( in Jullander District ) to India instead of Pakistan . Punjab ( edit ) Ferozpur district ( edit ) Indian historians now accept that Mountbatten probably did influence the Ferozpur award in India 's favour . Gurdaspur district ( edit ) Under British control , the Gurdaspur district was the northernmost district of the Punjab Province . The district itself was administratively subdivided into four tehsils : Shakargarh and Pathankot tehsils to the north , and Gurdaspur and Batala tehsils to the south . Of the four , only the Shakargarh tehsil , which was separated from the rest of the district by the Ravi river , was awarded to Pakistan . ( It was subsequently merged into the Narowal district of West Punjab . ) The Gurdaspur , Batala and Pathankot tehsils became part of India 's East Punjab state . The division of the district was followed by a population transfer between the two nations , with Muslims leaving for Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs leaving for India . The entire district of Gurdaspur had a bare majority of 50.2 % Muslims . ( In the ` notional ' award attached to the Indian Independence Act , all of Gurdaspur district was marked as Pakistan with 51.14 % Muslim majority . In the 1901 census , the population of Gurdaspur district was 49 % Muslim , 40 % Hindu , and 10 % Sikh . ) The Pathankot tehsil was predominantly Hindu while the other three tehsils were Muslim majority . In the event , only Shakargarh was awarded to Pakistan . Radcliffe explained that the reason for deviating from the notional award in case of Gurdaspur was that the headwaters of the canals that irrigated the Amritsar district lay in the Gurdaspur district and it was important to keep them under one administration . Lord Wavell had stated in February 1946 that Gurdaspur had to go with the Amritsar district , and the latter could not be in Pakistan due to its Sikh religious shrines . In addition , the railway line from Amritsar to Pathankot passed through the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils . Pakistanis have alleged that the award of the three tehsils to India was a manipulation of the Award by Lord Mountbatten in an effort to provide a land route for India to Jammu and Kashmir . However , Shereen Ilahi points out that the land route to Kashmir was entirely within the Pathankot tehsil , which had a Hindu majority . The award of the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils to India did not affect Kashmir . Pakistani view on the award of Gurdaspur to India ( edit ) Pakistan maintains that the Radcliffe Award was altered by Mountbatten ; Gurdaspur was handed over to India and thus was manipulated the accession of Kashmir to India . As per the ` notional ' award that had already been put into effect for purposes of administration ad interim , all of Gurdaspur district , owing to its Muslim majority , was assigned to Pakistan . From August 14th to 17th , Mushtaq Ahmed Cheema acted as the Deputy Commissioner of the Gurdaspur District , but when , after a delay of two days , it was announced that the major portion of the district had been awarded to India instead of Pakistan , Cheema left for Pakistan . The major part of Gurdaspur district , i.e. three of the four sub-districts and a small part of the fourth , had been handed over to India giving India practical land access to Kashmir , thus making the Indian intervention in Kashmir possible . It came as a great blow to Pakistan . Jinnah and other leaders of Pakistan , and particularly its officials , criticized the Award as ' extremely unjust and unfair ' . Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , who represented the Muslim League in July 1947 before the Radcliffe Boundary Commission , stated that the Boundary Commission was a farce . A secret deal between Mountbatten and Congress leaders had already been struck . Mehr Chand Mahajan , one of the two Non Muslim members of the Boundary Commission , in his autobiography , has acknowledged that when he was selected for the boundary commission , he was not inclined to accept the invitation as he believed that the commission was just a farce and that decisions were actually to be taken by Mountbatten himself . It was only under British pressure that the charges against Mountbatten of last minute alterations in the Radcliffe Award were not officially brought forward by Pakistani Government in the UN Security Council while presenting its case on Kashmir . Zafrullah Khan states that , in actual fact , adopting the tehsil as a unit would have given Pakistan the Ferozepur and Zira tehsils of the Ferozpur District , the Jullundur and Rahon tehsils of Jullundur district and the Dasuya tehsil of the Hoshiarpur district . The line so drawn would also give Pakistan the State of Kapurthala ( which had a Muslim majority ) and would enclose within Pakistan the whole of the Amritsar district of which only one tehsil , Ajnala , had a Muslim majority . It would also give Pakistan the Shakargarh , Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils of the Gurdaspur district . If the boundary went by Doabs , Pakistan could get not only the 16 districts which had already under the notional partition been put into West Punjab , including the Gurdaspur District , but also get the Kangra District in the mountains , to the north and east of Gurdaspur . Or one could go by Commissioners ' divisions . Any of these units being adopted would have been more favourable to Pakistan than the present boundary line . The tehsil was the most favourable unit . But all of the aforementioned Muslim majority tehsils , with the exception of Shakargarh , were handed over to India while Pakistan did n't receive any Non-Muslim majority district or tehsil in Punjab . Zafruallh Khan states that Radcliffe used district , tehsil , thana , and even village boundaries to divide Punjab in such a way that the boundary line was drawn much to the prejudice of Pakistan . According to Zafrullah Khan , the assertion that the award of the Batala and Gurdaspur tehsils to India did not ' affect ' Kashmir is far - fetched . If Batala and Gurdaspur had gone to Pakistan , Pathankot tehsil would have been isolated and blocked . Even though it would have been possible for India to get access to Pathankot through the Hoshiarpur district , it would have taken quite long time to construct the roads , bridges and communications that would have been necessary for military movements . Assessments on the ' controversial award of Gurdaspur to India and the Kashmir dispute ' ( edit ) Stanley Wolpert writes that Radcliffe in his initial maps awarded Gurdaspur district to Pakistan but one of Nehru 's and Mountbatten 's greatest concerns over the new Punjab border was to make sure that Gurdaspur would not go to Pakistan , since that would have deprived India of direct road access to Kashmir . As per `` The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture '' , a part of UNESCO 's Histories flagship project , recently disclosed documents of the history of the partition reveal British complicity with the top Indian leadership to wrest Kashmir from Pakistan . Alastair Lamb , based on the study of recently declassified documents , has convincingly proven that Mountbatten , in league with Nehru , was instrumental in pressurizing Radcliffe to award the Muslim - majority district of Gurdaspur in East Punjab to India which could provide India with the only possible access to Kashmir . Andrew Roberts believes that Mountbatten cheated over India - Pak frontier and states that if gerrymandering took place in the case of Ferozepur , it is not too hard to believe that Mountbatten also pressurized Radcliffe to ensure that Gurdaspur wound up in India to give India road access to Kashmir . Perry Anderson states that Mountbatten , who was officially supposed to neither exercise any influence on Radcliffe nor to have any knowledge of his findings , intervened behind the scenes -- probably at Nehru 's behest -- to alter the award . He had little difficulty in getting Radcliffe to change his boundaries to allot the Muslim - majority district of Gurdaspur to India instead of Pakistan , thus giving India the only road access from Delhi to Kashmir . However , some British works suggest that the ' Kashmir State was not in anybody 's mind ' when the Award was being drawn and that even the Pakistanis themselves had not realized the importance of Gurdaspur to Kashmir until the Indian forces actually entered Kashmir . Both Mountbatten and Radcliffe , of course , have strongly denied those charges . It is impossible to accurately quantify the personal responsibility for the tragedy of Kashmir as the Mountbatten papers relating to the issue at the India Office Library and records are closed to scholars for an indefinite period . Bengal ( edit ) Chittagong Hill Tracts ( edit ) Chittagong Hill Tracts had a majority non-Muslim population of 97 % ( most of them Buddhists ) , but was given to Pakistan . The Chittagong Hill Tracts People 's Association ( CHTPA ) petitioned the Bengal Boundary Commission that , since the CHTs were inhabited largely by non-Muslims , they should remain within India . Since they had no official representation , there was no official discussion on the matter , and many on the Indian side assumed the CHT would be awarded to India . On 15 August 1947 , many of the tribes did not know to which side of the border they belonged . On 17 August , the publication of the Radcliffe Award put the CHTs in Pakistan . The rationale of giving the Chittagong Hill Tracts to Pakistan was that they were inaccessible to India and to provide a substantial rural buffer to support Chittagong ( now in Bangladesh ) , a major city and port ; advocates for Pakistan forcefully argued to the Bengal Boundary Commission that the only approach was through Chittagong . Two days later , the CHTPA resolved not to abide by the award and hoisted the Indian flag . The Pakistani army dealt with the protest but its polemic somewhat remains with some of its non-Muslim majority arguing for its secession . Malda district ( edit ) Another disputed decision made by Radcliffe was division of the Malda district of Bengal . The district overall had a slight Muslim majority , but was divided and most of it , including Malda town , went to India . The district remained under East Pakistan administration for 3 -- 4 days after 15 August 1947 . It was only when the award was made public that the Pakistani flag was replaced by the Indian flag in Malda . Khulna and Murshidabad districts ( edit ) The entire Khulna District with a marginal Hindu majority of 51 % was also given to East Pakistan in lieu of a smaller Murshidabad district with a 70 % Muslim majority , which went to India . Karimganj ( edit ) Sylhet district of Assam joined Pakistan in accordance with a referendum . However , the Karimganj sub-division with a Muslim majority was severed from Sylhet and given to India . As of the 2001 Indian Census , Karimganj now has a Muslim majority of 52.3 % . Legacy ( edit ) Legacy and historiography ( edit ) The Partition of India is one of the central events in the collective memory in India , Pakistan , and Bangladesh . On his motivation to write Drawing the Line , playwright Howard Brenton said he first became interested in the story of the Radcliffe Line while vacationing in India and hearing stories from people whose families had fled across the new line . Artistic depictions ( edit ) As a crucial determiner in the outcomes of the partition , the Radcliffe Line and award process has been referred to in many films , books , and other artistic depictions of the partition of India . The specific commemoration of the award or the recounting of the story of the process and the people involved in it has been comparatively rare . One notable depiction is Drawing the Line , written by British playwright Howard Brenton . Defending his portrayal of Cyril Radcliffe as a man who struggled with his conscience , Brenton said , `` There were clues that Radcliffe had a dark night of the soul in the bungalow : he refused to accept his fee , he did collect all the papers and draft maps , took them home to England and burnt them . And he refused to say a word , even to his family , about what happened . My playwright 's brain went into overdrive when I discovered these details . '' Indian Filmmaker Ram Madhvani created a nine - minute short film where he explored the plausible scenario of Radcliffe regretting the line he drew . The film was inspired by WH Auden 's poem on the Partition . See also ( edit ) Curzon line Indo - Bangladesh enclaves McMahon Line Durand Line Rajkahini Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict ( 2003 , p. 35 ) : Wavell , however , had made a more significant political judgement in his plan , submitted to the secretary of state , Lord Pethick - Lawrence , in February 1946 : ' Gurdaspur must go with Amritsar for geographical reasons and Amritsar being sacred city of Sikhs must stay out of Pakistan ... Fact that much of Lahore district is irrigated from upper Bari Doab canal with headworks in Gurdaspur district is awkward but there is no solution that avoids all such difficulties . ' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 482 Jump up ^ Ishtiaq Ahmed , State , Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia ( London & New York , 1998 ) , p. 99 : `` On 15 August 1947 India achieved independence ... The several hundred princely states which came within Indian territory could in principle remain independent but were advised by both the British government and the Congress Party to join India . '' Jump up ^ Smitha , Independence section , para. 7 . Jump up ^ See North - West Frontier Province and `` North - West Frontier Province '' from the Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition , 2008 , at Encyclopedia.com , accessed 10 September 2009 ^ Jump up to : Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 483 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 497 : `` Ten million of them were in the central Punjab . In an area measuring about 200 miles ( 320 km ) by 150 miles ( 240 km ) , roughly the size of Scotland , with some 17,000 towns and villages , five million Muslims were trekking from east to west , and five million Hindus and Sikhs trekking in the opposite direction . Many of them never made it to their destinations . '' ^ Jump up to : Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 499 Jump up ^ Tan & Kudaisya 2000 , p. 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , p. 73 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Dhulipala , Creating a New Medina 2015 , pp. 124 , 134 , 142 -- 144 , 149 : `` Thoughts on Pakistan ' rocked Indian politics for a decade ' . '' Jump up ^ Sialkoti , Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , p. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , p. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Datta , The Punjab Boundary Commission Award 1998 , p. 858 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Self and Sovereignty : Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 , Ayesha Jalal , pages 433 - 434 Jump up ^ The Politics if Religion in South and Southeast Asia , Tridivesh Singh Maini , page 70 Jump up ^ War and Religion : An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict ( 3 Volumes ) , Jeffrey M Shaw , Timothy J Demmy , page 375 ^ Jump up to : The Sikhs of the Punjab , Volumes 2 - 3 , JS Grewal , page 176 ^ Jump up to : Ethnic Group 's of South Asia and the Pacific : An Encyclopedia , James Minahan , page 292 Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2002 ) . A Concise History of India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 212 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63974 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Akbar Ahmed ( 12 August 2005 ) . Jinnah , Pakistan and Islamic Identity : The Search for Saladin . Routledge . pp. 203 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 75022 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 92 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Sialkoti , An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue 2014 , pp. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Frank Jacobs ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Peacocks at Sunset '' . Opinionator : Borderlines . The New York Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mansergy Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 483 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , pp. 482 -- 483 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 418 : `` He wrote to then Prime Minister Clement Attlee , `` It makes all the difference to me to know that you propose to make a statement in the House , terminating the British ' Raj ' on a definite and specified date ; or earlier than this date , if the Indian Parties can agree a constitution and form a Government before this . '' '' Jump up ^ `` Minutes of the award meeting : Held on 16 August 1947 '' . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chester , Lucy ( 2009 ) . Borders and Conflicts in South Asia : The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab . Manchester : Manchester university Press . ISBN 9780719078996 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 482 : `` After the obligatory wrangles , with Jinnah playing for time by suggesting calling in the United Nations , which could have delayed things for months if not years , it was decided to set up two boundary commissions , each with an independent chairman and four High Court judges , two nominated by Congress and two by the League . '' Jump up ^ Mishra , Exit Wounds 2007 , para. 19 : `` Irrevocably enfeebled by the Second World War , the British belatedly realized that they had to leave the subcontinent , which had spiraled out of their control through the nineteen - forties ... But in the British elections at the end of the war , the reactionaries unexpectedly lost to the Labour Party , and a new era in British politics began . As von Tunzelmann writes , ' By 1946 , the subcontinent was a mess , with British civil and military officers desperate to leave , and a growing hostility to their presence among Indians . ' ... The British could not now rely on brute force without imperiling their own sense of legitimacy . Besides , however much they ' preferred the illusion of imperial might to the admission of imperial failure , ' as von Tunzelmann puts it , the country , deep in wartime debt , simply could n't afford to hold on to its increasingly unstable empire . Imperial disengagement appeared not just inevitable but urgent . '' Jump up ^ Chester , The 1947 Partition 2002 , `` Boundary Commission Format and Procedure section '' , para. 5 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , 483 ,  para. 1 Jump up ^ population ? Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 485 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , pp. 484 -- 485 : `` After the 3 June 1947 plan had been announced , the main Sikh organization , the Shiromani Akali Dal , had distributed a circular saying that ' Pakistan means total death to the Sikh Panth ( community ) and the Sikhs are determined on a free sovereign state with the ( rivers ) Chenab and the Jamna as its borders , and it calls on all Sikhs to fight for their ideal under the flag of the Dal . ' '' Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 481 Jump up ^ Mishra , Exit Wounds 2007 , para. 4 Jump up ^ Mishra , Exit Wounds 2007 , para. 5 Jump up ^ Chester , The 1947 Partition 2002 , `` Methodology '' , para. 1 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 484 : Years later , he told Leonard Mosley , `` The heat is so appalling , that at noon it looks like the blackest night and feels like the mouth of hell . After a few days of it , I seriously began to wonder whether I would come out of it alive . I have thought ever since that the greatest achievement which I made as Chairman of the Boundary Commission was a physical one , in surviving . '' Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p ... 494 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , p. 490 Jump up ^ Read & Fisher , The Proudest Day 1998 , pp. 487 -- 488 ^ Jump up to : Pervaiz I Cheema ; Manuel Riemer ( 22 August 1990 ) . Pakistan 's Defence Policy 1947 -- 58 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 27 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 20942 - 2 . Jump up ^ Owen Bennett Jones ( 2003 ) . Pakistan : Eye of the Storm . Yale University Press . pp. 60 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10147 - 8 . Jump up ^ Narowal -- Punjab Portal ^ Jump up to : Tan & Kudaisya 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Gurdāspur District -- Imperial Gazetteer of India , v. 12 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Kashmir in Conflict 2003 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Ilahi , Shereen ( 2003 ) . `` The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Fate of Kashmir '' . India Review . 2 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 102 . ISSN 1473 - 6489 . doi : 10.1080 / 714002326 . Jump up ^ Zaidi , Z.H. ( 2001 ) , Pakistan Pangs of Birth , 15 August - 30 September 1947 , p. 379 , ISBN 9789698156091 ^ Jump up to : The Reminiscences of Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan by Columbia University , 2004 , p. 155 Jump up ^ `` Gurdaspur -- the dist that almost went to Pak '' . The Tribune India . 15 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Reminiscences of Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan by Columbia University , 2004 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Zaidi , Z.H. ( 2001 ) , Pakistan Pangs of Birth , 15 August - 30 September 1947 , p. 380 , ISBN 9789698156091 Jump up ^ Muhammad Zafarullah Khan , Tahdith - i - Ni'mat , Pakistan Printing Press , 1982 , p. 515 Jump up ^ Mehr Chand Mahajan , Looking Back : The Autobiography Bombay , 1963 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Sohail , Massarat ( 1991 ) , Partition and Anglo - Pakistan relations , 1947 -- 51 , Vanguard , p. 76 -- 77 Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2009 ) , Shameful Flight : The Last Years of the British Empire in India , Oxford University Press , USA , p. 167 Jump up ^ The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture ( PDF ) , 2016 , p. 355 Jump up ^ Author 's Review , Eminent Churchillians Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts ( 16 December 2010 ) . Eminent Churchillians . Orion . pp. 128 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 86527 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robert , Andrew ( 1994 ) , Eminent Chruchillians Jump up ^ Sher Muhammad Garewal , `` Mountbatten and Kashmir Issue '' , Journal of Research Society of Pakistan , XXXIV ( April 1997 ) , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Anderson , Perry , Why Partition ? Jump up ^ Hodson , H.V. ( 1969 ) , The Great Divide : Britain , India , Pakistan , London : Hutchinson , p. 355 Jump up ^ Tinker , Hugh ( August 1977 ) , `` Pressure , Persuasion , Decision : Factors in the Partition of the Punjab , August 1947 '' , Journal of Asian Studies , XXXVI ( 4 ) : 701 , JSTOR 2054436 Jump up ^ Robert , Andrew ( 1994 ) , Eminent Churchillians , p. 105 Jump up ^ Calcutta Research group Jump up ^ `` Sylhet ( Assam ) to join East Pakistan '' . Keesing 's Record of World Events . July 1947 . p. 8722 . ^ Jump up to : `` Web Chat with Howard Brenton '' . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Bloody Line '' . Jump up ^ `` Watch : This Bloody Line , Ram Madhvani 's short film on India - Pak divide '' . Bibliography ( edit ) Chester , Lucy ( February 2002 ) , `` The 1947 Partition : Drawing the Indo - Pakistani Boundary '' , American Diplomacy Datta , V.N. ( 2002 ) , `` Lord Mountbatten and the Punjab Boundary Commission Award '' , in S. Settar ; Indira B. Gupta , Pangs of Partition : The parting of ways , Manohar , pp. 13 -- 39 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7304 - 306 - 2 Datta , V.N. ( 1998 ) , `` The Punjab Boundary Commission Award ( 12 August , 1947 ) '' , Proceedings of the Indian History Congress , 59 : 850 -- 862 , JSTOR 44147058 Dhulipala , Venkat ( 2015 ) , Creating a New Medina , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05212 - 3 Mansergh , N. , ed . The Transfer of Power , 1942 - 7 . ( 12 volumes ) Mishra , Pankaj ( 13 August 2007 ) . `` Exit Wounds '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Read , Anthony ; Fisher , David ( 1998 ) , The Proudest Day : India 's Long Road to Independence , New York : W.W. Norton & Company , ISBN 9780393045949 Schofield , Victoria ( 2003 ) ( First published in 2000 ) , Kashmir in Conflict , London and New York : I.B. Taurus & Co , ISBN 1860648983 Sialkoti , Zulfiqar Ali ( 2014 ) , `` An Analytical Study of the Punjab Boundary Line Issue during the Last Two Decades of the British Raj until the Declaration of 3 June 1947 '' ( PDF ) , Pakistan Journal of History and Culture , XXXV ( 2 ) Tan , Tai Yong ; Kudaisya , Gyanesh ( 2000 ) , The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 44048 - 1 Further reading ( edit ) India : Volume XI : The Mountbatten Viceroyalty - Announcement and Reception of the 3 June Plan , 31 May - 7 July 1947 . Reviewed by Wood , J.R. `` Dividing the Jewel : Mountbatten and the Transfer of Power to India and Pakistan '' . Pacific Affairs , Vol. 58 , No. 4 ( Winter , 1985 -- 1986 ) , pp. 653 -- 662 . JSTOR Berg , E. , and van Houtum , H. Routing borders between territories , discourses , and practices ( p. 128 ) . Chester , Lucy P. Borders and Conflict in South Asia : The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab . Manchester UP , 2009 . Collins , L. , and Lapierre , D. ( 1975 ) Freedom at Midnight . Collins , L. , and Lapierre , D. Mountbatten and the Partition of India . Heward , E. The Great and the Good : A Life of Lord Radcliffe . Chichester : Barry Rose Publishers , 1994 . Mishra , Pankaj ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` Exit Wounds '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Moon , P . The Transfer of Power , 1942 - 7 : Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India : Volume X : The Mountbatten Viceroyalty - Formulation of a Plan , 22 March - 30 May 1947 . Review `` Dividing the Jewel '' at JSTOR Moon , Blake , D. , and Ashton , S . The Transfer of Power , 1942 - 7 : Constitutional Relations Between Britain and . Review `` Dividing the Jewel '' at JSTOR Smitha , F. The US and Britain in Asia , to 1960 . MacroHistory website , 2001 . Tunzelmann , A. Indian Summer . Henry Holt . Wolpert , S. ( 1989 ) . A New History of India , 3rd ed . New York : Oxford University Press . Chopra , R.M. , `` The Punjab And Bengal '' , Punjabee Bradree , Calcutta , 1999 . 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-1,377,993,635,095,477,500 | hamas is a militant organization fighting against which country | Hamas - Wikipedia Hamas Jump to : navigation , search `` Islamic Resistance Movement '' redirects here . For the Iraqi group , see 1920 Revolution Brigade . <Th_colspan="2"> Hamas حركة المقاومة الاسلامية <Td_colspan="2"> Spokesperson Fawzi Barhoum Chief of the Political Bureau Ismail Haniya Deputy Chief of the Political Bureau Mousa Abu Marzouq and Khaled Mashal Founder Sheikh Ahmed Yassin , Abdel Aziz al - Rantissi , Mahmoud Zahar and 4 others . Founded 1987 ( 1987 ) Preceded by Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood Headquarters Gaza , Palestinian territories Ideology Palestinian nationalism Sunni Islamism Islamic nationalism Islamic fundamentalism Anti-Zionism Antisemitism Political position Right wing ( in - exile faction ) to far - right ( domestic faction ) Religion Sunni Islam International affiliation Muslim Brotherhood Colours Green Legislative Council ( 2006 ) 74 / 132 <Th_colspan="2"> Party flag <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> hamas.ps/en <Td_colspan="2"> Politics of Palestine Political parties Elections Hamas ( Arabic : حماس Ḥamās , an acronym of حركة المقاومة الاسلامية Ḥarakat al - Muqāwamah al - ʾIslāmiyyah Islamic Resistance Movement ) is a Palestinian Sunni - Islamic fundamentalist organization . It has a social service wing , Dawah , and a military wing , the Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Brigades . It has been the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip since its takeover of that area in 2007 . During this period it fought several wars with Israel . It is regarded , either in whole or in part , as a terrorist organization by several countries and international organizations , most notably by Israel , the United States and the European Union . Hamas was founded in 1987 , soon after the First Intifada broke out , as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood , which in its Gaza branch had been non-confrontational towards Israel , refrained from resistance , and was hostile to the PLO . Co-founder Sheik Ahmed Yassin stated in 1987 , and the Hamas Charter affirmed in 1988 , that Hamas was founded to liberate Palestine , including modern - day Israel , from Israeli occupation and to establish an Islamic state in the area that is now Israel , the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . The group has stated that it may accept a 10 - year truce if Israel withdraws to the 1967 borders and allows Palestinian refugees from 1948 , including their descendants , to return to what is now Israel , although clarifying that this does not mean recognition of Israel or the end of the conflict . Hamas 's military wing objected to the truce offer . Analysts have said that it seems clear that Hamas knows that many of its conditions for the truce could never be met . The military wing of Hamas has launched attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers , often describing them as retaliatory , in particular for assassinations of the upper echelon of their leadership . Tactics have included suicide bombings and , since 2001 , rocket attacks . Hamas 's rocket arsenal , though mainly consisting of short - range homemade Qassam rockets , also includes long - range weapons that have reached major Israeli cities including Tel Aviv and Haifa . The attacks on civilians have been condemned as war crimes and crimes against humanity by human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch . A 2017 Palestinian Center for Public Opinion poll in the Palestinian territories revealed that Hamas violence and rhetoric against Israelis are unpopular and that a majority of Palestinians would rather Hamas `` accept a permanent two - state solution based on the 1967 borders . '' In the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections , Hamas won a plurality in the Palestinian Parliament , defeating the PLO - affiliated Fatah party . Following the elections , the Quartet ( the United States , Russia , United Nations , and European Union ) made future foreign assistance to the PA conditional upon the future government 's commitment to non-violence , recognition of the state of Israel , and acceptance of previous agreements . Hamas rejected those changes , which led to the Quartet suspending its foreign assistance program and Israel imposing economic sanctions on the Hamas - led administration . In March 2007 , a national unity government headed by Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh of Hamas was briefly formed , but this failed to restart international financial assistance . Tensions over control of Palestinian security forces soon erupted in the 2007 Battle of Gaza , after which Hamas took control of Gaza , while its officials were ousted from government positions in the West Bank . Israel and Egypt then imposed an economic blockade of the Gaza Strip , on the grounds that Fatah forces were no longer providing security there . In 2011 , Hamas and Fatah announced a reconciliation agreement that provides for creation of a joint caretaker Palestinian government . Progress stalled , until an April 2014 agreement to form a compromise unity government , with elections to be held in late 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Aims 3 Leadership and structure 3.1 Consultative councils 3.2 Social Services Wing 3.3 Military wing 4 Finances and funding 5 History 5.1 Gaza Islamic roots and establishment of Hamas 5.2 Hamas Charter ( 1988 ) 5.3 1990s 5.4 Second Intifada 5.5 2006 presidential and legislative elections 5.6 Legislative policy and reforming the judiciary 5.7 Public freedoms and citizen rights 5.8 Hamas -- Fatah conflict 5.9 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War 5.10 After the Gaza War 5.11 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 6 Media 6.1 Children 's magazine 6.2 Al - Aqsa TV 7 Islamization efforts 7.1 In the Gaza Strip 7.2 In the West Bank 7.3 Tayyip Erdoğan 's Turkey as a role model 8 Antisemitism and anti-Zionism 8.1 Hamas Charter ( 1988 ) 8.2 Statements by Hamas members and clerics to an Arab audience 8.3 Statements by Hamas members and clerics to an international audience 8.4 Statements on the Holocaust 9 Violence and terrorism 9.1 Attacks on civilians 9.2 Rocket attacks on Israel 9.3 Attempts to derail 2010 peace talks 9.4 Themes of martyrdom 9.5 Guerrilla warfare 9.6 Extrajudicial killings of rivals 9.7 2011 -- 2013 Sinai insurgency 9.8 International designations as a terrorist organization 10 Criticism 10.1 Human shields 10.2 Children as combatants 10.3 Political freedoms 10.4 Human rights abuses 11 International support 11.1 Qatar and Turkey 11.2 U.S. - based support 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Bibliography 14 External links Etymology Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase حركة المقاومة الاسلامية or Harakat al - Muqāwama al - Islāmiyya , meaning `` Islamic Resistance Movement '' . The Arabic word ' hamas ' ( حماس ) means `` courage '' or `` zeal '' . The Hamas covenant interprets its name to mean `` strength and bravery '' . Aims Hamas , as its name ( Islamic Resistance Movement ) implies , aims to liberate Palestine from the Israeli occupation by resisting it . And according to Hamas armed branch Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Brigades : `` To contribute in the effort of liberating Palestine and restoring the rights of the Palestinian people under the sacred Islamic teachings of the Holy Quran , the Sunnah ( traditions ) of Prophet Muhammad ( peace and blessings of Allah be upon him ) and the traditions of Muslims rulers and scholars noted for their piety and dedication . '' Al - Qassam Brigades aims to liberate all of Palestine from what they describe as Zionist occupation , and to achieve the rights of the Palestinian people that were robbed by the occupation , and it consider itself part of the movement of a project of national liberation . Leadership and structure Map of key Hamas leadership nodes . 2010 Longtime leader , Khaled Meshaal Hamas inherited from its predecessor a tripartite structure that consisted in the provision of social services , of religious training and military operations under a Shura Council . Traditionally it had four distinct functions : ( a ) a charitable social welfare division ( dawah ) ; ( b ) a military division for procuring weapons and undertaking operations ( al - Mujahideen al Filastinun ) ; ( c ) a security service ( Jehaz Aman ) ; and ( d ) a media branch ( A'alam ) . Hamas has both an internal leadership within the West Bank and the Gaza Strip , and an external leadership , split between a Gaza group directed by Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook from his exile first in Damascus and then in Egypt , and a Kuwaiti group ( Kuwaidia ) under Khaled Mashal . The Kuwaiti group of Palestinian exiles began to receive extensive funding from the Gulf States after its leader Mashal broke with Yasser Arafat 's decision to side with Saddam Hussein in the Invasion of Kuwait , with Mashal insisting that Iraq withdraw . On 6 May 2017 , Hamas ' Shura Council chose Ismail Haniya to become the new leader , to replace Mashal . The exact nature of the organization is unclear , secrecy being maintained for fear of Israeli assassinations and to conceal operational activities . Formally , Hamas maintains the wings are separate and independent . Matthew Levitt maintains this is a public myth . Davis argues that they are both separate and combined for reasons of internal and external political necessity . Communication between the political and military wings of Hamas is difficult , owing to the thoroughness of Israeli intelligence surveillance and the existence of an extensive base of informants . After the assassination of Abdel Aziz al - Rantisi the occasional political direction of the militant wing diminished , with field commanders given discretional autonomy on operations . Consultative councils The governing body is the Majlis al - Shura . The principle behind the Council is based on the Qur'anic concept of consultation and popular assembly ( shura ) , which Hamas leaders argue provides for democracy within an Islamic framework . As the organization grew more complex and Israeli pressure increased it needed a broader base for decisions , the Shura Council was renamed the ' General Consultative Council ' , elected from members of local council groups and this in turn elected a 15 - member Politburo ( al - Maktab al - Siyasi ) that made decisions at the highest level . Representatives come from Gaza , the West Bank , leaders in exile and Israeli prisons . This organ was located in Damascus until the Syrian Civil War led it to transfer to Qatar in January 2012 , when Hamas sided with the civil opposition against the regime of Bashar al - Assad . Social services wing Hamas developed its social welfare programme by replicating the model established by Egypt 's Muslim Brotherhood. For them , charity and the development of one 's community are prescribed by religion , and , at the same time , are to be understood as forms of resistance . In Islamic tradition dawah ( lit . ' the call to God ' ) obliges the faithful to reach out to others by both proselytising and by charitable works , and typically the latter centre on the mosques which make use of both waqf endowment resources and charitable donations ( zakat ) to fund grassroots services like nurseries , schools , orphanages , soup kitchens , women 's activities , library services and even sporting clubs within a larger context of preaching and political discussions . In the 1990s , some 85 % of its budget was allocated to the provision of social services . It has been called perhaps the most significant social services actor in Palestine . By 2000 it or its affiliated charities ran roughly 40 % of the social institutions in the West Bank and Gaza and , with other Islamic charities , by 2005 was supporting 120,000 individuals with monthly financial support in Gaza . Part of the appeal of these institutions is that they fill a vacuum in the administration by the PLO of the Palestinian territories , which had failed to cater to the demand for jobs and broad social services , and is widely viewed as corrupt . As late as 2005 , the budget of Hamas , drawing on global charity contributions , was mostly tied up in covering running expenses for its social programmes , which extended from the supply of housing , food and water for the needy to more general functions like financial aid , medical assistance , educational development and religious instruction . A certain accounting flexibility allowed these funds to cover both charitable causes and military operations , permitting transfer from one to the other . The dawah infrastructure itself was understood , within the Palestinian context , as providing the soil from which a militant opposition to the occupation would flower . In this regard it differs from the rival Palestinian Islamic Jihad which lacks any social welfare network , and relies on spectacular terrorist attacks to recruit adherents . In 2007 , through funding from Iran , Hamas managed to allocate at a cost of $60 million , monthly stipends of $100 for 100,000 workers , and a similar sum for 3,000 fishermen laid idle by Israel 's imposition of restrictions on fishing offshore , plus grants totalling $45 million to detainees and their families . Matthew Levitt argues that Hamas grants to people are subject to a rigorous cost - benefit analysis of how beneficiaries will support Hamas , with those linked to terrorist activities receiving more than others . Israel holds the families of suicide bombers accountable and bulldozes their homes , whereas the families of Hamas activists who have been killed or wounded during militant operations are given an initial , one - time grant varying between $500 -- $5,000 , together with a $100 monthly allowance . Rent assistance is also given to families whose homes have been destroyed by Israeli bombing though families unaffiliated with Hamas are said to receive less . Until 2007 , these activities extended to the West Bank , but , after a PLO crackdown , now continue exclusively in the Gaza Strip . After the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état deposed the elected Muslim Brotherhood government of Mohamed Morsi in 2013 , Hamas found itself in a financial straightjacket and has since endeavoured to throw the burden of responsibility for public works infrastructure in the Gaza Strip back onto the Palestinian National Authority , but without success . Military wing Main article : Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Brigades The Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Brigades , Hamas 's military wing was formed in either mid-1991 or 1992 , under the direction of Yahya Ayyash , a Hamas field - commander and bomb - maker assassinated by Israel in 1996 . It was constituted from units associated with the earlier al - Jihad wa Da'wa , an umbrella group that had gathered in militants from various Islamic resistance cells like the Al - Mujahidun al - Filastiniun ( Palestinian fighters ) . established by Salah Shehade in 1986 . The wing takes its name from the prewar militant Palestinian nationalist Sheikh Izz ad - Din al - Qassam , though Hamas cells sometimes refer to themselves as `` Students of Ayyash '' , `` Students of the Engineer '' , or `` Yahya Ayyash Units '' . At the outset , weapons were hard to come by , and the organization began to resort to intermittent kidnappings of soldiers to secure arms and munitions . This approach had been justified two years earlier when , in the wake of the killing of some 20 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces dispersing protestors at the Al - Aqsa Mosque in 1990 , Hamas had declared every Israeli soldier a legitimate target . Weapons found in a mosque during Operation Cast Lead , according to the IDF Ayyash , with a degree in electrical engineering , quickly improved Hamas 's strike capacity by developing IEDs and promoting the tactic of suicide bombings . By the time of the Al - Aqsa Intifada , Hamas 's laboratories had devised a primitive form of rocketry , the Qassam 1 , which they first launched in October 2000 , carrying a 500 gram warhead with a throw range of 4 kilometres . Both propellant and the explosive were manufactured from chemical fertilizers , though TNT was also tried . Over the next five years of the conflict , a 3 - kilogram - warhead - armed version with a strike range of 6 -- 8 kilometres , the Qassam 2 , was also produced and in an incremental rise , these rocket types were fired towards Israeli settlements along the Gaza Strip : 4 in 2001 , 35 in 2002 , 155 in 2003 , 281 in 2004 , and 179 in 2005 . By 2005 , the Qassam 3 had been engineered with a 12 -- 14 kilometre range and a 15 kilo warhead . By 2006 , 942 such rockets were launched into southern Israel . During the War with Israel in 2008 -- 2009 , Hamas deployed 122 - mm Grad rocketry with a 20 -- 40 kilometre range and a 30 kilogram warhead and a variety of guided Kornet antitank missiles . By 2012 Hamas had engineered a version of the Fajr - 5 rocket , which was capable of reaching as far as Tel Aviv , as was shown after the assassination of Ahmed Jabari in that year . In the 2014 war its advanced rocketry reached Jerusalem , Tel Aviv and Haifa . Hamas deployed its increasingly sophisticated rocketry to replace its martyrdom operations . While the number of members is known only to the Brigades leadership , Israel estimates the Brigades have a core of several hundred members who receive military style training , including training in Iran and in Syria ( before the Syrian Civil War ) . Additionally , the brigades have an estimated 10,000 -- 17,000 operatives , forming a backup force whenever circumstances call for reinforcements for the Brigade . Recruitment training lasts for two years . The group 's ideology outlines its aim as the liberation of Palestine and the restoration of Palestinian rights under the dispensations set forth in the Qur'an , and this translates into three policy priorities : To evoke the spirit of Jihad ( Resistance ) among Palestinians , Arabs , and Muslims ; to defend Palestinians and their land against the Zionist occupation and its manifestations ; to liberate Palestinians and their land that was usurped by the Zionist occupation forces and settlers . According to its official stipulations , the Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Brigades ' military operations are to be restricted to operating only inside Palestine , engaging with Israeli soldiers , and in exercising the right of self - defense against armed settlers . They are to avoid civilian targets , to respect the enemy 's humanity by refraining from mutilation , defacement or excessive killing , and to avoid targeting Westerners either in the occupied zones or beyond . In practice , Hamas altered its approach restricting actions to ' legitimate military targets ' by extended them to Israeli civilians after 7 years . Though between 1996 and 2001 it generally refrained from targeting Israeli civilians , it adopted sporadic suicide bombings in the wake of the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre , when an Israeli settler in military fatigues , Baruch Goldstein , shot dead 29 Muslims at prayer in 1993 . After the Al Aqsa revolt , the Brigades were behind most of the suicide bombings in Israel , a measure it defended as a form of `` reciprocity '' . Down to 2007 , the Brigades are estimated to have lost some 800 operatives in conflicts with Israeli forces . The leadership has been consistently undermined by targeted assassinations . Aside from Yahya Ayyash ( 5 January 1996 ) , it has lost Emad Akel ( 24 November 1993 ) Salah Shehade , ( 23 July 2002 ) , Ibrahim al - Makadmeh , ( 8 March 2003 ) Ismail Abu Shanab , ( 21 August 2003 ) Ahmed Yassin ( March 22 , 2004 ) and Abdel Aziz al - Rantisi , ( April 17 , 2004 ). , After Israel arrested hundreds of its members in May 1989 , Hamas regionalized its command system to make its operative structure more diffuse , and minimalize the chances of being detected . The Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Brigades groups its fighters in 4 -- 5 man cells , which in turn are integrated into companies and battalions . Unlike the political section , which is split between an internal and external structure , the Brigades are under a local Palestinian leadership , and disobedience with the decisions taken by the political leadership have been relatively rare . Although the Izz al - Din al - Qassam Brigades are an integral part of Hamas , the exact nature of the relationship is hotly debated . They appear to operate at times independently of Hamas , exercising a certain autonomy . Some cells have independent links with the external leadership , enabling them to bypass the hierarchical command chain and political leadership in Gaza . Ilana Kass and Bard O'Neill , likening Hamas 's relationship with the Brigades to the political party Sinn Féin 's relationship to the military arm of the Irish Republican Army . quote a senior Hamas official as stating : `` The Izz al - Din al - Qassam Brigade is a separate armed military wing , which has its own leaders who do not take their orders from Hamas and do not tell us of their plans in advance . '' Matthew Levitt on the other hand argues vocally for the idea that Hamas 's welfare institutions act as a mere façade or front for the financing of terrorism , and dismisses the idea of two wings as a ' myth ' . He cites Sheikh Ahmad Yassin stating in 1998 : `` We can not separate the wing from the body . If we do so , the body will not be able to fly . Hamas is one body . '' Finances and funding At the 1993 Philadelphia conference , Hamas leaders ' statements indicated that they read George H.W. Bush 's outline of a New World Order as embodying a tacit aim to destroy Islam , and that therefore funding should focus on enhancing the Islamic roots of Palestinian society and promoting jihad in the occupying territories . Hamas 's budget , calculated to be roughly US $70 million ( 2011 ) , is derived in large part ( 85 % ) from foreign , rather than internal Palestinian , sources . Only two Israeli - Palestinian sources figure in a list seized in 2004 , while the other contributors were donor bodies located in Jordan , Qatar , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Britain , Germany , the United States , United Arab Emirates , Italy and France . Much of the money raised comes from sources that direct their assistance to what Hamas describes as its charitable work for Palestinians , but investments in support of its ideological position are also relevant , with Persian Gulf States and Saudi Arabia prominent in the latter . Matthew Levitt states that Hamas also taps money from corporations , criminal organizations and financial networks that support terror , and is believed to engage in cigarette and drug smuggling , multimedia copyright infringement and credit card fraud . Vittori states that , more than other similar organizations , it is particularly careful about keeping resources for its militant , political and public works activities separate . The United States , Israel and the EU have shut down many charities and organs that channel money to Hamas , such as the Holy Land Foundation for Relief . Between 1992 and 2001 this group is said to have provided $6.8 million to Palestinian charities of the $57 million collected . By 2001 it was alleged to have given Hamas $13 million , and was shut down shortly afterwards . About half of Hamas 's funding came from states in the Persian Gulf down to the mid 2000s . Saudi Arabia supplied half of the Hamas budget of $50 million in the early 2000s , but , under U.S. pressure , began cut its funding by cracking down on Islamic charities and private donor transfers to Hamas in 2004 , which by 2006 drastically reduced the flow of money from that area . Iran and Syria , in the aftermath of Hamas 's 2006 electoral victory , stepped in to fill the shortfall . Saudi funding , negotiated with third parties like Egypt , remained supportive of Hamas as a Sunni group but chose to provide more assistance to the PNA , the electoral loser , when the EU responded to the outcome by suspending its monetary aid . Iran in the 1980s began by providing 10 % of Hamas 's funding , which it increased annually until by the 1990s it supplied $30 million . It accounted for $22 million , over a quarter of Hamas 's budget , by the late 2000s . According to Matthew Levitt , Iran preferred direct financing to operative groups rather than charities , requiring video proof of attacks . Much of the Iran funding is said to be channeled through Hezbollah . After 2006 Iran 's willingness to take over the burden of the shortfall created by the drying up of Saudi funding also reflected the geopolitical tensions between the two , since , though Shiite , Iran was supporting a Sunni group traditionally closely linked with the Saudi kingdom . The US imposed sanctions on Iran 's Bank Saderat , alleging it had funneled hundreds of millions to Hamas . The US has expressed concerns that for Hamas obtains funds through Palestinian and Lebanese sympathizers of Arab descent in the Foz do Iguaçu area of the tri-border region of Latin America , an area long associated with arms trading , drug trafficking , contraband , the manufacture of counterfeit goods , money - laundering and currency fraud . The State Department add that confirmatory information of a Hamas operational presence there is lacking . After 2009 , sanctions on Iran made funding difficult , forcing Hamas to rely on religious donations by individuals in the West Bank , Qatar , and Saudi Arabia . Funds amounting to tens of millions of dollars raised in the Gulf states were transferred through the Rafah Border Crossing . These were not sufficient to cover the costs of governing the Strip and running the al Qassam Brigades , and when tensions arose with Iran over support of President Assad in Syria , Iran dropped its financial assistance to the government , restricting its funding to the military wing , which meant a drop from $150 million in 2012 to $60 million the following year . A further drop occurred in 2015 when Hamas expressed its criticisms of Iran 's role in the Yemeni Civil War . History Main article : History of Hamas See also : First Intifada Gaza Islamic roots and establishment of Hamas Hamas rose as an offshoot of the Gaza Mujama al - Islamiya branch of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood , which had been actively encouraged by Israel to expand as a counterweight to the influence of the secular Palestine Liberation Organization . and had since 1973 been quiescent and non-confrontational towards Israel . Aside from developing Islamic charities to provide humanitarian assistance to Palestinians , it emphasized social justice ( adala ) and the subordination of the world to the sovereignty of God ( hakmiyya ) . Hamas was founded in 1987 , soon after the outbreak of the First Intifada , the first popular uprising against the Israeli occupation . Creating Hamas to participate in the revolt was regarded as a survival measure to enable the Brotherhood itself , which refused to fight against Israel , to hold its own against other competing Palestinian nationalist groups . By forming a military wing distinct from its social charity organizations , it was hoped that the latter would be insulated from being targeted by Israel . Co-founder Sheik Ahmed Yassin was convinced that Israel was endeavouring to destroy Islam , and concluded that loyal Muslims had a religious obligation into destroy Israel . The short term goal of Hamas was to liberate Palestine , including modern - day Israel , from Israeli occupation . The long - term aim sought to establish an Islamic state from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea . Hamas Charter ( 1988 ) Main article : Hamas Covenant The foundational document , the Hamas Charter ( mīthāq ḥarakat ) , is dated 18 August 1988 , and contains both antisemitic passages , characterizations of Israeli society as Nazi - like in its cruelty , and irredentist claims that have never been revoked despite what some observers say are later policy changes in the organization regarding Israel , and the Jews , It declares all of Palestine waqf property endowed by God to Muslims , with religious coexistence under Islam 's wing . The charter rejects a two - state solution , envisaging no peaceful settlement of the conflict apart from jihad . It states that the movement 's aim is to raise the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine , for under the wing of Islam followers of all religions can coexist in security and safety where their lives , possessions and rights are concerned ' ( Article 6 ) and adds that , ' when our enemies usurp some Islamic lands , jihad becomes a duty binding on all Muslims , for which the whole of the land is non-negotiable , a position likened , without the racist sentiments present in the Hamas charter , to that in the Likud party platform and in movements like Gush Emunim . For Hamas , to concede territory is seen as equivalent to renouncing Islam itself . Decades down the line , Hamas 's official position changed with regard to a two - state solution . Khaled Mashaal , its leader , has publicly affirmed the movement 's readiness to accept such a division . When Hamas won a majority in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election , Haniyeh , then president - elect , sent messages to both George Bush and Israel 's leaders asking to be recognized and offering a long - term truce ( hudna ) , along the 1967 border lines . No response was forthcoming . Mousa Marzook said in 2007 that the charter could not be altered because it would look like a compromise not acceptable to the ' street ' and risk fracturing the party 's unity . Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal has stated that the Charter is `` a piece of history and no longer relevant , but can not be changed for internal reasons ''. Ahmed Yousef , senior adviser to Ismail Haniyeh , added in 2011 that it reflected the views of the Elders in the face of a ' relentless occupation . ' The details of its religious and political language had not been examined within the framework of international law , and an internal committee review to amend it was shelved out of concern not to offer concessions to Israel , as had Fatah , on a silver platter . While Hamas representatives recognize the problem , one official notes that Arafat got very little in return for changing the PLO Charter under the Oslo Accords , and that there is agreement that little is gained from a non-violent approach . Richard Davis says the dismissal by contemporary leaders of its relevance and yet the suspension of a desire to rewrite it reflects the differing constituencies Hamas must address , the domestic audience and international relations . The charter itself is considered an ' historical relic . ' In March 2006 , Hamas released its official legislative program . The document clearly signaled that Hamas could refer the issue of recognizing Israel to a national referendum . Under the heading `` Recognition of Israel , '' it stated simply ( AFP , 3 / 11 / 06 ) : `` The question of recognizing Israel is not the jurisdiction of one faction , nor the government , but a decision for the Palestinian people . '' This was a major shift away from their 1988 charter . A few months later , via University of Maryland 's Jerome Segal , the group sent a letter to U.S. President George W. Bush stating they `` do n't mind having a Palestinian state in the 1967 borders '' , and asked for direct negotiations : `` Segal emphasized that a state within the 1967 borders and a truce for many years could be considered Hamas 's de facto recognition of Israel . '' In an April 2008 meeting between Hamas leader Khaled Mashal and former U.S. President Jimmy Carter , an understanding was reached in which Hamas agreed it would respect the creation of a Palestinian state in the territory seized by Israel in the 1967 Six - Day War , provided this were ratified by the Palestinian people in a referendum . Hamas later publicly offered a long - term truce with Israel if Israel agreed to return to its 1967 borders and grant the `` right of return '' to all Palestinian refugees . In November 2008 , Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh re-stated that Hamas was willing to accept a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders , and offered Israel a long - term truce `` if Israel recognized the Palestinians ' national rights '' . In 2009 , in a letter to UN Secretary General Ban Ki - moon , Haniyeh repeated his group 's support for a two - state settlement based on 1967 borders : `` We would never thwart efforts to create an independent Palestinian state with borders ( from ) June 4 , 1967 , with Jerusalem as its capital . '' On December 1 , 2010 , Ismail Haniyeh again repeated , `` We accept a Palestinian state on the borders of 1967 , with Jerusalem as its capital , the release of Palestinian prisoners , and the resolution of the issue of refugees , '' and `` Hamas will respect the results ( of a referendum ) regardless of whether it differs with its ideology and principles . '' In February 2012 , according to the Palestinian authority , Hamas forswore the use of violence . Evidence for this was provided by an eruption of violence from Islamic Jihad in March 2012 after an Israeli assassination of a Jihad leader , during which Hamas refrained from attacking Israel . `` Israel -- despite its mantra that because Hamas is sovereign in Gaza it is responsible for what goes on there -- almost seems to understand , '' wrote Israeli journalists Avi Issacharoff and Amos Harel , `` and has not bombed Hamas offices or installations '' . Israel has rejected some truce offers by Hamas because it contends the group uses them to prepare for more fighting rather than peace . The Atlantic magazine columnist Jeffrey Goldberg , along with other analysts , believes Hamas may be incapable of permanent reconciliation with Israel . Mkhaimer Abusada , a political scientist at Al Azhar University , writes that Hamas talks `` of hudna ( temporary ceasefire ) , not of peace or reconciliation with Israel . They believe over time they will be strong enough to liberate all historic Palestine . '' 1990s Hamas carried out its first attack against Israel in 1989 , abducting and killing two soldiers . The Israel Defense Forces immediately arrested Yassin and sentenced him to life in prison , and deported 400 Hamas activists , including Zahar , to South Lebanon , which at the time was occupied by Israel . During this time Hamas built a relationship with Hezbollah . Hamas 's military branch , the Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Brigades , was created in 1991 . During the 1990s the al - Qassam Brigades conducted numerous attacks on Israel , with both civilian and military victims . In April 1993 , suicide bombings in the West Bank began . After the February 1994 massacre by Baruch Goldstein of 30 Muslim civilians in a Hebron mosque , the al - Qassam Brigades began suicide attacks inside Israel . In December 1992 Israel responded to the killing of a border police officer by deporting 415 leading figures of Hamas and Islamic Jihad to Lebanon , which provoked international condemnation and a unanimous UN Security Council resolution condemning the action . Although the suicide attacks by the al - Qassam Brigades and other groups violated the 1993 Oslo accords ( which Hamas opposed ) , Palestinian Authority President Yasser Arafat was reluctant to pursue the attackers and may have had inadequate means to do so . Some analysts state that the Palestinian Authority could have stopped the suicide and other attacks on civilians but refused to do so . According to the Congressional Research Service , Hamas admitted to having executed Palestinians accused of collaborating with Israeli authorities in the 1990s . A transcript of a training film by the al - Qassam Brigades tells how Hamas operatives kidnapped Palestinians accused of collaboration and then forced confessions before executing them . In 1996 , Yahya Ayash , the chief bombmaker of Hamas and the leader of the West Bank battalion of the Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Brigades , was assassinated by the Israeli secret service . In September 1997 , Israeli agents in Jordan attempted but failed to assassinate Hamas leader Khaled Mashal , leading to chilled relations between the two countries and release of Sheikh Yassin , Hamas 's spiritual leader , from Israeli prison . Two years later Hamas was banned in Jordan , reportedly in part at the request of the United States , Israel , and the Palestinian Authority . Jordan 's King Abdullah feared the activities of Hamas and its Jordanian allies would jeopardize peace negotiations with Israel , and accused Hamas of engaging in illegitimate activities within Jordan . In mid-September 1999 , authorities arrested Hamas leaders Khaled Mashal and Ibrahim Ghosheh on their return from a visit to Iran , and charged them with being members of an illegal organization , storing weapons , conducting military exercises , and using Jordan as a training base . Hamas leaders denied the charges . Mashal was exiled and eventually settled in Syria . He fled to Qatar in 2012 as a result of the Syrian civil war . Second Intifada The aftermath of a bus bombing in Haifa in 2003 . Al - Qassam Brigades militants were among the armed groups that launched both military - style attacks and suicide bombings against Israeli civilian and military targets during the Second Intifada ( also known as the Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Arabic : انتفاضة الأقصى , Intifā ḍat El Aq ṣa ; Hebrew : אינתיפאדת אל - אקצה , Intifādat El - Aqtzah ) , which began in late September 2000 . This Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule in the occupied territories was much more violent than the First Intifada . The military and civilian death toll is estimated at 5500 Palestinians and more than 1100 Israelis , as well as 64 foreigners . A 2007 study of Palestinian suicide bombings during the second intifada ( September 2000 through August 2005 ) found that about 40 percent were carried out by the al - Qassam Brigades . The immediate trigger for the uprising is disputed , but a more general cause , writes U.S. political science professor Jeremy Pressman , was `` popular Palestinian discontent ( that ) grew during the Oslo peace process because the reality on the ground did not match the expectations created by the peace agreements '' . Hamas would be the beneficiary of this growing discontent in the 2006 Palestinian Authority legislative elections . In January 2004 , Hamas leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin said that the group would end armed resistance against Israel in exchange for a Palestinian state in the West Bank , Gaza Strip , and east Jerusalem , and that restoring Palestinians ' `` historical rights '' ( relating to the 1948 Palestinian exodus ) `` would be left for future generations '' . On January 25 , 2004 , senior Hamas official Abdel Aziz al - Rantissi offered a 10 - year truce , or hudna , in return for the establishment of a Palestinian state and the complete withdrawal by Israel from the territories captured in the 1967 Six Day War . Al - Rantissi stated that Hamas had come to the conclusion that it was `` difficult to liberate all our land at this stage , so we accept a phased liberation '' . Israel immediately dismissed al - Rantissi 's statements as insincere and a smokescreen for military preparations . Yassin was assassinated on March 22 , 2004 , by a targeted Israeli air strike , and al - Rantisi was assassinated by a similar air strike on April 18 , 2004 . 2006 presidential and legislative elections While Hamas boycotted the 2005 Palestinian presidential election , it did participate in the 2005 municipal elections organized by Yasser Arafat in the occupied territories . In those elections it won control of over one third of Palestinian municipal councils , besting Fatah , which had for long been the biggest force in Palestinian politics . In its election manifesto for the 2006 Palestinian legislative election , Hamas omitted a call for an end to Israel , though it did still call for armed struggle against the occupation . Hamas won the 2006 elections , winning 76 of the 132 seats to Fatah 's 43 . Seen by many as primarily a rejection of the Fatah government 's corruption and ineffectiveness , the Hamas victory seemingly had brought to an end 40 years of PLO domination of Palestinian politics . In early February 2006 , Hamas offered Israel a 10 - year truce `` in return for a complete Israeli withdrawal from the occupied Palestinian territories : the West Bank , Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem , '' and recognition of Palestinian rights including the `` right of return '' . Mashal added that Hamas was not calling for a final end to armed operations against Israel , and it would not impede other Palestinian groups from carrying out such operations . After the election , the Quartet on the Middle East ( the United States , Russia , the European Union ( EU ) , and the United Nations ) stated that assistance to the Palestinian Authority would only continue if Hamas renounced violence , recognized Israel , and accepted previous Israeli - Palestinian agreements , which Hamas refused to do . The Quartet then imposed a freeze on all international aid to the Palestinian territories . In 2006 after the Gaza election , Hamas leader sent a letter addressed to George W. Bush where he among other things declared that Hamas would accept a state on the 1967 borders including a truce . However , the Bush administration did not reply . Legislative Policy and reforming the judiciary `` Stress the separation between the three powers , the legislative , executive and judicial ; activate the role of the Constitutional Court ; re-form the Judicial Supreme Council and choose its members by elections and on the basis of qualifications rather than partisan , personal , and social considerations ... ; enact the necessary laws that guarantee the neutrality of general prosecutor ... ( and ) laws that will stop any transgression by the executive power on the constitution '' . Public freedoms and citizen Rights `` Achieve equality before the law among citizens in rights and duties ; bring security to all citizens and protect their properties and assure their safety against arbitrary arrest , torture , or revenge ; stress the culture of dialogue ... ; support the press and media institutions and maintain the right of journalists to access and to publish information ; maintain freedom and independence of professional syndicates and preserve the rights of their membership '' . Hamas -- Fatah conflict Main articles : Fatah -- Hamas conflict and Battle of Gaza ( 2007 ) Hamas rally in Bethlehem After the formation of the Hamas - led cabinet on March 20 , 2006 , tensions between Fatah and Hamas militants progressively rose in the Gaza strip as Fatah commanders refused to take orders from the government while the Palestinian Authority initiated a campaign of demonstrations , assassinations and abductions against Hamas , which led to Hamas responding . Israeli intelligence warned Mahmoud Abbas that Hamas had planned to kill him at his office in Gaza . According to a Palestinian source close to Abbas , Hamas considers president Abbas to be a barrier to its complete control over the Palestinian Authority and decided to kill him . In a statement to Al Jazeera , Hamas leader Mohammed Nazzal , accused Abbas of being party to besieging and isolating the Hamas - led government . On June 9 , 2006 , during an Israeli artillery operation , an explosion occurred on a busy Gaza beach , killing eight Palestinian civilians . It was assumed that Israeli shellings were responsible for the killings , but Israeli government officials denied this . Hamas formally withdrew from its 16 - month ceasefire on June 10 , taking responsibility for the subsequent Qassam rocket attacks launched from Gaza into Israel . On June 25 , two Israeli soldiers were killed and another , Gilad Shalit , captured following an incursion by the Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Brigades , Popular Resistance Committees and Army of Islam . In response , the Israeli military launched Operation Summer Rains three days later , to secure the release of the kidnapped soldier , arresting 64 Hamas officials . Among them were 8 Palestinian Authority cabinet ministers and up to 20 members of the Palestinian Legislative Council , The arrests , along with other events , effectively prevented the Hamas - dominated legislature from functioning during most of its term . Shalit was held captive until 2011 , when he was released in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian prisoners . Since then , Hamas has continued building a network of internal and cross-border tunnels , which are used to store and deploy weapons , shield militants , and facilitate cross-border attacks . Destroying the tunnels was a primary objective of Israeli forces in the 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict . On February 2007 Saudi - sponsored negotiations in Mecca produced agreement on a signed by Mahmoud Abbas on behalf of Fatah and Khaled Mashal on behalf of Hamas . The new government was called on to achieve Palestinian national goals as approved by the Palestine National Council , the clauses of the Basic Law and the National Reconciliation Document ( the `` Prisoners ' Document '' ) as well as the decisions of the Arab summit . In March 2007 , the Palestinian Legislative Council established a national unity government , with 83 representatives voting in favor and three against . Government ministers were sworn in by Mahmoud Abbas , the chairman of the Palestinian Authority , at a ceremony held simultaneously in Gaza and Ramallah . In June that year , renewed fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah . In the course of the June 2007 Battle of Gaza , Hamas exploited the near total collapse of Palestinian Authority forces in Gaza , to seize control of Gaza , ousting Fatah officials . President Mahmoud Abbas then dismissed the Hamas - led Palestinian Authority government . and outlawed the Hamas militia . At least 600 Palestinians died in fighting between Hamas and Fatah . Human Rights Watch , a U.S. - based group , accused both sides in the conflict of torture and war crimes . Human Rights Watch estimates several hundred Gazans were `` maimed '' and tortured in the aftermath of the Gaza War . 73 Gazan men accused of `` collaborating '' had their arms and legs broken by `` unidentified perpetrators '' and 18 Palestinians accused of collaborating with Israel , who had escaped from Gaza 's main prison compound after Israel bombed the facility , were executed by Hamas security officials in the first days of the conflict . Hamas security forces attacked hundreds Fatah officials who supported Israel . Human Rights Watch interviewed one such person : There were eight of us sitting there . We were all from Fatah . Then three masked militants broke in . They were dressed in brown camouflage military uniforms ; they all had guns . They pointed their guns at us and cursed us , then they began beating us with iron rods , including a 10 - year - old boy whom they hit in the face . They said we were `` collaborators '' and `` unfaithful '' . They beat me with iron sticks and gun butts for 15 minutes . They were yelling : `` You are happy that Israel is bombing us ! '' until people came out of their houses , and they withdrew . In March 2012 Mahmoud Abbas stated that there were no political differences between Hamas and Fatah as they had reached agreement on a joint political platform and on a truce with Israel . Commenting on relations with Hamas , Abbas revealed in an interview with Al Jazeera that `` We agreed that the period of calm would be not only in the Gaza Strip , but also in the West Bank , '' adding that `` We also agreed on a peaceful popular resistance ( against Israel ) , the establishment of a Palestinian state along the 1967 borders and that the peace talks would continue if Israel halted settlement construction and accepted our conditions . '' Progress has stalled , until an April 2014 agreement to form a compromise unity government , with elections to be held in late 2014 . 2008 -- 2009 Gaza war Main articles : Gaza War ( 2008 -- 09 ) and United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict On June 17 , 2008 , Egyptian mediators announced that an informal truce had been agreed to between Hamas and Israel . Hamas agreed to cease rocket attacks on Israel , while Israel agreed to allow limited commercial shipping across its border with Gaza , barring any breakdown of the tentative peace deal ; Hamas also hinted that it would discuss the release of Gilad Shalit . Israeli sources state that Hamas also committed itself to enforce the ceasefire on the other Palestinian organizations . Even before the truce was agreed to , some on the Israeli side were not optimistic about it , Shin Bet chief Yuval Diskin stating in May 2008 that a ground incursion into Gaza was unavoidable and would more effectively quell arms smuggling and pressure Hamas into relinquishing power . While Hamas was careful to maintain the ceasefire , the lull was sporadically violated by other groups , sometimes in defiance of Hamas . For example , on June 24 Islamic Jihad launched rockets at the Israeli town of Sderot ; Israel called the attack a grave violation of the informal truce , and closed its border crossings with Gaza . On November 4 , 2008 , Israeli forces , in an attempt to stop construction of a tunnel , killed six Hamas gunmen in a raid inside the Gaza Strip . Hamas responded by resuming rocket attacks , a total of 190 rockets in November according to Israel 's military . Destroyed building in Rafah , 12 January 2009 With the six - month truce officially expired on December 19 , Hamas launched 50 to more than 70 rockets and mortars into Israel over the next three days , though no Israelis were injured . On December 21 , Hamas said it was ready to stop the attacks and renew the truce if Israel stopped its `` aggression '' in Gaza and opened up its border crossings . On December 27 and 28 , Israel implemented Operation Cast Lead against Hamas . Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said `` We warned Hamas repeatedly that rejecting the truce would push Israel to aggression against Gaza . '' According to Palestinian officials , over 280 people were killed and 600 were injured in the first two days of airstrikes . Most were Hamas police and security officers , though many civilians also died . According to Israel , militant training camps , rocket - manufacturing facilities and weapons warehouses that had been pre-identified were hit , and later they attacked rocket and mortar squads who fired around 180 rockets and mortars at Israeli communities . Chief of Gaza police force Tawfiq Jabber , head of the General Security Service Salah Abu Shrakh , senior religious authority and security officer Nizar Rayyan , and Interior Minister Said Seyam were among those killed during the fighting . Although Israel sent out thousands of cell - phone messages urging residents of Gaza to leave houses where weapons may be stored , in an attempt to minimise civilian casualties , some residents complained there was nowhere to go because many neighborhoods had received the same message . Israeli bombs landed close to civilian structures such as schools , and some alleged that Israel was deliberately targeting Palestinian civilians . Israel declared a unilateral ceasefire on January 17 , 2009 . Hamas responded the following day by announcing a one - week ceasefire to give Israel time to withdraw its forces from the Gaza Strip . Israeli , Palestinian , and third - party sources disagreed on the total casualty figures from the Gaza war , and the number of Palestinian casualties who were civilians . In November 2010 , a senior Hamas official acknowledged that up to 300 fighters were killed and `` In addition to them , between 200 and 300 fighters from the Al - Qassam Brigades and another 150 security forces were martyred . '' These new numbers reconcile the total with those of the Israeli military , which originally said were 709 `` terror operatives '' killed . After the Gaza war On August 16 , 2009 , Hamas leader Khaled Mashal stated that the organization is ready to open dialogue with the Obama administration because its policies are much better than those of former U.S. president George W. Bush : `` As long as there 's a new language , we welcome it , but we want to see not only a change of language , but also a change of policies on the ground . We have said that we are prepared to cooperate with the US or any other international party that would enable the Palestinians to get rid of occupation . '' Despite this , an August 30 , 2009 speech during a visit to Jordan in which Mashal expressed support for the Palestinian right of return was interpreted by David Pollock of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy as a sign that `` Hamas has now clearly opted out of diplomacy . '' In an interview on May 2010 , Mashal said that if a Palestinian state with real sovereignty was established under the conditions he set out , on the borders of 1967 with its capital Jerusalem and with the right of return , that will be the end of the Palestinian resistance , and then the nature of any subsequent ties with Israel would be decided democratically by the Palestinians . In July 2009 , Khaled Mashal , Hamas 's political bureau chief , stated Hamas 's willingness to cooperate with a resolution to the Arab - Israeli conflict , which included a Palestinian state based on 1967 borders , provided that Palestinian refugees be given the right to return to Israel and that East Jerusalem be recognized as the new state 's capital . In 2011 , after the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War , Hamas distanced itself from the Syrian regime and its members began leaving Syria . Where once there were `` hundreds of exiled Palestinian officials and their relatives '' , that number shrunk to `` a few dozen '' . In 2012 , Hamas publicly announced its support for the Syrian opposition . This prompted Syrian state TV to issue a `` withering attack '' on the Hamas leadership . Khaled Mashal said that Hamas had been `` forced out '' of Damascus because of its disagreements with the Syrian regime . In late October , Syrian Army soldiers shot dead two Hamas leaders in Daraa refugee camp . On November 5 , 2012 , the Syrian state security forces shut down all Hamas offices in the country . In January 2013 , another two Hamas members were found dead in Syria 's Husseinieh camp . Activists said the two had been arrested and executed by state security forces . In 2013 , it was reported that the military wing of Hamas had begun training units of the Free Syrian Army . In 2013 , after `` several intense weeks of indirect three - way diplomacy between representatives of Hamas , Israel , and the Palestinian Authority '' , no agreement was reached . Also , intra-Palestinian reconciliation talks stalled and , as a result , during Obama 's visit to Israel , Hamas launched five rocket strikes on Israel . In November , Isra Almodallal was appointed the first spokeswoman of the group . 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict Main article : 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict On 8 July 2014 Israel launched Operation Protective Edge to counter increased Hamas rocket fire from Gaza . The conflict ended with a permanent cease - fire after 7 weeks , and more than 2,200 dead . 64 of the dead were Israeli soldiers , 7 were civilians in Israel ( from rocket attacks ) , and 2,101 were killed in Gaza , of which according to UN OCHA at least 1,460 were civilians . Israel says 1,000 of the dead were militants . Following the conflict , Mahmoud Abbas president of the Palestinian Authority , accused Hamas of needlessly extending the fighting in the Gaza Strip , contributing to the high death toll , of running a `` shadow government '' in Gaza , and of illegally executing scores of Palestinians . Hamas has complained about the slow delivery of reconstruction materials after the conflict and announced that they were diverting these materials from civilian uses to build more infiltration tunnels . Media In 2005 , Hamas announced its intention to launch an experimental TV channel , Al - Aqsa TV . The station was launched on January 7 , 2006 , less than three weeks before the Palestinian legislative elections . It has shown television programs , including some children 's television , which deliver anti-semitic messages . Hamas has stated that the television station is `` an independent media institution that often does not express the views of the Palestinian government headed by Ismail Haniyeh or of the Hamas movement , '' and that Hamas does not hold anti-semitic views . Hamas produced several propaganda songs aimed to scare Israeli citizen including Shock Israel 's Security and `` Go , call a Gazan to rip Giv'ati '' . Children 's magazine Main article : Al - Fateh Al - Fateh ( `` the conqueror '' ) is the Hamas children 's magazine , published biweekly in London , and also posted in an online website . It began publication in September 2002 , and its 108th issue was released in mid-September 2007 . The magazine features stories , poems , riddles , and puzzles , and states it is for `` the young builders of the future '' . According to MEMRI ( three of whose seven founding staff had formerly served in the IDF ) , the magazine includes incitement to jihad and martyrdom and glorification of terrorist operations and of their planners and perpetrators . as well as characterizations of Jews as `` murderers of the prophets '' and laudatory descriptions of parents who encourage their sons to kill Jews . In each issue , a regular feature titled `` The Story of a Martyr '' presents the `` heroic deeds '' of a mujahid from one of the organizations who died in a suicide operation , including operations against civilians , or who was killed by the IDF . MEMRI also noted that the magazine includes illustrations of figures , including child warriors , who embody the ethos of jihad and martyrdom , presenting them as role models . These include the magazine 's titular character , Al - Fateh ( `` The Conqueror '' ) -- a small boy on a horse brandishing a drawn scimitar -- as well as children carrying guns , and photos of Hamas fighters launching Qassam rockets . Al - Aqsa TV Main article : Al - Aqsa TV See also : Tomorrow 's Pioneers Al - Aqsa TV is a television channel founded by Hamas . The station began broadcasting in the Gaza Strip on January 9 , 2006 . Its programming includes ideologically tinged children 's shows , news talk , and religiously inspired entertainment . According to the Anti-Defamation League , the station promotes terrorist activity and incites hatred of Jews and Israelis . Hamas has stated that the television station is `` an independent media institution that often does not express the views of the Palestinian government headed by Ismail Haniyeh or of the Hamas movement , '' and that Hamas does not hold anti-semitic views . Al - Aqsa TV is headed by Fathi Ahmad Hammad , chairman of al - Ribat Communications and Artistic Productions -- a Hamas - run company that also produces Hamas 's radio station , Voice of al - Aqsa , and its biweekly newspaper , The Message . Islamization efforts In the Gaza Strip Main article : Islamization of the Gaza Strip The gender ideology outlined in the Hamas charter , the importance of women in the religious - nationalist project of liberation is asserted , while defining that role as one of manufacturing males and caring for their upbringing and rearing . This is not so different from Fatah 's view of women in the First Intifada and it also resembles the outlook of Jewish settlers , and over time it has been subjected to change . In 1989 , during the first intifada , a small number of Hamas followers campaigned for the wearing of the hijab , which is not a part of traditional women 's attire in Palestine , for polygamy , and also insisted women stay at home and be segregated from men . In the course of this campaign , women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed , with the result that the hijab was being worn ' just to avoid problems on the streets ' . The harassment dropped drastically when , after 18 months UNLU condemned it , though similar campaigns reoccurred . Since Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in 2007 , some of its members have attempted to impose Islamic dress or the hijab head covering on women . Also , the government 's `` Islamic Endowment Ministry '' has deployed Virtue Committee members to warn citizens of the dangers of immodest dress , card playing , and dating . However , there are no government laws imposing dress and other moral standards , and the Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students . There has also been successful resistance to attempts by local Hamas officials to impose Islamic dress on women . Hamas officials deny having any plans to impose Islamic law , one legislator stating that `` What you are seeing are incidents , not policy , '' and that Islamic law is the desired standard `` but we believe in persuasion '' . The Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students . When the BBC in 2010 interviewed five `` middle - class '' women in Gaza City , the subjects generally indicated Hamas attempts to enforce conservative religious standards of dress had been largely rejected by the local population , with some expressing concern that the closure of Gaza would allow the proliferation of extremist enforcement attempts by low - level Hamas officials , and others indicating they were happy to see Hamas enforcing such requirements . They also cited examples of leniency by Hamas authorities , such as allowing widowed women to keep custody of their children so long as they did not remarry , and other relaxations in the enforcement of Shariah law . One woman noted that the environment was `` not as bad '' as during the First Intifada , when women were subject to public criticism and stonings for failure to obey conservative Islamic standards of dress . One woman complained that women were not free to speak their minds or travel alone , and added : `` Hamas want to force themselves onto the people . They want the people to submit to them , this is their cover . They destroyed the reputation of Islam , by saying we 're doing this because it is religion . This is how they won the elections . '' In 2013 , UNRWA canceled its annual marathon in Gaza after Hamas rulers prohibited women from participating in the race . In the West Bank In 2005 , the human rights organization Freemuse released a report titled `` Palestine : Taliban - like attempts to censor music '' , which said that Palestinian musicians feared that harsh religious laws against music and concerts will be imposed since Hamas group scored political gains in the Palestinian Authority local elections of 2005 . The attempt by Hamas to dictate a cultural code of conduct in the 1980s and early 1990s led to a violent fighting between different Palestinian sectors . Hamas members reportedly burned down stores that stocked videos they deemed indecent and destroyed books they described as `` heretical '' . In 2005 , an outdoor music and dance performance in Qalqiliya were suddenly banned by the Hamas led municipality , for the reason that such an event would be forbidden by Islam , or `` Haram '' . The municipality also ordered that music no longer be played in the Qalqiliya zoo , and mufti Akrameh Sabri issued a religious edict affirming the municipality decision . In response , the Palestinian national poet Mahmoud Darwish warned that `` There are Taliban - type elements in our society , and this is a very dangerous sign . '' The Palestinian columnist Mohammed Abd Al - Hamid , a resident of Ramallah , wrote that this religious coercion could cause the migration of artists , and said `` The religious fanatics in Algeria destroyed every cultural symbol , shattered statues and rare works of art and liquidated intellectuals and artists , reporters and authors , ballet dancers and singers -- are we going to imitate the Algerian and Afghani examples ? '' Tayyip Erdogan 's Turkey as a role model Some Hamas members stated that the model of Islamic government that Hamas seeks to emulate is that of Turkey under the rule of Tayyip Erdoğan . The foremost members to distance Hamas from the practices of Taliban and to publicly support the Erdoğan model were Ahmad Yousef and Ghazi Hamad , advisers to Prime Minister Hanieh . Yusuf , the Hamas deputy foreign minister , reflected this goal in an interview to a Turkish newspaper , stating that while foreign public opinion equates Hamas with the Taliban or al - Qaeda , the analogy is inaccurate . Yusuf described the Taliban as `` opposed to everything , '' including education and women 's rights , while Hamas wants to establish good relations between the religious and secular elements of society and strives for human rights , democracy and an open society . According to professor Yezid Sayigh of the King 's College in London , how influential this view is within Hamas is uncertain , since both Ahmad Yousef and Ghazi Hamad were dismissed from their posts as advisers to Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Hanieh in October 2007 . Both have since been appointed to other prominent positions within the Hamas government . Khaled al - Hroub of the West Bank - based and anti-Hamas Palestinian daily Al Ayyam added that despite claims by Hamas leaders that it wants to repeat the Turkish model of Islam , `` what is happening on the ground in reality is a replica of the Taliban model of Islam . '' Antisemitism and anti-zionism See also : Racism in the Palestinian territories According to academic Esther Webman , antisemitism is not the main tenet of Hamas ideology , although antisemitic rhetoric is frequent and intense in Hamas leaflets . The leaflets generally do not differentiate between Jews and Zionists . In other Hamas publications and interviews with its leaders , attempts at this differentiation have been made . In 2009 representatives of the small Jewish sect Neturei Karta met with Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh in Gaza , who stated that he held nothing against Jews but only against the state of Israel . Some commentators have pointed out parallels between Hamas 's youth organization and Hitler Youth . According to writer Tom Doran , Hamas is not recognized as a neo-Nazi group because its members are not `` white Christians '' . Hamas has made conflicting statements about its readiness to recognize Israel . In 2006 a spokesman signaled readiness to recognize Israel within the 1967 borders . Speaking of requests for Hamas to recognize agreements between the Palestinian Authority and Israel , senior Hamas member Khaled Suleiman said that `` these agreements are a reality which we view as such , and therefore I see no problem . '' Also in 2006 , a Hamas official ruled out recognition of Israel with reference to West and East Germany , which never recognized each other . Hamas Charter ( 1988 ) Main article : Hamas Covenant Article 7 of the Hamas Covenant provides the following quotation , attributed to Muhammad : The Day of Judgement will not come about until Moslems fight the Jews ( killing the Jews ) , when the Jew will hide behind stones and trees . The stones and trees will say O Moslems , O Abdulla , there is a Jew behind me , come and kill him . Only the Gharkad tree ( evidently a certain kind of tree ) , would not do that because it is one of the trees of the Jews . Article 22 states that the French revolution , the Russian revolution , colonialism and both world wars were created by the Zionists or forces supportive of Zionism : You may speak as much as you want about regional and world wars . They were behind World War I , when they were able to destroy the Islamic Caliphate , making financial gains and controlling resources . They obtained the Balfour Declaration , formed the League of Nations through which they could rule the world . They were behind World War II , through which they made huge financial gains by trading in armaments , and paved the way for the establishment of their state . It was they who instigated the replacement of the League of Nations with the United Nations and the Security Council to enable them to rule the world through them . There is no war going on anywhere , without having their finger in it . Article 32 of the Covenant refers to an antisemitic forgery , The Protocols of the Elders of Zion : Today it is Palestine , tomorrow it will be one country or another . The Zionist plan is limitless . After Palestine , the Zionists aspire to expand from the Nile to the Euphrates . When they will have digested the region they overtook , they will aspire to further expansion , and so on . Their plan is embodied in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , and their present conduct is the best proof of what we are saying . Statements by Hamas members and clerics to an Arab audience In 2008 , Imam Yousif al - Zahar of Hamas said in his sermon at the Katib Wilayat mosque in Gaza that `` Jews are a people who can not be trusted . They have been traitors to all agreements . Go back to history . Their fate is their vanishing . '' Another Hamas legislator and imam , Sheik Yunus al - Astal , discussed a Koranic verse suggesting that `` suffering by fire is the Jews ' destiny in this world and the next . '' He concluded `` Therefore we are sure that the Holocaust is still to come upon the Jews . '' Following the rededication of the Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem in March 2010 , senior Hamas figure al - Zahar called on Palestinians everywhere to observe five minutes of silence `` for Israel 's disappearance and to identify with Jerusalem and the al - Aqsa mosque '' . He further stated that `` Wherever you have been you 've been sent to your destruction . You 've killed and murdered your prophets and you have always dealt in loan - sharking and destruction . You 've made a deal with the devil and with destruction itself -- just like your synagogue . '' On August 10 , 2012 , Ahmad Bahr , Deputy Speaker of the Hamas Parliament , stated in a sermon that aired on Al - Aqsa TV : If the enemy sets foot on a single square inch of Islamic land , Jihad becomes an individual duty , incumbent on every Muslim , male or female . A woman may set out ( on Jihad ) without her husband 's permission , and a servant without his master 's permission . Why ? In order to annihilate those Jews ... O Allah , destroy the Jews and their supporters . O Allah , destroy the Americans and their supporters . O Allah , count them one by one , and kill them all , without leaving a single one . In an interview with Al - Aqsa TV in September 12 , 2012 , Marwan Abu Ras , a Hamas MP , who is also a member of the International Union of Muslim Scholars , stated ( as translated by MEMRI ) : The Jews are behind each and every catastrophe on the face of the Earth . This is not open to debate . This is not a temporal thing , but goes back to days of yore . They concocted so many conspiracies and betrayed rulers and nations so many times that the people harbor hatred towards them ... Throughout history -- from Nebuchadnezzar until modern times ... They slayed the prophets , and so on ... Any catastrophe on the face of this Earth -- the Jews must be behind it . On December 26 , 2012 , Senior Hamas official and Jerusalem bureau chief Ahmed Abu Haliba , called on `` all Palestinian factions to resume suicide attacks ... deep inside the Zionist enemy '' and said that `` we must renew the resistance to occupation in any possible way , above all through armed resistance . '' Abu Haliba suggested the use of suicide bombings as a response to Israel 's plans to build housing units in East Jerusalem and the West Bank . In an interview on Lebanese television on July 28 , 2014 , Hamas spokesman Osama Hamdan claimed : We all remember how the Jews used to slaughter Christians , in order to mix their blood in their holy matzos . This is not a figment of imagination or something taken from a film . It is a fact , acknowledged by their own books and by historical evidence . It happened everywhere , here and there . Statements by Hamas members and clerics to an international audience In an interview with CBS This Morning in July 27 , 2014 , Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal stated : We are not fanatics . We are not fundamentalists . We are not actually fighting the Jews because they are Jews per se . We do not fight any other races . We fight the occupiers . On January 8 , 2012 , during a visit to Tunis , Gazan Hamas PM Ismail Haniyeh told The Associated Press on that he disagrees with the anti-Semitic slogans . `` We are not against the Jews because they are Jews . Our problem is with those occupying the land of Palestine , '' he said . `` There are Jews all over the world , but Hamas does not target them . '' In response to a statement by Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas that Hamas preferred non-violent means and had agreed to adopt `` peaceful resistance , '' Hamas contradicted Abbas . According to Hamas spokesman Sami Abu - Zuhri , `` We had agreed to give popular resistance precedence in the West Bank , but this does not come at the expense of armed resistance . '' In May 2009 , senior Hamas MP Sayed Abu Musameh said , `` in our culture , we respect every foreigner , especially Jews and Christians , but we are against Zionists , not as nationalists but as fascists and racists . '' In the same interview , he also said , `` I hate all kinds of weapons . I dream of seeing every weapon from the atomic bomb to small guns banned everywhere . '' In January 2009 , Gazan Hamas Health Minister Basim Naim published a letter in The Guardian , stating that Hamas has no quarrel with Jewish people , only with the actions of Israel . In October 1994 , in a response to Isreael 's crackdown on Hamas militants following a suicide bombing on a Tel Aviv bus , Hamas promised retaliation : `` Rabin must know that Hamas loves death more than Rabin and his soldiers love life . '' The statement added that `` Hamas will not hesitate to retaliate severely against any attempt to harm our leaders . '' Statements on the Holocaust Hamas has been explicit in its Holocaust denial . In reaction to the Stockholm conference on the Jewish Holocaust , held in late January 2000 , Hamas issued a press release that it published on its official website , containing the following statements from a senior leader : This conference bears a clear Zionist goal , aimed at forging history by hiding the truth about the so - called Holocaust , which is an alleged and invented story with no basis . ( ... ) The invention of these grand illusions of an alleged crime that never occurred , ignoring the millions of dead European victims of Nazism during the war , clearly reveals the racist Zionist face , which believes in the superiority of the Jewish race over the rest of the nations . ( ... ) By these methods , the Jews in the world flout scientific methods of research whenever that research contradicts their racist interests . In August 2003 , senior Hamas official Dr Abd Al - Aziz Al - Rantisi wrote in the Hamas newspaper Al - Risala that the Zionists encouraged murder of Jews by the Nazis with the aim of forcing them to immigrate to Palestine . In 2005 , Khaled Mashal called Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's December 14 , 2005 statements on the Holocaust that Europeans had `` created a myth in the name of Holocaust '' ) as `` courageous '' . Later in 2008 , Basim Naim , the minister of health in the Hamas - led Palestinian Authority government in Gaza countered holocaust denial , and said `` it should be made clear that neither Hamas nor the Palestinian government in Gaza denies the Nazi Holocaust . The Holocaust was not only a crime against humanity but one of the most abhorrent crimes in modern history . We condemn it as we condemn every abuse of humanity and all forms of discrimination on the basis of religion , race , gender or nationality . '' In an open letter to Gaza Strip UNRWA chief John Ging published August 20 , 2009 , the movement 's Popular Committees for Refugees called the Holocaust `` a lie invented by the Zionists , '' adding that the group refused to let Gazan children study it . Hamas leader Younis al - Astal continued by saying that having the Holocaust included in the UNRWA curriculum for Gaza students amounted to `` marketing a lie and spreading it '' . Al - Astal continued `` I do not exaggerate when I say this issue is a war crime , because of how it serves the Zionist colonizers and deals with their hypocrisy and lies . '' In February 2011 , Hamas voiced opposition to UNRWA 's teaching of the Holocaust in Gaza . According to Hamas , `` Holocaust studies in refugee camps is a contemptible plot and serves the Zionist entity with a goal of creating a reality and telling stories in order to justify acts of slaughter against the Palestinian people . '' In July 2012 , Fawzi Barhoum , a Hamas spokesman , denounced a visit by Ziad al - Bandak , an adviser to Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas , to the Auschwitz death camp , saying it was `` unjustified '' and `` unhelpful '' and only served the `` Zionist occupation '' while coming `` at the expense of a real Palestinian tragedy '' . He also called the Holocaust an `` alleged tragedy '' and `` exaggerated '' . In October 2012 , Hamas said that they were opposed to teaching about the Holocaust in Gaza Strip schools run by the UN Relief and Works Agency . The Refugee Affairs Department of Hamas said that teaching the Holocaust was a `` crime against the issue of the refugees that is aimed at canceling their right of return '' . Violence and Terrorism Main article : Criticism of Hamas Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel A rocket fired from the Gaza Strip into Israel , December 2008 . By year 2001 2002 -- 2006 2007 2008 2008 ceasefire Gaza War 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Groups responsible Fatah Hamas Islamic Jihad PFLP DFLP PRC Ansar al - Sunna Force 17 Army of Islam Tawhid wal - Jihad Abdullah Azzam Brigades Mujahideen Shura Council Rocket types Mortar Qassam Al - Quds Katyusha Grad Fajr - 5 Cities hit Ashdod Ashkelon Beersheba Eilat Gedera Kiryat Gat Kiryat Malakhi Netivot Sderot Ofakim Yavne Tel Aviv Jerusalem Regional Council areas hit Hof Ashkelon ( Karmia Netiv HaAsara Yad Mordechai Zikim ) Eshkol ( Nir Oz Nirim Yesha ) Sha'ar HaNegev ( Kfar Aza Nahal Oz Nir Am ) Sdot Negev ( Alumim Sa'ad ) Merhavim * Be'er Tuvia * Yoav Bnei Shimon * Gush Etzion Settlements hit ( evacuated ) Atzmona Dugit Elei Sinai Gadid Ganei Tal Katif Kfar Darom Morag Netzarim Netzer Hazani Neve Dekalim Nisanit Rafiah Yam Slav Defense and response Civil defense in Israel Red Color Iron Dome ZAKA See also Rocket attacks on Eilat Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel Hamas has used both political activities and violence in pursuit of its goals . For example , while politically engaged in the 2006 Palestinian Territories parliamentary election campaign , Hamas stated in its election manifesto that it was prepared to use `` armed resistance to end the occupation '' . From 2000 to 2004 , Hamas was responsible for killing nearly 400 Israelis and wounding more than 2,000 in 425 attacks , according to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs . From 2001 through May 2008 , Hamas launched more than 3,000 Qassam rockets and 2,500 mortar attacks into Israel . Attacks on civilians In the first years of the First Intifada ( 1987 -- 1993 ) , Hamas violence was directed first at collaborators with Israel and at individuals it considered moral deviants , and then later at the Israeli military . A new direction began with the formation of the al - Qassam Brigades militia in 1992 , and in 1993 suicide attacks began against Israeli targets on the West Bank . Aftermath of 1996 Jaffa Road bus bombings in which 26 people were killed The first such attack occurred on April 16 , 1993 , when an al - Qassam Brigades operative detonated explosives in a car he parked next to two buses , one military and one civilian , in the West Bank town of Mehola , killing a Palestinian civilian and wounding 8 Israeli soldiers . After the February 1994 massacre by Baruch Goldstein of 30 Muslim civilians in a Hebron mosque , the al - Qassam Brigades expanded suicide attacks to target primarily civilians . The first of the suicide bombings that targeted civilians was at Afula on April 16 , 1994 , when a suicide bomber detonated an explosives - laden car next to a bus , killing nine ( including the bomber ) and wounding 50 . The most deadly suicide bombing was an attack on a Netanya hotel on March 27 , 2002 , in which 30 people were killed and 140 were wounded . The attack has also been referred to as the Passover massacre since it took place on the first night of the Jewish festival of Passover at a Seder . Hamas has defended suicide attacks as a legitimate aspect of its asymmetric warfare against Israel . In 2003 , according to Stephen Atkins , Hamas resumed suicide bombings in Israel as a retaliatory measure after the failure of peace talks and an Israeli campaign targeting members of the upper echelon of the Hamas leadership. , but they are considered as crimes against humanity under international law . In a 2002 report , Human Rights Watch stated that Hamas leaders `` should be held accountable '' for `` war crimes and crimes against humanity '' committed by the al - Qassam Brigades . In May 2006 Israel arrested a top Hamas official , Ibrahim Hamed , who Israeli security officials alleged was responsible for dozens of suicide bombings and other attacks on Israelis . Hamed 's trial on those charges has not yet concluded . In 2008 , Hamas explosives engineer Shihab al - Natsheh organized a deadly suicide bombing in Dimona . Since 2002 , paramilitary soldiers of al - Qassam Brigades and other groups have used homemade Qassam rockets to hit Israeli towns in the Negev , such as Sderot . Al - Qassam Brigades was estimated in 2007 to have launched 22 % of the rocket and mortar attacks , which killed fifteen people between the years 2000 and 2009 ( see Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel ) . The introduction of the Qassam - 2 rocket in 2008 enabled Palestinian paramilitary groups to reach , from Gaza , such Israeli cities such as Ashkelon . In 2008 , Hamas leader Khaled Mashal , offered that Hamas would attack only military targets if the IDF would stop causing the deaths of Palestinian civilians . Following a June 19 , 2008 ceasefire , the al - Qassam Brigades ended its rocket attacks and arrested Fatah militants in Gaza who had continued sporadic rocket and mortar attacks against Israel . The al - Qassam Brigades resumed the attacks after the November 4 Israeli incursion into Gaza . On 15 June 2014 , Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu accused Hamas of involvement in the kidnapping of three Israeli teenagers ( including one who held American citizenship ) , saying `` This has severe repercussions . '' On 20 July 2014 , nearly two weeks into Operation Protective Edge , Netanyahu in an interview with CNN described Hamas as `` genocidal terrorists . '' On 5 August 2014 Israel announced that Israeli security forces arrested Hussam Kawasme , in Shuafat , in connection with the murders . During interrogation , Kawasme admitted to being the mastermind behind the attack , in addition to securing the funding from Hamas . Officials have stated that additional people arrested in connection with the murders are still being held , but no names have been released . On 20 August , Saleh al - Arouri , a Hamas leader in exile in Turkey , claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of the three Israeli teens . He delivered an address on behalf of Khaled Mashal at the conference of the International Union of Muslim Scholars in Istanbul , a move that might reflect a desire by Hamas to gain leverage . In it he said : `` Our goal was to ignite an intifada in the West Bank and Jerusalem , as well as within the 1948 borders ... Your brothers in the Al - Qassam Brigades carried out this operation to support their imprisoned brothers , who were on a hunger strike ... The mujahideen captured these settlers in order to have a swap deal . '' Hamas political leader Khaled Mashal accepted that members of Hamas were responsible , stating that he knew nothing of it in advance and that what the leadership knew of the details came from reading Israeli reports . Meshaal , who has headed Hamas 's exiled political wing since 2004 , has denied being involved in the `` details '' of Hamas `` military issues '' , but `` justified the killings as a legitimate action against Israelis on `` occupied '' lands . '' Hamas suicide attacks on Israeli civilians have largely disappeared since 2005 ; this has coincided with an increase in rocket attacks . One analysis suggests that the decline in suicide attacks is not motivated by any lack of supplies or volunteers to carry out such operations , by enhanced Israeli security measures such as the West Bank barrier ( if Israeli actions were the reason , one would expect to see an equal decline in suicide attacks by all Palestinian factions , which is not observed ) , or by a newfound desire for reconciliation with Israel on the part of Hamas . Rather , suicide bombings provoked targeted killings that decimated the leadership of Hamas , whereas rocket attacks have elicited weaker Israeli reprisals that have tended to harm the Palestinian population as a whole more than Hamas ( such as the blockade of the Gaza Strip ) -- thereby paradoxically increasing Hamas 's popular support . Rocket attacks on Israel Rocket attacks by Hamas have been condemned by Human rights organizations as war crimes , both because they usually take aim at civilians and because the weapons ' inaccuracy would disproportionately endanger civilians even if military targets were chosen . After Operation Pillar of Defense , Human Rights Watch stated that armed Palestinian groups fired hundreds of rockets at Israeli cities , violating international humanitarian law , and that statements by Palestinian groups that they deliberately targeted Israeli civilians demonstrated an `` intent to commit war crimes '' . HRW 's Middle East director Sarah Leah Whitson said that Palestinian groups made clear that `` harming civilians was their aim '' and said that launching rockets at populated areas had no legal justification . International humanitarian law prohibits deliberate attacks on civilians and intentional violations can be war crimes . According to Human Rights Watch , Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups have launched thousands of rockets into Israel since 2001 , killing 15 civilians , wounding many more , and posing an ongoing threat to the nearly 800,000 Israeli civilians who live and work in the weapons ' range . Hamas officials have said that the rockets were aimed only at military targets , saying that civilian casualties were the `` accidental result '' of the weapons ' poor quality . According to Human Rights Watch , statements by Hamas leaders suggest that the purpose of the rocket attacks was indeed to strike civilians and civilian objects . From January 2009 , following Operation Cast Lead , Hamas largely stopped launching rocket attacks on Israel and has on at least two occasions arrested members of other groups who have launched rockets , `` showing that it has the ability to impose the law when it wants '' . In February 2010 , Hamas issued a statement regretting any harm that may have befallen Israeli civilians as a result of Palestinian rocket attacks during the Gaza war . It maintained that its rocket attacks had been aimed at Israeli military targets but lacked accuracy and hence sometimes hit civilian areas . Israel responded that Hamas had boasted repeatedly of targeting and murdering civilians in the media . According to one report , commenting on the 2014 conflict , `` nearly all the 2,500 -- 3,000 rockets and mortars Hamas has fired at Israel since the start of the war seem to have been aimed at towns '' , including an attack on `` a kibbutz collective farm close to the Gaza border '' , in which an Israeli child was killed . Former Israeli Lt. Col. Jonathan D. Halevi stated that `` Hamas has expressed pride in aiming long - range rockets at strategic targets in Israel including the nuclear reactor in Dimona , the chemical plants in Haifa , and Ben - Gurion Airport '' , which `` could have caused thousands '' of Israeli casualties `` if successful '' . In July 2008 Barack Obama , then the Democratic presidential candidate , said : `` If somebody was sending rockets into my house , where my two daughters sleep at night , I 'm going to do everything in my power to stop that , and I would expect Israelis to do the same thing . '' On December 28 , 2008 , Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said in a statement : `` the United States strongly condemns the repeated rocket and mortar attacks against Israel . '' On March 2 , 2009 , Secretary of State Hillary Clinton condemned the attacks . Attempts to derail 2010 Peace talks See also : 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign In 2010 , Hamas , who have been actively sidelined from the peace talks by Israel , spearheaded a coordinated effort by 13 Palestinian militant groups , in attempt to derail the stalled peace talks between Israel and Mahmoud Abbas , President of the Palestinian Authority . According to the Israeli Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories Major Gen. Eitan Dangot , Israel seeks to work with Salam Fayyad , to help revive the Palestinian economy , and hopes to ease restrictions on the Gaza Strip further , `` while somehow preventing the Islamic militants who rule it from getting credit for any progress '' . According to Dangot , Hamas must not be seen as ruling successfully or be allowed to `` get credit for a policy that would improve the lives of people '' . The campaign consists of attacks against Israelis in which , according to a Hamas declaration in early September , `` all options are open '' . The participating groups also include Palestinian Islamic Jihad , the Popular Resistance Committees and an unnamed splinter group of Fatah . As part of the campaign , on August 31 , 2010 , 4 Israeli settlers , including a pregnant woman , were killed by Hamas militants while driving on Route 60 near the settlement Kiryat Arba , in the West bank . According to witnesses , militants opened fire on the moving vehicle , but then `` approached the car '' and shot the occupants in their seats at `` close range '' . The attack was described by Israeli sources as one of the `` worst '' terrorist acts in years . A senior Hamas official said that Israeli settlers in the West Bank are legitimate targets since `` they are an army in every sense of the word '' . Themes of martyrdom See also : Martyrdom in Islam According to a translation by Palestinian Media Watch , in 2008 , Fathi Hamad , a member of the Palestinian Legislative Council , stated on Al - Aqsa TV , `` For the Palestinian people death became an industry , at which women excel and so do all people on this land : the elderly excel , the Jihad fighters excel , and the children excel . Accordingly ( Palestinians ) created a human shield of women , children , the elderly and the Jihad fighters against the Zionist bombing machine , as if they were saying to the Zionist enemy : ' We desire death as you desire life . ' '' In 2010 , Hamas speaker Ahmad Bahr praised the virtues of martyrdom and Jihad , and said that 2.5 million black - eyed virgins were waiting in the Garden of Eden , which could be entered only by prophets , by the righteous , and by martyrs . He continued by saying that nobody on Earth `` will be able to confront the resistance , or to confront the mujahideen , those who worship Allah and seek martyrdom '' . Guerrilla warfare Hamas anti-tank rockets , captured by Israel Defense Forces during Operation Protective Edge Hamas has made great use of guerrilla tactics in the Gaza Strip and to a lesser degree the West Bank . It has successfully adapted these techniques over the years since its inception . According to a 2006 report by rival Fatah party , Hamas had smuggled between several hundred and 1,300 tons of advanced rockets , along with other weaponry , into Gaza . Hamas has used IEDs and anti-tank rockets against the IDF in Gaza . The latter include standard RPG - 7 warheads and home - made rockets such as the Al - Bana , Al - Batar and Al - Yasin . The IDF has a difficult , if not impossible time trying to find hidden weapons caches in Palestinian areas -- this is due to the high local support base Hamas enjoys . Extrajudicial killings of rivals In addition to killing Israeli civilians and armed forces , Hamas has also murdered suspected Palestinian Israel collaborators and Fatah rivals . Hundreds of Palestinians were executed by both Hamas and Fatah during the First Intifada . In the wake of the 2006 Israeli conflict with Gaza , Hamas was accused of systematically rounding up , torturing and summarily executing Fatah supporters suspected of supplying information to Israel . Human Rights Watch estimates several hundred Gazans were `` maimed '' and tortured in the aftermath of the conflict . Seventy - three Gazan men accused of `` collaborating '' had their arms and legs broken by `` unidentified perpetrators '' and 18 Palestinians accused of helping Israel were executed by Hamas security officials in the first days of the conflict . In November 2012 , Hamas 's Izzedine al - Qassam brigade publicly executed six Gaza residents accused of collaborating with Israel . According to the witnesses , six alleged informers were shot dead one by one in Gaza City , while the corpse of the sixth victim was tied by a cable to the back of a motorcycle and dragged through the streets . In 2013 , Human Rights Watch issued a statement condemning Hamas for not investigating and giving a proper trial to the 6 men . Their statement was released the day before Hamas issued a deadline for `` collaborators '' to turn themselves in , or they will be pursued `` without mercy '' . In August 2014 , during the 2014 Israel - Gaza conflict , at least 22 accused collaborators were executed by Hamas shortly after 3 of its commanders were assassinated by Israeli forces . An Israeli source denied that any of the commanders had been targeted on the basis of human intelligence . Frequent killings of unarmed people have also occurred during Hamas - Fatah clashes . NGOs have cited a number of summary executions as particular examples of violations of the rules of warfare , including the case of Muhammad Swairki , 28 , a cook for Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas 's presidential guard , who was thrown to his death , with his hands and legs tied , from a 15 - story apartment building in Gaza City . Hamas security forces reportedly shoot and torture Palestinians who opposed Hamas rule in Gaza . In one case , a Palestinian had criticized Hamas in a conversation on the street with some friends . Later that day , more than a dozen armed men with black masks and red kaffiyeh took the man from his home , and brought him to a solitary area where they shot him three times in the lower legs and ankles . The man told Human Rights Watch that he was not politically active . On August 14 , 2009 , Hamas fighters stormed the Mosque of cleric Abdel - Latif Moussa . The cleric was protected by at least 100 fighters from Jund Ansar Allah ( `` Army of the Helpers of God '' ) , an Islamist group with links to Al - Qaeda . The resulting battle left at least 13 people dead , including Moussa and 6 Hamas fighters , and 120 people injured . According to Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas , during 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict , Hamas killed more than 120 Palestinian youths for defying house arrest imposed on them by Hamas , in addition to 30 -- 40 Palestinians killed by Hamas in extrajudicial executions after accusing them of being collaborators with Israel . Referring to the killing of suspected collaborators , a Shin Bet official stated that `` not even one '' of those executed by Hamas provided any intelligence to Israel , while the Shin Bet officially `` confirmed that those executed during Operation Protective Edge had all been held in prison in Gaza in the course of the hostilities '' . 2011 -- 2013 Sinai Insurgency See also : Sinai insurgency Hamas has been accused of providing weapons , training and fighters for Sinai - based insurgent attacks , although Hamas strongly denies the allegations , calling them a smear campaign aiming to harm relations with Egypt . According to the Egyptian Army , since the ouster of Egypt 's Muslim - Brotherhood president Mohamed Morsi , over 600 Hamas members have entered the Sinai Peninsula through smuggling tunnels . In addition , several weapons used in Sinai 's insurgent attacks are being traced back to Hamas in the Gaza Strip , according to the army . The four leading insurgent groups in the Sinai have all reportedly maintained close ties with the Gaza Strip . Hamas is also accused of helping Morsi and other high - ranking Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood members break out of the Wadi Natroun prison in Cairo during the 2011 revolution . Hamas called the accusation a `` dangerous development '' . Egyptian authorities stated that the 2011 Alexandria bombing was carried out by the Gaza - based Army of Islam , which has received sanctuary from Hamas and earlier collaborated in the capture of Gilad Shalit . Army of Islam members linked to the August 2012 Sinai attack have reportedly sought refuge in the Gaza Strip . Egypt stated that Hamas directly provided logistical support to the Muslim Brotherhood militants who carried out the December 2013 Mansoura bombing . International designations as a terrorist organization Main article : International Positions on the Nature of Hamas Hamas , together with several charities it runs , has been designated by several governments and some academics as a terrorist organization . Others regard Hamas as a complex organization with terrorism as only one component . Israel outlawed Hamas in September 1989 The United States followed suit in 1995 , as did Canada in November 2002 . The European Union outlawed Hamas 's military wing in 2001 and included Hamas in its list of terrorist organizations in 2003 , which Hamas successfully challenged in the courts , and continued to do so under American and Israeli pressure . The basis of Hamas 's challenge to the EU classification in 2007 was that it was drawn up on the basis of media reports , rather than grounded in any analysis of Hamas 's history . In July 2017 , the European Court of Justice overruled this challenge , citing that the evidence of media reports was only used for keeping Hamas on the list , rather than to add it to the list in the first place . The European General Court found in favour of Hamas in 2014 , though the verdict was appealed by the EU countries . In September 2016 a legal advisor to the European Court of Justice , Eleanor Sharpston , provided an advisory opinion , in favour of cancelling the listing of Hamas as a terrorist organization . She argued that the determination originally adopted was flawed , and that the EU can not `` rely on facts and evidence found in press articles and information from the internet '' in order to list organizations as terrorists . Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Japan , New Zealand , Australia and the United Kingdom have designated the military wing of Hamas as a terrorist organization . The organization is banned in Jordan . It is not regarded as a terrorist organization by Iran , Russia , Norway , Switzerland , Turkey , China , and Brazil . Criticism Human shields A Hamas rocket launch site and its civilian surroundings . After Operation Pillar of Defense , Human Rights Watch stated that Palestinian groups had endangered civilians by `` repeatedly fired rockets from densely populated areas , near homes , businesses , and a hotel '' and noted that under international law , parties to a conflict may not to place military targets in or near densely populated areas . One rocket was launched close to the Shawa and Housari Building , where various Palestinian and international media have offices ; another was fired from the yard of a house near the Deira Hotel . New York Times journalist Steven Erlanger reported that `` Hamas rocket and weapons caches , including rocket launchers , have been discovered in and under mosques , schools and civilian homes . '' Another report published by Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center revealed that Hamas used close to 100 mosques to store weapons and as launch - pads to shoot rockets . The report contains testimony from variety Palestinian sources , including a Hamas militant Sabhi Majad Atar , who said he was taught how to shoot rockets from inside a mosque . Hamas has also been criticized by Israeli officials for blending into or hiding among the Palestinian civilian population During the 2008 -- 2009 Israel -- Gaza conflict . The Israeli government published what it said was video evidence of human shield tactics by Hamas . Israel said that Hamas frequently used mosques and school yards as hideouts and places to store weapons , and that Hamas militants stored weapons in their homes , making it difficult to ensure that civilians close to legitimate military targets are not hurt during Israeli military operations . Israeli officials also accused the Hamas leadership of hiding under Shifa Hospital during the conflict , using the patients inside to deter an Israeli attack . The Israeli government filed a report entitled `` Gaza Operations Investigation : Second Update '' to the United Nations accusing Hamas of exploiting its rules of engagement by shooting rockets and launching attacks within protected civilian areas . Israel says 12,000 rockets and mortars were fired at it between 2000 and 2008 -- nearly 3,000 in 2008 alone . In one case , an errant Israeli mortar strike killed dozens of people near a UN school . Hamas said that the mortar killed 42 people and left dozens wounded . Israel said that Hamas militants had launched a rocket from a yard adjacent to the school and one mortar of three rounds hit the school , due to a GPS error . According to the Israeli military probe , the remaining two rounds hit the yard used to launch rockets into Israel , killing two members of Hamas 's military wing who fired the rockets . Human Right Watch called Hamas to `` publicly renounce '' the rocket attacks against Israeli civilians and hold those responsible to account . Human Right Watch program director Iain Levine said the attacks by Hamas were `` unlawful and unjustifiable , and amount to war crimes '' , and accused Hamas of putting Palestinians at risk by launching attacks from built - up areas . Hamas spokesman relied that the report was `` biased '' and he denied that Hamas uses human shields . Human Rights Watch investigated 19 incidents involving 53 civilian deaths in Gaza that Israel said were the result of Hamas fighting in densely populated areas and did not find evidence for existence of Palestinian fighters in the areas at the time of the Israeli attack . In other cases where no civilians had died , the report concluded that Hamas may have deliberately fired rockets from areas close to civilians . HRW also investigated 11 deaths that Israel said were civilians being used as human shields by Hamas . HRW found no evidence that the civilians were used as human shields , nor had they been shot in crossfire . The Israeli ' human shields ' charge against Hamas was called `` full of holes '' by The National ( UAE ) , which stated that only Israel accused Hamas of using human shields during the conflict , though Hamas `` may be guilty '' of `` locating military objectives within or near densely populated areas '' and for `` deliberately firing indiscriminate weapons into civilian populated areas '' . On July 8 , 2014 , Hamas 's spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri encouraged the `` policy of people confronting the Israeli warplanes with their bare chests '' , saying it has proven itself . One survey of Gazan residents addressed the subject of human shields during the 2014 war , with respondents issuing statements such as `` People received warnings from the Israelis and tried to evacuate ... Hamas shot some of those people ... the rest were forced to return to their homes and get bombed '' ; `` Hamas imposed a curfew : anyone walking out in the street was shot without being asked any questions . That way Hamas made sure people had to stay in their homes even if they were about to get bombed '' ; and `` My father received a text - message from the Israeli army warning him that our area was going to be bombed , and Hamas prevented us from leaving . '' Israeli soldiers recounted `` Suddenly , a small boy appeared , and the terrorist grabbed him and escaped with him '' ; `` I saw with my own eyes someone using another person , a woman , as a shield ... And I can see very clearly that the woman does n't want to be there and he 's pulling her with him '' ; and `` We even found explosives in nurseries . The whole neighborhood was practically a terrorist base . '' Israel has accused Hamas of using children as human shields . The Israeli government released video footage in which it claims two militants are shown grabbing a young boy 's arm from behind holding him to walk in front of them toward a group of people waiting near a wall . The IDF argues the militants were placing the boy between themselves and an Israeli sniper . The second scene shows an individual , described as a terrorist , grabbing a school boy off of a floor , where he is hiding behind a column from IDF fire , and using him as a human shield to walk to a different location . After 15 alleged militants sought refuge in a mosque from Israeli forces , the BBC reported that Hamas radio instructed local women to go the mosque to protect the militants . Two women were later killed when Israeli forces opened fire . In November 2006 , the Israeli Air Force warned Muhammad Weil Baroud , commander of the Popular Resistance Committees who are accused of launching rockets into Israeli territory , to evacuate his home in a Jabalya refugee camp apartment block in advance of a planned Israeli air strike . Baroud responded by calling for volunteers to protect the apartment block and nearby buildings and , according to The Jerusalem Post , hundreds of local residents , mostly women and children , responded . Israel suspended the air strike . Israel termed the action an example of Hamas using human shields . In response to the incident , Hamas proclaimed : ' We won . From now on we will form human chains around every house threatened with demolition . ' '' In a November 22 press release , Human Rights Watch condemned Hamas , stating : `` There is no excuse for calling civilians to the scene of a planned attack . Whether or not the home is a legitimate military target , knowingly asking civilians to stand in harm 's way is unlawful . '' Following criticism , Human rights Watch issued a statement saying that their initial assessment of the situation was in error . They stated that , on the basis of available evidence , the home demolition was in fact an administrative act , viewed in the context of Israel 's longstanding policy of punitive home demolitions , not a military act and thus would not fall within the purview of the law regulating hostilities during armed conflict , which had been the basis for their initial criticism of Hamas . When the UN-sponsored Goldstone Commission Report on the Gaza War was commissioned in 2009 , it stated that it `` found no evidence that Palestinian combatants mingled with the civilian population with the intention of shielding themselves from attack '' though they deemed credible reports that Palestinian militants were `` not always dressed in a way that distinguished them from civilians '' . Hamas MP Fathi Hamed stated that `` For the Palestinian people , death has become an industry , at which women excel ... the elderly excel at this ... and so do the children . This is why they have formed human shields of the women , the children . '' Following the release of the Goldstone Report , the former commander of the British forces in Afghanistan Col. Richard Kemp was invited to testify at the UN Human Rights Council 12th Special Session that during Operation Cast Lead Israel encountered an `` enemy that deliberately positioned its military capability behind the human shield of the civilian population '' . Children as combatants See also : Children in the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict The Israeli government released a video compiled mostly from Arab news sources showing Palestinian children under the age of 15 going through military training and carrying and firing arms . The video 's narration explains that Hamas indoctrinates these child combatants and that Hamas operators send the children `` on missions from which they would not risk their own lives '' . According to the Israeli government , the children are used as spotters , to transport explosives and weapons , sent to play in areas to deter Israeli attacks and are sent unknowingly with explosive devices in their schoolbags to be blown up in the vicinity of Israelis . The United Nations defines the use of children for military purposes as a war crime and a form of slavery . See Military use of children . Although Hamas admits to sponsoring summer schools to train teenagers in handling weapons they condemn attacks by children . Following the deaths of three teenagers during a 2002 attack on Netzarim in central Gaza , Hamas banned attacks by children and `` called on the teachers and religious leaders to spread the message of restraint among young boys '' . Hamas 's use of child labor to build tunnels with which to attack Israel has also been criticized , with at least 160 children killed in the tunnels as of 2012 . Political freedoms Hamas mural in the West Bank Human rights groups and Gazans have accused the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip of restricting freedom of the press and forcefully suppressing dissent . Both foreign and Palestinian journalists report harassment and other measures taken against them . In September 2007 the Gaza Interior Ministry disbanded the Gaza Strip branch of the pro-Fatah Union of Palestinian Journalists , a move criticized by Reporters without borders . In November of that year the Hamas government arrested a British journalist and for a time canceled all press cards in Gaza . On February 8 , 2008 , Hamas banned distribution of the pro-Fatah Al - Ayyam newspaper , and closed its offices in the Gaza Strip because it ran a caricature that mocked legislators loyal to Hamas , . The Gaza Strip Interior Ministry later issued an arrest warrant for the editor . More widely , in late August 2007 the group was accused in The Telegraph , a conservative British newspaper , of torturing , detaining , and firing on unarmed protesters who had objected to policies of the Hamas government . Also in late August , Palestinian health officials reported that the Hamas government had been shutting down Gaza clinics in retaliation for doctor strikes -- The Hamas government confirmed the `` punitive measure against doctors '' because , in its view , they had incited other doctors to suspend services and go out on strike . In September 2007 the Hamas government banned public prayers , after Fatah supporters began holding worship sessions that quickly escalated into raucous protests against Hamas rule . Government security forces beat several gathering supporters and journalists . In October 2008 , the Hamas government announced it would release all political prisoners in custody in Gaza . Several hours after the announcement , 17 Fatah members were released . On August 2 , 2012 , the International Federation of Journalists ( IFJ ) accused Hamas of harassing elected officials belong to the Palestinian Journalists ' Syndicate ( PJS ) in Gaza . The IFJ said that journalists ' leaders in Gaza have faced a campaign of intimidation , as well as threats designed to force them to stop their union work . Some of these journalists are now facing charges of illegal activities and a travel ban , due to their refusal `` to give in to pressure '' . The IFJ said that these accusations are `` malicious '' and `` should be dropped immediately '' . The IFJ explained that the campaign against PJS members began in March 2012 , after their election , and included a raid organized by Hamas supporters who took over the PJS offices in Gaza with the help of the security forces , and subsequently evicted the staff and elected officials . Other harassment includes the targeting of individuals who were bullied into stopping union work . The IFJ backed the PJS and called on Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh to intervene to stop `` his officials ' unwarranted interference in journalists ' affairs '' . In November 2012 , two Gazan journalists were prevented from leaving Gaza by Hamas . There were scheduled to participate in a conference in Cairo , Egypt . After being questioned by security forces , their passports were confiscated . In 2016 Reporters Without Borders condemned Hamas for censorship and for torturing journalists . Reporters Without Borders Secretary - General Christophe Deloire said `` As living conditions in the Gaza Strip are disastrous , Hamas wants to silence critics and does not hesitate to torture a journalist in order to control media coverage in its territory . '' Human Rights abuses In June 2011 , the Independent Commission for Human Rights based in Ramallah published a report whose findings included that the Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip were subjected in 2010 to an `` almost systematic campaign '' of human rights abuses by the Palestinian Authority and Hamas , as well as by Israeli authorities , with the security forces belonging to the PA and Hamas being responsible for torture , arrests and arbitrary detentions . In 2012 , the Human Rights Watch presented a 43 page long list of human rights violation committed by Hamas . Among actions attributed to Hamas the HRW report mentions beatings with metal clubs and rubber hoses , hanging of alleged collaborationists with Israel , and torture of 102 individuals . According to the report , Hamas also tortured civil society activists and peaceful protesters . Reflecting on the captivity of Gilad Shalit , the HRW report described it as `` cruel and inhuman '' . The report also slams Hamas for harassment of people based on so called morality offenses and for media censorship . In a public statement Joe Stork , the deputy Middle East director of HRW claimed , `` after five years of Hamas rule in Gaza , its criminal justice system reeks of injustice , routinely violates detainees ' rights and grants impunity to abusive security services . '' Hamas responded by denying charges and describing them as `` politically motivated '' On May 26 , 2015 Amnesty International released a report saying that Hamas carried out extrajudicial killings , abductions and arrests of Palestinians and used the Al - Shifa Hospital to detain , interrogate and torture suspects during the Israel -- Gaza conflict in 2014 . It details the executions of at least 23 Palestinians accused of collaborating with Israel and torture of dozens of others , many victims of torture were members of the rival Palestinian movement , Fatah . International support Hamas has always maintained leadership abroad . The movement is deliberately fragmented to ensure that Israel can not kill its top political and military leaders . Hamas used to be strongly allied with both Iran and Syria . Iran gave Hamas an estimated $13 -- 15 million in 2011 as well as access to long - range missiles . Hamas 's political bureau was once located in the Syrian capital of Damascus before the start of the Syrian civil war . Relations between Hamas , Iran , and Syria began to turn cold when Hamas refused to back the government of Syrian President Bashar al - Assad . Instead , Hamas backed the Sunni rebels fighting against Assad . As a result , Iran cut funding to Hamas , and their terror proxy Hezbollah ordered Hamas members out of Lebanon . Hamas was then forced out of Syria . Since then , Iran and Hezbollah have tried to mend fences with Hamas . Hamas contacted Jordan and Sudan to see if either would open up its borders to its political bureau . But both countries refused -- though they welcomed many Hamas members leaving Syria . In 2012 Hamas headquarters subsequently moved to Doha , Qatar . From 2012 to 2013 , under the leadership of Muslim Brotherhood President Mohamed Morsi , Hamas had the support of Egypt . However , when Morsi was removed from Office , his replacement Abdul Fattah al - Sisi outlawed the Muslim Brotherhood and destroyed the tunnels Hamas built into Egypt . The United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are likewise hostile to Hamas . Like Egypt , they designated the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization and Hamas was viewed as its Palestinian equivalent . Qatar and Turkey According to Middle East experts , now Hamas has two firm allies : Qatar and Turkey . Both give Hamas public and financial assistance estimated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars . Shashank Joshi , senior research fellow at the Royal United Services Institute , says that `` Qatar also hosts Hamas 's political bureau which includes Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal . '' Meshaal also visits Turkey frequently to meet with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan . Erdogan has dedicated himself to breaking Hamas out of its political and economic seclusion . Last year on U.S. television Erdogan said , `` I do n't see Hamas as a terror organization . Hamas is a political party . '' In 2007 , Qatar was , with Turkey , the only country to back Hamas after the group ousted the Palestinian Authority out of the Gaza Strip . The relationship between Hamas and Qatar strengthened in 2008 and 2009 when Khaled Meshaal was invited to attend the Doha Summit where he was seated next to the then Qatari Emir Hamad bin Khalifa al - Thani , who pledged $250 million to repair the damage caused by the Israel in the Israeli war on Gaza . These events caused Qatar to become the main player in the `` Palestinian issue '' . Qatar called Gaza 's blockade unjust and immoral , which prompted the Hamas government in Gaza , including former Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh , to thank Qatar for their `` unconditional '' support . Qatar then began regularly handing out political , material , humanitarian and charitable support for Hamas . In 2012 , Qatar 's former Emir , Hamad bin Khalifa al - Thani , became the first head of state to visit Gaza under Hamas rule . He pledged to raise $400 million for reconstruction . Some have argued that the money Qatar gives to reconstruct Palestine is an excuse to pour even more money into Hamas . Qatar 's reason for funding Hamas , which is shared by Recep Tayyip Erdogan , is allegedly that Islamist groups are growing and will eventually play a role in the region ; thus it is important for Qatar ( and Turkey ) to maintain ties . During the Arab Spring , for example , Qatar backed the Muslim Brotherhood , the Egyptian Islamist group whose offshoot is Hamas . Other sources say that advocating for Hamas is politically beneficial to Turkey and Qatar because the Palestinian cause draws popular support amongst their citizens at home . Some began to label Qatar a terrorist haven in part because it is harboring Hamas leader Meshaal . They also harbor Husam Badran , former leader of Hamas 's military wing in the northern West Bank . Husam Badran , current media spokesman for Hamas , was the instigator of several of the deadliest suicide bombings of the second intifada , including the Dolphinarium discotheque bombing in Tel Aviv , which killed 21 people . Turkey has also been criticized for housing terrorists including Saleh al - Arouri , the senior Hamas officer , known for his ability to mastermind attacks from abroad . Al - Arouri is alleged to have orchestrated the June 2014 abduction and killing of three Israeli teenagers and to have started the 50 - day war between Israel and Palestine , and now lives in Turkey . Speaking in reference to Qatar 's support for Hamas , during a 2015 visit to Palestine , Qatari official Mohammad al - Emadi , said Qatar is using the money not to help Hamas but rather the Palestinian people as a whole . He acknowledges however that giving to the Palestinian people means using Hamas as the local contact . Emadi said , `` You have to support them . You do n't like them , do n't like them . But they control the country , you know . '' Some argue that Hamas 's relations with Qatar are putting Hamas in an awkward position because Qatar has become part of the regional Arab problem . But Hamas claims that having contacts with various Arab countries establishes positive relations which will encourage Arab countries to do their duty toward the Palestinians and support their cause by influencing public opinion in the Arab world . In March 2015 , Hamas has announced its support of the Saudi Arabian - led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh . U.S. - based support Several U.S. organizations were either shut down or held liable for financing Hamas in early 2001 , groups that have origins from the mid-1990s : the Holy Land Foundation ( HLF ) , Islamic Association for Palestine ( IAP ) , and Kind Hearts . The U.S. Treasury Department specially designated the HLF in 2001 for terror ties : `` from 1995 to 2001 the HLF transferred `` approximately $12.4 million outside of the United States with the intent to contribute funds , goods , and services to Hamas . '' According to the Treasury Department , Khaled Meshal identified one of HLF 's officers , Mohammed El - Mezain as `` the Hamas leader for the U.S. '' In 2003 , IAP was found liable for financially supporting Hamas , and in 2006 , Kind Hearts had their assets frozen for supporting Hamas . In 2016 , it was reported that the Boycott , Divestment and Sanctions movement ( BDS ) against Israel includes a web of Hamas supporters from the Illinois - based organization American Muslims for Palestine ( AMP ) . See also Book : Islamic terrorism Book : Islamic terrorist groups Palestine portal Terrorism portal Islam portal 25th anniversary of Hamas Hamastan Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority List of Palestinian suicide attacks List of political parties in the Palestinian National Authority References Jump up ^ Matthew Levitt , Hamas : Politics , Charity , and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad , Yale University Press , 2007 p. 44 . Jump up ^ Tristan Dunning , Hamas , Jihad and Popular Legitimacy : Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine , Routledge 2016 p. 270 . Jump up ^ Ekaterina Stepanova , `` Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict : Ideological and Structural Aspects '' , Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , Oxford University Press 2008 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Sujata Ashwarya Cheema , `` Hamas and Politics in Palestine : Impact on Peace - Building '' , in Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar ( ed . ) , West Asia and the Region : Defining India 's Role , Academic Foundation 2008 pp. 465 , 463 -- 491 : `` Hamas considers Palestine the main front of jihad and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation . The leaders of the organization argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam . Since its inception , Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam ... Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic - nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda . '' Jump up ^ Meir Litvak , `` Religious and Nationalist Fanaticism : The Case of Hamas '' , in Matthew Hughes & Gaynor Johnson ( eds . ) , Fanaticism and Conflict in the Modern Age , Frank Cass , London and New York , 2004 , pp. 156 -- 157 : `` Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist world view is shaped by its religious ideology . '' Jump up ^ Anthony H. Cordesman. Peace and War : The Arab -- Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century . Greenwood Publishing Group . 2002 . p. 243 : `` Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad ( holy war ) for the liberation of Palestine . '' Jump up ^ Meir Litvak . `` Hamas : Palestinian Identity , Islam , and National Sovereignty , '' in Asher Susser ( ed . ) Challenges to the Cohesion of the Arabic State . Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies . Tel Aviv University . 2008 . p. 153 : ' One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time , ' Jump up ^ Richard Davis . Hamas , Popular Support and War in the Middle East : Insurgency in the Holy Land Routledge. 2016 . pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Tariq Mukhimer . Hamas Rule in Gaza : Human Rights Under Constraint . Palgrave Macmillan . 2012 . pp. vii , 57 . Jump up ^ `` Gaza ceasefire : Israel and Palestinians agree to halt weeks of fighting '' . TheGuardian . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EU keeps Hamas on terror list , despite court ruling '' . Euractiv. 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/65462.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/21/9-questions-about-israel-gaza-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask/ Jump up ^ Fatah agrees to celebrate Hamas anniversary in Gaza . JTA , 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Amal Jamal . The Palestinian National Movement : Politics of Contention , 1967 -- 2005 . Indiana University Press . 2005 . p. 197 . n. 21 . Dates differ , between December 1987 -- January 1988 , and August 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Higgins , ' How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas ' , The Wall Street Journal 24 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document `` Hamas : The Organizations , Goals and Tactics of a Militant Palestinian Organization '' . Jump up ^ Helena Lindholm Schulz The Reconstruction of Palestinian Nationalism : Between Revolution and Statehood , Manchester University Press , 1999 p. 76 Jump up ^ Hamas ( Islamic Resistance Movement ) , http://www.ict.org.il Jump up ^ `` Israeli Official Says Hamas Has Made Abbas Irrelevant '' The New York Times , February 27 , 2006 Jump up ^ Efraim Inbar . Israel 's National Security : Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur War . Routledge , Dec 21 , 2007 . p. 193 Jump up ^ `` Hamas '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Jay ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` Hamas Chief Outlines Terms for Talks on Arab - Israeli Peace '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amer , Adnan Abu ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Hamas ' Abu Marzouk says recognizing Israel a ' red line ' '' . Al - Monitor . Jump up ^ Tostevin , Matthew ( 2004 - 03 - 06 ) . `` eircom net Ireland - International / Irish news headlines from leading Irish newspapers '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2004 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Hamas proposes 10 - year cease - fire in return for conditions being met '' . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com. 2014 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Martin ( 2014 - 07 - 16 ) . `` How Realistic Are Hamas ' Cease - Fire Terms ? '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen E. Atkins , Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2004 : ' This ceasefire ended when Israel started targeting Hamas leaders for assassination in July 2003 . Hamas retaliated with a suicide bombing in Israel on August 19 , 2003 , that killed 20 people , including 6 children . Since then Israelis have mounted an assassination campaign against the senior leadership of Hamas that has killed 13 Hamas members , including Ismail Abu Shanab , one of the most moderate leaders of Hamas ... After each of these assassinations , Hamas has sent a suicide bomber into Israel in retaliation . ' Jump up ^ al - Mughrabi , Nidal ; Ori Lewis ( April 19 , 2008 ) . `` Hamas bomber killed in attack at Gaza - Israel border '' . Reuters . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jamie Chosak ; Julie Sawyer ( October 19 , 2005 ) . `` Hamas 's Tactics : Lessons from Recent Attacks '' . Washington Institute for Near East Policy . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clauset , A. ; Heger , L. ; Young , M. ; Gleditsch , K.S. ( 2010 ) . `` The strategic calculus of terrorism : Substitution and competition in the Israel -- Palestine conflict '' . Cooperation and Conflict. 45 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 33 . ISSN 0010 - 8367 . doi : 10.1177 / 0010836709347113 . Jump up ^ Lankford , Adam ( 2014 ) . `` Précis of The Myth of Martyrdom : What Really Drives Suicide Bombers , Rampage Shooters , and Other Self - Destructive Killers '' . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 37 ( 04 ) : 351 -- 362 . ISSN 0140 - 525X . doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X13001581 . Jump up ^ Mark Perry , ' Gaza 's Bottle Rockets ' , in Gideon Rose ( ed ) Clueless in Gaza , Foreign Affairs , 2014 p. 110 : ' most of Hamas ' arsenal is comprised of homemade rockets that are decidedly incapable of inflicting mass civilian casualties , flattening apartment blocks , or causing conflagrations that consume entire cities . `` Hamas ' rockets can kill people and they have , '' a counter-intelligence veteran of the U.S. , CIA who spent his career monitoring Israeli and Palestinian military capabilities , told me recently , `` but compared to what the Israelis are using , the Palestinians are firing bottle rockets . '' Jump up ^ The Growing Reach of Hamas 's Rockets . The New York Times . July 2014 Jump up ^ `` Hamas Rockets from Gaza Target Haifa , Reach Far into Northern Israel '' . Washington Free Beacon . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gaza : Palestinian Rockets Unlawfully Targeted Israeli Civilians '' . hrw.org/news/ . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Israel / PA : Suicide Bombers Commit Crimes Against Humanity . Human Rights Watch Jump up ^ Pollock , David . `` The Surprising Opinions of Palestinians . '' The Washington Institute . 7 June 2017 . 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who are Hamas ? '' . London : BBC News . January 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Erlanger , Steven ( February 18 , 2006 ) . `` Hamas Leader Faults Israeli Sanction Plan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found . '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Hamas The New York Times , June 18 , 2010 `` The pact did not succeed in restoring the flow of aid and did not last . Clashes between the two groups steadily escalated until gunmen loyal to Hamas took control of Gaza in June , ousting the remnants of Fatah . '' Backgrounder : Hamas . Council of Foreign Relations . August 27 , 2009 , `` In the summer of 2007 , Hamas tensions with the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas , a Fatah man , came to a head and Hamas routed Fatah supporters , killing many and sending others fleeing to the West Bank . The result was a de facto geographic division of Palestinian - held territory , with Hamas holding sway in Gaza and Fatah maintaining the internationally recognized Palestinian Authority government in the West Bank town of Ramallah . '' Jump up ^ `` Gaza may face economic disaster if blockade continues '' . USA Today . Associated Press . March 29 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinian rivals Hamas and Fatah sign reconciliation deal '' The Guardian ( UK ) , May 4 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Keinon , Herb . `` Politics : Fatah - Hamas unity talks breed Likud harmony '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Martha Crenshaw , John Pimlott . International Encyclopedia of Terrorism . Routledge. 2015 . p. 415 . ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Jefferis . Hamas : Terrorism , Governance , and Its Future in Middle East Politics . ABC - CLIO. 2016 . p. 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement ( Hamas ) '' . MidEast Web . August 18 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas Islamic Resistance '' . Hamas.ps . Jump up ^ Al - Qassam Brigades -- about us Archived November 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Levitt 2006 pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Levitt , 2006 pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Sara Roy , Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza : Engaging the Islamist Social Sector , Princeton University Press , Rev. ed. 2013 p. 30 . Jump up ^ CNN , Andrew Carey and Joe Sterling . `` Ismail Haniya elected new Hamas leader '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Davis 2016 pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ A. Hovdenak , ' Hamas in Transition : The Failure of Sanctions , ' in Michelle Pace , Peter Seeberg ( eds . ) , The European Union 's Democratization Agenda in the Mediterranean , Routledge , 2013 pp. 50 -- 79 p. 64 . Jump up ^ Peter Mandaville , Islam and Politics , Routledge , 2014 Rev. ed , p. 282 . ^ Jump up to : Benedetta Berti , Armed Political Organizations : From Conflict to Integration , JHU Press , 2013 p. 88 . Jump up ^ Mohammed Ayoob , Will the Middle East Implode ? , John Wiley & Sons , 2014 p. 47 . Jump up ^ Tristan Dunning , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Levitt , pp. 16 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Phillips p. 78 Jump up ^ Lihi Ben Shitrit , Righteous Transgressions : Women 's Activism on the Israeli and Palestinian Religious Right , Princeton University Press , 2015 p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : David L. Phillips , From Bullets to Ballots : Violent Muslim Movements in Transition , Transaction Publishers , 2011 p. 75 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 47ff . Jump up ^ Levitt , p. 23 : ' In a 1995 lecture , Sheikh Jamil Hamami , a party to the foundation of Hamas and a senior member of its West Bank leadership , expounded the importance of Hamas ' dawa infrastructure as the soil from which militancy would flower . ' Jump up ^ Levitt , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Mohsen Saleh , The Palestinian Strategic Report 2006 , Al Manhal , 2007 p. 198 . Jump up ^ James J.F. Forrest , ' Conclusion ' , in James Dingley , Combating Terrorism in Northern Ireland , Routledge , 2008 pp. 280 -- 300 p. 290 . Jump up ^ Phillips p. 81 . Jump up ^ Levitt , pp. 122 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Aoibhín de Búrca , Preventing Political Violence Against Civilians : Nationalist Militant Conflict in Northern Ireland , Israel And Palestine , Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Mohammad Najib and Roland Friedrich ' Non-Statutory Armed Groups and Security Sector Governance , ' in Roland Friedrich , Arnold Luethold ( eds . ) , Entry - points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform , DCAF , 2007 pp. 101 -- 127 p. 103. This date is based on a Hamas operation that assassinated the rabbi of the Israeli settlement of Kfar Darom inside the Gaza Strip . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 110 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : Mathieu Guidère , Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism , Scarecrow Press , 2012 p. 173 . Jump up ^ Najib p. 103 . Jump up ^ Alincée Van Engeland , ' Hamas , ' in Jeffrey Ian Ross ( ed . ) Religion and Violence : An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present , Routledge 2015 pp. 319 -- 323 : p. 319 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Mohannad Sabry , Sinai : Egypt 's Linchpin , Gaza 's Lifeline , Israel 's Nightmare , British Academic Press , 2015 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Najib p. 107 Jump up ^ Sabry p. 67 . Jump up ^ Sabry , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Jefferis , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Najib p. 107 . Jump up ^ Shitrit , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Najib p. 106 . Jump up ^ Najib p. 105 . Jump up ^ Najib pp. 105 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : Najib p. 106 Jump up ^ R. Kim Cragin , ' Learning to Survive : The Case of the Islamic Resistance Movement ( Hamas ) ' , in James JF Forrest ( ed . ) , Teaching Terror : Strategic and Tactical Learning in the Terrorist World , Rowman & Littlefield , 2006 pp. 189 -- 204 p. 196 . Jump up ^ Erlich Reese , Robert Baer , Conversations with Terrorists : Middle East Leaders on Politics , Violence , and Empire , Routledge , 2016 p. 28 . Jump up ^ Dunning , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Raymond Hueston , Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. , Sherifa Zahar , ' Hamas ' in Priscilla Roberts ( ed . ) Arab - Israeli Conflict : The Essential Reference Guide , ABC - CLIO , 2014 pp. 676 -- 71 p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Jeroen Gunning , ' Hamas : Harakat al - Muqamama al - Islamiyya , ' in Marianne Heiberg , Brendan O'Leary , John Tirman ( eds . ) , Terror , Insurgency , and the State : Ending Protracted Conflicts , University of Pennsylvania Press , 2007 pp. 123 -- 155 p. 134 . Jump up ^ Najib pp. 107 - 108 - Jump up ^ Joyce Davis https://books.google.com/books?id=GxwbNesHJBkC&pg=PA100 Martyrs : Innocence , Vengeance , and Despair in the Middle East , Palgrave Macmillan , 2004 p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Julie C. Herrick , ' Non-State Actors : A Comparative Analysis of Change and Development Within Hamas and Hezbollah , ' in Bahgat Korany ( ed . ) , The Changing Middle East : A New Look at Regional Dynamics , American University in Cairo Press , 2010 pp. 167 -- 195 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Mandaville , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Matthew Levitt , Negotiating Under Fire : Preserving Peace Talks in the Face of Terror Attacks , Rowman & Littlefield 2008 pp. 89f . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito , Islam and Violence , Syracuse University Press 1998 p. 231 . Jump up ^ Ilana Kass & Bard E. O'Neill , The Deadly Embrace : The Impact of Israeli and Palestinian Rejectionism on the Peace Process , National Institute for Public Policy / University Press of America 1997 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Matthew Levitt p. 34 . Jump up ^ Levitt p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Jodi Vittori , Terrorist Financing and Resourcing , Palgrave Macmillan , 2011 pp. 72 -- 74 , p. 193 notes 50 , 51 . Jump up ^ Levitt , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Colin P. Clarke , Terrorism , Inc. : The Financing of Terrorism , Insurgency , and Irregular Warfare : The Financing of Terrorism , Insurgency , and Irregular Warfare , ABC - CLIO , 2015 p. 97 . Jump up ^ Interpal and Development and the Al - Aqsa Charitable Foundation Fund . pp. 146 , 154 -- 159 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh E. Burfeindt , ' Rapprochement with Iran ' , in Thomas A. Johnson ( ed . ) , Power , National Security , and Transformational Global Events : Challenges Confronting America , China , and Iran . CRC Press . 2012 . pp. 185 -- 235 p. 198 . Jump up ^ Levitt p. 173 . Jump up ^ Joshua L. Gleis , Benedetta Berti , Hezbollah and Hamas : A Comparative Study , Johns Hopkins University Press , 2012 p. 156 . Jump up ^ Robert Mason , Foreign Policy in Iran and Saudi Arabia : Economics and Diplomacy in the Middle East , I.B. Tauris , 2015 pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Levitt , pp. 172 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Rubin , Islam in the Balance : Ideational Threats in Arab Politics . Stanford University Press , 2014 p. 104 Jump up ^ Jalil Roshandel , Alethia H. Cook , The United States and Iran : Policy Challenges and Opportunities , Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Mark P. Sullivan , ' Latin America : Terrorism Issues ' . Congressional Research Service . 14 July 2009 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Ziyād Abū ʻAmr , Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza : Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad , Indiana University Press , 1994 p. 16 . Jump up ^ Rashmi Singh , Hamas and Suicide Terrorism : Multi-causal and Multi-level Approaches , Routledge , 2013 p. 153 n. 70 . Jump up ^ Levitt , p. 24 p. 24 : `` Scholars and historians on both sides ... agree that from the late 1960s to the mid-1980s the ( Muslim ) Brotherhood benefited from the Israeli government 's support of non-violent Islamist Palestinian factions , believing these groups would function as a useful counterweight to the secular nationalist Palestinian groups ... '' Jump up ^ Philip Mattar ( ed. , ) Encyclopedia of the Palestinians , Infobase Publishing , 2005 p. 195 : ' the Brotherhood was even quietly assisted by Israel I authorities in the hopes that it could serve as an alternative to the PLO ' , Jump up ^ Riaz Hassan , Life as a Weapon : The Global Rise of Suicide Bombings , Routledge , Revised ed. 2014 p. 80 - Jump up ^ Amr p. 31. Ahmad Yassin stated ' the PLO is secularist . It can not be accepted as a representative unless it becomes islamic ' p. 31 ; ' Politically speaking , Islamic fundamentalists were sometimes regarded as useful to Israel because they had their conflicts with the secular supporters of the PLO ... the Israeli military governor of the Gaza Strip , Brigadier General Yitzhak Segev , once told me how he had financed the Islamic movement as a counterweight to the PLO and the Communists ... In 1980 , when fundamentalist protesters set fire to the office of the Red Crescent Society in Gaza , headed by Dr Haidar Abdel - Shafi , a Communist and PLO supporter , the Israeli army did nothing , intervening only when the mob marched to his home and seemed to threaten him personally '. p. 35 Jump up ^ Helena Lindholm Schulz The Reconstruction of Palestinian Nationalism : Between Revolution and Statehood , Manchester University Press , 1999 p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Laura Neack , The New Foreign Policy : Power Seeking in a Globalized Era , Rowman & Littlefield 2008 p. 101 . Jump up ^ Amal Jamal , The Palestinian National Movement : Politics of Contention , 1967 -- 2005 , Indiana University Press , 2005 p. 197 n. 21. Dates differ , between December 1987 -- January 1988 , and August 1988 Jump up ^ The World Almanac of Islamism : 2014 , American Foreign Policy Council / Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 ( Hamas pp. 272 -- 278 ) . Jump up ^ Joshua L. Gleis , Benedetta Berti , Hezbollah and Hamas : A Comparative Study , Johns Hopkins University Press , 2012 p. 119 : ' In truth , the creation of Hamas as a separate entity from the Muslim Brotherhood was done precisely to prevent Israeli authorities from targeting the organizations ' greater activities , in the hopes that it would leave them relatively immune . Moreover , Hamas was created essentially because the Islamicists connected to the Muslim Brotherhood feared that without their direct participation in the first Intifada , they would lose supporters to both the PIJ and the PLO , the latter of which was anxious to reassert itself in the Palestinian territories after being marginalized following its expulsion from Lebanon . As authors Mishal and Saela , explain , `` The Mujamma 's decision to adopt a ' jihad now ' policy against ' enemies of Allah ' ( through the creation of Hamas ) was thus largely a matter of survival . ' Jump up ^ `` Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniya Reaffirms Hamas ' Commitment to Armed Resistance and Says : We Will Liberate Palestine in Its Entirety , from the Mediterranean to the Jordan River '' . Memri TV . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ronni Shaked , ' Ethos of Conflict of the Palestinian Society , ' in Keren Sharvit , Eran Halperin ( eds . ) , A Social Psychology Perspective on The Israeli - Palestinian Conflict : Celebrating the Legacy of Daniel Bar - Tal , Springer , 2016 Volume 2 pp. 133 -- 149 p. 142 . Jump up ^ According to Khaled Hroub , Hamas : A Beginner 's Guide , Pluto Press 2006 p. 33 : ' The Charter was written in early 1988 by one individual and was made public without appropriate general Hamas consultation , revision or consensus , to the regret of Hamas 's leaders in later years . The author of the Charter was one of the ' old guard ' of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Gaza Strip , completely cut off from the outside world . All kinds of confusions and conflations between Judaism and Zionism found their way into the Charter , to the disservice of Hamas ever since , as this document has managed to brand it with charges of ' anti-Semitism ' and a naïve world - view ' Hamas leaders and spokespeople have rarely referred to the Charter or quoted from it , evidence that it has come to be seen as a burden rather than an intellectual platform that embraces the movement 's principles . ' Jump up ^ Khaled Hroub , ' A `` New Hamas '' through its new documents ' , Journal of Palestine Studies , vol. 35 , No. 4 , Summer 2006 , Issue 140 , pp. 6 -- 28 , p. 6 , cited Michael Schulz , ' Hamas Between Sharia Rule and Demo - Islam , ' in Ashok Swain , Ramses Amer , Joakim Öjendal ( eds . ) , Globalization and Challenges to Building Peace , pp. 195 -- 2011 : ' Hamas continues to be characterized with reference to its 1988 charter drawn up less than a year after the movement was established in direct response to the outbreak of the third intifada and when its raison d'être was armed resistance to the occupation . Yet when its election and post-election documents are compared to the charter , it becomes clear that what is being promoted is a profondly different organization ' Jump up ^ ' The non-Zionist Jew is one who belongs to the Jewish culture , whether as a believer in the Jewish faith or simply by accident of birth , but ... ( who ) takes no part in aggressive actions against our land and our nation ... Hamas will not adopt a hostile position in practice against anyone because of his ideas or his creed but will adopt such a position if those ideas and creed are translated into hostile or damaging actions against our people . ' ( 1990 ) Khaled Hroub , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Giandomenico Picco , Gabrielle Rifkind , The Fog of Peace , I.B. Tauris , 2014 pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Gabriel Weimann , Terror on the Internet : The New Arena , the New Challenges , US Institute of Peace Press , 2006 p. 82 . Jump up ^ Jim Zanotti , Hamas : Background and Issues for Congress , DIANE Publishing , 2011 p. 15 . Jump up ^ Zanotti , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Roberts p. 68 : ' The Charter condemns world Zionism and the efforts to isolate Palestine , defines the mission of the organization , and locates that mission within Palestinian , Arab and Islamic elements . It does not condemn the West or non-Muslims , but does condemn aggression against the Palestinian people , arguing for a defensive jihad . It also calls for fraternal relations with the other Palestinian nationalist groups ' . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamas Covenant 1988 : The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement '' . The Avalon Project : Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School . August 18 , 1988 . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shaul Mishal , Avraham Sela , The Palestinian Hamas : vision , violence , and coexistence Columbia University Press , 2006 p. 178 . Jump up ^ Mark A. Tessler A History of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict , Indiana University Press , 1994 pp. 546,696 Jump up ^ Peter Beinart , The Crisis of Zionism , Melbourne University Press 2012 p. 219 n. 53 . Jump up ^ Ayala H. Emmett , Our Sisters ' Promised Land : Women , Politics , and Israeli - Palestinian Coexistence , University of Michigan Press , 2003 pp. 100 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Glenn Frankel , Beyond the Promised Land : Jews and Arabs on the Hard Road to a New Israel , Simon and Schuster , 1996 p. 389 - 391 , cites Binjamin Netanyahu as declaring : ' You say the Bible is not a property deed . But I say the opposite - the Bible is our mandate , the Bible is our deed ' . Yitzhak Rabin at the time charged that `` Bibi Netyanyahu is a Hamas collaborator ... Hamas and Likud have the same political goal . ' Jump up ^ David Whitten Smith , Elizabeth Geraldine Burr , Understanding World Religions : A Road Map for Justice and Peace , Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 2nd. ed . pp. 250 -- 1 for a comparison of similarities regarding ownership of the land in the Likud and Hamas platforms . Jump up ^ Louise Fawcett , International Relations of the Middle East , Oxford University Press 2013 p. 49 : ' The Hamas platform calls for full Muslim - Palestinian control of the Mediterranean to the Jordan River -- the mirror image of Likud 's platform for Jewish control of the same land . ' Jump up ^ Padraig O'Malley The Two - State Delusion : Israel and Palestine -- A Tale of Two Narratives , Penguin Books 2015 p. 26 : ' Israel incessantly invokes provisions of Hamas 's charter that call for the elimination of Jews and the destruction of Israel , and its refusal to recognize the state of Israel ... Hamas also calls attention to the clauses in the Likud charter that explicitly denounce a two - state solution . A double standard , says Hamas . ' Jump up ^ Noam Chomsky , in Elliot N. Dorff , Danya Ruttenberg , Louis E Newman ( eds . ) , Jewish Choices , Jewish Voices : War and National Security , Jewish Publication Society , 2010 pp. 26 -- 7 Jump up ^ Dunning , Tristan ( 20 November 2014 ) , Israel 's policy on statehood merits the same scrutiny as Hamas gets Jump up ^ David Whitten , Smith , Elizabeth Geraldine Burr , Understanding World Religions : A Road Map for Justice and Peace , Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 p. 250 Jump up ^ Peter Beinart , The Crisis of Zionism , Melbourne University Press 2012 p. 231 : ' If Israel withdraws to the borders of 1967 , it does n't mean that it gives us back all the land of the Palestinians . But we do consider this as an acceptable solution to have a Palestinian state on the borders of 1967 ' . Jump up ^ Dr. Lorenzo Kamel , ' Why do Palestinians in Gaza support Hamas ? , ' Haaretz 5 August 2014 Jump up ^ Davis , p. 41 Jump up ^ Matthew Duss , ' Remember Gaza ? , ' Tablet Magazine 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Wendy Pearlman , Violence , Nonviolence , and the Palestinian National Movement , Cambridge University Press , 2011 p. 137 . Jump up ^ Seth Ackerman ( September -- October 2006 ) . `` Nixed Signals '' . Extra ! . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barak Ravid ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` In 2006 letter to Bush , Haniyeh offered compromise with Israel '' . Haaretz . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Al Jazeera , `` Hamas ready to accept 1967 borders '' . Apr 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Amira Hass ( November 9 , 2008 ) . `` Hamas willing to accept Palestinian state with 1967 borders '' . Haaretz . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yoav Segev ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Haniyeh to UN chief : Hamas accepts Palestinian state in ' 67 borders '' . Haaretz . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas Vows to Honor Palestinian Referendum on Peace with Israel : Islamist Leader Ismail Haniyeh Says He Would Accept a Deal with Israel Based on 1967 Borders and Denies that Gaza has Become a Stronghold for Al - Qaida '' . Haaretz . Reuters . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ilan Ben Zion ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` The eye of the Islamic Jihad storm '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marc Tracy ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Terrorist Killing Prompts Gaza Rocket Exchange '' . Tablet Magazine . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Israel rejects Gaza ceasefire The Guardian ( UK ) , April 25 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Erlanger , Steven ( April 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Gaza , Hamas 's Insults to Jews Complicate Peace '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nizar Rayyan of Hamas on God 's Hatred of Jews '' , The Atlantic , ( January 2 , 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : Hamas Fights Over Gaza 's Islamist Identity The New York Times , September 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ Martyrdom , Not Suicide : The Legality of Hamas ' Bombings in the Mid-1990s in Modern Islamic Jurisprudence By M.A. Philipp Holtmann , p. 13 Jump up ^ For suicide attacks , sources include : `` To the outside world , Hamas is best - known -- infamous -- for its reliance on suicide bombers . '' ( Palestinian territories : Inside Hamas , PBS Frontline : World , May 9 , 2006 ) `` ... the militant organization , best known abroad for its attacks against Israeli civilians ... '' ( Musharbash , Yassin . `` Could Victory be Undoing of Hamas '' , Der Spiegel , January 27 , 2006 ) `` ... it was best known in Israel and abroad for the suicide attacks it used ... '' ( `` After the Hamas earthquake '' , The Guardian , January 27 , 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Martyrdom , Not Suicide : The Legality of Hamas ' Bombings in the Mid-1990s in Modern Islamic Jurisprudence By M.A. Philipp Holtmann , p. 16 Jump up ^ `` For Arabs in Israel , a house is not a home '' by Edward Platt , New Statesman , August 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ Inside Hamas : The Untold Story of Militants , Martyrs and Spies By Zaki Chehab , p. 115 Jump up ^ Chronology for Palestinians in Israel Archived August 12 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . The UN Refugee Agency , 2004 ^ Jump up to : The Palestinian People : A History By Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S. Migdal , pp. 372 -- 373 Jump up ^ Karsh , Efraim . Arafat 's War : The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest . New York : Grove Press , 2003 . p. 216 . Jump up ^ Katz , Samuel . The Hunt for the Engineer . Lyons Press , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 58574 - 749 - 1 , p. 256 ^ Jump up to : `` Jordan curbs Hamas '' , The Guardian , November 22 , 1999 ^ Jump up to : `` Hamas Leader Khaled Mashaal '' Time , January 4 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Jordan : Whether Hamas persecute , kidnap , torture or abuse with impunity Jordanian citizens who disagree with its methods , policies and ideology Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada , October 25 , 2000 , JOR35666. E , accessed September 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Hamas : Politics , Charity , and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad , by Matthew Levitt . Yale University Press , 2007 . p. 45 Jump up ^ B'Tselem -- Statistics -- Fatalities , B'Tselem . Jump up ^ `` Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers '' Archived January 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 21 , Number 3 , Summer 2007 . Pages 223 -- 238 Jump up ^ `` The Second Intifada : Background and Causes of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict '' Jeremy Pressman , Fall 2003 ( pdf ) ^ Jump up to : Running out of time Archived January 20 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Al - Ahram Weekly January 29 -- February 4 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` Israel rejects ' insincere ' Hamas offer of 10 - year truce '' The Independent January 27 , 2004 Jump up ^ Fury as Gaza buries Hamas leader BBC News April 19 , 2004 Jump up ^ Hamas chief killed in air strike BBC News March 22 , 2004 Jump up ^ Price , Matthew ( May 13 , 2005 ) . `` Hamas success in Fatah heartland '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( January 12 , 2006 ) . `` Hamas drops call for destruction of Israel from manifesto '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas : Ceasefire for return to 1967 border '' . Ynetnews . January 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Hamas Routs Ruling Faction , Casting Pall on Peace Process , The New York Times , January 27 , 2006 Jump up ^ Kristen Ess . `` Why Hamas Won '' ZNet . Palestine , January 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Peace with Israel for withdrawal to ' 67 borders , Ynetnews March 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ Butcher , Tim ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Hamas offers deal if Israel pulls out '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Hamas ( Islamic Resistance Movement ) '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Palestinian sanctions to remain BBC , March 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ Ravid , Barak ( June 6 , 2006 ) . `` In 2006 letter to Bush , Haniyeh offered compromise with Israel '' . Haaretz . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` A ' New Hamas ' through Its New Documents '' . Journal of Palestine Studies . 35 ( 4 ) . Summer 2006 . doi : 10.1525 / jps. 2006.35. 4.6 . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Proof Is in the Paper Trail '' . Vanity Fair . March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mahnaimi , Uzi . `` Israel foils plot to kill Palestinian president '' , The Sunday Times , May 7 , 2006 Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( June 10 , 2006 ) . `` Death on the Beach : Seven Palestinians killed as Israeli shells hit family picnic '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinian Child Buries Slain Family '' . IslamOnline.net . June 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Katz , Yaakov ( June 20 , 2006 ) . `` HRW says it ca n't refute IDF Gaza beach findings blast '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Katz , Yaakov ( June 22 , 2006 ) . `` IDF : Second piece of shrapnel not ours '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Militants Fire Rockets Into South Israel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . March 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Summer Rains '' , GlobalSecurity.org Jump up ^ `` PM : We will not recapture Gaza '' . Ynetnews . July 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Israelis , Palestinians urged to ' step back from the brink ' , avert full - scale conflict , as Security Council debates events in Gaza '' . United Nations . June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fatah and Hamas no nearer to unity as Palestinian parliament 's term ends '' . Haaretz . January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Israel releases jailed Hamas parliament speaker '' . Haaretz . June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CNN Library ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Gilad Shalit Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Inside the tunnels Hamas built : Israel 's struggle against new tactic in Gaza war . The Guardian Jump up ^ Rudoren , Jodi ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Tunnels Lead Right to the Heart of Israeli Fear '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinian government criticises UN position on Gaza tunnel '' . Middle East Monitor. 2013 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Palestinian National Unity Government '' . February 24 , 2007 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rose , David ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` The Gaza Bombshell '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The `` Gaza War '' . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ McGirk , Tim ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` What Happens After Hamas Wins ? '' . Time . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daraghmeh , M. ( June 17 , 2007 ) . `` Abbas forms cabinet , outlaws Hamas militias '' . The Star . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006 '' . Ynetnews . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fatah supporters surrender to Hamas '' The Guardian ( UK ) , June 13 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Under Cover of War Human Rights Watch . Human Rights Watch ( 2009 - 04 - 20 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : B'Tselem -- Violations of the human rights of Palestinians by Palestinians -- Severe human rights violations in inter-Palestinian clashes . Btselem.org ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Abu Toameh , Khaled ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' No political differences between Fatah , Hamas ' '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ben Zion , Ilan ( 2012 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Abbas : ' Hamas wants Palestinian state with ' 67 borders ' '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Israel - Hamas truce announced '' . Al Jazeera English . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Witte , Griff ; Knickmeyer , Ellen ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` Israel , Hamas Agree on Gaza Strip Truce '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Israel agrees to Gaza ceasefire '' . BBC News . June 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Six Months of the Lull Arrangement '' ( PDF ) . Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center . December 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US embassy cables : US talks to Israeli security chief about Arabs and Gaza '' The Guardian ( UK ) , April 7 , 2011 ' Diskin said that Israel does not like the tahdiya -- seeing it as a means whereby Hamas and other groups can regroup and re-arm -- but also dislikes the current situation . The ISA , he said , believes that the best option now is a large - scale ground incursion into the Gaza Strip that allows the IDF to take over the southern part of the Gaza Strip and to stop smuggling and increase pressure on Hamas . `` If you do this , it will cause big problems for Hamas ' survival in the Gaza Strip , '' he said . ' Jump up ^ Avi Isacharoff ; Yuval Azoulay ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Hamas : Continued rocket fire by Fatah armed group harms Palestinian interests '' . Haaretz . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas arrests militants after rocket fire '' Reuters . July 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Israel closes Gaza after rockets '' BBC , June 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Gaza truce broken as Israeli raid kills six Hamas gunmen '' , The Guardian , November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Why Israel went to war in Gaza , The Guardian , January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robin Lustig ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Gaza : the numbers '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets from Gaza bombard Israeli area '' . UPI . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamas ' might renew truce ' in Gaza '' . London : BBC News . December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Why Israel Attacked '' Time magazine -- December 27 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Civilian death toll rises after second day of air strikes The Guardian ( UK ) , December 29 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Israeli airstrikes in Gaza kill more than 200 msnbc.com , December 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ IAF kills Hamas strongman Siam -- Confronting Hamas , The Jerusalem Post Archived February 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Nizar Rayyan '' . London : BBC News . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Key Hamas Leader Killed '' . London : BBC News . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Warnings Not Enough for Gaza Families '' The New York Times , January 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Israel Deepens Gaza Incursion as Toll Mounts '' The New York Times , January 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Strike at Gaza school ' kills 40 ' '' . London : BBC News . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Israel ' shelled civilian shelter ' '' . London : BBC News . January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Israel accused of war crimes over 12 - hour assault on Gaza village '' The Guardian January 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Israel declares ceasefire in Gaza '' . London : BBC News . January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas announces ceasefire in Gaza '' . London : BBC News . January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Israel , Hamas probes on Gaza violations inadequate '' . Daily Nation . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamas releases second response to Goldstone Report Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Palestine Note , July 28 , 2010 `` ... approximately 1,400 Palestinians were killed according to the Hamas government and the Palestinian Center for Human Rights . The Israeli army puts the number at 1,166 . '' Jump up ^ `` Hamas says 300 Fighters Killed in Gaza war '' . Agence France - Presse . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Liel , Alon ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Hamas confirms losses in Cast Lead for first time '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abu Toameh , Khaled ( August 16 , 2009 ) . `` Mashaal : Hamas can speak with Obama '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Speech of Khaled Meshaal August 30 , 2009 ( rough automated translation from Arabic ) Jump up ^ Pollock , David . `` Rejectionists Readying to Counter U.S. Peace Push '' . Washington Institute for Near East Policy . September 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Video interview of Khaled Meshal by Charlie Rose , May 28 , 2010 Click on small `` transcript '' link at top of comments section to view transcript ; scroll up to view video . Jump up ^ Hamas renews offer to end fight if Israel withdraws Reuters , May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas Chief Outlines Terms for Talks on Arab - Israeli Peace '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Post-Assad Syria would drop special Iran ties Reuters December 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Hamas ditches Assad , backs Syrian revolt '' . Reuters. 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Syria Berates Hamas Chief , an Old Ally , on State TV '' . The New York Times , October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas and Fatah in unity talks , says Khaled Meshaal '' . BBC News , February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Hamas leaders killed in Syria , sources say '' . Ma'an News Agency , October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Syria Shuts Down Hamas Offices '' . Arutz Sheva , November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NGO accuses Damascus of killing two Hamas members in Syria '' . Al - Ahram Online , January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Military wing of Hamas training Syrian rebels ' '' . The Jerusalem Post . Reuters. April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kotsev , Victor ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` A Spring Revival for the Peace Process ? '' . Sada . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas appoints first spokeswoman -- Middle East '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Palestinian Leader Assails Hamas , Calling Unity Pact Into Question . By JODI RUDORENSEPT . August 7 , 2014 . New York Times . Jump up ^ Abbas blames Hamas for prolonged battle with Israel . AP AND AVI ISSACHAROFF August 29 , 2014 Jump up ^ Abbas hints PA close to ending unity agreement with Hamas . By KHALED ABU TOAMEH . September 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Hamas criticizes construction delays as Israeli plot '' . www.jpost.com . Jpost Inc. 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Semitic Hate Speech in the Name of Islam '' . Spiegel Online International . May 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hamas Condemns the Holocaust The Guardian May 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` New propaganda song from Hamas '' . Haaretz. 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Online Terrorists Prey on the Vulnerable '' . Globalpolitician.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas Children 's Magazine Al - Fateh Encourages Terrorism , Glorifies Martyrdom '' . Memri.org . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas Magazine for Kids Promotes Martyrdom and Hatred '' . Adl.org . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas leader killed in air strike '' . London : BBC . January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas TV station shut down '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 . , news24.com , January 22 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Terrorism : Al Aqsa TV '' . ADL . Retrieved 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hamas Launches Television Network '' . NPR . Retrieved February 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alan ( May 15 , 2008 ) . `` Hamas and antisemitism '' . London : The Guardian . Jump up ^ Shitrit , pp. 73 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Phillips , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Shitrit p. 74 . Jump up ^ Gerber p. 27 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Rubenberg , Palestinian Women : Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank , Lynne Reinner 2001 pp. 230 -- 231 Jump up ^ Deborah J. Gerner , ' Mobilizing Women for Nationalist Agendas , ' in Valentine M. Moghadam ( ed . ) , From Patriarchy to Empowerment : Women 's Participation , Movements , and Rights in the Middle East , North Africa , and South Asia Syracuse University Press , 2007 pp. 17 -- 39 p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas encourages Gaza women to follow Islamic code _English_Xinhua '' . News.xinhuanet.com . January 3 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamas Bans Women Dancers , Scooter Riders in Gaza Push By Daniel Williams , Bloomberg , November 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hamas patrols beaches in Gaza to enforce conservative dress code The Guardian ( UK ) , October 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Women in Gaza : Life Under Hamas '' . BBC News . March 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rettig , Haviv ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` UN Cancels Gaza Marathon '' . Timesofisrael.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Palestine : Taliban - like attempts to censor music '' . Freemuse.org . August 17 , 2006 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Afghanistan in Palestine , by Zvi Bar'el , Haaretz , July 26 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Battling over the public sphere : Islamic reactions to the music of today '' . Jonas Otterbeck . Contemporary Islam . Volume 2 , Number 3 , 211 -- 228 , doi : 10.1007 / s11562 - 008 - 0062 - y . `` ... the over-all argument was that the event was haram '' Jump up ^ `` Palestinians Debate Whether Future State Will be Theocracy or Democracy '' . Associated Press , July 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Gaza Taliban ? by Editorial Staff , The New Humanist , Volume 121 Issue 1 , January / February 2006 ^ Jump up to : Hamas Rule in Gaza : Three Years On , Yezid Sayigh , Crown Center for Middle East studies , March 2010 Jump up ^ See also : Letter from Gaza , Hamas 's tunnel diplomacy , By Thanassis Cambanis , June 18 , 2010 . Foreign Affairs . `` They want to know if we are more like the Taliban or Erdogan . They will see that we are closer to Erdogan . '' Jump up ^ Hamas : ' We want Erdoğan 's model , not Taliban 's ' . Cansu Çamlibel , The Daily Hurriyet . June 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ A Leader of Hamas Warns of West Bank Peril for Fatah The New York Times . June 21 , 2006 . `` Mr. Sawaf 's West Bank office in Ramallah has been destroyed , and the Palestinian paper Al Ayyam has refused to continue printing his paper in the West Bank . '' Jump up ^ Hamas - Gaza - extremism , The Weekly Middle East Reporter ( Beirut , Lebanon ) , August 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ Webman , Esther . Anti-semitic Motifs in the Ideology of Hizballah and Hamas , Project for the study of Anti-semitism , Tel Aviv University , 1994 , p. 22 . ISBN 965 - 222 - 592 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Anti-Zionist Jews meet with Hamas leader in Gaza '' . Haaretz . Associated Press . July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas 's `` Hitler Youth '' style movement prepares for jihad `` . The Commentator . February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` War is war : Why I stand with Israel '' . The Independent . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas : We 'll recognize Israel within ' 67 borders ( Ynetnews , 05.11. 06 ) '' . Ynetnews.com . June 20 , 1995 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas : No recognition of Israel '' . BBC News . November 14 , 2006 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas Covenant 1988 '' . Yale . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 27 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamas ratchets up its rhetoric against Jews '' . Herald Tribune . Retrieved November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lyons , John ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Israel defies the US over East Jerusalem buildings '' . The Australian . Jump up ^ Waked , Ali . `` Hamas ' al - Zahar : Israel made deal with the devil '' . Ynetnews . Jump up ^ Hamas Official Ahmad Bahr Preaches for the Annihilation of Jews and Americans , MEMRI , Clip No. 3538 , August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamas leader prays for annihilation of Jews , Americans by Greg Tepper , The Times of Israel , August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Video : Hamas MP : ' Annihilate Jews and Americans ' by Tzvi Ben Gedalyahu , Israel National News , August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamas top official : Kill every last Jew and American ( VIDEO ) , Jewish Journal , August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamas MP Marwan Abu Ras : The Jews Are Behind Every Catastrophe on Earth , MEMRITV , Clip No. 3598 ( transcript ) , September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Matti ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` Hamas official calls for suicide bombings in response to East Jerusalem construction plans '' . Timesofisrael.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blood Libel , the Short History of a Dangerous Myth , CNN , August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Will Hamas recognize Israel as a Jewish state ? , CBS News , July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisian Islamists slam anti-Semitic chants '' . Ynetnews . Associated Press . January 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Elhanan ( July 8 , 2012 ) . `` Contradicting Abbas , Hamas says it still believes in ' armed resistance ' against Israel '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Cronin ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Hamas against Zionism , not Judaism '' . Arab American News . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Basim Naim ( January 13 , 2009 ) . `` We believe in resistance , not revenge '' . The Guardian ( opinion ) . London . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Hamas has no quarrel with Jews , only with the actions of Israel Jump up ^ Israel Cracks Down on Islamic Group . Oct. 24 , 1994 , Pg. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinian Holocaust Denial '' . The Washington Institute for Near East Policy . 2000 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060207040823/http://www.ajn.com.au/pages/archives/feature/feature-03a.html . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 16 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Iran leader 's Holocaust remarks condemned MSNBC , December 14 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Hamas springs to Iran 's defense '' Al Jazeera , December 15 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` Hamas condemns the Holocaust '' The Guardian , May 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ Hamas rips UN over Holocaust lessons , The Jerusalem Post September 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hadid , Diaa ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Hamas leader denies Nazi genocide of Jews '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas rips U.N. for teaching the Holocaust '' . Archived September 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . JTA . August 31 , 2009 . August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Hamas fights UN 's ' poisonous ' Holocaust lessons in Gazan schools '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas to U.N. : Do n't Teach Holocaust '' . The Jewish Week . March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas : PA official 's Auschwitz visit served Zionists '' . The Jerusalem Post . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Elhanan ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` PA official 's visit to Auschwitz sparks widening condemnation '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas ' blasts Palestinian official 's Auschwitz visit ' '' . BBC . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas blasts Palestinian official 's Auschwitz trip '' . Ynetnews . Associated Press . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abu , Khaled ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Hamas opposes Holocaust study at UNRWA schools '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Madelene Axelsson ( January 27 , 2006 ) . `` Islamistisk politik vinner mark '' ( in Swedish ) . Stockholms Fria Tidning . Jump up ^ Israel At ' War to the Bitter End , ' Strikes Key Hamas Sites December 29 , 2008 , Fox News Jump up ^ Hamas in Politics , By Jeroen Gunning , pp. 128 -- 129 , search at Books.Google.com ; see also The Rise of Hamas , by Paul W. Pope , at Dartmouth.edu Archived September 6 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ No End to War , by Walter Laqueur , p. 107 . `` ( I ) n 1993 -- 1994 when Hamas ... enlisted experts for bomb making , and the first suicide bombers went into action . Some of the very early operations aborted . The first successful suicide bomb attack occurred in the Jordan Valley in October 1993 . The first bus attack happened in Afula in northern Israel in April 1994 ... '' Search at Books.Google.com Jump up ^ Suicide car bomb kills two near West Bank restaurant Associated Press , April 17 , 1993 Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld Erased In A Moment : Suicide Bombing Attacks Against Israeli Civilians '' . UNHCR . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saarnivaara , Minn ( 2008 ) . `` Suicide Campaigns as a Strategic Choice : The Case of Hamas '' . Policing. 2 ( 4 ) : 423 -- 433 . doi : 10.1093 / police / pan061 . Jump up ^ Erased In A Moment : Suicide Bombing Attacks Against Israeli Civilians V. Structures and Strategies of the Perpetrator Organizations , Human Rights Watch , October 2002 . ISBN 1 - 56432 - 280 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Indiscriminate Fire , Palestinian Rocket Attacks on Israel and Israeli Artillery Shelling in the Gaza Strip '' . Human Rights Watch . June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Civilians under Assault , Hezbollah 's Rocket Attacks on Israel in the 2006 War '' . Human Rights Watch . August 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Hamas fugitive nabbed '' . Ynetnews.com . May 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Barak Ravid ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Who are the deadly terrorists Israel refuses to release for Shalit ? '' . Haaretz . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Rory ( 2008 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Hamas says it was behind suicide blast in Israel '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ News Agencies and Haaretz Service ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Israeli troops in Hebron kill Hamas man behind Dimona attack '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Anti-Israeli Terrorism in 2007 and its Trends in 2008 ( PDF ) . Intelligence and Terrorism Information Cente ( Report ) . Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center . May 2008 . pp. 11 , 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000 '' . GxMSDev . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BICOM Fact Sheet 2 : Ashkelon -- The Changing Scenario BICOM. 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mashaal offers to cease civilian attacks '' . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . March 31 , 2008 , The Jerusalem Post Jump up ^ Qassam lands in western Negev , no injuries Ynetnews November 20 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Netanyahu blames Hamas for the kidnapping of the three Israeli teens '' . Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas genocidal terrorists says Netanyahu '' . Israel News.Net . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kidnap and murder of Israeli teens : Palestinian suspect held , police say '' . The Times of India . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinian suspect held over kidnap murders of 3 Israelis '' . The Rakyat Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Israel arrests suspected ringleader of cell that killed teens '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jack Khoury , Hamas claims responsibility for three Israeli teens ' kidnapping and murder , ' Haaretz 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ http://memritv.org . `` MEMRI : Hamas Leadership Acknowledges Responsibility for Kidnapping Three Israeli Teens '' . Memritv.org . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Mashal : Hamas was behind murder of three Israeli teens , ' Ynet 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Isikoff , Michael ( 2014 - 08 - 25 ) . `` In personal plea , top Hamas leader calls on Obama to stop ' holocaust ' in Gaza '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Toronto , Nathan W. ( 2008 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Where Have All the Bombers Gone ? '' . Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` HRW : Hamas rockets from Gaza violated laws of war '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ HRW report April 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ Al - Mughrabi , Nidal ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Hamas `` regrets '' civilian deaths , Israel unmoved `` . Reuters . Jump up ^ Baker , Luke ( 24 August 2014 ) . `` Israel says it found Hamas training manual in Gaza '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Halevi , Jonathan D. ( 4 August 2014 ) . `` The Hamas Threat to the West Is No Different from ISIS '' . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Steven Lee Myers and Helene Cooper , Obama Defers to Bush , for Now , on Gaza Crisis , New York Times December 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ U.S. Condemns Hamas in Midst of Israeli Strikes , Fox News December 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ Clinton calls for ' durable ' Gaza truce , condemns rockets , AFP March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` IDF general lays out plan for reviving Gaza economy '' . Haaretz . The Associated Press . October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Mark ( September 4 , 2010 ) . `` Islamist groups attempt to derail Middle East talks '' . Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` Hamas targets Israeli - Palestinian talks by killing four Israelis ; Hamas took responsibility for the fatal shooting of four Israeli settlers outside Hebron today , on the eve of Israeli - Palestinian talks in Washington , '' Joshua Mitnick , August 31 , 2010 , Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ `` Hamas to launch ' more effective attacks ' on Israel '' . The Jerusalem Post . September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Shadow of Hamas '' . The Washington Post . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gaza militants vow wave of attacks against Israel , Reuters September 2 , 2010 Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ; Landler , Mark ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` Israeli Settlers Killed in West Bank '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liel , Alon . `` Abbas condemns Hamas attack ; 4 Israelis shot dead '' . The Jerusalem Post . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US says Hebron attack must not derail Middle East talks '' . BBC News . September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Israelis killed by Hamas '' . News.xinhuanet.com . September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas official : Israeli settlers are a legitimate military target '' . Haaretz . September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas explains using civilians as human shields '' , Palestinian Media Watch , ( December 28 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hamas PLC Speaker Ahmad Bahr : 2.5 Million Virgins Await the Prophets , the Righteous , and the Martyrs in a Single Palace in the Garden of Eden '' . The Middle East Research Institute , . September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Hamas weighing large - scale conflict with Israel '' . Ynetnews . October 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Issam Aburaiya ( October 3 , 2006 ) . `` Hamas and Palestinian Nationalism '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fatah , Hamas gunbattles kill 7 '' . Toronto Star . October 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yosif Mahmoud Haj - Yahis ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Alleged Palestinian Collaborators with Israel and Their Families : A Study of Victims of Internal Political Violence '' . Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace , Hebrew University of Jerusalem . pp. 18 -- 19 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kalman , Matthew ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Hamas executes suspected Fatah traitors in Gaza '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Hamas militants kill 6 suspected informers , witnesses say -- World -- CBC News '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rights group pans Hamas for not probing executions '' . The Times of Israel . Jump up ^ `` Large number of alleged Israeli informers killed in Gaza '' . Palestinian News.Net. 22 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Aaron J. ; Ginsburg , Mitch ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) . `` None of alleged Gaza collaborators were Israeli assets , intel official says '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East Unrest erupts in Gaza Strip '' . BBC News . July 3 , 2002 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Charles ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` Shot by their own side , healed by the enemy -- Telegraph '' . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gaza : Armed Palestinian Groups Commit Grave Crimes '' . Human Rights Watch . June 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mosque gun battle rages in Gaza '' . London : BBC News . August 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gaza Islamist leader dies in raid '' . London : BBC News . August 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` More than 120 youths were killed by Hamas because they did not abide by the house arrest imposed on them . This is in addition to the extrajudicial execution of 30 -- 40 people during the Israeli assault . '' http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Abbas-hints-PA-close-to-ending-unity-deal-with-Hamas-374626 ^ Jump up to : Ben , Ariel . `` Hamas denies 32 of its operatives killed in Sinai JPost Israel News '' . JPost . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ben , Ricky ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Five Hamas members arrested over Egyptian police massacre '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top News , Latest headlines , Latest News , World News & U.S News - UPI.com '' . Onswipe.upi.com. 2014 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Issacharoff , Avi ( 2013 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Egypt 's ire raised as Hamas harbors Sinai jihadists '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Their leader , Mohammed Dormosh , is well known for his ties to the Hamas leadership . Jump up ^ Egypt Opens Murder , Conspiracy Investigation Against Morsi . NPR. 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Morsi accused of plotting with Hamas . Al Jazeera English . 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt blames Gaza group for bombing '' . Al Jazeera. 2011 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gold , Dore ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) . `` The Myth of the Moderate Hamas '' . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Army of Islam says Shalit now solely under control of Hamas '' . Haaretz. 2007 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . We at Army of Islam made the preparations for operation ' Dissipating Illusion , ' which was carried out in cooperation with the Al Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigade and the Popular Resistance Committees Salah a-Din . We kidnapped Gilad Shalit and handed him over to Hamas . Jump up ^ `` Egyptian interior minister accuses Hamas of supporting Mansoura attackers '' . Al - Ahram. 2014 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Matthew Levitt , pp. 143 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Krista Wiegand , Bombs and Ballots : Governance by Islamist Terrorist and Guerrilla Groups , Ashgate Publishing , Revised edition 2013 p. 124 . ' Officially , Hamas is considered by American and Israeli policymakers and some academics as the epitome of a terrorist group ... Due to the gravity and consequences of Hamas 's use of terrorism as a tactic , all other aspects of Hamas , including its extensive social services programs and its role as a political party are overshadowed and often ignored by policy makers . Others recognize the complexity of Hamas as an organization and suggest that Hamas will continue to transform itself into a full political party and eventually disarm and cease all violent tactics . They view Hamas as a complex organization with terrorism as only one component , which is likely to evolve into a non-violent political party . Jump up ^ Luke Peterson , Palestine - Israel in the Print News Media : Contending Discourses , Routledge 2014 p. 99 . Jump up ^ Aaron Mannes , Profiles in Terror : The Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations , Rowman & Littlefield , 2003 p. 114 . Jump up ^ The World Almanac of Islamism : 2014 , American Foreign Policy Council / Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 p. 15 . Jump up ^ Levitt , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Statement by High Representative / Vice-President Federica Mogherini on the decision to appeal the Judgment regarding Hamas , 19 / 01 / 2015 Jump up ^ Benedetta Voltalini and Federica Bicchi , ' When Security Trumps Democracy : Israel and Palestined , ' Anne Wetzel , Jan Orbie ( eds . ) , The Substance of EU Democracy Promotion : Concepts and Cases , Palgrave Macmillan , 2015 pp 162 -- 176 p. 170 : ' This example shows how the declared substance of EU democracy promotion can change in the implementation phase . While supporting the elections in the Occupied Territories and confirming their regular development , the EU was not willing to accept the results in the light of perceived security concerns and mounting pressure from the US and Israel to boycott Hamas. / Jump up ^ `` EU court keeps Hamas on terrorism list , removes Tamil Tigers '' . Retuers. 26 July 2017 . The lower court had found that the listing was based on media and internet reports rather than decisions by a `` competent authority '' . But the ECJ said such decisions were not required for groups to stay on the list , only for their initial listing . Jump up ^ ' Hamas Should Be Taken Off Terror List , EU Legal Adviser Says , ' Haaretz 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Egyptian court declares Hamas a ' terrorist ' group ' , Al Jazeera 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Ambassador to Algeria : Hamas is a terrorist group '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ According to Michael Penn , ( Japan and the War on Terror : Military Force and Political Pressure in the US - Japanese Alliance , I.B. Tauris 2014 pp. 205 -- 206 ) , Japan initially welcomed the democratic character of the elections that brought Hamas to power , and only set conditions on its aid to Palestine , after intense pressure was exerted by the Bush Administration on Japan to alter its policy . Jump up ^ `` Lists associated with Resolution 1373 '' . New Zealand Police . 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ David Sobek , The Causes of War , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 p. 45 . Jump up ^ Levitt , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Alethia H. Cook , ' The Subtle Impact of Iran on the Flotilla Incident , ' in Thomas E. Copeland ( ed . ) , Drawing a Line in the Sea : The Gaza Flotilla Incident and the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict , Lexington Books , 2011 pp. 35 -- 44 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Robert O. Freedman , ' Russia , ' in Joel Peters , David Newman ( eds . ) , The Routledge Handbook on the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict , Routledge , 2013 pp. 325 -- 333 p. 331 Jump up ^ Ioannis Tellidis , Harmonie Toros ( eds . ) , Terrorism : Bridging the Gap with Peace and Conflict Studies : Investigating the Crossroad , Routledge , 2016 p. 199 : ' In 2006 , Norway explicitly distanced itself from the EU proscription regime , claiming that it was causing problems for its role as a ' neutral facilitator ' . ' Jump up ^ Swiss Federal Council ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) , Verbindungen des EDA zur Hamas ( Statement regarding interpellation # 16.3151 from 2016 - 03 - 17 by Erich Siebenthal , member of the National Council ) , The Swiss parliament , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ David J. Whittaker ( ed . ) , The Terrorism Reader , Routledge ( 2001 ) 2012 p. 84 . Jump up ^ Samuel Feldberg , ' Israel and Brazil : An Emerging Power and its Quest for Influence in the Middle East , ' in Colin Shindler ( ed . ) , The World Powers : Diplomatic Alliances and International Relations Beyond the Middle East , I.B. Tauris 2014. pp. 187 -- 199 Jump up ^ `` Gaza : Palestinian Rockets Unlawfully Targeted Israeli Civilians '' . HRW . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Steven Erlanger ( January 10 , 2009 ) . `` A Gaza War Full of Traps and Trickery '' . The New York Times . Israel ; Gaza Strip . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hamas used almost 100 mosques for military purposes . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ground war in Gaza drives up civilian casualties '' . MLive . Associated Press . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . January 11 , 2009 . January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals '' . 2009 . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . See 4 : 00 in the video . Jump up ^ `` Hamas 's human shields '' . The Jerusalem Post . March 4 , 2008 . January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weapons Hidden in Mosque Neutralized by Israel Air Force Dec 31 , 2008 '' . on YouTube December 31 , 2008 . January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barzak , Ibrahim and Matti Friedman . `` Israel Destroys Hamas Homes , Gaza Mosque '' . Time . January 2 , 2009 . January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mizroch , Amir . `` Dichter : Hamas salaries paid at Shifa Hospital '' . The Jerusalem Post . January 12 , 2009 . January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ IDF morality exemplified at mosque . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Gaza Operation Investigations : Second Update '' . Mfa.gov.il . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gaza Operations Investigations : Second Update July 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamas rocket attacks ' war crimes ' '' . BBC News . August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amos Harel ( January 12 , 2009 ) . `` IDF investigation shows errant mortar hit UN building in Gaza '' . Haaretz . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turning a Blind Eye Human Rights Watch April 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ Israel : Investigate ' White Flag ' Shootings of Gaza Civilians Human Rights Watch August 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Israeli ' human shield ' claim is full of holes '' The National ( UAE ) January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas Spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri : Human - Shield Policy Is Effecive '' . YouTube.com. 2014 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Zahran , Mudar ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Gazans Speak Out : Hamas War Crimes '' . Gatestone Institute . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A Soldier 's Account from Gaza : How Hamas Used Human Shields '' . IDF Blog. 2014 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` An IDF Soldier 's Experiences in Gaza '' . IDF Blog. 2014 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` First Hand Account of Gaza Operation by Wounded IDF Soldier '' . IDF Blog. 2014 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Hamas and the Terrorist Threat from the Gaza Strip The Main Findings of the Goldstone ReportVersus the Factual Findings , Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Rights Watch Statement on our November 22 Press Release '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Human shield deters Israel strike BBC News November 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Hamas 's human shields '' . The Jerusalem Post . March 4 , 2008 . November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ OPT : Civilians Must Not Be Used to Shield Homes Against Military Attacks Human Rights Watch November 22 , 2006 Jump up ^ Human Rights Council ( 15 September 2009 ) . `` Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories : Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict '' ( PDF ) . unrol.org . United Nations . p. 147 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dealing with Hamas 's human shield tactics '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodenough , Patrick . ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) Israelis Took Unprecedented Steps to Safeguard Civilians , Says British Officer Archived July 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... CNSnews.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ U.K. Commander Challenges Goldstone Report . Archived October 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . UN Watch . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Professor David W Lovell ; Professor Igor Primoratz ( 28 April 2013 ) . Protecting Civilians During Violent Conflict : Theoretical and Practical Issues for the 21st Century . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 344 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 7685 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals '' . 2009 . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . See 06 : 46 through 08 : 00 in the video . Jump up ^ Youths ' Suicide Mission Stuns Palestinians ABC April 25 , 2002 Jump up ^ Teenage Suicide Bombers Archived December 12 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . MEF 2002 Jump up ^ Freimann , Myer ( 2014 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Hamas Killed 160 Palestinian Children to Build Tunnels '' . Tablet . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas forces try to arrest prominent Gaza journalist -- '' . International Herald Tribune . March 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spokesperson of Presidency Condemns Hamas Militias New Crimes against Citizens in Gaza Strip , WAFA , August 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hamas disbands journalists union amid continuing incidents , Reporters without borders , September 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Hamas widens crackdown on journalists in Gaza '' . B92 . November 15 , 2007 . Retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Gaza 's Interior Ministry announced that journalists who do not hold official Hamas - issued press cards would not be allowed to work in Gaza . Jump up ^ Martin , Paul ( November 13 , 2007 ) . `` On - the - spot : ' I was arrested by Hamas ' -- Times Online '' . London : Timesonline.co.uk . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hamas de facto government bans distribution of Al - Ayyam newspaper in the Gaza Strip Ma'an News Agency , February 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Hamas orders closure of newspaper over caricature -- '' . International Herald Tribune . March 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Maan News Agency '' . Maannews.net . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Charles ( August 26 , 2007 ) . `` Hamas honeymoon ends with torture '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ al - Mughrabi , Nidal . `` Gaza clinics closed , retaliation for doctor strikes '' . Reuters . August 28 , 2007 . November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hamas blocks Fatah protests in Gaza , Ynetnews , September 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ Hamas frees Fatah prisoners , Al - Jazeera , October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IFJ Condemns Hamas Meddling in Gaza Journalists ' Affairs '' . International Federation of Journalists . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` PCHR slams Hamas for preventing journalists from traveling '' . Maannews.net . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reporters Without Borders condemns Hamas for '' . Maan News Agency . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liel , Alon . `` ' PA bans journalists from reporting human rights abuses ' '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rights group : Hamas abusing Palestinians in Gaza '' . Ynetnews.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Report 2012 : Israel / Occupied Palestinian Territories '' . Human Rights Watch . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nidal al - Mughrabi . `` Hamas disputes HRW 's charges of torture , detentions in Gaza Reuters '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palestine ( State of ) : ' Strangling Necks ' Abductions , torture and summary killings of Palestinians by Hamas forces during the 2014 Gaza / Israel conflict '' ( pdf ) . amnesty.org . United Kingdom : Amnesty International . 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gaza Palestinians tortured , summarily killed by Hamas forces during 2014 conflict '' . Amnesty International . 27 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schanzer , Jonathan . `` How Hamas Lost the Arab Spring '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamas Still Has Some Friends Left '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Hamas Ties to Qatar Have Cost '' . April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : CATF Reports . `` Is Gaza Reconstruction Aid Rearming Hamas ? '' . Consortium Against Terrorist Finance . ^ Jump up to : `` Why does Qatar support Hamas ? '' . September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levs , Josh . `` Which Mideast power brokers support Hamas ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Husam Badran '' . BBC Watch . Jump up ^ `` Murderers ' Row : Who are the terrorists being freed in the Shalit deal ? '' . October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CATF Reports ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Rising Terror Threat : Hamas , Underground Tunnels , and Remote Control '' . Consortium Against Terrorist Finance . Jump up ^ `` Why Israel Lets Qatar Give Millions To Hamas '' . Jump up ^ Hamas supports military operation for political legitimacy in Yemen . Arab News . 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Treasury Official : Same Network That Funded Hamas in U.S. Backs Boycotts of Israel '' . Jump up ^ `` Ties between Hamas - linked charities and BDS highlighted in Congressional testimony '' . Bibliography Mishal , Shaul ; Sela , Avraham ( 2006 ) . The Palestinian Hamas : Vision , Violence , and Coexistence . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0231140072 . Mueller , Sebastian ( June 6 , 2006 ) . Hawala . An Informal Payment System and Its Use to Finance Terrorism ( 1st ed . ) . Saarbrücken , Germany : VDM Verlag . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86550 - 656 - 6 . Roy , Sara ( 2011 ) . Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza : Engaging the Islamist Social Sector . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12448 - 3 . Yousef , Mosab Hassan ( March 3 , 2010 ) . Son of Hamas . Carol Stream , Illinois : Tyndale House . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 3307 - 6 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Hamas ( category ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hamas Official website ( in English ) Official website ( in Arabic ) Britannica Hamas leaders CFR Hamas Charter The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement ( Hamas ) ( includes interpretation ) Hamas Shifts From Rockets to Public Relations The New York Times , July 23 , 2009 22 years on the start of Hamas Al - Qassam Brigades ' Information Office Fatah and Hamas Human Rights Violations in the Palestinian Occupied Territories in 2007 by Elizabeth Freed of Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group Sadiki , Larbi , Tests and contests : Hamas without Syria Sherifa Zuhur , Hamas and Israel : Conflicting Strategies of Group - Based Politics ( PDF file ) December 2008 `` Hamas threatens attacks on US : Terrorist warns ' Middle East is full of American targets ' '' Ynet News . December 24 , 2006 . 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ul - Haq Qazi Hussain Ahmad Rached Ghannouchi Necmettin Erbakan Tariq Ramadan Jihadist groups Abu Sayyaf Ansar Dine Armed Islamic Group Egyptian Islamic Jihad Fatah al - Islam al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya Hamas Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Lashkar - e-Taiba Mahdi Army Palestinian Islamic Jihad al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula in Iraq in North Africa al - Shabaab Taliban Jihadist leaders Abdullah Yusuf Azzam Anwar al - Awlaki Mohammed Omar Osama bin Laden Omar Abdel - Rahman Juhayman al - Otaybi Ayman al - Zawahiri Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi Historical events Islamic revival Zia - ul - Haq 's Islamization Iranian Revolution Grand Mosque seizure Iranian hostage crisis Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Islamization of the Gaza Strip September 11 attacks War on Terror Fatwa on Terrorism Arab Spring Texts Reconstruction ( Iqbal , 1930s ) Principles ( Asad , 1961 ) Milestones ( Qutb , 1964 ) Islamic Government ( Khomeini , 1970 ) Islamic Declaration ( Izetbegović , 1969 - 1970 ) The Green Book ( Gaddafi , 1975 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Israeli -- Palestinian conflict <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Participants <Td_colspan="2"> Israel Israel Defense Forces Israel Police Mossad Shabak ( Shin Bet ) Palestinians Principals Palestinian National Authority Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) Fatah Hamas Other groups al - Aqsa Brigades DFLP PLF PIJ PPSF PFLP PFLP - GC PRC Third - party groups Arab League Hezbollah <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Individuals <Td_colspan="2"> Israelis Moshe Arens Ami Ayalon Ehud Barak Menachem Begin Meir Dagan Moshe Dayan Avi Dichter Yuval Diskin David Ben - Gurion Efraim Halevy Dan Halutz Tzipi Livni Golda Meir Shaul Mofaz Yitzhak Mordechai Benjamin Netanyahu Ehud Olmert Shimon Peres Yaakov Peri Yitzhak Rabin Amnon Lipkin - Shahak Yitzhak Shamir Ariel Sharon Shabtai Shavit Moshe Ya'alon Danny Yatom Zvi Zamir Palestinians Abu Abbas Mahmoud Abbas Moussa Arafat Yasser Arafat Yahya Ayyash Marwan Barghouti Mohammed Dahlan Mohammed Deif George Habash Wadie Haddad Ismail Haniyeh Nayef Hawatmeh Amin al - Husayni Ghazi Jabali Ahmed Jibril Abu Jihad Salah Khalaf Leila Khaled Sheikh Khalil Khaled Mashal Zuheir Mohsen Abu Ali Mustafa Abu Nidal Izz ad - Din al - Qassam Jibril Rajoub Abdel Aziz al - Rantisi Ali Hassan Salameh Salah Shehade Ramadan Shalah Fathi Shaqaqi Ahlam Tamimi Ahmed Yassin <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Timeline <Td_colspan="2"> Background 1920 -- 1948 Mandatory Palestine ( intercommunal conflict ) 1920 Nebi Musa riots 1921 Jaffa riots 1929 Palestine riots Hebron massacre 1936 -- 39 Arab revolt 1944 -- 47 Jewish insurgency 1947 -- 48 Civil War 1948 -- 1970 1948 Arab -- Israeli War massacres 1948 -- present Fedayeen insurgency 1951 -- 1967 Attacks against Israeli civilians 1950s -- 1960s IDF reprisal operations 1953 Qibya massacre 1956 Kafr Qasim / Khan Yunis / Rafah massacres 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 70 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency 1968 -- 1982 1970 Avivim school bus massacre 1972 Sabena Flight 571 / Munich massacre / Operation `` Wrath of God '' ( 1973 Lillehammer affair ) 1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre / Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Hotel attack 1976 Operation `` Entebbe '' 1978 Coastal Road massacre / South Lebanon conflict 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1973 -- 1987 1973 Yom Kippur War 1975 Zion Square bombing 1982 Lebanon War Siege of Beirut 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking / Operation `` Wooden Leg '' 1987 Night of the Gliders First Intifada 1987 -- 1991 1988 Tunis Raid 1989 Bus 405 attack 1990 Temple Mount riots 1990s Palestinian suicide attacks 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre Second Intifada 2000 -- 2005 Palestinian rocket attacks list Palestinian suicide attacks Israeli assassinations 2000 October events 2001 Santorini 2002 Karine A / Operation `` Defensive Shield '' / Battle of Jenin / Battle of Nablus / Operation `` Determined Path '' 2003 Abu Hasan / Ain es Saheb airstrike 2004 Operation `` Rainbow '' / Beit Hanoun raid / Operation `` Days of Penitence '' 2006 -- present 2006 Operation `` Bringing Home the Goods '' 2008 Mercaz HaRav / Jerusalem bulldozer attack 2009 Temple Mount riots 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2017 Temple Mount crisis Gaza -- Israel conflict 2006 -- present 2006 Gaza beach explosion / Gaza cross-border raid / Operation `` Summer Rains '' / Operation `` Autumn Clouds '' / Beit Hanoun shelling 2008 Gaza -- Egypt border breach / Operation `` Hot Winter '' 2008 -- 09 Gaza War 2010 Gaza flotilla raid 2012 Operation `` Returning Echo '' / Operation `` Pillar of Defense '' 2014 Operation `` Protective Edge '' 2015 Freedom Flotilla III <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Diplomacy <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline 1948 -- 1991 1948 Palestinian exodus depopulated Arab settlements 1949 Lausanne Conference 1967 -- present Israeli settlement settler violence international law 1990s 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 / 95 Oslo Accords 1994 Protocol on Economic Relations ( Paris Protocol ) 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement 1994 -- present US security assistance to PNA 1997 Hebron Agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm el - Sheikh Memorandum 2000s 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Quartet established 2003 Road Map 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 Valley of Peace initiative 2007 Annapolis Conference 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy 2010s 2010 -- 11 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2011 Palestine Papers 2013 -- 14 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks United Nations 1947 UN Resolution 181 1948 UN Resolution 194 1967 UN Resolution 242 VIAF : 142009904 LCCN : n88280213 GND : 5069914 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamas&oldid=800988708 '' Categories : Hamas 1987 establishments in the Palestinian territories Anti-Zionism in the Palestinian territories Islam and antisemitism Islamism in Israel Islamism in the Palestinian territories Islamic political parties Islamic fundamentalism Jihadist groups Muslim Brotherhood National liberation movements Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia Organisations designated as terrorist by Japan Palestinian militant groups Palestinian nationalist parties Palestinian political parties Palestinian terrorism Political parties established in 1987 Resistance movements Sunni Islamist groups Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Congressional Research Service Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Swedish - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Hamas: Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist organization
2. Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades: Hamas's military wing
3. Palestinian nationalism: Ideology of Hamas
4. Israeli occupation: Hamas's aim to liberate Palestine from Israeli occupation
5. Terrorism: Hamas's designation as a terrorist organization by several countries |
977,638,929,692,609,300 | the role of the courts in south africa | Courts of South Africa - wikipedia Courts of South Africa Schematic of the South African court system South Africa This article is part of a series on the politics and government of South Africa Constitution ( show ) Bill of Rights Executive ( show ) President Cyril Ramaphosa Deputy President David Mabuza Cabinet Shadow Cabinet Legislative ( show ) National Council of Provinces Chairperson Thandi Modise National Assembly Speaker Baleka Mbete Leader of the Opposition Mmusi Maimane Judiciary ( show ) Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng Deputy Chief Justice Ray Zondo Courts Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal President : Mandisa Maya High Court Magistrate 's courts Electoral Court Elections ( show ) General 1910 1915 1920 1921 1924 1929 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 1961 1966 1970 1974 1977 1981 1984 1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Municipal 2000 2006 2011 2016 Referendums 1960 1983 1992 Political parties Administrative divisions ( show ) Provinces Districts Metropolitan municipality District municipality Municipalities ( list ) Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Related topics ( show ) Human rights Taxation Protests Repression Political assassinations Other countries Atlas The courts of South Africa are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in South Africa . They apply the law of South Africa and are established under the Constitution of South Africa or under Acts of the Parliament of South Africa . Despite South Africa 's division into nine provinces , the country has a single national court system . The courts are funded and supported by the national Department of Justice and Constitutional Development . The ordinary courts are the district and regional magistrates ' courts , the provincial divisions of the High Court , and the Supreme Court of Appeal . The Constitutional Court is the highest court for constitutional matters . Specialist courts have been established for various matters , including Labour Courts , the Land Claims Court , Special Income Tax Courts , and the Electoral Court . African customary law is administered by chiefs ' and headmen 's courts , subject to the Council of Traditional Leaders . Contents 1 Constitutional Court 2 Supreme Court of Appeal 3 High Court 4 Magistrates ' courts 5 Specialist courts 6 Military courts 7 See also 8 References Constitutional Court ( edit ) The Constitutional Court Main article : Constitutional Court of South Africa The Constitutional Court is the final court of appeals for all matters ( no longer limited to constitutional matters only ) , and its decisions are binding on all other courts in South Africa . It has the power to make the final decision on the constitutionality of an act of Parliament or of a provincial legislature ; while a High Court or the Supreme Court of Appeals may make an order declaring an act to be unconstitutional , the order does not come into effect until the Constitutional Court confirms it . The Constitutional Court was established by the Interim ( 1993 ) Constitution and continued under the Final ( 1996 ) Constitution . The court has eleven judges ; originally the chief judge was called the President of the Constitutional Court , but that title was changed to Chief Justice of South Africa by the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution . The Constitutional Court has its seat on Constitution Hill in Johannesburg . Supreme Court of Appeal ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa The Supreme Court of Appeal is the court of last resort in all except constitutional matters ; it hears only appeals . The court sits in Bloemfontein ; the chief judge is called the President of the Supreme Court of Appeal . It has its origin in the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa , which was established by the South Africa Act at the formation of the Union of South Africa . High Court ( edit ) The local seat of the Gauteng Division in Johannesburg Main article : High Court of South Africa The provincial divisions of the High Court of South Africa have general jurisdiction over their defined areas . They hear appeals from the magistrates ' courts within their area , and act as a court of first instance for cases outside the jurisdiction of the magistrates ' courts . The present divisions of the High Court are : The Eastern Cape Division at Grahamstown with local seats at Bhisho , Mthatha and Port Elizabeth The Free State Division at Bloemfontein The Gauteng Division at Pretoria with a local seat at Johannesburg The KwaZulu - Natal Division at Pietermaritzburg with a local seat at Durban The North West Division at Mahikeng The Northern Cape Division at Kimberley The Western Cape Division at Cape Town The Limpopo Division at Polokwane and the Mpumalanga Division at Nelspruit are in the process of being established ; until they are , the Gauteng Division also serves Limpopo and Mpumalanga . A local seat of the Limpopo Division at Thohoyandou is already in existence . The origins of the High Court lie in the Supreme Courts of the four colonies ( the Cape Colony , Transvaal Colony , Natal Colony and Orange River Colony ) from which the Union of South Africa was formed ; these became provincial divisions of the Supreme Court of South Africa . On receiving nominal independence the bantustans of Transkei , Bophuthatswana , Venda and Ciskei established their own Supreme Courts ; when they were re-integrated into South Africa on 27 April 1994 these courts were given the same status as provincial divisions of the Supreme Court of South Africa . The 1996 Constitution renamed the provincial and local divisions of the Supreme Court of South Africa , as well as the bantustan Supreme Courts , to High Courts . Since that time some changes have been made to rationalise the areas of jurisdiction of the courts ; the courts have also been renamed in accordance with the names of the new provinces . The Superior Courts Act , 2013 restructured the High Courts into divisions of a single High Court of South Africa . Magistrates ' courts ( edit ) Kempton Park Magistrate 's Court Main article : Magistrate 's court ( South Africa ) South Africa is divided into approximately 350 magisterial districts ; each district is served by a district magistrate 's court . In criminal cases , district courts have jurisdiction over all crimes except treason , murder and rape , and can impose a sentence of no more than three years imprisonment and a fine of no more than R 120,000 . They can hear civil cases where the value of the claim is no more than R200 , 000 . The magisterial districts are grouped into regions ; each region has a regional court which may sit at multiple locations . In criminal cases , regional courts have jurisdiction over all crimes except treason , and can impose a sentence of no more than fifteen years imprisonment and a fine of no more than R600 , 000 . They can hear civil cases where the value of the claim is no more than R400 , 000 as well as divorce cases . Specialist courts ( edit ) Parliament has established specialist courts to handle specific areas of law or types of case . In some cases these courts have exclusive jurisdiction and the matters are excluded from the jurisdiction of the High Court and the magistrates ' courts . The Labour Court , which has status similar to a High Court division , deals with labour law and the relationship between employer , employee and trade union , in particular cases arising under the Basic Conditions of Employment Act ( South Africa ) the Labour Relations Act and the Employment Equity Act . The Labour Appeal Court has status similar to the Supreme Court of Appeal , and hears appeals from the Labour Court . There is no further appeal except on constitutional matters , in which case appeals may be heard by the Constitutional Court . The Land Claims Court , which has status similar to a High Court division , handles claims for restitution , or compensation in place of restitution , to people or communities dispossessed of land under racially discriminatory laws . It also deals with certain other cases involving agricultural labour tenants and other people who do not have secure rights to the land on which they live . The Electoral Court , which has status similar to a High Court division , handles matters related to elections , and in particular appeals against decisions of the Electoral Commission . Tax Courts handle disputes between taxpayers and the South African Revenue Service over tax assessments . Military courts ( edit ) Members of the South African National Defence Force are subject to the Military Discipline Code and the jurisdiction of the military courts . Minor military offences are dealt with in a disciplinary hearing by the commanding officer , who may impose penalties like fines , confinement to barracks , or extra duty . For serious offences , SANDF members are tried in a Court of a Military Judge or a Court of a Senior Military Judge . These courts consist of a legally trained officer as judge and two officers or warrant officers as assessors . The judge decides questions of law , while the judge and assessors decide questions of fact by a majority vote . Certain offences ( murder , rape , treason , culpable homicide , crimes against humanity and war crimes ) may only be tried in the ordinary civilian courts . Appeals from the military courts are to the Court of Military Appeals , which consists of a civilian judge or magistrate ( or in some cases three civilian judges ) , a legally trained military officer , and another officer with command experience . Rulings on this court may be taken on review to the civilian High Court ( and subsequently to the Supreme Court of Appeal and Constitutional Court ) only on the grounds of procedural unfairness or constitutional invalidity . See also ( edit ) Government of South Africa Law of South Africa Judiciary of South Africa References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` New Fines Imposed for Criminal Procedure Act '' . Sabinet Law . 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Limits for Civil Actions in Magistrates ' Courts '' . Sabinet Law . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . `` Judicial system '' . South African Government Information . Government of South Africa . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . `` South African criminal court system '' . Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . <Th_colspan="3"> Courts of South Africa Appellate courts Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal High Court divisions Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu - Natal Limpopo North West Northern Cape Western Cape Lower courts Regional courts Magistrate 's courts Traditional courts Small claims courts Equality courts Specialist courts Labour Court Labour Appeal Court Land Claims Court Competition Appeal Court Electoral Court <Td_colspan="3"> Judiciary of South Africa Law of South Africa Department of Justice and Correctional Services Superior Courts Act , 2013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Courts_of_South_Africa&oldid=862880595 '' Categories : Courts of South Africa Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 09 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. South African court system
2. Constitutional Court
3. Supreme Court of Appeal
4. High Court
5. Magistrates' courts |
-1,946,291,362,044,151,000 | where does heat come out of a radiator | Radiator ( heating ) - wikipedia Radiator ( heating ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A cast iron household radiator Radiators and convectors are heat exchangers designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of space heating . Denison Olmsted of New Haven , Connecticut , appears to have been the earliest person to use the term ' radiator ' to mean a heating appliance in an 1834 patent for a stove with a heat exchanger which then radiated heat . In the patent he wrote that his invention was a peculiar kind of apparatus , which I call a radiator . The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli in 1899 , a Prussian - born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg . In the late 1800s , companies , such as the American Radiator Company , promoted cast iron radiators over previous fabricated steel designs in order to lower costs and expand the market . Contents ( hide ) 1 Radiation vs. convection 2 Application 2.1 Hot water 2.1. 1 Hot water baseboard 2.2 Steam 2.3 Fan - assisted heat exchanger 2.4 Underfloor 2.5 Skirting board heating 2.6 Electric baseboard 2.7 Portable 3 See also 4 References Radiation vs. convection ( edit ) In practice , the term `` radiator '' refers to any of a number of devices in which a fluid circulates through exposed pipes ( often with fins or other means of increasing surface area ) , notwithstanding that such devices tend to transfer heat mainly by convection and might logically be called convectors . The term convection heater or convector refers to a class of devices in which the source of heat is not directly exposed . As domestic safety and the supply from water heaters keeps temperatures relatively low , radiation is inefficient in comparison to convection . Convection heaters also work differently to electric radiators in that they disperse heat differently . The international standard for energy efficient consumer products Energy Star recommends placing heat - resistant reflectors between radiators and exterior walls to help retain heat in a room . Application ( edit ) Hotwater baseboard - style radiator ( top ) which is covered ( left ) and opened ( right ) , with inside view ( below ) showing the aluminium fins which are attached in series to the copper pipe . Hot water ( edit ) A hot - water radiator consists of a sealed hollow metal container filled with hot water by gravity feed , a pressure pump , or convection . As it gives out heat , the hot water cools and sinks to the bottom of the radiator and is forced out of a pipe at the other end . Anti-hammer devices are often installed to prevent or minimize knocking in hot water radiator pipes . Hot water baseboard ( edit ) Traditional cast iron radiators are no longer common in new construction , replaced mostly with forced hot water baseboard style radiators . They consist of copper pipes which have aluminium fins to increase their surface area . These conduction boiler systems use conduction to transfer heat from the water into the metal radiators or convectors . The radiators are designed to heat the air in the room using convection to transfer heat from the radiators to the surrounding air . They do this by drawing cool air in at the bottom , warming the air as it passes over the radiator fins , and discharging the heated air at the top . This sets up convective loops of air movement within a room . If the register is blocked either from above or below , this air movement is prevented , and the heater will not work . Baseboard heating systems are sometimes fitted with moveable covers to allow the resident to fine - tune heating by room , much like air registers in a central air system . Steam ( edit ) Single - pipe steam radiator Steam has the advantage of flowing through the pipes under its own pressure without the need for pumping . For this reason , it was adopted earlier , before electric motors and pumps became available . Steam is also far easier to distribute than hot water throughout large , tall buildings like skyscrapers . However , the higher temperatures at which steam systems operate make them inherently less efficient , as unwanted heat loss is inevitably greater . Steam pipes and radiators are prone to producing banging sounds often incorrectly called water hammer . The bang is created when some of the steam condenses into water in a horizontal section of the steam piping . Subsequently , steam picks up the water , forms a `` slug '' and hurls it at high velocity into a pipe fitting , creating a loud hammering noise and greatly stressing the pipe . This condition is usually caused by a poor condensate drainage strategy and is often caused by buildings settling and the resultant pooling of condensate in pipes and radiators that no longer tilt slightly back towards the boiler . Fan - assisted heat exchanger ( edit ) A fan - assisted radiator contains a heat exchanger fed by hot water from the heating system . A thermostatic switch energises an electric fan which blows air over the heat exchanger to circulate it in a room . Its advantages are small relative size and even distribution of heat . Disadvantages are fan noise and the need for both a source of heat and a separate electrical supply . Underfloor ( edit ) Main article : Underfloor heating In underfloor heating , tubing is placed on the floor throughout the room and later covered with a concrete layer during construction . Also known as `` radiant heat '' , underfloor heating uses a network of pipes , tubing or heating cables , buried in or attached beneath a floor to allow heat to rise into the room . Best results are achieved with conductive flooring materials such as tile . The large surface area of such room - sized radiators allows them to be kept just a few degrees above desired room temperature , minimizing convection . Underfloor heating is more expensive in new construction than less efficient systems . It also is generally difficult to retrofit into existing buildings . The Roman hypocaust employed a similar principle of operation . Skirting board heating ( edit ) Skirting board radiators are a form of heating which involves placing radiators inside a skirting board . Hot water is piped though the system , usually taken directly from the central heating system . Electric baseboard ( edit ) Similar in configuration to forced hot water baseboard -- low profile units running along the base of a wall with a central heating element surrounded by radiating fins -- electric baseboard heaters are inexpensive to produce and install . They offer instant heat and great reliability , but may be more or less cost - effective relative to other forms of heat depending on electricity prices . Portable ( edit ) Electrically powered portable radiators come in two basic forms : Electric elements , which either heat directly or radiate heat to a heat - conducting solid , such as quartz . Liquid - filled oil heaters , which employ an electric element to warm a fluid such as oil held within metal tubing , which circulates via convection . See also ( edit ) Bleed screw Coolant Equivalence of direct radiation Heater core Hydronics Hydronic balancing Radiator reflector Radiator ( engine cooling ) Thermostatic radiator valve References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radiators . Jump up ^ Kay , Thornton ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` A peculiar kind of apparatus , which I call a radiator '' . SalvoNEWS . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Family Sangalli / San Galli Jump up ^ Johnny Acton ; Tania Adams ; Matt Packer ( 2006 ) . Origin of Everyday Things . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 205 . ISBN 1402743025 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Radiators vs Convection Heaters '' . Jump up ^ `` Green Your Rental -- Reduce Heat Waste '' . sierraclub.org . Sep 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Tips for Renters ! '' ... energystar.gov . Energy Star . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In depth knowledge '' . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiator_(heating)&oldid=830121154 '' Categories : Residential heating appliances Heating Home appliances Plumbing Heat exchangers 1855 introductions Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 21 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Radiator as a heat exchanger
2. Types of radiators (hot water, steam, fan-assisted, underfloor, skirting board, electric baseboard, portable)
3. Difference between radiation and convection heating
4. Advantages and disadvantages of different radiator types
5. History and development of radiators |
7,444,016,685,260,216,000 | who won the last season of americas next top model | America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 13 ) - wikipedia America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 13 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Cycle 13 cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The CW Original release September 9 ( 2009 - 09 - 09 ) -- November 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 18 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Additional information Judges Tyra Banks Nigel Barker J. Alexander Winner Nicole Fox All - stars Laura Kirkpatrick <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cycle chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Cycle 12 Next → Cycle 14 <Td_colspan="2"> Season summary The thirteenth cycle of America 's Next Top Model premiered on September 9 , 2009 and was the seventh season to be aired on The CW network . The cycle 's catch phrase is `` ' The Lineup Is 5 ' 7 '' And Under . Not The Usual Suspects . BOOK ' EM ! `` , and the promotional song was `` Good Girls Go Bad '' by Cobra Starship featuring Leighton Meester . The ending / elimination song , entitled `` Top Model '' , is sung by Marvin Fequiere , husband of Cycle 10 contestant Stacy - Ann . The prizes for this cycle are : A modeling contract with Wilhelmina Models , replacing Elite Model Management A fashion spread and cover in Seventeen A US $ 100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics The overseas destination for this cycle was Maui , Hawaii . This is the first cycle filmed entirely in the United States . The winner was 18 - year - old Nicole Fox from Louisville , Colorado . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season summary 2 Contestants 3 Episodes 3.1 How Short Can You Go 3.2 The Early Bird Gets A Makeover 3.3 Fortress of Fierceness 3.4 Make Me Tall 3.5 Take My Photo , Tyra ! 3.6 Dance With Me 3.7 Petite Ninja Warriors 3.8 Interview 101 3.9 Let 's Go Surfing 3.10 Dive Deeper 3.11 Hawaiian Hip Hop 3.12 America 's Next Top Model Is ... 3.13 Cycle 13 : REVEALED 4 Summaries 4.1 Call - out order 4.2 Photo shoot guide 4.3 Makeovers 4.4 Cast Members 5 Post-Top Model careers 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Season summary This cycle featured one major change to the judging panel : judge Paulina Porizkova left the show after the previous season , marking the first change to the judging panel since Cycle 10 . With her departure , only three permanent judges remained , a first for the series . This cycle also moved back to Los Angeles , after being filmed in New York City for cycle 12 . The cast size was once again increased to 14 contestants . All of the contestants for this season were of height 5'7 '' or shorter . Contestants ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Lisa Ramos 19 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Queens , New York Episode 2 14 Rachel Echelberger 18 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Woodland , California Episode 3 13 Courtney Davies 22 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) Plantation , Florida 12 Lulu Braithwaite 19 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Brooklyn , New York Episode 4 11 Bianca Richardson 21 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Columbia , South Carolina Episode 5 10 Ashley Howard 22 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Chicago , Illinois Episode 6 9 Kara Vincent 18 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Fort Wayne , Indiana Episode 7 8 Rae Weisz 21 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Rochester , Minnesota Episode 8 7 Brittany Markert 21 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Livermore , California Episode 9 6 Sundai Love 18 5 ft 3 in ( 1.60 m ) Bakersfield , California Episode 10 5 Jennifer An 23 5 ft 5 in ( 1.65 m ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Episode 11 4 -- 3 Erin Wagner 18 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Spring Grove , Illinois Laura Kirkpatrick 19 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) Stanford , Kentucky Episode 12 Nicole Fox 18 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) Louisville , Colorado Episodes How Short Can You Go First aired September 9 , 2009 Special guest : Bradford Sisk The Early Bird Gets A Makeover First aired September 9 , 2009 Featured photographer : Baldomero Fernandez Special guests : Chanel Iman , Sally Hershberger Fortress of Fierceness First aired September 16 , 2009 Featured photographer : Firooz Zahedi Special guests : Sean Patterson , Lauren Conrad Make Me Tall First aired September 23 , 2009 Featured photographer : Jonathan Mannion Special guests : Diva Davanna , Kevan Hall , Yvonne Yue , Ann Shoket , Jaime Rishar Top Model in Action : McKey Sullivan ( Cycle 11 ) Take My Photo , Tyra ! First aired September 30 , 2009 Featured photographer : Tyra Banks Special guests : Crissy Barker , China Chow , Sam Fine , Juan Munoz Hortado , Gene Williamson Top Model in Action : Samantha Francis ( Cycle 8 ) Dance With Me First aired October 7 , 2009 Featured photographer : Mike Rosenthal Special guests : Benny Ninja , Jabbawockeez , Josie Maran , Lil Mama , Rhonda Faber Green Top Model in Action : Lisa Jackson ( Cycle 9 ) Petite Ninja Warriors First aired October 14 , 2009 Featured photographer : Patricia Von Ah Special guests : Neil Lane , Skyler Mattson , Rozae Nichols , Sean Patterson , Gerard Seifert , Lauren Shiohama , Jonathan Skow , Trina Turk , Jessica White , Tracy Wong , Deborah Chen Top Model in Action : Fo Porter ( Cycle 12 ) Interview 101 First aired October 21 , 2009 Featured commercial director : Nigel Barker Special guests : Teyona Anderson , Ant , Jessica Lowndes , Kim Kardashian , Ann Shoket , Lara Spencer Top Model in Action : Nicole Linkletter ( Cycle 5 ) Let 's Go Surfing First aired October 28 , 2009 Featured photographers : Erik Aeder ( challenge ) , Tyra Banks ( photoshoot ) Special guests : Sofia Beschan , Buzzy Kerbox , Kirsty Hume Top Model in Action : Natalie Pack ( cycle 12 ) Dive Deeper First aired November 4 , 2009 Featured photographers : Jono Knight ( challenge ) , Russell James ( photoshoot ) Special guest : Marisa Miller Top Model in Action : Fatima Siad ( Cycle 10 ) Hawaiian Hip Hop First aired November 11 , 2009 Featured photographer : Steve Shaw Special guests : Ann Shoket , Anna Rita Sloss Top Model in Action : Katarzyna Dolinska ( Cycle 10 ) America 's Next Top Model Is ... First aired November 18 , 2009 Featured photographers : Nigel Barker , Gilles Bensimon Featured commercial director : Jonathan Mannion Special guests : Julia Clancey , Eddie Murphy , Bria Murphy , Teyona Anderson , Ann Shoket Top Model in Action : Teyona Anderson ( cycle 12 ) Cycle 13 : REVEALED First aired November 18 , 2009 Top Model in Action : Danielle Evans ( Cycle 6 ) Summaries Call - out order Order <Th_colspan="12"> Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Jennifer Rae Erin Kara Brittany Brittany Rae Jennifer Nicole Jennifer Nicole Jennifer Nicole Nicole Erin Nicole Brittany Nicole Jennifer Laura Nicole Jennifer Nicole Laura Laura Rachel Jennifer Laura Erin Rae Brittany Brittany Laura Laura Erin Jennifer Kara Ashley Nicole Sundai Nicole Laura Erin Sundai Sundai Erin <Td_colspan="2"> 5 Lulu Courtney Kara Jennifer Erin Nicole Jennifer Laura Erin Sundai <Td_colspan="3"> 6 Rae Erin Jennifer Bianca Laura Sundai Rae Erin Brittany <Td_colspan="4"> 7 Ashley Lulu Sundai Laura Sundai Erin Sundai Rae <Td_colspan="5"> 8 Brittany Rachel Rae Ashley Kara Kara Kara <Td_colspan="6"> 9 Bianca Laura Lulu Rae Ashley Ashley <Td_colspan="7"> 10 Courtney Kara Ashley Brittany Bianca <Td_colspan="8"> 11 Nicole Brittany Bianca Lulu <Td_colspan="9"> 12 Amber Sundai Courtney <Td_colspan="10"> 13 Laura Bianca Rachel <Td_colspan="12"> 14 Sundai Lisa <Td_colspan="12"> 15 Amber <Td_colspan="12"> The contestant was eliminated The contestant was immune from elimination The contestant was eliminated outside of the judging panel The contestant quit the competition The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the group of 20 semi-finalists was reduced to 14 . At the start of episode 2 , it was revealed that due to personal issues , Amber would not be continuing on in the competition . She was replaced by Lisa . In episode 3 , Rachel was eliminated from the competition after performing the worst during a meeting with a Wilhelmina representative . In episode 5 , Brittany won immunity from elimination for performing the best at the photo shoot . She also won an extra reward as a result . In episode 6 , Brittany , Jennifer and Rae were called first together , as they had the best group shot . It was also noted that Brittany had performed the best overall . Episode 13 was the recap episode . Photo shoot guide Episode 1 photo shoot : Runway shots / Polaroid shots ( casting ) Episode 2 photo shoot : Re-enacting baby photos Episode 3 photo shoot : Posing topless on a horse Episode 4 photo shoot : Elongating oneself Episode 5 photo shoot : Beauty shots with fabric Episode 6 photo shoot : Cirque du Soleil Mystère Episode 7 photo shoot : Ninja warriors Episode 8 commercial : CoverGirl exact eyelights collection Episode 9 photo shoot : Biracial Hapas Episode 10 photo shoot : Posing underwater Episode 11 photo shoot : Pele , Goddess of volcanoes Episode 12 photo shoots & Commercial : CoverGirl lashblast mascara & Seventeen Magazine cover Makeovers Ashley -- Centered in the middle and dark brown weave Bianca -- Bleached eyebrows Brittany -- Dyed dark brown Courtney -- Dyed red and trimmed Erin -- Dyed ice blonde with matching eyebrows Jennifer -- Cut off dead ends and eyebrows shorter Kara -- Brightened up and bigger Laura -- Added different colors of highlights Lisa -- Cut off a few inches of hair Lulu -- Weave added with bangs Nicole -- Super curly and dyed red Rachel -- Dyed darker brown Rae -- Dyed ice blonde with matching eyebrows Sundai -- Rihanna styled haircut Cast Members Jay Manuel -- photo shoot director Post-top Model careers Jennifer An has modeled for Knitscene Magazine and taken a few test shots . She was also a model for a skit on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . Lulu Braithwaite has modeled for D.A.M. Magazine , Issue 12 . Courtney Davies is signed with Wilhelmina Models in Miami and LA . She has appeared in Glamour , Atlantic Ave Magazine , Short Hair Guide , Fashion Market Magazine , and Venue Magazine . She also appeared in the ABC family TV series Pretty Little Liars as Quinn in a recurring role for 2 episodes in 2011 . Rachel Echelberger has been signed with BMG Models in New York . Nicole Fox is currently signed with Wilhelmina Models . She received a six - page spread in Seventeen Magazine , and an ad for Cover Girl Lash Blast Mascara . She has also modeled for Illiterate Magazine , in which she had a spread , and been featured on AOL.com , More magazine and in OK ! Magazine . She was featured in Wild Fox Couture 's 2010 fall collection lookbook along with models Rachel Ballinger and Daria Plyushko . Ashley Howard has done some modelling work but since then has gone back to her job as a dance teacher . Laura Kirkpatrick has been signed to Wünder Model Management and AB / FAB Management . She has received several representation offers from modeling agencies , including Tyra Banks ' Bankable Productions . She has also taken part for some charity print work for 2010 Haiti earthquake relief . In 2011 , she participated in America 's Next Top Model , Cycle 17 with several returning models . Sundai Love is taking a few more shots , as she did some modeling work previously . She 's also been on the cover of Bella Petite Magazine . She can be seen in the music video `` Dirty Picture '' by Taio Cruz . Brittany Markert is signed with Passport Model Management in San Francisco , Paragon Model Management in Mexico and has modeled for an editorial in Harper 's Bazaar . Lisa Ramos is signed with Basic Model Management in New York and Elite Model Management in Miami , has done some test shots and print work for a summer magazine . She 's also been in Seventeen Magazine and modeled for Ideeli.com , Anjel 's Hair Salon , Capture and Create Magazine , Peony Red , Me & Thee , Spring / Summer 2010 , W25 Magazine ( June 2010 ) and Supermodels Unlimited . Bianca Richardson is signed with Wilhelmina Models and Pink Models . She has modeled for Mallard Magazine and Betsey Johnson . Kara Vincent has taken a few test shots and has been signed to Paragon Model Management in Mexico City . Erin Wagner has been signed with Wilhelmina Models and Paragon Models and has done some test shots . She can be seen in an ad for Editor 's Closet for sunglasses , as well . Rae Weisz has modeled for Rochester Magazine in 2009 . Notes Jump up ^ Though this cycle had no international destination , Hawaii was a Sovereign Kingdom until United States made a Provisional Government in 1893 , made itself a republic a year later . Later it became the islands ' Territory for 61 years until it became part of the United States on August 21 , 1959 . References Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- Cycle 13 -- Cast '' . August 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Rachel Echelberger -- BMG Models Jump up ^ `` Teen Fashion 2016 -- Latest Fashion Trends & Clothing for Teens '' . Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model Winner Nicole Fox Covers Seventeen -- Celeb Dirty Laundry '' . Jump up ^ `` Wildfox Couture Fall 2010 -- Sidewalk Hustle '' . Jump up ^ `` Wildfox Couture Fall 2010 : It 's Witchcraft ! '' . November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laura Kirkpatrick -- Wunder Management Jump up ^ Laura Kirkpatrick AB / FAB Management Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Top Model All - Stars ' cast reported : Lisa D'Amato , Isis King in ; Jade out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ! MTV SHOW `` MADE '' Coach Sundai Love ( ANTM ) -- Bella Petite `` . Jump up ^ `` Sundai Love Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` Sundai Love in Taio Cruz 's `` Dirty Picture '' Music Video ( June 2010 ) `` . October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Markert -- Page 2 -- the Fashion Spot '' . Jump up ^ `` Elite Model Management -- Portfolio '' . Elitemodel.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Markert & Bianca Richardson '' . November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KARA -- Paragon '' . Paragonmodelmanagement.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ERIN -- Paragon '' . Paragonmodelmanagement.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rochester Magazine ( RochesterMagazine.com ) '' . External links Official website <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco India Gants Finalists Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Bre Scullark Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Natasha Galkina Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Anya Kop Fatima Siad Analeigh Tipton Allison Harvard Laura Kirkpatrick Leila Goldkuhl Other alumni Toccara Jones Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Anchal Joseph Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Dominique Reighard Isis King Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_13)&oldid=797281853 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2009 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 01 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. America's Next Top Model Cycle 13
2. Contestants and Eliminations
3. Photo Shoots and Makeovers
4. Post-Top Model Careers
5. Season Summary and Judges |
7,279,623,351,858,223,000 | who was charged in the my lai massacre | William Calley - wikipedia William Calley <Th_colspan="2"> William Calley Birth name William Laws Calley Jr . ( 1943 - 06 - 08 ) June 8 , 1943 ( age 75 ) Miami , Florida Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Army Years of service 1967 -- 1971 Rank Second Lieutenant Unit 1st Platoon , Company C , 1st Battalion , 20th Infantry Regiment , 11th Infantry Brigade , 23rd Infantry Division ( Americal ) Battles / wars Vietnam War My Lai Massacre William Laws Calley Jr. ( born June 8 , 1943 ) is a former United States Army officer convicted by court - martial of murdering 22 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians in the My Lai Massacre on March 16 , 1968 , during the Vietnam War . While not technically exonerated , after three and a half years of house arrest , Calley was released pursuant to a ruling by federal judge J. Robert Elliott who found that Calley 's trial had been prejudiced by pre-trial publicity , denial of subpoenas of certain defense witnesses , refusal of the United States House of Representatives to release testimony taken in executive session of its My Lai investigation , and inadequate notice of the charges . His initial conviction faced widespread public opposition both due to the campaign circumstances of civilian embedded Viet Cong , and due to Calley being singled out as the sole officer convicted with respect to the massacre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Military career 3 Murder trial 4 House arrest 5 After release 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Calley was born in Miami , Florida . His father , also William Laws Calley , was a United States Navy veteran of World War II . Calley Jr. graduated from Miami Edison High School in Miami and then attended Palm Beach Junior College in 1963 . He dropped out in 1964 after receiving unsatisfactory grades , consisting of one C , two Ds , and four Fs . Calley then worked at a variety of jobs before enlistment , including as a bellhop , dishwasher , salesman , insurance appraiser , and train conductor . Military career ( edit ) Calley underwent eight weeks of basic combat training at Fort Bliss , Texas , followed by eight weeks of advanced individual training as a company clerk at Fort Lewis , Washington . Having scored high enough on his Armed Forces Qualification tests , he applied for and was subsequently accepted into Officer Candidate School ( OCS ) . He then began 26 weeks of junior officer training at Fort Benning in mid-March 1967 . Upon graduating from OCS Class No. 51 on September 7 , 1967 , he was commissioned a second lieutenant of infantry . Following his commission , Calley was assigned to 1st Platoon , Company C , 1st Battalion , 20th Infantry Regiment , 11th Infantry Brigade , and began training at Schofield Barracks , Hawaii , in preparation for deployment to South Vietnam . Calley 's evaluations described him as `` average '' as an officer . Later , as the My Lai investigation progressed , a more negative picture emerged . Men in his platoon reported to army investigators that Calley lacked common sense and could not read a map or compass properly . A number of men assigned under Calley claimed he was so disliked that some secretly discussed and considered fragging him . Murder trial ( edit ) Photo taken by the Army photographer Ronald L. Haeberle on March 16 , 1968 , during the My Lai massacre , showing mostly women and children dead on a road The events in My Lai had initially been covered up by the U.S. Army . In April 1969 , nearly 13 months after the massacre , Ron Ridenhour , a GI who had been with the 11th Brigade , wrote letters to the President , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , the Secretary of Defense and 30 members of Congress . In these letters Ridenhour described some of the atrocities by the soldiers at My Lai that he had been told about . Calley was charged on September 5 , 1969 , with six specifications of premeditated murder for the deaths of 109 South Vietnamese civilians near the village of Sơn Mỹ , at a hamlet called My Lai , simply referred to as `` My Lai '' in the U.S. press . As many as 500 villagers -- mostly women , children , infants , and the elderly -- had been systematically killed by American soldiers during a bloody rampage on March 16 , 1968 . Upon conviction , Calley could have faced the death penalty . On November 12 , 1969 , investigative reporters Seymour Hersh and Wayne Greenhaw broke the story and revealed that Calley had been charged with murdering 109 Vietnamese . Calley 's trial started on November 17 , 1970 . It was the military prosecution 's contention that Calley , in defiance of the rules of engagement , ordered his men to deliberately murder unarmed Vietnamese civilians even though his men were not under enemy fire at all . Testimony revealed that Calley had ordered the men of 1st Platoon , Company C , 1st Battalion , 20th Infantry of the 23rd Infantry Division to kill everyone in the village . In presenting the case , the two military prosecutors , Aubrey M. Daniel , III and John Partin , were hamstrung by the reluctance of many soldiers to testify against Calley . In addition president Richard M. Nixon made public statements prior to the trial that were prejudicial to the defense , resulting in a letter from Daniel taking the president to task . Some soldiers refused to answer questions point - blank on the witness stand by citing the Fifth Amendment right against self - incrimination . However , one holdout , a soldier in Calley 's unit named Paul Meadlo , after being jailed for contempt of court by the presiding judge , Reid W. Kennedy , reluctantly agreed to testify . In his testimony , Meadlo described that during the day 's events , he was standing guard over a few dozen My Lai villagers when Lieutenant Calley approached him and ordered him to shoot all the civilians . When Meadlo balked at the orders , Calley backed off 40 feet ( 6 m ) or more and opened fire on the people himself , and Meadlo joined in . Another witness named Dennis Conti , who was also reluctant to testify , described the carnage , claiming that Calley had started it and the rest of the 105 soldiers of Charlie Company followed suit . Another witness , named Leonard Gonzalez , told of seeing one of the soldiers of Calley 's unit herd some men and women villagers together and order them to strip off their clothing . When the villagers refused , the enraged soldier fired a single round from his M - 79 grenade launcher into the crowd , killing everyone . Calley 's original defense , that the death of the villagers was the result of an accidental airstrike , was overcome by the few prosecution witnesses . In his new defense , Calley claimed he was following the orders of his immediate superior , Captain Ernest Medina . Whether this order was actually given is disputed ; Medina was acquitted of all charges relating to the incident at a separate trial in August 1971 . Taking the witness stand , Calley , under the direct examination by his civilian defense lawyer George W. Latimer , claimed that on the previous day , his commanding officer , Captain Medina , made it clear that his unit was to move into the village and that everyone was to be shot , saying that they all were Viet Cong . Twenty - one other members of Calley 's `` Charlie '' Company also testified in Calley 's defense and corroborated the orders . But Medina publicly denied that he had ever given such orders and stated that he had meant enemy soldiers , while Calley assumed that his order to `` kill the enemy '' meant to kill everyone . In his personal statement , Calley stated that , I was ordered to go in there and destroy the enemy . That was my job that day . That was the mission I was given . I did not sit down and think in terms of men , women , and children . They were all classified as the same , and that 's the classification that we dealt with over there , just as the enemy . I felt then and I still do that I acted as I was directed , and I carried out the order that I was given and I do not feel wrong in doing so . After deliberating for 79 hours , the six - officer jury ( five of whom had served in Vietnam ) convicted him on March 29 , 1971 , of the premeditated murder of 22 Vietnamese civilians . On March 31 , 1971 , Calley was sentenced to life imprisonment and hard labor at Fort Leavenworth , which includes the United States Disciplinary Barracks , the Department of Defense 's only maximum security prison . Calley was the only one of the 26 officers and soldiers initially charged for their part in the My Lai Massacre or the subsequent cover - up . Many observers saw My Lai as a direct result of the military 's attrition strategy with its emphasis on body counts and kill ratios . Many in the United States were outraged by Calley 's sentence . Georgia 's Governor , Jimmy Carter , future President of the United States instituted American Fighting Man 's Day , and asked Georgians to drive for a week with their lights on . Indiana 's Governor Edgar Whitcomb asked that all state flags be flown at half - staff for Calley , and the governors of Utah and Mississippi also publicly disagreed with the verdict . The legislatures of Arkansas , Kansas , Texas , New Jersey , and South Carolina requested clemency for Calley . Alabama 's governor , George Wallace , visited Calley in the stockade and requested that President Richard Nixon pardon him . After the conviction , the White House received over 5,000 telegrams ; the ratio was 100 to 1 in favor of leniency . In a telephone survey of the American public , 79 percent disagreed with the verdict , 81 percent believed that the life sentence Calley had received was too stern , and 69 percent believed Calley had been made a scapegoat . Many others were outraged not at Calley 's guilty verdict , but that he was the only one within the chain of command who was convicted . At the Winter Soldier Investigation in Detroit organized by Vietnam Veterans Against the War January 31 -- February 2 , 1971 , veterans expressed their outrage , including 1st Lt. William Crandell of the 199th Light Infantry Brigade , Americal Division : We intend to tell who it was that gave us those orders ; that created that policy ; that set that standard of war bordering on full and final genocide . We intend to demonstrate that My Lai was no unusual occurrence , other than , perhaps , the number of victims killed all in one place , all at one time , all by one platoon of us . We intend to show that the policies of Americal Division , which inevitably resulted in My Lai , were the policies of other Army and Marine divisions as well . We intend to show that war crimes in Vietnam did not start in March 1968 , or in the village of Son My or with one Lieutenant William Calley . We intend to indict those really responsible for My Lai , for Vietnam , for attempted genocide . In a recollection of the Vietnam War , South Korean Vietnam Expeditionary Forces commanding officer Chae Myung Shin stated , `` Calley tried to get revenge for the deaths of his troops . In a war , this is natural . '' Conversely , Colonel Harry G. Summers Jr. declared that Calley and Medina should have been hanged , drawn , and quartered , with their remains placed `` at the gates of Fort Benning , at the Infantry School , as a reminder to those who pass under it of what an infantry officer ought to be . '' House arrest ( edit ) On April 1 , 1971 , only a day after Calley was sentenced in prison at Fort Leavenworth , President Richard Nixon ordered him transferred from Leavenworth prison to house arrest at Fort Benning , pending appeal . Calley served only three and a half years of house arrest in his quarters at Fort Benning . He petitioned the federal district court for habeas corpus on February 11 , 1974 , which was granted on September 25 , 1974 , along with his immediate release , by federal judge J. Robert Elliott . Judge Elliott determined that Calley 's trial had been prejudiced by pre-trial publicity , denial of subpoenas of certain defense witnesses , refusal of the United States House of Representatives to release testimony taken in executive session of its My Lai investigation , and inadequate notice of the charges . The judge had released Calley on bail on February 27 , 1974 , but an appeals court reversed Elliott 's ruling and returned Calley to U.S. Army custody on June 13 , 1974 . Consequently , his general court - martial conviction and dismissal from the U.S. Army were upheld ; however , the prison sentence and subsequent parole obligations were commuted to time served , leaving Calley a free man . After release ( edit ) In 1975 Calley married Penny , with whom he has one son . The couple divorced in 2005 or 2006 . He studied and became a gemologist , working at his father - in - law 's jewelry store . On August 19 , 2009 , while speaking to the Kiwanis Club of Greater Columbus , Calley issued an apology for his role in the My Lai massacre . Calley said : `` There is not a day that goes by that I do not feel remorse for what happened that day in My Lai . I feel remorse for the Vietnamese who were killed , for their families , for the American soldiers involved and their families . I am very sorry ... If you are asking why I did not stand up to them when I was given the orders , I will have to say that I was a 2nd Lieutenant getting orders from my commander and I followed them -- foolishly , I guess . '' See also ( edit ) United States Army portal Glenn Andreotta , Lawrence Colburn , and Hugh Thompson Jr . -- U.S. helicopter crew members who intervened to stop the My Lai killings Samuel Koster -- commanding officer of the Americal Division John W Donaldson - later commander of the 11th Infantry Brigade who in 1971 was accused and acquitted of killing 6 Vietnamese civilians in 1968 / 9 Terry Nelson -- one - hit wonder who released `` The Battle Hymn of Lt. Calley '' ( 1971 ) , a song about Calley Robert Bales -- former United States Army soldier who murdered 16 innocent Afghan civilians and was sentenced to life in prison without parole Nuremberg Defense , the practice of pleading not guilty , by means of `` following orders '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` WSB - TV newsfilm clip of a reporter John Philp conducting street interviews with civilians and soldiers outside the commissary following the conviction of lieutenant William Calley for his role in the My Lai massacre during the Vietnam War , Fort Benning , Georgia '' . Civil Rights Digital Library . University System of Georgia . 1971 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 22 . Second lieutenant William Calley was a member of the Charlie Company , 1st battalion , 20th infantry regiment , 11th infantry brigade while in Vietnam . Jump up ^ Katz , Andrew . `` Lieut . William Calley Field of Dishonor : Famous American Court - Martials '' , TIME.com `` , August 17 , 2013 ; accessed February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Average American Boy ? '' . Time . 1969 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Loh , Jules . `` Average Guy Calley Found Niche in Army '' , Pacific Stars and Stripes , 12 - 01 - 1969 . 25th Aviation Battalion , U.S. Army . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social , and Military History . 1 . ABC - CLIO . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 960 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wilson , William . `` I Had Prayed to God that this Thing Was Fiction ... '' Archived 2007 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , American Heritage , vol. 41 # 1 , February 1990 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mail : The Monsterr of the My Lai Massacre -- October 6 , 2007 '' . London , UK . October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Douglas . `` JURIST -- The My Lai Massacre Trial '' , JURIST -- The My Lai Massacre Trial . March 2000 . Jump up ^ `` The Press : Miscue on the Massacre '' . Time.com. 1969 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Kendick ( 2006 ) . The My Lai massacre in American history and memory . Manchester UP . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6891 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , Oliver , `` Coming to Terms with the Past : My Lai '' , History Today , 00182753 , February 2006 , Vol. 56 , Issue 2 . Jump up ^ 1946 - , Olson , James Stuart , . Where the domino fell : America and Vietnam , 1945 - 2010 . Roberts , Randy. , Roberts , Randy , 1951 - ( Sixth edition ed . ) . Hoboken . ISBN 9781444350500 . OCLC 859155073 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ ( http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/Calley-Trial%2C-Foreign-Affairs/12295509436546-8 `` 1971 : Year in Review : Calley Trial '' , Foreign Affairs via upi.com ; accessed February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The 1970s . New York : Basic Books . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cookman , Claude , Journal of American History ( June 2007 ) , Vol. 94 , Issue 1 , p. 154 - 162 Jump up ^ `` Winter Soldier Investigation : Opening Statement of William Crandell '' . The 1960s Project . Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities at the University of Virginia . January 31 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` The Cold Warrior '' . Newsweek. April 10 , 2000 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Anderson L. , ed. ( 1998 ) . Facing My Lai : Moving Beyond the Massacre . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0864 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Calley Apologizes for Role in My Lai Massacre '' , UMsnbc.com , August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FOLLOW - UP ON THE NEWS ; William Calley Jr . '' , New York Times `` , July 10 , 1983 ; accessed August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calley apologizes for role in My Lai massacre '' . msnbc.com . August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Hugh Thompson Foundation web site : 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit founded by Lawrence Colburn in honor of Hugh Thompson Famous American Trials : The My Lai Courts - Martial 1970 Beidler , Philip D. , `` Calley 's Ghost '' , Virginia Quarterly Review , Winter 2003 . BBC.co.uk 29 1971 : Calley guilty of My Lai Massacre `` Found : The monster of the My Lai massacre '' . Daily Mail . October 6 , 2007 . ( with photo from 2007 ) The Issue With Alfred as Lt. Calley Was Not A Mad Magazine ... -- Doug Gilford 's Mad Cover Site BNF : cb124220241 ( data ) GND : 118666630 ISNI : 0000 0000 3089 6910 LCCN : n50032187 SNAC : w6d22x05 SUDOC : 07730232X VIAF : 32527312 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Calley&oldid=846427501 '' Categories : 1943 births Living people American people convicted of murder American people convicted of war crimes American army personnel of the Vietnam War Criminals from Florida Military personnel from Florida My Lai Massacre People convicted of murder by the United States military People from Columbus , Georgia People from Miami People paroled from life sentence Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States military United States Army officers United States Army personnel who were court - martialed Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tiếng Việt 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 18 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. William Calley
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3,479,012,300,818,648,600 | when did the united states become a nuclear power | Nuclear power in the United States - Wikipedia Nuclear power in the United States Jump to : navigation , search NRC regions and locations of nuclear reactors , 2008 Net electrical generation from US nuclear power plants 1949 -- 2011 Nuclear power compared to other sources of electricity in the US , 1949 -- 2011 Nuclear power in the United States is provided by 99 commercial reactors with a net capacity of 100,350 megawatts ( MW ) , 65 pressurized water reactors and 34 boiling water reactors . In 2016 they produced a total of 805.3 terawatt - hours of electricity , which accounted for 19.7 % of the nation 's total electric energy generation . In 2016 , nuclear energy comprised nearly 60 percent of U.S. emission - free generation . As of September 2017 , there are two new reactors under construction with a gross electrical capacity of 2,500 MW , while 34 reactors have been permanently shut down . The United States is the world 's largest producer of commercial nuclear power , and in 2013 generated 33 % of the world 's nuclear electricity . As of October 2014 , the NRC has granted license renewals providing a 20 - year extension to a total of 74 reactors . In early 2014 , the NRC prepared to receive the first applications of license renewal beyond 60 years of reactor life , as early as 2017 , a process which by law requires public involvement . Licenses for 22 reactors are due to expire before the end of the next decade if no renewals are granted . The Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station was the most recent nuclear power plant to be decommissioned on October 24 , 2016 . Another five aging reactors were permanently closed in 2013 and 2014 before their licenses expired because of high maintenance and repair costs at a time when natural gas prices have fallen : San Onofre 2 and 3 in California , Crystal River 3 in Florida , Vermont Yankee in Vermont , and Kewaunee in Wisconsin , and New York State is seeking to close Indian Point in Buchanan , 30 miles from New York City . Most reactors began construction by 1974 ; following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and changing economics , many planned projects were canceled . More than 100 orders for nuclear power reactors , many already under construction , were canceled in the 1970s and 1980s , bankrupting some companies . Up until 2013 , there had also been no ground - breaking on new nuclear reactors at existing power plants since 1977 . Then in 2012 , the NRC approved construction of four new reactors at existing nuclear plants . Construction of the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station Units 2 and 3 began on March 9 , 2013 but was abandoned on July 31 , 2017 . On March 12 , 2013 construction began on the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Units 3 and 4 , but has been stalled as the reactor supplier Westinghouse filed for bankruptcy protection on March 29 , 2017 . On October 19 , 2016 TVA 's Unit - 2 reactor at the Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station became the first US reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996 . There was a revival of interest in nuclear power in the 2000s , with talk of a `` nuclear renaissance '' , supported particularly by the Nuclear Power 2010 Program . A number of applications were made , but facing economic challenges , and later in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , most of these projects have been cancelled , and as of 2012 , `` nuclear industry officials said in 2012 they expect five new reactors to enter service by 2020 -- Southern 's two Vogtle reactors , two at Summer in South Carolina and one at Watts Bar in Tennessee '' ; these are all at existing plants . As of August 1 , 2017 , there are construction delays at Vogtle and construction at Summer has been abandoned . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Emergence 1.2 Power reactor research 1.3 Start of commercial nuclear power 1.4 Opposition to nuclear power 1.5 Over-commitment and cancellations 1.6 Three Mile Island and after 1.7 Effects of Fukushima 1.8 Competitiveness problems 1.9 Westinghouse Chapter 11 bankruptcy 2 Nuclear power plants 3 Safety and accidents 3.1 Security and deliberate attacks 4 Uranium supply 5 Fuel cycle 5.1 Uranium mining 5.2 Uranium enrichment 5.3 Reprocessing 5.4 Waste disposal 6 Water use in nuclear power production 7 Plant decommissioning 8 Organizations 8.1 Fuel vendors 8.2 Industry and academic 8.3 Anti-nuclear power groups 9 Debate about nuclear power in the U.S. 9.1 Public opinion 10 Prospects of a nuclear renaissance 10.1 Signs of a revival 10.2 Continued problems and opposition 11 Economics 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Emergence ( edit ) See also : Atomic Age The Shippingport reactor was the first full - scale PWR nuclear power plant in the United States . President Jimmy Carter leaving Three Mile Island for Middletown , Pennsylvania , April 1 , 1979 Unexpectedly high costs in the Second World War nuclear weapons program created `` ... pressure on federal officials to develop a civilian nuclear power industry that could help justify the government 's considerable expenditures '' . Research into the peaceful uses of nuclear materials began in the United States under the auspices of the Atomic Energy Commission , created by the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946 . Medical scientists were interested in the effect of radiation upon the fast - growing cells of cancer , and materials were given to them , while the military services led research into other peaceful uses . The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 encouraged private corporations to build nuclear reactors and a significant learning phase followed with many early partial core meltdowns and accidents at experimental reactors and research facilities . This led to the introduction of the Price - Anderson Act in 1957 , which was `` ... an implicit admission that nuclear power provided risks that producers were unwilling to assume without federal backing . '' The Price - Anderson Act `` ... shields nuclear utilities , vendors and suppliers against liability claims in the event of a catastrophic accident by imposing an upper limit on private sector liability . '' Without such protection , private companies were unwilling to become involved . No other technology in the history of American industry has enjoyed such continuing blanket protection . Power reactor research ( edit ) Argonne National Laboratory was assigned by the United States Atomic Energy Commission the lead role in developing commercial nuclear energy beginning in the 1940s . Between then and the turn of the 21st century , Argonne designed , built , and operated fourteen reactors at its site southwest of Chicago , and another fourteen reactors at the National Reactors Testing Station in Idaho . These reactors included initial experiments and test reactors that were the progenitors of today 's pressurized water reactors ( including naval reactors ) , boiling water reactors , heavy water reactors , graphite - moderated reactors , and liquid - metal cooled fast reactors , one of which was the first reactor in the world to generate electricity . Argonne and a number of other AEC contractors built a total of 52 reactors at the National Reactor Testing Station . Two were never operated ; except for the Neutron Radiography Facility , all the other reactors were shut down by 2000 . In the early afternoon of December 20 , 1951 , Argonne director Walter Zinn and fifteen other Argonne staff members witnessed a row of four light bulbs light up in a nondescript brick building in the eastern Idaho desert . Electricity from a generator connected to Experimental Breeder Reactor I ( EBR - I ) flowed through them . This was the first time that a usable amount of electrical power had ever been generated from nuclear fission . Only days afterward , the reactor produced all the electricity needed for the entire EBR complex . One ton of natural uranium can produce more than 40 gigawatt - hours of electricity -- this is equivalent to burning 16,000 tons of coal or 80,000 barrels of oil . More central to EBR - I 's purpose than just generating electricity , however , was its role in proving that a reactor could create more nuclear fuel as a byproduct than it consumed during operation . In 1953 , tests verified that this was the case . The US Navy took the lead , seeing the opportunity to have ships that could steam around the world at high speeds without refueling as being necessary for several decades , and the possibility of turning submarines into true full - time underwater vehicles . So , the Navy sent their `` man in Engineering '' , then Captain Hyman Rickover , well known for his great technical talents in electrical engineering and propulsion systems in addition to his skill in project management , to the AEC to start the Naval Reactors project . Rickover 's work with the AEC led to the development of the Pressurized Water Reactor ( PWR ) , the first naval model of which was installed in the submarine USS Nautilus . This made the boat capable of operating under water full - time -- demonstrating this ability by reaching the North Pole and surfacing through the Polar ice cap . Start of commercial nuclear power ( edit ) From the successful naval reactor program , plans were quickly developed for the use of reactors to generate steam to drive turbines turning generators . In April 1957 , the SM - 1 Nuclear Reactor in Fort Belvoir , Virginia was the first atomic power generator to go online and produce electrical energy to the U.S. power grid . On May 26 , 1958 the first commercial nuclear power plant in the United States , Shippingport Atomic Power Station , was opened by President Dwight D. Eisenhower as part of his Atoms for Peace program . As nuclear power continued to grow throughout the 1960s , the Atomic Energy Commission anticipated that more than 1,000 reactors would be operating in the United States by 2000 . As the industry continued to expand , the Atomic Energy Commission 's development and regulatory functions were separated in 1974 ; the Department of Energy absorbed research and development , while the regulatory branch was spun off and turned into an independent commission known as the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( USNRC or simply NRC ) . Opposition to nuclear power ( edit ) There has been considerable opposition to the use of nuclear power in the U.S. The first U.S. reactor to face public opposition was Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station in 1957 . It was built approximately 30 miles from Detroit and there was opposition from the United Auto Workers Union . Pacific Gas & Electric planned to build the first commercially viable nuclear power plant in the USA at Bodega Bay , north of San Francisco . The proposal was controversial and conflict with local citizens began in 1958 . The conflict ended in 1964 , with the forced abandonment of plans for the power plant . Historian Thomas Wellock traces the birth of the anti-nuclear movement to the controversy over Bodega Bay . Attempts to build a nuclear power plant in Malibu were similar to those at Bodega Bay and were also abandoned . Nuclear accidents continued into the 1960s with a small test reactor exploding at the Stationary Low - Power Reactor Number One in Idaho Falls in January 1961 and a partial meltdown at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station in Michigan in 1966 . In his 1963 book Change , Hope and the Bomb , David Lilienthal criticized nuclear developments , particularly the nuclear industry 's failure to address the nuclear waste question . J. Samuel Walker , in his book Three Mile Island : A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective , explains that the growth of the nuclear industry in the U.S. occurred in the 1970s as the environmental movement was being formed . Environmentalists saw the advantages of nuclear power in reducing air pollution , but were critical of nuclear technology on other grounds . They were concerned about nuclear accidents , nuclear proliferation , high cost of nuclear power plants , nuclear terrorism and radioactive waste disposal . There were many anti-nuclear protests in the United States which captured national public attention during the 1970s and 1980s . These included the well - known Clamshell Alliance protests at Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant and the Abalone Alliance protests at Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant , where thousands of protesters were arrested . Other large protests followed the 1979 Three Mile Island accident . In New York City on September 23 , 1979 , almost 200,000 people attended a protest against nuclear power . Anti-nuclear power protests preceded the shutdown of the Shoreham , Yankee Rowe , Rancho Seco , Maine Yankee , and about a dozen other nuclear power plants . Over-commitment and cancellations ( edit ) See also : List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States Net summer electrical generation capacity of US nuclear power plants , 1949 -- 2011 Average capacity factor of US nuclear power plants , 1957 -- 2011 By the mid-1970s it became clear that nuclear power would not grow nearly as quickly as once believed . Cost overruns were sometimes a factor of ten above original industry estimates , and became a major problem . For the 75 nuclear power reactors built from 1966 to 1977 , cost overruns averaged 207 percent . Opposition and problems were galvanized by the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 . Over-commitment to nuclear power brought about the financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System , a public agency which undertook to build five large nuclear power plants in the 1970s . By 1983 , cost overruns and delays , along with a slowing of electricity demand growth , led to cancellation of two WPPSS plants and a construction halt on two others . Moreover , WPPSS defaulted on $2.25 billion of municipal bonds , which is one of the largest municipal bond defaults in U.S. history . The court case that followed took nearly a decade to resolve . Eventually , more than 120 reactor orders were cancelled , and the construction of new reactors ground to a halt . Al Gore has commented on the historical record and reliability of nuclear power in the United States : Of the 253 nuclear power reactors originally ordered in the United States from 1953 to 2008 , 48 percent were canceled , 11 percent were prematurely shut down , 14 percent experienced at least a one - year - or - more outage , and 27 percent are operating without having a year - plus outage . Thus , only about one fourth of those ordered , or about half of those completed , are still operating and have proved relatively reliable . Amory Lovins has also commented on the historical record of nuclear power in the United States : Of all 132 U.S. nuclear plants built ( 52 % of the 253 originally ordered ) , 21 % were permanently and prematurely closed due to reliability or cost problems , while another 27 % have completely failed for a year or more at least once . The surviving U.S. nuclear plants produce ~ 90 % of their full - time full - load potential , but even they are not fully dependable . Even reliably operating nuclear plants must shut down , on average , for 39 days every 17 months for refueling and maintenance , and unexpected failures do occur too . A cover story in the February 11 , 1985 , issue of Forbes magazine commented on the overall management of the nuclear power program in the United States : The failure of the U.S. nuclear power program ranks as the largest managerial disaster in business history , a disaster on a monumental scale ... only the blind , or the biased , can now think that the money has been well spent . It is a defeat for the U.S. consumer and for the competitiveness of U.S. industry , for the utilities that undertook the program and for the private enterprise system that made it possible . Three Mile Island and after ( edit ) The NRC reported `` ( ... the Three Mile Island accident ... ) was the most serious in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant operating history , even though it led to no deaths or injuries to plant workers or members of the nearby community . '' The World Nuclear Association reports that `` ... more than a dozen major , independent studies have assessed the radiation releases and possible effects on the people and the environment around TMI since the 1979 accident at TMI - 2 . The most recent was a 13 - year study on 32,000 people . None has found any adverse health effects such as cancers which might be linked to the accident . '' Other nuclear power incidents within the US ( defined as safety - related events in civil nuclear power facilities between INES Levels 1 and 3 include those at the Davis - Besse Nuclear Power Plant , which was the source of two of the top five highest conditional core damage frequency nuclear incidents in the United States since 1979 , according to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission . Despite the concerns which arose among the public after the Three Mile Island incident , the accident highlights the success of the reactor 's safety systems . The radioactivity released as a result of the accident was almost entirely confined within the reinforced concrete containment structure . These containment structures , found at all nuclear power plants , were designed to successfully trap radioactive material in the event of a melt down or accident . At Three Mile Island , the containment structures operated exactly as it was designed to do , emerging successful in containing any radioactive energy . The low levels of radioactivity released post incident is considered harmless , resulting in zero injuries and deaths of residents living in proximity to the plant . Despite many technical studies which asserted that the probability of a severe nuclear accident was low , numerous surveys showed that the public remained `` very deeply distrustful and uneasy about nuclear power '' . Some commentators have suggested that the public 's consistently negative ratings of nuclear power are reflective of the industry 's unique connection with nuclear weapons : ( One ) reason why nuclear power is seen differently to other technologies lies in its parentage and birth . Nuclear energy was conceived in secrecy , born of war , and first revealed to the world in horror . No matter how many proponents try to separate the peaceful atom from the weapon 's atom , the connection is firmly embedded in the mind of the public . Several US nuclear power plants closed well before their design lifetimes , due to successful campaigns by anti-nuclear activist groups . These include Rancho Seco in 1989 in California and Trojan in 1992 in Oregon . Humboldt Bay in California closed in 1976 , 13 years after geologists discovered it was built on a fault ( the Little Salmon Fault ) . Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant was completed but never operated commercially as an authorized Emergency Evacuation Plan could not be agreed on due the political climate after the Three Mile Island accident and Chernobyl disaster . The last permanent closure of a US nuclear power plant was in 1997 . US nuclear reactors were originally licensed to operate for 40 - year periods . In the 1980s , the NRC determined that there were no technical issues that would preclude longer service . Over half of US nuclear reactors are over 30 years old and almost all are over twenty years old . As of 2011 , more than 60 reactors have received 20 - year extensions to their licensed lifetimes . The average capacity factor for all US reactors has improved from below 60 % in the 1970s and 1980s , to 92 % in 2007 , After the Three Mile Island accident , NRC - issued reactor construction permits , which had averaged more than 12 per year from 1967 through 1978 , came to an abrupt halt ; no permits were issued between 1979 and 2012 ( in 2012 , four planned new reactors received construction permits ) . Many permitted reactors were never built , or the projects were abandoned . Those that were completed after Three Mile island experienced a much longer time lag from construction permit to starting of operations . The Nuclear Regulatory Commission itself described its regulatory oversight of the long - delayed Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant as `` a paradigm of fragmented and uncoordinated government decision making , '' and `` a system strangling itself and the economy in red tape . '' The number of operating power reactors in the US peaked at 112 in 1991 , far fewer than the 177 that received construction permits . By 1998 the number of working reactors declined to 104 , where it remains as of 2013 . The loss of electrical generation from the eight fewer reactors since 1991 has been offset by power uprates of generating capacity at existing reactors . Despite the problems following Three Mile Island , output of nuclear - generated electricity in the US grew steadily , more than tripling over the next three decades : from 255 billion kilowatt - hours in 1979 ( the year of the Three Mile Island accident ) , to 806 billion kilowatt - hours in 2007 . Part of the increase was due to the greater number of operating reactors , which increased by 51 % : from 69 reactors in 1979 , to 104 in 2007 . Another cause was a large increase in the capacity factor over that period . In 1978 , nuclear power plants generated electricity at only 64 % of their rated output capacity . Performance suffered even further during and after Three Mile Island , as a series of new safety regulations from 1979 through the mid-1980s forced operators to repeatedly shut down reactors for required retrofits . It was not until 1990 that the average capacity factor of US nuclear plants returned to the level of 1978 . The capacity factor continued to rise , until 2001 . Since 2001 , US nuclear power plants have consistently delivered electric power at about 90 % of their rated capacity . In 2016 , the number of power plants was at 100 with 4 under construction . Effects of Fukushima ( edit ) Following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents , the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has announced it will launch a comprehensive safety review of the 104 nuclear power reactors across the United States , at the request of President Obama . A total of 45 groups and individuals had formally asked the NRC to suspend all licensing and other activities at 21 proposed nuclear reactor projects in 15 states until the NRC had completed a thorough post-Fukushima reactor crisis examination . The petitioners also asked the NRC to supplement its own investigation by establishing an independent commission comparable to that set up in the wake of the serious , though less severe , 1979 Three Mile Island accident . An industry observer noted that post-Fukushima costs were likely to go up for both current and new nuclear power plants , due to increased requirements for on - site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats . License extensions for existing reactors will face additional scrutiny , with outcomes depending on plants meeting new requirements , and some extensions already granted for more than 60 of the 100 operating U.S. reactors could be revisited . On - site storage , consolidated long - term storage , and geological disposal of spent fuel is `` likely to be reevaluated in a new light because of the Fukushima storage pool experience '' . Mark Cooper suggested that the cost of nuclear power , which already had risen sharply in 2010 and 2011 , could `` climb another 50 percent due to tighter safety oversight and regulatory delays in the wake of the reactor calamity in Japan '' . In 2011 , London - based bank HSBC said : `` With Three Mile Island and Fukushima as a backdrop , the US public may find it difficult to support major nuclear new build and we expect that no new plant extensions will be granted either . Thus we expect the clean energy standard under discussion in US legislative chambers will see a far greater emphasis on gas and renewables plus efficiency '' . The Obama administration `` continues to support the expansion of nuclear power in the United States , despite the crisis in Japan '' . Competitiveness problems ( edit ) In May 2015 , a senior vice president of General Atomics stated that the U.S. nuclear industry was struggling due low U.S. fossil fuel prices , partly due to the rapid development of shale gas , and high financing costs for nuclear plants . In July 2016 Toshiba withdrew the U.S. design certification renewal for its Advanced Boiling Water Reactor because `` it has become increasingly clear that energy price declines in the US prevent Toshiba from expecting additional opportunities for ABWR construction projects '' . In 2016 , Governor of New York Andrew Cuomo directed the New York Public Service Commission to consider ratepayer - financed subsidies similar to those for renewable sources to keep nuclear power stations profitable in the competition against natural gas . In March 2018 , FirstEnergy announced plans to deactivate the Beaver Valley , Davis - Besse , and Perry nuclear power plants , which are in the Ohio and Pennsylvania deregulated electricity market , for economic reasons during the next three years . Westinghouse Chapter 11 bankruptcy ( edit ) On March 29 , 2017 , parent company Toshiba placed Westinghouse Electric Company in Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of $9 billion of losses from its nuclear reactor construction projects . The projects responsible for this loss are mostly the construction of four AP1000 reactors at Vogtle in Georgia and V.C. Summer in South Carolina . The U.S. government had given $8.3 billion of loan guarantees on the financing of the four nuclear reactors being built in the U.S. , and it is expected a way forward to completing the plants can be agreed . Peter A. Bradford , former Nuclear Regulatory Commission member , commented `` They placed a big bet on this hallucination of a nuclear renaissance '' . The other U.S. new nuclear supplier , General Electric , had already scaled back its nuclear operations as it was concerned about the economic viability of new nuclear . Nuclear power plants ( edit ) See also : List of cancelled nuclear reactors in the United States , Army Nuclear Power Program , and List of United States Naval reactors List of nuclear reactors in the United States ( view / edit ) Name Unit <Th_colspan="2"> Reactor Status <Th_colspan="2"> Capacity in MW Construction start Commercial operation Closure Type Model Net Gross Beaver Valley PWR WH 3 - loop ( DRYSUB ) Operational 970 000000001976 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 July 1976 PWR WH 3 - loop ( DRYSUB ) Operational 920 000000001987 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 1987 Calvert Cliffs Operational 873 000000001975 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1975 Operational 863 000000001977 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1977 Connecticut Yankee Shut down 582 000000001968 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1968 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Ginna Operational 610 000000001970 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1970 Hope Creek Operational 1,059 000000001986 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 1986 Indian Point Shut down 000000001974 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1974 Operational 1,020 000000001974 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 August 1974 Operational 1,025 000000001976 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 1976 James A. FitzPatrick Operational 838 000000001975 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1975 Limerick Operational 1,134 000000001986 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 1986 Operational 1,134 000000001990 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 1990 Maine Yankee Shut down 860 000000001972 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1972 000000001997 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 August 1997 Millstone Shut down 000000001970 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 1970 000000001998 - 07 - 21 - 0000 21 July 1998 Operational 882 000000001975 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 1975 Operational 1,155 000000001986 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 1986 Nine Mile Point Operational 621 000000001974 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 1974 Operational 1,140 000000001987 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 July 1987 Oyster Creek Operational 636 000000001969 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 1969 Peach Bottom GCR Prototype Shut down 000000001966 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1966 000000001974 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1974 BWR BWR - 4 Mk 1 Operational 1,382 000000001974 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 1974 BWR BWR - 4 Mk 1 Operational 1,382 000000001974 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 1974 Pilgrim Operational 685 000000001972 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 1972 Salem Operational 1,174 000000001977 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 1977 Operational 1,130 000000001981 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 1981 Saxton Shut down 000000001961 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1961 000000001972 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1972 Seabrook Station Operational 1,194 000000001990 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1990 Shippingport Shut down 60 000000001958 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 1958 000000001989 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1989 Shoreham Shut down 820 000000001986 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 August 1986 000000001989 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 1989 Susquehanna Operational 1,350 000000001982 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 1982 Operational 1,350 000000001984 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 June 1984 Three Mile Island Operational 852 000000001974 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 1974 Shut down 906 000000001978 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 1978 000000001979 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1979 Vermont Yankee Shut down 514 000000001972 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 1972 000000002014 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 2014 Yankee Rowe Shut down 185 000000001960 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1960 000000001992 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 1992 Alvin W. Vogtle Operational 1,215 000000001987 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1987 Operational 1,215 000000001989 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 1989 AP1000 Under construction 1,250 ( 000000002019 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 2019 ) AP1000 Under construction 1,250 ( 000000002020 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2020 ) Bellefonte Unfinished 1,100 Unfinished 1,100 Browns Ferry Operational 1,065 000000001973 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 1973 Operational 1,113 000000001974 - 08 - 02 - 0000 2 August 1974 Operational 1,113 000000001976 - 08 - 18 - 0000 18 August 1976 Brunswick Operational 938 000000001977 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 1977 Operational 920 000000001975 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 1975 Parr PHWR CVTR Shut down 17 000000001963 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1963 000000001967 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 1967 Catawba Operational 1,129 000000001985 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 June 1985 Operational 1,129 000000001986 - 08 - 19 - 0000 19 August 1986 Crystal River 3 Shut down 860 000000001977 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1977 000000002013 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2013 Edwin I. Hatch Operational 924 000000001975 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 1975 Operational 924 000000001979 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 1979 H.B. Robinson Operational 735 000000001971 - 03 - 07 - 0000 7 March 1971 Joseph M. Farley Operational 900 000000001977 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1977 Operational 920 000000001981 - 07 - 30 - 0000 30 July 1981 McGuire Operational 1,100 000000001981 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 1981 Operational 1,100 000000001984 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 1984 North Anna Operational 903 000000001978 - 06 - 06 - 0000 6 June 1978 Operational 972 000000001980 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1980 Oconee Operational 846 000000001973 - 07 - 15 - 0000 15 July 1973 Operational 846 000000001974 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 1974 Operational 846 000000001974 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1974 Sequoyah Operational 1,148 000000001981 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1981 Operational 1,126 000000001982 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 1982 Shearon Harris Operational 900 000000001987 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 1987 St. Lucie Operational 1,002 000000001976 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 1976 Operational 1,002 000000001983 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1983 Surry Operational 799 000000001972 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 1972 Operational 799 000000001973 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 1973 Turkey Point Operational 693 000000001972 - 12 - 14 - 0000 14 December 1972 Operational 693 000000001973 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 September 1973 PWR AP1000 Planned 1000 1135 PWR AP1000 Planned 1000 1135 Virgil C. Summer Operational 1,000 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1984 Watts Bar Operational 1,121 000000001996 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 1996 Operational 1,165 000000002016 - 06 - 04 - 0000 4 June 2016 Big Rock Point BWR Shut down 67 000000001960 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 1960 000000001963 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 1963 000000001997 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 August 1997 Byron Operational 1,168 000000001985 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 1985 Operational 1,168 000000001987 - 08 - 02 - 0000 2 August 1987 Braidwood PWR WH 4LP ( DRYAMB ) Operational 1,194 1,270 000000001975 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 August 1975 000000001988 - 07 - 29 - 0000 29 July 1988 Operational 1,121 000000001988 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 1988 Clinton Operational 1,043 000000001987 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 1987 Davis - Besse Operational 965 000000001978 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 1978 Donald C. Cook Operational 1,020 000000001975 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 1975 Operational 1,090 000000001978 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1978 Dresden Shut down 210 000000001960 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1960 000000001978 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1978 Operational 867 000000001970 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 1970 Operational 867 000000001971 - 11 - 16 - 0000 16 November 1971 Duane Arnold Operational 581 000000001975 - 02 - 20 - 0000 20 February 1975 Elk River Shut down 22 000000001964 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1964 000000001968 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 1968 Enrico Fermi Shut down 000000001957 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1957 000000001972 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 1972 Operational 1,098 000000001988 - 01 - 23 - 0000 23 January 1988 Kewaunee Shut down 556 000000001974 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 1974 000000002013 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2013 La Crosse Shut down 50 000000001969 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1969 000000001987 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 1987 LaSalle County Operational 1,200 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1984 Operational 1,200 000000001984 - 10 - 19 - 0000 19 October 1984 Marble Hill Unfinished Monticello Operational 610 000000001971 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 1971 Palisades Operational 800 000000001971 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 1971 Perry Operational 1,231 000000001987 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 1987 Piqua Shut down 12.5 000000001963 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1963 000000001966 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1966 Point Beach Operational 510 000000001970 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1970 Operational 516 000000001972 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1972 Prairie Island Operational 548 000000001973 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1973 Operational 548 000000001974 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1974 Quad Cities Operational 912 000000001973 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 1973 Operational 912 000000001973 - 03 - 10 - 0000 10 March 1973 Zion Shut down 1,040 000000001973 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1973 000000001998 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 1998 Shut down 1,040 000000001973 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1973 000000001998 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 1998 Arkansas Nuclear One Operational 846 000000001974 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 1974 Operational 930 000000001978 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 1978 Callaway Operational 1,300 000000001984 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 1984 Columbia Operational 1,170 000000001984 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1984 Comanche Peak Operational 1,084 000000001990 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 1990 Operational 1,124 000000001993 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 1993 Cooper Operational 770 000000001974 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1974 Diablo Canyon Operational 1,122 000000001985 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 1985 Operational 1,118 000000001986 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 1986 Fort Calhoun Shut down 476 000000001973 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 August 1973 000000002016 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 2016 Fort St. Vrain Shut down 330 000000001979 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1979 000000001989 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 August 1989 Grand Gulf Operational 1,500 000000001985 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1985 Hallam Shut down 75 000000001963 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1963 000000001969 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1969 N - Reactor Shut down 000000001964 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1964 000000001986 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1986 Humboldt Bay Shut down 63 000000001963 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1963 000000001976 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1976 Palo Verde Operational 1,447 000000001986 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1986 Operational 1,447 000000001986 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1986 Operational 1,447 000000001988 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1988 Pathfinder Shut down 59 000000001966 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1966 000000001967 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1967 Rancho Seco Shut down 913 000000001975 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 1975 000000002009 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2009 River Bend Operational 978 000000001986 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 1986 San Onofre Shut down 436 456 000000001968 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1968 000000001992 - 11 - 30 - 0000 30 November 1992 Shut down 1,172 000000001983 - 08 - 08 - 0000 8 August 1983 000000002013 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 2013 Shut down 1,178 000000001984 - 04 - 01 - 0000 1 April 1984 000000002013 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 2013 Sodium Reactor Experiment Shut down 6.5 000000001957 - 07 - 12 - 0000 12 July 1957 000000001964 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 1964 South Texas Operational 1,250 000000001988 - 08 - 25 - 0000 25 August 1988 Operational 1,250 000000001989 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 1989 Trojan Shut down 1,130 000000001976 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 1976 000000001992 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1992 UAMPS PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 5 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 6 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 7 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 8 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 9 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 10 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 11 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 12 PWR NuScale Planned 45 50 Vallecitos Shut down 000000001957 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1957 000000001963 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1963 Waterford Operational 1,218 000000001985 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 1985 Wolf Creek Operational 1,250 000000001985 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 1985 Safety and accidents ( edit ) A clean - up crew working to remove radioactive contamination after the Three Mile Island accident . Erosion of the 6 - inch - thick ( 150 mm ) carbon steel reactor head at Davis - Besse Nuclear Power Plant in 2002 , caused by a persistent leak of borated water . Main articles : Nuclear safety in the U.S. and Nuclear power plant accidents in the United States Regulation of nuclear power plants in the United States is done by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission , which divides the nation into 4 administrative divisions . On March 28 , 1979 , equipment failures and operator error contributed to loss of coolant and a partial core meltdown at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant in Pennsylvania . The mechanical failures were compounded by the initial failure of plant operators to recognize the situation as a loss - of - coolant accident due to inadequate training and human factors , such as human - computer interaction design oversights relating to ambiguous control room indicators in the power plant 's user interface . The scope and complexity of the accident became clear over the course of five days , as employees of Met Ed , Pennsylvania state officials , and members of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) tried to understand the problem , communicate the situation to the press and local community , decide whether the accident required an emergency evacuation , and ultimately end the crisis . The NRC 's authorization of the release of 40,000 gallons of radioactive waste water directly in the Susquehanna River led to a loss of credibility with the press and community . The Three Mile Island accident inspired Perrow 's book Normal Accidents , where a nuclear accident occurs , resulting from an unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system . TMI was an example of a normal accident because it was `` unexpected , incomprehensible , uncontrollable and unavoidable '' . The World Nuclear Association has stated that cleanup of the damaged nuclear reactor system at TMI - 2 took nearly 12 years and cost approximately US $973 million . Benjamin K. Sovacool , in his 2007 preliminary assessment of major energy accidents , estimated that the TMI accident caused a total of $2.4 billion in property damages . The health effects of the Three Mile Island accident are widely , but not universally , agreed to be very low level . The accident triggered protests around the world . The 1979 Three Mile Island accident was a pivotal event that led to questions about U.S. nuclear safety . Earlier events had a similar effect , including a 1975 fire at Browns Ferry , the 1976 testimonials of three concerned GE nuclear engineers , the GE Three . In 1981 , workers inadvertently reversed pipe restraints at the Diablo Canyon Power Plant reactors , compromising seismic protection systems , which further undermined confidence in nuclear safety . All of these well - publicised events , undermined public support for the U.S. nuclear industry in the 1970s and the 1980s . On March 5 , 2002 , maintenance workers discovered that corrosion had eaten a football - sized hole into the reactor vessel head of the Davis - Besse plant . Although the corrosion did not lead to an accident , this was considered to be a serious nuclear safety incident . The Nuclear Regulatory Commission kept Davis - Besse shut down until March 2004 , so that FirstEnergy was able to perform all the necessary maintenance for safe operations . The NRC imposed its largest fine ever -- more than $5 million -- against FirstEnergy for the actions that led to the corrosion . The company paid an additional $28 million in fines under a settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice . The nuclear industry in the United States has maintained one of the best industrial safety records in the world with respect to all kinds of accidents . For 2008 , the industry hit a new low of 0.13 industrial accidents per 200,000 worker - hours . This is improved over 0.24 in 2005 , which was still a factor of 14.6 less than the 3.5 number for all manufacturing industries . However , more than a quarter of U.S. nuclear plant operators `` have failed to properly tell regulators about equipment defects that could imperil reactor safety '' , according to a Nuclear Regulatory Commission report . As of February 2009 , the NRC requires that the design of new power plants ensures that the reactor containment would remain intact , cooling systems would continue to operate , and spent fuel pools would be protected , in the event of an aircraft crash . This is an issue that has gained attention since the September 11 , 2001 , terrorist attacks . The regulation does not apply to the 100 commercial reactors now operating . However , the containment structures of nuclear power plants are among the strongest structures ever built by mankind ; independent studies have shown that existing plants would easily survive the impact of a large commercial jetliner without loss of structural integrity . Recent concerns have been expressed about safety issues affecting a large part of the nuclear fleet of reactors . In 2012 , the Union of Concerned Scientists , which tracks ongoing safety issues at operating nuclear plants , found that `` leakage of radioactive materials is a pervasive problem at almost 90 percent of all reactors , as are issues that pose a risk of nuclear accidents '' . The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission reports that radioactive tritium has leaked from 48 of the 65 nuclear sites in the United States . Following the Japanese Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , according to Black & Veatch 's annual utility survey that took place after the disaster , of the 700 executives from the US electric utility industry that were surveyed , nuclear safety was the top concern . There are likely to be increased requirements for on - site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats at nuclear power plants . License extensions for existing reactors will face additional scrutiny , with outcomes depending on the degree to which plants can meet new requirements , and some extensions already granted for more than 60 of the 104 operating U.S. reactors could be revisited . On - site storage , consolidated long - term storage , and geological disposal of spent fuel is `` likely to be reevaluated in a new light because of the Fukushima storage pool experience '' . In March 2011 , nuclear experts told Congress that spent - fuel pools at US nuclear power plants are too full . They say the entire US spent - fuel policy should be overhauled in light of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents . David Lochbaum , chief nuclear safety officer with the Union of Concerned Scientists , has repeatedly questioned the safety of the Fukushima I Plant 's General Electric Mark 1 reactor design , which is used in almost a quarter of the United States ' nuclear fleet . About one third of reactors in the US are boiling water reactors , the same technology which was involved in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan . There are also eight nuclear power plants located along the seismically active West coast . Twelve of the American reactors that are of the same vintage as the Fukushima Daiichi plant are in seismically active areas . Earthquake risk is often measured by `` Peak Ground Acceleration '' , or PGA , and the following nuclear power plants have a two percent or greater chance of having PGA over 0.15 g in the next 50 years : Diablo Canyon , Calif. ; San Onofre , Calif. ; Sequoyah , Tenn. ; H.B. Robinson , SC. ; Watts Bar , Tenn. ; Virgil C. Summer , SC. ; Vogtle , GA. ; Indian Point , NY. ; Oconee , SC. ; and Seabrook , NH . In 2013 the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station was permanently retired when premature wear was found in the Steam Generators which had been replaced in 2010 -- 2011 . Nuclear power plant accidents in the U.S. with more than US $140 million in property damage Date Plant Location Description Cost ( in millions 2006 $ ) 000000001979 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1979 Three Mile Island Londonderry Township , Pennsylvania Loss of coolant and partial core meltdown , see Three Mile Island accident and Three Mile Island accident health effects 7003240000000000000 ♠ US $2,400 000000001985 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1985 Browns Ferry Athens , Alabama Instrumentation systems malfunction during startup , which led to suspension of operations at all three Units 7003183000000000000 ♠ US $1,830 000000001986 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1986 Pilgrim Plymouth , Massachusetts Recurring equipment problems force emergency shutdown of Boston Edison 's plant 7003100100000000000 ♠ US $1,001 000000001987 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1987 Peach Bottom Delta , Pennsylvania Units 2 and 3 shutdown due to cooling malfunctions and unexplained equipment problems 7002400000000000000 ♠ US $400 000000001987 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1987 Nine Mile Point Scriba , New York Malfunctions force Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation to shut down Unit 1 7002150000000000000 ♠ US $150 000000001996 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1996 Millstone Waterford , Connecticut Leaking valve forces shutdown of Units 1 and 2 , multiple equipment failures found 7002254000000000000 ♠ US $254 000000001996 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1996 Crystal River Crystal River , Florida Balance - of - plant equipment malfunction forces shutdown and extensive repairs 7002384000000000000 ♠ US $384 000000002010 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2010 Vermont Yankee Vernon , Vermont Deteriorating underground pipes leak radioactive tritium into groundwater supplies 7002700000000000000 ♠ US $700 Security and deliberate attacks ( edit ) Main article : Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack The United States 9 / 11 Commission has said that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered for the September 11 , 2001 attacks . If terrorist groups could sufficiently damage safety systems to cause a core meltdown at a nuclear power plant , and / or sufficiently damage spent fuel pools , such an attack could lead to widespread radioactive contamination . The research scientist Harold Feiveson has written that nuclear facilities should be made extremely safe from attacks that could release massive quantities of radioactivity into the community . New reactor designs have features of passive nuclear safety , which may help . In the United States , the NRC carries out `` Force on Force '' ( FOF ) exercises at all Nuclear Power Plant ( NPP ) sites at least once every three years . Uranium supply ( edit ) Sources of uranium fuel for the US commercial nuclear power industry in 2012 ( US Energy Information Administration ) A 2012 report by the International Atomic Energy Agency concluded : `` The currently defined uranium resource base is more than adequate to meet high - case requirements through 2035 and well into the foreseeable future . '' At the start of 2013 , the identified remaining worldwide uranium resources stood at 5.90 million tons , enough to supply the world 's reactors at current consumption rates for more than 120 years , even if no additional uranium deposits are discovered in the meantime . Undiscovered uranium resources as of 2013 were estimated to be 7.7 million tons . Doubling the price of uranium would increase the identified reserves as of 2013 to 7.64 million tons . Over the decade 2003 -- 2013 , the identified reserves of uranium ( at the same price of US $130 / kg ) rose from 4.59 million tons in 2003 to 5.90 million tons in 2013 , a increase of 28 % . Fuel cycle ( edit ) Uranium mining ( edit ) Main article : Uranium mining in the United States The United States has the 4th largest uranium reserves in the world . The U.S. has its most prominent uranium reserves in New Mexico , Texas , and Wyoming . The U.S. Department of Energy has approximated there to be at least 300 million pounds of uranium in these areas . Domestic production increased until 1980 , after which it declined sharply due to low uranium prices . In 2012 the United States mined 17 % of the uranium consumed by its nuclear power plants . The remainder was imported , principally from Canada , Russia and Australia . Uranium is mined using several methods including open - pit mining , underground mining , and in - situ leaching . Uranium enrichment ( edit ) Location of nuclear reactor fuel processing facilities in the United States ( US NRC ) There is one gas centrifuge enrichment plant currently in commercial operation in the US . The National Enrichment Facility , operated by URENCO east of Eunice , New Mexico , was the first uranium enrichment plant in 30 years to be built in the US . The plant started enriching uranium in 2010 . Two additional gas centrifuge plants have been licensed by the NRC , but are not operating . The American Centrifuge Plant in Piketown , Ohio broke ground in 2007 , but stopped construction in 2009 . The Eagle Rock Enrichment Facility in Bonneville County , Idaho was licensed in 2011 , but construction is on hold . Previously ( 2008 ) , demonstration activities were underway in Oak Ridge , Tennessee for a future centrifugal enrichment plant . The new plant would have been called the American Centrifuge Plant , at an estimated cost of 2.3 billion USD . As of September 30 , 2015 , the DOE is ending its contract with the American Centrifuge Project and has stopped funding the project . Reprocessing ( edit ) Nuclear reprocessing has been politically controversial because of the potential to contribute to nuclear proliferation , the potential vulnerability to nuclear terrorism , the political challenges of repository siting , and because of its high cost compared to the once - through fuel cycle . The Obama administration has disallowed reprocessing of nuclear waste , citing nuclear proliferation concerns . Critics of reprocessing worry that the recycled materials will be used for weapons . However , it is unlikely that reprocessed plutonium would be used for nuclear weapons , because it is not weapons - grade . Nonetheless , it is possible that terrorists could steal these materials , because the reprocessed plutonium is less radiotoxic than spent fuel and therefore much easier to steal . Nuclear power plants may not even notice if plutonium was stolen . It is difficult for plants to measure within even tens of kilograms , because making measurements at that accuracy is very time - consuming ; consequently , it is likely that smaller amounts of plutonium could be stolen without detection . Additionally , reprocessing is more expensive when compared with spent fuel storage . One study by the Boston Consulting Group estimated that reprocessing is six percent more expensive than spent fuel storage while another study by the Kennedy School of Government stated that reprocessing is 100 percent more expensive . Waste disposal ( edit ) Recently , as plants continue to age , many on - site spent fuel pools have come near capacity , prompting creation of dry cask storage facilities as well . Several lawsuits between utilities and the government have transpired over the cost of these facilities , because by law the government is required to foot the bill for actions that go beyond the spent fuel pool . There are some 65,000 tons of nuclear waste now in temporary storage throughout the U.S. Since 1987 , Yucca Mountain , in Nevada , had been the proposed site for the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository , but the project was shelved in 2009 following years of controversy and legal wrangling . An alternative plan has not been proffered . At places like Maine Yankee , Connecticut Yankee and Rancho Seco , reactors no longer operate , but the spent fuel remains in small concrete - and - steel silos that require maintenance and monitoring by a guard force . Sometimes the presence of nuclear waste prevents re-use of the sites by industry . Without a long - term solution to store nuclear waste , a nuclear renaissance in the U.S. remains unlikely . Nine states have `` explicit moratoria on new nuclear power until a storage solution emerges '' . Some nuclear power advocates argue that the United States should develop factories and reactors that will recycle some spent fuel . But the Blue Ribbon Commission on America 's Nuclear Future said in 2012 that `` no existing technology was adequate for that purpose , given cost considerations and the risk of nuclear proliferation '' . There is an `` international consensus on the advisability of storing nuclear waste in deep underground repositories '' , but no country in the world has yet opened such a site . The Obama administration has disallowed reprocessing of nuclear waste , citing nuclear proliferation concerns . Water use in nuclear power production ( edit ) U.S. 2014 Electricity Generation By Type . A 2011 NREL study of water use in electricity generation concluded that the median nuclear plant with cooling towers consumed 672 gallons per megawatt - hour ( gal / MWh ) , a usage similar to that of coal plants , but more than other generating technologies , except hydroelectricity ( median reservoir evaporation loss of 4,491 gal / MWh ) and concentrating solar power ( 786 gal / MWh for power tower designs , and 865 for trough ) . Nuclear plants with once - through cooling systems consume only 269 gal / MWh , but require withdrawal of 44,350 gal / MWh . This makes nuclear plants with once - through cooling susceptible to drought . Once - through cooling systems , while once common , have come under attack for the possibility of damage to the environment . Wildlife can become trapped inside the cooling systems and killed , and the increased water temperature of the returning water can impact local ecosystems . US EPA regulations favors recirculating systems , even forcing some older power plants to replace existing once - through cooling systems with new recirculating systems . A 2008 study by the Associated Press found that of the 104 nuclear reactors in the U.S. , `` ... 24 are in areas experiencing the most severe levels of drought . All but two are built on the shores of lakes and rivers and rely on submerged intake pipes to draw billions of gallons of water for use in cooling and condensing steam after it has turned the plants ' turbines , '' much like all Rankine cycle power plants . During the 2008 southeast drought , reactor output was reduced to lower operating power or forced to shut down for safety . The Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station is located in a desert and purchases reclaimed wastewater for cooling . Plant decommissioning ( edit ) The price of energy inputs and the environmental costs of every nuclear power plant continue long after the facility has finished generating its last useful electricity . Both nuclear reactors and uranium enrichment facilities must be decommissioned , returning the facility and its parts to a safe enough level to be entrusted for other uses . After a cooling - off period that may last as long as a century , reactors must be dismantled and cut into small pieces to be packed in containers for final disposal . The process is very expensive , time - consuming , dangerous for workers , hazardous to the natural environment , and presents new opportunities for human error , accidents or sabotage . The total energy required for decommissioning can be as much as 50 % more than the energy needed for the original construction . In most cases , the decommissioning process costs between US $300 million to US $5.6 billion . Decommissioning at nuclear sites which have experienced a serious accident are the most expensive and time - consuming . In the U.S. there are 13 reactors that have permanently shut down and are in some phase of decommissioning , but none of them have completed the process . New methods for decommissioning have been developed in order to minimize the usual high decommissioning costs . One of these methods is in situ decommissioning ( ISD ) , which was implemented at the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site in South Carolina for the closures of the P and R Reactors . With this tactic , the cost of decommissioning both reactors was $73 million . In comparison , the decommissioning of each reactor using traditional methods would have been an estimated $250 million . This results in a 71 % decrease in cost by using ISD . The number of nuclear power reactors are shrinking as they near the end of their life . It is expected that by 2025 many of the reactors will have been shut down due to their age . Because the costs associated with the constructions of nuclear reactors are also continuously increasing , this is expected to be problematic for the provision of energy in the country . When reactors are shut down , stakeholders in the energy sector are not replacing them with renewable energy resources but rather with coal and natural gas . This is because unlike the renewable energy sources such as wind and solar , coal and natural gas can be used to generate electricity on a 24 - hour basis . In other words , the coal and natural gas seems to be convenient solutions for the energy problem that is encountered in the US . Organizations ( edit ) Fuel vendors ( edit ) The following companies have active Nuclear fuel fabrication facilities in the United States . These are all light water fuel fabrication facilities because only LWRs are operating in the US . The US currently has no MOX fuel fabrication facilities , though Duke Energy has expressed intent of building one of a relatively small capacity . Areva Areva ( formerly Areva NP ) runs fabrication facilities in Lynchburg , Virginia and Richland , Washington . It also has a Generation III+ plant design , EPR ( formerly the Evolutionary Power Reactor ) , which it plans to market in the US . Westinghouse Electric Company Westinghouse operates a fuel fabrication facility in Columbia , South Carolina , which processes 1,600 metric tons Uranium ( MTU ) per year . It previously operated a nuclear fuel plant in Hematite , Missouri but has since closed it down . General Electric GE pioneered the BWR technology that has become widely used throughout the world . It formed the Global Nuclear Fuel joint venture in 1999 with Hitachi and Toshiba and later restructured into GE - Hitachi Nuclear Energy . It operates the fuel fabrication facility in Wilmington , North Carolina , with a capacity of 1,200 MTU per year . KazAtomProm KazAtomProm and the US company Centrus Energy have a partnership on competitive supplies of Kazakhstan 's uranium to the US market . Industry and academic ( edit ) The American Nuclear Society ( ANS ) scientific and educational organization has both academic and industry members . The organization publishes a large amount of literature on nuclear technology in several journals . The ANS also has some offshoot organizations such as North American Young Generation in Nuclear ( NA - YGN ) . The Nuclear Energy Institute ( NEI ) is an industry group whose activities include lobbying , experience sharing between companies and plants , and provides data on the industry to a number of outfits . Anti-nuclear power groups ( edit ) Anti-nuclear protest , Boston , MA , 1977 Some sixty anti-nuclear power groups are operating , or have operated , in the United States . These include : Abalone Alliance , Clamshell Alliance , Greenpeace USA , Institute for Energy and Environmental Research , Musicians United for Safe Energy , Nuclear Control Institute , Nuclear Information and Resource Service , Public Citizen Energy Program , Shad Alliance , and the Sierra Club . In 1992 , the chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said that `` his agency had been pushed in the right direction on safety issues because of the pleas and protests of nuclear watchdog groups '' . Debate about nuclear power in the US ( edit ) See also : Nuclear power debate There has been considerable public and scientific debate about the use of nuclear power in the United States , mainly from the 1960s to the late 1980s , but also since about 2001 when talk of a nuclear renaissance began . There has been debate about issues such as nuclear accidents , radioactive waste disposal , nuclear proliferation , nuclear economics , and nuclear terrorism . Some scientists and engineers have expressed reservations about nuclear power , including : Barry Commoner , S. David Freeman , John Gofman , Arnold Gundersen , Mark Z . Jacobson , Amory Lovins , Arjun Makhijani , Gregory Minor , and Joseph Romm . Mark Z . Jacobson , professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University , has said : `` If our nation wants to reduce global warming , air pollution and energy instability , we should invest only in the best energy options . Nuclear energy is n't one of them '' . Arnold Gundersen , chief engineer of Fairewinds Associates and a former nuclear power industry executive , has questioned the safety of the Westinghouse AP1000 , a proposed third - generation nuclear reactor . John Gofman , a nuclear chemist and doctor , raised concerns about exposure to low - level radiation in the 1960s and argued against commercial nuclear power in the U.S. In `` Nuclear Power : Climate Fix or Folly , '' Amory Lovins , a physicist with the Rocky Mountain Institute , argued that expanded nuclear power `` does not represent a cost - effective solution to global warming and that investors would shun it were it not for generous government subsidies lubricated by intensive lobbying efforts '' . Environmentalist Patrick Moore spoke out against nuclear power in 1976 , but today he supports it , along with renewable energy sources . In Australian newspaper The Age , he writes `` Greenpeace is wrong -- we must consider nuclear power '' . He argues that any realistic plan to reduce reliance on fossil fuels or greenhouse gas emissions need increased use of nuclear energy . Phil Radford , Executive Director of Greenpeace US responded that nuclear energy is too risky , takes too long to build to address climate change , and by showing that the can U.S. shift to nearly 100 % renewable energy while phasing out nuclear power by 2050 . Environmentalist Stewart Brand wrote the book Whole Earth Discipline , which examines how nuclear power and some other technologies can be used as tools to address global warming . Bernard Cohen , Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Pittsburgh , calculates that nuclear power is many times safer than other forms of power generation . President Obama early on included nuclear power as part of his `` all of the above '' energy strategy . In a speech to the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers in 2010 , he demonstrated his commitment to nuclear power by announcing his approval of an $8 billion loan guarantee to pave the way for construction of the first new US nuclear power plant in nearly 30 years . Then in 2012 , his first post-Fukishima state - of - the - union address , Barack Obama said that America needs `` an all - out , all - of - the - above strategy that develops every available source of American energy , '' yet pointedly omitted any mention of nuclear power . But in February 2014 , Energy secretary Ernest Moniz announced $6.5 billion in federal loan guarantees to enable construction of two new nuclear reactors , the first in the US since 1996 . According to the Union of Concerned Scientists in March 2013 over one - third of U.S. nuclear power plants suffered safety - related incidents over the past three years , and nuclear regulators and plant operators need to improve inspections to prevent such events . Pandora 's Promise is a 2013 documentary film , directed by Robert Stone . It presents an argument that nuclear energy , typically feared by environmentalists , is in fact the only feasible way of meeting humanity 's growing need for energy while also addressing the serious problem of climate change . The movie features several notable individuals ( some of whom were once vehemently opposed to nuclear power , but who now speak in support of it ) , including : Stewart Brand , Gwyneth Cravens , Mark Lynas , Richard Rhodes and Michael Shellenberger . Anti-nuclear advocate Helen Caldicott appears briefly . As of 2014 , the U.S. nuclear industry has begun a new lobbying effort , hiring three former senators -- Evan Bayh , a Democrat ; Judd Gregg , a Republican ; and Spencer Abraham , a Republican -- as well as William M. Daley , a former staffer to President Obama . The initiative is called Nuclear Matters , and it has begun a newspaper advertising campaign . Public opinion ( edit ) The Gallup organization , which has periodically polled US opinion on nuclear power since 1994 , found in March 2016 that , for the first time , a majority ( 54 % ) opposed nuclear power , versus 44 % in favor . In polls from 2004 through 2015 , a majority had supported nuclear power . support peaked at 62 % in 2010 , and has been in decline since . According to a CBS News poll , what had been growing acceptance of nuclear power in the United States was eroded sharply following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents , with support for building nuclear power plants in the U.S. dropping slightly lower than it was immediately after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 . Only 43 percent of those polled after the Fukushima nuclear emergency said they would approve building new power plants in the United States . A Washington Post-ABC poll conducted in April 2011 found that 64 percent of Americans opposed the construction of new nuclear reactors . A survey sponsored by the Nuclear Energy Institute , conducted in September 2011 , found that `` 62 percent of respondents said they favor the use of nuclear energy as one of the ways to provide electricity in the United States , with 35 percent opposed '' . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center poll , 44 percent of Americans favored and 49 percent opposed the promotion of increased use of nuclear power . A January 2014 Rasmussen poll found likely US voters split nearly evenly on whether to build more nuclear power plants , 39 percent in favor , versus 37 percent opposed , with an error margin of 3 percent . Prospects of a nuclear renaissance ( edit ) See also : Nuclear renaissance in the United States US reactor construction permits issued and operating nuclear power reactors , 1955 -- 2011 ( data from US EIA ) As of 2017 , the US Energy Information Administration projects that US nuclear generating capacity will decline 23 percent from its 2016 level of 99.1 GW , to 76.5 GW in 2050 , and the nuclear share of electrical generation to go from 20 % in 2016 down to 11 % in 2050 . Driving the decline will be retirements of existing units , to be partially offset by additional units currently under construction and expected capacity expansions of existing reactors . In the 2000s there was a renewed interest in nuclear power in the US , spurred by anticipated government curbs on carbon emissions , and a belief that fossil fuels would become more costly . Signs of a revival ( edit ) The federal government encouraged development of nuclear power through the Nuclear Power 2010 Program , which coordinates efforts for building new nuclear power plants , and the Energy Policy Act which has provisions favorable to nuclear . In February 2010 , President Barack Obama announced loan guarantees for two new reactors at Georgia Power 's Vogtle Electric Generating Plant . The reactors are `` just the first of what we hope will be many new nuclear projects , '' said Carol Browner , director of the White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy . In 2008 , it was reported that The Shaw Group and Westinghouse would construct a factory at the Port of Lake Charles at Lake Charles , Louisiana to build components for the Westinghouse AP1000 nuclear reactor . On October 23 , 2008 , it was reported that Northrop Grumman and Areva were planning to construct a factory in Newport News , Virginia to build nuclear reactors . As of March 2009 , the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission had received applications for permission to construct 26 new nuclear power reactors with applications for another 7 expected . Six of these reactors have been ordered . However , not all the proposed new capacity will necessarily be built , with some applications being made to keep future options open and reserving places in a queue for government incentives available for up to the first three plants based on each innovative reactor design . In August 2011 , the TVA board of directors voted to move forward with the construction of the unit one reactor at the Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station . In addition , the Tennessee Valley Authority petitioned to restart construction on the first two units at Bellefonte . But as of March 2012 , many contractors have been laid off and the ultimate cost and timing for Bellefonte 1 will depend on work at another reactor TVA is completing -- Watts Bar 2 in Tennessee . In February 2012 , TVA said the Watts Bar 2 project was running over budget and behind schedule . In 2012 , The NRC approved construction permits for four new nuclear reactor units at two existing plants , the first permits in 34 years . The first new permits , for two proposed reactors at the Vogtle plant , were approved in February 2012 . NRC Chairman Gregory Jaczko cast the lone dissenting vote , citing safety concerns stemming from Japan 's 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster : `` I can not support issuing this license as if Fukushima never happened '' . The first two of the newly approved units were the Units 3 and 4 at the existing Vogtle Electric Generating Plant . As of December 2011 , construction by Southern Company on the two new nuclear units had begun , and they are expected to be delivering commercial power by 2016 and 2017 , respectively . One week after Southern received the license to begin major construction on the two new reactors , a dozen environmental and anti-nuclear groups sued to stop the Plant Vogtle expansion project , saying `` public safety and environmental problems since Japan 's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor accident have not been taken into account '' . The lawsuit was dismissed in July 2012 . Also in 2012 , Units 2 and 3 at the SCANA Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station in South Carolina were approved , and are scheduled to come online in 2017 and 2018 , respectively . A proposed nuclear power plant , the Blue Castle Project , is set to begin construction near Green River , Utah in 2023 . The plant will use 53,500 acre - feet of water annually from the Green River once both reactors are commissioned . The first reactor is scheduled to come online in 2028 , with the second reactor coming online in 2030 . Continued problems and opposition ( edit ) A number of other reactors were under consideration -- a third reactor at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Maryland , a third and fourth reactor at South Texas Nuclear Generating Station , together with two other reactors in Texas , four in Florida , and one in Missouri . However , these have all been postponed or canceled . But , looking ahead , experts see continuing challenges that will make it very difficult for the nuclear power industry to expand beyond a small handful of reactor projects that `` government agencies decide to subsidize by forcing taxpayers to assume the risk for the reactors and mandating that ratepayers pay for construction in advance '' . In May 2009 , John Rowe , chairman of Exelon , which operates 17 nuclear reactors , stated that he would cancel or delay construction of two new reactors in Texas without federal loan guarantees . Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan , he remarked that the nuclear renaissance was dead . Amory Lovins added that `` market forces had killed it years earlier '' . In July 2009 , the proposed Victoria County Nuclear Power Plant was delayed , as the project proved difficult to finance . As of April 2009 , AmerenUE has suspended plans to build its proposed plant in Missouri because the state Legislature would not allow it to charge consumers for some of the project 's costs before the plant 's completion . The New York Times has reported that without that `` financial and regulatory certainty '' the company has said it could not proceed . Previously , MidAmerican Energy Company decided to `` end its pursuit of a nuclear power plant in Payette County , Idaho . '' MidAmerican cited cost as the primary factor in their decision . In February 2010 , the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 to block operation of the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant after 2012 , citing radioactive tritium leaks , misstatements in testimony by plant officials , a cooling tower collapse in 2007 , and other problems . By state law , the renewal of the operating license must be approved by both houses of the legislature for the nuclear power plant to continue operation . In 2010 , demand for nuclear power softened in America , and some companies withdrew their applications for licenses to build . In September 2010 , Matthew Wald from the New York Times reported that `` the nuclear renaissance is looking small and slow at the moment '' . In the first quarter of 2011 , renewable energy contributed 11.7 percent of total U.S. energy production ( 2.245 quadrillion BTUs of energy ) , surpassing energy production from nuclear power ( 2.125 quadrillion BTUs ) . 2011 was the first year since 1997 that renewables exceeded nuclear in US total energy production . In August 2012 , the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia found that the NRC 's rules for the temporary storage and permanent disposal of nuclear waste stood in violation of the National Environmental Policy Act , rendering the NRC legally unable to grant final licenses for any further new nuclear power plants . This ruling was based on the fact that the Yucca Mountain waste repository had never received a license due to its license application being withdrawn by the DOE nor had any viable alternative waste repository been proposed . So long as this ruling stands and this impasse on waste disposal exists , no additional nuclear plants can ever be licensed for operation in the United States . In March 2013 , the concrete for the basemat of Block 2 of the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station was poured . First concrete for Unit 3 was completed on November 4 , 2013 . In March 2013 , construction on unit 3 of Vogtle Electric Generating Plant started . Unit 4 was begun in November 2013 . In 2015 the Energy Information Administration estimated that nuclear power 's share of U.S. generation would fall from 19 % to 15 % by 2040 in its central estimate ( High Oil and Gas Resource case ) . However , as total generation increases 24 % by 2040 in the central estimate , the absolute amount of nuclear generation remains fairly flat . Economics ( edit ) George W. Bush signing the Energy Policy Act of 2005 , which was designed to promote US nuclear reactor construction , through incentives and subsidies , including cost - overrun support up to a total of $2 billion for six new nuclear plants . US nuclear power plants , highlighting recently and soon - to - be retired plants , as of 2018 ( US EIA ) . The low price of natural gas in the US since 2008 has spurred construction of gas - fired power plants as an alternative to nuclear plants . In August 2011 , the head of America 's largest nuclear utility said that this was not the time to build new nuclear plants , not because of political opposition or the threat of cost overruns , but because of the low price of natural gas . John Rowe , head of Exelon , said `` Shale ( gas ) is good for the country , bad for new nuclear development '' . In 2013 , four older reactors were permanently closed : San Onofre 2 and 3 in California , Crystal River 3 in Florida , and Kewaunee in Wisconsin . The state of Vermont tried to shut Vermont Yankee , in Vermont , but the plant was closed by the parent corporation for economic reasons in December 2014 . New York State is seeking to close Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant , in Buchanan , 30 miles from New York City , despite this reactor being the primary contributor to Vermont 's green energy fund . The additional cancellation of five large reactor upgrades ( Prairie Island , 1 reactor , LaSalle , 2 reactors , and Limerick , 2 reactors ) , four by the largest nuclear company in the U.S. , suggest that the nuclear industry faces `` a broad range of operational and economic problems '' . In July 2013 , economist Mark Cooper named some nuclear power plants that face particularly intense challenges to their continued operation : Palisades , decomissioning announced for spring 2022 Ft. Calhoun , decommissioned 2016 Nine Mile Point Fitzpatrick Ginna Oyster Creek , decomissioning announced for Dec. 2019 Vermont Yankee , decommissioned 2014 Millstone Clinton Indian Point , decomissionings announced for April 2020 , and April 2021 Cooper said that the lesson for policy makers and economists is clear : `` nuclear reactors are simply not competitive '' . In December 2010 , The Economist reported that the demand for nuclear power was softening in America . In recent years , utilities have shown an interest in about 30 new reactors , but the number with any serious prospect of being built as of the end of 2010 was about a dozen , as some companies had withdrawn their applications for licenses to build . Exelon has withdrawn its application for a license for a twin - unit nuclear plant in Victoria County , Texas , citing lower electricity demand projections . The decision has left the country 's largest nuclear operator without a direct role in what the nuclear industry hopes is a nuclear renaissance . Ground has been broken on two new nuclear plants with a total of four reactors . The Obama administration was seeking the expansion of a loan guarantee program but as of December 2010 had been unable to commit all the loan guarantee money already approved by Congress . Since talk a few years ago of a `` nuclear renaissance '' , gas prices have fallen and old reactors are getting license extensions . The only reactor to finish construction after 1996 was at Watts Bar , Tennessee , is an old unit , begun in 1973 , whose construction was suspended in 1988 , and was resumed in 2007 . It became operational in October 2016 . Of the 100 reactors operating in the U.S. , ground was broken on all of them in 1974 or earlier . Experts see continuing challenges that will make it very difficult for the nuclear power industry to expand beyond a small handful of reactor projects that `` government agencies decide to subsidize by forcing taxpayers to assume the risk for the reactors and mandating that ratepayers pay for construction in advance '' . In August 2012 , Exelon stated that economic and market conditions , especially low natural gas prices , made the `` construction of new merchant nuclear power plants in competitive markets uneconomical now and for the foreseeable future '' . In early 2013 UBS noted that some smaller reactors operating in deregulated markets may become uneconomic to operate and maintain , due to competition from generators using low priced natural gas , and may be retired early . The 556 MWe Kewaunee Power Station is being closed 20 years before license expiry for these economic reasons . In February 2014 the Financial Times identified Pilgrim , Indian Point , Clinton and Quad Cities power stations as potentially at risk of premature closure for economic reasons . As of 2017 , the U.S. shale gas boom has lowered electricity generation costs placing severe pressure on the economics of operating older existing nuclear power plants . Analysis by Bloomberg shows that over half of U.S. nuclear plants are running at a loss . The Nuclear Energy Institute has estimated that 15 to 20 reactors are at risk of early closure for economic reasons . Nuclear operators in Illinois and New York have obtained financial support from regulators , and operators in Connecticut , New Jersey , Ohio and Pennsylvania are seeking similar support . Some non-nuclear power generating companies have filed unfair competition lawsuits against these subsidies , and have raised the issue with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission . See also ( edit ) United States portal Energy portal Nuclear technology portal Anti-nuclear movement in the United States Anti-nuclear protests in the United States Atoms for Peace Critical Masses : Opposition to Nuclear Power in California , 1958 -- 1978 Nuclear policy of the United States Energy policy of the United States Exelon List of articles associated with nuclear issues in California List of nuclear reactors List of prospective nuclear units in the United States List of largest power stations in the United States List of the largest nuclear power stations in the United States Nuclear energy policy Nuclear power debate Nuclear Power 2010 Program Nuclear power plant accidents in the United States Nuclear whistleblowers Three Mile Island : A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946 United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954 United States - India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act United States - Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carbon Dioxide Emissions Avoided '' . 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How many people live near a nuclear power plant in the United States ? 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4,573,251,274,658,222,000 | where does the tv show suits take place | Suits ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Suits ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Suits <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Legal drama Created by Aaron Korsh Starring Gabriel Macht Patrick J. Adams Rick Hoffman Meghan Markle Sarah Rafferty Gina Torres Opening theme `` Greenback Boogie '' by Ima Robot Composer ( s ) Christopher Tyng Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 102 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Doug Liman Dave Bartis Producer ( s ) Gene Klein Gabriel Macht Patrick J. Adams Location ( s ) New York City , New York Toronto , Ontario Cinematography Dan Stoloff Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Untitled Korsh Company Hypnotic Films & Television Universal Cable Productions Open 4 Business Productions <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network USA Network Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release June 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 23 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website usanetwork.com/suits Suits is an American legal drama television series created and written by Aaron Korsh . The series premiered on June 23 , 2011 , on the cable network USA , and is produced by Universal Cable . Suits is set at a fictional law firm in New York City . The focal point of the show follows talented college dropout Mike Ross ( Patrick J. Adams ) , who initially works as a law associate for Harvey Specter ( Gabriel Macht ) , despite never actually attending law school . The show focuses on Harvey and Mike managing to close cases while maintaining Mike 's secret . Suits has been nominated for several awards since 2012 , with Gina Torres and Patrick J. Adams receiving individual praise for their roles as Jessica Pearson and Mike Ross respectively . On top of two nominations recognizing her role as a supporting actress , Torres was awarded Outstanding Performance in a Television Series at the 2013 NHMC Impact Awards . Adams was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the 2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards , and the show itself has been nominated for two People 's Choice Awards . In August 2016 , the series was renewed for a 16 - episode seventh season , which premiered on July 12 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 1.3 Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 1.4 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 1.5 Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.6 Season 6 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 1.7 Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting and marketing 4 Broadcast and home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Spin - off 7 Remake 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Suits episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 <Td_colspan="1"> June 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 23 ) September 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> June 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 14 ) February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> June 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 24 ) March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 7 <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Suits ( season 1 ) Former student Mike Ross makes a living illegally taking the Law School Admission Test for others . To pay for his grandmother 's care , he agrees to deliver a case of marijuana for his best friend Trevor , a drug dealer . Mike astutely avoids being arrested in a sting , only to stumble into a job interview with Harvey Specter , called the best closer in the city . Mike 's knowledge of the law impresses Harvey enough to win him the associate position , even though Mike does n't have a license to practice law . Together they try cases for the firm while maintaining the secret that Mike is a fraud . Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Suits ( season 2 ) Jessica Pearson , managing partner , learns Mike 's secret , but other issues take precedence when co-founding partner Daniel Hardman returns to the firm , pressuring Jessica and Harvey . Mike begins to foster a relationship with paralegal Rachel Zane , but finds himself pursuing other romantic entanglements after his grandmother 's sudden death . Harvey and his secretary Donna face accusations of burying evidence and must discover the truth while keeping incriminating evidence from Hardman , who would use it to leverage a managing partner position . The intensifying threat from Hardman forces Jessica into a merger with a British firm headed by Edward Darby . Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Suits ( season 3 ) Darby 's presence in the firm gives Harvey leverage to seek a position as name partner . Meanwhile , the merger causes Louis Litt to clash with his British counterpart . Darby International client Ava Hessington draws Harvey into a lengthy trial against his former mentor , and when the lawsuit turns into a murder charge , the arrest of Darby 's `` fixer '' Stephen Huntley becomes grounds for a messy dissolution of the merger . Rachel gets accepted into law school at Columbia , and she and Mike move in together . Realizing that his fraud ca n't continue forever , Mike leaves newly renamed Pearson Specter to take a position as an investment banker . Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Suits ( season 4 ) Mike 's new job puts him and Harvey on opposite sides of a takeover battle , causing the SEC to accuse them of collusion . When Mike is fired , Louis goes to extreme lengths to persuade Mike to come back to Pearson Specter , which put him in debt to shady billionaire investor Charles Forstman . Louis demands a name partner position , competing with Harvey , but his wrongdoings get him fired instead . When he realizes Mike never went to Harvard , he blackmails Jessica into rehiring him with the promotion he desired . Mike proposes to Rachel ; Donna leaves Harvey to work for Louis . Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Suits ( season 5 ) Harvey struggles with losing Donna , and begins to open up to a therapist about his broken relationship with his mother . However , Louis 's insecurity and desire to undermine Harvey create an opening for Jack Soloff , an ambitious partner who is being manipulated by Hardman . Rachel 's wedding plans and her relationship with her parents are both overshadowed by Mike 's secret . Mike and Harvey both resign to protect their future , but Mike is abruptly arrested for fraud . More and more people involved realize the allegations are true , and facing a tenacious Anita Gibbs , Mike turns himself in so that no one else will go to jail . Season 6 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Suits ( season 6 ) A two - year prison sentence puts Mike at the mercy of Frank Gallo , an inmate with a grudge against Harvey . At Pearson Specter Litt , few employees remain to help . Rachel works an Innocence Project case for her law professor ; Jessica assists pro bono but is distracted from matters at the firm , and chooses to leave her position to pursue her own life . Mike 's cellmate proves pivotal in a deal for Mike 's freedom . He struggles with his fraud being public knowledge , but obtains a job at a legal clinic . Harvey helps both Rachel and Mike pass the bar , and persuades Mike to come back to the firm . Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Suits ( season 7 ) Everyone at the firm struggles to adjust to a new normal without Jessica . Donna takes a position as COO and Harvey 's friend Alex joins the team . Harvey begins dating his former therapist , Paula ; Louis sees a therapist of his own , with mixed results . Rachel begins her career as an attorney , having passed the bar . Mike continues to work pro bono cases at the clinic , with Harvey 's blessing , but one of the cases puts Alex , Harvey and others at risk . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Suits characters Main ( edit ) Gabriel Macht at a promotional event for Suits Gabriel Macht as Harvey Specter : Name partner and Managing Partner at Pearson Specter Litt , and the self - proclaimed best closer in New York City . Patrick J. Adams as Mike Ross : hired by Harvey as his personal associate , despite not having a license to practice law . Rick Hoffman as Louis Litt : Name partner at Pearson Specter Litt . He loves the firm like family , and considers the associates as his biggest assets . Meghan Markle as Rachel Zane : a senior paralegal / part time associate at Pearson Specter Litt . Mike Ross 's fiancée . Sarah Rafferty as Donna Paulsen : Harvey 's former legal secretary , now COO , and close confidante . Gina Torres as Jessica Pearson : co-founder and former managing partner of Pearson Hardman . Recurring ( edit ) Rebecca Schull as Edith Ross : Mike 's late grandmother who raised him after his parents ' deaths David Costabile as Daniel Hardman : Founding partner and former managing partner of Pearson Hardman ; he and Jessica once worked closely to overtake the firm 's other managing partners , until Jessica discovered Hardman 's embezzling and got him removed Amanda Schull as Katrina Bennett : A former fifth - year associate hired by Harvey , she later becomes Louis ' personal associate ; following the fallout when Louis almost left the firm , she went to work for Robert Zane , Rachel 's father Max Topplin as Harold Gunderson : A socially awkward former Pearson Hardman associate who was repeatedly bullied by Louis ; he now works at the firm Bratton Gould , and occasionally still crosses paths with Mike Pooch Hall as Jimmy Kirkwood : Former Pearson Hardman associate who now works at Bratton Gould , and is friends with Mike David Reale as Benjamin : The `` IT guy '' at the firm who has made occasional appearances since season one ; in season six , he is one of the few employees who does not quit following the fallout from Mike 's conviction on fraud charges Abigail Spencer as Dana `` Scottie '' Scott : Harvey 's rival at Harvard , former girlfriend and former senior partner at Pearson Specter Tom Lipinski as Trevor Evans : Mike 's former best friend , a drug dealer who has since turned his life around Vanessa Ray as Jenny Griffith : Trevor 's girlfriend who later ( briefly ) became Mike 's girlfriend Eric Close as Travis Tanner : A rival lawyer of Harvey 's who 's a senior partner at Clyde McPhee , a firm in Boston Gary Cole as Cameron Dennis : A former New York County ( Manhattan ) District Attorney and Harvey 's mentor until Harvey discovers his illegal practices Conleth Hill as Edward Darby : Was Jessica 's partner at the firm during season 3 , with 51 % control of Pearson Darby Adam Godley as Nigel Nesbitt : A senior partner at Darby International Max Beesley as Stephen Huntley : Darby 's right - hand man and `` fixer '' who briefly dates Donna ; people refer to him as Harvey 's British counterpart Rachael Harris as Sheila Sazs : A high - ranking official in Harvard 's placement department who is also Louis ' on - and - off love interest Diane Neal as Allison Holt : The managing partner of Bratton Gould and a friend of Daniel Hardman Wendell Pierce as Robert Zane : A high - powered attorney at Rand , Calder and Zane ; Rachel 's father Michelle Fairley as Ava Hessington : CEO of British oil company Hessington Oil ; her father was Darby 's first ever client Brandon Firla as Jonathan Sidwell : An investment banker who Mike helps to start his own company ; he hires Mike at the end of season 3 , and fires him in season 4 Željko Ivanek as Eric Woodall : A former prosecutor in the U.S. Attorney 's office who is now working as an SEC prosecutor ; he has a personal vendetta against Harvey Eric Roberts as Charles Forstman : A corrupt billionaire investor who crosses paths with Mike and Harvey ; he later lands in prison for bribing the SEC D.B. Woodside as Jeff Malone : An SEC prosecutor and Jessica 's lover , hired by the firm for a time , until he leaves and breaks up with Jessica Brendan Hines as Logan Sanders : Harvey 's client in the case regarding the acquisition of Gillis Industries ; he is revealed to be Rachel 's former boyfriend Neal McDonough as Sean Cahill : A zealous SEC prosecutor who is determined to take down Pearson Specter ; he and Harvey later exchange favors , despite their adversarial relationship Christina Cole as Dr. Paula Agard : Harvey 's therapist , who later becomes his romantic interest Aloma Wright as Gretchen Bodinski : Harvey 's new secretary after Donna goes to work for Louis John Pyper - Ferguson as Jack Soloff : An ambitious senior partner at Pearson Specter Litt Billy Miller as Marcus Specter : Harvey 's younger brother Leslie Hope as Anita Gibbs : The prosecutor who puts Mike on trial for fraud , with the ultimate goal of getting Mike to turn on Harvey in order to save himself Farid Yazdani as David Green : The prosecutor 's associate who has a shady past with Mike Ross Paul Schulze as Frank Gallo : Mike 's antagonist in prison ; it is revealed Harvey prosecuted Gallo while still working for Cameron Dennis Erik Palladino as Kevin Miller : Mike 's cellmate and confidante in prison , he is revealed to be William Sutter 's son - in - law Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Julius Rowe : A prison counselor Glenn Plummer as Leonard Bailey : A death row inmate whom Rachel tries to help exonerate when she takes an assignment for the Innocence Project Ian Reed Kesler as Stu Buzzini : An investment trader who sublets space in the Pearson Specter Litt offices and becomes a thorn in the side of Louis Alan Rosenberg as William Sutter : The target of an insider trading investigation by Sean Cahill ; he is the key person in a deal Cahill makes with Harvey to get Mike out of prison early Carly Pope as Tara Messer : Louis ' new love interest Peter Cambor as Nathan : Mike 's boss at the legal clinic , where he begins working after getting out of prison Jordan Johnson - Hinds as Oliver Grady : A young attorney at the legal clinic whom Mike takes under his wing Dulé Hill as Alex Williams : Harvey 's old friend who 's a partner at Bratton Gould ; Harvey hires him as a senior partner at PSL in season 7 Jake Epstein as Brian Altman : A young associate whom Louis initially torments , but soon begins to respect Ray Proscia as Dr. Lipschitz : Louis ' therapist ; though introduced in season 7 , it is revealed in a flashback that Louis began seeing Lipschitz under Jessica 's orders when the firm was still Pearson Hardman Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Suits first appeared on USA network 's development slate under the title A Legal Mind in April 2010 . On April 5 , 2010 , USA announced that it was developing seven new pilots for its 2010 - 2011 television season , including A Legal Mind , which would later become Suits . The premiere was written by Aaron Korsh , and David Bartis and Gene Klein served as executive producers . It was later announced on May 17 , 2010 that USA ordered a ninety - minute cast - contingent pilot for the series . The network later picked up A Legal Mind on January 19 , 2011 and ordered eleven one - hour episodes in addition to the 90 - minute pilot . Creator Aaron Korsh , whose Notes from the Underbelly sitcom was canceled during the 2007 - 2008 Writers ' Strike , wrote a spec script intended to be a `` half - hour Entourage - type based on my experiences working on Wall Street . '' He later realized that the project should have hour - long episodes . Korsh and his agent took the script to several production companies and wanted to give the script to Universal Media Studios . However , Korsh found it odd that the studio did not want to sell the script to NBC , the network the studio typically worked with . Korsh 's agent convinced USA Network executive Alex Sepiol that although the series was neither a procedural nor what the network typically did , he would like the characters . Sepiol approved of the script , and by then , Hypnotic Films & Television signed on to the project . The team pitched the script to USA , which bought the script after the pitch . Korsh did not pitch it to anyone else . When rewriting the script , Korsh made only small changes to the first half - hour , up to when Mike is hired . Originally , Mike did not take LSATs for others and only pretends to have attended Harvard , as opposed to pretending he attended Harvard and has a law degree . Korsh noted that there is no degree or test needed , to work on Wall Street and be a mathematical genius , unlike the bar examination in law . He decided to `` embrace '' this difference and change the premise . The pilot episode was filmed in New York City , where the series is set . The rest of the series is filmed in Toronto ( at Downsview Park Studios ) , where the sets are built to be identical to the New York law offices seen in the pilot . To promote the series debut , USA had an advance screening of the pilot on June 2 , 2011 , at the Hudson River Park and distributed free Häagen - Dazs Sundaes cones at the viewing . The network also had a branded ice cream carts , bikes , and scooters give away at the Sundaes and USA / Entertainment Weekly 2011 promotion summer guides on June 22 and 23 . They also held the promotion in New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , San Francisco , and Boston to endorse the pilot . Casting and marketing ( edit ) The season was created by Aaron Korsh and was aired on the USA Network in the United States . The season was produced by Hypnotic Films & Television and Universal Cable Productions . The executive producers were Korsh , Doug Liman , and David Bartis . The staff writers were : Korsh with three writing credits ; Sean Jablonski , Jon Cowan , Ethan Drogin , and Rick Muirragui with two each ; and Erica Lipez with one . The directors throughout the season were Kevin Bray , John Scott , Dennie Gordon , Kate Woods , Terry McDonough , Tim Matheson , Norberto Barba , Felix Alcala , Jennifer Getzinger , and Mike Smith . The first role in which a casting spot was filled was for Patrick J. Adams , who was cast in the lead role of Mike Ross in July 2010 . In late July , Gabriel Macht joined the main cast as Harvey Specter . Rick Hoffman came on board in mid-August to portray Harvey 's competition , Louis , at the law firm . Meghan Markle and Gina Torres soon joined the cast in late August , who were set to play Rachel Zane and Jessica Pearson respectively . Sarah Rafferty completed the main cast as Donna , and the pilot was filmed in New York City in the fall of 2010 . The series was soon commissioned with a 12 - episode order on January 19 , 2011 . The series began filming in Toronto on April 25 , 2011 , and completed on August 12 , 2011 in New York City . Post production for the series was done at Cherry Beach Sound . `` Greenback Boogie '' by Ima Robot serves as the theme song of the show and was released as a single on September 18 , 2010 , and is included on the band 's third album , Another Man 's Treasure . A deleted scene leaked onto YouTube shows Victor Garber as Phillip Hardman , originally part of the pilot , but was ultimately cut during script rewrites . It shows that Hardman had retired from the firm on his own accord . Despite being cut for US audiences , the scene was left in for British viewers when it was first aired , and the scene continues to be included in re-runs . Broadcast and home Media ( edit ) The first season premiered on June 23 , 2011 and concluded on September 8 , 2011 . It ran for 12 episodes , including a 90 - minute pilot . The complete first season was available on Region 1 DVD on May 1 , 2012 and Region A Blu - ray on March 11 , 2013 . Suits was renewed for a second season consisting of 16 episodes on August 11 , 2011 , which premiered on June 14 , 2012 . The mid-season finale aired on August 23 , 2012 , with the remaining six episodes returning on January 17 , 2013 . The complete second season was available on Region 1 DVD on December 2 , 2013 , and Region A Blu - ray on January 11 , 2014 . On October 12 , 2012 , the show was renewed for a third season of 16 episodes . Season 3 premiered on July 16 , 2013 , with the final six episodes airing after March 6 , 2014 . The complete third season was available on December 22 , 2014 , on Region 1 DVD and was released on Region A Blu - ray on January 3 , 2015 . A fourth season of 16 episodes was announced on October 24 , 2013 . Season 4 premiered on June 11 , 2014 , with the mid-season finale on August 6 , 2014 . The complete fourth season was available on June 8 , 2015 , on Region 1 DVD and was released on Region A Blu - ray on July 11 , 2015 . On August 11 , 2014 , USA Network announced a fifth season of 16 episodes , which premiered on June 24 , 2015 . On July 1 , 2015 , Suits was renewed for a sixth season consisting of 16 episodes and premiered on July 13 , 2016 . The series is available through streaming services on Amazon Video , iTunes , Vudu , and Xfinity . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the first six seasons of Suits were broadcast on Dave , but the channel chose to drop the series before Season 7 , causing Netflix to pick up the UK rights , streaming the programme less than 24 hours after its US broadcast . Netflix did not pick up the rights for Ireland . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Suits has received generally favorable reviews on Metacritic . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds an 89 % approval rating with the Season 3 consensus reading , `` Though it 's occasionally overly wordy , Suits stimulates with drama derived from the strength of its well - developed characters ' relationships . '' Carrie Raisler of The A.V. Club said , `` Suits has more internal forward momentum than ( al ) most anything else on television right now , and when it 's on , like it mostly is here , it just cooks . '' Julie Hinds of The Detroit Free Press said , `` The combination of Gabriel Macht as slick attorney Harvey Specter and Patrick J. Adams as unlicensed legal genius Mike Ross has been a winning one . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired TV season Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 10 : 00 pm 12 June 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 23 ) 4.64 September 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 08 ) 3.47 2010 -- 11 4.28 1.4 16 June 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 14 ) 3.47 February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 3.20 2012 -- 13 3.60 1.2 Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 10 ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm ( 11 -- 16 ) 16 July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) 2.93 April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) 2.40 2013 -- 14 2.73 0.9 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 16 June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 2.50 March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 1.55 2014 -- 15 2.26 0.7 5 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 10 ) Wednesday 10 : 00 pm ( 11 -- 16 ) 16 June 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 24 ) 2.13 March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 1.71 2015 -- 16 2.01 0.6 6 16 July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 1.85 March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 1.13 2016 -- 17 1.60 0.4 7 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 16 July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 1.40 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD Suits : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 4.64 3.89 4.53 4.38 4.38 4.44 4.03 3.96 4.45 3.82 3.96 3.47 <Td_colspan="4"> N / A 3.47 3.80 3.88 3.70 3.72 3.89 3.41 3.42 4.00 4.48 3.57 3.75 3.36 3.07 2.90 3.20 2.93 2.89 2.48 2.99 2.79 2.76 2.79 3.52 2.95 3.16 2.28 2.28 2.35 2.53 2.50 2.40 2.50 2.65 2.76 2.42 2.33 2.70 2.81 2.59 2.59 2.76 1.87 1.67 1.46 1.70 1.80 1.55 5 2.13 2.27 2.16 2.38 2.10 2.16 2.08 2.31 2.30 2.34 1.74 1.51 1.71 1.58 1.73 1.71 6 1.85 1.65 1.78 1.81 1.51 1.68 1.83 1.88 1.87 1.92 1.37 1.53 1.28 1.21 1.25 1.13 7 1.40 1.36 1.41 1.41 1.29 1.47 1.35 1.51 1.64 1.68 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2012 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Patrick J. Adams Nominated ALMA Award Favorite TV Actress - Supporting Role Gina Torres Nominated 2013 Imagen Foundation Awards Best Supporting Actress / Television Gina Torres Nominated NHMC Impact Awards Outstanding Performance In A Television Series Gina Torres Won 2014 TV Guide Award Favorite Drama Series Suits Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramedy Suits Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Anton Cropper for `` One - Two - Three Go ... '' Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Drama Suits Nominated Spin - off ( edit ) In February 2017 , USA became in early talks for a potential Jessica Pearson spin - off . Torres would star in and produce the spin - off . In August 2017 , it was revealed that the season 7 finale of Suits would serve as a backdoor pilot to the potential Jessica Pearson spin - off series . Remake ( edit ) Jang Dong - gun and Park Hyung - sik will star in a Korean remake of the series , which will be produced by Monster Union and ENT Media Pictures and be broadcast on KBS2 in 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : More USA Summer Premieres : `` Burn Notice , '' `` Suits '' on Thursday , June 23 ; `` Royal Pains , '' `` Necessary Roughness '' on Wednesday , June 29 `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` USA expands slate with two new series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nellie , Andreeva . `` Suits Renewed For Season 7 By USA Network '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saclao , Christian ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suits ' Season 7 Premiere Date Revealed ; What Will Happen In Episode 1 ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suits ' Renewed For Season 7 By USA Network -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USA Network Announces Slate of `` Character '' Driven Projects for 2010 - 2011 `` . The Futon Critic. April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : More USA Summer Premieres : `` Burn Notice , '' `` Suits '' on Thursday , June 23 ; `` Royal Pains , '' `` Necessary Roughness '' on Wednesday , June 29 `` . The Futon Critic. April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Network Announces Slate of `` Character '' Driven Projects for 2010 - 2011 `` . The Futon Critic. April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` USA Network 's Fall Slate Includes Modern - Day Robin Hood , Steve Carell - Produced Dramedy '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Monday , May 17 '' . The Futon Critic . March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` USA Network Picks Up Two New Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` USA Flexes Programming Muscle With New Original Scripted Series `` A Legal Mind '' and `` Necessary Roughness '' `` . The Futon Critic . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' Suits ' Originally Set on Wall Street Before Getting Retooled for USA , Says Creator '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Suits ' Star Gabriel Macht Prefers Shooting Hit Legal Drama in NYC , Over Toronto '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jaar , Stephanie ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Suits Set Report : Welcoming a New Show with Open Arms '' . Poptimal . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Network Kicks Off Sizzling Summer With Entertainment Weekly and the Haagen - Dazs ( R ) Brand '' . The Futon Critic . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sellitti , Renata ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` USA Network 's Summer of Originals Screenings : Pier Perfection '' . Poptimal . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Curt ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` USA promotes new shows in Chicago with free ice cream '' . RedEye . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Patrick J. Adams To Star in ' A Legal Mind ' ; Mark Pellegrino Joins ' Being Human ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : USA ' Legal ' drama recruits ' Spirit ' star Gabriel Macht '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` CASTINGS ROUNDUP : Eric Winter Joins CBS ' ' The Mentalist ' , Duo Cast In Pilots '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` Meghan Markle books lead role on ' Legal Mind ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mark Dundas ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` New York Production Listings '' . Backstage . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mark Dundas ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` New York Production Listings '' . Back Stage . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` USA Orders Two New Series : ' A Legal Mind , ' & ' Necessary Roughness ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` List of productions currently filming in Toronto '' ( PDF ) . City of Toronto . August 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ISDN -- Suits ADR session '' . Cherry Beach Sound . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Suits Deleted Scene - Jessica Pearson and Phillip Hardman '' . YouTube . May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Suits Renewed for Season 2 '' . TV.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suits Season 2 Episode 1 '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Suits ' Renewed by USA for Third Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Suits ' Renewed : USA Drama Gets A Season 4 '' . Huffpost TV . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Suits ' Renewed for Fifth Season by USA '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` USA Sets Dates for Suits , Graceland , Jason O'Mara Drama , Mr. Robot and Others , Orders Chrisley Spinoff Pilots '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Suits is renewed for season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suits '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suits , Season 1 '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season 1 '' . Vudu . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suits '' . Comcast . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , David ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Meghan Markle 's show Suits has been dropped by TV channel Dave '' . Express . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved Jun 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suits Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : ' The Arrangement ' '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` With ' Suits , ' USA network is tailored for hipness '' . The Detroit Free Press . July 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Burn Notice , Swamp People , Suits , NBA Draft , Wilfred top Night + Futurama , Louie & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Cable : ' Jersey Shore ' Takes A Hit , Still Dominates , ' Burn Notice , ' ' Suits , ' ' Wilfred , ' ' Futurama ' Finales & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Suits : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Swamp People ' Wins Night , ' Burn Notice ' , ' Suits ' , ' Men at Work ' , ' Mountain Men ' , ' Do n't Be Tardy For The Wedding ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bible , Sara ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Swamp People ' Wins Night , ' Archer ' , ' Suits ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' King of the Nerds ' , ' Project Runway ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/07/17/tuesday-cable-ratings-catfish-wins-night-the-game-suits-rizzoli-isles-pretty-little-liars-more/192330/ Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Vikings ' & ' Pawn Stars ' Lead Night + ' Greatest Event in TV History ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , Stanley Cup Finals , ' Catfish ' , ' Suits ' , ' Graceland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' & ' Dual Survival ' Win Night , ' Catfish ' , ' Conan ' , Mob Wives ' & More March 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' Suits ' , ' The Game ' , ' Mr. Robot ' , ' Baby Daddy ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walch , Alex ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Mob Wives ' falls , ' Broad City ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Mr. Robot ' returns , ' Greenleaf ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' takes a hit , ' Six ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suits : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 ALMA Award Nominees Announced '' . Latin Heat Entertainment . July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Imagen Awards Winners & Nominees '' . The Imagen Foundation . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ines ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` NHMC Announces Honorees of Its 16th Impact Awards Gala '' . National Hispanic Media Coalition . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Jada . `` Taraji P. Henson , ' Black - ish ' Cast Sweep The 2015 NAACP Image Awards ( WINNERS LIST ) '' . The Urban Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff . `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 : Complete winners list '' . CNN . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suits ' Spinoff Starring Gina Torres Eyed By USA '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gina Torres Closes Deal To Star & Produce Potential ' Suits ' Spinoff -- Get the Details '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan . `` ' Suits ' Spinoff Starring Gina Torres : New Details on Plot , Setting and Airdate '' . TVLine . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/kwave/2017/09/22/3/3001000000AEN20170922003100315F.html External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Suits ( TV series ) Official website Suits on IMDb Suits at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Suits Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Other Characters <Th_colspan="2"> USA Network original programming Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver Silk Stalkings Strip Poker Swamp Thing : The Series USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. 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-4,088,671,538,661,081,600 | can you buy alcohol on sunday in la | Blue law - wikipedia Blue law This article is about laws created to enforce strict moral standards . For early Colony of Connecticut laws , see Blue Laws ( Connecticut ) . Sabbath Eve , painting by Alexander Johnston . Blue laws , also known as Sunday laws , are laws designed to restrict or ban some or all Sunday activities for religious reasons , particularly to promote the observance of a day of worship or rest . Blue laws may also restrict shopping or ban sale of certain items on specific days , most often on Sundays in the western world . Blue laws are enforced in parts of the United States and Canada as well as some European countries , particularly in Austria , Germany , Switzerland , and Norway , keeping most stores closed on Sundays . In the United States , the U.S. Supreme Court has held blue laws as constitutional numerous times , citing secular bases such as securing a day of rest for mail carriers , as well as protecting workers and families , in turn contributing to societal stability and guaranteeing the free exercise of religion . The origin of the blue laws also partially stems from religion , particularly the prohibition of Sabbath desecration in Christian Churches following the first - day Sabbatarian tradition . Both labour unions and trade associations have historically supported the legislation of blue laws . Most blue laws have been repealed in the United States , although Indiana banned the sale of alcoholic beverages on Sundays until repealed on February 28 , 2018 , and many states ban selling cars on Sundays . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Canada 3 Cook Islands , Tonga and Niue 4 Denmark 5 England and Wales 5.1 Before 1994 5.2 Since 1994 6 Northern Ireland 7 Poland 8 United States 8.1 Court cases 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) The very first known law regarding prohibition of Sunday labor for religious reasons was in 538 at the Third Council of Orléans . The first occurrence of the phrase blue laws so far found is in the New - York Mercury of March 3 , 1755 , where the writer imagines a future newspaper praising the revival of `` our Connecticut 's old Blue Laws '' . In his 1781 book General History of Connecticut , the Reverend Samuel Peters ( 1735 -- 1826 ) used it to describe various laws first enacted by Puritan colonies in the 17th century that prohibited various activities , recreational as well as commercial , on Sunday ( Saturday evening through Sunday night ) . Sometimes the sale of certain types of merchandise was prohibited , and in some cases all retail and business activity . Contrary to popular belief , there is no evidence that blue laws were originally printed on blue paper . Rather , the word blue was used in the 17th century as a disparaging reference to rigid moral codes and those who observed them , particularly in blue - stocking , a reference to Oliver Cromwell 's supporters in the parliament of 1653 . Moreover , although Reverend Peters claimed that the term blue law was originally used by Puritan colonists , his work has since been found to be unreliable . In any event , Peters never asserted that the blue laws were originally printed on blue paper , and this has come to be regarded as an example of false etymology , another version of which is that the laws were first bound in books with blue covers . As Protestant moral reformers organized the Sabbath reform in nineteenth - century America , calls for the enactment and / or enforcement of stricter Sunday laws developed . Numerous Americans were arrested for working , keeping an open shop , drinking alcohol , traveling , and recreating on Sundays . Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley write that throughout their existence , organizations advocating first - day Sabbatarianism , such as the Lord 's Day Alliance in North America and the Lord 's Day Observance Society in the British Isles , were supported by labor unions in lobbying `` to prevent secular and commercial interests from hampering freedom of worship and from exploiting workers . '' For example , the United States Congress was supported by the Lord 's Day Alliance in securing `` a day of rest for city postal clerks whose hours of labor , unlike those of city mail carriers , were largely unregulated . '' In Canada , the Ligue du Dimanche , a Roman Catholic Sunday league , supported the Lord 's Day Act in 1923 and promoted first - day Sabbatarian legislation . Beginning in the 1840s , workingmen , Jews , Seventh Day Baptists , free - thinkers , and other groups began to organize opposition . Throughout the century , Sunday laws served as a major source of church - state controversy and as an issue that drove the emergence of modern American minority - rights politics . On the other hand , the more recent Dies Domini , written by Pope John Paul II in 1998 , advocates Sunday legislation in that it protects civil servants and workers ; the North Dakota Catholic Conference in 2011 likewise maintained that blue laws , in accordance with the Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church , `` ensure that , for reasons of economic productivity , citizens are not denied time for rest and divine worship . '' Similarly , Chief Justice Earl Warren , while acknowledging the partial religious origin of blue laws , acknowledged their `` secular purpose they served by providing a benefit to workers at the same time that they enhanced labor productivity . '' Many European countries still place strong restrictions on store opening hours on Sundays , an example being Germany 's Ladenschlussgesetz . Canada ( edit ) Sunday Laws in Ontario , 1911 The Lord 's Day Act , which since 1906 had prohibited business transactions from taking place on Sundays , was declared unconstitutional in the 1985 case R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd . Calgary police officers witnessed several transactions at the Big M Drug Mart , all of which occurred on a Sunday . Big M was charged with a violation of the Lord 's Day Act . A provincial court ruled that the Lord 's Day Act was unconstitutional , but the Crown proceeded to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada . In a unanimous 6 -- 0 decision , the Lord 's Day Act was ruled an infringement of the freedom of conscience and religion defined in section 2 ( a ) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms . A Toronto referendum in 1950 allowed only team sports to be played professionally on Sunday . Theatre performances , movie screenings , and horse racing were not permitted until the 1960s . The Supreme Court later concluded , in R. v. Edwards Books and Art Ltd. , ( 1986 ) ( 2 S.C.R. 713 ) that Ontario 's Retail Business Holiday Act , which required some Sunday closings , did not violate the Charter because it did not have a religious purpose . Nonetheless , as of today , virtually all provincial Sunday Closing laws have ceased to exist . Some were struck down by provincial courts , but most were simply abrogated , often due to competitive reasons where out - of - province or foreign merchants were open . Cook Islands , Tonga and Niue ( edit ) In the Cook Islands , blue laws were the first written legislation , enacted by the London Missionary Society in 1827 , with the consent of ariki ( chiefs ) . In Tonga , the Vava'u Code ( 1839 ) was inspired by Methodist missionary teachings , and was a form of blue law . In Niue , certain activities remain forbidden on Sunday , reflecting the country 's history of observing Christian Sabbath tradition . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark the closing laws restricting retail trade on Sundays have been abolished with effect from October 1 , 2012 . From then on retail trade is only restricted on public holidays ( New Years Day , Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , Easter Sunday , Easter Monday , Day of Prayer , Ascension Day , Whit Sunday , Whit Monday , Christmas Day and Boxing Day ) and on Constitution Day , Christmas Eve and New Year 's Eve ( on New Year 's Eve from 3 pm only ) . On these days almost all shops will remain closed . Exempt are bakeries , DIYs , garden centres , gas stations and smaller supermarkets . England and wales ( edit ) Before 1994 ( edit ) Prior to 1994 , trading laws forbade sale of certain products on a Sunday ; the distinction between those that could and could not be sold was increasingly seen as arbitrary , and the laws were inadequately enforced and widely flouted . For example , some supermarkets would treat the relatively modest fines arising as a business cost and open nonetheless . Since 1994 ( edit ) The Sunday Trading Act 1994 relaxed restrictions on Sunday trading . This produced vocal opposition from bodies such as the Keep Sunday Special campaign , and the Lord 's Day Observance Society : on religious grounds , on the grounds that it would increase consumerism , and that it would reduce shop assistants ' weekend leisure time . The legislation permits large shops ( those with a relevant floor area in excess of 280 square metres ) to open for up to six hours on Sunday between the hours of 10 am and 6 pm . Small shops , those with an area of below 280 square metres , are free to set their own Sunday trading times . Some large shops , such as off - licences , service stations and garages , are exempt from the restrictions . Some very large shops ( e.g. department stores ) open for longer than 6 hours on a Sunday by allowing customers in to browse 30 minutes prior to allowing them to make a purchase , since the 6 hour restriction only applies to time during which the shop may make sales . Christmas Day and Easter Sunday are non-trading days . This applies even to garden centres , which earlier had been trading over Easter , but not to small shops ( those with an area of below 280 square metres ) . Northern Ireland ( edit ) Prior to 2008 , no football was permitted to be played on Sundays by clubs affiliated to the Irish Football Association in Northern Ireland . Shops with a floor area of over 280 square metres may only open from 1 to 6pm on Sundays . Poland ( edit ) See also : Sunday shopping § Poland Since 2007 , blue laws were enacted and resulted in stores closing on the 13 state holidays in Poland - these are both religious and secular days of rest . In 2014 , an initiative by the Law and Justice party failed to pass the reading in the Sejm to ban trading on Sundays and state holidays . However , since 2018 , the ruling government and the President of Poland has signed a law that restricts store trading from 1st March 2018 to the first and last Sunday of the month , Palm Sunday , the 3rd and 4th Advent Sundays , as well as trading until 14.00 for Easter Saturday and Christmas Eve . This will change in 2019 to trading permitted solely on the last Sunday of the month , as well as Palm Sunday , the 3rd and 4th Advent Sundays , as well as trading until 14.00 for Easter Saturday and Christmas Eve . From 2020 , stores may only be open on 7 Sundays in the year : Palm Sunday , the 3rd and 4th Advent Sundays , the last Sunday of January , April , June and August as well as trading until 14.00 for Easter Saturday and Christmas Eve . United States ( edit ) Main article : Blue laws in the United States In the United States , judges have defended blue laws `` in terms of their secular benefit to workers '' , holding that `` the laws were essential to social well - being '' . Chief Justice Stephen Johnson Field , with regard to Sunday blue laws , stated : Its requirement is a cessation from labor . In its enactment , the legislature has given the sanction of law to a rule of conduct , which the entire civilized world recognizes as essential to the physical and moral well - being of society . Upon no subject is there such a concurrence of opinion , among philosophers , moralists and statesmen of all nations , as on the necessity of periodical cessation from labor . One day in seven is the rule , founded in experience and sustained by science ... The prohibition of secular business on Sunday is advocated on the ground that by it the general welfare is advanced , labor protected , and the moral and physical well - being of society promoted . -- Hennington v. Georgia , 163 U.S. 299 ( 1896 ) Many states prohibit selling alcohol for on and off - premises sales in one form or another on Sundays at some restricted time , under the idea that people should be in church on Sunday morning , or at least not drinking . Another feature of blue laws in the United States restricts the purchase of particular items on Sundays . Some of these laws restrict the ability to buy cars , groceries , office supplies , and housewares among other things . Though most of these laws have been relaxed or repealed in most states , they are still enforced in some other states . In Texas , for example , blue laws prohibited selling housewares such as pots , pans , and washing machines on Sunday until 1985 . In Colorado , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Louisiana , Maine , Minnesota , Missouri , Oklahoma , New Jersey , North Dakota , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin , car dealerships continue to operate under blue - law prohibitions in which an automobile may not be purchased or traded on a Sunday . Maryland permits Sunday automobile sales only in the counties of Charles , Prince George 's , Montgomery , and Howard ; similarly , Michigan restricts Sunday sales to only those counties with a population of less than 130,000 . Texas and Utah prohibit car dealerships from operating over consecutive weekend days . In some cases these laws were created or retained with the support of those whom they affected , to allow them a day off each week without fear of their competitors still being open . Blue laws may also prohibit retail activity on days other than Sunday . In Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Maine , for example , blue laws prohibit most retail stores , including grocery stores , from opening on Thanksgiving and Christmas . Research regarding the effect of the repeal of blue laws has been conducted , with Professor Elesha Coffman of Baylor University writing : Regarding culture , the impact of vanishing blue laws could be larger . A study in New Mexico in 2006 found a sharp increase in drunken driving on Sundays after that state dropped its Sunday ban on packaged alcohol sales . A broader study published by MIT and Notre Dame economists in 2008 found that the repeal of blue laws led to decreased church attendance , decreased donations to churches , and increased alcohol and drug use among religious individuals . These wide - ranging effects can not easily be pinpointed to specific causes , but one of the latter study 's authors , Daniel Hungerman , suggested to Christianity Today that blue laws might have been fulfilling their original intent , to keep people pious . Court cases ( edit ) Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century , religious and ethno - cultural minorities arrested for violating state and local blue laws appealed their convictions to state supreme courts . In Specht v. Commonwealth ( 1848 ) , for example , German Seventh Day Baptists in Pennsylvania employed attorney Thaddeus Stevens to challenge the constitutionality of Pennsylvania 's Sunday law . As in cases in other states , litigants pointed to the provisions of state constitutions protecting religious liberty and maintained that Sunday laws were a blatant violation . Though typically unsuccessful ( most state supreme courts upheld the constitutionality of Sunday laws ) , these constitutional challenges helped set a pattern by which subsequent moral minorities would seek to protect religious freedom and minority rights . The Supreme Court of the United States held in its landmark case , McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) , that Maryland 's blue laws violated neither the Free Exercise Clause nor the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . It approved the state 's blue law restricting commercial activities on Sunday , noting that while such laws originated to encourage attendance at Christian churches , the contemporary Maryland laws were intended to serve `` to provide a uniform day of rest for all citizens '' on a secular basis and to promote the secular values of `` health , safety , recreation , and general well - being '' through a common day of rest . That this day coincides with Christian Sabbath is not a bar to the state 's secular goals ; it neither reduces its effectiveness for secular purposes nor prevents adherents of other religions from observing their own holy days . There were four landmark Sunday - law cases altogether in 1961 . The other three were Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Mass. , Inc. , 366 U.S. 617 ( 1961 ) ; Braunfeld v. Brown , 366 U.S. 599 ( 1961 ) ; Two Guys from Harrison vs. McGinley , 366 U.S. 582 ( 1961 ) . Chief Justice Earl Warren declared that `` the State seeks to set one day apart from all others as a day of rest , repose , recreation and tranquility -- a day which all members of the family and community have the opportunity to spend and enjoy together , a day on which there exists relative quiet and disassociation from the everyday intensity of commercial activities , a day on which people may visit friends and relative who are not available during working days . '' In March 2006 , Texas judges upheld the state blue law that requires car dealerships to close either Saturday or Sunday each weekend . See also ( edit ) Desuetude Dry county National Sunday Law Neo-prohibitionism Raines law Religious coercion Religious law Sunday shopping References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fuller , Wayne E. ( 1 October 2010 ) . Morality and the Mail in Nineteenth - Century America . University of Illinois Press . p. 93 . ISBN 9780252091353 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Steven ( 2000 ) . Seduced by Science : How American Religion Has Lost Its Way . NYU Press . p. 106 . ISBN 9780814731055 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Christian ( 2003 ) . The Secular Revolution : Power , Interests , and Conflict in the Secularization of American Public Life . University of California Press . p. 319 . ISBN 9780520230002 . Jump up ^ O'Flaherty , Edward ; Petersen , Rodney L. ; Norton , Timothy A. ( 7 September 2010 ) . Sunday , Sabbath , and the Weekend : Managing Time in a Global Culture . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 167 . ISBN 9780802865830 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics ( New York : Scribner , 1928 ) '' . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Snopes.com : American `` blue laws '' were so named because they were originally printed on blue paper ... Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fahlbusch , Erwin ; Bromiley , Geoffrey William ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 787 . ISBN 9780802824165 . Jump up ^ Roy , Christian ( 2005 ) . Traditional Festivals : A Multicultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 457 . ISBN 9781576070895 . However , an amendment was made that left is enforcement to the discretion of the provinces , so that it remained a dead letter in mostly French Quebec . A Catholic Sunday League was formed in 1923 to combat this laxity and promote sabbatarian restrictions in that province -- especially against movie theaters . Jump up ^ Rybczyński , Witold ( 1991 ) . Waiting for the Weekend . Viking Penguin . p. 78 . ISBN 9780670830015 . In 1922 , inspired by a pastoral letter decrying the lax observance of Sunday as a day of rest , the Ligue du Dimanche ( Sunday League ) was formed . For fourteen years the League agitated for Sabbatarian legislation , particularly against cinemas ... Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk ( 2014 ) , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 019937192X . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Catholic Conference says ' Sunday law ' Benefits All People '' . EWTN News . 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CanLII -- 1985 CanLII 69 ( S.C.C. ) '' . Canadian Legal Information Institute ( CanLII.org ) . September 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Levine : Never mind Ford Nation . Hogtown has a long history of drunks , tyrants and loudmouths running City Hall '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Louis - Philippe Raynault - Ollu ( February 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Observance Laws in North America '' . Social Science Research Network ( SSRN ) . SSRN 2260582 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lov om ændring af lov om detailsalg fra butikker m.v. - Liberalisering af reglerne om åbningstid - retsinformation.dk '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trading hours for retailers : the law '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Henry McDonald . `` New bid for Sunday football '' . the Guardian . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal and Sunday Trading '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poland limits Sunday shopping to benefit family life '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ph. D. , Prof. David J. Hanson , . `` Alcohol Blue Laws ( Laws Prohibiting Sunday Sales of Alcoholic Beverages ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Bob . `` Gaffney churches seek to stop Sunday alcohol sales '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Good Question : Why Ca n't We Buy Alcohol On Sunday ? , WCCO - TV , November 20 , 2006 Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Title 17 , § 3204 : Business , traveling or recreation on Sunday '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A turkey of a blue law '' , Boston Globe . Retrieved November 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Coffman , Elesha ( 2009 ) . `` Bye - Bye , Blue Laws ? '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford , 2014 ) , 59 - 68 , 190 - 201 . Jump up ^ McGOWAN v. MARYLAND , 366 U.S. 420 ( 1961 ) , Supreme Court of the United States , Decided May 29 , 1961 . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . `` The present purpose and effect of most of our Sunday Closing Laws is to provide a uniform day of rest for all citizens ; and the fact that this day is Sunday , a day of particular significance for the dominant Christian sects , does not bar the State from achieving its secular goals . '' Jump up ^ The LANDMARK Cases , National Sunday Law Crisis . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blue Law ' for car sales upheld by Judge '' Archived May 31 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , KVIA , March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . `` A Texas judge has upheld an old law that requires car dealerships in the Lone Star state to close one day each weekend . They must now choose to open either Saturday or Sunday . '' Bibliography ( edit ) Algeo , Matthew ( 2006 ) . Last Team Standing . Philadelphia : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81472 - 3 Ruck , Rob ; with Patterson , Maggie Jones and Weber , Michael P. ( 2010 ) . Rooney : A Sporting Life . Lincoln , Neb. : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2283 - 0 Volk , Kyle G. ( 2014 ) . Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 019937192X . Westcott , Rich ( 2001 ) . A Century of Philadelphia Sports . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56639 - 861 - 9 External links ( edit ) Red , White , but Mostly Blue : The Validity of Modern Sunday Closing Laws Under the Establishment Clause - Vanderbilt Law Review ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Blue Laws The Massachusetts Blue Laws Blue Law - Pantagraph ( Bloomington , Illinois newspaper ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_law&oldid=845259841 '' Categories : Political terminology of the United States Religion and law Sunday shopping Sabbath in Christianity Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 15 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Blue laws
2. Sunday laws
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4. Store closures on Sundays
5. Secular benefits of blue laws |
-3,733,090,243,952,529,400 | who does robin end up with in how i met your mother | The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tracy McConnell <Td_colspan="2"> How I Met Your Mother character <Td_colspan="2"> The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti <Th_colspan="2"> Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Birthdate September 19 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 19 ) ( age 33 ) Tracy McConnell ( colloquial : `` The Mother '' ) is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted ( Bob Saget ) , tells the story of how Ted Mosby ( Josh Radnor ) met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes , from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' , as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) and Robin Scherbatsky 's ( Cobie Smulders ) wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , Future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin and went on to have a long , happy marriage with Tracy . Contents 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly ( Ahna O'Reilly ) , awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max , only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since Max 's death . She is still grieving , but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) and Ted are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch ( Adam Paul ) , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called `` The Naked Man '' , but she turns him down . Whilst Mitch is still naked , prompting the Mother to crack some jokes at him , they sit on her couch and start talking . That is when Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren ( Andrew Rannells ) approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis ( Louis Ferrigno Jr . ) in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind , and they begin dating not long after . They live together for the next two years , but she knows deep down that she does n't love him . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends - Barney , Robin , Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , and Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) - before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his infant son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception , but Darren forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . Before she , however , Darren walks up to her , furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason '' , and quits the band . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on ; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a `` yes '' , says goodbye , and declines Louis ' proposal when she goes back inside . She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children are horrified , but then he says he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children said that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . London , England : Independent Print Ltd . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . London , England : DMG Media . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Popculturology . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Bustle . New York City : Bustle Digital Group . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( 4 October 2014 ) . `` Why Cristin Milioti Sobbed When She Found Out Her Character 's Fate in ' How I Met Your Mother ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Popculturology . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Brian ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . New York City : Tronc . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ @ CarterBays ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . New York City : Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . <Th_colspan="2"> How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks `` Let 's Go to the Mall '' `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=854352625 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 18 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Tracy McConnell
2. The Mother
3. How I Met Your Mother character
4. Ted Mosby
5. Cristin Milioti |
6,529,317,822,594,449,000 | cristiano ronaldo has he won a world cup | Cristiano Ronaldo - wikipedia Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese footballer For the Brazilian footballer , see Ronaldo ( Brazilian footballer ) . This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Santos and the second or paternal family name is Aveiro . Cristiano Ronaldo <Td_colspan="4"> Cristiano Ronaldo with Portugal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup <Th_colspan="4"> Full name <Td_colspan="3"> Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth <Td_colspan="3"> ( 1985 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1985 ( age 33 ) Place of birth <Td_colspan="3"> Funchal , Madeira , Portugal Height <Td_colspan="3"> 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Playing position <Td_colspan="3"> Forward <Th_colspan="4"> Club information Current team <Td_colspan="3"> Juventus Number <Td_colspan="3"> 7 <Th_colspan="4"> Youth career 1992 -- 1995 <Td_colspan="3"> Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 <Td_colspan="3"> Nacional 1997 -- 2002 <Td_colspan="3"> Sporting CP <Th_colspan="4"> Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B ( 0 ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 ( 3 ) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 ( 84 ) 2009 -- 2018 Real Madrid 292 ( 311 ) 2018 -- Juventus ( 0 ) <Th_colspan="4"> National team Portugal U15 9 ( 7 ) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 ( 5 ) 2003 Portugal U20 5 ( 1 ) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 ( 3 ) Portugal U23 ( 2 ) 2003 -- Portugal 154 ( 85 ) <Th_colspan="4"> Honours ( show ) <Th_colspan="3"> Men 's football <Th_colspan="3"> Representing Portugal <Th_colspan="3"> UEFA European Championship 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine 2016 France <Th_colspan="3"> FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia <Td_colspan="4"> * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 25 August 2018 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 30 June 2018 This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Namesakes Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Galaxy CR7 Museu CR7 Films Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM ( European Portuguese : ( kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Juventus and the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time , Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards , the most for a European player , and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes . He has won 26 trophies in his career , including five league titles , five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues ( 395 ) , the UEFA Champions League ( 120 ) , the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ) , as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League ( 34 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 6 ) . He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira , Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15 . He underwent an operation to treat his condition , and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 22 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . In 2009 , Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million ( £ 80 million ) . In Madrid , Ronaldo won 15 trophies , including two La Liga titles , two Copas del Rey , four UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Super Cups , and three FIFA Club World Cups. Real Madrid 's all - time top goalscorer , Ronaldo scored a record 34 La Liga hat - tricks , including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons . After joining Madrid , Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times , behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival , before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . After winning the 2016 and 2017 Champions Leagues , Ronaldo secured back - to - back Ballons d'Or again in 2016 and 2017 . A historic third consecutive Champions League followed , making Ronaldo the first player to win the trophy five times . In 2018 , he signed for Juventus in a transfer worth € 100 million , the highest fee ever paid for a player over 30 years old , and the highest ever paid by an Italian club . A Portuguese international , Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015 . He made his senior debut for Portugal in 2003 at age 18 , and has since had over 150 caps , including appearing and scoring in eight major tournaments , becoming Portugal 's most capped player and his country 's all - time top goalscorer . He scored his first international goal at Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final . He took over full captaincy in July 2008 , leading Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016 , and received the Silver Boot as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament , before becoming the highest European international goalscorer of all - time . One of the most marketable athletes in the world , he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017 , as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Sporting CP 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 2003 -- 07 : Development and breakthrough 2.2. 2 2007 -- 09 : Collective and individual success 2.3 Real Madrid 2.3. 1 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga championship 2.3. 2 2013 -- 15 : Consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima 2.3. 3 2015 -- 17 : All - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima 2.3. 4 2017 -- 18 : A record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or 2.4 Juventus 2.4. 1 2018 -- 19 3 International career 3.1 2001 -- 07 : Youth level and early international career 3.2 2007 -- 12 : Assuming the captaincy 3.3 2012 -- 16 : All - time Portugal top scorer and European champion 3.4 2016 -- present : Post-European Championship victory , and World Cup 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Lionel Messi 5 Outside football 6 Personal life 6.1 Family and relationships 6.2 Philanthropy 6.3 Controversies 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Club 8.2 International 8.3 Individual 8.3. 1 Awards 8.3. 2 Performances 8.3. 3 Orders 8.4 Records 8.4. 1 World 8.4. 2 Continental 8.4. 3 Spain 8.4. 4 Portugal 8.4. 5 Real Madrid 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born in São Pedro , Funchal , Portugal and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António , as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro , a cook , and José Dinis Aveiro , a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man . His second given name , `` Ronaldo '' , was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan . He has one older brother , Hugo , and two older sisters , Elma and Liliana Cátia . His great - grandmother on his father 's side , Isabel da Piedade , was from São Vicente , Cape Verde . Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home , sharing a room with his brother and sisters . As a child , Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha from 1992 to 1995 , where his father was the kit man , and later spent two years with Nacional . In 1997 , aged 12 , he went on a three - day trial with Sporting CP , who signed him for a fee of £ 1,500 . He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete , near Lisbon , to join Sporting 's other youth players at the club 's football academy . By age 14 , Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally , and agreed with his mother to cease his education in order to focus entirely on football . While popular with other students at school , he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher , who he said had `` disrespected '' him . However , one year later , he was diagnosed with a racing heart , a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football . Ronaldo underwent heart surgery where a laser was used to cauterise multiple cardiac pathways , altering his resting heart rate . He was discharged from the hospital hours after the procedure and resumed training a few days later . Club career Sporting CP Ronaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP 's museum At age 16 , Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting 's youth team by first - team manager László Bölöni , who was impressed with his dribbling . He subsequently became the first player to play for the club 's under - 16 , under - 17 and under - 18 teams , the B team , and the first team , all within a single season . A year later , on 7 October 2002 , Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga , against Moreirense , and scored two goals in their 3 -- 0 win . Over the course of the 2002 -- 03 season , his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta . Manager Arsène Wenger , who was interested in signing the winger , met with him at Arsenal 's grounds in November to discuss a possible transfer . Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson , however , determined to acquire Ronaldo on a permanent move urgently , after Sporting defeated United 3 -- 1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in August 2003 . Initially , United had just planned to sign Ronaldo and then loan him back to Sporting for a year . Having impressed the Manchester United players , however , they urged Ferguson to sign him . After the game , Ferguson agreed to pay Sporting £ 12.24 million for what he considered to be `` one of the most exciting young players '' he had ever seen . A decade after his departure from the club , in April 2013 , Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000 th member . Manchester United 2003 -- 07 : development and breakthrough Ronaldo became Manchester United 's first - ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003 -- 04 season . His transfer fee of £ 12.24 million made him , at the time , the most expensive teenager in English football history . Although he requested the number 28 , his number at Sporting , he received the number 7 shirt , which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best , Eric Cantona and David Beckham . Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo . A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager , Alex Ferguson , of whom he later said , `` He 's been my father in sport , one of the most important and influential factors in my career . '' Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003 , receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt . His performance earned praise from George Best , who hailed it as `` undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen . Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November . Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign , the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season , a match in which he also received his first red card . Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final , earning his first trophy . Ronaldo playing against Chelsea in the Premier League during his third season in England At the start of 2005 , Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004 -- 05 season , producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal . He played the full 120 minutes of the decisive match against Arsenal in the FA Cup final , which ended in a goalless draw , and scored his attempt in the lost penalty shootout . He scored Manchester United 's 1000th Premier League goal on 29 October , their only strike in a 4 -- 1 loss to Middlesbrough . Midway through the season , in November , he signed a new contract which extended his previous deal by two years to 2010 . Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football , the Football League Cup , after scoring the third goal in United 's 4 -- 0 final victory over Wigan Athletic . During his third season in England , Ronaldo was involved in several incidents . He had a one - match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a `` one - fingered gesture '' towards Benfica fans , and was sent off in the Manchester derby -- a 3 -- 1 defeat -- for kicking Manchester City 's former United player Andy Cole . Ronaldo clashed with a teammate , striker Ruud van Nistelrooy , who took offence at the winger 's showboating style of play . Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup , in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off , Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer , lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident . United , however , denied the possibility of him leaving the club . Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , it proved to be his breakout year , as he broke the 20 - goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title . An important factor in this success was his one - to - one training by first - team coach René Meulensteen , who taught him to make himself more unpredictable , improve his teamwork , call for the ball , and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known . He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December , against Aston Villa -- a victory which put United on top of the league -- Wigan Athletic , and Reading . Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December , becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours . 2007 -- 09 : collective and individual success Ronaldo during the 2006 -- 07 season At the quarter - final stage of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League , Ronaldo scored his first - ever goals in the competition , finding the net twice in a 7 -- 1 victory over Roma . He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan , which ended in a 3 -- 2 win , but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3 -- 0 at the San Siro . He also helped United reach the FA Cup final , but the decisive match against Chelsea ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat . Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May 2007 -- his 50th goal for the club -- as Manchester United claimed their first Premier League title in four years . As a result of his performances , he amassed a host of personal awards for the season . He won the Professional Footballers ' Association 's Player 's Player , Fans ' Player , and Young Player of the Year awards , as well as the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award , becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours . His club wages were concurrently upgraded to £ 120,000 a week ( £ 31 million total ) as part of a five - year contract extension with United . Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007 -- 08 season , his most prolific campaign during his time in England . He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season , an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him . At the end of 2007 , Ronaldo was named runner - up to Kaká for the Ballon d'Or , and came third , behind Kaká and Lionel Messi , in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award . Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008 , bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table . A month later , on 19 March , he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton , and scored both goals of the match . His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign , which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season , thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder . His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot , as well as the European Golden Shoe , which made him the first winger to win the latter award . Ronaldo taking a direct free kick against Celtic in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League In the knockout stage of the Champions League , Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon , which helped United advance to the quarter - finals 2 -- 1 on aggregate , and , while playing as a striker , scored with a header in the 3 -- 0 aggregate victory over Roma . United advanced to the final against Chelsea in Moscow , where , despite his opening goal being negated by an equaliser and his penalty being saved in the shoot - out , Manchester United emerged victorious . As the Champions League top scorer , Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year . He additionally received the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season . As rumours circulated of Ronaldo 's interest in moving to Real Madrid , United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid 's alleged pursuit of their player , but they declined to take action . FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club , describing the situation as `` modern slavery '' . Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter , he remained at United for another year . Ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season , on 7 July , he underwent ankle surgery , which kept him out of action for 10 weeks . Following his return , he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5 -- 0 win against Stoke City on 15 November , which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time . At the close of 2008 , Ronaldo helped United win the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan , assisting the final - winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process . He subsequently became United 's first Ballon d'Or winner since George Best in 1968 , and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year . His match - winning goal in the second leg against Porto , a 40 - yard strike , earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award , presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year ; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored . United advanced to the final in Rome , where he made little impact in United 's 2 -- 0 defeat to Barcelona . Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies , as United claimed their third successive Premier League title and a Football League Cup . He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions , 16 goals fewer than the previous season , in four more appearances . His final ever goal for Manchester United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford . Real Madrid 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga Championship Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season , Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time , of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . His contract , which ran until 2015 , was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause . At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu , surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli . Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7 , the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United , Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt , which was presented to him by former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . As his usual number 7 was unavailable , Ronaldo wore number 9 during his first season at Madrid . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010 -- 11 season . Ronaldo made his debut in La Liga on 29 August 2009 , against Deportivo La Coruña , and scored from the penalty spot in Madrid 's 3 -- 2 home win . He scored in each of his first four league fixtures with the club , the first Madrid player to do so . His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich . His strong start to the season , however , was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty , which kept him sidelined for seven weeks . A week after his return , he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería . Midway through the season , Ronaldo placed second in the running for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , behind Lionel Messi of Barcelona , Madrid 's historic rivals . He finished the campaign with 33 goals in all competitions , including a hat - trick in a 4 -- 1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010 , his first in the Spanish competition . His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt for Real Madrid before the 2010 -- 11 season . His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or - winning form was epitomised when , for the first time in his career , he scored four goals in a single match during a 6 -- 1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October . His haul concluded a goalscoring run of six consecutive matches -- three in La Liga , one in the Champions League , and two for Portugal -- totalling 11 goals , the most he had scored in a single month . Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat - tricks against Athletic Bilbao , Levante , Villarreal , and Málaga . Despite his performance , he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010 . During a historical series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011 , Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions in a single season . Although he failed to find the net during Madrid 's eventual elimination in the Champions League semi-finals , he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match - winning goal in the 103rd minute of the Copa del Rey final , winning his first trophy in Spain . Over the next two weeks , Ronaldo scored another four - goal haul against Sevilla , a hat - trick against Getafe , and a brace of free kicks against Villarreal , taking his league total to 38 goals , which equalled the record for most goals scored in a season held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez . His two goals in the last match of the season , against Almería , made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals . In addition to the Pichichi Trophy , Ronaldo consequently won the European Golden Shoe for a second time , becoming the first player to win the award in two different leagues . He ended his second season at Real Madrid with a total of 53 goals in all competitions . Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain . During the following campaign , the 2011 -- 12 season , Ronaldo surpassed his previous goalscoring feats to achieve a new personal best of 60 goals across all competitions . His 100th goal for Real Madrid came at Camp Nou in the Supercopa de España , though Barcelona claimed the trophy 5 -- 4 on aggregate . He regained a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or podium , as runner - up to Messi , after scoring hat - tricks against Real Zaragoza , Rayo Vallecano , Málaga , Osasuna , and Sevilla , the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season 's midway point . Despite two goals from Ronaldo , Madrid were subsequently defeated by Barcelona 4 -- 3 on aggregrate in the quarter - finals of the Copa del Rey . He again scored twice , including a penalty , in the Champions League semi-finals against Bayern Munich , resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw , but his penalty kick in the shootout was saved by Manuel Neuer , leading to Madrid 's elimination . Ronaldo found greater team success in the league , as he helped Real Madrid win their first La Liga title in four years , with a record 100 points . Following a hat - trick against Levante , further increasing Madrid 's lead over Barcelona , he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012 , a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons , breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás . Another hat - trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals , equalling his record of the previous season . His final league goal of the campaign , against Mallorca , took his total to 46 goals , four short of the new record set by Messi , and earned him the distinction of being the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season in La Liga . Ronaldo began the 2012 -- 13 season by lifting the Supercopa de España , his third trophy in Spain . With a goal in each leg by the Portuguese , Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4 -- 4 aggregate draw against Barcelona . Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a `` professional issue '' within the club , prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid , his goalscoring rate did not suffer . After netting a hat - trick , including two penalties , against Deportivo La Coruña , he scored his first hat - trick in the Champions League in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax . Four days later , he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2 -- 2 draw at Camp Nou . His performances in 2012 again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , finishing runner - up to four - time winner Messi . 2013 -- 15 : consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima Following the 2012 -- 13 winter break , Ronaldo captained Real Madrid for the first time in an official match , scoring a brace to lift 10 - man Madrid to a 4 -- 3 victory over Real Sociedad on 6 January . He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clásico on 30 January , a match which also marked his 500th club appearance . Three days prior , he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat - trick against Getafe . Following hat - tricks against Celta Vigo and Sevilla , he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid on 8 May in a 6 -- 2 win against Málaga , reaching the landmark in 197 games . He helped Madrid reach the Copa del Rey final by scoring a brace in El Clásico , which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored , a Real Madrid record . In the final , he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2 -- 1 defeat to Atlético Madrid , but was shown a straight red card in the 114th minute for violent conduct . Real Madrid also failed to defend their La Liga title , finishing runners up to Barcelona . In the first knockout round of the Champions League , Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time . After scoring the equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at the Santiago Bernabéu , he scored the match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory at Old Trafford , his first return to his former home ground . Ronaldo scored three goals in Madrid 's 5 -- 3 aggregate victory over Galatasaray to see them advance to the semi-finals , He scored Madrid 's only goal in the 4 -- 1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund , but failed to increase his side 's 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg , as they were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year . Ronaldo had scored 12 goals , finishing as the Champions League top goalscorer for a second time in his career . Accounting for all competitions , he ended the season with a total of 55 goals . Ronaldo scored a record 17 goals during the 2013 -- 14 La Décima campaign . Real Madrid 's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo 's future at the club . At the start of the 2013 -- 14 season , however , he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018 , with a salary of € 17 million net , making him briefly the highest - paid player in football . He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale , whose world record transfer fee of € 100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior . Together with striker Karim Benzema , they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed `` BBC '' , an acronym of Bale , Benzema , and Cristiano , and a play off the name of the public service broadcaster . After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign , Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career . By late November , he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country , including hat - tricks against Galatasaray , Sevilla , Real Sociedad , Northern Ireland , and Sweden . He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances , his highest year - end goal tally . His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , for the first time in his career . Concurrently with his individual achievements , Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date , as he helped Real Madrid win La Décima , their tenth European Cup . In the knockout phase of the competition , he scored a brace in each leg of a 9 -- 2 aggregate win against Schalke 04 , helping Madrid advance to the quarter - finals . His goal in a 3 -- 0 home win over Borussia Dortmund -- his 100th Champions League match -- took his total for the season to 14 goals , equalling the record Messi had set two years before . After hitting a brace in a 4 -- 0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena , he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4 -- 1 final victory over Atlético Madrid , becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams . His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems , which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign . Ronaldo played the final against medical advice , later commenting : `` In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks . '' As the Champions League top goalscorer for the third time , with a record 17 goals , he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe . In the Copa del Rey , Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring a brace of penalties against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón , the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90 - minute football match . His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final , where Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 2 -- 1 to claim the trophy . While Madrid were less successful in La Liga , finishing third , Ronaldo was unmatched as a goalscorer . He scored 31 goals in 30 league games , which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe , receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez . Among his haul was his 400th career goal , in 653 appearances for club and country , which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January ; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio , who had died two days before . A last - minute , backheeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May -- his 50th goal in all competitions -- was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional , which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga . During the next campaign , the 2014 -- 15 season , Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals in all competitions , starting with both goals in Real Madrid 's 2 -- 0 victory over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . He subsequently achieved his best - ever goalscoring start to a league campaign , with a record 15 goals in the first eight rounds of La Liga , including a four - goal haul against Elche and hat - tricks against Deportivo La Coruña and Athletic Bilbao . His record 23rd hat - trick in La Liga , scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December , made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in the Spanish league , as he reached the milestone in only his 178th game . After lifting the FIFA Club World Cup with Madrid in Morocco , again winning the Silver Ball , Ronaldo received a second successive FIFA Ballon d'Or , joining Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten as a three - time Ballon d'Or winner . 2015 -- 17 : all - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions during the 2014 -- 15 season . Following the winter break , Ronaldo 's form faltered , concurrently with a decline in performance by his team . A 2 -- 1 defeat against Valencia in the first match of 2015 , despite his opening goal , ended Real Madrid 's Spanish record winning streak of 22 matches in all competitions . Their season continued unsuccessfully as they failed to win a major trophy , earning a second - place league finish and a semi-final exit in Europe . In the latter competition , Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2 -- 0 win against Schalke 04 , before hitting a brace in the 3 -- 4 return defeat that allowed Madrid to progress to the quarter - finals . He then scored both of his side 's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus , where Madrid were eliminated 2 -- 3 on aggregate . With 10 goals , he finished the campaign as top scorer for a third consecutive season , alongside Messi and Neymar . In La Liga , where Madrid finished second , Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season . For the first time in his career , he scored five goals in one game , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April . His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano . Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla , Espanyol , and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31 , surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles . As a result , Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals , two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season , despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player . In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi , he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time . At the start of his seventh season at Real Madrid , the 2015 -- 16 campaign , Ronaldo became the club 's all - time top scorer , first in the league and then in all competitions . His five - goal haul in a 6 -- 0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games , surpassing the club 's previous recordholder , Raúl . A month later , on 17 October , he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals . Ronaldo also became the all - time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat - trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk , having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals . A brace against Malmö FF , scoring in a 2 -- 0 away win on 30 September , saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for both club and country . He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition 's group stage , setting the record at 11 goals , including another four - goal haul against Malmö . By March 2016 , Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer . Despite finishing runner - up to Messi for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received criticism for his form and performances against top teams , with 14 of his goals coming against Espanyol and Malmö . However , during the second half of the season , his form gradually improved . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016 , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . After netting the match - winning goal for 10 - man Madrid in a 2 -- 1 Clásico victory on 2 April , he scored a hat - trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season , and the fifth overall . Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time . Ronaldo missed Real Madrid 's first three matches of the 2016 -- 17 season , including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the final of Euro 2016 . On 6 November , Ronaldo signed a new contract set to keep him with Madrid until 2021 . On 19 November , he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 away win against Atlético Madrid , making him the all - time top scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals . On 15 December , Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2 -- 0 victory over Club América in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup . He then scored a hat - trick in the 4 -- 2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final . Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named the best player of the tournament . He won the Ballon d'Or for a fourth time and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player , a revival of the former FIFA World Player of the Year , largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016 . 2017 -- 18 : a record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or Ronaldo with then President of the Community of Madrid , Cristina Cifuentes , during the title celebrations in Madrid In Real Madrid 's 3 -- 2 away win against Villarreal on 27 February 2017 , Ronaldo overtook Hugo Sánchez as the most prolific penalty - kick scorer in La Liga history . As a result of the penalty scored by Ronaldo , Real Madrid reached its 5,900 th goal in the history of the league and became the first team to do so . On 12 April , in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League quarter - final against Bayern Munich , Ronaldo scored two goals in a 2 -- 1 away win to give Madrid the win and the lead going into the second leg . The two goals saw him make history in becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition . During the second leg of the quarter - finals , Ronaldo scored a perfect hat - trick and reached his 100th UEFA Champions League goal , becoming the first player to do so as Real Madrid again defeated Bayern 4 -- 2 after extra-time . On 2 May , Ronaldo scored another hat - trick in the following Champions League match , as Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 in the semi-final first leg . His hat - trick made him the first player to reach 50 goals in the knockout stage of the competition . On 17 May , Ronaldo overtook Jimmy Greaves as the all - time top scorer in the top five European leagues , scoring a brace against Celta de Vigo . He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012 and the first team to win back - to - back finals in the Champions League era ; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . In the 2017 final , he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth - straight season , and sixth overall , with 12 goals , while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal . Real Madrid 's title was its 12th , also known as La Duodécima , extending its record , and its third in four years . At the start of the 2017 -- 18 season , Ronaldo scored Madrid 's second goal in a 3 -- 1 Supercopa de España first - leg victory over Barcelona at Camp Nou . Having received a yellow card for taking his shirt off during his goal celebration , he was sent off for a second yellow card offence minutes later before he shoved the referee lightly to depict his dissatisfaction . He was issued a five - match suspension following the match . In his 400th game for Real Madrid , Ronaldo scored two goals away to Borussia Dortmund in the Champions League , taking his club tally to 411 goals . On 23 October , his performances in the first half of 2017 saw him claim his fifth FIFA Player of the Year award by receiving The Best FIFA Men 's Player award for the second consecutive year . On 6 December , he became the first player to score in all six Champions League group stage matches with a curling strike at home to Borussia Dortmund . A day later , Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or for a fifth time , receiving the award on the Eiffel Tower in Paris . On 3 March 2018 , he scored two goals in a 3 -- 1 home win over Getafe , his first being his 300th La Liga goal in his 286th La Liga appearance , making him the fastest player to reach this landmark and only the second player to do so after Lionel Messi . On 18 March , he reached his 50th career hat - trick , scoring four goals in a 6 -- 3 win against Girona . Ronaldo in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final On 3 April , Ronaldo scored the first two goals in a 3 -- 0 away win against Juventus in the quarter - finals of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League , with his second goal being an acrobatic bicycle kick . The goal , described as a `` PlayStation goal '' by Juventus defender Andrea Barzagli , garnered him a standing ovation from the Juventus fans in the stadium , as well as a plethora of plaudits from peers , pundits and coaches . The goal was also his 119th in European competition , more than 465 other clubs which have participated in the competition ; if he were a club , it would be the tenth - highest scorer in Champions League history . He would score his 650th career goal in a 1 -- 1 draw against Atlético Madrid on 8 April . On 11 April , he scored the goal Real Madrid needed to advance to the semi-final , in the second leg of the Champions League quarter - final at home to Juventus , from a 98th - minute injury time penalty in a 3 -- 1 defeat , with an overall 4 -- 3 aggregate win . It was also his tenth goal against Juventus , a Champions League record against a single club . In the final of the tournament , on 26 May , Real Madrid defeated Liverpool 3 -- 1 , winning Ronaldo his fifth Champions League title as Real Madrid completed their third consecutive Champions League triumph , becoming the first team to do so . He finished as the top scorer of the tournament for the sixth consecutive season , ending the campaign with 15 goals . After the final , Ronaldo referred to his time with the Champions League winners in the past tense , sparking speculation that he could leave Real Madrid . Juventus 2018 -- 19 After a week of transfer speculation , on 10 July 2018 , Ronaldo signed a four - year contract with Italian club Juventus after completing a € 100 million transfer , plus solidarity contributions to Ronaldo 's youth clubs and an additional € 12 million in other fees . The transfer was the highest ever for a player over 30 years old , and the highest ever paid by an Italian club . Upon signing , Ronaldo cited his need for a new challenge as his rationale for departing Real Madrid . Ronaldo made his official debut for Juventus in their opening Serie A match on 18 August , a 3 -- 2 away win over Chievo . International career 2001 -- 07 : youth level and early international career Ronaldo began his international career with Portugal at the 2001 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival , debuting in a 3 -- 1 defeat to Finland . The following year he would represent his country under - 17 side at the 2002 UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship , where they failed to progress past the group stage . Ronaldo also featured in the Olympic squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics , scoring one goal in the tournament , though the team was eliminated in the first round , finishing bottom of their group with three points after 4 -- 2 defeats to eventual semi-finalists Iraq and quarter - finalists Costa Rica . During his international youth career , Ronaldo would go on to represent the under - 15 team , under - 17 , under - 20 , under - 21 , and under - 23 national sides , amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall . At age 18 , Ronaldo made his first senior appearance for Portugal in a 1 -- 0 victory over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003 . He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004 , held in his home country , and scored his first international goal in a 2 -- 1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece . After converting his penalty in a shootout against England at the quarter - final stage , he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 win over the Netherlands , but the crucial last match ended in a 0 -- 1 defeat . He was featured in the team of the tournament , having provided two assists in addition to his two goals . Ronaldo was the second - highest scorer in the European qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals . During the tournament , he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal 's second match of the group stage . In the quarter - finals against England , his Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho . Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney 's infraction , the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining , after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal 's bench following Rooney 's dismissal . Ronaldo went on to score the vital winning penalty during the penalty shoot out which sent Portugal into the semi-finals . Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1 -- 0 semi-final defeat to France . FIFA 's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament 's Best Young Player award and handed it to Germany 's Lukas Podolski , citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision . Following the 2006 World Cup , Ronaldo would go on to represent Portugal in four qualifying games for Euro 2008 , scoring two goals in the process . 2007 -- 12 : assuming the captaincy Ronaldo , pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012 , was made captain in 2008 . One day after his 22nd birthday , Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007 , as requested by Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva , who had died two days earlier . Ahead of Euro 2008 , he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time . While he scored eight goals in the qualification , the second - highest tally , he scored just one goal in the tournament , netting the second goal of their 3 -- 1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic ; in the same game , he also set - up Portugal 's third goal in injury time , which was scored by Quaresma , and was named man of the match for his performance . Portugal were eliminated in the quarter - finals with a 3 -- 2 loss against eventual finalists Germany . After Portugal 's unsuccessful performance in the European Championship , Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz , formerly the assistant manager at United . Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad 's permanent captain in July 2008 . Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup , as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play - off victory over Bosnia . At the group stage of the World Cup , he was named man of the match in all three matches against Côte d'Ivoire , North Korea , and Brazil . His only goal of the tournament came in their 7 -- 0 rout of North Korea , which marked his first international goal in 16 months . Portugal 's World Cup ended with a 1 -- 0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16 . Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012 , including two strikes against Bosnia in the play - offs , to send Portugal into the tournament , where they were drawn in a `` group of death '' . After the opening 0 -- 1 defeat to Germany , he also failed to score in the 3 -- 2 win against Denmark , missing two clear one - on - one chances . In the last group stage game against the Netherlands , Ronaldo scored twice to secure a 2 -- 1 victory . He scored a header in the quarter - finals against the Czech Republic to give his team a 1 -- 0 win . In both games against the Netherlands and the Czech Republic he was named man of the match . After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless , with Ronaldo having sent three shots over the bar , Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shootout . Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth , a decision that drew criticism . As the joint top scorer with three goals , alongside five other players , he was again included in the team of the tournament . 2012 -- 16 : all - time Portugal top scorer and European champion Ronaldo evading Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in June 2013 During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup , Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals . A qualifying match on 17 October 2012 , a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland , earned him his 100th cap . His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland , when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013 . After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign , Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden , which ensured their place at the tournament . His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals , equaling Pauleta 's record . Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer . Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury , potentially risking his career . Ronaldo later commented : `` If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable . But we do n't . '' Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness , being forced to abort practice twice , Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany , though he was unable to prevent a 4 -- 0 defeat . After assisting an injury - time 2 -- 2 equaliser against the United States , he scored a late match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over Ghana . His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups . Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference . Ronaldo leaps in the air in Portugal 's Euro 2016 quarter - final match against Poland Ronaldo scored five goals , including a hat - trick against Armenia , in the qualification for Euro 2016 . With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014 , he reached 23 goals in the European Championship , including qualifying matches , to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer . At the start of the tournament , however , Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria , despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal . In the latter match , he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance , which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half . With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage , a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary , Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships , having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament . Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland , his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format . In Portugal 's first knockout match , Ronaldo 's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia 's goalkeeper into the path of Ricardo Quaresma , whose finish then secured a 1 -- 0 victory late in extra time . After his team progressed past Poland on penalties , Ronaldo became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals ; he scored the opening goal and assisted a second in a 2 -- 0 win against Wales , equaling Michel Platini as the competition 's all - time top scorer with nine goals . In the final against hosts France , Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet . After multiple treatments and attempts to play on , he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma . During extra time , substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 -- 0 victory . As team captain , Ronaldo later lifted the trophy in celebration of his country 's first - ever triumph in a major tournament . He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second - highest goalscorer , with three goals and three assists , and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career . 2016 -- present : post-european Championship victory , and World Cup Ronaldo playing against Russia at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Following the Euro 2016 success , Ronaldo scored four goals against Andorra in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 8 October 2016 . His four goals against a nine - man team marked the highest number of goals he has scored in an international match . On 13 November , Ronaldo scored two goals ( while also missing a penalty ) in another qualifier against Latvia , which ended in a 4 -- 1 home victory . These goals brought his international tally to 68 goals , putting level with Gerd Müller and Robbie Keane as the fourth - highest European international goalscorer of all - time . He played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at age 32 , opening a 2 -- 3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros . With the goal , he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third - highest scoring European in international football . In Portugal 's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June , Cristiano Ronaldo set - up Quaresma 's opening goal in a 2 -- 2 draw . Three days later , he scored in a 1 -- 0 win over hosts Russia . On 24 June , he scored from a penalty in a 4 -- 0 win over New Zealand , which saw Portugal top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition . With his 75th international goal , Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second - highest European international goalscorer of all - time , behind only Ferenc Puskás . He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal 's group stage matches . Ronaldo left the competition early : after Chile defeated Portugal 3 -- 0 on penalties in the semi-finals , he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children . Therefore , he missed Portugal 's third - place play - off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 after extra time . On 31 August 2017 , Ronaldo scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 1 win in a World Cup qualifier over the Faroe Islands , which saw him overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint - fifth - highest goalscorer in international football with 78 goals . These goals brought his tally in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers to 14 , equalling Predrag Mijatović 's record for most goals in a single UEFA senior men 's qualifying campaign , and also saw him break the record for the most goals scored in a single European qualifying group , overtaking the previous record of 13 goals set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski . Ronaldo 's hat - trick took his World Cup qualifying goals total to 29 , making him the highest scorer in European World Cup qualifiers , ahead of Andriy Shevchenko , and the highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined , with 32 goals , ahead of Miroslav Klose . Ronaldo later added to this tally by scoring a goal against Andorra in a 2 -- 0 victory . Ronaldo evades an Iran defender in the group stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia In the build - up to the 2018 World Cup , Portugal hosted friendlies against Tunisia , Belgium and Algeria . Ronaldo featured in the final of the three matches in which he made his 150th international appearance . On 15 June 2018 , Ronaldo became the oldest player ever to score a hat - trick in a World Cup match , helping Portugal secure a 3 -- 3 draw against Spain in their opening match at the World Cup . In doing so , he also became the first Portuguese player to score a goal in four World Cups and one of four players to do so in total . His third goal saw him curl in a 30 yard free kick with two minutes remaining for the equaliser . His hat - trick also drew him level with Ferenc Puskás as the highest European goalscorer of all - time , with 84 international goals . In Portugal 's second game on 20 June , Ronaldo scored the only goal in a 1 -- 0 victory against Morocco , breaking Puskás ' record . In the final group match against Iran on 25 June , Ronaldo missed a penalty in an eventual 1 -- 1 draw which saw Portugal progress to the second round as group runners - up behind Spain . On 30 June , Portugal were eliminated following a 2 -- 1 defeat to Uruguay in the last 16 . Player Profile Style of play Ronaldo in action for Real Madrid against Espanyol during the 2012 -- 13 season A versatile attacker , Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch , and , while ostensibly right - footed , is very strong with both feet . He ranks among the world 's fastest footballers , both with and without the ball . Tactically , Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career . While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United , he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield , where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area . In this position , he was able to use his pace and acceleration , agility , and technical skills to take on opponents in one - on - one situations . Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair , often displaying an array of tricks and feints , such as the step overs that became his trademark . Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010 -- 11 La Liga game against Almería As Ronaldo matured , he underwent a major physical transformation , developing a muscular body type that allows him to retain possession of the ball . His strength , combined with his elevation and height of 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , gives him an edge in winning aerial challenges for balls . These attributes allow him to function as a target - man , and makes him an aerial goal threat in the penalty area ; consequently , many of his goals have been headers . Allied with his increased stamina and work - rate , his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks . He also increasingly played a creative role for his team , often dropping deep to pick up the ball , participate in the build - up of plays , and create chances for his teammates , courtesy of his good vision and passing ability . Pictured during El Clásico in 2011 , Ronaldo in his familiar pose before striking a free kick In his final seasons at United , Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role , functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward , or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion . He developed into a prolific goalscorer , capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot , courtesy of his striking ability . An accurate penalty kick taker , he also became a set piece specialist , renowned for his powerful , bending free kicks , though his ability in this regard deteriorated later on in his career . At Real Madrid , Ronaldo continued to play a more offensive role , while his creative and defensive duties became more limited , although not entirely diminished . Initially deployed as a centre forward , he was later moved back onto the left wing , though in a free tactical role ; this position allowed him to drift into the centre at will to get onto the end of crosses and score , or draw out defenders with his movement off the ball and leave space for teammates to exploit . Madrid 's counter-attacking style of play also allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player , as evidenced by his record - breaking goalscoring feats . However , while he mainly drew praise in the media for his prolific goalscoring , he also demonstrated his ability as an effective creator in this role . From 2013 onwards , he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off - the - ball movement and general involvement , completing fewer dribbles and passes per game , and instead focusing on short - distance creating and goalscoring . Since 2017 , Ronaldo has adapted his style of play yet again to become more of a free - roaming centre forward , a role in which he has continued to excel and maintain a prolific goalscoring record ; in this position , he has earned praise in the media for his intelligent movement , excellent positional sense , link - up play , clinical finishing , and opportunism , as well as his ability to lose or anticipate his markers , find space in the box , and score from few opportunities . Reception `` In the six years ( Manchester United ) had him , you just saw his game grow all the time , and he was a fantastic player . Now you see the complete player . His decision - making , his maturity , his experience , plus all the great skills he has got , they all make him the complete player . '' -- Former manager Alex Ferguson , January 2013 Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation , alongside Lionel Messi . Ronaldo quickly established himself among the world 's best players in his early 20s , featuring as the core component for Manchester United in the mid-to - late 2000s . However , after winning his first Ballon d'Or by a record - high vote count at age 23 , the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history . Universally acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goalscoring ability , he is considered a decisive player , who stands out in games and who can be a game changer , especially in important and high - pressured situations . Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic , elite body conditioning , and dedication to improvement on the training pitch , as well being regarded as a natural leader . His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to be talked about alongside Pelé and Diego Maradona once retiring . Ronaldo has at times , however , been criticised for simulating when tackled . In addition to this , he was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson , teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player . During his career , Ronaldo has also been described as having an `` arrogant image '' on the pitch , with Ronaldo stating that he had become a `` victim '' , because of how he was portrayed in the media . He is often seen moaning , gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory , with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance . His managers , teammates and various journalists have commented that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him . In 2014 , Ronaldo told France Football that he had made a `` mistake '' when he said in 2011 , `` People are jealous of me as I am young , handsome and rich '' , adding that he had matured since then and fans understood him better . Comparisons to Lionel Messi Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Ronaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in Geneva , Switzerland , on 9 February 2011 Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50 - goal barrier in a single season . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Borg -- McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing . `` It 's part of my life now . People are bound to compare us . He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team , as I do , and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent . '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi . Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry , saying `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson , opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi himself denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented , `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating ; `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing . '' Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players faced each other at least twice every season in the world 's biggest club game , El Clásico , which is among the world 's most viewed annual sporting events . In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013 , when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo , Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo , claiming `` one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other '' . Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology , and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla , after Blatter had described him as a `` commander '' on the pitch . Outside Football See also : Museu CR7 and Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum , CR7 , in Funchal , Madeira . It was opened on 15 December 2013 . Ronaldo 's CR7 Museum -- front view As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United , Ronaldo has signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products , including sportswear , football boots ( since November 2012 Ronaldo has worn the Nike Mercurial Vapor personalized CR7 edition ) , soft drinks , clothing , automotive lubricants , financial services , electronics and computer video games . Ronaldo was featured as the cover athlete of EA Sports ' FIFA video game FIFA 18 and was heavily involved in the game 's promotion . He was also the face of Pro Evolution Soccer , appearing on the cover in 2008 , 2012 and 2013 . Forbes has twice ranked Ronaldo first on its list of the world 's highest - paid football players ; his combined income from salaries , bonuses and non-football earnings was $73 million in 2013 -- 14 and $79 million in 2014 -- 15 . The latter earnings saw him listed behind only boxer Floyd Mayweather , Jr. on the magazine 's list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes . In 2016 , he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest - earning athletes , with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016 -- 17 . Ronaldo is one of the world 's most marketable athletes : SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012 , and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013 , with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists . Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014 . He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100 , Time 's annual list of the most influential people in the world . ESPN named Ronaldo the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Ronaldo has established a strong online presence ; the most popular sportsperson on social media , he counted 158 million total followers across Facebook , Twitter and Instagram by June 2015 . As of June 2015 , he has the world 's biggest Facebook fanbase with 103 million followers : he became the first sportsperson to reach 50 million followers in August 2010 , and in October 2014 , he became the first sportsperson , and the second person after Shakira , to reach 100 million followers . By June 2017 , Ronaldo had 277 million followers across social media . His sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his social media accounts between June 2016 to June 2017 . Ronaldo has released two mobile apps : in December 2011 , he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano , created by developer RockLive , and in December 2013 , he launched Viva Ronaldo , a dedicated social networking website and mobile app . Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website , with Ronaldo 's name first on the list . Ronaldo statue in Madeira Ronaldo 's life and person have been the subject of several works . His autobiography , titled Moments , was published in December 2007 . His sponsor Castro produced the television film Ronaldo : Tested to the Limit , in which he is physically and mentally tested in several areas ; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film 's release in September 2011 . Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet , a documentary narrated by the actor Benedict Cumberbatch , was released via Vimeo in June 2014 . A documentary film about his life and career , titled Ronaldo , was released worldwide on 9 November 2015 . Directed by BAFTA - winner Anthony Wonke , the film is produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , while Asif Kapadia is the executive producer . Ronaldo opened his first fashion boutique under the name CR7 ( his initials and shirt number ) on the island of Madeira , Portugal , in 2006 . Ronaldo expanded his business with a second clothes boutique in Lisbon in 2008 . In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai , Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line , released in November 2013 . He later expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes by July 2014 . In September 2015 , Ronaldo -- in a partnership with Eden Parfums -- released his own fragrance , `` Legacy '' . Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira In 2007 , C.D. Nacional renamed its youth campus Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol ( Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus ) . In December 2013 , Ronaldo opened a museum , Museu CR7 , in his hometown of Funchal , Madeira , to house trophies and memorabilia of his life and playing career ; the museum is an official sponsor of the local football team União da Madeira . At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014 , President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry , `` to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally , contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations '' . A bronze statue of Ronaldo , designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso , was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014 . In June 2010 , during the build - up to the World Cup , Ronaldo became the fourth footballer -- after Steven Gerrard , Pelé and David Beckham -- to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London . Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013 . In June 2015 , astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named CR7 ( Cosmos Redshift 7 ) in tribute to Ronaldo . On 23 July 2016 , following Portugal 's triumph at Euro 2016 , Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport . The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017 , which included a bust of his head being presented . The bust and the name change were controversial , with the lack of the bust 's likeness to Ronaldo being ridiculed by comedians , including Saturday Night Live , while the name change was subject to much debate locally by some politicians and citizens , who even started a petition against the move , an action criticised by President of Madeira Miguel Albuquerque . A year later , sports website Bleacher Report commissioned sculptor Emanuel Santos to create another bust . However , this bust was never used ; instead , a new one was made by a Spanish sculptor , shown to the public on 15 June 2018 . Personal life Family and relationships Ronaldo 's children Via a surrogate mother Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Junior ( born 2010 ) Via a surrogate mother Eva Maria ( born 2017 ) Mateo ( born 2017 ) By Georgina Rodriguez Alana Martina ( born 2017 ) Ronaldo 's father , José Dinis Aveiro , died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20 . Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol , and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008 . Ronaldo became father to a son in June 2010 , announcing that he had full custody of the child and would not be publicly revealing the identity of his son 's mother . In January 2015 , Ronaldo announced his five - year relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk ended . In June 2017 , Ronaldo announced he had become the father to twins , a daughter Eva Maria and a son Mateo . Five months later , his girlfriend Georgina Rodríguez gave birth to their daughter Alana Martina . Philanthropy Ronaldo has made contributions to various charitable causes throughout his career . Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight - year - old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a number 7 Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed . Following this , Ronaldo visited Aceh , Indonesia , to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction . After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008 , Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira . In 2009 , Ronaldo donated £ 100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother 's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer , so that they could build a cancer centre on the island . In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood , Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran - based clubs Marítimo and Nacional . In 2012 , Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine - year - old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer . In November 2012 , Ronaldo sold the golden boot he had won in 2011 for € 1.5 million and gave the money to fund schools for children in Gaza . In December 2012 , Ronaldo joined FIFA 's `` 11 for Health '' programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction , HIV , malaria and obesity . In January 2013 , Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador , in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity . In March , Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia , an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation . In November 2014 , Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's `` 11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world , including Neymar , Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan `` Together , we can beat Ebola '' , FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts , with the players holding up 11 messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it . He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 . In June 2016 , Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . In August 2016 , Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie , a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses . In the app , fans can select from among 68 photos of Ronaldo in different outfits and poses , and scroll through 39 filters to apply to their selfies . Controversies In April 2017 , a story was published by Der Spiegel based on leaked documents provided by Football Leaks relating to an alleged rape by Ronaldo , stating the alleged assault occurred in 2009 but that a legal agreement and accompanying non-disclosure agreement was entered into , resulting in the alleged charges being dropped . Ronaldo 's agent Jorge Mendes denied the claims , labelling them `` journalistic fiction '' , with Ronaldo stating it was consensual sex . Der Spiegel published a further story in response to the denial , alleging that text messages sent by Ronaldo showed he was aware of the legal negotiations . According to Der Spiegel , the woman received US $375,000 in the settlement . In July 2017 , Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost € 15 million in tax between 2011 and 2014 , a claim he denies . In May 2018 , Spanish tax authorities rejected Ronaldo 's settlement offer of € 14 million . It was reported on 15 June , just before Spain played Portugal in the 2018 World Cup , Ronaldo had been sentenced to two years in jail ( suspended ) and fined € 18.8 million after reaching a deal with Spanish authorities . The sentence can be served under probation , without any jail time , so long as he does not reoffend . On 15 June 2018 , Ronaldo paid $21.7 million in restitution regarding his past tax frauds in order to avoid jail time . The Spanish government would later reduce the amount by € 2 million . Career Statistics Club As of match played 25 August 2018 Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season <Th_colspan="3"> League <Th_colspan="2"> Cup <Th_colspan="2"> League Cup <Th_colspan="2"> Europe <Th_colspan="2"> Other <Th_colspan="2"> Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sporting CP B 2002 -- 03 Segunda Divisão 0 <Td_colspan="2"> -- <Td_colspan="2"> -- <Td_colspan="2"> -- <Td_colspan="2"> -- 0 Sporting CP 2002 -- 03 Primeira Liga 25 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 0 0 0 31 5 Manchester United 2003 -- 04 Premier League 29 5 0 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 Premier League 33 5 7 0 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 Premier League 33 9 0 8 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 47 12 2006 -- 07 Premier League 34 17 7 0 11 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 53 23 2007 -- 08 Premier League 34 31 0 0 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 Premier League 33 18 12 53 26 <Th_colspan="2"> Total 196 84 26 13 12 55 16 292 118 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 6 7 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 35 33 2010 -- 11 La Liga 34 40 8 7 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 12 6 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 54 53 2011 -- 12 La Liga 38 46 5 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 La Liga 34 34 7 7 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 La Liga 30 31 6 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 11 17 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 47 51 2014 -- 15 La Liga 35 48 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 La Liga 36 35 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 12 16 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 48 51 2016 -- 17 La Liga 29 25 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 La Liga 27 26 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 13 15 44 44 <Th_colspan="2"> Total 292 311 30 22 <Th_colspan="2"> -- 101 105 15 12 438 450 Juventus 2018 -- 19 Serie A 0 0 0 <Td_colspan="2"> -- 0 0 0 0 0 <Th_colspan="3"> Career total 517 398 59 37 12 159 121 18 13 765 573 Notes Jump up ^ Includes the Taça de Portugal , FA Cup , Copa del Rey , and Coppa Italia Jump up ^ All appearance ( s ) in UEFA Champions League , unless where noted . Jump up ^ Includes the FA Community Shield , Supercopa de España , Supercoppa Italiana , UEFA Super Cup , and FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League , two appearances in UEFA Cup Jump up ^ Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : All appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad . Marca , which awards the Pichichi Trophy , attribute it to Ronaldo , while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe . ^ Jump up to : All appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in Supercopa de España , two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and one goal in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup International For a comprehensive listing of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo , see List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo . As of match played 30 June 2018 National team Year <Th_colspan="2"> Competitive <Th_colspan="2"> Friendly <Th_colspan="2"> Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Portugal 2003 0 0 0 0 11 7 5 0 16 7 2005 7 0 11 2006 10 14 6 2007 9 5 0 10 5 2008 5 0 8 2009 5 0 7 6 5 0 11 2011 6 5 8 7 2012 9 13 5 2013 6 7 9 10 2014 5 9 5 2015 0 5 2016 10 10 13 13 2017 10 10 11 11 2018 7 6 <Th_colspan="2"> Total 107 68 47 17 154 85 Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo 's achievements , see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo . Ronaldo presenting his third Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015 Club As of 26 May 2018 Sporting CP Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2002 Manchester United Premier League : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 FA Cup : 2003 -- 04 Football League Cup : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 FA Community Shield : 2007 UEFA Champions League : 2007 -- 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Real Madrid La Liga : 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 International Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 Individual Awards FIFA Ballon d'Or / Ballon d'Or : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2008 FIFPro World Player of the Year : 2008 The Best FIFA Men 's Player : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2007 -- 08 World Soccer Player of the Year : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 PFA Portuguese Player of the Year : 2016 , 2017 European Golden Shoe : 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 FIFA Puskás Award : 2009 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Team of the Year : 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004 , 2012 , 2016 UEFA European Championship Silver Boot : 2016 UEFA Euro All Time XI FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2018 PFA Young Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Premier League Player of the Season : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Premier League Golden Boot : 2007 -- 08 Performances FIFA Club World Cup top assist provider : 2014 FIFA Club World Cup top goal scorer : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Champions League top goalscorer : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League top assist provider : 2013 -- 14 UEFA European Championship top goalscorer : 2012 La Liga top scorer : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Orders Medal of Merit , Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa ( House of Bragança ) Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry Commander of the Order of Merit Cordão Autonómico de Distinção Records As of 14 July 2018 World Most ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards : 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most World Soccer Player of the Year awards : 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Most IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer awards : 4 ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) The most expensive footballer in history : 2009 -- 2013 Most FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) trophies : 4 ( shared with Toni Kroos ) Top goalscorer in the history of FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) : 7 goals ( shared with Pelé ) Most FIFA Club World Cup final goals : 4 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 11 times ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Only player who has scored in 8 consecutive major international tournaments : the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the European Championship ; and the 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 editions of the World Cup First footballer to reach 40 goals in a professional league for two consecutive seasons Only player to score 50 goals or more in six different seasons ( done consecutively ) Only player to score 50 goals or more in 7 consecutive calendar years Only player in history to have scored 60 or more goals in a calendar year four times ( consecutively from 2011 to 2014 ) Continental Most career goals in Europe 's top six leagues : 398 goals Most goals scored in all UEFA competitions : 158 goals Most goals scored in UEFA club competitions : 123 goals Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 120 goals Most assists in the UEFA Champions League : 34 assists Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League / European Cup season : 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 Most hat - tricks in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship , including qualifying : 29 goals , for Portugal Most goals scored in UEFA European Championship and European FIFA World Cup qualifiers : 50 goals Most UEFA Best Player in Europe awards : 4 ( 2008 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) Most goals scored in European World Cup Qualifiers : 30 goals Europe 's all - time leading international goalscorer : 85 goals Spain Most hat - tricks in La Liga history : 34 Most goals scored from penalty kicks in La Liga history : 61 Fastest La Liga player to score 150 league goals ( 140 games ) Portugal Portugal 's most capped player of all time : 154 caps Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer : 85 goals Real Madrid Real Madrid all - time top goalscorer : 451 goals Top goalscorer in La Liga : 311 goals Top goalscorer in UEFA Champions League : 105 goals Most assists in La Liga : 85 assists Most assists in UEFA Champions League : 25 assists See also Association football portal Portugal portal List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps List of men 's footballers with 500 or more goals References Notes Jump up ^ Though there was no third place playoff , UEFA decided in the 2012 edition to award the semi-final losers ( Germany and Portugal ) bronze medals for the first time : `` Regulations for UEFA Euro 2012 '' Jump up ^ The terminology for the award has varied . Ronaldo received three Ballon d'Or ( 2008 , 2016 , 2017 ) and two FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) , as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 and 2017 Best FIFA Men 's Player awards . Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Gareth Bale 's fee of € 100.8 million in 2013 ( also to Real Madrid ) , Paul Pogba 's € 105 million transfer fee to Manchester United in 2016 , and Neymar 's € 222 million transfer fee to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 . Jump up ^ Record shared with Lionel Messi , who recorded 8 hat - tricks in the 2011 -- 12 La Liga season . Jump up ^ Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all - time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015 . The club 's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th - minute goal in a 2 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010 , despite his free - kick having been deflected by Pepe . Jump up ^ Bayern Munich had previously won three consecutive European Cups , the predecessor of the Champions League . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Paul . `` A future without Messi and Ronaldo '' . Goal . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Staunton , Peter . `` Messi and Ronaldo : Changing the face of football '' . Goal . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Haugstad , Thore ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Whoever wins the Ballon d'Or , the Messi - Ronaldo duopoly is coming to an end '' . Official website of Eurosport . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Brewin , John ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Will Cristiano Ronaldo 's Madrid departure hasten the end of the ' Greatest ' era ? '' . Tifo Football . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Danny ( 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the world 's greatest ever goal scorer '' . GiveMeSport . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . `` From a flashy winger to the greatest goal scorer Europe ever produced '' . Sportskeeda. 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Ruthven , Graham ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` ' Cristiano Ronaldo is the greatest goalscorer of all time ' '' . Marca English . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Alan ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` We analysed who the better big - game player is , Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi -- and the stats show the winner is clear '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Weiner , David ( 7 March 2018 ) . `` Scary proof Ronaldo is the ultimate big game player '' . The Queensland Times . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jones , Robert ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Ronaldo has become king of the big - game occasion for Real Madrid '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Bradley , Ciaran ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` Giles : Ronaldo is a genius and made for big games '' . Off the Ball . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Tom ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` 10 Biggest Divers in World Football 6 . Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Pickup , Oliver ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time , but where does he rank compared to the others ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . 6 . Cristiano Ronaldo `` Sir Alex Ferguson admits Cristiano Ronaldo was a diver '' . Sport English . 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Citations Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2017 : List of players : Real Madrid CF '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 16 December 2017 . p. 5 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Tim ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` He 's got the world at his feet '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 June 2018 . p. 23 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FourFourTwo 's 100 Greatest Footballers EVER '' . FourFourTwo. 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé has been voted the greatest footballer of all time '' . The Independent . 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to win five Champions League titles '' . UEFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo goal , Portugal vs Morocco World Cup 2018 : Real Madrid forward breaks record with header '' . The Independent . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Desporto -- Pelos caminhos de Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano turns 32 '' . Marca . Spain . 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiebre Maldini : Los inicios de Cristiano Ronaldo ( flv ) ( Television production ) ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Canal+ ( a division of PRISA TV ) . 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 October 2012 ) . El Clasico : Barcelona V Real Madrid : Football 's Greatest Rivalry . A&C Black . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo tem ' costela ' cabo - verdiana '' . Sapo Expresso ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo spills all to his ' close friend ' Jasmine about women , football , cars ... and money '' . Daily Mirror. 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bola de Ouro -- Ronaldo conquistou primeiro prémio aos oito anos no Andorinha '' ( in Portguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Ben Hayward ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The ' little bee ' who always cried -- the story of young Ronaldo 's path to greatness in Madeira '' . goal.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Ronaldo at about.com '' . about.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I was expelled from school for throwing a chair at the teacher '' . Now Magazine . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Biography & Facts '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Conte , Peter ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` What you did n't know about Cristiano Ronaldo '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo needed heart operation to save career '' . The Telegraph . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boloni își amintește de debutul lui Ronaldo la Sporting : `` Nu reușeam să îl opresc să facă driblinguri '' `` . DigiSport. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous players featured in U17 c'ships '' . uefau17.com . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool ' turned down Ronaldo ' '' . Eurosport. 6 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` The brightest star in Europe and £ 1m to a mysterious agent '' . The Guardian . London . 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Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo vows to justify price tag '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 17 August 2003 ) . `` Only one Ronaldo as United find new idol '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Justin ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` George Best on Ronaldo 's Debut For Man Utd '' . Sabotage Times . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd see off Pompey '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 22 March 2004 ) . `` United rediscover form and put Arsenal on red alert '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 15 May 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo 's good and bad day '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC . 22 January 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . 1 February 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 0 -- 0 Man Utd ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 4 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo extends Man Utd contract '' . BBC Sport. 18 November 2005 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd ease to Carling Cup glory '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ban after finger gesture '' . BBC . 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` Fergie upset with red card '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart ( 17 January 2006 ) . `` Ruud and Ron in training bust - up '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2006 ) . `` Rooney must look at himself rather than blame Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Stirling , James ( 9 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I ca n't stay in Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 12 July 2006 ) . `` United : Ronaldo not for sale '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Clive ( 25 September 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo has last laugh on Reading fans '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` The secrets behind the development of Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo , revealed by Rene Meulensteen '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 24 December 2006 ) . `` Cristiano 's stockings full of gifts for United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Ferguson giddy with glee as Ronaldo stretches United 's lead '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 31 December 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo stretches United 's advantage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo lands back - to - back accolades '' . inthenews.com. 11 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seven wonders of sublime United dazzle and destroy helpless Roma '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final -- Chelsea 1 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Misfiring Ronaldo gets a kick out of giving City the runaround '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins PFA double '' . World Soccer. 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Writers award for Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Ferguson lets rip at Madrid after Ronaldo signs £ 31m deal '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo pledges to keep his cool '' . BBC Sport. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kaká 's year capped by Ballon d'Or '' . UEFA. 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : Going the right way '' . FIFA. 17 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 20 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo revels in role of Captain Fantastic as United stretch lead '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Best 's crown intact until Ronaldo cures his travel sickness '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops ESM Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Oliver ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts Man Utd into quarters '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo and Rooney combine to leave Roma in ruins again '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Vicki ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's penalty technique ' unacceptable ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins writers ' award again '' . BBC Sport. 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Alan ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Fifa decline to take action against Real '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dall , James ( 10 July 2008 ) . `` Blatter -- Let Ronaldo leave '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` I am a slave , says Ronaldo as he pushes for Madrid move '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . ESPN . 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ankle surgery a ' success ' '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Villarreal return to frustrate United '' . UEFA . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` United swear by Ronaldo as Stoke can only curse '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stat Attack '' . The United Review . Manchester United . 70 ( 11 ) : 65 . 15 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Richard ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` United secure final date '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Liga de Quito 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney crowned best player '' . FIFA Official Website. 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Roughley , Gregg ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Fifa player of 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's ' incredible , fantastic ' goal '' . FIFA. 21 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo stunner thrills Ferguson '' . BBC Sport. 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United cruise into final '' . Sky Sports . 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Premier League . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Tottenham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Team of the Year '' . Sky Sports . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United closing in on glory '' . Sky Sports . 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : Real Madrid agree £ 80 million fee with Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo agrees six - year Real deal '' . BBC Sport. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling '' . The Guardian . London . 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul 's No. 7 Shirt at Real Madrid , Benzema Moves To No. 9 , Xabi Alonso Takes No. 14 '' . whoateallthepies.tv. 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo To Wear No. 9 at Real Madrid -- Report '' . goal.com. 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo aims shot at English game '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo in winning start for Real '' . BBC Sport. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Champions League review '' . BBC Sport. 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` Champions League : Milan v Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings '' . UEFA. 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores and sent off in Real victory '' . BBC Sport. 5 December 2009 . 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London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Messi , Ronaldo and Neymar are Ballon d'Or nominees '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Madrid clinch Copa del Rey Sky Sports Retrieved 20 April 2011 Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla '' . CNN . 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid delay coronation of Barcelona as La Liga champions '' . The Independent . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo equals La Liga goal - scoring record '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record '' . BBC . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . 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London . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 300th club goal '' . Independent Online . South Africa . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Sevilla La Liga match report '' . The Guardian . London . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 200 goals for Real Madrid with Malaga strike '' . goal.com. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice as Real Madrid crush Barcelona '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atletico Madrid , 2013 Copa del Rey : Final score 1 -- 2 in thrilling extra time upset '' . sbnation.com. 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Chris ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo Red Card : Real Madrid Star Scores Opening Goal In Copa Del Rey Final , Gets Sent Off '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo rises to big occasion with impeccable timing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Nani 's red card opens door and Real Madrid defeat Manchester United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Zac Lee ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid ties up loose ends early against Galatasaray '' . Aol.sportingnews.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray 3 -- 2 Real Madrid ( agg 3 -- 5 ) '' . The Guardian . London . 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo to miss Madrid derby '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Borussia Dortmund Champions League semi-final , second leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Monaco set to make world record £ 85m bid for Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tells Manchester United he is keen on a return to club '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo agrees £ 76m Real Madrid deal to end hopes of Manchester United return '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid -- and agent 's fury '' . The Telegraph ( 21 January 2016 ) . 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 200 goals for the BBC '' . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : This is the form of my life '' . Yahoo Sport . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 -- 2 '' . Sky Sports . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil '' . ESPN . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid hammer Galatasaray '' . Sky Sports . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Bale among the goals as Real Madrid win 10 - goal thriller '' . CNN . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CR7 : 19 league hat - tricks and 20 goals from free kicks '' . As.com. 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's goal - den 2013 , month by month '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : first player in history to score 10 + goals in 3 consecutive Uefa Champions League campaigns '' . Inagist. 27 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Equals Messi 's Record For Most Goals in One UEFA Champions League Season '' . World Soccer Talk . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Messi 's Champions League record '' . ESPN . 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 24 May 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo ' risked career ' by playing through pain barrier '' . ESPN . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Pete ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named UEFA Best Player in Europe '' . Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . After being named the winner of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for 2013 / 14 in Monaco , Cristiano Ronaldo gave his reaction to UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo tops Aragonés record '' . Marca . Spain . 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Treadaway , Dan ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo Has Scored a Goal in Every Minute of a Game Throughout His Career '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to miss Copa del Rey final against Barcelona with injury '' . The Guardian . London . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez claims top billing with Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , winner of the ' Best Goal in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' '' . LFP. 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo beats his personal best for a single season '' . AS ( English ) . 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo flaunts Real Madrid pedigree in defeat of Sevilla '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` With 15 goals in first eight matches , Ronaldo sets best scoring start in Spanish league '' . independent.com.mt. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits 25th hat - trick for Real Madrid with four against Elche '' . The Guardian . London . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo de La Coruña 2 -- 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Athletic Bilbao '' . BBC News . 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks La Liga hat trick record '' . ESPN FC. 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid claim FIFA Club World Cup '' . UEFA. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . FIFA . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Sergio RAMOS 2 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Auckland City FC Ivan VICELICH Jump up ^ `` Ramos outshines the rest '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . adidas Silver Ball : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Kessler , Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 '' . FIFA . Retrieved 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ Simon , Thomas ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dans la troisième dimension '' . France Football . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo slump hurts Real as in - form Messi drives Barca '' . Reuters. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid fall short of world - record winning run as they lose 2 -- 1 to Valencia '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo eclipses his best in an up - and - down Real Madrid campaign '' . ESPN FC. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano levels Raúl and Messi in Europe with Schalke goal '' . 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets new all - time UEFA scoring record '' . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ties Alfredo Di Stefano in Real Madrid scoring chart '' . ESPN FC. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar , Messi and Ronaldo top scoring charts '' . UEFA. 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo banned for two matches after dismissal '' . 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat trick to end year with personal - best 61 goals '' . ESPN FC. 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ) . laliga.es. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crisitano Ronaldo sets real madrid la liga scoring record '' . ESPN . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Levante '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid celebrate Cristiano Ronaldo all time record '' . Sky Sports . 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real Madrid beat Shakhtar '' . Sky Sports . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal '' . ESPN FC. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid cruise past Malmo and Cristiano Ronaldo moves level with Raúl '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo rampant as Madrid put eight past Malmö '' . Union of European Football Associations. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage '' . Reuters. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or over Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits back at critics after hat - trick : ' Goals are in my DNA ' '' . The Guardian . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo was back to his best against Wolfsburg '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 14 April 2016 ) , `` Sid Lowe 's Notes from Spain : a great week for Spain and a fantastic one for Madrid '' , World Soccer , retrieved 21 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 -- 0 : Comeback accomplished , now for the semi-finals ; Real Madrid overcome Wolfsburg courtesy of a Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick , to take their place in Friday 's Champions League draw '' . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo takes scoring prize again '' . UEFA . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Samuel ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo brands his critics ' jealous ' after third Champions League triumph '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo seals UCL for Real Madrid despite not being at his best '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo set to miss Real Madrid 's first three games of season with knee injury '' . sportskeeda. 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , all - time top scorer in the derby against Atlético '' . Real Madrid C.F. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Following his hat - trick at the Calderón , the Portuguese has now scored 18 goals against Atlético , surpassing Di Stéfano 's record ( 17 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo becomes top scorer in Madrid derby history '' . fourfourtwo.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th club goal '' . ESPN FC. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid see off spirited Kashima in electric extra time final '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Modric and Shibasaki sweep awards '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fourth Ballon d'Or '' . Real Madrid C.F. 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world at Cristiano Ronaldo 's feet '' . FIFA. 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo passes Hugo Sanchez 's La Liga penalty record '' . ESPN FC. 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ OptaJose ( @ OptaJose ) ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` 57 -- Cristiano Ronaldo is now the player with most penalties scored in La Liga history , surpassing Hugo Sanchez ( 56 ) . Punisher '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 26 February 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leal , Antonio M. ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid have scored more than 5,900 goals in the league '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . The Cristiano penalty saw the total top another hundred . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal '' . Union of European Football Associations. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo has become the first player to reach a century of goals in UEFA club competition after scoring twice for Real Madrid at Bayern München . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 100th Champions League goal '' . Goal. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Ronaldo hat - trick leaves Real Madrid on brink of final '' . UEFA . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo smashes Jimmy Greaves ' all - time goal record '' . Sky Sports . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid , campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 '' . laliga.es. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga '' . BBC . 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Das and Rory Smith ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Champions League Final : Real Madrid Confirms Its Spot as World 's Best '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo nets 600th goal , hails ' unique moment ' '' . espnfc.com. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Taylor ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juve '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Haslam ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . UEFA . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronado , sent off for diving and pushes the referee '' . Sport English . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Ronaldo then pushed the referee , who reported it in his match report . `` After being shown the red card the player pushed me lightly to show his dissatisfaction '' he wrote . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo handed five - match ban after red card against Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Press Association . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 5 - game ban upheld after Real Madrid appeal denied ; out vs. Barca '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale score as Real Madrid beat Borussia Dortmund '' . The Guardian . 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best FIFA Men 's Player '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Borussia Dortmund '' . BBC . 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or 2017 : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Lionel Messi to win fifth award '' . BBC . 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dermot Corrigan ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes fastest to score 300th goal in La Liga '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 6 -- 3 Girona '' . BBC . 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kyle Morientes ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores overhead kick against Juventus '' . BT Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Pat Nevin ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo bicycle kick : Night Juventus Stadium rose to applaud Real Madrid forward '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ NDTVSports.com . `` Watch : Cristiano Ronaldo 's Goal Leaves Sporting World In Awe -- NDTV Sports '' . NDTVSports.com . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Short , Joe ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Was Ronaldo 's goal better than Zidane 's ? Real Madrid boss REFUSES to concede defeat '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Silva , Jose ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Ronaldo Has More UCL Goals Than 465 European Teams '' . SoccerLaDuma . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Hits 650th Career Goal as Incredible Scoring Run Continues '' . Goal . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League : Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Juventus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo edges Real Madrid past Juventus '' . uefa.com. 11 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Saffer , Paul ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Three in a row : Real Madrid make more history '' . UEFA . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid beat Liverpool to complete hat - trick '' . uefa.com. 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts future in doubt : ' It 's been very nice playing for Real Madrid ' '' . ESPN . 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo signs for Juventus ! '' . juventus.com ( Press release ) . 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus : Is £ 99m signing a good deal for Italian champions ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks transfer record '' . Football Italia. 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Juventus sign Real Madrid forward for £ 99.2 m '' . BBC . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's farewell letter '' . Realmadrid.com. 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chievo thriller on CR7 debut '' . Football Italia. 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal -- Finlândia '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo is chosen for the Olympics '' . CNN . 21 July 2004 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 24 July 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo keen to play at Olympics '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal -- Cazaquistão '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece spoil party for hosts Portugal '' . uefa.com. 13 June 2004 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Harte , Adrian ( 25 June 2004 ) . `` Portugal hold their nerve against England '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Portugal have the final word '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Szreter , Adam ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Greece are crowned kings of Europe '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2004 Statistics : Assists '' . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Paktribune . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Vs Iran match '' . FIFA. 17 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo cleared over Rooney red card '' . Soccernet. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Spanton , Tim ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I never asked for Rooney red card '' . The Sun . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Matches -- England - Portugal '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ Chick , Alex ( 6 July 2006 ) . `` Scolari 's fortunes take a dive '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN . 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Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 20 June 2008 ) . `` Euro 2008 : German power leaves Portugal in despair '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Queiroz appointed Portugal coach '' . FIFA. 11 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Asante , Angela ( 15 October 2008 ) . `` Queiroz 's belief in Ronaldo as captain of Portugal '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Liew , Jonathan ( 20 November 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Portugal star player at World Cup 2010 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Côte d'Ivoire - Portugal '' . FIFA. 15 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report North Korea - Portugal '' . FIFA. 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Brazil - Portugal '' . FIFA. 25 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Match Results : Portugal vs North Korea -- FIFA World Cup 2010 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Jonathan ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Portugal Beats North Korea in 7 -- 0 Rout '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : David Villa raises the roof as Spain push past Portugal '' . The Guardian ( London ) . Retrieved 28 May 2014 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Who will survive the Group of Death ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Messi chants shake Cristiano Ronaldo further , Portugal ... '' Daily News . New York . 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 14 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo aims dig at Lionel Messi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo downs a double to join the party spirit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What did Ronaldo REALLY say after scoring for Portugal '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's header sends Portugal into semi-finals with 1 -- 0 win over Czech Republic '' . Daily News . New York . 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 Full - time Report : Portugal - Netherlands ( 2 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CZECH REPUBLIC - PORTUGAL ( 0 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Defending champion Spain advances to another final after beating Portugal 4 -- 2 on penalties '' . Daily News . New York . 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's save - it - for - later approach hurts Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo says coach told him to take fifth penalty '' . The Guardian . London . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Frank ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal vs. Spain Euro 2012 : 5 Most to Blame for Portugal 's Penalty Collapse ( 5 of 7 -- Cristiano Ronaldo ) '' . bleacherreport.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal winger Nani suggests that Ronaldo demanded the fifth penalty against Spain to take the glory '' . foxsports.com.au . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship '' ( PDF ) . 3.08 : UEFA . p. 10 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Centurion Ronaldo honoured by UEFA '' . Union of European Football Associations. 17 October 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 23 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo produces last gasp moment of magic to keep hopes alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portugal 2 -- 1 Ghana '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the first Portuguese to score in three final stages '' . Diário de Notícias . Retrieved 26 June 2014 ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo deemed unfit , will miss Portugal Euro 2016 qualifier '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs last - gasp winner as Portugal beat Denmark '' . Eurosport.yahoo.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo adds to impressive record collection '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 15 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Armenia 2 -- 3 Portugal '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Championship 's all - time top scorers '' . UEFA. 14 November 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Michel Platini 's Euros goal - scoring recorde '' . ESPN FC. 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal striker Cristiano Ronaldo forced off injured in Euro 2016 final '' . ESPN FC. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA EURO 2016 Team of the Tournament revealed '' . UEFA. 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` France forward Antoine Griezmann wins Golden Boot '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits four in Portugal 's 6 -- 0 rout of nine - man Andorra '' . The Guardian . 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo bagged four goals Portugal thrash Andorra 6 -- 0 '' . Sky Sports . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo goes fourth on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA. 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Steve ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Bittersweet return for Ronaldo as Portugal beaten by Sweden in Madeira , Russia fight back against Belgium '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Ames ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Héctor Moreno 's stoppage - time header earns Mexico draw against Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo header earns Portugal Confederations Cup win over Russia '' . The Guardian . 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederations Cup : Ronaldo helps Portugal into semi-final as hosts Russia out '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo second on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Awards Man of the Match '' . FIFA . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms birth of twins , leaves Portugal at Confed Cup '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal come from behind to finish third '' . FIFA. 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pele congratulates Cristiano Ronaldo on surpassing his goals record '' . beIN Sports . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Saffer ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals European Qualifiers goal record '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ' desbloqueia ' e Portugal vence em Andorra '' . Correio da Manhã. 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 3 Algeria 0 : Guedes at the double in Ronaldo 's 150th outing '' . FourFourTwo. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain vs. Portugal final score : Crazy draw as Cristiano Ronaldo becomes oldest to score World Cup hat trick '' . www.cbssports.com . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo World Cup 2018 goal : Real Madrid man makes history scoring Portugal penalty against Spain '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sen , Debayan ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` 33 years , 84 goals : Ronaldo equals Puskas ; becomes oldest to bag World Cup hat - trick '' . ESPN . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Henry , Matthew ( 25 June 2018 ) . `` Iran 1 -- 1 Portugal '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo is better than Lionel Messi ! '' . Zeenews.india.com. 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Wilson ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` Why are so many wingers playing on the ' wrong ' wings ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` E ' Ronaldo il Bolt del calcio '' ( in Italian ) . Sport mediaset . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Portogallo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Mike L. ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` The Evolution of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Grantland . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Named Fittest Man Alive By Men 's Health Magazine '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : John Molinaro . `` Ronaldo Vs. Messi : The Case For Ronaldo As World 's Best Player '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Gabriele Marcotti ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` Ronaldo , Portugal accept manager 's challenge to reach Euro 2016 final '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How did Cristiano Ronaldo score his incredible header against Manchester United ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mechanization of Cristiano Ronaldo : How his style of play has changed '' . O - Posts. 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # EUROfantasy Tipster : Paolo 's team '' . UEFA. 10 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eden Hazard the new penalty taker king ; Julio Cesar the best stopper '' . ESPN FC. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` From Messi to Ronaldo -- the world 's best free kick takers '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Alistair Tweedale ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo free - kick goals are rare '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ David Salazar ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` The Time to Sell Declining Cristiano Ronaldo Is Now '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The argument for playing Cristiano Ronaldo centrally at Real Madrid '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Liverpool can stop Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Four Four Two . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo : The Most Underrated Man in Football ? '' . BleacherReport . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Did Jose Mourinho 's Tactics Help Cristiano Ronaldo Flourish at Real Madrid ? '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gabriele Marcotti ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid v Liverpool : The five phases of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Adam Bate ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's evolution : Could he really play beyond the age of 40 ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Graham Hunter ( 23 October 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid vs. Barcelona : Clasico promises goals aplenty '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Thore Haugstad ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo has been Real Madrid 's major problem this season ... but he can also be their solution '' . Four Four Two . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo can become great centre - forward , says Gary Neville '' . Sky Sports . 20 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo joins illustrious list of players who reinvented themselves in a new position '' . The Telegraph . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ' complete player ' , admits Sir Alex Ferguson '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ten years ago an unknown baby - faced kid from Portugal was signed by Fergie for £ 12.2 m ... and the rest , as they say , is history '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Greatest Footballers of All - Time -- Pelé , Maradona , Messi And Ronaldo Included in the Best Soccer Players Ever List '' . IBT. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . CR7 comes in at No. 7 and for good reason . He has shown little sign that he wo n't continue to be the brightest of stars on a Real Madrid squad filled with world - class players . Once criticized for lacking end product , he has developed into the world 's most effective player , a testament to his relentless desire for self - improvement , which can also be seen in his phenomenal athleticism . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Manchester United will miss Ronaldo says Lampard '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Ronaldo became the world 's best : the inside story '' . Yahoo !. 5 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Is Euro 2016 triumph his greatest achievement ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Heta , Marco ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Blood , sweat and toil : The foundations for the legacy of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Football Paradise . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo says he has no idea how much money he has '' . Daily Mirror ( London ) . Retrieved 5 September 2014 Jump up ^ Jim Daly ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Rio Ferdinand claims Cristiano Ronaldo was once blasted by Sir Alex Ferguson for playing selfishly '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney Hits Out At ' Selfish ' Cristiano Ronaldo , Shrugs Off Scholes ' ' Strange ' Criticism '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo admits perceived arrogance has cost him '' . CNN . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho claims Cristiano Ronaldo deserved to win Ballon d'Or '' . ESPN FC. 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe : `` Cristiano is a symbol '' `` . Marca . Madrid , Spain . 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets an unfair press , claims his former team - mate Patrice Evra '' . The Guardian . London . 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or : Cristiano Ronaldo 's improved image helped win , says Guillem Balague '' . Sky Sports . 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry : Talks Arsenal , Man Utd , Messi and more on Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo regrets ' jealousy ' remark '' . ESPN . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The game 's best rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Messi and I are colleagues , work friends `` . Marca ( Spain ) . Retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : he 's got a god - given talent -- and he knows it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Michael ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , Daniel ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo : The world 's best ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Montague , James ; Pinto , Pedro ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi are equals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Sepp Blatter 's apology to Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NIKE 'S CR7 COLLECTION REFLECTS ATTITUDE AND IRREVERENCE OF A GLOBAL ICON '' . Nike. 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo expands his brand with the launch of Legacy fragrance '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` From £ 175 to £ 80m in 14 years -- but can Cristiano Ronaldo earn it like Beckham ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Is Cristiano Ronaldo The World 's Most Marketable Athlete ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo offered $9 million Nike deal '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo displays Dad dancing skills in new advert '' . The Daily Telegraph . 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Alexander ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and KFC show how branding has changed '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes Emirates ambassador '' . Gulf News . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo 's $1 Billion Nike Deal May Be A Bargain For Sportswear Giant '' . Forbes . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EA Unveil new FIFA 18 trailer and official cover art '' . Goal. 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 18 release date confirmed with Cristiano Ronaldo as cover star '' . Evening Standard . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` The world 's highest paid football players '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's highest paid football players 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Produced Nearly $1 Billion In Value For Sponsors On Social Media '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 August 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` MS Dhoni , Mary Kom world 's 16th , 38th most marketable athletes '' . The Times of India . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Marketable 2013 -- Cristiano Ronaldo '' . SportsProMedia. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World '' ( PDF ) . Repucom ( press release ) . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo by Pelé : TIME 100 '' . Time . 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN ranks the 100 most famous athletes '' . USA Today . 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Heads Most Popular Athletes on Social Media '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tops 50 million ' Likes ' on Facebook '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100m followers on Facebook '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` How Mobile Games Are Sports Stars ' Newest Marketing Channel '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` ' Viva Ronaldo ' -- Cristiano creates his own online community '' . AS.com. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McAfee Names Most Dangerous Football Team in Europe '' . Infosecurity. 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Moments '' . Chapters. 27 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Brigid ( June 2014 ) . `` WATCH : Benedict Cumberbatch Narrates Cristiano Ronaldo Documentary '' . BBC America . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Footballer Cristiano Ronaldo awarded with Guinness World Records certificates at London film premiere '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 10 November 2015 Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms film being made about his life with Amy and Senna director on board '' . Independent . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New CR7 store in London '' . Football Shirt Culture . 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Jonathan ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` M&C Saatchi launches underwear range with giant image of Ronaldo in pants '' . PR Week . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Is Working With Richard Chai to Add Shirts to His CR7 Underwear Line '' . Complex. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo launches SHOE range as he branches out into fashion '' . Irish Mirror. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Fragrances '' . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus '' . CD Nacional . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Inside Cristiano Ronaldo 's museum : ' I have room for more trophies ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira '' . Maisfutebol.iol.pt . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira '' . Tvi24.iol.pt. 20 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry '' . El País. 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo immortalized in bronze statue outside his personal museum '' . CNN . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Statue Has Bulky Lump in Pants Which Sparks Comments '' . NDTV Sports . 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : Cristiano Ronaldo gets Madam Tussauds waxwork '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sends stylist to museum to brush waxwork 's hair '' . BBC Sport. 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : CR7 name given to discovered galaxy '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Man United star Cristiano Ronaldo ' over the moon ' with new CR7 galaxy '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The World Game . Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Corrigan , Dermot ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . The renaming will take place on March 29 after Portugal host Sweden in a friendly in Funchal -- the first time Ronaldo has played an official senior match on his home island . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Weekend Update : Cecilia Gimenez on Cristiano Ronaldo Bust -- SNL '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport preparing to be renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo statue : Sculptor Emanuel Santos takes another shot at bust '' . BBC News . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aeroporto da Madeira tem novo busto de Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias Madeira. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` The Fan : Cristiano Ronaldo the tarnished icon '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Forlán reborn in Spanish soccer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo receives libel damages over drink story '' . USA Today . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts '' . CNN . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo names son Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby ' joy ' for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Olivia ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Irina Shayk : a very modern family '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks up with girlfriend Irina Shayk '' . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks up with Irina Shayk '' . Jump up ^ Sharland , Pete . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms he is a father of twins '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , Georgina Rodriguez confirm birth of baby girl '' . ESPN . 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo raises funds for tsunami - hit Aceh '' . People 's Daily . 13 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Survivors : New Life For A Decimated Football Club '' . FIFA. 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo accepts Daily Telegraph libel payout '' . BBC News . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo donates to Cancer - stricken mums saviors '' . cristianoronaldofan.net. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo to play in charity match for Madeira '' . Reuters. 22 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo funds cancer treatment for 9 - year - old boy '' . AS.com. 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reportedly donates € 1.5 m to children in Gaza '' . Russia : RT . 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Messi and Ronaldo join forces for FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Kicks Off the New Year as Save the Children 's New Global Artist Ambassador for Child Hunger and Nutrition '' . Save the Children . 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ambassador for mangrove '' . The Jakarta Post . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top players , FIFA , CAF and health experts unite against Ebola '' . FIFA . Retrieved 4 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid forward donates € 600,000 Champions League win bonus to charity '' . The Independent . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's New Charity App Lets You Post Selfies With Him , Topless or Otherwise '' . Adweek . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Superstar Cristiano Ronaldo Launches New Selfie App , Donation for Every Download Helps Kids in Need '' . savethechildren.org . Save the Children . 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Secret '' . Der Spiegel . 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo representatives strongly deny rape allegations and label them ' journalistic fiction ' '' . Independent . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose '' . The Guardian . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish tax authorities reject Cristiano Ronaldo 's offer '' . As . 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jack de Menezes ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' agrees ' two - year suspended jail sentence and € 18.8 m fine over tax evasion case '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo pays $21.7 million to avoid jail time in tax fraud case '' . MSN . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain taxman knocks € 2 million off Cristiano Ronaldo tax settlement : Report '' . Channel News Asia . Retrieved 10 August 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe 's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2011 -- 12 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2012 -- 13 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2013 -- 14 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.pt . Portuguese Football Federation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Overview '' . Premier League . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Madrid : Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins third Fifa Ballon d'Or '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or for the fourth time '' . The Guardian . 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fifth Ballon d'Or '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 2008 World Player of the Year : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerlens. 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted FIFPro World Player of the Year '' . Union of European Football Associations. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named 2016 / 17 Men 's Player of the Year '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Footballer of the Year '' . UEFA. 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo leads Real Madrid 's clean sweep of World Soccer awards '' . World Soccer . Time ( UK ) . 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Career '' . cristianoronaldo.com . Official website of Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Career timeline Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Portugal 's player of the year ; Sanches best young player '' . Jump up ^ `` History '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . 2009 -- PUSKÁS AWARD -- CRISTIANO RONALDO ( POR ) Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World11 '' . FIFA. 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : the all - time XI '' . UEFA. 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA.com Fans ' Team of the Year 2017 announced '' . UEFA. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo , who registered a season - record 17 goals in the campaign , is joined by Marco Reus , Arjen Robben and Zlatan Ibrahimović . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Antoine Griezmann all feature in the UEFA technical observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Eight Real Madrid players in the Champions League team of the season for 2016 / 17 '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Carvajal , Ramos , Marcelo , Casemiro , Kroos , Modric , Isco and Cristiano Ronaldo are amongst the 18 players chosen . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski all feature in the UEFA Technical Observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . UEFA 's Technical Observers select their 18 - man squad from this season 's UEFA Champions League . Jump up ^ `` All - star squad revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Spain players in Team of the Tournament '' . UEFA. 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Your All - time EURO 11 revealed '' . UEFA. 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . FIFA. 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa World Player of the Year '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Giggs earns prestigious PFA award '' . BBC Sport. 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup statistics and leaders '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 5 July 2018 Jump up ^ `` Champions League 2013 / 2014 '' Assists `` . WorldFootball . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA. 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` D. Duarte condecora selecção nacional '' ( in Portuguese ) . Correio da Manhã. 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made ' Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry ' '' . Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presidente da República condecora jogadores com grau de comendador da Ordem do Mérito '' . Record.pt . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receberá Cordão Autonómico de Distinção '' . Assembleia Legislativa da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bale 's transfer fee revealed '' . FIFA . Agence France - Presse. 15 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup : Players & Coaches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballon d'Or trio 's remarkable records '' . Goal.com. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another record '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . He is the only player in the world who has scored in the last three World Cups and last four Euros ... Following his two goals against Hungary , he is the only player to have scored for his national team in the last seven major international tournaments . The madridista forward has made his mark in the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the Euro ; and in the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup . Jump up ^ `` Top records held by Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN News . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA. 30 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal star Ronaldo becomes second leading international scorer with Morocco goal '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga All time -- Hat Tricks '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain '' Primera División '' All - time best penalty takers '' rank 1 -- 50 `` . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the player who hits the 150 goal mark the fastest in Liga history '' . Real Madrid C.F. 23 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Played for Portugal national team '' . EU-Football.info . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal national football team goal scorers '' . EU-Football.info . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO ALL - TIME TOP GOALSCORER '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Further Reading Balagué , Guillem ( 2015 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo : The Biography . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1409155041 . External links Find more aboutCristiano Ronaldoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Real Madrid official profile Cristiano Ronaldo -- La Liga competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FPF competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- UEFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FIFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol <Th_colspan="2"> Juventus F.C. -- current squad <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Szczęsny 2 De Sciglio 3 Chiellini ( c ) 4 Benatia 5 Pjanić 6 Khedira 7 Ronaldo 10 Dybala 11 Douglas Costa 12 Alex Sandro 14 Matuidi 15 Barzagli 16 Cuadrado 17 Mandžukić 18 Kean 19 Bonucci 20 Cancelo 21 Pinsoglio 22 Perin 23 Can 24 Rugani 30 Bentancur 33 Bernardeschi 37 Spinazzola Manager : Allegri <Th_colspan="2"> Portugal squads <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 runners - up <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Rui Jorge 4 Andrade 5 F. Couto ( c ) 6 Costinha 7 Figo 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 Rui Costa 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Beto 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Moreira 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal men 's football squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Moreira 2 M. Sérgio 3 Meireles 4 B. Alves 5 R. Costa ( c ) 6 Meira 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Viana 9 H. Almeida 10 C. Martins 11 J. Ribeiro 12 Frechaut 13 Boa Morte 14 Bosingwa 15 Lourenço 16 João Paulo 17 Danny 18 Vale Coach : Romão <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup fourth place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Caneira 4 Costa 5 Meira 6 Costinha 7 Figo ( c ) 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 H. Viana 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Boa Morte 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Santos 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 B. Alves 4 Bosingwa 5 Meira 6 Meireles 7 Ronaldo 8 Petit 9 H. Almeida 10 J. Moutinho 11 Simão 12 Nuno 13 Miguel 14 Ribeiro 15 Pepe 16 Carvalho 17 Quaresma 18 Veloso 19 Nani 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes ( c ) 22 Patrício 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Ferreira 4 Rolando 5 Duda 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 P. Mendes 9 Liédson 10 Danny 11 Simão 12 Beto 13 Miguel 14 Veloso 15 Pepe 16 Meireles 17 Amorim 18 H. Almeida 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Costa 22 D. Fernandes 23 Coentrão Coach : Queiroz <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 Custódio 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Quaresma 11 Oliveira 12 Patrício 13 R. Costa 14 Rolando 15 Micael 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 M. Lopes 20 Viana 21 J. Pereira 22 Beto 23 Postiga Coach : Bento <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 William 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Vieirinha 11 Eder 12 Patrício 13 Costa 14 Neto 15 Rafa 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 A. Almeida 20 Amorim 21 Pereira 22 Beto 23 H. Postiga Coach : Bento <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 winners ( 1st title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Patrício 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Fonte 5 Guerreiro 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 Eder 10 J. Mário 11 Vieirinha 12 Lopes 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Sanches 17 Nani 18 Rafa 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Eduardo 23 Adrien Coach : Santos <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 Neto 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 B. Silva 11 Semedo 12 Sá 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Pizzi 17 Nani 18 Gelson 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos <Th_colspan="3"> Portugal squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 M. Fernandes 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 João Mário 11 B. Silva 12 Lopes 13 Dias 14 William 15 Ricardo 16 B. Fernandes 17 Guedes 18 Gelson 19 Rui 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos BIBSYS : 10046491 BNE : XX4898197 BNF : cb15712322w ( data ) GND : 140422390 ISNI : 0000 0001 1460 7485 LCCN : no2007130960 NDL : 01129904 NKC : xx0161225 SELIBR : 382857 SUDOC : 178619000 VIAF : 42170021 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=856964583 '' Categories : Cristiano Ronaldo 1985 births Living people People from Funchal Portuguese Roman Catholics Portuguese footballers Madeiran footballers Association football forwards Association football wingers Primeira Liga players Sporting CP footballers Portuguese Second Division players Sporting CP B players Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players La Liga players Real Madrid C.F. players Juventus F.C. players Portugal youth international footballers Portugal under - 21 international footballers Portugal international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Portugal Golden Globes ( Portugal ) winners Grand Officers of the Order of Prince Henry First Division / Premier League top scorers Pichichi Trophy winners Ballon d'Or winners FIFA World Player of the Year winners World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners FIFA Century Club Portuguese expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Portuguese male models Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent Portuguese expatriates in England Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain Portuguese expatriates in Italy UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA European Championship - winning captains UEFA European Championship - winning players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players UEFA Champions League winning players Commanders of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) 2018 FIFA World Cup players Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use British English from August 2016 Articles with short description UEFA player template using Wikidata FIFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata BDFutbol template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली 113 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 17 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Cristiano Ronaldo - Portuguese footballer
2. Club career - Sporting CP, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Juventus
3. International career - Portugal national team
4. Achievements - Ballon d'Or, UEFA Champions League titles, UEFA European Championship
5. Personal life - Early life, family, philanthropy, controversies |
2,002,720,552,018,507,800 | which star wars movie is after the force awakens | Star Wars sequel trilogy - wikipedia Star Wars sequel trilogy This article is about Star Wars Episodes VII , VIII , IX . For the first trilogy of films that were produced after the original trilogy of films , see Star Wars prequel trilogy . <Th_colspan="2"> Star Wars sequel trilogy <Td_colspan="2"> The Star Wars logo Directed by J.J. Abrams ( VII , IX ) Rian Johnson ( VIII ) Produced by Kathleen Kennedy J.J. Abrams ( VII , IX ) Bryan Burk ( VII ) Ram Bergman ( VIII ) Michelle Rejwan ( IX ) Screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan ( VII ) J.J. Abrams ( VII , IX ) Michael Arndt ( VII ) Rian Johnson ( VIII ) Chris Terrio ( IX ) Starring Harrison Ford ( VII ) Mark Hamill Carrie Fisher Adam Driver Daisy Ridley John Boyega Oscar Isaac Lupita Nyong'o Andy Serkis ( VII , VIII ) Domhnall Gleeson Anthony Daniels Gwendoline Christie ( VII , VIII ) Peter Mayhew ( VII ) Max von Sydow ( VII ) Kelly Marie Tran ( VIII , IX ) Laura Dern ( VIII ) Frank Oz ( VIII ) Benicio del Toro ( VIII ) Billy Dee Williams ( IX ) Keri Russell ( IX ) Richard E Grant ( IX ) Naomi Ackie ( IX ) Music by John Williams Cinematography Dan Mindel ( VII , IX ) Steve Yedlin ( VIII ) Edited by Maryann Brandon ( VII , IX ) Mary Jo Markey ( VII ) Bob Ducsay ( VIII ) Stefan Grube ( IX ) Production companies Lucasfilm Ltd . Bad Robot Productions ( VII , IX ) Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) ( The Force Awakens ) December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) ( The Last Jedi ) December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) ( Episode IX ) Country United States Language English Budget $445 million ( VII , VIII ) Box office $3.401 billion ( VII , VIII ) The Star Wars sequel trilogy is the third set of three films in the Star Wars franchise , an American space opera created by George Lucas . It is being produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The trilogy is to consist of episodes VII through IX , and chronologically follows Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) in the saga . Lucas had planned a sequel trilogy in the 1970s , but abandoned these plans by the late 1990s , producing only the planned prequel trilogy . The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm in late 2012 and then announced plans to produce this series . The first installment , Star Wars : The Force Awakens , was released in December 2015 in the U.S. It is directed by J.J. Abrams who co-wrote the screenplay with Lawrence Kasdan and Michael Arndt . Harrison Ford , Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , and other cast members from the original trilogy returned to reprise their roles and co-star alongside Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Adam Driver , and Oscar Isaac . Unlike the previous two trilogies , whose films were released approximately three years apart and released on Memorial Day weekend , the sequel films are planned to be released two years apart in December . Star Wars : The Last Jedi was released in December 2017 , with Rian Johnson as screenwriter and director , and most of the cast returning . The first two films have grossed a combined $3.4 billion worldwide and were both well - received by critics . The third and final installment , Episode IX , was to be directed by Colin Trevorrow , but he was replaced in September 2017 by Abrams , who is to co-write it with Chris Terrio . The film is scheduled to be released on December 20 , 2019 . Contents 1 Early development 1.1 Initial story development 2 Cancellation period 2.1 Comments made after Return of the Jedi 2.1. 1 Novels set after Return of the Jedi 2.2 Comments made during the development of the prequel trilogy 3 Renewed development 3.1 Development under Lucas and selling the franchise to Disney 3.2 Development without Lucas and under Disney ownership 4 Films 4.1 Star Wars : The Force Awakens 4.2 Star Wars : The Last Jedi 4.3 Star Wars : Episode IX 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 George Lucas ' response 5.2 Academy Awards 5.3 Box office performance 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Early development ( edit ) According to Mark Hamill , who plays Luke Skywalker , in 1976 , Star Wars creator George Lucas told him that he planned three Star Wars trilogies . Lucas suggested Hamill could have a cameo role in Episode IX , which he imagined filming by 2011 . A Time magazine story in March 1978 , quoting Lucas , stated there would be ten Star Wars films after The Empire Strikes Back . Gary Kurtz was also aware of proposed story elements for Episode VII to Episode IX before 1980 . In 1980 , at the time of the release of The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas said there were seven further Star Wars films he wanted to make . He said he had `` twelve - page outlines '' for those films . In an interview with Jim Steranko in Prevue magazine published in late 1980 , Lucas described how the expansive scope of Star Wars had started with an overlong screenplay : So , I took the screenplay and divided it into three stories , and rewrote the first one . As I was writing , I came up with some ideas for a film about robots , with no humans in it . When I got to working on the Wookiee , I thought of a film just about Wookiees , nothing else . So , for a time , I had a couple of odd movies with just those characters . Then , I had the other two films , which were essentially split into three parts each , two trilogies . When the smoke cleared , I said , ' This is really great . I 'll do another trilogy that takes place after this . ' I had three trilogies of nine films , and then another couple of odd films . Essentially , there were twelve films . He added that he had : ... eliminated the odd movies , because they really do n't have anything to do with the Star Wars saga ... I 'm just going to keep it pure . It 's a nine - part saga that has a beginning , a middle and an end . It progresses over a period of about fifty or sixty years with about twenty years between trilogies , each trilogy taking about six or seven years . In this interview , Lucas also stated that he had `` titles and ten - page story outlines for each of '' the nine episodes . In an interview with Gary Kurtz in the same magazine , Kurtz said : ( w ) hether or not all nine or twelve films actually get made depends on how George feels as time goes along . The series may happen the way he originally planned or may completely change . As the films are made , each of the stories develops . As each is finished , I think the direction of the saga may change a bit . In an interview with Starlog magazine published in September 1981 , Lucas confirmed that he had the nine - film series plotted , cautioning : ... but it 's a long way from the plot to the script . I 've just gone through that with Return of the Jedi , and what seems like a great idea when it 's described in three sentences does n't hold together when you try to make five or six scenes out of it . So plots change a lot when they start getting into script form . Initial story development ( edit ) Shortly after 1980 's release of Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas had already written story treatments for episodes : VI , and the sequel trilogy consisting of episodes VII , VIII and IX . Dale Pollock , George Lucas 's biographer , revealed in a 2012 interview , that as part of his biographical research during the 1980s , Lucas had allowed him to read the plot outlines for the at the time comprising 12 planned Star Wars film episodes , albeit on the condition of signing a confidentiality agreement . Those plans Pollock saw , however were drastically changed after Empire Strikes Back released because Lucas decided not to make the sequel trilogy , and instead finish the story as a trilogy , by ending the storyline with Episode VI : Return of the Jedi . This led Lucas to rework and fully incorporate many of the plots from his discarded sequel trilogy directly into Return of the Jedi . Gary Kurtz the producer of A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back , opened about those incorporated elements , albeit reamined coy about the discarded ideas that could be still used on future sequels . About the elements from such discarded sequel trilogy , that were directly incorporated into Return of the Jedi , Kutz said those were : The focus on Luke Skywalker 's journey to becoming the premier Jedi Knight . `` Luke 's sister '' , who was originally meant to be a new character ( set to appear in Episode VIII ) . However , by Return of the Jedi 's final script , it was decided Leia would be retconned into being Luke 's sister ( a plot element further set in stone by Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ) . The first appearance of the Emperor and Luke 's ultimate confrontation with him . Both also fully happened within Episode VI : Return of the Jedi ( Lucas originally planned for both to happen in Episode IX ) , that specific storyline had been planned as early as pre-1980 , according to Gary Kurtz . About the 1980s sequel trilogy drafts , and their surviving elements that could still have been used after Return of the Jedi , in 2012 , Pollock said : `` The three most exciting stories were 7 , 8 and 9 . They had propulsive action , really interesting new worlds , new characters . I remember thinking , ' I want to see these 3 movies . ' '' They would `` involve Luke Skywalker in his 30s and 40s '' . Other than Pollock 's vague description , no official information about the 1980s script treatments for the sequel trilogy has been released . Comenting in the announcement of Lucas selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012 , and the official announcement of a sequel trilogy . Pollock said that Disney would probably use Lucas 's outlines from 1980 as the basis for the sequel trilogy , saying `` That 's in part what Disney bought . '' Cancellation period ( edit ) This period lasted from 1983 to the 2010 's , when Lucas started to develop his ideas for a sequel trilogy . Comments made after Return of the Jedi ( edit ) After release of Return of the Jedi in 1983 , Lucas gave many hints about many of the plot elements from his discarded 1980s script treatments for the sequel trilogy , or what would happen if he were to make a sequel trilogy . Those discarded plots continued to fascinate fans for decades , as many of them were completely unaffected by the conclusion of the original trilogy ; thus leaving the sequel trilogy a possibility of using them . While many ideas seem to have been retained , these two particular ideas were apparently discarded for Lucasfilm 's sequel trilogy , under Disney 's ownership : The trilogy would deal with the rebuilding of the Republic ( Lucas in 1980 ) . This was clearly discarded given how it starts at a time where the Galactic Republic has already been rebuilt Luke would have a romantic relationship with a female love interest ( Lucas in 1988 ) . ( This idea was seemingly discarded , given that ultimately within the trilogy Luke is alone in exile , and how the prequel trilogy depicted Jedi as celibate ) . Lucas ' ideas that have been somewhat partially or completely retained by the trilogy that ultimately was made , include : Episode VII would begin roughly 20 ( or perhaps 30 -- 40 ) years after the end of Return of the Jedi ( according to Lucas in 1980 and 1982 ) . ( It starts 30 years after Return of the Jedi ) . The key actors , Hamill as Luke Skywalker , Ford as Han Solo , and Fisher as Princess Leia , would appear , in their 60s or 70s ( Lucas in 1983 ) . In Episode IX , Hamill would cameo , `` like Obi - Wan handing the lightsaber down to the next new hope '' ( according to Hamill , in 2004 ) . `` The other one -- what happens to Luke afterward -- is much more ethereal . I have a tiny notebook full of notes on that . If I 'm really ambitious , I could proceed to figure out what would have happened to Luke '' ( Lucas in 1980 ) . R2 - D2 and C - 3PO would be the only characters who might continue through all nine films ( Lucas in 1980 , 1981 , and 1983 ) . `` It 's like a saga , the story of a group of people , a family '' ( Lucas in 1980 ) . The main theme of the trilogy would be moral and philosophical problems , such as the necessity for moral choices and the wisdom needed to distinguish right from wrong , justice , confrontation , and passing on what you have learned ( Lucas in 1983 and 1989 ) . However it should be noted , that while Lucas mighth have made some notes , or written his ideas from time to time . He was not actively working on drafts for such films . Novels set after Return of the Jedi ( edit ) During the early 1990s , Lucas allowed writer Timothy Zahn to write a Star Wars expanded universe novel series set after the events in the original trilogy , which was called the Thrawn Trilogy . This decision meant that Lucas decided to further cancel the sequel trilogy , with many hundreds of subsequent other works set after the original trilogy . From 1997 onwards , Lucas took it a step further , when he ceased to talk about his sequel trilogy ideas . When asked , he would frequently repeat that he had no plans to make the sequel trilogy and that he would not allow other directors to make it . He gave various explanations for the apparent abandonment of plans to film the sequel trilogy . At a 1997 `` Special Edition '' press conference , Lucas said : `` Everyone said , ' Well , are you going to do sequels to the first three ? ' But that was an afterthought ; I do n't have scripts on those stories . The only notion on that was , would n't it be fun to get all the actors to come back when they 're 60 or 70 years old and make three more about them as old people . '' In a 1997 issue of Star Wars Insider , he said : `` The whole story has six episodes ... If I ever went beyond that , it would be something that was made up . I really do n't have any notion other than , ' Gee , it would be interesting to do Luke Skywalker later on . ' It would n't be part of the main story , but a sequel to this thing . '' However Lucas was not made with the Star Wars franchise , his attention however was not on the sequel trilogy , as it had shifted towards the story before the original trilogy . Between 1999 and 2005 , Lucas would return to the universe he had created , by writing and directing , what would become the prequel trilogy of Episodes I , II , and III. and decided to end the saga as six films . This prevented him from developing a sequel trilogy during that time - frame . Comments made during the development of the prequel trilogy ( edit ) In an interview published in the February 1999 issue of Vanity Fair , Lucas said : `` When you see it in six parts , you 'll understand . It really ends at part six . I never had a story for the sequels , for the later ones . '' In early May 2002 , just before the worldwide release of Episode II : Attack of the Clones and while Lucas was working on the script for Episode III , rumors of Star Wars episodes VII , VIII , and IX were posted on the Internet . In reply , Lucas noted that there would be no Star Wars Episodes VII , VIII , and IX , since the time feels right to move on : I am going to do my own movies . I have got some ideas but they are the kind of movies that are n't going to be popular , they 're not going to be successful in terms of financing . I have managed to get a fund by doing these ( blockbuster ) movies that allows me the creative freedom to do things that may never see the light of day -- or if they do get distributed they will be on a very limited basis because they are not mass entertainment movies . There are a lot of things I still want to do . I want to do a TV show , some TV movies , mostly they will be historical in nature . In 1999 , when asked about the possibility of someone else making Star Wars films , Lucas said , `` Probably not , it 's my thing . '' In August 1999 , at a press conference in New York City to discuss The Phantom Menace , Lucas described the `` nine year commitment '' required to make a Star Wars trilogy . In 2002 , he said : `` Basically what I said as a joke was , ' Maybe when Harrison and Carrie are in their 70s , we 'll come back and do another version . ' The thing I did n't realize then , and that I do realize now very clearly , is that not only would they be in their 70s , but I would be in my 70s too . '' Lucas also noted `` Ultimately , the saga will be six films , a 12 - hour story . Then people can watch all six films together as they were intended to be seen . '' In 2007 , Lucas described making the films at that age as `` an idea that seemed amusing at the time , but does n't seem realistic now '' , and suggested that `` off - the - cuff '' comments he had made in earlier years had been misconstrued as absolute statements . In 2008 , after all six films had been released , Lucas said : `` The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker , and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father , that 's where that story ends . '' In another 2008 interview in Total Film , Lucas ruled out anybody else making Star Wars films , and additionally added that the Expanded Universe novels and comics did not lined up with his six films Star Wars saga . Asked if he was happy for new Star Wars films to be made after his death , he said : `` I 've left pretty explicit instructions for there not to be any more features . There will definitely be no Episodes VII -- IX . That 's because there is n't any story . I mean , I never thought of anything . And now there have been novels about the events after Episode VI , which is n't at all what I would have done with it . The Star Wars story is really the tragedy of Darth Vader . That is the story . Once Vader dies , he does n't come back to life , the Emperor does n't get cloned and Luke does n't get married ... '' Renewed development ( edit ) Development under Lucas and selling the franchise to Disney ( edit ) The trilogy remained in cancelation , until Lucas had a change of heart in the 2010s , when Lucas secretly started writing more ideas for the sequel trilogy and strongly considered directing Episode VII for a May 2015 release . Then Lucas decided not to film the sequel trilogy again . Details from Lucas discarded sequel trilogy were revealed in June 2018 , during a interview contained within a companion book to a television series AMC 's James Cameron 's Story Of Science Fiction . Therein Lucas stated the films `` were going to get into a microbiotic world . But there 's this world of creatures that operate differently than we do . I call them the Whills . And the Whills are the ones who actually control the universe . They feed off the Force . '' Neither of those ideas has been used in the sequel trilogy so far . Lucas additionally stated `` If I 'd held onto the company I could have done it , and then it would have been done . Of course a lot of fans would have hated it , just like they did ( with prequel trilogy film ) Phantom Menace and everything but at least the whole story from beginning to end would be told . '' Development without Lucas and under Disney ownership ( edit ) However , then , Lucas changed his mind again , and decided to fully retire , and allow other filmmakers do the films , instead of himself . Deciding to sell his production company Lucasfilm , along with the rights to Star Wars , to Disney . Speaking after Disney 's 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm , Lucas ( sitting alongside new Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy ) , said : `` I always said I was n't going to do any more , and that 's true , because I 'm not going to do any more . But that does n't mean I 'm unwilling to turn it over to Kathy to do more . '' Lucas said at some point , he had planned to finish Episode VII , release it in May 2015 and then sell the company afterward . But Disney expressed interest , with Lucas saying `` It 's better for me to get out at the beginning of a new thing and I can just remove myself . The time is more important to me than the money . '' Both plot - outlines , the one written in the 1980s and the one written in the 2010s , were turned over to Disney chairman Bob Iger around the time that Disney acquired Lucasfilm in 2012 . Previously mentioned veteran writer of Star Wars novels , Zahn was interviewed about the at - the - time just - announced sequel trilogy in 2012 , he confirmed the sequel trilogy was never meant to be based on his Thrawn novels nor the expanded universe but said he had been briefed years before on Lucas 's plans for the sequels . ( Zahn had discussions with Lucas before the first Thrawn novel was published in 1991 . ) The original idea as I understood it -- and Lucas changes his mind off and on , so it may not be what he 's thinking right now -- but it was going to be three generations . You 'd have the original trilogy , then go back to Luke 's father and find out what happened to him , and if there was another seventh , eighth , or ninth film , it would be Luke 's children . As announced by Lucasfilm , the sequel trilogy also meant the end of most of the existing Star Wars expanded universe , so as to give `` maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience '' . Much of the old expanded universe content would continue to be available under the Star Wars : Legends brand , which was created to brand the non-canonical works of the franchise . Only Episodes I - VI would remain canon to the franchise , along The Clone Wars animated film and animated series . Everything produced after the anouncement , would also be considered remain canon . The first film in the sequel trilogy was titled Episode VII : The Force Awakens and written by Lucas co-writer on two sequels in the original trilogy Lawrence Kasdan , along J.J. Abrams , who also directed it . As noted by Lucas in 2013 , the film had seemingly discarded his ideas for Episode VII . During an interview with Cinemablend in January 2014 , while promoting the upcoming release of the Lucasfilm animated movie Strange Magic , Lucas revealed that ultimately , Disney chose not to use the story treatments which he had written and turned over with the acquisition , and that the company chose to create brand new stories for the upcoming movies instead : `` The ones that I sold to Disney , they came up to the decision that they did n't really want to do those . So they made up their own . So it 's not the ones that I originally wrote ( on screen in Star Wars : The Force Awakens ) '' . However , Rian Johnson 's Episode VIII : The Last Jedi , brought some of them back . Few details have been revealed about the contents of Lucas 's 2010s story treatments for the sequel trilogy , the revelations came from the book , called Art of Star Wars : The Last Jedi . The book disclosed that in January 2013 at Skywalker Ranch , George Lucas himself , held the first brief about the as - yet untitled Episode VII and its story . Showing numerous concept arts including : A female young Jedi padawan named Kira ( the female young Jedi padawan was fully retained , albeit the character would be renamed Rey . The phonetically similar name Qi'ra , would be used for the childhood girlfriend of a young Han Solo , in the anthology film Solo : A Star Wars Story which was set before Han met Leia ) . An older Luke Skywalker who , decades after the fall of the Galactic Empire , exiled himself to the remote planet where the first Jedi temple was located . The first Jedi temple concept art had a bell - shaped design , as designed by VFX art director James Clyne . ( The idea and designs would later be reworked as the planet Ahch - To , briefly seen at the end of Episode VII : The Force Awakens , and explored in Episode VIII : The Last Jedi ) . Luke would have started off reluctant to train the female Jedi padawan , but would have eventually had a change of heart and agree to train her . ( This idea was fully incorporated into the plot ) . Lucas seemingly had planned for the conclusion of Luke 's story to happen in Episode VII instead of Episode VIII , with Luke dying at the end of the film ; this element was also incorporated into Johnson 's film . Conversely , some months later , Mark Hamill contradicted this statement , saying that George Lucas ' original vision for the ending of Episode IX was to have Luke dying there instead of a simple cameo , leaving his sister Leia as a Jedi . No plot points such as the Whills or microbiotic worlds have appeared so far . Films ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Status Star Wars : The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan , J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Released Star Wars : The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman Star Wars : Episode IX December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams & Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Michelle Rejwan Filming Star Wars : the Force Awakens ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens The Force Awakens , the first film in the sequel trilogy , takes place approximately 30 years after the events of Return of the Jedi . It includes new characters , as well as characters from the original trilogy , in search of Luke Skywalker with the help of Han Solo , and Princess Leia along with Chewbacca , C - 3PO , and R2 - D2 . The Force Awakens , like the subsequent two films , is based on an original screenplay and not a storyline from the expanded universe . The original trilogy 's cast joins newcomers Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Adam Driver , and Oscar Isaac . It is directed by J.J. Abrams , who co-wrote a revised version of the screenplay along with Lawrence Kasdan , co-writer of the screenplays for The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi . Original drafts of The Force Awakens script were written by Michael Arndt , but ultimately early character and plot elements in Arndt 's vision came into conflict with the conceptual ideas of director J.J. Abrams and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy , as well as filming schedules and ultimately Arndt was removed from the project due to creative differences and time constraints , being replaced by Kasdan as the primary co-creative visionary to Abrams ' plot concepts . George Lucas was set to provide Abrams with advice as a creative consultant ; however , Lucas had no involvement with the film , with his representative stating Lucas `` ideally would love not to see any footage until he walks into the theater next December . He has never been able to be surprised by a Star Wars film before and he said he was looking forward to it . '' The film began pre-production on October 30 , 2012 . Production began in April 2014 ; it was released on December 18 , 2015 . In the US , the film is rated PG - 13 `` for sci - fi action violence '' and an M Rating In Australia , the second Star Wars film to receive that rating after Revenge of the Sith ( the five other films received a PG rating ) . The film broke opening weekend box office records in North America with $248 million ( $39 million more than previous record holder Jurassic World ) and totals of $529 million worldwide , the largest opening ever . The film set another new record by becoming the first movie to break the $1 billion mark in box office sales in just 12 days . It is currently the highest - grossing film of all time in North America and the third highest - grossing film worldwide , unadjusted for inflation . Star Wars : the Last Jedi ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi The Last Jedi , the second film in the sequel trilogy , takes place following the events of The Force Awakens . On June 20 , 2014 , Rian Johnson was announced as writer and director of Episode VIII and story treatment writer of Episode IX . Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman were the producers and J.J. Abrams is the executive producer . Steve Yedlin is the cinematographer . Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII . In March 2015 , Oscar Isaac confirmed he would reprise his The Force Awakens role of Poe Dameron in Episode VIII . In July 2015 , it was reported that Benicio del Toro was being considered for a villain ; del Toro later confirmed that he had been cast . In September 2015 , it was reported that Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Tatiana Maslany , Gina Rodriguez , Olivia Cooke , and Bel Powley were on the shortlist for two separate parts . Jimmy Vee was cast as R2 - D2 , succeeding Kenny Baker , who died in August 2016 . Much of the filming for Episode VIII took place at Pinewood Studios near London . In September 2015 , some pre-production filming took place on the island of Skellig Michael , Ireland to take advantage of better weather conditions . In a November 2015 interview with Wired , Abrams stated that the film 's script was completed . In December 2015 , Hamill , Isaac , Christie , and Boyega were confirmed to reprise their roles as Luke Skywalker , Poe Dameron , Captain Phasma , and Finn , respectively . Kennedy announced on December 17 , 2015 , at the London premiere for The Force Awakens that most of the cast would return for Episode VIII . On January 20 , 2016 , Lucasfilm and Disney announced that the release of the film would be delayed to December 15 , 2017 . Principal photography began in February 2016 . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland . Principal photography wrapped in July 2016 . On December 27 , 2016 , Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier . Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa before her death . On January 23 , 2017 , the film was given a confirmed release date of December 15 , 2017 with the title Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Star Wars : Episode IX ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : Episode IX In June 2014 , Johnson was announced as writing a story treatment for Episode IX , but later stated he had not been involved with writing the film . In August 2015 , Colin Trevorrow was announced as the director of Episode IX , and he , with Derek Connolly , began writing a script . In February 2016 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed that pre-production of Episode IX had begun . In late December 2016 , following the death of Carrie Fisher , media outlets speculated on whether her role would be recast for Episode IX or whether the absence of her character would affect the film 's plot . A few weeks later , Lucasfilm stated that they would not digitally recreate Fisher 's performance for the film , and in April 2017 , Kathleen Kennedy confirmed that Fisher will not be in Episode IX ; although it was later announced on July 27 , 2018 that Fisher will in fact appear in Episode IX using unreleased footage from The Force Awakens . In August , it was reported that Jack Thorne would rewrite the script . In September 2017 , Lucasfilm announced that Trevorrow had stepped down as director of the film , and a week later , it was announced that J.J. Abrams would return to direct Episode IX . Abrams would co-write the script with Chris Terrio , in addition to producing the film through his company Bad Robot Productions , with Kennedy and Michelle Rejwan . Originally , Disney had intended for the film to be released in December , as with the other sequel films The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi , but then chose a release date of May 24 , 2019 , a time frame more common to Star Wars releases prior to the Disney purchase . However , after Abrams took over the film from Trevorrow , the film 's release date was moved back to the winter holiday season . The film is now scheduled to be released on December 20 , 2019 . Principal photography began on August 1 , 2018 . On January 10 , 2018 , it was reported that John Williams will return to compose and conduct the music for Episode IX . The next month , Williams announced that Episode IX will be the last Star Wars film music he will be composing . On July 6 , 2018 , it was reported that Keri Russell is in early talks for a role in Episode IX . On July 9 , 2018 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Billy Dee Williams was confirmed to reprise the role of Lando Calrissian . On July 27 , 2018 , it was announced that Daisy Ridley , Adam Driver , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Lupita Nyong'o , Domhnall Gleeson , Kelly Marie Tran , Joonas Suotamo , Billie Lourd , Mark Hamill , and Anthony Daniels would reprise their roles , with Naomi Ackie and Richard E. Grant joining the cast , and that Carrie Fisher would posthumously reprise her role as General Leia Organa , using unreleased footage from both The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ; the same announcement confirmed Williams ' return . It was announced later the same day that Russell had joined the cast . Reception ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Wars films and television series Critical response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Star Wars : The Force Awakens 93 % ( 392 reviews ) 81 ( 55 reviews ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi 91 % ( 393 reviews ) 85 ( 56 reviews ) Average 92 % 83 George Lucas ' response ( edit ) Lucas found himself agreeing with the critics who perceived The Force Awakens as too derivative of the original Star Wars trilogy . During an interview with talk show host and journalist Charlie Rose that aired on December 24 , 2015 , Lucas likened his decision to sell Lucasfilm to Disney to a `` divorce '' and outlined the creative differences between him and the producers of The Force Awakens . Lucas described the previous six Star Wars films as his `` children '' and defended his vision for them , while criticizing The Force Awakens for having a `` retro feel '' , saying : `` I worked very hard to make them completely different , with different planets , with different spaceships -- you know , to make it new '' . Lucas also likened Disney to `` white slavers '' , which drew some criticism . He subsequently apologized for his remark . In 2017 , Lucas described the sequel The Last Jedi , as `` beautifully made '' , shortly after its release . The comment was interpreted as Lucas liking the film more than The Force Awakens , even if Lucas never was quoted as explicitly saying it . The previous year the Disney - produced Star Wars Anthology film Rogue One : A Star Wars Story had been released , and it was reported that Lucas also liked it more than The Force Awakens itself . Rogue One told the story of the rebels who stole the plans for the original Death Star , was directed by Gareth Edwards , who said `` I can die happy '' , in regards to hearing Lucas telling him he liked his film . Academy Awards ( edit ) Academy Awards <Th_colspan="2"> Film Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Best Original Score Nominated Nominated Best Sound Editing Nominated Nominated Best Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Best Film Editing Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Box office performance ( edit ) Film U.S. release date <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="2"> All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) U.S. and Canada Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Star Wars : The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 $ 7002936700000000000 ♠ 936.7 million $ 7000113199999999999 ♠ 1.132 billion $ 7000206800000000000 ♠ 2.068 billion $245 million Star Wars : The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 $ 7002620200000000000 ♠ 620.2 million $ 7002712300000000000 ♠ 712.3 million $ 7000133200000000000 ♠ 1.332 billion 8 11 $200 million <Th_colspan="2"> Total $ 7000155700000000000 ♠ 1.557 billion $ 7000184400000000000 ♠ 1.844 billion $ 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 billion $445 million Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known in long form as Star Wars : Episode VII -- The Force Awakens . 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Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Gets a New Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Statement Regarding Star Wars : Episode IX '' . StarWars.com . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Galuppo , Mia ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow Out as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as Director of ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Gets Release Date '' . Variety . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tambini , Joe ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars Episode 9 : When is the next Star Wars film coming out ? '' . Express . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` BREAKING : Star Wars : Episode IX Cast Officially Announced ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Star Wars : Episode IX will begin filming at London 's Pinewood Studios on August 1 with returning to direct the final installment of the Skywalker saga . Jump up ^ Weiss , Josh ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` John Williams Says He 's Scoring Star Wars : Episode IX For J.J. Abrams '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jordan ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` John Williams will be returning for Star Wars : Episode IX '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , William ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` John Williams says he 's only got one more of these damn Star Wars movies in him '' . AVClub . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode IX Eyes Keri Russell ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Borys , Kit ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Billy Dee Williams Reprising Role as Lando Calrissian '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Announces Cast ; Carrie Fisher to Be Featured '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Carrie Fisher to Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars 9 Will Use The Last Jedi Footage of Leia '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Leia and Lando return : Carrie Fisher and Billy Dee Williams will appear in Star Wars : Episode IX '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Keri Russell Is In ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' After All '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars sequel trilogy CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 31 December 2015 ) . `` Attack of the moans : George Lucas hits out at ' retro ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Jeff ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` George Lucas elaborates on his reaction to ' The Force Awakens ' '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` George Lucas Says Star Wars : The Last Jedi Was ' Beautifully Made ' '' . ScreenRant . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` George Lucas Thinks ' The Last Jedi ' Was ' Beautifully Made ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Eddy , Cheryl ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` George Lucas Likes Rogue One More Than Force Awakens , and Other Fun Facts We Learned This Weekend '' . io9 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OK , We Need to Talk About This Controversy with Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Wired . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . 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-5,913,981,847,724,043,000 | average length of the large intestine in cm | Large intestine - Wikipedia Large intestine <Th_colspan="2"> Large intestine <Td_colspan="2"> Front of abdomen , showing the large intestine , with the stomach and small intestine in gray outline . <Td_colspan="2"> Front of abdomen , showing surface markings for liver ( red ) , and the stomach and large intestine ( blue ) . The large Intestine is like an upside down U . <Th_colspan="2"> Details System Digestive system Artery Superior mesenteric , inferior mesenteric and iliac arteries Vein Superior and inferior mesenteric vein Lymph Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin Colon or intestinum crassum MeSH D007420 TA A05. 7.01. 001 FMA 7201 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The large intestine , also known as the large bowel or colon , is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates . Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation . Most sources define the large intestine as the combination of the cecum , colon , rectum , and anal canal . Some other sources exclude the anal canal . In humans , the large intestine begins in the right iliac region of the pelvis , just at or below the waist , where it is joined to the end of the small intestine at the cecum , via the ileocecal valve . It then continues as the colon ascending the abdomen , across the width of the abdominal cavity as the transverse colon , and then descending to the rectum and its endpoint at the anal canal . Overall , in humans , the large intestine is about 1.5 metres ( 5 ft ) long , which is about one - fifth of the whole length of the gastrointestinal tract . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Sections 1.1. 1 Cecum and appendix 1.1. 2 Ascending colon 1.1. 3 Transverse colon 1.1. 4 Descending colon 1.1. 5 Sigmoid colon 1.1. 6 Rectum 1.2 Appearance 1.3 Blood supply 1.4 Lymphatic drainage 1.5 Nerve supply 1.6 Development 1.7 Variation 2 Microanatomy 2.1 Colonic crypts 2.1. 1 Mucosa 3 Function 3.1 Standing gradient osmosis 3.2 Gut flora 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Disease 4.2 Colonoscopy 5 Other animals 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) 3D File generated from computed tomography of large intestine Main article : Digestion Illustration of the large intestine . The colon is the last part of the digestive system . It extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body and is the site in which flora - aided ( largely bacterial ) fermentation of unabsorbed material occurs . Unlike the small intestine , the colon does not play a major role in absorption of foods and nutrients . About 1.5 litres or 45 ounces of water arrives in the colon each day . The length of the adult human male colon is 65 inches or 166 cm ( range of 80 to 313 cm ) , on average , for females it is 155 cm ( range of 80 to 214 cm ) . Sections ( edit ) Sections of the colon Average inner diameters and ranges of different sections of the large intestine . In mammals , the colon consists of five sections : the cecum plus the ascending colon , the transverse colon , the descending colon , the sigmoid colon , and the rectum . Sections of the colon are : The ascending colon including the cecum and appendix The transverse colon including the colic flexures and transverse mesocolon The descending colon The sigmoid colon -- the s - shaped region of the large intestine The rectum The parts of the colon are either intraperitoneal or behind it in the retroperitoneum . Retroperitoneal organs in general do not have a complete covering of peritoneum , so they are fixed in location . Intraperitoneal organs are completely surrounded by peritoneum and are therefore mobile . Of the colon , the ascending colon , descending colon and rectum are retroperitoneal , while the cecum , appendix , transverse colon and sigmoid colon are intraperitoneal . This is important as it affects which organs can be easily accessed during surgery , such as a laparotomy . The average inner diameter of sections of the colon in centimeters ( with ranges in parentheses ) are cecum 8.7 ( 8.0 - 10.5 ) , ascending colon 6.6 ( 6.0 - 7.0 ) , transverse colon 5.8 ( 5.0 - 6.5 ) , descending / sigmoid colon 6.3 ( 6.0 - 6.8 ) and rectum near rectal / sigmoid junction 5.7 ( 4.5 - 7.5 ) . Cecum and appendix ( edit ) The cecum is the first section of the colon and involved in the digestion , while the appendix which develops embryologically from it , is a structure of the colon , not involved in digestion and considered to be part of the gut - associated lymphoid tissue . The function of the appendix is uncertain , but some sources believe that the appendix has a role in housing a sample of the colon 's microflora , and is able to help to repopulate the colon with bacteria if the microflora has been damaged during the course of an immune reaction . The appendix has also been shown to have a high concentration of lymphatic cells . Ascending colon ( edit ) The ascending colon is the first of four sections of the large intestine . It is connected to the small intestine by a section of bowel called the cecum . The ascending colon runs upwards through the abdominal cavity toward the transverse colon for approximately eight inches ( 20 cm ) . One of the main functions of the colon is to remove the water and other key nutrients from waste material and recycle it . As the waste material exits the small intestine through the ileocecal valve , it will move into the cecum and then to the ascending colon where this process of extraction starts . The unwanted waste material is moved upwards toward the transverse colon by the action of peristalsis . The ascending colon is sometimes attached to the appendix via Gerlach 's valve . In ruminants , the ascending colon is known as the spiral colon . Taking into account all ages and sexes , colon cancer occurs here most often ( 41 % ) . Transverse colon ( edit ) The transverse colon is the part of the colon from the hepatic flexure , also known as the right colic , ( the turn of the colon by the liver ) to the splenic flexure also known as the left colic , ( the turn of the colon by the spleen ) . The transverse colon hangs off the stomach , attached to it by a large fold of peritoneum called the greater omentum . On the posterior side , the transverse colon is connected to the posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery known as the transverse mesocolon . The transverse colon is encased in peritoneum , and is therefore mobile ( unlike the parts of the colon immediately before and after it ) . The proximal two - thirds of the transverse colon is perfused by the middle colic artery , a branch of the superior mesenteric artery ( SMA ) , while the latter third is supplied by branches of the inferior mesenteric artery ( IMA ) . The `` watershed '' area between these two blood supplies , which represents the embryologic division between the midgut and hindgut , is an area sensitive to ischemia . Descending colon ( edit ) The descending colon is the part of the colon from the splenic flexure to the beginning of the sigmoid colon . One function of the descending colon in the digestive system is to store feces that will be emptied into the rectum . It is retroperitoneal in two - thirds of humans . In the other third , it has a ( usually short ) mesentery . The arterial supply comes via the left colic artery . The descending colon is also called the distal gut , as it is further along the gastrointestinal tract than the proximal gut . Gut flora are very dense in this region . Sigmoid colon ( edit ) The sigmoid colon is the part of the large intestine after the descending colon and before the rectum . The name sigmoid means S - shaped ( see sigmoid ; cf . sigmoid sinus ) . The walls of the sigmoid colon are muscular , and contract to increase the pressure inside the colon , causing the stool to move into the rectum . The sigmoid colon is supplied with blood from several branches ( usually between 2 and 6 ) of the sigmoid arteries , a branch of the IMA . The IMA terminates as the superior rectal artery . Sigmoidoscopy is a common diagnostic technique used to examine the sigmoid colon . Rectum ( edit ) The rectum is the last section of the large intestine . It holds the formed feces awaiting elimination via defecation . Appearance ( edit ) The cecum -- the first part of the large intestine Taeniae coli -- three bands of smooth muscle Haustra -- bulges caused by contraction of taeniae coli Epiploic appendages -- small fat accumulations on the viscera The taenia coli run the length of the large intestine . Because the taenia coli are shorter than the large bowel itself , the colon becomes sacculated , forming the haustra of the colon which are the shelf - like intraluminal projections . Blood supply ( edit ) Arterial supply to the colon comes from branches of the superior mesenteric artery ( SMA ) and inferior mesenteric artery ( IMA ) . Flow between these two systems communicates via a `` marginal artery '' that runs parallel to the colon for its entire length . Historically , it has been believed that the arc of Riolan , or the meandering mesenteric artery ( of Moskowitz ) , is a variable vessel connecting the proximal SMA to the proximal IMA that can be extremely important if either vessel is occluded . However , recent studies conducted with improved imaging technology have questioned the actual existence of this vessel , with some experts calling for the abolition of the terms from future medical literature . Venous drainage usually mirrors colonic arterial supply , with the inferior mesenteric vein draining into the splenic vein , and the superior mesenteric vein joining the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein that then enters the liver . Lymphatic drainage ( edit ) Lymphatic drainage from the ascending colon and proximal two - thirds of the transverse colon is to the colic lymph nodes and the superior mesenteric lymph nodes , which drain into the cisterna chyli . The lymph from the distal one - third of the transverse colon , the descending colon , the sigmoid colon , and the upper rectum drain into the inferior mesenteric and colic lymph nodes . The lower rectum to the anal canal above the pectinate line drain to the internal iliac nodes . The anal canal below the pectinate line drains into the superficial inguinal nodes . The pectinate line only roughly marks this transition . Nerve supply ( edit ) Sympathetic supply : Superior & inferior mesenteric ganglia Parasympathetic supply : Vagus & pelvic nerves Development ( edit ) See also : Development of the digestive system This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) Variation ( edit ) One variation on the normal anatomy of the colon occurs when extra loops form , resulting in a colon that is up to five metres longer than normal . This condition , referred to as redundant colon , typically has no direct major health consequences , though rarely volvulus occurs , resulting in obstruction and requiring immediate medical attention . A significant indirect health consequence is that use of a standard adult colonoscope is difficult and in some cases impossible when a redundant colon is present , though specialized variants on the instrument ( including the pediatric variant ) are useful in overcoming this problem . Microanatomy ( edit ) Further information : Gastrointestinal wall Colonic crypts ( edit ) Colonic crypts ( intestinal glands ) within four tissue sections . The cells have been stained to show a brown - orange color if the cells produce the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( CCOI ) , and the nuclei of the cells ( located at the outer edges of the cells lining the walls of the crypts ) are stained blue - gray with haematoxylin . Panels A , B were cut across the long axes of the crypts and panels C , D were cut parallel to the long axes of the crypts . In panel A the bar shows 100 μm and allows an estimate of the frequency of crypts in the colonic epithelium . Panel B includes three crypts in cross-section , each with one segment deficient for CCOI expression and at least one crypt , on the right side , undergoing fission into two crypts . Panel C shows , on the left side , a crypt fissioning into two crypts . Panel D shows typical small clusters of two and three CCOI deficient crypts ( the bar shows 50 μm ) . The images were made from original photomicrographs , but panels A , B and D were also included in an article and illustrations were published with Creative Commons Attribution - Noncommercial License allowing re-use . The wall of the large intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelium with invaginations . The invaginations are called the intestinal glands or colonic crypts . The colon crypts are shaped like microscopic thick walled test tubes with a central hole down the length of the tube ( the crypt lumen ) . Four tissue sections are shown here , two cut across the long axes of the crypts and two cut parallel to the long axes . In these images the cells have been stained by immunohistochemistry to show a brown - orange color if the cells produce a mitochondrial protein called cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( CCOI ) . The nuclei of the cells ( located at the outer edges of the cells lining the walls of the crypts ) are stained blue - gray with haematoxylin . As seen in panels C and D , crypts are about 75 to about 110 cells long . Baker et al. found that the average crypt circumference is 23 cells . Thus , by the images shown here , there are an average of about 1,725 to 2530 cells per colonic crypt . Nooteboom et al. measuring the number of cells in a small number of crypts reported a range of 1500 to 4900 cells per colonic crypt . Cells are produced at the crypt base and migrate upward along the crypt axis before being shed into the colonic lumen days later . There are 5 to 6 stem cells at the bases of the crypts . As estimated from the image in panel A , there are about 100 colonic crypts per square millimeter of the colonic epithelium . Since the average length of the human colon is 160.5 cm and the average inner circumference of the colon is 6.2 cm , the inner surface epithelial area of the human colon has an average area of about 995 sq cm , which includes 9,950,000 ( close to 10 million ) crypts . In the four tissue sections shown here , many of the intestinal glands have cells with a mitochondrial DNA mutation in the CCOI gene and appear mostly white , with their main color being the blue - gray staining of the nuclei . As seen in panel B , a portion of the stem cells of three crypts appear to have a mutation in CCOI , so that 40 % to 50 % of the cells arising from those stem cells form a white segment in the cross cut area . Overall , the percent of crypts deficient for CCOI is less than 1 % before age 40 , but then increases linearly with age . Colonic crypts deficient for CCOI in women reaches , on average , 18 % in women and 23 % in men by 80 -- 84 years of age . Crypts of the colon can reproduce by fission , as seen in panel C , where a crypt is fissioning to form two crypts , and in panel B where at least one crypt appears to be fissioning . Most crypts deficient in CCOI are in clusters of crypts ( clones of crypts ) with two or more CCOI - deficient crypts adjacent to each other ( see panel D ) . Mucosa ( edit ) About 150 of the many thousands of protein coding genes expressed in the large intestine , some are specific to the mucous membrane in different regions and include CEACAM7 . Function ( edit ) Histological section . The large intestine absorbs water and any remaining absorbable nutrients from the food before sending the indigestible matter to the rectum . The colon absorbs vitamins that are created by the colonic bacteria , such as vitamin K ( especially important as the daily ingestion of vitamin K is not normally enough to maintain adequate blood coagulation ) , thiamine and riboflavin . It also compacts feces , and stores fecal matter in the rectum until it can be discharged via the anus in defecation . The large intestine also secretes K+ and Cl - . Chloride secretion increases in cystic fibrosis . Recycling of various nutrients takes place in colon . Examples include fermentation of carbohydrates , short chain fatty acids , and urea cycling . The appendix is attached to the inferior surface of the cecum , and contains a small amount of mucosa - associated lymphoid tissue which gives the appendix an undetermined role in immunity . However , the appendix is known to be important in fetal life as it contains endocrine cells that release biogenic amines and peptide hormones important for homeostasis during early growth and development . The appendix can be removed with no apparent damage or consequence to the patient . By the time the chyme has reached this tube , most nutrients and 90 % of the water have been absorbed by the body . At this point some electrolytes like sodium , magnesium , and chloride are left as well as indigestible parts of ingested food ( e.g. , a large part of ingested amylose , starch which has been shielded from digestion heretofore , and dietary fiber , which is largely indigestible carbohydrate in either soluble or insoluble form ) . As the chyme moves through the large intestine , most of the remaining water is removed , while the chyme is mixed with mucus and bacteria ( known as gut flora ) , and becomes feces . The ascending colon receives fecal material as a liquid . The muscles of the colon then move the watery waste material forward and slowly absorb all the excess water , causing the stools to gradually solidify as they move along into the descending colon . The bacteria break down some of the fiber for their own nourishment and create acetate , propionate , and butyrate as waste products , which in turn are used by the cell lining of the colon for nourishment . No protein is made available . In humans , perhaps 10 % of the undigested carbohydrate thus becomes available , though this may vary with diet ; in other animals , including other apes and primates , who have proportionally larger colons , more is made available , thus permitting a higher portion of plant material in the diet . The large intestine produces no digestive enzymes -- chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine . The pH in the colon varies between 5.5 and 7 ( slightly acidic to neutral ) . Standing gradient osmosis ( edit ) Water absorption at the colon typically proceeds against a transmucosal osmotic pressure gradient . The standing gradient osmosis is the reabsorption of water against the osmotic gradient in the intestines . Cells occupying the intestinal lining pump sodium ions into the intercellular space , raising the osmolarity of the intercellular fluid . This hypertonic fluid creates an osmotic pressure that drives water into the lateral intercellular spaces by osmosis via tight junctions and adjacent cells , which then in turn moves across the basement membrane and into the capillaries , while more sodium ions are pumped again into the intercellular fluid . Although water travels down an osmotic gradient in each individual step , overall , water usually travels against the osmotic gradient due to the pumping of sodium ions into the intercellular fluid . This allows the large intestine to absorb water despite the blood in capillaries being hypotonic compared to the fluid within the intestinal lumen . Gut flora ( edit ) Main article : Gut flora The large intestine houses over 700 species of bacteria that perform a variety of functions , as well as fungi , protozoa , and archaea . Species diversity varies by geography and diet . The microbes in a human distal gut often number in the vicinity of 100 trillion , and can weigh around 200 grams ( 0.44 pounds ) . This mass of mostly symbiotic microbes has recently been called the latest human organ to be `` discovered '' or in other words , the `` forgotten organ '' . The large intestine absorbs some of the products formed by the bacteria inhabiting this region . Undigested polysaccharides ( fiber ) are metabolized to short - chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed by passive diffusion . The bicarbonate that the large intestine secretes helps to neutralize the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids . These bacteria also produce large amounts of vitamins , especially vitamin K and biotin ( a B vitamin ) , for absorption into the blood . Although this source of vitamins , in general , provides only a small part of the daily requirement , it makes a significant contribution when dietary vitamin intake is low . An individual who depends on absorption of vitamins formed by bacteria in the large intestine may become vitamin - deficient if treated with antibiotics that inhibit the vitamin producing species of bacteria as well as the intended disease - causing bacteria . Other bacterial products include gas ( flatus ) , which is a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide , with small amounts of the gases hydrogen , methane , and hydrogen sulfide . Bacterial fermentation of undigested polysaccharides produces these . Some of the fecal odor is due to indoles , metabolized from the amino acid tryptophan . The normal flora is also essential in the development of certain tissues , including the cecum and lymphatics . They are also involved in the production of cross-reactive antibodies . These are antibodies produced by the immune system against the normal flora , that are also effective against related pathogens , thereby preventing infection or invasion . The two most prevalent phyla of the colon are firmicutes and bacteroides . The ratio between the two seems to vary widely as reported by the Human Microbiome Project . Bacteroides are implicated in the initiation of colitis and colon cancer . Bifidobacteria are also abundant , and are often described as ' friendly bacteria ' . A mucus layer protects the large intestine from attacks from colonic commensal bacteria . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Main article : Gastrointestinal disease Following are the most common diseases or disorders of the colon : Angiodysplasia of the colon Appendicitis Chronic functional abdominal pain Colitis Colorectal cancer Colorectal polyp Constipation Crohn 's disease Diarrhea Diverticulitis Diverticulosis Hirschsprung 's disease ( aganglionosis ) Ileus Intussusception Irritable bowel syndrome Pseudomembranous colitis Ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon Colonoscopy ( edit ) Main article : Colonoscopy Colonoscopyimage , splenic flexure , normal mucosa . You can see spleen through it : the black part Colonoscopy is the endoscopic examination of the large intestine and the distal part of the small bowel with a CCD camera or a fiber optic camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus . It can provide a visual diagnosis ( e.g. ulceration , polyps ) and grants the opportunity for biopsy or removal of suspected colorectal cancer lesions . Colonoscopy can remove polyps as small as one millimetre or less . Once polyps are removed , they can be studied with the aid of a microscope to determine if they are precancerous or not . It takes 15 years or less for a polyp to turn cancerous . Colonoscopy is similar to sigmoidoscopy -- the difference being related to which parts of the colon each can examine . A colonoscopy allows an examination of the entire colon ( 1200 -- 1500 mm in length ) . A sigmoidoscopy allows an examination of the distal portion ( about 600 mm ) of the colon , which may be sufficient because benefits to cancer survival of colonoscopy have been limited to the detection of lesions in the distal portion of the colon . A sigmoidoscopy is often used as a screening procedure for a full colonoscopy , often done in conjunction with a fecal occult blood test ( FOBT ) . About 5 % of these screened patients are referred to colonoscopy . Virtual colonoscopy , which uses 2D and 3D imagery reconstructed from computed tomography ( CT ) scans or from nuclear magnetic resonance ( MR ) scans , is also possible , as a totally non-invasive medical test , although it is not standard and still under investigation regarding its diagnostic abilities . Furthermore , virtual colonoscopy does not allow for therapeutic maneuvers such as polyp / tumour removal or biopsy nor visualization of lesions smaller than 5 millimeters . If a growth or polyp is detected using CT colonography , a standard colonoscopy would still need to be performed . Additionally , surgeons have lately been using the term pouchoscopy to refer to a colonoscopy of the ileo - anal pouch . Other animals ( edit ) The large intestine is truly distinct only in tetrapods , in which it is almost always separated from the small intestine by an ileocaecal valve . In most vertebrates , however , it is a relatively short structure running directly to the anus , although noticeably wider than the small intestine . Although the caecum is present in most amniotes , only in mammals does the remainder of the large intestine develop into a true colon . In some small mammals , the colon is straight , as it is in other tetrapods , but , in the majority of mammalian species , it is divided into ascending and descending portions ; a distinct transverse colon is typically present only in primates . However , the taeniae coli and accompanying haustra are not found in either carnivorans or ruminants . The rectum of mammals ( other than monotremes ) is derived from the cloaca of other vertebrates , and is , therefore , not truly homologous with the `` rectum '' found in these species . In fish , there is no true large intestine , but simply a short rectum connecting the end of the digestive part of the gut to the cloaca . In sharks , this includes a rectal gland that secretes salt to help the animal maintain osmotic balance with the seawater . The gland somewhat resembles a caecum in structure , but is not a homologous structure . Additional images ( edit ) Intestines Colon . Deep dissection . Anterior view . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Large intestine ( Chinese medicine ) References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1177 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) ^ Jump up to : `` large intestine '' . NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms . National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kapoor , Vinay Kumar ( 13 Jul 2011 ) . Gest , Thomas R. , ed . `` Large Intestine Anatomy '' . Medscape . WebMD LLC . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gray , Henry ( 1918 ) . Gray 's Anatomy . Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger . 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Jump up ^ Gremel , Gabriela ; Wanders , Alkwin ; Cedernaes , Jonathan ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallström , Björn ; Edlund , Karolina ; Sjöstedt , Evelina ; Uhlén , Mathias ; Pontén , Fredrik ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The human gastrointestinal tract - specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody - based profiling '' . Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 57 . doi : 10.1007 / s00535 - 014 - 0958 - 7 . ISSN 0944 - 1174 . Jump up ^ `` The Large Intestine ( Human ) '' . News-Medical.net. 2009 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martin , Loren G. ( 1999 - 10 - 21 ) . `` What is the function of the human appendix ? Did it once have a purpose that has since been lost ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ La función de la hidroterapia de colon Retrieved on 2010 - 01 - 21 Jump up ^ Terry L. Miller ; Meyer J. Wolin ( 1996 ) . `` Pathways of Acetate , Propionate , and Butyrate Formation by the Human Fecal Microbial Flora '' ( PDF ) . Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 62 ( 5 ) : 1589 -- 1592 . Jump up ^ McNeil , NI ( 1984 ) . `` The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 39 ( 2 ) : 338 -- 342 . PMID 6320630 . Jump up ^ lorriben ( 2016 - 07 - 09 ) . `` What Side is Your Appendix Located - Maglenia '' . Maglenia . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Function Of The Large Intestine Archived 2013 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2010 - 01 - 21 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Yatsunenko , Tanya ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography '' . Nature . 486 ( 7402 ) : 222 -- 227 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Ann M. , and Fergus Shanahan . `` The gut flora as a forgotten organ . '' EMBO Reports 7.7 ( 2006 ) : 688 - 693 . Jump up ^ den Besten , Gijs ; van Eunen , Karen ; Groen , Albert K. ; Venema , Koen ; Reijngoud , Dirk - Jan ; Bakker , Barbara M. ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) . `` The role of short - chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet , gut microbiota , and host energy metabolism '' . Journal of Lipid Research . 54 ( 9 ) : 2325 -- 2340 . doi : 10.1194 / jlr. R036012 . ISSN 0022 - 2275 . PMC 3735932 . PMID 23821742 . Jump up ^ Murdoch , Travis B. ; Detsky , Allan S. ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Time to Recognize Our Fellow Travellers '' . Journal of General Internal Medicine . 27 ( 12 ) : 1704 -- 1706 . doi : 10.1007 / s11606 - 012 - 2105 - 6 . ISSN 0884 - 8734 . PMC 3509308 . PMID 22588826 . Jump up ^ Human Microbiome Project Consortium ( Jun 14 , 2012 ) . `` Structure , function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome '' . Nature . 486 ( 7402 ) : 207 -- 214 . doi : 10.1038 / nature11234 . PMC 3564958 . PMID 22699609 . Retrieved Jun 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Seth M. ; Bijanki , Vinieth N. ; Nava , Gerardo M. ; Sun , Lulu ; Malvin , Nicole P. ; Donermeyer , David L. ; Dunne , W. Michael ; Allen , Paul M. ; Stappenbeck , Thaddeus S. ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Commensal Bacteroides species induce colitis in host - genotype - specific fashion in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease '' . Cell host & microbe. 9 ( 5 ) : 390 -- 403 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chom. 2011.04. 009 . ISSN 1931 - 3128 . PMC 3241010 . PMID 21575910 . Jump up ^ Bottacini , Francesca ; Ventura , Marco ; van Sinderen , Douwe ; O'Connell Motherway , Mary ( 2014 - 08 - 29 ) . `` Diversity , ecology and intestinal function of bifidobacteria '' . Microbial Cell Factories. 13 ( Suppl 1 ) : S4 . doi : 10.1186 / 1475 - 2859 - 13 - S1 - S4 . ISSN 1475 - 2859 . PMC 4155821 . PMID 25186128 . Jump up ^ Johansson , Malin E.V. ; Sjövall , Henrik ; Hansson , Gunnar C. ( 2013 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease '' . Nature Reviews . Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 10 ( 6 ) : 352 -- 361 . doi : 10.1038 / nrgastro. 2013.35 . ISSN 1759 - 5045 . PMC 3758667 . PMID 23478383 . Jump up ^ Baxter NN , Goldwasser MA , Paszat LF , Saskin R , Urbach DR , Rabeneck L ( January 2009 ) . `` Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer '' . Ann . Intern . Med. 150 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 150 - 1 - 200901060 - 00306 . PMID 19075198 . Lay summary . as PDF Archived 2012 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Singh H , Nugent Z , Mahmud SM , Demers AA , Bernstein CN ( March 2010 ) . `` Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer : a systematic review of published studies '' . Am J Gastroenterol. 105 ( 3 ) : 663 -- 673 . doi : 10.1038 / ajg. 2009.650 . PMID 19904239 . Jump up ^ Brenner H , Hoffmeister M , Arndt V , Stegmaier C , Alterhofen L , Haug U ( January 2010 ) . `` Protection from right - and left - sided colorectal neoplasms after colonoscopy : population - based study '' . J Natl Cancer Inst. 102 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 95 . doi : 10.1093 / jnci / djp436 . PMID 20042716 . Jump up ^ Atkin WS , Edwards R , Kralj - Hans I , et al. ( May 2010 ) . `` Once - only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer : a multicentre randomised controlled trial '' . Lancet . 375 ( 9726 ) : 1624 -- 33 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 10 ) 60551 - X . PMID 20430429 . as PDF Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 351 -- 354 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Large intestine . Look up large intestine in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 09 - 118h . at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Home Edition <Th_colspan="2"> Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa GND : 4124782 - 6 LCCN : sh85067571 NDL : 00987673 Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large_intestine&oldid=865390375 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Digestive system Organs ( anatomy ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 88 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 17 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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-2,609,011,342,306,502,000 | when did zebra mussels come to north america | Zebra mussel - wikipedia Zebra mussel <Th_colspan="2"> Zebra mussel <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Live zebra mussels underwater with shells open , animals respiring , siphons visible <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Mollusca Class : Bivalvia Order : Veneroida Family : Dreissenidae Genus : Dreissena Species : D. polymorpha <Th_colspan="2"> Binomial name <Td_colspan="2"> Dreissena polymorpha ( Pallas , 1771 ) The zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) is a small freshwater mussel . This species was originally native to the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine . However , the zebra mussel has been accidentally introduced to numerous other areas , and has become an invasive species in many countries worldwide . Since the 1980s , they have invaded the Great Lakes and the Hudson River . They are commonly found on the bottom of ships and eat the algae that is food for fish . Inspectors check ships for the mussels before they leave port . Scientists are trying to control the mussels . The species was first described in 1769 by the German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in the Ural , Volga , and Dnieper rivers . Zebra mussels get their name from a striped pattern commonly seen on their shells , though it is not universally present . They are usually about the size of a fingernail , but can grow to a maximum length of nearly 2 in ( 5.1 cm ) . Shells are D - shaped , and attached to the substrate with strong byssal threads , which come out of their umbo on the dorsal ( hinged ) side . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ecology 1.1 Lifecycle 1.2 Predators 1.3 Other control 2 As an invasive species 2.1 North American invasion 2.1. 1 By location 2.1. 2 Cost 3 Effects of zebra mussels 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Ecology ( edit ) Three color varieties of the shell of the zebra mussel Close - up of a typical shell of a zebra mussel Zebra mussel and the closely related and ecologically similar quagga mussels are filter - feeding organisms . They remove particles from the water column . The zebra mussels process up to one liter of water per day , per mussel . Some particles are consumed as food , and feces are deposited on the lake floor . Nonfood particles are combined with mucus and other matter and deposited on lake floors as pseudofeces . Since the zebra mussel has become established in Lake Erie , water clarity has increased from 6 inches to up to three feet in some areas . This improved water clarity allows sunlight to penetrate deeper , enabling growth of submerged macrophytes . These plants , when decaying , wash up on shorelines , fouling beaches and cause water quality problems . Lake floor food supplies are enriched by zebra mussels as they filter pollution out of the water . This biomass becomes available to bottom - feeding species and to the fish that feed on them . The catch of yellow perch increased 5 fold after the invasion of zebra mussels into Lake St. Clair . Zebra mussels attach to most substrates including sand , silt , and harder substrates , but usually , juvenile mussels prefer harder , rockier substrates to which to attach . Other mussel species frequently represent the most stable objects in silty substrates , and zebra mussels attach to , and often kill these mussels . They build colonies on native unionid clams , reducing their ability to move , feed , and breed , eventually leading to their deaths . This has led to the near extinction of the unionid clams in Lake St. Clair and the western basin of Lake Erie . This pattern is being repeated in Ireland , where zebra mussels have eliminated the two freshwater mussels from several waterways , including some lakes along the River Shannon in 1997 . In 2012 , the National University of Ireland , Galway , said `` The discovery of zebra mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) in Lough Derg and the lower Shannon region in 1997 ( McCarthy et al 1997 , a & b ) has led to considerable concern about the potential ecological and economic damage that this highly invasive aquatic nuisance species can cause . '' Lifecycle ( edit ) The lifespan of a zebra mussel is four to five years . A female zebra mussel begins to reproduce within 6 -- 7 weeks of settling . An adult female zebra mussel can produce 30,000 to 40,000 eggs in each reproductive cycle , and over 1 million each year . Free - swimming microscopic larvae , called veligers , drift in the water for several weeks and then settle onto any hard surface they can find . Zebra mussels also can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions and adults can even survive out of water for about 7 days . Drawing of zebra mussel , showing the byssus Predators ( edit ) Research on natural enemies , both in Europe and North America , has focused on predators , particularly birds ( 36 species ) and fish ( 15 and 38 species eating veligers and attached mussels ) . The vast majority of the organisms that are natural enemies in Europe are not present in North America . Ecologically similar species do exist , but these species are unlikely to be able to eliminate those mussels already established and will have a limited role in their control . Crayfish could have a significant impact on the densities of 1 - to 5 - mm - long zebra mussels . An adult crayfish consumes around 105 zebra mussels every day , or about 6000 mussels in a season . Predation rates are significantly reduced at cooler water temperatures . Fish do not seem to limit the densities of zebra mussels in European lakes . Smallmouth bass are a predator in the zebra mussels ' adopted North American Great Lakes habitat . Other control ( edit ) On June 4 , 2014 , Canadian conservation authorities announced that a test using liquid fertilizer to kill invasive zebra mussels was successful . This test was conducted in a lakefront harbor in the western province of Manitoba . However , there continue to be outbreaks in Lake Winnipeg . Similar tests were run in Illinois , Minnesota , and Michigan , using Zequanox , a biopesticide As an invasive species ( edit ) Sign advising boaters on how to prevent zebra mussel spread on Titicus Reservoir in North Salem , New York The native distribution of the species is in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in Eurasia . Zebra mussels have become an invasive species in North America , Great Britain , Ireland , Italy , Spain , and Sweden . They disrupt the ecosystems by monotypic colonization , and damage harbors and waterways , ships and boats , and water treatment and power plants . Water treatment plants are most affected because the water intakes bring the microscopic free - swimming larvae directly into the facilities . Zebra mussels also cling to pipes under the water and clog them . Grossinger reported it in Hungary in 1794 . Kerney and Morton described the rapid colonization of Britain by the zebra mussel , first in Cambridgeshire in the 1820s , London in 1824 , and in the Union Canal near Edinburgh in 1834 . In 1827 , zebra mussels were seen in the Netherlands at Rotterdam . Canals that artificially link many European waterways facilitated their early dispersal . It is nonindigenous in the Czech Republic in the Elbe River in Bohemia since 1893 ; in southern Moravia , it is probably native . Around 1920 the mussels reached Lake Mälaren in Sweden . The first appearance of the organism in northern Italy was in Lake Garda in 1973 ; in central Italy , they appeared in Tuscany in 2003 . Zebra mussels are also present in British waterways . Many water companies are reporting having problems with their water treatment plants with the mussels attaching themselves to pipeworks . Anglian Water has estimated that it costs £ 500,000 per year to remove the mussels from their treatment plants . It has been argued that zebra mussels have also had an effect on fish populations , with dwindling fish populations in areas such as Salford Quays . North American invasion ( edit ) They were first detected in Canada in the Great Lakes in 1988 , in Lake St. Clair , located east / northeast of Detroit and Windsor . It is believed they were inadvertently introduced into the lakes in the ballast water of ocean - going ships traversing the St. Lawrence Seaway . Another possible , often neglected , mode of introduction is on anchors and chains , although this has not been proven . Since adult zebra mussels can survive out of water for several days or weeks if the temperature is low and humidity is high , chain lockers provide temporary refuge for clusters of adult mussels that could easily be released when transoceanic ships drop anchor in freshwater ports . They have become an invasive species in North America , and as such they are the target of federal policy to control them , for instance in the National Invasive Species Act ( 1996 ) . Using models based on the genetic algorithm for rule - set production ( GARP ) , a group of researchers predicted that the southeastern United States is moderately to highly likely to be inhabited by zebra mussels and the Midwest unlikely to experience a zebra mussel invasion of water bodies . However , this model has since been proven incorrect . In 2006 a researcher ( also using GARP ) predicted invasion as far west as the North Platte River , Nebraska , by 2015 . As of March 2016 , zebra mussels have affected hundreds of lakes in the Midwest including the Great Lake Michigan , and the largest freshwater lake in Wisconsin , Lake Winnebago . See the March 2016 USGS Zebra mussel distribution map for full scope of invasion . Congressional researchers have estimated that the zebra mussel has cost businesses and communities over $5 billion since their initial invasion . Zebra mussels have cost power companies alone over $3 billion . By location ( edit ) Zebra mussels line the shoreline of Lake Michigan From their first appearance in American waters in 1988 , zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways , including Lake Simcoe in the Great Lakes region , the Mississippi , Hudson , St. Lawrence , Ohio , Cumberland , Missouri , Tennessee , Huron , Colorado , and Arkansas Rivers , and 11 lakes and 5 river basins in Texas . Today , the invasion continues . For instance , in 2009 , the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in Laurel Lake in the Berkshires . That same year the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels have been found in Pelican Lake , Minnesota . This was the first confirmed sighting in the Red River Basin , which extends across the international border into the province of Manitoba . In 2013 , their presence in Manitoba 's Lake Winnipeg was confirmed and aggressive efforts to eradicate them in 2014 have not succeeded . New contamination was found outside treated areas of Lake Winnipeg in 2015 and they have also been found in the Red River near the lake in Selkirk Park in 2015 . Large number were seen at Grand Beach ( Manitoba ) in 2017 In July 2010 , the North Dakota Game and Fish Department confirmed the presence of zebra mussel veliger in the Red River between Wahpeton , ND , and Breckenridge , MN . As recently as 2008 California similarly reported invasions . In 2011 , an invasion of zebra mussels shut down a water pipeline in the Dallas area . This resulted in reduced water supplies during a drought year , worsening water restrictions across the Dallas area . A common inference made by scientists predicts that the zebra mussel will continue spreading passively , by ship and by pleasure craft , to more rivers in North America . Trailered boat traffic is the most likely vector for invasion into Western North America . This spread is preventable if boaters thoroughly clean and dry their boats and associated equipment before transporting them to new bodies of water . Since no North American predator or combination of predators has been shown to significantly reduce zebra mussel numbers , such spread would most likely result in permanent establishment of zebra mussels in many North American waterways . A major decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed in the Seneca River in central New York in the summer of 1993 . This decrease was due to extremely high concentrations of zebra mussels in the watershed . Additionally , the Seneca River had significantly less chlorophyll in the water , which is used as a measure of phytoplankton biomass , due to the presence of zebra mussels . Cost ( edit ) The cost of fighting the pests at power plants and other water - consuming facilities is substantial , but the exact magnitude of the damage is a matter of some controversy . According to the Center for Invasive Species Research at the University of California , Riverside , the cost of management of zebra mussel in the Great Lakes alone exceeds $500 million a year . A more conservative study estimated total economic costs of $267 million for electric - generation and water - treatment facilities in the entire United States from 1989 through 2004 . Effects of zebra mussels ( edit ) Zebra mussel - encrusted vector averaging current meter from Lake Michigan Zebra mussels are filter feeders . When in the water , they open their shells to admit detritus . As their shells are very sharp , they are known for cutting people 's feet , resulting in the need to wear water shoes wherever they are prevalent . Since their colonization of the Great Lakes , they have covered the undersides of docks , boats , and anchors . They have also spread into streams and rivers throughout the US . In some areas they completely cover the substrate , sometimes covering other freshwater mussels . They can grow so densely that they block pipelines , clogging water intakes of municipal water supplies and hydroelectric companies . Zebra mussels do not attach to cupronickel alloys , which can be used to coat intake and discharge grates , navigational buoys , boats , and motors where the species tends to congregate . Zebra mussels are believed to be the source of deadly avian botulism poisoning that has killed tens of thousands of birds in the Great Lakes since the late 1990s . They are edible , however because they are so efficient at filtering water they tend to accumulate pollutants and toxins . For this reason most experts recommend against consuming zebra mussels . They are also responsible for the near extinction of many species in the Great Lake system by outcompeting native species for food and by growing on top of and suffocating the native clams and mussels . Zebra mussels also affect all classes of algae species , resulting in a shortage of food sources to native species of freshwater mussels and fish in the Great Lakes . Zebra mussel infestation on the walls of Arthur V. Ormond Lock on the Arkansas River However , zebra mussels and other non-native species are credited with the increased population and size of smallmouth bass in Lake Erie and yellow perch in Lake St. Clair . They cleanse the waters of inland lakes , resulting in increased sunlight penetration and growth of native algae at greater depths . This cleansing also increases water visibility and filters out pollutants . Each quagga and zebra mussel filters about 1 US quart ( 0.95 L ) of water a day when confined to small tanks . In lakes , their filtering effects are usually spatially restricted ( near the lake bottom ) due to nonhomogeneous water column mixing . Because zebra mussels damage water intakes and other infrastructure , methods such as adding oxidants , flocculants , heat , dewatering , mechanical removal , and pipe coatings are becoming increasingly common . See also ( edit ) Mussel , mostly about true mussels Quagga mussel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WoRMS ( 2013 ) . `` Dreissena polymorpha ( Pallas , 1771 ) '' . World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved Feb 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoddle , M.S. `` Quagga & Zebra Mussels '' . Center for Invasive Species Research , UC Riverside . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mollusca Slovenska ( The Slovak molluscs ) . VEDA vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied , Bratislava , 344 pp . Jump up ^ The National Atlas of the United States of America ( 2009 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Zebra Mussels '' . Nationalatlas.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra mussel -- Invasive species : Minnesota DNR '' . Dnr.state.mn.us. 1999 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Amy Benson ( 2009 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Zebra mussel FAQs '' . Fl.biology.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Schloesser , Don W. ; Nalepa , Thomas F. ( 1994 ) . `` Dramatic decline of unionid bivalves in offshore waters of western Lake Erie after infestation by the zebra mussel , Dreissena polymorpha '' . USGS Great Lakes Science Center . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Alteration of the Freshwater Ecosystem , An Overview , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jump up ^ Garton , D.W. ; Berg , D.J. ; Stoeckmann , A.M. ; Hagg , W.R. ( 1993 ) . `` Biology of recent invertebrate invading species in the Great Lakes : The spiny water flea , Bythotrephes cederstoemi , and the zebra mussel , Dreissena polymorpha '' ( in B.N. McKnight editor . Biological pollution : The control and impact of invasive exotic species . ed . ) . Indianapolis , Indiana. : Indiana Academy of Science. : 63 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Sagoff , M. `` What 's Wrong with Exotic Species ? '' ( PDF ) . College Park , Maryland : Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy , Maryland School of Public Affairs . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zebra Mussel Webpage '' . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Borcherding , J. ( 1991 ) . `` The annual reproductive cycle of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha Pallas in lakes '' . Oecologia. 87 : 208 -- 218 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00325258 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra Mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha ) '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Daniel P. Molloya ; Alexander Y . Karatayevb ; Lyubov E. Burlakovab ; Dina P. Kurandinac ; Franck Laruellea ( 1997 ) . `` Natural enemies of zebra mussels : Predators , parasites , and ecological competitors '' . Reviews in Fisheries Science . 5 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 97 . doi : 10.1080 / 10641269709388593 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Mackie , G ; Gibbons , W ; Muncaster , B ; Gray , I ( 1989 ) . `` The Zebra Mussel , Dreissena polymorpha : A synthesis of European Experiences and a preview for North America '' . Ontario Ministry of Environment . Jump up ^ `` Manitoba stops zebra mussel invasion with fertilizer '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Potash experiment killed zebra mussels at infested harbour , officials say '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manitoba family spots ' dark clumps ' of zebra mussels at Grand Beach '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan - made pesticide Zequanox adds muscle to war on zebra mussels '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Blažka , F. ( 1893 ) . `` Do Čech zavlečená slávka : Dreissena polymorpha Pall '' . Vesmír ( in Czech ) . 22 ( 15 ) : 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ ( in Czech ) Horsák M. , Juřičková L. , Beran L. , Čejka T. & Dvořák L. ( 2010 ) . `` Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky . ( Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics ) '' . Malacologica Bohemoslovaca , Suppl. 1 : 1 -- 37 . PDF . Jump up ^ Giusti F ; Oppi E ( 1973 ) . `` Dreissena polymorpha ( Pallas ) nuovamente in Italia . ( Bivalvia , Dreissenidae ) '' . Mem Mus Civ St Nat Verona ( in Italian ) . 20 : 45 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Elisabetta Lori ; Simone Cianfanelli ( 2006 ) . `` New records of Dreissena polymorpha ( Pallas , 1771 ) ( Mollusca : Bivalvia : Dreissenidae ) from Central Italy '' ( PDF ) . Aquatic Invasions. 1 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 283 . doi : 10.3391 / ai. 2006.1. 4.11 . Jump up ^ `` British waterways fight invasion by Russian zebra mussels '' . BBC News . 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Angling club closes down at ' clean ' Salford Quays '' . BBC News . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zebra Mussels Overwhelm U.S. Waterways in the Great Lakes Region and Beyond -- Copper Screens and Coatings Provide a Solution to this $500 million Problem '' . Copper Development Association . 2009 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Drake , John M. , and Jonathan M. Bossenbroek ( 2004 ) . `` The Potential Distribution of zebra mussels in the United States . '' BioScience ( Vol. 54 , No 10 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 2 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stimers , M.J. 2008 . Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) Invasion into the Upper Platte River : Using GIS and Genetic Algorithm Rule - set Prediction to Model Spread . The Pennsylvania Geographer 45 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 70 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra Quagga Mussel Sightings Distribution '' . USGS . USGS . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zebra Mussels '' . Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Mass. towns start fight against zebra mussel '' . Boston Herald . 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra mussels found in Pelican Lake in Otter Tail County '' ( Press release ) . MN Department of Natural Resources . 2009 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Winnipeg Sun Province redoubles fight against zebra mussels Winnipeg Sun , MAY 28 , 2015 , Retrieved May 28 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Zebra Mussel Discovered in North Dakota '' ( Press release ) . ND Game and Fish Department . 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Quagga and Zebra Mussels Incident Description '' . CA Department of Fish & Wildlife . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Stoler , Steve ( 2011 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Water district braces for North Texas drought crisis wfaa.com Dallas -- Fort Worth '' . Wfaa.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Effler , Steven W. , Carol M. Brooks , Keith Whitehead , Bruce Wagner , Susan M. Doerr , MaryGail Perkins , Clifford A. Siegfried , Leigh Walrath and Raymond P. Canale ( 1996 ) . `` Impact of Zebra Mussel Invasion on River Water Quality . '' Water Environment Research ( Vol. 68 , No 2 ) . pp. 205 -- 214 . Retrieved 2014 - 2 - 19 . Jump up ^ Connelly , NA ; O'Neill , CR Jr ; Knuth , BA ; Brown , TL ( 2007 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Economic impacts of zebra mussels on drinking water treatment and electric power generation facilities '' . Environ Manage. 40 : 105 -- 12 . doi : 10.1007 / s00267 - 006 - 0296 - 5 . PMID 17530329 . Jump up ^ Janega , James ( 2008 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Botulism takes fatal toll on thousands of Great Lakes birds '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Zebra Mussels -- Too Toxic for ' Taste Of '' . Buffalo Rising Online . Sep 24 , 2008 . Retrieved Jan 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Sea Grant Overview '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Kenneth H. ; Hopkins , Gordon J. ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Recent Changes in Lake Erie ( North Shore ) Phytoplankton : Cumulative Impacts of Phosphorus Loading Reductions and the Zebra Mussel Introduction '' . Journal of Great Lakes Research . 19 ( 4 ) : 637 -- 647 . doi : 10.1016 / S0380 - 1330 ( 93 ) 71251 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Report at ESPN Sports '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Exotic species at PUAF . Jump up ^ `` Great Lakes : ' Amazing change ' '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Strayer , David L. ( 2009 ) . `` Twenty Years of Zebra Mussels : Lessons from the Mollusk That Made Headlines . '' Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment ( Vol. 7 , No 3 ) . pp. 135 -- 141 . Retrieved 2014 - 2 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Minchin , D ( 2003 ) . `` The Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymopha ( Pallas ) extends its range westwards in Ireland '' . Bulletin of the Irish Biogeographical Society . 27 : 176 -- 182 . ISSN 0332 - 1185 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dreissena polymorpha . Zebra mussels in Kawartha Lakes , by Jim Russell Zebra Mussel on National Atlas Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) -- FactSheet Dreissina FAQs Species Profile - Zebra Mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) , National Invasive Species Information Center , United States National Agricultural Library . Lists general information and resources for Zebra Mussel . What are Zebra Mussels ? Zebra Mussel Watch Charting the progression of the Zebra mussel in the Eastern United States Zebra mussel in N.I. CISR -- Zebra Mussels Center for Invasive Species Research summary on Zebra Mussels GLANSIS Species FactSheet USGS Zebra Mussel Monitoring Program for North Texas United States Geological Survey Did the Zebra Mussel affect Atlantic Fishing ? - C. Yukna ( EMSE France ) Zebra Mussels : Questions and Answers for Inland Lake Managers <Th_colspan="2"> Aquatic ecosystem topics <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> hide Aquatic ecosystems -- general and freshwater components <Td_colspan="2"> General Acoustic ecology Adaptation Agent - based models Algal bloom Anoxic waters Aquatic animals ( Insects Mammals ) Aquatic plants Aquatic science Benthos Biodiversity research Bioluminescence Biomass Biomonitoring Cascade effect Colored dissolved organic matter Camouflage and mimicry Dead zone Ecohydrology Ecosystems Eutrophication Fisheries science Food chain Food web GIS and aquatic science Hydrobiology Hypoxia Isotope analysis Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial loop Nekton Neuston Particle Pelagic zone Photic zone Phytoplankton Plankton Pleuston Predation Productivity Ramsar Convention Respiration Schooling Sediment trap Siltation Spawning Substrate Thermal pollution Toxicology Trophic level Water column Zooplankton More ... 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Marine life Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep - water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q752130 BioLib : 3034 EoL : 493165 EPPO : DREIPO Fauna Europaea : 337878 GBIF : 2287072 iNaturalist : 116340 IRMNG : 11429350 ITIS : 81339 IUCN : 155495 NBN : NBNSYS0000006809 NCBI : 45954 WoRMS : 181566 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zebra_mussel&oldid=850098143 '' Categories : Dreissenidae Molluscs described in 1771 Invertebrates of Russia Molluscs of Europe Invasive animal species in North America Invasive animal species of the British Isles Invasive animal species of Italy Invasive animal species of Spain Invasive animal species of Sweden Invertebrates of Ukraine Edible invasive species Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Articles with Czech - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 16 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Zebra mussel invasion
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-4,882,857,388,906,615,000 | committee for the peaceful reunification of the country | Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the fatherland - Wikipedia Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the fatherland Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea . <Td_colspan="2"> Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland Chosŏn'gŭl 조국 평화 통일 위원회 Hancha 祖國 平和 統一 委員會 Revised Romanization Joguk Pyeonghwa Tong - il Wiwonhoe McCune -- Reischauer Choguk P'yŏnghwa T'ong'il Wiwŏnhoi The Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of Korea ( CPRK ) is a North Korean organisation aimed at promoting Korean reunification . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Membership 3 See also 4 References Overview ( edit ) The CPRF is not a governmental body per se but rather an offshoot of the Workers ' Party of Korea 's United Front Department ; the distinction is intended to emphasise the North Korean government 's position that the Southern government is illegitimate and should not be dealt with by official bodies . It was established on 13 May 1961 as part of Pyongyang 's ongoing response to the South Korean April Revolution of the preceding year which had resulted in Rhee Syng - man 's resignation . The mere announcement of the CPRF 's creation is believed to have exacerbated political instability in the South and to have contributed to the success of army general Park Chung - hee 's coup three days later . In the aftermath of the Committee 's creation , Pyongyang 's reunification policy took a turn towards more pro-active means aimed at provoking the Southern government and inciting an internal Communist revolution there ; Pyongyang concluded further military agreements with China and the Soviet Union , captured the USS Pueblo , attempted to assassinate Park Chung - hee in 1968 in what became known as the Blue House Raid , and shot down an American aircraft the following year . Membership ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Past vice-chairmen of the CPRF include : Choe Deok - sin ( until 1989 ) Kim Yong - sun ( until 2003 ) Kim Ki - nam ( c. 2005 ) See also ( edit ) Ministry of Unification , a department of South Korean government similar to CPRK References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oh , Kong - Dan ; Hessig , Ralph ( 2002 ) . Korea Briefing 2000 -- 2001 : First Steps Toward Reconciliation and Reunification . M.E. Sharpe . p. 265 . ISBN 9780765609540 . Jump up ^ Hwang , K. ( 1980 ) . The Neutralized - unification of Korea in Perspective . Transaction Publishers . p. 89 . ISBN 9781412829519 . Jump up ^ `` Choi Duk Shin , 75 , Ex-South Korean Envoy '' . The New York Times . 1989 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Len , Samuel ( 2003 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Pyongyang official dies of crash injuries '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` S. Korean president meets DPRK officials '' . People 's Daily . 2005 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . This North Korea - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_the_Peaceful_Reunification_of_the_Fatherland&oldid=819803742 '' Categories : 1961 establishments in North Korea Korean nationalist organizations Political organizations of North Korea Organizations established in 1961 North Korea -- South Korea relations North Korea stubs Hidden categories : Articles containing Korean - language text Incomplete lists from May 2013 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 10 : 23 . About Wikipedia | 1. Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland
2. North Korean organization
3. Korean reunification
4. Workers' Party of Korea
5. South Korean April Revolution |
473,471,327,443,760,600 | who has a bigger fan base star wars or star trek | Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars - wikipedia Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A fan of Star Trek dressed in Starfleet uniform ( left ) and a fan of Star Wars dressed in Imperial Death Star gunner uniform ( right ) at Comic - Con 2010 Star Trek and Star Wars are science fiction media franchises that present alternative scenarios of space adventure . The two streams have offered various forms of media productions for decades that manage billions of dollars of intellectual property , providing employment and entertainment for billions of people around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Differences 2.1 Runtime 3 Similarities and commonalities 3.1 Abrams era 4 Estimated financial comparisons 5 Critique and commentaries 6 Influences on one another 7 Comic relief 8 Future 8.1 Fan works 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2014 ) Star Trek was introduced as a live - action television series in 1966 that lasted three years . Star Trek : The Animated Series commenced in 1973 ( based directly on the original series ) but lasted only two seasons . With the subsequent publication of novels , comics , animated series , toys and feature films , Star Trek grew into an enormous media franchise . Star Wars was introduced as a feature film , Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope , in 1977 . A novelization titled Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , based on the original script of the film , was published about a year earlier . Upon the release of the first film , Star Wars quickly grew into a popular media franchise . Differences ( edit ) Star Trek has its origin in television . The franchise was conceived in the style of the television Western Wagon Train and the adventure stories of Horatio Hornblower , but evolved into an idealistic , utopian prospect of future human society . Inspired by Gulliver 's Travels , Star Trek 's main focus is of space exploration and a galactic society consisting of multiple planets and species , where conflict occasionally occurs . Star Trek occurs in the relatively distant future , specifically the 22nd through 24th centuries , with occasional time travel . The Earth of the Star Trek universe shares most of its history with the real world . Star Wars has its origin in film , despite the novel based on the film 's original script having been published a year before the film itself . Star Wars mainly belongs to the space opera subgenre of science fiction that was inspired by works such as Beowulf , King Arthur and other mythologies , world religions and ancient and medieval history . It depicts a galactic society in constant conflict . Though there are periods of peace , these are only documented in novels , comics , video games , non-feature films and other spin - off media . Star Wars is set `` a long time ago , in a galaxy far , far away , '' although many characters are human , occasionally use Earth metaphors and exhibit human character traits . Although both Star Trek and Star Wars populate various forms of media , not all types have been produced that are mutual to both franchises . Star Wars has not produced any live - action television series while Star Trek has produced five live - action television series , with a sixth series planned to begin airing in 2017 . Star Trek likewise has not produced any television films ; whereas Star Wars has produced at least three live - action television films outside the Star Wars film saga . The Star Wars Holiday Special , Ewoks : Caravan of Courage and Ewoks : Battle for Endor are all live - action television spin - off films set in the Star Wars universe , but not considered part of the official Star Wars canon . Runtime ( edit ) ~ 513 hours ( Star Trek TV ) + ~ 23 hours for the Star Trek films up to Into Darkness ~ 18 hours ( Star Wars films ) + misc . Star Wars shows . Similarities and commonalities ( edit ) Aside from having the word ' Star ' in their respective titles , the two franchises share many similarities and commonalities . Both stories depict societies consisting of multiple planets and species . The main galaxy in Star Trek consists of various planets , each inhabited by different species , united into a single state , the United Federation of Planets . Star Wars depicts a galaxy that is mostly part of a single state known as the Old Republic , inhabited by humans and countless other species , which later became the Galactic Empire and was again later reformed into a new society called the New Republic after a series of wars . Both franchises promote philosophical and political messages , though Star Wars focuses more on the former while Star Trek focuses more on the latter . The main philosophies of Star Trek convey the morals of exploration and interference and how to properly confront and ethically resolve a new situation . Creator Gene Roddenberry was inspired by morality tales such as Gulliver 's Travels . The main philosophical messages of Star Wars are the ethics of good against evil and how to distinguish them . Star Wars preaches against totalitarian systems and favors societies that offer equality . In an interview on the Star Wars 20th Anniversary UK Programme aired in 1997 referring to the mythology of the original Star Wars trilogy , Patrick Stewart stated `` A belief in one 's own powers ; especially one 's own powers to do good because the underlying morality of Star Wars is a very very positive one . '' Stewart is known for playing Captain Jean Luc Picard in Star Trek The Next Generation . Both franchises also derive significantly from history and ancient mythology , including Greco - Roman mythology . Many planets and alien species in Star Trek , for instance , are named after ancient Roman deities . Several episodes from various Star Trek television serials , such as Who Mourns for Adonais , are directly based on ancient Greek - Roman themes and settings . The series also make references to Ancient Babylon and its mythic folklore . The Klingons and their warrior culture are a representation of the 12th century Mongols . Much of Star Wars ' story plots and character developments are based on ancient history , including classical Greece and Rome , such as the fall of the Old Republic in Star Wars , followed by the rise of the Galactic Empire , which parallels the fall of the ancient Roman Republic followed by the rise of the Roman Empire . A 1983 documentary on the making of Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi was hosted by Leonard Nimoy who also made mention of Lucas 's original plan to do two other trilogies preceding and proceeding the original trilogy . Abrams era ( edit ) J.J. Abrams , director and producer of Star Trek ( 2009 ) and Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) and producer of Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , directed and produced Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Star Trek ( 2009 ) and Star Wars : The Force Awakens are each the first entries in expected trilogies . These films received favorable critical and commercial response and revived interest for both franchises . In addition to Abrams , actors such as Simon Pegg starred in both series . Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) was poorly received and Star Wars : Episode III - Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) had capped off the prequel trilogy , which overall had a mixed to positive reception . The newer films of the two franchises filmed major scenes in the United Arab Emirates . The desert scenes on the planet Jakku in Star Wars : The Force Awakens were filmed in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi , while scenes for cities in the film Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) were filmed in the Emirate of Dubai . The two franchises now offer almost all forms of media ranging from novels , television series , comic books , toys for younger audience , magazines , themed merchandise , board games and video games , as well as fan works . These include canonical and non-canonical works , including works made both by series producers and fans jointly . Estimated financial comparisons ( edit ) Despite the difference in the numbers of films , the profit made by the Star Wars film series exceed the profit of the Star Trek film series by almost five times , while the entire franchise outgrosses the other by four times . It is difficult to accurately judge the total worth of each franchise as television series , memorabilia and video games must be taken into account . Star Trek films ( $ million ) Year Title Budget Box Office Net 1979 The Motion Picture 35 139 104 1982 The Wrath of Khan 12 96 84 1984 The Search for Spock 18 87 69 1986 The Voyage Home 24 133 109 The Final Frontier 30 70 40 1991 The Undiscovered Country 27 96.9 69.9 Generations 38 120 82 First Contact 46 150 104 1998 Insurrection 70 117 47 2002 Nemesis 60 67 7 2009 Star Trek ( reboot ) 140 386 246 2013 Into Darkness 190 467 277 2016 Beyond 185 336 151 Total 875 2,265 1,390 Star Wars films ( $ million ) Year Title Budget Box Office Net 1977 A New Hope 11 786.6 775.6 1980 The Empire Strikes Back 23 534.1 511.1 Return of the Jedi 32.5 572.7 540.2 1999 The Phantom Menace 115 1027 912 2002 Attack of the Clones 115 656.6 541.6 2005 Revenge of the Sith 115 848.9 733.9 2008 The Clone Wars 8.5 68.6 60.1 2015 The Force Awakens 306 2058 1752 2016 Rogue One 200 927.3 727.3 Total 926 7,479.8 6,560 Franchise Year of inception Total Revenue Star Trek 1966 $10 Billion ( as of 2016 ) Star Wars 1977 $42 Billion ( as of 2015 ) Critique and commentaries ( edit ) Science fiction writer David Brin criticized Star Wars at the time of the release of The Phantom Menace , arguing that while the Star Wars movies provide special effects and action / adventure , audiences are not encouraged to engage with their overriding themes . Among his issues with Star Wars and George Lucas , whom he accused of `` having an agenda '' , is that the Star Wars galaxy is too `` elitist '' , with arbitrary rulers on both the evil and good sides , replacing one another without any involvement of the population . He criticizes both sides of the Galactic Civil War as part of the `` same genetically superior royal family . '' He finds the Star Wars universe flawed with additional forms of absolutism , such as justified emotions leading a good person to evil - for example citing the idea that Luke Skywalker killing Palpatine would somehow turn him to the dark side , despite the act potentially saving millions of lives . Among the many other flaws he sees with Star Wars is that Anakin Skywalker becomes a hero at the end of Return of the Jedi simply because he saved his son 's life , while the atrocities he committed during his time in power go largely ignored . In contrast , he argues that , despite its flaws , Star Trek is `` democratic '' and follows genuine issues and strong questioning . William Shatner argues that Star Trek is superior to Star Wars . According to him , `` Star Trek had relationships and conflict among the relationships and stories that involved humanity and philosophical questions . '' Shatner believes that Star Wars was only better than Star Trek in terms of special effects , and that once J.J. Abrams became involved , Star Trek was able to `` supersede Star Wars on every level '' . Tim Russ , who played Tuvok in Star Trek Voyager , claims that it is difficult to find common enough elements to be able to compare the two . Among those common elements are their similar settings of unique characters and technologies . He echoed Shatner that Star Trek reflects common human issues , the morals of exploration and considers ethical questions . Star Wars in his view is a classic medieval tale dressed up as action - adventure , and that embraces the Eastern Philosophy of inner - strength . Russ concludes that despite both their success and popularity , Star Trek comes out as the better of the two , as it is set in `` our '' galaxy and therefore people can relate better to it , whereas Star Wars takes place in another galaxy . He acknowledged that he could be biased . Jeremy Bulloch is best known for his role as Boba Fett in the original Star Wars trilogy . He is a fan of Star Trek : The Original Series . He argued that while both franchises are popular , Star Wars comes out as the superior , for its soundtracks and special effects . Contrasting the focus of the two franchises , contributor J.C. Herzthe of The New York Times argued , `` Trek fandom revolves around technology because the Star Trek universe was founded on ham - fisted dialogue and Gong Show - caliber acting . But the fictional science has always been brilliant . The science in Star Wars is nonsense , and everyone knows it . But no one cares because Star Wars is n't about science . It 's epic drama . It 's about those incredibly well - developed characters and the moral decisions they face . People do n't get into debates about how the second Death Star works . They get into debates about the ethics of blowing it up . '' John Wenzel of the Denver Post highlighted two differences in approach , noting the `` swashbuckling '' and `` gunslinger '' style of Star Wars compared with Star Trek 's `` broader themes of utopian living , justice and identity '' and that the spiritual aspect of Star Wars contrasts with the balance of emotion and logic seen in Star Trek . Billionaire Peter Thiel told Dowd `` I 'm a capitalist . Star Wars is the capitalist show . Star Trek is the communist one '' . He further stated `` There is no money in Star Trek because you just have the transporter machine that can make anything you need '' . `` The whole plot of Star Wars starts with Han Solo having this debt that he owes and so the plot in Star Wars is driven by money . '' Archived footage in Trek Nation showed Gene Roddenberry saying , `` I like Star Wars . It was young King Arthur growing up , slaying the evil emperor finally . There 's nothing wrong with that kind of entertainment - everything does n't have to create a philosophy for you - for your whole life . You can also have fun . '' Influences on one another ( edit ) See also : Star Wars sources and analogues The two franchises have a `` symbiotic relationship '' stated Shatner , who credits Star Wars for launching the Star Trek films . He repeated this sentiment at a 2016 Star Trek fan convention in Las Vegas by stating `` Star Wars created Star Trek '' . He clarified this statement by explaining that at the time of the release of the first Star Wars film ( A New Hope ) , Paramount , then under new management , was struggling to come up with something that could compete with it . A Star Trek relaunch was the choice . Since then , public interest has returned to Star Trek . `` It was ' Star Wars ' that thrust ' Star Trek ' into the people of Paramount 's consciousness '' he stated . The documentary Trek Nation features interviews where both Lucas and Roddenberry praise one another 's respective franchises , with the former stating that Star Trek was an influence while writing the original screenplay for Star Wars . He explained that while both franchises were so `` far out '' , Star Trek produced a fanbase that `` softened up the entertainment arena '' so that Star Wars could `` come along and stand on its shoulders . '' This is also acknowledged by Shatner , who went as far as to call Star Wars a `` derivative '' of Star Trek . A few references to Star Wars have been inserted into Star Trek films . For fleeting moments , one can see ships and droids from Star Wars in both Star Trek ( 2009 ) and Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . Some Star Trek films and TV episodes used the Star Wars animation shop , Industrial Light and Magic , for their special effects . When Roddenberry was honored at a Star Trek convention late in life , a congratulatory letter from Lucas was presented by an actor dressed as Darth Vader . A few years earlier , Roddenberry had contributed an entry in honor of Star Wars and Lucas at a convention honoring the latter . Comic relief ( edit ) Shatner was a presenter at Lucas ' American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award ceremony in 2007 and did a comical stage performance honoring Lucas . At a live concert , Shatner dressed as an imperial stormtrooper singing ' Girl Crush ' alongside Carrie Underwood and Brad Paisley . In 2011 , Shatner and Carrie Fisher posted a series of humorous YouTube videos satirizing each other 's franchises . In a 2016 interview , Shatner commented that Captain Kirk and Princess Leia eloping and running off into the sunset would be the `` perfect union '' between Star Trek and Star Wars . Shatner has also posted a number of humorous tweets on his Twitter account mocking Star Wars . Amongst them were commemorating the 35th anniversary of the poorly received Star Wars Holiday Special . It was then that Star Wars actor Peter Mayhew posted a `` retaliation '' tweet congratulating Shatner for the directing of Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , another poorly received film . Future ( edit ) Both franchises are set to grow throughout the next decade . Star Trek was rebooted with a series of feature films starting with the Star Trek reboot ( 2009 ) , which was followed by Star Trek : Into Darkness ( 2013 ) and Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) and a number of sequels are set to follow . A new television series based in the original timeline , subtitled Discovery , serving as a prequel to the original series will debut in 2017 . Star Wars is set to pick up from where Return of the Jedi left off , with The Force Awakens the first in the new trilogy . Additionally , more spin - off media is also underway with the debut of Star Wars Rebels , a television series set in between the Star Wars prequels and the original trilogy , and an anthology of stand - alone Star Wars films , starting with Rogue One , which was released in December 2016 . Fan works ( edit ) Further information : Star Trek fan productions and Star Wars fan films Aside from official works by the producers of Star Trek and Star Wars , many fan films and webisodes set in the two universes of the franchises are also constantly produced and posted on the Internet by fans , but are not officially considered canon in relation to either franchise . See also ( edit ) Comparison of Marvel and DC References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Ho ( May 14 , 1999 ) , `` Trekkers VS Lucasites '' , The Harvard Crimson ^ Jump up to : Forbeck , Matt ( 18 April 2011 ) . Star Wars vs. Star Trek : Could the Empire kick the Federation 's ass ? And other galaxy - shaking enigmas . Adams Media . ISBN 1 - 4405 - 2577 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek vs Star Wars : the space battle that will never end '' . Jump up ^ ScreenPrism . `` What was `` Star Trek '' creator Gene Roddenberry 's vision for the series - ScreenPrism `` . Jump up ^ Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy . Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary . ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Lucasfilm ( 15 October 2012 ) . Star Wars and History . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 28525 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek - BingeClock / FilmClock '' . www.bingeclock.com . Jump up ^ See David Alexander , Star Trek Creator . The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry and interview with Roddenberry in Something about the Author by Gale Research Company and chapter 11 of Trash Culture : Popular Culture and the Great Tradition by Richard Keller Simon Jump up ^ Decker , Kevin S. ( 1 October 2010 ) . Star Wars and Philosophy : More Powerful Than You Can Possibly Imagine . ReadHowYouWant.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4596 - 0101 - 7 . Jump up ^ Redmond , Sean ( 2004 ) . Liquid Metal : The Science Fiction Film Reader . Wallflower Press . pp. 303 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 87 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kapell , Matthew Wilhelm ( 1 March 2010 ) . Star Trek as Myth : Essays on Symbol and Archetype at the Final Frontier . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5594 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek as Myth Through an Analysis of the Similarities and Differences Between the Gilgamesh / Enkidu and Kirk / Spock Relationships '' . The Kirk / Spock fanfiction archive . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek And the New Myth of the Machine as Seen in the Talosians , Trelane , and the Organians '' . Ken Sanes . Transperancy . Jump up ^ `` Leonard Nimoy hosts 1983 Return of the Jedi set visit in this awesome , long - lost clip '' . Trent Moore . SyFyWire . Jump up ^ Ali Jaafar . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Helps Abu Dhabi Build Road To Somewhere - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' descends on Dubai : JLT , DIFC ' raided ' '' . Emirates 24 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Franchise Box Office History - The Numbers '' . www.the-numbers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Franchise Box Office History - The Numbers '' . www.the-numbers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Business of ' Star Trek ' : Franchise celebrates 50th anniversary '' . CGTN . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chew , Jonathan ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Franchise Worth More Than Harry Potter and James Bond , Combined '' . Fortune . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brin , David . `` '' Star Wars '' despots vs. `` Star Trek '' populists `` . ^ Jump up to : Editor , Gazelle Emami Deputy Features ; Post , The Huffington ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` William Shatner : ' Star Wars Is Derivative Of Star Trek ' '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' World With a Sense of Humor '' . The New York Times . 29 October 1998 . Jump up ^ John Wenzel ( 11 October 2009 ) . `` '' Star Wars '' vs. `` Star Trek '' : The final frontier of marketing is an expanding universe `` . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ `` Peter Thiel Thinks ' Star Trek ' Is ' Communist ' While ' Star Wars ' Is ' Capitalist ' '' . 11 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trek Nation ( 2010 documentary ) Jump up ^ Dominguez , Robert ( 1999 - 05 - 17 ) . `` William Shatner 's Trek Never Ends The Actor - author Keeps Seeking New Challenges While Feeding Fans ' Hunger For All Things Kirk '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` William Shatner Says Star Wars Created Star Trek '' . Jump up ^ Pagliery , Jose ( 6 August 2016 ) . `` Captain Kirk thanks Star Wars ! '' . CNNMoney . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam . `` William Shatner : ' Star Trek ' owes a big thanks to ' Star Wars ' '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas on how Star Trek helped Star Wars '' . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Star Wars droid R2D2 spotted in Star Trek Into Darkness '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archive '' . Industrial Light & Magic . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Shatner Honors Lucas '' . American Film Institute . Jump up ^ `` William Shatner Dresses as ' Star Wars ' Stormtrooper , Sings ' Girl Crush ' at CMAs '' . Jump up ^ `` William Shatner ca n't stop trolling Star Wars fans '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek New Star Trek Series Premieres January 2017 '' . StarTrek.com . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Star Wars Movies : List Of Titles And Release Dates - CINEMABLEND '' . CINEMABLEND. 2015 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Star Wars at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) stardestroyer.net a website that compares Star Trek and Star Wars from both in - universe and intellectual perspectives . <Th_colspan="2"> Star Trek <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars ( 1977 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Anthology Rogue One ( 2016 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) Other The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Television and radio Films Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) cast episodes Rebels ( 2014 -- ) characters episodes Detours Radio dramas ( 1981 -- 1996 ) Other media Games and multimedia Video games list Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) Knights of the Old Republic ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) The Old Republic ( 2011 -- ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 ) Literature and artwork Art Books non-fiction Comics list Legends Setting Characters Jedi Sith Stormtrooper Clone trooper Concepts Architecture Creatures / Species Languages The Force Physics Planets and moons Events Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic New Republic Rebel Alliance Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Vehicles Landspeeder TIE fighter X-wing fighter Star Destroyer Millennium Falcon Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Canon Cast Changes in film re-releases Filming locations Music Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Cultural impact Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets TV series The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Droid Tales ( 2015 ) The Resistance Rises ( 2016 ) The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- ) Video games Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Parodies Hardware Wars ( 1978 ) Spaceballs ( 1987 ) Star Warped ( 1997 ) Thumb Wars ( 1999 ) George Lucas in Love ( 1999 ) Robot Chicken : Star Wars ( 2007 ) Laugh It Up , Fuzzball : The Family Guy Trilogy ( 2007 -- 10 ) The People vs. George Lucas ( 2010 ) Other 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal Speculative fiction portal Star Trek portal Star Wars portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_Star_Trek_and_Star_Wars&oldid=800860723 '' Categories : Space Westerns Star Trek Star Wars Star Trek fandom Star Wars fandom Comparisons Rivalry Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles to be expanded from June 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 03 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Star Trek and Star Wars
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-1,043,736,370,561,855,600 | how many games does a college baseball team play | 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball season - wikipedia 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball season Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season Duration February 13 , 2017 -- June 27 , 2017 Number of teams 301 Preseason # 1 TCU ( Unanimous ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament Duration June 2 -- June 27 <Th_colspan="2"> College World Series Champions Florida Gators Runners - up LSU Tigers MOP Alex Faedo <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 NCAA Division I baseball season , play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I level , began in February 2017 . The season progressed through the regular season , many conference tournaments and championship series , and concluded with the 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament and 2017 College World Series . The College World Series , consisted of the eight remaining teams in the NCAA Tournament and held annually in Omaha , Nebraska at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha , ended June 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Realignment 2 Season outlook 3 Conference standings 3.1 Conference winners and tournaments 4 College World Series 5 Award winners 5.1 Consensus All - American teams 5.2 Major player of the year awards 5.3 Major freshman of the year awards 5.4 Major coach of the year awards 5.5 Other major awards 6 Coaching changes 7 Attendances 8 References Realignment ( edit ) Coastal Carolina left the Big South Conference for the Sun Belt Conference . The move officially took effect hours after Coastal won the College World Series . In doing so , the Sun Belt Conference split into East and West divisions for this season . North Dakota , a member of the Western Athletic Conference in baseball ( as well as swimming and diving for both sexes ) , dropped baseball . The 2017 season was also the last for one school 's baseball program , and the last for two other programs in their then - current conferences . In addition , the last remaining Division I independent left for its full - time home of Division II . Buffalo dropped baseball at the end of the season . NYIT , which had been left independent after the 2013 collapse of the Great West Conference , dropped its baseball program to Division II , joining the school 's full - time home of the East Coast Conference . Valparaiso left its home of the previous 10 seasons , the Horizon League , for the Missouri Valley Conference ( MVC ) . Wichita State left the MVC , its conference home since 1945 , to become a full but non-football member of the American Athletic Conference . Season outlook ( edit ) For the full rankings , see 2017 NCAA Division I baseball rankings <Th_colspan="3"> Collegiate Baseball News Ranking Team TCU LSU Florida South Carolina 5 Oregon State 6 Vanderbilt 7 Arizona 8 Miami ( FL ) 9 Florida State 10 Cal State Fullerton 11 Louisville 12 Clemson 13 East Carolina 14 Louisiana -- Lafayette 15 North Carolina 16 Virginia 17 Long Beach State 18 UC Santa Barbara 19 Coastal Carolina 20 Texas A&M 21 Washington 22 Ole Miss 23 Sam Houston State 24 Stanford 25 Arizona State <Th_colspan="3"> Baseball America Ranking Team TCU Florida State Florida LSU 5 South Carolina 6 East Carolina 7 Louisville 8 Cal State Fullerton 9 Oregon State 10 Clemson 11 Vanderbilt 12 Washington 13 Louisiana -- Lafayette 14 NC State 15 Coastal Carolina 16 Virginia 17 North Carolina 18 Oklahoma State 19 UC Santa Barbara 20 Long Beach State 21 Georgia Tech 22 Arizona 23 Stanford 24 Maryland 25 Texas Tech <Th_colspan="3"> Coaches Ranking Team TCU 24 Florida 4 LSU 2 South Carolina 5 Florida State 6 Vanderbilt 7 Oregon State 8 Louisville 9 Coastal Carolina 1 10 East Carolina 11 Cal State Fullerton 12 Clemson 13 North Carolina 14 NC State 15 Arizona 16 Louisiana -- Lafayette 17 Miami ( FL ) 18 Virginia 19 Texas Tech 20 Texas A&M 21 Stanford 22 Oklahoma State 23 UC Santa Barbara 24 Ole Miss 25 Rice <Th_colspan="3"> NCBWA Ranking Team TCU Florida LSU Florida State 5 South Carolina 6 Vanderbilt 7 Oregon State 8 Louisville 9 East Carolina 10 NC State 11 Coastal Carolina 12 North Carolina 13 Clemson 14 Cal State Fullerton 15 Louisiana -- Lafayette 16 Arizona 17 Texas Tech 18 Miami ( FL ) 19 Virginia 20 Texas A&M 21 UC Santa Barbara 22 Oklahoma State 23 Stanford 24 Rice 25 Maryland Conference standings ( edit ) <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 America East Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT Binghamton † 15 -- . 789 30 -- 13 . 698 UMBC ‡ 11 -- 9 . 550 23 -- 25 . 479 Stony Brook 12 -- 10 . 545 26 -- 26 . 500 Albany 10 -- 13 . 435 26 -- 26 . 500 UMass Lowell * 10 -- 13 . 435 22 -- 26 . 458 Maine 8 -- 12 . 400 25 -- 29 . 463 Hartford 8 -- 13 . 381 20 -- 30 . 400 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Ineligible for league and NCAA tournaments due to transition from Division II Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 American Athletic Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT UCF † 15 -- 9 . 625 40 -- 22 . 645 No. 27 Houston † ‡ 15 -- 9 . 625 42 -- 21 . 667 South Florida 14 -- 10 . 583 42 -- 19 . 689 Connecticut 14 -- 10 . 583 33 -- 25 . 569 Tulane 13 -- 11 . 542 27 -- 31 . 466 Cincinnati 10 -- 14 . 417 28 -- 30 . 483 Memphis 8 -- 16 . 333 30 -- 29 . 508 East Carolina 7 -- 17 . 292 32 -- 28 . 533 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Atlantic 10 Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT VCU † 19 -- 5 . 792 35 -- 22 . 614 Rhode Island 17 -- 6 . 739 31 -- 22 . 585 St. Bonaventure 15 -- 8 . 652 26 -- 22 . 542 George Washington 14 -- 10 . 583 31 -- 27 . 534 Saint Louis 12 -- 10 . 545 35 -- 22 . 614 No. 16 Davidson ‡ 13 -- 11 . 542 35 -- 26 . 574 George Mason 13 -- 11 . 542 26 -- 33 . 441 Saint Joseph 's 12 -- 12 . 500 21 -- 25 . 457 Fordham 11 -- 12 . 478 27 -- 24 . 529 Dayton 9 -- 15 . 375 20 -- 35 . 364 UMass 8 -- 16 . 333 15 -- 32 . 319 Richmond 6 -- 7 . 462 17 -- 36 . 321 La Salle -- 20 . 167 10 -- 41 . 196 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Atlantic Coast Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT <Td_colspan="99"> Atlantic No. 5 Louisville † 23 -- 6 . 793 53 -- 12 . 815 No. 12 Wake Forest 19 -- 11 . 633 43 -- 20 . 683 No. 25 Clemson 17 -- 13 . 567 42 -- 21 . 667 No. 30 NC State 16 -- 14 . 533 36 -- 25 . 590 No. 6 Florida State ‡ 14 -- 14 . 500 46 -- 23 . 667 Boston College 11 -- 19 . 367 25 -- 28 . 472 Notre Dame 10 -- 20 . 333 26 -- 32 . 448 <Td_colspan="99"> Coastal No. 17 North Carolina 23 -- 7 . 767 49 -- 14 . 778 No. 21 Virginia 18 -- 12 . 600 43 -- 16 . 729 Miami ( FL ) 16 -- 13 . 552 31 -- 27 . 534 Duke 12 -- 18 . 400 30 -- 28 . 517 Georgia Tech 11 -- 19 . 367 27 -- 28 . 491 Pittsburgh 9 -- 21 . 300 23 -- 30 . 434 Virginia Tech 9 -- 21 . 300 23 -- 32 . 418 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> x -- Division champion † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Atlantic Sun Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT Jacksonville † 16 -- 5 . 762 36 -- 24 . 600 Stetson 15 -- 6 . 714 27 -- 29 . 482 Florida Gulf Coast ‡ 13 -- 8 . 619 43 -- 20 . 683 North Florida 12 -- 9 . 571 33 -- 24 . 579 Kennesaw State 10 -- 11 . 476 25 -- 32 . 439 Lipscomb 9 -- 12 . 429 28 -- 28 . 500 USC Upstate 7 -- 14 . 333 24 -- 31 . 436 NJIT -- 19 . 095 9 -- 40 . 184 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Big 12 Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT No. 19 Texas Tech † 16 -- 8 . 667 45 -- 17 . 726 No. 4 TCU 16 -- 8 . 667 50 -- 18 . 735 Oklahoma 12 -- 11 . 522 35 -- 24 . 593 Baylor 12 -- 12 . 500 34 -- 23 . 596 West Virginia 12 -- 12 . 500 36 -- 26 . 581 No. 28 Texas 11 -- 12 . 478 39 -- 24 . 619 Kansas 11 -- 13 . 458 30 -- 28 . 517 Oklahoma State ‡ 8 -- 14 . 364 30 -- 27 . 526 Kansas State 8 -- 16 . 333 29 -- 26 . 527 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Conference Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Big East Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT Creighton † 11 -- . 733 24 -- 25 . 490 St. John 's 13 -- 5 . 722 42 -- 13 . 764 Xavier ‡ 10 -- 6 . 625 34 -- 27 . 557 Seton Hall 10 -- 8 . 556 29 -- 24 . 547 Butler 7 -- 10 . 412 31 -- 20 . 608 Villanova 5 -- 13 . 278 14 -- 33 . 298 Georgetown -- 14 . 222 27 -- 28 . 491 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Big South Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT Winthrop † 17 -- 7 . 708 34 -- 24 . 586 Liberty 16 -- 8 . 667 32 -- 23 . 582 Presbyterian 15 -- 9 . 625 32 -- 29 . 525 High Point 13 -- 11 . 542 30 -- 23 . 566 Radford ‡ 11 -- 13 . 458 27 -- 32 . 458 Gardner -- Webb 11 -- 13 . 458 25 -- 30 . 455 UNC Asheville 11 -- 13 . 458 25 -- 32 . 439 Campbell 10 -- 14 . 417 25 -- 32 . 439 Charleston Southern 9 -- 15 . 375 22 -- 29 . 431 Longwood 7 -- 17 . 292 19 -- 34 . 358 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Big Ten Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="7"> Conf <Th_colspan="7"> Overall Team PCT PCT Nebraska † 16 -- 7 -- . 688 35 -- 22 -- . 612 Michigan 16 -- 8 -- 0 . 667 42 -- 17 -- 0 . 712 Minnesota 15 -- 8 -- 0 . 652 36 -- 21 -- 0 . 632 Iowa ‡ 15 -- 9 -- 0 . 625 39 -- 22 -- 0 . 639 Maryland 15 -- 9 -- 0 . 625 38 -- 23 -- 0 . 623 Indiana 14 -- 9 -- . 604 34 -- 24 -- . 583 Northwestern 13 -- 11 -- 0 . 542 27 -- 30 -- 0 . 474 Purdue 12 -- 12 -- 0 . 500 29 -- 27 -- 0 . 518 Michigan State 10 -- 14 -- 0 . 417 29 -- 23 -- 0 . 558 Illinois 9 -- 15 -- 0 . 375 23 -- 28 -- 0 . 451 Ohio State 8 -- 16 -- 0 . 333 22 -- 34 -- 0 . 393 Rutgers 7 -- 16 -- 0 . 304 19 -- 34 -- 0 . 358 Penn State -- 20 -- 0 . 167 18 -- 37 -- 0 . 327 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Big West Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="7"> Conf <Th_colspan="7"> Overall Team PCT PCT No. 9 Long Beach State 20 -- -- 0 . 833 42 -- 20 -- . 675 Cal Poly 16 -- 8 -- 0 . 667 28 -- 28 -- 0 . 500 No. 7 Cal State Fullerton 15 -- 9 -- 0 . 625 39 -- 24 -- 0 . 619 Cal State Northridge 12 -- 12 -- 0 . 500 26 -- 29 -- 0 . 473 Hawaii 10 -- 14 -- 0 . 417 28 -- 23 -- 0 . 549 UC Davis 10 -- 14 -- 0 . 417 21 -- 30 -- 0 . 412 UC Irvine 9 -- 15 -- 0 . 375 23 -- 33 -- 0 . 411 UC Santa Barbara 8 -- 16 -- 0 . 333 24 -- 32 -- 0 . 429 UC Riverside 8 -- 16 -- 0 . 333 22 -- 32 -- 0 . 407 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Colonial Athletic Association baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT Northeastern † 16 -- 7 . 696 29 -- 25 . 537 UNC Wilmington 16 -- 8 . 667 30 -- 29 . 508 William & Mary 15 -- 8 . 652 32 -- 25 . 561 Delaware ‡ 15 -- 9 . 625 34 -- 23 . 596 College of Charleston 13 -- 11 . 542 28 -- 31 . 475 Elon 12 -- 12 . 500 24 -- 32 . 429 James Madison 7 -- 17 . 292 24 -- 27 . 471 Hofstra 7 -- 17 . 292 14 -- 37 . 275 Towson 6 -- 18 . 250 20 -- 34 . 370 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Conference USA baseball standings <Th_colspan="7"> Conf <Th_colspan="7"> Overall Team PCT PCT No. 23 Southern Miss 25 -- 5 -- 0 . 833 50 -- 16 -- 0 . 758 Old Dominion 19 -- 11 -- 0 . 633 37 -- 21 -- 0 . 638 Charlotte 18 -- 12 -- 0 . 600 34 -- 24 -- 0 . 586 Florida Atlantic 18 -- 12 -- 0 . 600 35 -- 21 -- . 623 Louisiana Tech 17 -- 13 -- 0 . 567 36 -- 20 -- 0 . 643 Rice ‡ 16 -- 14 -- 0 . 533 33 -- 31 -- 0 . 516 FIU 15 -- 15 -- 0 . 500 31 -- 27 -- 0 . 534 UTSA 15 -- 15 -- 0 . 500 29 -- 28 -- 0 . 509 Marshall 12 -- 18 -- 0 . 400 25 -- 29 -- 0 . 463 Middle Tennessee 10 -- 20 -- 0 . 333 24 -- 31 -- 0 . 436 UAB 9 -- 21 -- 0 . 300 24 -- 31 -- 0 . 436 Western Kentucky 6 -- 24 -- 0 . 200 16 -- 39 -- 0 . 291 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Horizon League baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT UIC † ‡ 22 -- 8 . 733 39 -- 17 . 696 Wright State 21 -- 9 . 700 38 -- 21 . 644 Northern Kentucky 17 -- 13 . 567 25 -- 33 . 431 Valparaiso 13 -- 15 . 464 24 -- 29 . 453 Oakland 11 -- 19 . 367 17 -- 40 . 298 Milwaukee 10 -- 18 . 357 22 -- 32 . 407 Youngstown State 9 -- 21 . 300 15 -- 40 . 273 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 NCAA Division I baseball independents standings <Th_colspan="7"> Conf <Th_colspan="7"> Overall Team PCT PCT NYIT 0 -- 0 -- 0 -- 5 -- 36 -- . 131 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Ivy League baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT <Td_colspan="99"> Lou Gehrig Penn 12 -- 8 . 600 23 -- 22 . 511 Columbia 12 -- 8 . 600 18 -- 23 . 439 Cornell 9 -- 11 . 450 21 -- 17 . 553 Princeton 7 -- 13 . 350 12 -- 28 . 300 <Td_colspan="99"> Red Rolfe Yale ‡ 16 -- . 800 34 -- 18 . 654 Dartmouth 11 -- 9 . 550 22 -- 17 . 564 Harvard 7 -- 13 . 350 19 -- 23 . 452 Brown 6 -- 14 . 300 13 -- 24 . 351 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> x -- Division champion ‡ -- Championship Series champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT Fairfield † 17 -- 7 . 708 31 -- 24 . 564 Marist ‡ 16 -- 8 . 667 32 -- 23 . 582 Canisius 16 -- 8 . 667 35 -- 22 . 614 Iona 14 -- 10 . 583 25 -- 26 . 490 Rider 12 -- 12 . 500 24 -- 28 . 462 Manhattan 12 -- 12 . 500 18 -- 35 . 340 Niagara 12 -- 12 . 500 24 -- 24 . 500 Monmouth 11 -- 13 . 458 20 -- 28 . 417 Quinnipiac 11 -- 13 . 458 18 -- 32 . 360 Siena 11 -- 13 . 458 20 -- 28 . 417 Saint Peter 's 0 -- 24 . 000 0 -- 38 . 000 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Mid-American Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT <Td_colspan="99"> East Division Kent State † 18 -- 6 . 750 37 -- 18 . 673 Ohio ‡ 13 -- 11 . 542 31 -- 28 . 525 Bowling Green 9 -- 15 . 375 15 -- 34 . 306 Miami ( OH ) 8 -- 16 . 333 22 -- 34 . 393 Buffalo 8 -- 16 . 333 17 -- 34 . 333 <Td_colspan="99"> West Division Central Michigan 16 -- 8 . 667 31 -- 28 . 525 Ball State 14 -- 10 . 583 30 -- 28 . 517 Eastern Michigan 14 -- 10 . 583 27 -- 35 . 435 Western Michigan 12 -- 12 . 500 24 -- 29 . 453 Northern Illinois 11 -- 13 . 458 17 -- 38 . 309 Toledo 9 -- 15 . 375 17 -- 41 . 293 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> x -- Division champion † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT <Td_colspan="99"> Northern Norfolk State † 16 -- 7 . 696 26 -- 22 . 542 Delaware State 14 -- 10 . 583 22 -- 25 . 468 Maryland Eastern Shore 9 -- 15 . 375 12 -- 40 . 231 Coppin State 8 -- 15 . 348 11 -- 31 . 262 <Td_colspan="99"> Southern Bethune -- Cookman ‡ 15 -- 8 . 652 36 -- 25 . 590 North Carolina A&T 15 -- 9 . 625 28 -- 25 . 528 Florida A&M 14 -- 10 . 583 27 -- 26 . 509 North Carolina Central 12 -- 11 . 522 22 -- 28 . 440 Savannah State -- 21 . 125 12 -- 39 . 235 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> x -- Division champion † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Missouri Valley Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT No. 11 Missouri St † 18 -- . 947 43 -- 20 . 683 No. 20 DBU ‡ 15 -- 6 . 714 42 -- 21 . 667 Indiana State 12 -- 9 . 571 29 -- 26 . 527 Southern Illinois 10 -- 10 . 500 27 -- 30 . 474 Wichita State 10 -- 11 . 476 28 -- 30 . 483 Evansville 8 -- 12 . 400 18 -- 39 . 316 Bradley 6 -- 14 . 300 20 -- 31 . 392 Illinois State -- 18 . 100 16 -- 40 . 286 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Mountain West Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="7"> Conf <Th_colspan="7"> Overall Team PCT PCT New Mexico † 19 -- 9 -- . 672 30 -- 27 -- . 526 San Diego St 20 -- 10 -- 0 . 667 42 -- 21 -- 0 . 667 Fresno State 18 -- 12 -- 0 . 600 35 -- 25 -- 0 . 583 Nevada 13 -- 16 -- 0 . 448 19 -- 36 -- 0 . 345 Air Force 12 -- 17 -- 0 . 414 27 -- 26 -- 0 . 509 San Jose State 10 -- 18 -- . 362 19 -- 35 -- . 355 UNLV 10 -- 20 -- 0 . 333 20 -- 36 -- 0 . 357 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Northeast Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT Bryant † 20 -- 6 . 769 29 -- 26 . 527 Central Connecticut ‡ 21 -- 7 . 750 36 -- 22 . 621 Wagner 13 -- 12 . 520 22 -- 28 . 440 Sacred Heart 14 -- 13 . 519 23 -- 36 . 390 LIU Brooklyn 12 -- 14 . 462 22 -- 28 . 440 Fairleigh Dickinson 8 -- 18 . 308 12 -- 34 . 261 Mount St. Mary 's 5 -- 23 . 179 8 -- 39 . 170 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Ohio Valley Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT Tennessee Tech † ‡ 23 -- 7 . 767 41 -- 21 . 661 Morehead State 18 -- 11 . 621 36 -- 23 . 610 Belmont 17 -- 13 . 567 31 -- 29 . 517 Jacksonville State 17 -- 13 . 567 30 -- 26 . 536 SE Missouri State 16 -- 14 . 533 29 -- 26 . 527 Murray State 15 -- 15 . 500 29 -- 30 . 492 Austin Peay 13 -- 16 . 448 28 -- 30 . 483 Eastern Illinois 12 -- 18 . 400 21 -- 35 . 375 Tennessee -- Martin 12 -- 18 . 400 25 -- 30 . 455 SIU Edwardsville 11 -- 19 . 367 23 -- 29 . 442 Eastern Kentucky 10 -- 20 . 333 24 -- 32 . 429 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Pac - 12 Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT No. 3 Oregon State † 27 -- . 900 56 -- 6 . 903 No. 18 Stanford 21 -- 9 . 700 42 -- 16 . 724 UCLA 19 -- 11 . 633 30 -- 27 . 526 No. 24 Arizona 16 -- 14 . 533 38 -- 21 . 644 California 15 -- 15 . 500 25 -- 29 . 463 Utah 15 -- 15 . 500 27 -- 24 . 529 Washington 14 -- 16 . 467 28 -- 26 . 519 Oregon 12 -- 18 . 400 30 -- 25 . 545 Washington State 10 -- 20 . 333 24 -- 29 . 453 Arizona State 8 -- 22 . 267 23 -- 32 . 418 USC 8 -- 22 . 267 21 -- 34 . 382 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Southeastern Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="7"> Conf <Th_colspan="7"> Overall Team PCT PCT <Td_colspan="99"> Eastern No. 1 Florida † 21 -- 9 -- 0 . 700 52 -- 19 -- 0 . 732 No. 10 Kentucky 19 -- 11 -- 0 . 633 43 -- 23 -- 0 . 652 No. 15 Vanderbilt 15 -- 13 -- . 534 36 -- 25 -- . 589 Missouri 14 -- 16 -- 0 . 467 36 -- 23 -- 0 . 610 South Carolina 13 -- 17 -- 0 . 433 35 -- 25 -- 0 . 583 Georgia 11 -- 19 -- 0 . 367 25 -- 32 -- 0 . 439 Tennessee 7 -- 21 -- 0 . 250 27 -- 25 -- 0 . 519 <Td_colspan="99"> Western No. 2 LSU † ‡ 21 -- 9 -- 0 . 700 52 -- 20 -- 0 . 722 No. 22 Arkansas 18 -- 11 -- 0 . 621 45 -- 19 -- 0 . 703 No. 13 Mississippi State 17 -- 13 -- 0 . 567 40 -- 27 -- 0 . 597 No. 8 Texas A&M 16 -- 14 -- 0 . 533 41 -- 23 -- 0 . 641 No. 29 Auburn 16 -- 14 -- 0 . 533 37 -- 26 -- 0 . 587 Ole Miss 14 -- 16 -- 0 . 467 32 -- 25 -- 0 . 561 Alabama 5 -- 24 -- . 183 19 -- 34 -- . 361 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> x -- Division champion † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Southern Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT Mercer † 17 -- 6 . 739 39 -- 17 . 696 Western Carolina 15 -- 8 . 652 28 -- 28 . 500 UNC Greensboro ‡ 14 -- 10 . 583 36 -- 24 . 600 Furman 14 -- 10 . 583 33 -- 28 . 541 Wofford 13 -- 11 . 542 28 -- 30 . 483 Samford 11 -- 13 . 458 33 -- 26 . 559 East Tennessee State 9 -- 15 . 375 30 -- 29 . 508 The Citadel 7 -- 17 . 292 16 -- 35 . 314 VMI 7 -- 17 . 292 24 -- 34 . 414 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Southland Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="7"> Conf <Th_colspan="7"> Overall Team PCT PCT McNeese State † 22 -- 8 -- 0 . 733 37 -- 20 -- 0 . 649 SE Louisiana 20 -- 10 -- 0 . 667 37 -- 22 -- 0 . 627 No. 14 Sam Houston St ‡ 19 -- 11 -- 0 . 633 44 -- 23 -- 0 . 657 Houston Baptist 18 -- 12 -- 0 . 600 29 -- 25 -- 0 . 537 Central Arkansas 17 -- 13 -- 0 . 567 34 -- 26 -- 0 . 567 Stephen F. Austin 17 -- 13 -- 0 . 567 29 -- 28 -- 0 . 509 Lamar 16 -- 14 -- 0 . 533 33 -- 25 -- 0 . 569 New Orleans 16 -- 14 -- 0 . 533 30 -- 28 -- . 517 Nicholls State 15 -- 15 -- 0 . 500 29 -- 27 -- 0 . 518 Texas A&M -- Corpus Christi 14 -- 16 -- 0 . 467 22 -- 32 -- 0 . 407 Northwestern State 10 -- 20 -- 0 . 333 20 -- 34 -- 0 . 370 Incarnate Word * 8 -- 22 -- 0 . 267 20 -- 36 -- 0 . 357 Abilene Christian * -- 27 -- 0 . 100 13 -- 40 -- 0 . 245 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament * Ineligible for league and NCAA tournaments due to transition from Division II Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Southwestern Athletic Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT <Td_colspan="99"> East Jackson State † 20 -- . 833 38 -- 17 . 691 Alabama State 18 -- 6 . 750 31 -- 25 . 554 Alabama A&M 9 -- 15 . 375 12 -- 45 . 211 Alcorn State 7 -- 17 . 292 12 -- 33 . 267 Mississippi Valley State 6 -- 18 . 250 7 -- 34 . 171 <Td_colspan="99"> West Grambling State 15 -- 9 . 625 22 -- 30 . 423 Texas Southern ‡ 14 -- 10 . 583 20 -- 34 . 370 Prairie View A&M 11 -- 13 . 458 20 -- 37 . 351 Southern 10 -- 14 . 417 17 -- 27 . 386 Arkansas -- Pine Bluff 10 -- 14 . 417 15 -- 31 . 326 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> x -- Division champion † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Sun Belt Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="7"> Conf <Th_colspan="7"> Overall Team PCT PCT <Td_colspan="99"> East Division Coastal Carolina 22 -- 7 -- . 750 37 -- 19 -- . 658 No. 26 South Alabama 22 -- 8 -- 0 . 733 40 -- 21 -- 0 . 656 Georgia Southern 18 -- 12 -- 0 . 600 38 -- 21 -- 0 . 644 Troy 16 -- 14 -- 0 . 533 31 -- 25 -- 0 . 554 Georgia State 10 -- 20 -- 0 . 333 22 -- 33 -- 0 . 400 Appalachian State 8 -- 22 -- 0 . 267 19 -- 36 -- 0 . 345 <Td_colspan="99"> West Division Texas -- Arlington 20 -- 10 -- 0 . 667 30 -- 25 -- 0 . 545 Louisiana -- Lafayette 19 -- 10 -- . 650 35 -- 21 -- . 623 Arkansas State 13 -- 16 -- 0 . 448 28 -- 27 -- 0 . 509 Texas State 13 -- 17 -- 0 . 433 29 -- 30 -- 0 . 492 Little Rock 11 -- 18 -- 0 . 379 21 -- 34 -- 0 . 382 Louisiana -- Monroe 6 -- 24 -- 0 . 200 12 -- 43 -- 0 . 218 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> x -- Division champion † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 West Coast Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="7"> Conf <Th_colspan="7"> Overall Team PCT PCT Gonzaga † 20 -- 7 -- 0 . 741 33 -- 20 -- 0 . 623 BYU † ‡ 20 -- 7 -- 0 . 741 38 -- 21 -- 0 . 644 Loyola Marymount 20 -- 7 -- 0 . 741 38 -- 18 -- 0 . 679 Saint Mary 's 18 -- 9 -- 0 . 667 37 -- 20 -- 0 . 649 San Diego 18 -- 9 -- 0 . 667 35 -- 18 -- . 657 San Francisco 11 -- 16 -- 0 . 407 29 -- 28 -- 0 . 509 Santa Clara 9 -- 18 -- 0 . 333 13 -- 40 -- 0 . 245 Pepperdine 8 -- 19 -- 0 . 296 20 -- 32 -- 0 . 385 Pacific 6 -- 21 -- 0 . 222 18 -- 35 -- 0 . 340 Portland 5 -- 22 -- 0 . 185 10 -- 41 -- . 202 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament Rankings from Collegiate Baseball <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 Western Athletic Conference baseball standings <Th_colspan="7"> Conf <Th_colspan="7"> Overall Team PCT PCT Grand Canyon * † 20 -- -- 0 . 833 29 -- 25 -- 0 . 537 New Mexico State 19 -- 5 -- 0 . 792 35 -- 22 -- 0 . 614 Cal State Bakersfield 14 -- 10 -- 0 . 583 31 -- 24 -- 0 . 564 Sacramento State ‡ 12 -- 12 -- 0 . 500 32 -- 29 -- 0 . 525 Utah Valley 11 -- 13 -- 0 . 458 18 -- 36 -- 0 . 333 Northern Colorado 10 -- 14 -- 0 . 417 24 -- 30 -- 0 . 444 Seattle 8 -- 16 -- 0 . 333 20 -- 35 -- . 366 Texas -- Rio Grande Valley 7 -- 17 -- 0 . 292 26 -- 28 -- 0 . 481 Chicago State 7 -- 17 -- 0 . 292 11 -- 41 -- 0 . 212 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † -- Conference champion ‡ -- Tournament champion y -- Invited to the NCAA Tournament * Ineligible for league and NCAA tournaments due to transition from Division II Rankings from Collegiate Baseball Conference Winners and tournaments ( edit ) Of the 31 Division I athletic conferences that sponsor baseball , 29 end their regular seasons with a single - elimination tournament or a double - elimination tournament . The teams in each conference that win their regular season title are given the number one seed in each tournament . Two conferences , the Big West and Pac - 12 , do not hold a conference tournament . The winners of these tournaments , plus the Big West and Pac - 12 regular - season champions , receive automatic invitations to the 2017 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament . Conference Regular Season Winner Conference Player of the Year Conference Coach of the Year Conference Tournament Tournament Venue ( City ) Tournament Winner America East Conference Binghamton Toby Handley ( Stony Brook ) Tim Sinicki ( Binghamton ) 2017 America East Conference Baseball Tournament Edward A. LeLacheur Park Lowell , MA UMBC American Athletic Conference UCF Houston Jake Scheiner ( Houston ) & Hunter Williams ( Tulane ) Greg Lovelady ( UCF ) 2017 American Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament Spectrum Field Clearwater , FL Houston Atlantic 10 Conference VCU Logan Farrar ( VCU ) Larry Sudbrook ( St. Bonaventure ) 2017 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament Billiken Sports Center St. Louis , MO Davidson Atlantic Coast Conference Atlantic -- Louisville Coastal -- North Carolina Brendan McKay ( Louisville ) Dan McDonnell ( Louisville ) 2017 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament Louisville Slugger Field Louisville , KY Florida State Atlantic Sun Conference Jacksonville Nick Rivera ( Florida Gulf Coast ) Chris Hayes ( Jacksonville ) 2017 Atlantic Sun Conference Baseball Tournament Melching Field at Conrad Park DeLand , FL Florida Gulf Coast Big 12 Conference TCU Texas Tech Hunter Hargrove ( Texas Tech ) & Evan Skoug ( TCU ) Steve Rodriguez ( Baylor ) 2017 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark Oklahoma City , OK Oklahoma State Big East Conference Creighton Rylan Bannon ( Xavier ) Ed Blankmeyer ( St. John 's ) 2017 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament TD Ameritrade Park Omaha , NE Xavier Big South Conference Winthrop D.J. Artis ( Liberty ) Tom Riginos ( Winthrop ) 2017 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament Lexington County Baseball Stadium Lexington , SC Radford Big Ten Conference Nebraska Jake Adams ( Iowa ) Darin Erstad ( Nebraska ) 2017 Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournament Bart Kaufman Field Bloomington , Indiana Iowa Big West Conference Long Beach State Keston Hiura ( UC Irvine ) Troy Buckley ( Long Beach State ) <Td_colspan="3"> No tournament , regular season champion earns auto bid Colonial Athletic Association Northeastern Casey Golden ( UNCW ) Mike Glavine ( Northeastern ) 2017 Colonial Athletic Association Baseball Tournament Brooks Field Wilmington , NC Delaware Conference USA Southern Miss Dylan Burdeaux ( Southern Miss ) Scott Berry ( Southern Miss ) 2017 Conference USA Baseball Tournament MGM Park Biloxi , MS Rice Horizon League UIC Rob Calabrese ( UIC ) Mike Dee ( UIC ) 2017 Horizon League Baseball Tournament Les Miller Field at Curtis Granderson Stadium Chicago , IL UIC Ivy League Gehrig - Columbia & Penn Rolfe - Yale Randell Kanamaru ( Columbia ) John Stuper ( Yale ) 2017 Ivy League Baseball Championship Series Campus Sites Yale Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Fairfield Jake Lumley ( Canisius ) Pat Carey ( Iona ) 2017 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament Sal Maglie Stadium Niagara Falls , NY Marist Mid-American Conference East -- Kent State West -- Central Michigan Tanner Allison ( Western Michigan ) Jeff Duncan ( Kent State ) 2017 Mid-American Conference Baseball Tournament Sprenger Stadium Avon , OH Ohio Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference Northern - Norfolk State Southern - Bethune -- Cookman Alex Mauricio ( Norfolk State ) Ben Hall ( North Carolina A&T ) 2017 Mid -- Eastern Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament Perdue Stadium Salisbury , MD Bethune -- Cookman Missouri Valley Conference Missouri State Jake Burger ( Missouri State ) Keith Guttin ( Missouri State ) 2017 Missouri Valley Conference Baseball Tournament Hammons Field Springfield , MO Dallas Baptist Mountain West Conference New Mexico Danny Sheehan ( San Diego State ) & Jack Zoellner ( New Mexico ) Ray Birmingham ( New Mexico ) 2017 Mountain West Conference Baseball Tournament Santa Ana Star Field Albuquerque , NM San Diego State Northeast Conference Bryant Mickey Gasper ( Bryant ) Charlie Hickey ( Central Connecticut ) 2017 Northeast Conference Baseball Tournament Dodd Stadium Norwich , CT Central Connecticut Ohio Valley Conference Tennessee Tech Ben Fisher ( Eastern Kentucky ) & Niko Hulsizer ( Morehead State ) Matt Bragga ( Tennessee Tech ) 2017 Ohio Valley Conference Baseball Tournament Choccolocco Park Oxford , AL Tennessee Tech Pac - 12 Conference Oregon State Nick Madrigal ( Oregon State ) Pat Casey ( Oregon State ) <Td_colspan="3"> No tournament , regular season champion earns auto bid Patriot League Navy Travis Blue ( Navy ) Jim Foster ( ( ( ( ( ( school ) ) ) Army ) ) ) 2017 Patriot League Baseball Tournament Campus Sites Holy Cross Southeastern Conference East -- Florida West -- LSU Brent Rooker ( Mississippi State ) Nick Mingione ( Kentucky ) 2017 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament Hoover Metropolitan Stadium Hoover , AL LSU Southern Conference Mercer Bryson Bowman ( Western Carolina ) Craig Gibson ( Mercer ) 2017 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament Fluor Field at the West End Greenville , SC UNC Greensboro Southland Conference McNeese State Taylor Schwaner ( Southeastern Louisiana ) Justin Hill ( McNeese State ) 2017 Southland Conference Baseball Tournament Constellation Field Sugar Land , TX Sam Houston State Southwestern Athletic Conference East -- Jackson State West -- Grambling State Marshawn Taylor ( Grambling State ) James Cooper ( Grambling State ) 2017 Southwestern Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament Wesley Barrow Stadium New Orleans , LA Texas Southern The Summit League ( ( ( ( ( school ) ) ) Oral Roberts ) ) Noah Cummings ( Oral Roberts ) Ryan Folmar ( Oral Roberts ) 2017 Summit League Baseball Tournament J.L. Johnson Stadium Tulsa , OK Oral Roberts Sun Belt Conference East -- Coastal Carolina West -- UT Arlington Billy Cooke ( Coastal Carolina ) Darin Thomas ( UT Arlington ) 2017 Sun Belt Conference Baseball Tournament J.I. Clements Stadium Statesboro , GA South Alabama West Coast Conference Gonzaga BYU Loyola Marymount Riley Adams ( San Diego ) Mark Machtolf ( Gonzaga ) 2017 West Coast Conference Baseball Tournament Banner Island Ballpark Stockton , CA BYU Western Athletic Conference Grand Canyon Garrison Schwartz ( Grand Canyon ) Andy Stankiewicz ( Grand Canyon ) 2017 Western Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament Hohokam Stadium Mesa , AZ Sacramento State College World Series ( edit ) Main article : 2017 College World Series The 2017 College World Series began on June 17 in Omaha , Nebraska . <Td_colspan="3"> First round <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Second round <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> Semifinals <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Championship series Oregon State 6 Cal State Fullerton 5 Oregon State 13 <Td_colspan="3"> LSU Florida State LSU 5 <Td_colspan="5"> Oregon State <Td_colspan="8"> LSU 6 Cal State Fullerton Florida State 6 Florida State <Td_colspan="3"> LSU 7 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="11"> LSU -- <Td_colspan="13"> Florida 6 -- Florida 6 TCU 0 Florida 5 <Td_colspan="3"> 7 Louisville 7 Louisville 8 Texas A&M <Td_colspan="5"> Florida <Td_colspan="8"> 6 TCU 9 0 6 TCU Texas A&M 6 TCU <Td_colspan="3"> 7 Louisville <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="4"> Award Winners ( edit ) Consensus All - American teams ( edit ) Main article : 2017 College Baseball All - America Team Major player of the year awards ( edit ) Dick Howser Trophy : Brendan McKay , 1B / P , Louisville Baseball America : Brendan McKay , 1B / P , Louisville Collegiate Baseball / Louisville Slugger : Brendan McKay , 1B / P , Louisville & Brent Rooker , 1B , Mississippi State American Baseball Coaches Association : Brendan McKay , 1B / P , Louisville Golden Spikes Award : Brendan McKay , 1B / P , Louisville Major freshman of the year awards ( edit ) Baseball America Freshman Of The Year : Matt Wallner , OF / P , Southern Miss Collegiate Baseball Freshman Players of the Year : Kevin Milam , DH / P , Saint Mary 's ; Sean Mooney , P , St. John 's ; Braden Shewmake , 2B , Texas A&M ; Kenyon Yovan , P , Oregon Major Coach of the Year Awards ( edit ) American Baseball Coaches Association : Kevin O'Sullivan , Florida Baseball America : Dan McDonnell , Louisville Collegiate Baseball Coach of the Year : Kevin O'Sullivan , Florida National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association ( NCBWA ) National Coach of the Year : Pat Casey , Oregon State ABCA / Baseball America Assistant Coach of the Year : Other major awards ( edit ) Senior CLASS Award ( baseball ) ( outstanding Senior of the Year in baseball ) : Anthony Critelli , Holy Cross Johnny Bench Award ( Catcher of the Year ) : Brooks Wallace Award ( Shortstop of the Year ) : Logan Warmoth , North Carolina John Olerud Award ( best two - way player ) : Brendan McKay , Louisville American Baseball Coaches Association Gold Glove : Coaching changes ( edit ) This table lists programs that changed head coaches at any point from the first day of the 2017 season until the day before the first day of the 2018 season . Team Former coach Interim coach New coach Reason Alabama Goff , Greg Greg Goff None Bohannon , Brad Brad Bohannon Fired California Esquer , David David Esquer None Neu , Mike Mike Neu Departed for Stanford Cincinnati Neal , Ty Ty Neal None Googins , Scott Scott Googins Resigned The Citadel Jordan , Fred Fred Jordan None Skole , Tony Tony Skole Retired Dayton Vittorio , Tony Tony Vittorio None King , Jayson Jayson King Resigned East Tennessee State Skole , Tony Tony Skole None TBA Departed for The Citadel Louisiana - Monroe Peddie , Bruce Bruce Peddie None Federico , Mike Mike Federico Fired Maryland Szefc , John John Szefc None Vaughn , Rob Rob Vaughn Departed for Virginia Tech North Florida Laval , Smoke Smoke Laval None Parenton , Tim Tim Parenton Fired Oklahoma Hughes , Pete Pete Hughes None Johnson , Skip Skip Johnson Fired Pacific Neu , Mike Mike Neu None TBA Departed for California South Carolina Holbrook , Chad Chad Holbrook None Kingston , Mark Mark Kingston Resigned South Florida Kingston , Mark Mark Kingston None Mohl , Billy Billy Mohl Departed for South Carolina Stanford Marquess , Mark Mark Marquess None Esquer , David David Esquer Retired Tennessee Serrano , Dave Dave Serrano None Vitello , Tony Tony Vitello Resigned Texas - Rio Grande Valley Mantrana , Manny Manny Mantrana None Matlock , Derek Derek Matlock Resigned Towson Gottlieb , Mike Mike Gottlieb None Tyner , Matt Matt Tyner Fired UMass Stone , Mike Mike Stone None Reynolds , Matt Matt Reynolds Retired Virginia Tech Mason , Pat Pat Mason None Szefc , John John Szefc Fired Xavier Googins , Scott Scott Googins None O'Conner , Billy Billy O'Conner Departed for Cincinnati Attendances ( edit ) 2016 teams with an average home attendance of at least 10,000 : Team Total attendance Home average LSU Tigers 418,291 10,725 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UB Reduces its Intercollegiate Sports Teams from 20 to 16 '' ( Press release ) . Buffalo Bulls . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball program to join East Coast Conference for 2017 - 2018 academic year '' ( Press release ) . NYIT Bears . May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official . Welcome , Valparaiso '' ( Press release ) . Missouri Valley Conference . May 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wichita State to Become Member of American Athletic Conference '' ( Press release ) . American Athletic Conference . April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Collegiate Baseball Div . I Poll - Pre-season '' . Collegiate Baseball . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teddy Cahill ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Preseason College Top 25 '' . Baseball America . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Coaches Poll '' . USA Today . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TCU Tops 2017 Preseason NCBWA Poll '' . NCBWA . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Binghamton , Stony Brook , UMBC Highlight # AEBASE Major Awards ; All - Conference Teams Announced '' ( Press release ) . America East Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston 's Scheiner , Tulane 's Williams Named American Players of the Year '' ( Press release ) . American Athletic Conference . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Bonaventure , VCU Win Atlantic 10 Baseball End - of - Year Awards '' ( Press release ) . Atlantic 10 Conference . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACC Announces 2017 Baseball Season Honors '' ( Press release ) . Atlantic Coast Conference . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FGCU 's Rivera , Stetson 's Gilbert Take Home @ ASUNBSB Postseason Honors '' ( Press release ) . ASUN Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 All - Big 12 Baseball Teams and Awards Announced '' ( Press release ) . Big 12 Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball Regular - Season Major Awards and All - BIG EAST Teams Announced '' ( Press release ) . Big East Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big South Announces 2017 Baseball Annual Awards '' ( Press release ) . Big South Conference . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Announces Baseball All - Big Ten Honors and Individual Award Winners '' ( Press release ) . Big Ten Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big West Announces Baseball Honors '' ( Press release ) . Big West Conference . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNCW 's Golden Highlights All - CAA Baseball Team '' ( Press release ) . Colonial Athletic Association . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Base : 2017 C - USA Awards '' ( Press release ) . Conference USA . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Horizon League Announces Baseball All - Conference Teams '' ( Press release ) . Horizon League . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball All - Ivy , Postseason Awards Announced '' ( Press release ) . Ivy League . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAAC Announces 2017 Baseball Major Award Winners '' ( Press release ) . Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - MAC Baseball Teams & Specialty Award Winners Announced '' ( Press release ) . Mid-American Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MEAC Announces 2017 Baseball All - Conference Honors '' ( Press release ) . Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 All - MVC Baseball Teams Announced '' ( Press release ) . Missouri Valley Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MW Announces 2017 All - Conference Baseball Team and Individual Awards '' ( Press release ) . Mountain West Conference . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant Snags Three Major Baseball Awards on NEC Tournament Eve '' ( Press release ) . Northeast Conference . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eastern Kentucky 's Fisher , Morehead State 's Hulsizer , Jacksonville State 's McGuire Highlight 2017 All - OVC Baseball Honors '' ( Press release ) . Ohio Valley Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pac - 12 announces baseball All - Conference honors '' ( Press release ) . Pac - 12 Conference . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Baseball All - Patriot League Teams and Major Awards Announced '' ( Press release ) . Patriot League . May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 SEC Baseball Awards Announced '' ( Press release ) . Southeastern Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball All - Conference Teams Announced '' ( Press release ) . Southern Conference . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SLU 's Schwaner Is Southland Baseball Player of Year '' ( Press release ) . Southland Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SWAC Announces Baseball Postseason Honors '' ( Press release ) . Southwestern Athletic Conference . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ORU 's Cummings , Ausua Named # SummitBSB Player & Pitcher of the Year '' ( Press release ) . The Summit League . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sun Belt Conference Announces End of Season Baseball Honors '' ( Press release ) . Sun Belt Conference . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WCC Announces 2017 Baseball All - Conference Teams '' ( Press release ) . West Coast Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WAC Baseball Postseason Honors Announced '' ( Press release ) . Western Athletic Conference . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville 's McKay Wins 2017 Dick Howser Trophy '' ( Press release ) . National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association . June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cahill , Teddy ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 College Player of the Year : Brendan McKay Excels on All Fronts '' . Baseball America . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ' Jump up to : ^ `` Collegiate Baseballs NCAA Div . I All - Americans '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Collegiate Baseball Newspaper . 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7,086,574,552,182,810,000 | how do you find out if you can own a gun | Gun laws in the United states by state - wikipedia Gun laws in the United states by state This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For federal gun laws , see Gun law in the United States . Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal Gun laws in the United States regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition . State laws ( and the laws of Washington , D.C. and the U.S. territories ) vary considerably , and are independent of existing federal firearms laws , although they are sometimes broader or more limited in scope than the federal laws . State level laws vary significantly in their form , content , and level of restriction . Forty - four states have a provision in their state constitutions similar to the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , which protects the right to keep and bear arms . The exceptions are California , Iowa , Maryland , Minnesota , New Jersey , and New York . In New York , however , the statutory civil rights laws contain a provision virtually identical to the Second Amendment . Additionally , the U.S. Supreme Court held in McDonald v. Chicago that the protections of the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms for self - defense in one 's home apply against state governments and their political subdivisions . Firearm owners are subject to the firearm laws of the state they are in , and not exclusively their state of residence . Reciprocity between states exists in certain situations , such as with regard to concealed carry permits . These are recognized on a state - by - state basis . For example , Idaho recognizes an Oregon permit , but Oregon does not recognize an Idaho permit . Florida issues a license to carry both concealed weapons and firearms , but others license only the concealed carry of firearms . Some states do not recognize out - of - state permits to carry a firearm at all , so it is important to understand the laws of each state when traveling with a handgun . In many cases , state firearms laws can be considerably less restrictive than federal firearms laws . This does not confer any de jure immunity against prosecution for violations of the federal laws . However , state and local police departments are not legally obligated to enforce federal gun law as per the U.S. Supreme Court 's ruling in Printz v. United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common subjects of state laws 2 Alabama 3 Alaska 4 Arizona 5 Arkansas 6 California 7 Colorado 8 Connecticut 9 Delaware 10 District of Columbia 11 Florida 12 Georgia 13 Hawaii 14 Idaho 15 Illinois 16 Indiana 17 Iowa 18 Kansas 19 Kentucky 20 Louisiana 21 Maine 22 Maryland 23 Massachusetts 24 Michigan 25 Minnesota 26 Mississippi 27 Missouri 28 Montana 29 Nebraska 30 Nevada 31 New Hampshire 32 New Jersey 33 New Mexico 34 New York 35 North Carolina 36 North Dakota 37 Ohio 38 Oklahoma 39 Oregon 40 Pennsylvania 41 Rhode Island 42 South Carolina 43 South Dakota 44 Tennessee 45 Texas 46 Utah 47 Vermont 48 Virginia 49 Washington 50 West Virginia 51 Wisconsin 52 Wyoming 53 US Territories 53.1 American Samoa 53.2 Guam 53.3 Northern Mariana Islands 53.4 Puerto Rico 53.5 U.S. Virgin Islands 54 See also 55 References 56 External links Common subjects of state laws ( edit ) Firearm related matters that are often regulated by state or local laws include the following : Some states and localities require that a person obtain a license or permit in order to purchase or possess firearms . Some states and localities require that individual firearms be registered with the police or with another law enforcement agency . All states allow some form of concealed carry , the carrying of a concealed firearm in public . Many states allow some form of open carry , the carrying of an unconcealed firearm in public on one 's person or in a vehicle . Some states have state preemption for some or all gun laws , which means that only the state can legally regulate firearms . In other states , local governments can pass their own gun laws more restrictive than those of the state . Some states and localities place additional restrictions on certain semi-automatic firearms that they have defined as assault weapons , or on magazines that can hold more than a certain number of rounds of ammunition . NFA weapons are weapons that are heavily restricted at a federal level by the National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 . These include automatic firearms ( such as machine guns ) , short - barreled shotguns , and short - barreled rifles . Some states and localities place additional restrictions on such weapons . Some states have enacted castle doctrine or stand - your - ground laws , which provide a legal basis for individuals to use deadly force in self - defense in certain situations , without a duty to flee or retreat if possible . In some states , peaceable journey laws give additional leeway for the possession of firearms by travelers who are passing through to another destination . Some states require a background check of the buyer when a firearm is sold by a private party . ( Federal law requires background checks for sales by licensed gun dealers , and for any interstate sales . ) Alabama ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Alabama Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes Alabama is a shall - issue state for concealed carry . However , the issuing county sheriff can suspend or even revoke concealed carry privileges for wanton disregard of the law . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted , but handgun must be securely contained in a holster ( belt , inside - the - waist , ankle , or shoulder ) . However , open carry in a vehicle without a concealed carry license is prohibited . As of August 1 , 2013 , the law states that : `` It shall be a rebuttable presumption that the mere carrying of a visible pistol , holstered or secured , in public place , in and of itself , is not disorderly conduct . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes `` ... the Legislature hereby occupies and preempts the entire field of regulation in this state touching in any way upon firearms , ammunition , and firearm accessories ... '' Assault weapon law ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Any Other Weapons ( AOWs ) disguised as walking canes are the only illegal firearms in Alabama . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Alaska ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Alaska Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No None No Firearm registration ? No No None No Assault weapon law ? No No None No Owner license required ? No No None No Carry permits required ? No No AS 18.65. 700 through 18.65. 778 May carry concealed without permit , though permits can be issued for those who wish to have them . Open Carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes AS 29.35. 145 Municipalities may enact and enforce local regulations only if they are identical to , and provide the same penalty as , State law . NFA weapons restricted ? No No None No Shall Certify ? Yes Yes AS 18.65. 810 Shall certify within 30 days . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Arizona ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Arizona Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit required to purchase ? No No Firearm registration required ? No No ARS 13 - 3101 ( B ) State law requires compliance with the National Firearms Act , but the state maintains no registry and imposes no additional requirements . Assault weapon prohibition or restrictions ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Concealed Carry Weapon ( CCW ) permits required ? No No SB 1108 In Arizona , a person over age 21 may legally carry a concealed firearm or deadly weapon without a permit within the state , except for certain prohibited locations , and must disclose the fact to a law enforcement officer if questioned . Although no longer required , a shall - issue CCW permit is still available and has certain advantages , including reciprocity with many other states having CCW laws . Open carry allowed ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Partial Partial ARS 13 - 3108 Explained below NFA weapons restricted ? No No ARS 13 - 3101 Law makes possession and use illegal but then exempts said weapons and devices if they 're registered in compliance with federal law . Shall certify ? Yes Yes ARS 13 - 3121 Shall certify within 60 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No On May 1 , 2017 , Governor Ducey signed a bill that would prevent localities from requiring background checks for private sales . Lose Right to Possession Indefinitely under Mental Health laws ? Yes Yes ARS 36 - 540 ; ARS 13 - 925 A person found persistently or acutely disabled or a danger to self or to others automatically becomes a prohibited firearm possessor indefinitely , with notification to the Arizona Dept. of Public Safety . Restoration of gun possession rights requires the court - ordered individual to petition to restore his / her rights , and provide clear and convincing evidence from a psychiatrist willing to testify to all of the following : 1 ) the person is no longer a danger to others or persistently and acutely disabled , 2 ) that the circumstances that led to the original order , adjudication or finding are no longer in effect , 3 ) that the patient is not likely to act in a manner that is dangerous to public safety , and 4 ) that restoring the patient 's right to possess a firearm is not contrary to the public interest . The burden of proof ( clear and convincing evidence ) is on the court - ordered person , not the state . Arkansas ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Arkansas Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No * 5 - 73 - 301 - 5 - 73 - 320 Shall - Issue . The Arkansas State Police issue and recognize the Arkansas Concealed Handgun Carry License , as do states that have existing reciprocity with Arkansas . Act 746 allows for concealed carry without permit when upon a journey ( outside of one 's county of residence ) . Enhanced concealed carry permits allow for carrying in some forbidden areas such as carrying at public colleges , most public buildings , non-secure locations in an airport , churches , and more . Open Carry ? Yes Yes 5 - 73 - 120 May open carry without license . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes 5 - 73 - 120 NFA weapons restricted ? No No 5 - 73 - 205 All NFA items allowed if in compliance with Federal law . Machine guns may not have ammunition . 30 in . or 7.63 mm or bigger unless the gun is registered to an ammunition corporation . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes 5 - 73 - 112 Shall certify within 15 days . With the enactment of 41F / P on July 13 , 2016 the need for `` Shall Certify '' legislation has essentially been negated . Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes 5 - 73 - 120 ( c ) ( 4 ) Weapons are allowed if the person is carrying a weapon when upon a journey , unless the journey is through a commercial airport when presenting at the security checkpoint in the airport or is in the person 's checked baggage and is not a lawfully declared weapon . `` Journey '' is defined as `` travel beyond the county in which a person lives . '' ( 5 - 73 - 120 ( B ) ( 3 ) ) Background checks required for private sales ? No No California ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in California Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes § 26500 ( 1 ) All firearm sales must be completed through a dealer . Firearm purchases require a Firearm Safety Certificate and proof of residency unless the individual purchasing the firearm is active duty military or a peace officer under Penal Code Section 830 . Military reservists must provide proof of residency in order to purchase a firearm . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes § 28150 The California Department of Justice ( `` DOJ '' ) retains information about the purchaser and seller of all in - state firearm sales and transfers , and requires that any firearms imported into the state be reported to the DOJ . Furthermore , the Attorney General is required by law to maintain a registry containing the fingerprints and identifying information of the transferee , and the unique identifying information of every firearm transferred in the state , pursuant to § 11106 . All handgun serial numbers and sales are recorded by the state in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System , along with those of many long guns . While there is no requirement for California residents to register handguns owned prior to 1991 with law enforcement , § 12025 and § 12031 enhance several misdemeanor offenses to felonies if the handgun is not on file in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System . New residents must register handguns ( purchased outside of California ) with DOJ within 60 days . As of January 1 , 2014 , long gun serial numbers are also recorded , where as previously only the sale was recorded . However , it is not required that owners of long guns purchased prior to 2014 register their firearms and it is not a crime to be in possession of an un-registered firearm . Owner license required ? No No None While a state permit is required to purchase a firearm in California , firearms may be acquired by other means - for example , before moving to California , or through a gift Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes § 30500 , § 30515 Illegal to possess , import , or purchase assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles , unless such weapons were acquired by the owner prior to June 1 , 1989 . While California 's Assault Weapons Ban does allow individuals to obtain , transport or possess banned weapons with permission from the DOJ , the DOJ generally does not grant such permission to ordinary citizens . Legally defined assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles listed by make and model by the DOJ must be registered . Their sale and transfer is prohibited . Military look - alike rifles that are not chambered for . 50 BMG and are not on the DOJ roster are legal to purchase or possess , with some restrictions in configuration -- known as `` banned features '' . Active - duty military members residing out of state and assigned to duty in California may bring personally - owned assault weapons into the state . The military member 's residence must be in a state that permits private citizens to own and possess assault weapons , and the firearms must be registered with the California Department of Justice prior to the servicemember 's arrival in California by submitting the registration form with a copy of the member 's Permanent Change of Station ( PCS ) orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander . With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016 , the state 's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center - fire rifles and shotguns that have a `` bullet button '' detachable magazine ; effectively repealing a prior law that made `` bullet button '' magazines required on all newly manufactured weapons with detachable magazines . The sale or transfer of such weapons will be prohibited , effective January 1 , 2017 . Those purchased prior to January 1 , 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by the start of 2018 . The definition of types of weapons that are banned has been expanded , the exact definitions should be reviewed at the California DOJ website . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes § 32310 Section 32310 of the Penal Code states : `` commencing January 1 , 2000 , any person in this state who manufactures or causes to be manufactured , imports into the state , keeps for sale , or offers or exposes for sale , or who gives , lends , buys , or receives any large - capacity magazine is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment '' . Thus , the offenses listed can be charged as a felony or a misdemeanor at the discretion of the prosecutor . The section continues further by explaining that : `` ' manufacturing ' includes both fabricating a magazine and assembling a magazine from a combination of parts , including , but not limited to , the body , spring , follower , and floor plate or end plate , to be a fully functioning large - capacity magazine '' . Until January 1 , 2014 , it was only a crime to `` manufacture , import , keep for sale , offer or expose for sale , or give or lend any large - capacity magazine '' . Assembly Bill 48 was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on October 11 , 2013 and expanded previous prohibitions by making it illegal to buy or receive a large - capacity magazine or magazine rebuild kit . Peace officers ( under Penal Code Section 830 ) and `` person licensed pursuant to ( CA Penal Code ) Sections 26700 to 26915 '' are exempt this prohibition on the purchase and sale of large - capacity magazines for personal use . However , federal law enforcement officers are not exempt and must obtain large - capacity magazines through their agency . In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63 . The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition , requires background checks for all ammunition sales , and mandates the reporting of lost or stolen firearms . On June 30 , 2017 , a federal judge blocked the enforcement of Proposition 63 's ban on the possession of magazines capable of holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition , pending the outcome of litigation concerning the ban . Magazines that would have been subject to the Proposition 63 ban are legal for private citizens to keep until the injunction is either lifted and / or the ban is upheld by the courts . Carry permits required ? Yes Yes § 26150 `` May issue , '' depending on jurisdiction . County sheriff 's or local Police Chief 's discretion , many counties are de facto `` no - issue '' , while others are `` shall - issue '' in practice . CCW permits valid statewide . Out - of - state permits not valid in California . California 's may - issue law has been held constitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . The Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of this holding . Open carry ? Partial Partial § 26350 Long guns and handguns may be openly carried in unincorporated rural areas where firearm discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance . In a county with a population of less than 200,000 residents , a permit to carry a handgun `` loaded and exposed '' may be issued by the county sheriff , valid only in the issuing county . A person may also open carry if he or she `` reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate , grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 53701 GC Most but not all local restrictions preempted . Castle doctrine law ? Yes Yes California never requires a duty to retreat whether in your own home or not . The state acknowledges a legal presumption that an intruder poses a deadly threat if in your own home or property that is owned and controlled by yourself . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes § 12220 , § 12020 , § 12020 Possession of automatic weapons or short - barreled shotguns or rifles prohibited without DOJ `` Dangerous Weapons Permit '' ; permission rarely granted outside of film industry . Suppressors ( aka silencers ) prohibited . Destructive devices are prohibited unless are designated as curios & relics , in which case a collectors permit can be obtained . The only AOWs that are permitted are smoothbore pistols and firearms with a combination of a smoothbore and rifle barrel . Peaceable journey laws ? No No California courts have ruled that large capacity magazines ( LCM ) that are disassembled or LCM parts are legal to possess . Otherwise federal rules are observed . Waiting period ? Yes Yes § 26815 ( a ) ( 2 ) , § 26950 - 27140 ( 3 ) , § 27540 ( a ) ( 4 ) , § 27600 - 27750 ( 5 ) California has a ten ( 10 ) day waiting period for all firearm purchases , transfers , and private sales which must be conducted through a federal and state firearm license holder . That is , upon purchase , the purchaser must wait 10 days after the purchase before the firearm is released to the owner . On August 25 , 2014 , the California 's 10 - day waiting period for gun purchases was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California which found that `` the 10 - day waiting periods of Penal Code ( sections 26815 ( a ) and 27540 ( a ) ) violate the Second Amendment '' as applied to members of certain classifications ( notably holders of concealed carry permits ) and `` burdens the Second Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs '' . On December 14 , 2016 this ruling was overturned by a three - judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals . The plaintiffs ' petition for an en banc rehearing was denied April 4 , 2017 ; on February 20 , 2018 the Supreme Court certiorari petition was denied , meaning that the waiting period remains in effect . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Cal. § 27545 Private party transfers of firearms must be conducted through a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . Red flag law ? Yes Yes The police or a person 's family member can ask a judge to confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to pose a threat to themselves or others . Colorado ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Colorado Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No DRMC § 38 - 130 Denver ordinance bans assault weapons . Magazine Capacity Restriction ? Yes Yes CRS § § 18 - 12 - 302 , 18 - 12 - 303 After July 1 , 2013 , magazines holding more than 15 rounds may not be sold , transferred , or possessed unless they were lawfully owned prior to July 1 , 2013 . Firearms with a tubular magazine which are either chambered in . 22 rimfire or operated by lever action are exempt from this regulation , as are magazines `` permanently altered '' to limit the capacity to 15 or less . Owner license required ? No No Concealed Carry permits required ? No Yes CRS § 18 - 12 - 203 Colorado is a shall issue state for concealed carry . Permits are issued by local sheriff offices to county residents . Open carry ? Yes * Yes * CRS § 18 - 12 ; DRMC § § 38 - 117 ( b ) , 38 - 118 * Legal without permit requirements except in Denver and other posted areas . Concealed within a vehicle ? Yes Yes CRS § § 18 - 12 - 105 ( 2b ) , 33 - 6 - 125 ; DRMC § § 38 - 117 ( f ) , 38 - 118 , 14 - 92 No permit is required . Pistols may be carried with chamber and magazine loaded . Rifles and shotguns must be carried with an empty chamber , but the magazine may be loaded . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes CRS § 29 - 11.7 - 103 Local ordinances are preempted by state law , but Denver bans assault weapons and open carry . NFA weapons restricted ? No No CRS § 18 - 12 - 102 NFA items are defined as a `` dangerous weapon '' . Subsection 5 : `` It shall be an affirmative defense to the charge of possessing a dangerous weapon ... that said person has a valid permit and license for possession of such weapon . '' Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes CRS § 18 - 12 - 105.6 ; DRMC § § 38 - 117 ( f ) , 38 - 118 Denver 's restrictions on transport / possession of firearms in vehicles do not apply to persons traveling to or from other jurisdictions ; see Trinen v. City & County of Denver , 53 P. 3d 754 Castle Doctrine ? Yes Yes CRS § 18 - 1 - 704.5 A legal resident of a property has the right to use deadly force to defend themselves , other occupants , and property from armed or unarmed intruders . Known colloquially as the `` Make My Day Law '' , in reference to a line spoken by `` Dirty Harry '' Callahan in the film Sudden Impact . Stand Your Ground Law ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes CRS § 18 - 12 - 112 For private party transfers of firearms , the seller must request that a licensed dealer perform a background check of the buyer , and must get approval of the transfer from the Colorado Bureau of Investigation . Transfers of antique firearms , bona - fide gifts or loans from immediate family members , and transfers to estate executors or trustees are exempt . Temporary transfers are strictly regulated . Connecticut ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Connecticut Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes CGS 29 - 33 ( b ) , CGS 29 -- 36 ( f ) , CGS 29 - 38m ( c ) Certificate of Eligibility for Pistol and Revolvers or Long Guns or Ammunition required to purchase handguns , long guns or ammunition , respectively or a State Permit to Carry Pistols and Revolvers to purchase any of the above . Applicants must complete an approved safety course , and pass a National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) background check and mental health records check prior to issuance of certificate . Certificates of Eligibility are granted on a Shall - Issue basis to qualified applicants , and are valid for five years . There is a 14 - day waiting period for the purchase of long guns , with exceptions for peace officers , Active - Duty military members , and holders of carry permits . With the passing of Public Act 13 - 3 , hunting licenses ( which take approximately 12 hours to complete versus the eight hours the NRA Basic Pistol Course takes ) may no longer be used to purchase ammunition or long rifles . Long guns and ammunition purchased outside of Connecticut are not subject to the long gun and ammunition eligibility requirements ( even if one is a CT resident ) other than the two - week waiting period must be observed for long gun transfers out of state , unless one has a valid hunting license or carry permit . Firearm registration ? Partial Partial CGS 53 -- 202 Registration required for assault weapons purchased between September 13 , 1994 and April 1 , 2014 and for machine guns obtained before January 1 , 2014 . There is a de facto registry of the sale ( including the serial numbers ) of handguns and long guns purchased in state that is maintained by the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection ( DESPP ) . Any transfer , be it from a dealer or private party , must be accompanied by an authorization number issued by the DESPP and a form containing personal and weapon identification ( DPS - 3 - C ) must be submitted to DESPP and local police . This form is collected and maintained on all guns purchased from FFL dealers as well . The DPS - 3 - C form is not required for long gun transfers made out of state , and there is no legal requirement / penalty to register firearms purchased out of state or lawfully obtained before April 1 , 2014 . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes CGS 53 -- 202 Partial ban . Selective fire weapons , some . 50 BMG variants , and semiautomatic center - fire firearms with one defined feature ; banned weapons lawfully possessed prior to this date must be registered with DESPP . Registered weapons may only be sold or transferred to a licensed gun dealer , to the State Police or local police department or transferred to a recipient outside of Connecticut . Assault weapons manufactured and lawfully obtained prior to September 13 , 1994 no longer require registration with DESPP and may be sold or transferred to non-prohibited persons . Exceptions exist for active and retired law enforcement and military members . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes 53 - 202w As of April 4 , 2013 , magazines holding more than 10 rounds are considered Large Capacity Magazines ( LCM ) , and such magazines manufactured after that date may not be sold or transferred within the state . Existing owners of LCMs may possess such magazines if they declare and register them with the DESPP before January 1 , 2014 ; Owners of registered LCMs may not load such magazines with more than 10 rounds except when inside the owner 's home or on the premises of a licensed shooting range . Even if an individual has a permit to carry a pistol or revolver , they can never carry , other than at a shooting range , a pistol that has an LCM loaded with more than 10 bullets . Possessing an unregistered Large Capacity Magazine obtained prior to the ban 's effective date is an infraction with a $90 fine for the first offense , and a Class D felony ( punishable by up to 5 years in prison and / or $5,000 fine ) for subsequent offenses . Unlawfully possessing a LCM obtained after the effective date of the ban is a Class D felony . Owner license required ? No No CGS 23 - 37a ( b ) No license / permit is required to own any firearm / ammunition in Connecticut , except for grandfathered assault weapons manufactured and obtained between September 13 , 1994 and April 4 , 2013 . Carry permits required ? Yes Yes CGS 29 -- 28 Shall - Issue , with Limited Discretion . Connecticut 's pistol permit law specifies that issuing authorities May - Issue pistol permits to qualified applicants , but the state 's courts have generally ruled that permits must be granted on a Shall - Issue basis to applicant 's meeting the state 's qualifications for a pistol permit , as Connecticut does not require an applicant to `` show good cause '' for needing a permit . Issuing local authorities have limited discretion to deny a permit when he or she has personal knowledge of the applicant 's character that would not otherwise be reflected on a background check . A denial on this basis would have to be justified with supporting evidence showing that the applicant is not of `` suitable '' character to be granted a pistol permit , but virtually all cases are thrown out if the applicant is not otherwise barred from owning firearms . Connecticut has a two - step permitting process : a 60 - day Temporary permit issued by local authorities and a 5 - year Regular permit issued by the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection ( DESPP ) . Issuance of a Temporary permit is technically not a prerequisite to apply for a Regular permit , but in practice an applicant must await a decision from local authorities on the temporary permit application before applying to DESPP for the Regular permit . If the local permit is denied for any reason , instead one files an appeal to DESPP to have the state board re-examine the application . If the state board denies the permit ( rare occurrence ) , a court appeal is possible . Permit needed to carry open or concealed . Exceptions for peace officers and Active - Duty military members . Out of state permits not valid in Connecticut , but non-residents may apply for a Connecticut non-resident carry permit through the mail . Non-residents must have a carry permit issued by a United States jurisdiction to apply . Open carry ? Partial Yes Connecticut is a Licensed Open Carry state . A Connecticut Permit to Carry Pistols or Revolvers allows the carry of handguns openly or concealed any place in the state that is not considered `` off - limits '' under state law . Despite this , local law enforcement have been known to detain carriers . There have been very few actual arrests and no convictions in recent history as a result of carrying unconcealed however . State law is silent on the open carry of long guns in public either with or without a permit , although some municipalities have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the practice . Various towns and the state police as well have articulated through training memos that open carry is legal and to not harass people who carry openly without some other cause . Vehicle carry permitted ? No Yes A valid Connecticut pistol permit is required to carry a loaded weapon in a vehicle . Otherwise , the weapon must be unloaded and the firearm its ammunition must be stored in separate locked containers during transport . Duty to inform ? No No Connecticut is not a duty to inform state . Those who are carrying a pistol or revolver must carry their permit with them . Castle Doctrine ? Yes Yes No duty to retreat if you are in your home or on property owned by yourself . There is no `` stand your ground law '' but , courts have granted civil immunity to those with carry permits and used `` reasonable force '' in the past . State preemption of local restrictions ? Partial Yes CGS 29 -- 28 State pre-emption of local ordinances not explicitly specified in state law , but established by court precedence . Most municipalities have ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms outside of firing ranges or designated hunting areas during hunting seasons . Some municipalities have restrictions or bans on carrying long guns in public places . The City of New London and the City of New Britain previously had ordinances that forbade open carry of hanguns , which have since been repealed in both cities . NFA weapons restricted ? No No CGS 53 -- 202 ( c ) SBR , SBS , DD , suppressors are legal , provided they also comply with the assault weapons provisions , unless purchased before October 1 , 1993 . Machine guns are legal if purchased and registered with the state before January 1 , 2014 . Non-selective fire machine guns may be transferred to another resident within Connecticut . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No CGS 29 -- 38 Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Private party firearm transfers require that a background check of the buyer be performed by a federally licensed dealer . Red flag law ? Yes Yes State law allows police , after investigating and determining probable cause , to get a court warrant and seize guns from anyone posing an imminent risk of harming himself or someone else . Delaware ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Delaware Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? Yes Yes 11 Del. C. § 1441 Delaware is a officially `` may issue '' state for concealed carry , but mostly shall - issue in practice . Permits are generally issued to all applicants not barred from owning a firearm . Open Carry ? Yes Yes Open carry without permit is generally permitted . A 2014 State Supreme Court ruling recognized that Open Carry was a long standing fundamental right , barring local prohibitions in effect prior to July 4 , 1985 . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes * Yes * Complete preemption , except for town Ordinance No. 146 ( enacted 6 - 26 - 1980 ) , which bans the carry of firearms , openly or concealed in Elsmere 's town parks . Also the city of Dover did require a permit from the police chief or a state concealed permit to open carry but this was repealed in October of 2015 in keeping with the 2014 State Supreme Court ruling . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes SBRs and AOWs are legal . The city of Wilmington prohibits possession of SBRs within city limits . Machine guns , suppressors , Destructive Devices and SBS are prohibited for the average citizen . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes 147th General Assembly : Chapter 20 Private party transfers of firearms to persons other than family members must be conducted though a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . A transfer to a person who possesses a valid License to Carry a Concealed Deadly Weapon is exempt from this requirement . District of columbia ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in the District of Columbia Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? Yes Yes The firearm registration process also serves as a permitting process . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes All firearms must be registered with the Metropolitan Police Department . A background check and online training are required . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes Assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles prohibited . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes Illegal to possess magazines of more than 10 round capacity . Owner license required ? Yes Yes The firearm registration process also serves as a licensing process . Carry permits required ? N / A Yes As of October 2017 , D.C. is a `` shall issue '' jurisdiction . See history section below . Open Carry ? No No Open carry is currently prohibited . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Automatic firearms , short barreled rifles , short barreled shotguns , and silencers prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes DC Code § 7 -- 2505.02 Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . This only applies to sales made within the District of Columbia . Sales made by DC firearms owners outside of the District of Columbia must only conform to that state 's transfer laws Waiting period ? Yes Yes After purchasing a firearm , the buyer must wait ten days before taking possession of the gun . Florida ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Florida Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State license to Purchase ? No No None Firearm registration ? No No Chapter 790.335 It is a felony under Florida law to create , maintain or publish any list , record or registry of legally owned firearms or law - abiding firearm owners . Owner license required ? No No None Assault weapon law ? No No None Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No None Concealed Carry license required ? N / A Yes Chapter 790.06 Allows concealed possession of handguns , electronic weapons or devices , tear gas guns , knives , or billies , but not long guns or machine guns per Chapter 790.06 ( 1 ) . Open Carry ? No No Chapter 790.053 , Open carry of firearms is generally banned except open or concealed carry is allowed for without a license under 790.25 for certain protected places and activities . Exceptions include in the home , place of work , hunting , fishing , camping , or while practice shooting and while traveling to and from those activities . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Chapter 790.33 NFA weapons restricted ? No No Chapter 790.161 Making , possessing , throwing , projecting , or discharging any destructive device , or any attempt to do so is a felony in Florida . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Duty to inform ? No No None Florida law does not require one to disclose one 's possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Red flag law ? Yes Yes SB 7026 The police can get judicial approval to confiscate , for up to a year , the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others . Georgia ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Georgia Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No None Firearm registration ? No No None Assault weapon law ? No No None Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No None Owner license required ? No No None Carry permits required ? No Yes O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 129 Concealed or open carry allowed with permit . See also O.C.G.A § 43 -- 38 -- 10 which is a special permit for armed security guards . Open Carry ? Yes Yes O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 126 Open carry of handguns allowed with a license issued under O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 129 . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes O.C.G.A § 16 - 11 - 173 Despite state preemption , several localities continue to have local gun restrictions . Recent court rulings have resulted in many of these ordinances being withdrawn . NFA weapons restricted ? No No None Peaceable Journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Hawaii ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Hawaii Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes Firearm registration ? Yes Yes HRS 0134 - 0002 , HRS 0134 - 0003 Must be registered with county police chief within 5 days of purchase or arrival to Hawaii . Registration not required for black powder and pre-1899 firearms . Assault weapon law ? No Yes Law bans assault pistols with two or more banned features . Does not apply to rifles or shotguns with a barrel length greater than 16 inches Magazine capacity restriction ? No Yes HRS134 - 8 ( c ) HRS134 - 11 ( 3 ) Any magazine with a capacity of more than 10 rounds that can be inserted into a pistol is prohibited . Members of organizations are exempt from the pistol magazine limit at places of target shooting . Owner license required ? No No No license required to own any firearms in Hawaii , but all firearms , including those brought into the state by new residents , must be registered . Carry permits required ? No Yes HRS 0134 - 0009 May - Issue by statute , but No - Issue in practice . The chief of police may grant a permit `` in an exceptional case , when an applicant shows reason to fear injury to the applicant 's person or property . '' In practice , Hawaii is `` No - Issue , '' as issuing authorities rarely or never approve applications for permits . In March 2014 , the 9th Circuit US Court of Appeals has ruled Hawaii 's restrictive concealed carry policy unconstitutional , but the court has allowed the law to remain in effect while the State of Hawaii appeals the ruling . Open carry ? Yes Yes By law , Hawaii is a Licensed Open Carry State , but since licenses are rarely issued , the state is Non-Permissive for open carry in practice . The chief of police may grant a permit `` Where the urgency or the need has been sufficiently indicated '' provided that the person `` is engaged in the protection of life and property . '' In practice , Hawaii is `` No - Issue , '' as issuing authorities rarely or never approve applications for permits . No laws against open carrying long guns . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Municipalities may enact and enforce local regulations only if they are identical to , and provide the same penalty as , state law . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Machine guns , short barreled rifles , short barreled shotguns , and silencers / suppressors are prohibited from the average citizen . Certain Destructive Devices and AOWs are allowed with proper tax stamp and NFA paperwork from the ATF . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal laws observed . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes HRS § 134 - 2 A person who wants to purchase a handgun or long gun must obtain a permit to acquire the ownership of a firearm , which requires a background check of the applicant . Idaho ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Idaho Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Concealed Carry permits required ? No No Idaho 18 - 3302 May carry concealed when outside the confines of a city or city limits , and inside a vehicle while engaged in a lawful outdoor activity . As of July 1 , 2016 , permitless concealed carry within cities is also legal for Idaho residents 21 years and older and active military ( as of April 4 , 2017 ) . Nonresidents still need a permit to carry concealed within city limits . Open Carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without a permit in a vehicle or on foot . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Cities May regulate the discharge of firearms within their confines or limits . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Permitted as long as such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations Peaceable Journey laws ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Illinois Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes 430 ILCS 65 FOID required . Owner permit required ? Yes Yes 430 ILCS 65 FOID required . Firearm registration ? No No License required for concealed carry ? n / a Yes Public Act 098 - 0063 : Firearm Concealed Carry Act Shall - issue with limited discretion . Concealed carry licenses are issued by the state police . Licenses issued by other states are not recognized , but nonresidents from states with `` substantially similar '' licensing requirements can apply for an Illinois nonresident license . Open carry allowed ? No No Vehicle carry allowed ? No Yes Public Act 098 - 0063 : Firearm Concealed Carry Act An Illinois concealed carry license is required for Illinois residents . Non-residents may carry in a vehicle if they are eligible to carry in their home state . State preemption of local restrictions ? Partial Partial Public Act 098 - 0063 : Firearm Concealed Carry Act Preemption for the regulation and transportation of handguns and handgun ammunition . Preemption for laws regulating assault weapons , unless enacted before July 20 , 2013 . Assault weapon law ? No No Cook Co . Code of Ord. § 54 - 211 Chi . Mun . Code § 8 - 20 - 170 Cook County and the city of Chicago have separately banned the possession of assault weapons , as have several Chicago suburbs , prior to the preemption deadline of July 20 , 2013 . Magazine capacity restriction ? No No No state - level restrictions . Some local jurisdictions have enacted various magazine capacity restrictions . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes 720 ILCS 5 / 24 720 ILCS 5 / 24 - 2 Automatic firearms , short - barreled shotguns , and suppressors prohibited . Short - barreled rifles allowed only for Curios and Relics license holders or members of a bona fide military reenactment group . AOW ( Any Other Weapon ) and large - bore DD ( Destructive Device ) allowed with proper approval and tax stamp from ATF . Castle doctrine / stand your ground laws ? Partial Partial 720 ILCS 5 Illinois has no stand - your - ground law , however there is also no duty to retreat . The use of force is justified when a person reasonably believes that it is necessary `` to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another , or the commission of a forcible felony . '' There are some additional protections for defense against unlawful entry into a dwelling . Peaceable journey laws ? Partial Yes Public Act 098 - 0063 : Firearm Concealed Carry Act Illinois has state preemption for the transportation of handguns and handgun ammunition . Non-Illinois residents are granted a limited exception to lawfully carry a concealed firearm within a vehicle if they are eligible to carry a firearm in public under the laws of their own state . Non-residents who are permitted to possess a firearm in their own state are not required to have a FOID card . Some localities have banned the possession of assault weapons . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes 430 ILCS 65 The seller must verify the buyer 's FOID card with the Illinois State Police , and must keep a record of the sale for at least ten years . Red flag law ? No No Waiting period ? Yes Yes 720 ILCS 5 / 24 - 3 After purchasing a firearm , the waiting period before the buyer can take possession is 24 hours for a rifle or shotgun , and 72 hours for a handgun . Indiana ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Indiana Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? No No None Firearm registration ? No No None Assault weapon law ? No No None Magazine capacity restriction ? No No None Owner license required ? No No None Carry license required ? No Yes IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 3 Shall - Issue . Officially `` License to Carry Handgun '' , which covers concealed and open carry . As of July 1 , 2017 , persons who a ) are at least 18 years old , b ) are protected by a protection order , c ) have applied for a license , and d ) are not prohibited from possessing a handgun may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued . Open carry ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 3 May carry openly with license . On May 9 , 2017 , the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that detaining an individual based solely upon their possession of a handgun ( in order to verify that they are licensed ) violates the Fourth Amendment absent any other reasonable articulable suspicion of a crime being committed . Vehicle carry ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 3 May carry in a vehicle with license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 11.1 - 2 Enacted in 2011 NFA weapons restricted ? No No IC 35 - 47 - 5 - 10 Federal laws observed . Shall certify ? Yes Yes Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Castle Doctrine law ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 41 - 3 - 2 No duty to retreat from dwelling , curtilage , or occupied motor vehicle . Duty to inform ? No No IC 35 - 47 - 2 - 24 Indiana law does not require one to disclose possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Red flag law ? Yes Yes IC 35 - 47 - 14 - 6 ( b ) The police may temporarily confiscate firearms from people who are threatening to harm themselves or others , and then get a court order afterwards . Iowa ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Iowa Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes 724.28 A political subdivision of the state shall not enact an ordinance regulating the ownership , possession , legal transfer , lawful transportation , registration , or licensing of firearms when the ownership , possession , transfer , or transportation is otherwise lawful under the laws of this state Permit to Purchase ? No Yes 724.15 Permit To Carry may be used in lieu of Permit to Acquire when purchasing a handgun Concealed carry permit required ? N / A Yes 724.4 Iowa is a `` shall issue '' state . An Iowa carry permit is technically a `` Permit To Carry Weapons '' , and is not limited to firearms . It allows people in Iowa to open or conceal carry any kind of weapon , so long as that weapon is not otherwise illegal to own in Iowa . However , based on the current wording of the statute , state preemption only applies to firearms . As such , residents are advised to be aware of local ordinances that might restrict the possession of knives , swords , or other types of weapons that are not firearms . Open Carry ? Yes Yes 724.7 Iowa issues a `` Permit to Carry Weapons '' that is necessary to carry a firearm . Firearms may be carried open or concealed . Concealed carry is more typical in Iowa , but open carry is not uncommon . Castle Doctrine <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 704 707.6 Civil immunity for use of `` reasonable force '' in self defense Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes 724.1 Machine guns , destructive devices , etc. illegal . Suppressors legal as of March 31 , 2016 . Short barreled rifle / shotgun legal as of April 13 , 2017 . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes 724.15 A person acquiring a handgun must have an annual Permit To Acquire pistols or revolvers or a current Permit To Carry . Kansas ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Kansas Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Kansas Chapter 75 Article 7c As of July 1 , 2013 , you may conceal carry in any public area of state and municipal buildings . This encompasses carrying at public universities ( schools were allowed to opt out until 2017 ; post-2017 , only buildings with `` adequate security measures '' may remain gun - free ) . May carry concealed without permit as of July 1 , 2015 , however permits can be issued for those who wish to have them . Open Carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . NFA weapons restricted ? No No The second amendment protection act Short barreled shotguns , and machine guns must be registered under the National Firearms Act . However a personal firearm , a firearm accessory or ammunition that is owned or manufactured commercially or privately in Kansas and that remains within the borders of Kansas is not subject to any federal law , suppressor that is manufactured in Kansas and remains within the borders of Kansas are not subject to any federal law , including the NFA . A firearm manufactured in Kansas must have the words `` Made in Kansas '' clearly stamped on a central metallic part , such as the receiver or frame . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes 48 - 1906 Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Kentucky ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Kentucky Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Concealed carry permits required ? No Yes KRS § 237.110 Kentucky issues permits to carry concealed deadly weapons which allows for the concealed carry of both handguns and long guns . Open carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes KRS § 65.870 Exception : KRS § 237.115 allows the following entities to restrict concealed carry : Postsecondary educational institutions Any unit of government within the state in buildings that it owns , leases , or occupies -- however , concealed carry is allowed in highway rest areas , public housing , and private dwellings NFA weapons restricted ? No No Shall certify ? Yes Yes 237.075 Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Louisiana ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Louisiana Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes LRS 40 : 1379.3 Louisiana is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted without a license , but may be restricted by local governments with laws in place before July 15 , 1985 . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Local restrictions in place before July 15 , 1985 are grandfathered in . Parishes may regulate hunting and the shooting of firearms . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Maine ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Maine Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No 25 MRS § 2003 Maine is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Constitutional / permitless carry legislation took effect on October 15 , 2015 . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is permitted . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Local governments may restrict the discharge of firearms . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No * No 12 MRS § 11214 NFA weapons restricted ? No No Shall certify ? Yes Yes 25 MRSA § 2013 ( 3 ) Shall certify within 15 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Maryland ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Maryland Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No Yes Md Public Safety Article Section 5 - 117.1 A Handgun Qualification License is required , unless exempted ( Active Duty / Retired Military with identification cards , Active / Retired Law Enforcement with department credentials , Federal Firearms Licensees ) ; training is required , unless exempted ; fingerprints are required ; background checks are required ; does not invalidate the requirement to perform a comprehensive background check for every handgun purchase transaction . Firearm registration ? No Yes The state police maintain a permanent record of all handgun transfers . Automatic weapons must be registered with the state police . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes Maryland is a `` may issue '' state for concealed carry . Applicants must demonstrate a `` good and substantial reason '' to carry a handgun . Permits are normally very difficult ( but not impossible ) for ordinary citizens to obtain . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is permitted with a carry license , but is not generally practiced except by uniformed private security officers . Long guns and antique handguns may be carried openly without a license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Maryland has state preemption for most but not all firearm laws . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes Md Criminal Law Article Section 4 - 303 Firearms Safety Act of 2013 Certain models of firearms are banned as assault pistols and assault long guns . It is illegal to possess an assault weapon or a copycat weapon with two or more specified features ( folding stock , grenade / flare launcher , flash suppressor ) unless owned before 10 / 1 / 2013 , or received through inheritance from a lawful possessor and not otherwise forbidden to possess . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes Illegal to purchase , sell or manufacture magazines with a capacity of greater than 10 rounds within Maryland . However , possession of magazines greater than 10 rounds is legal if purchased out of state . These may not , however , be transferred to a subsequent owner unless done so outside the state of Maryland . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Automatic firearms , SBSs , and SBRs must be owned in compliance with federal law . Law is silent in regards to DDs , suppressors , and AOWs . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes GAM Public Safety , § 5 - 124 All private transfers of regulated firearms ( handguns or assault weapons ) must be processed through a licensed dealer or designated law enforcement agency which must conduct a background check on the buyer . Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Massachusetts Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? Yes Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec . 129C Firearm Identification ( FID ) or license to carry required . Firearm registration ? No No Although registration is not specifically required by law , transfers of firearm ownership are required to be recorded with the Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security ( EOPSS ) : by the seller if in state , or by the buyer if out of state . The Massachusetts EOPSS also provides the option to register a firearm , although , other than obtaining a firearm from out of state ( a transfer of ownership ) , this is not required by law . Owner license required ? Yes Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec . 129C Firearm Identification ( FID ) or license to carry required . Carry permits required ? No Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec. 131 Massachusetts is a `` may issue '' state for carry ; the issuing authority must provide written explanation for the denial of any application , which is subject to appeal . The issuing authority is the local police chief for most jurisdictions , who has discretion in issuing carry licenses based on an applicant 's suitability and stated need . In most jurisdictions , applicants who pass a background check and complete required training are issued licenses , but the issuing authority may impose varying degrees of restriction on the license ( e.g. , hunting , carry to / from a range , firearms dealer , or gunsmith , only while on - duty ( for security professionals ) , etc . ) . Towns closer to large cities ( like Boston ) are de facto restricted , whereas more rural ( and some suburban ) towns are more inclined to issue unrestricted licenses . Permits are valid statewide , provided the license - holder complies with restrictions ( if any ) imposed by the issuing authority . Open carry permitted ? No Yes An individual with a Class A unrestricted license to carry firearms ( LTC - A ) does not have to conceal a handgun in public . Moreover , in 2013 , the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that the holder of a LTC - A license is not responsible for alarm caused by licensed carry of a handgun , and that a permit can not be revoked for suitability purposes under these circumstances . If police demand to see the permit , it must be produced , per G.L. c. 140 , § 129 ( c ) . Failure to produce a LTC upon demand by law enforcement is probable cause for arrest . Open carry of long guns is prohibited , except while hunting . State preemption of local restrictions ? No No There is limited preemption for some laws . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes A two point `` banned features '' system is what defines an assault weapon . These assault weapons are prohibited unless lawfully owned on or prior to September 13 , 1994 . Firearms that do not have two or more `` banned features '' are legal to purchase with an LTC or in some cases a standard FID so long as magazine restrictions are followed to what your license allows . Magazine Capacity Restriction ? Yes Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec. 121 Illegal to possess magazines of over 10 rounds capacity . Pre-ban magazines manufactured before September 13 , 1994 are exempt from this restriction . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec. 131 Suppressors are restricted only for law enforcement or licensed manufacturers . Some destructive devices are banned at the state level , while others are banned at a local level . DD 's can be completely illegal or legal depending on what town you live in . SBR 's , SBS 's , and AOW 's are allowed with proper approval from the ATF . A machine gun license is required to possess a machine gun . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes MA Ch. 140 Sec . 128A The seller must verify the buyer 's Firearm Identification Card with the Department of Criminal Justice Information Services . Michigan ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Michigan Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No Not from FFL Permit required for purchase from an individual if purchaser does not have a CPL or an FFL and the transaction is not processed through an FFL dealer . Firearm registration ? No Yes Handgun sales are required to be registered to local law enforcement . Owner license required ? No No Carry permit required ? No Yes MCL 28.452 b Michigan is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted . Carry in a vehicle requires a license . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes MCL 123.1102 City or Charter Township may restrict the discharge of firearms ( see MCL 123.1104 ) . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Short barreled shotguns , short barreled rifles , automatic weapons , AOW 's , and silencers / suppressors are allowed if in compliance with federal law . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes MCL 28.422 a A person acquiring a handgun must have either a handgun purchase license or a license to carry a concealed handgun . A background check is required to obtain either of these licenses . Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Minnesota Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No * * * * Yes § 624.7131 Permit to purchase required to transfer / purchase long guns with a pistol grip and handguns through FFL dealers . A permit to carry also acts as a permit to purchase for Minnesota residents . Traditional rifles and shotguns may be purchased without a permit . Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No * No * § 624.7131 Persons 18 and older may purchase assault weapons with a permit to purchase ( or permit to carry for persons 21 and older ) . Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? Yes Yes § 624.714 Shall Issue . Minnesota Permit to Carry a Pistol required to carry handguns . Concealment is permitted but not required . Open Carry ? Yes Yes § 624.7181 Whoever carries a BB gun , rifle , or shotgun on or about the person in a public place is guilty of a gross misdemeanor . A person under the age of 21 who carries a semiautomatic military - style assault weapon on or about their person in public place is guilty of a felony . However , you may carry a pistol or a long gun openly with permit to carry a pistol because , the law states that the prohibition on carrying does not include the carrying of a BB gun , rifle , or shotgun by a person who has a permit under section 624.714 . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 471.633 Municipalities may regulate the discharge of firearms within their borders . NFA weapons restricted ? Partial Partial § 609.67 Machine guns and short - barreled shotguns , unless designated Curios & Relics , are prohibited in most cases . Some destructive devices are prohibited in most cases . Sound suppressors and short barreled rifles are legal . Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes § 97B. 045 § 624.714 , Subd. 9 Any legally possessed gun may be transported in a motor vehicle , provided it is unloaded and cased . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Mississippi ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Mississippi Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Code Sections 95 - 3 - 1 , 45 - 9 - 101 , 97 - 37 - 7 , House Bill 506 of the 2011 Mississippi Legislature As of July 1 , 2015 the concealed carry law was amended to say `` no license shall be required under this section for a loaded or unloaded pistol or revolver carried in a purse , handbag , satchel , other similar bag or briefcase or fully enclosed case . '' On April 15 , 2016 , the law was further expanded to include belt and shoulder holsters and sheaths . This effectively allows for constitutional carry in Mississippi . However , some forms of concealed carrying would still require a permit ( e.g. Mexican carry or concealed in an ankle holster ) . Licenses still available on a shall - issue basis , issued within 45 days . The license is valid for five years . An enhanced license allows for carrying at public universities and other places . Concealed carry is not allowed in a regular public 1 -- 12 school , courthouse , police station , detention facility , government meeting place , polling place , establishment primarily devoted to dispensing alcoholic beverages , athletic event , parade or demonstration for which a permit is required , passenger terminal of an airport , `` place of nuisance '' as defined in Mississippi Code section 95 -- 3 -- 1 , or a location where a sign is posted and clearly visible from at least ten feet away saying that the `` carrying of a pistol or revolver is prohibited '' . With an enhanced carry permit per Mississippi Code section 97 - 37 - 7 ( 2 ) as amended by House Bill 506 of the 2011 Regular Session , the prohibited locations to carry concealed are as follows : any police , sheriff or state highway patrol station ; any detention facility , prison or jail ; courtrooms during a judicial proceeding ; any `` place of nuisance '' ; and ( not listed in the Mississippi statutes , but still relevant ) any place where the carrying of firearms is prohibited by federal law . A license to carry a pistol or revolver is not required for open carry . A license is not required for transporting a concealed or visible firearm in a vehicle . Open Carry ? Yes Yes House Bill 2 of the 2013 Mississippi Legislature The `` HB2 '' Unlicensed Open Carry Law went into effect July 1 , 2013 . An injunction , declaring the definition of `` concealed handgun '' unconstitutionally vague , was initially put in place by a Circuit Court Judge in Jackson , MS . The injunction was vacated August 29th , 2013 by the Mississippi Supreme Court . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes No county or municipality may adopt any ordinance that restricts or requires the possession , transportation , sale , transfer or ownership of firearms or ammunition or their components . However , local governments may regulate the discharge of firearms , the carrying of firearms at a public park or public meeting , or the use of firearms in cases of insurrection , riots and natural disasters . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Permitted as long such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes Background checks required for private sales ? No No Missouri ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Missouri Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Missouri is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Permitless carry took effect on January 1 , 2017 . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is permitted . As of October 11 , 2014 , a valid CCW overrides local laws against Open Carry , state wide . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Local governments are allowed to regulate open carry and the discharge of firearms ( except in self defense ) ; however , ccw permit holders are exempt from ordinances banning open carry . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Peaceable journey law ? Yes Yes Background checks required for private sales ? No No Montana ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Montana Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Concealed Carry permits required ? No Yes / No Montana 45 - 8 - 321 Montana is a `` shall issue '' state for citizens and permanent lawful residents who are 18 years old . The law was challenged for previously denying non-citizens permits . The lawsuit was put on hold to give the legislature to opportunity to pass a bill to include permanent lawful residents . Such bill was signed by the governor on April 7 , 2017 . Concealed carry without a permit is generally allowed outside city , town , or logging camp limits . Open Carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes M.C.A 45 - 8 - 351 Complete state preemption of firearms laws except localities may regulate the carrying of concealed or openly carried firearms to a public assembly , a publicly owned building , a park under its jurisdiction or a school . Localities may also regulate the possession of firearms by felons , minors , illegal aliens , or the mentally incompetent . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Permitted as long such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations . Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes Background checks required for private sales ? No No Missoula enacted a universal background check ordinance in 2016 , however Attorney General Tim Fox has opined that the ordinance is unlawful . Nebraska ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Nebraska Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No Yes Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69 - 2403 A handgun certificate or a concealed carry permit is required for the purchase of a handgun . Firearm registration ? No No Omaha , Neb. , Code § 20 - 251 et seq. ; Lincoln , Neb. , Muni . Code § 9.36. 030 The City of Omaha requires the registration of all handguns . The City of Lincoln requires reporting of firearms sales other than long guns commonly used for sporting purposes . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes Nebraska is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted , but may be restricted by local governments . For open carry in a vehicle , the firearm must be clearly visible . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes * Yes * Nebraska has partial state preemption for most but not all firearms laws . Other than discharge ordinances , local firearms ordinances are preempted for individuals who hold a valid Concealed Handgun Permit ( CHP ) . These local ordinances are still enforceable against non-permitholders . Assault weapon law ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69 - 2403 A person acquiring a handgun must have either a handgun certificate or a concealed handgun permit and has therefore been subject to a background check . Nevada ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Nevada Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No As of June 2015 , Clark County no longer requires the registration of handguns . There is now state preemption for firearm registration . Owner license required ? No No Concealed carry permits required ? No Yes NRS 202 § 3657 - Application and Permitting NRS 202 § 360 - Prohibited Persons Nevada is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes NV Constitution Article 1 Section 11 NRS 503 § 165 - Carrying loaded rifle or shotgun in or on vehicle on or along public way unlawful ; exceptions . Open carry is generally permitted throughout the state . For open carry in a vehicle , the firearm may be anywhere except concealed upon the person without a concealed firearm permit . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes NRS 244 § 364 - County of 700,000 or more NRS 268 § 418 - City of 700,000 or more NRS 269 § 222 - Town of 700,000 or more Local authorities may regulate the discharge of firearms . Handgun registration in Clark County was grandfathered in , until SB175 ( signed into law June 2nd , 2015 ) removed the authority of the county to register handguns in Nevada . Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No NRS 202 § 275 Possession , manufacture or disposition of short - barreled rifle or short - barreled shotgun NRS 202 § 350 Manufacture , importation , possession or use of dangerous weapon or silencer 18 USC § 922 ( b ) 4 - Unlawful Transfer 27 CFR § 478.98 - Sales or deliveries of destructive devices and certain firearms . Possession and ownership of an SBR , SBS , machine gun ( selective - fire weapon ) , or silencer , all NFA items , are subject to federal purview and regulation . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes * Yes * In November 2016 , Nevada voters approved referendum Question 1 , changing the law to require background checks for private sales . * Nevada Attorney General Adam Laxalt opined that the law is unenforceable . New Hampshire ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in New Hampshire Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No NHRS XII § 159 : 14 Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry license required ? No No NHRS XII § 159 : 6 Constitutional carry legal as of February 22 , 2017 . Licenses remain available on a Shall - Issue basis for reciprocity purposes . Open carry ? Yes Yes NHRS XII § 159 : 6 NHRS XVIII § 207 : 7 Handgun open carry without license . Loaded long guns prohibited from motor vehicles . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes NHRS XII § 159 : 26 Includes knives . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Peaceable Journey laws ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? No No New Jersey ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in New Jersey Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes A lifetime purchaser identification card is required for purchase of rifles and shotguns , as well as for purchases of handgun ammunition . A permit to purchase a handgun , valid for 90 days is required for each handgun purchase . Only one handgun can be purchased within a 30 - day period . According to state law , purchase permits / identification cards are supposed to be granted on a Shall - Issue basis , but in practice many issuing authorities require the applicant to justify the need for a firearm before granting approval for the permit / ID card . Some issuing authorities have been known to arbitrarily deny purchase permits and ID cards . Firearm registration ? No Yes The NJ State Police Firearms Investigation Unit ( NJSP FIU ) maintains a record of all handgun transfers , except for inherited firearms willed to the transferee , or firearms brought to the state by new residents moving to the state . Firearm registration is voluntary , but since handgun purchase permits are also a form of register , there is de facto mandatory handgun registration for handguns purchased in - state . Purchases by NJ residents must either be from a licensed dealer in NJ or a private individual who is a resident of NJ . In both dealer purchases and private sales , a copy of the purchase permit is sent to the NJSP FIU . A NICS background check at the point of sale is only required for purchases from dealers . Owner license required ? No No No license is required to own any firearm in New Jersey , except an assault firearm or NFA regulated firearms Carry permits required ? Yes Yes N.J. Admin . Code § 13 : 54 No - Issue for ordinary citizens . New Jersey calls its permit a `` permit to carry a handgun '' and is a `` may - issue '' by law for firearm carry , either openly or concealed , but permits are rarely or never granted to the general populace . Permit applicants must `` specify in detail the urgent necessity for self - protection , as evidenced by specific threats or previous attacks which demonstrate a special danger to the applicant 's life that can not be avoided by means other than by issuance of a permit to carry a handgun . '' Then it must be approved by both the township 's police chief and a NJ judge , whereas the applicant will not know who denied the $200 application to carry . As a result of this tough standard , New Jersey is effectively a `` no issue '' state unless one is a retired law enforcement officer or an individual with political connections . Armed security officers and armored car drivers typically get restricted permits limited to carry while on duty only . A letter of need from the security company is required . Open carry ? Yes Yes Open carry is allowed only with a permit to carry a handgun and is generally not practiced except by security officers and others who carry firearms on duty . While it is technically legal to carry long guns with a valid Firearm Purchaser ID card , it is generally frowned upon by law enforcement , except when hunting . One can expect to be detained and questioned in most places if carrying in this manner . State preemption of local restrictions ? No No There is limited state preemption for some firearm laws . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes N.J.S.A 2C : 39 - 1 New Jersey prohibits the possession of certain named firearms or `` substantially identical '' firearms deemed to be assault firearms , including possession of parts from which an assault firearm may be readily assembled . Firearms classed as assault firearms but acquired before May 1 , 1990 and registered with the state are legal to possess . Police officers may possess assault weapons for duty purposes and may possess personal assault weapons with recommendation by their agency . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes N.J.S.A 2C : 39 - 1 ( y ) Magazines are limited to 15 rounds for semi-automatic firearms and 6 rounds for semi-automatic shotguns . Police officers may possess `` standard capacity magazines '' for duty purposes and may possess personal `` standard capacity magazines '' with recommendation by their agency . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes N.J.S.A 2C : 39 - 3 ( a-c ) ; N.J.S.A 2C : 58 - 5 Possession of short barreled rifles , short barreled shotguns , destructive devices , and suppressors are prohibited to the average citizen . Law is silent on AOWs . Possession of a machine gun requires a state license , which is granted on a may issue basis by a county superior court judge . Machine gun licenses are extremely difficult to obtain . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes N.J.S.A 2C : 58 - 3 A person acquiring a handgun must have a permit to purchase a handgun . A person acquiring a long gun must have a firearms purchaser identification card . Private sale of a long gun does not require a background check . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in New Mexico Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No New Mexico does not require any permit to purchase a long gun or handgun . Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No There are no assault weapon laws . Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No There is no magazine capacity restriction . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes NMSA 29 -- 19 -- 4 Shall - issue to full - time and part - time residents ( who hold a valid New Mexico ID / Driver 's License ) , with passage of a criminal history check and mental health records check , and completion of 15 - hour handgun safety course that includes live - fire instruction . Active military and law enforcement members and veterans honorably discharged within 20 years of permit application are exempt from training requirement . Permit required to carry concealed loaded firearm on foot . No permit needed for open carry , concealed carry of an unloaded firearm , or transport of a loaded firearm either concealed or openly in a vehicle . Unlawfully carrying a concealed firearm is a petty misdemeanor that is punishable by up to 6 months in a county jail and / or a fine of up to $500 . Except for active - duty military members and dependents permanently stationed in the state , New Mexico does not issue CHLs to non-residents . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes It is legal to open carry a loaded rifle and / or handgun in New Mexico without a permit . Vehicle carry permitted ? Yes Yes A loaded firearm may be carried / transported either openly or concealed in a vehicle without a permit . Out - of - state permits recognized ? N / A Partial New Mexico recognizes permits from states with reciprocity agreements ( currently 24 states ) . Duty to Inform ? No * No * * Although not mandated by state law , it is customary in New Mexico to inform law enforcement officials when transporting firearms . Those who are carrying a loaded pistol or revolver concealed while on foot must carry their CHL with them and present it upon demand by law enforcement . Concealed Carry on College Campuses ? No No NMSA 29 - 19 - 8 NMSA 30 - 7 - 2.4 Firearms and ammunition may be stored in a locked vehicle while parked on campus , and may be carried while driving in a vehicle on campus , but may not be carried on foot while on campus property . Exceptions exist for university - sponsored shooting events and ROTC programs . NFA weapons restricted ? No No State pre-emption of local ordinances ? Yes * Yes * NMSA 29 - 19 - 10 * As stated in Article 2 , Section 6 of the New Mexico Constitution . * Tribal laws on Native American reservations not pre-empted . Some tribes recognize New Mexico firearms laws , while others do not and have far more restrictive firearms policies . Additionally , some local jurisdictions have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms within their boundaries . Castle Doctrine law ? Yes Yes NMSA 30 - 2 - 7 New Mexico 's self - defense statute ( NMSA 30 - 2 - 7 ) is vaguely worded and does not specifically address Castle Doctrine or Stand Your Ground situations . However , Castle Doctrine has been established on a limited basis by a 1946 New Mexico Supreme Court ruling , which states that when a person reasonably feels `` threatened with an attack need not retreat . In the exercise of his right of self defense , he may stand his ground and defend himself . '' Currently , the courts have limited the scope of Castle Doctrine / Stand Your Ground to self - defense situations occurring inside the defender 's home , and neither law nor court precedence provides the defender immunity from lawsuits by the aggressor arising from the use of lethal force in self - defense . Additionally , judicial precedence in New Mexico has established that the use of lethal force is not justifiable in defense of one 's property alone . Duty to Retreat ? No No Opt - Out statute ? Yes Yes NMSA 29 -- 19 -- 12 ; NMSA 30 -- 14 -- 6 ; NMAC 10.8. 2.27 Property owners may prohibit the carrying of firearms onto property they lawfully possess by posting signage or verbally notifying persons upon entering the property . Violating these `` gun - free '' establishments is a full misdemeanor punishable by less than one year in the county jail and / or a fine of up to $1,000 ( Criminal Trespass - NMSA 30 - 14 - 1 ) . Peaceable journey laws ? No No One may travel through or within New Mexico with a loaded weapon in a vehicle . Federal law pre-empts Native American reservation laws . FOPA is observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No New York ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in New York Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No Yes S 265.20 , S 265.01 No NYS permit is required for long guns . Handguns require a permit . Permits are issued by County or State Supreme Court judges / justices outside of New York City , Nassau and Suffolk Counties , with a background check . Permits for those wanting to carry concealed are issued on a `` may issue '' basis , whereas permits to merely purchase and possess handguns in the home are issued on a `` shall issue '' basis . There is an application fee for each permit , as well as an amendment fee for each handgun added to the permit . NOTE : Different laws apply for NYC Firearm registration ? No Yes S 700.00 , S 265.01 No registration for long guns . All handguns must be registered under a license . There is a $3 registration fee . Handguns are registered with purchase permit . The serial number and sale is noted down . It is illegal to possess any un-registered firearm . Antique weapons are exempted from this . All handguns must travel in the manner one 's license is issued . No record is needed of previously owned handguns with law enforcement . * All rifles classified as assault weapons must be registered with the state by January 15 , 2014 . NOTE : Different laws apply for NYC Owner license required ? No Yes S 265.20 , S 265.01 No license is required for long guns ; however , New York State requires a license for handgun ownership . Handgun licenses are normally restricted to three types : residence or business premises permit ( must issue generally ) , Target & Hunting , and Unrestricted Carry . Target and hunting allows carry while engaged in those activities . Unrestricted allows carry at any time . All permits issued outside of New York City are not valid in New York City EXCEPT for retired police and federal law enforcement officers with that status marked on their permit and for armored car guards on duty . The minimum age to be issued a handgun license is 21 unless you are a former or current member of the armed forces or law enforcement . NOTE : Different laws apply for NYC Carry permits required ? No Yes S 400.00 New York counties , and some police departments , issue pistol licenses on a `` may issue '' basis . Discretionary issuance policies vary widely across the state . Generally , it is harder to obtain a license in counties closer to large New York cities . Most counties that are n't a part of downstate New York have shall / reasonable issuance policies , but may administratively restrict time or place of carry ( such as only for target shooting or hunting ) . It is not a crime to carry a weapon under a Target or Hunting permit for other purposes , but if caught or reported the permit will likely be revoked . Concealed carry without any kind of permit must be charged as a felony unless the weapon is unloaded and no ammunition for it is in possession of the person carrying . All permits are valid throughout the state , except in the City of New York , unless validated by the police commissioner of that city , NY Penal Law 400 ( 6 ) . While New York law does not allow issuance of pistol licenses to non-residents , 2013 federal appeals court and State appeals court rulings clarified the residency requirement . This clarification allowed those domiciled outside of the state with a part - time residence in New York to be issued a permit at the discretion of the licensing officer . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes S 265.00 , S 265.02 Possession of assault weapons is prohibited , except for those legally possessed on January 15 , 2013 and registered with the state by January 15 , 2014 or classified as an antique assault weapon . New York City , Buffalo , Albany , and Rochester have enacted their own assault weapon bans . Law enforcement and retired law enforcement are exempt from the assault weapons ban . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes § 265.02 Magazine size limited to 10 rounds . Law enforcement and retired law enforcement are exempt from the 10 round limit . Also exempt are antique high - quality magazines if registered to an associated antique assault weapon . Under the NY SAFE Act ( signed on the 15th of January , 2013 by Gov. Andrew Cuomo ) the magazine law was changed . A legal provision that mandated no more than 7 rounds that may be loaded into the magazine was struck down by a federal judge on December 31 , 2013 . Title II ( National Firearms Act ) weapons restricted ? Yes Yes S 265.02 , S 265.02 Ownership of machine guns , suppressors , short - barreled rifles , and short - barreled shotguns are prohibited to the average citizen . Destructive devices are permitted except for rockets with greater than 3 ounces of propellant , which are prohibited . AOW 's are legal to own but are still required to be on a pistol permit . AOW 's disguised as non-firearms are illegal . Open carry ? Yes No S 265.35 , S 265.01 The law is extremely vague on open carry . Open carry in public is not legal in most instances . While no law specifically bans open carry , a license to carry is issued to carry concealed as per penal law 400 . Therefore , pistol permit holders must carry concealed . Open carry permitted while hunting and possibly on one 's own property . Open carry of unloaded long guns is not explicitly prohibited by any law , but is generally not practiced . Castle Doctrine Law ? Yes * Yes * § 35.20 * New York has a castle doctrine law . It allows for the `` use of ( non-lethal ) physical force in defense of premises and in defense of a person in the course of burglary . '' Lethal force is governed under § 35.15 . State preemption of local restrictions ? No No None New York preempts only handgun licensing . Places such as Buffalo , Rochester , Albany , and most notably New York City have put in more restrictive gun laws , such as licensing of long guns and 5 - round magazine limits . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes S 265.10 With certain restrictions ( see below ) , most notably magazines are not exempt . Some law enforcement agencies ( notably the New York State Police ) do not recognize the federal Firearm Owners Protection Act , and may detain or arrest non-residents transporting firearms through New York in accordance with FOPA . Individuals in such situations would then have to use FOPA as an affirmative defense to firearms - related charges in court . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes NY Gen Bus L § 898 ( 2012 ) For firearm transfers between private parties , a licensed dealer must conduct a background check , provide documentation of the check to the New York State Police , and keep a record of the transaction . North Carolina ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in North Carolina Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No Yes For handguns , a Pistol Purchase Permit ( issued by the sheriff in the county of one 's residence ) or a North Carolina issued Concealed Handgun Permit is required . Presenting either of these exempts the buyer from the on - the - spot NICS background check . Firearm registration ? No No Durham County formerly required registration of handguns . This was repealed on June 18 , 2014 . State law now makes it unlawful for any government entity within the state to maintain a firearms registry . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes North Carolina is a `` shall issue '' state for Concealed Handgun Permits . N.B. The individual must inform a Law Enforcement officer when addressed he / she is carrying a concealed handgun n . ( Gen Stat. § 14 - 415.12 A ) Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is not specifically limited by State law , but some local governments may have ordinances against openly carried weapons . See state pre-emption section below State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes North Carolina has state preemption for most firearm laws . Assault weapon law ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No All NFA weapons ( Title II weapons ) and silencers / suppressors are allowed , as long as federal rules are followed Shall Certify ? Yes Yes Section 13 ( § 14 - 409.41 ) Shall certify within 15 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes Article 52A , § 14 - 402 A person acquiring a handgun must have either a permit to purchase a handgun or a concealed handgun permit . A background check is required to obtain either of these permits . North Dakota ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in North Dakota Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No North Dakota is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Permitless concealed carry ( for residents only ) effective August 1 , 2017 . Class 1 & 2 permits will still be available . Permit still required to carry openly . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry of long guns is generally permitted . Open carry of a loaded handgun is permitted only by individuals with a valid concealed weapons license . Non permit holders may carry one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset provided the firearm is unloaded and in plain sight . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No NFA - compliant automatic firearms must be registered with the county sheriff and the state Bureau of Criminal Investigation . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes 62.1 - 05 Shall certify within 30 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Ohio ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Ohio Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No None Firearm registration ? No No None Assault weapon law ? No No O.R.C. 2923.11 Owner license required ? No No None Carry permits required ? No Yes O.R.C 2923.125 Shall Issue -- 8 hours of training required , 2 hours of which must include range time . Active duty members of the Armed Forces are exempt from the carry permit requirement . Open carry ? Yes Yes O.R.C. 2923.16 O.R.C. 2923.121 May open carry without a permit if 18 years or older . Restrictions in motor vehicle and licensed liquor establishments . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes O.R.C. 9.68 Full preemption , affirmed by City of Cleveland v. State of Ohio NFA weapons restricted ? No No O.R.C. 2923.17 NFA items are legal if registered in accordance with the NFA . Shall certify ? Yes Yes O.R.C. 311.43 Shall certify within 45 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Duty to inform ? No Yes O.R.C. 2923.126 Any concealed handgun licensee must inform a law enforcement officer immediately upon contact for law enforcement purposes if they are in possession of a loaded handgun . If the licensee is an occupant of a vehicle and there is a loaded handgun in the car , the licensee must also inform the law enforcement officer . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Oklahoma ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Oklahoma Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No - Private sales legal , no waiting period . Firearm registration ? No No -- None Assault weapon law ? No No -- None Owner license required ? No No § 21 - 1273 , § 21 - 1276 , § 21 - 1283 , None Carry permits required ? No Yes § 21 - 1277 , § 21 - 1272 , § 21 - 1278 , § 21 - 1290.5 Concealed carry of loaded handguns permitted ; open carry became lawful with permit as of November 1st , 2012 . Unlicensed public carry of unloaded handguns and long arms by persons eligible to possess firearms is allowed under some circumstances . Open carry permitted ? No Yes § 21 - 1290 Open carry is permitted with a handgun carry license . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 21 - 1289.24 -- NFA weapons restricted ? No No § 21 - 1289.18 Short barreled rifles and shotguns are illegal to possess under state law unless registered under the NFA , ownership and possession of automatic firearms is legal under state law . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes § 21 - 1289.30 Shall certify within 15 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Oregon ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Oregon Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No * No * * The Oregon State Police will maintain a record of firearms sales from FFL holders for a period of 5 years , after such period these records are destroyed . Assault weapon law ? No No No state laws define or regulate assault weapons . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? Yes Yes ORS 166.291 Oregon is a `` shall - issue '' state for residents . Technically sheriffs `` may issue '' licenses to non-residents of contiguous states ; however , in practice most county sheriffs either adopt very restrictive criteria for issuance to non-residents or simply refuse to issue licenses . Carrying of a concealed firearm is prohibited by ORS 166.250 , however holders of a valid Concealed Handgun License are exempt from this law . ( see ORS 166.260 ) . In 2011 , the Oregon Court of Appeals ruled that public universities no longer have the authority to prohibit firearms on their grounds , however may still prohibit them inside buildings . This effectively legalized campus carry on grounds . Open carry ? Yes Yes Open carry of firearms is legal statewide in accordance with the Oregon Constitution viewable as the `` Oregon Blue Book '' . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Article 1 Subsection 27 . ORS 166.170 Except as expressly authorized by state statute , the authority to regulate in any manner whatsoever the sale , acquisition , transfer , ownership , possession , storage , transportation or use of firearms or any element relating to firearms and components thereof , including ammunition , is vested solely in the State Legislative Assembly . ( See ORS 166.170 ) NFA weapons restricted ? No No Possession of NFA restricted firearms and non firearm items is legal but owners must comply with the NFA Regulations Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes The State of Oregon recognizes federal law Title 18 U.S. Code § 926A Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes SB941 ( 2015 ) Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed firearm dealer while both parties are present . The dealer is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . Red flag law ? Yes Yes If a person appears to be in imminent danger of hurting themselves or another person , a police officer or a member of the person 's family or household may petition the court for a one - year order that would prohibit the person from possessing a deadly weapon . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Pennsylvania Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No ( 18 Pa. C.S. § 6111.4 ) All handgun buyers in the state must undergo a PICS check at the point of sale , a record of which is maintained by the state police in a `` sales database '' . The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has ruled that this is legal under 18 Pa. C.S. § 6111.4 , as it is not a comprehensive record of all handgun ownership within the state , as gun owners moving into the state are not required to register their firearms . Assault weapon law ? No No Owner license required ? No No Concealed carry permit required ? Yes Yes 18 Pa. C.S. § 6109 License to Carry Firearms issued on a `` shall - issue '' basis . A LTCF is required to carry a firearm concealed on one 's person , in a vehicle , or during a declared state of emergency . Open carry ? Yes Yes Unlicensed open - carry , except license required in Philadelphia ( City of the First Class ) and when within a vehicle . Castle Law / Stand Your Ground ? Yes Yes ( 6 ) Castle Law . No duty to retreat inside castle . No duty to retreat outside castle if confronted with a deadly weapon or an object that appears to be one in a place where the person has a right to be . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes 18 Pa. C.S. § 6120 NFA weapons restricted ? No No Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes ( 7 ) Non-residents may carry in a vehicle if in possession of a valid carry permit from any state . Otherwise , federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No Yes All private party transfers of handguns must be processed through a licensed dealer , or at a county sheriff 's office . In either case a background check is required . Rhode Island ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Rhode Island Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 35 All purchasers of handguns must complete and pass a safety exam managed by the RI Department of Environmental Management , at which time they will receive a DEM issued `` blue card '' allowing purchase . Exempt are active duty military members , active and retired law enforcement officers , correctional officers , and persons licensed to carry a concealed firearm by RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 11 . Firearm registration ? No No RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 41 Assault weapon law ? No No None Owner license required ? No No None Carry permits required ? No Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 11 RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 18 Rhode Island is a hybrid `` shall issue '' and `` may issue '' state for carry . Licenses may be granted either by local authorities or by the state 's attorney general 's office . Licenses granted by local authorities are `` shall issue '' while those issued by the attorney general 's officer are `` may issue '' under state law . Until recently , most local authorities had been deferring to the attorney general which effectively blocks most issuance , unless one is a retired LEO . The practice of not issuing permits on a true ' shall issue ' basis has been the subject of recent litigation . In April 2015 , the Rhode Island Supreme Court has ruled that a police chief must accept and review carry permit applications and must render a decision and the reasons for that decision . More significantly , the court ruled that the issuing authority must `` show cause '' for denying an applicant a carry license . Permits issued by local authorities and the Attorney General 's office are valid for concealed carry statewide . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 18 Open carry of handguns is permitted for only those with a carry permit issued by the attorney general . Open carry not permitted for those whose handgun carry permits were issued by local authorities . Long gun open carry with or without a permit is not prohibited by law . Vehicle carry ? No Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 8 Permitted with a valid Rhode Island Handgun Carry Permit . Non-residents may carry in a vehicle with a valid concealed carry permit issued by another state while traveling through Rhode Island without any intent to stop while in the state . Out - of - state permits recognized ? No Vehicle carry only None State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 58 Castle Doctrine Law ? Yes Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 8 -- 8 No duty to retreat if you are in your home NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 8 RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 20 It is a violation of state law to possess any NFA weapon or silencers with the exception of Class III FFLs . Peaceable Journey laws ? No Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 8 One may possess a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle without a RI permit as long as one possesses a carry permit from another state and is merely transiting through Rhode Island without any unnecessary stops . Long guns must be unloaded in a vehicle . FOPA is observed . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes For all firearm transfers , the buyer must pass a background check . Red flag law ? No No A 2018 executive order signed by the governor does not give law enforcement personnel additional authority to seize the guns of a person who could pose a significant threat to public safety , but it urges the police to use all available legal steps to confiscate such a person 's firearms . Waiting period ? Yes Yes RI Gen. Stat. 11 -- 47 -- 35 After purchasing a firearm , the waiting period before the buyer can take possession is 7 days . South Carolina ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in South Carolina Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes SC Code 23 - 31 - 210 South Carolina is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes No State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No SC Code 16 - 23 - 210 through 16 - 23 - 250 Permitted if registered in accordance with federal laws . State law makes possession , storage , and transfer illegal but then grants an exception for `` any person authorized to possess these weapons by the United States Department of the Treasury ; the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms ; or any other federal agency empowered to grant this authorization '' . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Background checks required for private sales ? No No South Dakota ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in South Dakota Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No Yes SD 23 - 7 - 7 South Dakota is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted . For open carry in a vehicle , the firearm must be clearly visible . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? No No Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Tennessee Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No None No Firearm registration ? No No None No Assault weapon law ? No No None No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No None No Carry permits required ? No * Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1351 Permits are `` shall - issue '' . Concealed or open carry of a handgun is allowed with permit . As of July 1 , 2014 , due to the enhanced Castle Doctrine law , a person may keep a loaded handgun or long gun in their private vehicle without a permit . As of July 1 , 2017 , persons who can legally possess / purchase a firearm and are protected by a protection order may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued . * Loaded long gun carry in public is generally illegal , with exceptions for activities such as hunting in approved areas . Unloaded long gun carry is not prohibited . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1307 T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1308 Open carry of loaded handguns is permitted for those who have been issued a license to carry . Long guns may only be carried unloaded . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1314 State preemption per T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1314 ( a ) . Local governments may post signs per T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1359 to prohibit carry on government property . Local government may not , however , prohibit firearms in locally owned / operated parks and other recreational areas . NFA weapons restricted ? No No None On July 1 , 2003 public chapter 275 is in effect . Shall Certify ? Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 17 - 1361 Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable journey laws ? No No None Federal rules observed . Self - defense law Yes Yes T.C.A. § 39 - 11 - 611 There is no duty to retreat before using deadly force , as long as you are acting lawfully and are in a place you have a right to be in . It is presumed you had a reasonable fear of imminent death or serious bodily injury if someone unlawfully and forcibly enters a residence , business , dwelling or vehicle . Background checks required for private sales ? No No None Texas ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Texas Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Utah ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Utah Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault Weapons law ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? Yes Yes UT 53 - 05 - 704 Carry of a loaded firearm or concealed firearm allowed with permit . May open carry unloaded firearm without permit . May carry loaded handgun in vehicle without permit ; loaded long guns in vehicles prohibited . As of 2004 , may carry at public universities . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry of firearm without a permit is allowed as long as the gun is at least 2 actions from being fired , e.g. , 1 ) rack the slide to chamber , and 2 ) pull the trigger Open carry of a loaded firearm ( e.g. , a live round of ammunition in the firing chamber ) is allowed with a permit State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes Municipalities may regulate the discharge of firearms . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Possession of NFA firearms in violation of federal law is a third degree felony under state law . However , possession and ownership of NFA firearms and items is legal under state law if federal requirements and laws are followed . Shall certify ? Yes Yes 53 - 5a - 104 Shall certify within 15 days . Peaceable Journey law ? Yes Yes 76 - 10 - 523 Persons exempt from weapons laws . `` ( g ) a nonresident traveling in or through the state , provided that any firearm is : ( i ) unloaded ; and ( ii ) securely encased as defined in Section 76 - 10 - 501 . '' Handguns may be loaded in any vehicle under the person 's control . Castle Doctrine law ? Yes Yes 76 - 2 - 405 Force in defense of habitation . `` ( 1 ) A person is justified in using force against another when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent or terminate the other 's unlawful entry into or attack upon his habitation ; however , he is justified in the use of force which is intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if : ( a ) the entry is made or attempted in a violent and tumultuous manner , surreptitiously , or by stealth , and he reasonably believes that the entry is attempted or made for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person , dwelling , or being in the habitation and he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent the assault or offer of personal violence ; or ( b ) he reasonably believes that the entry is made or attempted for the purpose of committing a felony in the habitation and that the force is necessary to prevent the commission of the felony . ( 2 ) The person using force or deadly force in defense of habitation is presumed for the purpose of both civil and criminal cases to have acted reasonably and had a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or serious bodily injury if the entry or attempted entry is unlawful and is made or attempted by use of force , or in a violent and tumultuous manner , or surreptitiously or by stealth , or for the purpose of committing a felony . '' Stand Your Ground law ? Yes Yes 76 - 2 - 402 Force in defense of person -- Forcible felony defined . `` ( 1 ) ( a ) A person is justified in threatening or using force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that force or a threat of force is necessary to defend the person or a third person against another person 's imminent use of unlawful force . ( b ) A person is justified in using force intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if the person reasonably believes that force is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury to the person or a third person as a result of another person 's imminent use of unlawful force , or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony . '' Background checks required for private sales ? No No Vermont ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Vermont Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Must be 21 to purchase any firearm , unless one is 18 and has passed an approved hunter safety course . Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine restriction ? Yes Yes A gun control bill , passed on March 30th , 2018 , bans sale of magazines of more than 10 rounds for long guns and 15 rounds for pistols . It was signed by Governor Scott on April 11 . Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Vermont Firearm Laws May carry open or concealed without permit as long as you are a citizen of the U.S. or a lawfully admitted alien , and not otherwise prohibited from possessing firearms under state or federal law . Open carry ? Yes Yes State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes NFA weapons restricted ? No No Vermont legalized suppressors on June 17th , 2015 . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Red flag law ? Yes Yes Virginia ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Virginia Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No § 18.2 - 295 Fully - automatic firearms ( machine guns ) are required to be registered with the state police . Owner license required ? No No Proof of age and citizenship required for the purchase of `` assault weapons '' . Concealed carry permits required ? No Yes § 18.2 - 308 Virginia is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Permits are issued to non-residents and training is permitted online or in person . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes § 15.2 - 915.2 § 18.2 - 287.4 § 18.2 - 282 Open carry is generally allowed without a permit for people 18 years of age and older . The following cities and counties have exceptions that disallow the open carry of `` assault weapons '' ( any firearm that is equipped with a magazine that will hold more than 20 rounds of ammunition or is designed by the manufacturer to accommodate a silencer or equipped with a folding stock ) or shotguns equipped with a magazine that holds more than 7 rounds : the Cities of Alexandria , Chesapeake , Fairfax , Falls Church , Newport News , Norfolk , Richmond , and Virginia Beach and in the Counties of Arlington , Fairfax , Henrico , Loudoun , and Prince William . These restrictions do not apply to valid concealed carry permit holders . Stated differently , you may open carry an assault weapon / shotgun with more than 7 rounds with a permit in the aforementioned locations , but do not need a permit to do so in any other locality in Virginia . For open carry in a vehicle , the firearm must be `` properly secured in a container or compartment within the vehicle '' ( ie glove box , center console , trunk , etc ) . The container / compartment does not have to be locked , the firearm may be within the reach of the driver or a passenger , and the firearm may be loaded . This does not preempt an employer from prohibiting firearms `` at a place of employment if there is a company policy or signage prohibiting firearms on the premises . '' Furthermore , a `` county or city may by ordinance make it unlawful for any person to transport , possess or carry a loaded shotgun or loaded rifle in any vehicle on any public street , road , or highway within such locality . '' However , this does not `` apply to duly authorized law - enforcement officers or military personnel in the performance of their lawful duties , nor to any person who reasonably believes that a loaded rifle or shotgun is necessary for his personal safety in the course of his employment or business . '' In addition , a firearm may be considered `` open carry '' in a vehicle if the firearm is openly visible , though this is not as well established as the `` secured in a container / compartment '' rule . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 15.2 - 915 Virginia has state preemption for most but not all firearm laws . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes § 18.2 - 308.2 : 2 § 18.2 - 308.2 : 01 § 18.2 - 308.7 Proof of age ( 18 + for long arms , 21 + for pistols ) and proof of citizenship ( or permanent residence license ) are required for the purchase of `` assault weapons '' . `` Assault weapons '' are defined as a semi-automatic , centerfire , firearm equipped with a folding stock , or equipped at the time with a magazine capable of holding more than 20 rounds , or capable of accommodating a silencer / suppressor . Magazine restriction ? No No § 18.2 - 287.4 § 18.2 - 282 . Magazines capable of holding more than 20 rounds are legal but , they make the firearm an `` assault weapon '' , subject to law accordingly . NFA weapons restricted ? No No § 18.2 - 308.8 § 18.2 - 308.5 § 18.2 - 295 Fully - automatic firearms ( machine guns ) must be registered with the state police . Plastic firearms and some destructive devices ( such as the striker 12 shotgun ) are prohibited outside law enforcement . SBS , SBR , AOWs , and suppressors are legal with NFA paperwork . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Washington ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Washington Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Revised Code of Washington Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No Partial RCW 09.41. 110 ( 9 ) ( a ) and ( b ) Retail dealers must record and report all retail pistol sales to local police / sheriff and to state department of licensing . Owner license required ? No No Constitutional Right to Bear Arms ? Yes Yes WA Constitution art . 1 sec. 24 Carry permits required ? No Yes RCW 09.41. 050 CCW Reciprocity Washington is a `` shall - issue '' state and will grant concealed carry permits to all applicants who meet the criteria . There are no training requirements . Open carry ? Yes Yes RCW 09.41. 050 ( in vehicle ) Open carry is lawful in Washington without any permit . Open carry of a loaded handgun in a vehicle is legal only with a concealed pistol license . Open carry of a loaded long gun in a vehicle is illegal , regardless of CPL possession . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes RCW 09.41. 290 RCW 09.41. 300 State Law does not allow more restrictive local laws . Assault weapons ban ? No No Magazine capacity rectrictions ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? Partial Partial RCW 09.41. 190 RCW 09.41. 220 RCW 09.41. 225 RCW 09.41. 250 ( 1 ) ( c ) Machine guns and short - barreled shotguns -- unless purchased before July 1 , 1994 -- are illegal for non-law - enforcement possession . Suppressors , destructive devices and any other weapons are lawful to possess and use if registered properly with ATF . Short barreled rifles are lawful to possess and use if registered properly with the ATF , as of June 12 , 2014 . Peaceable Journey laws ? No No RCW 09.41. 050 RCW 09.41. 060 18 USC § 926A CCW Reciprocity Federal travel - with - a-firearm laws apply . Some out - of - state CCW licenses valid , otherwise carry must be open or , in a vehicle , unloaded . Castle Doctrine / Stand your ground law ? <Td_colspan="2"> Not defined - de facto RCW 9A. 16.050 , RCW 9A. 16.110 The Washington State Supreme Court ruled `` that there is no duty to retreat when a person is assaulted in a place where he or she has a right to be . '' Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Initiative 594 ( 2014 ) Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . Red flag law ? Yes Yes The police may temporarily take guns away from people a judge deems a threat to themselves or others . West Virginia ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in West Virginia Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No § 61 - 7 - 4 § 61 - 7 - 7 As of May 24 , 2016 , West Virginia became a constitutional carry state . Any person 21 years or older who is legally able to own a handgun may carry the weapon concealed without the need of obtaining a permit . A permit is required for individuals 18 - 20 years old who wish to carry a handgun concealed . Carry permits are still issued on a `` shall issue '' basis to anyone who would like one for reciprocity purposes . As of October 2016 , there are 37 states that recognize WV permits for those 21 years or older , and of those 35 states , 16 recognize WV permits issued to persons 18 years or older . Note : 2 of the 37 states do n't officially recognize the WV permit , but are constitutional carry states , so no permit is required . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes Open carry is generally allowed without a permit . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 8 - 12 - 5a Pursuant to The Enrolled Public Act of Senate Bill 317 by The West Virginia Legislature , as Signed into Law by Governor Tomblin , The Amended Provisions of West Virginia Code Section 8 - 12 - 5a ( a ) Preempt and Preclude Municipalities from Regulating : ' ... The Carry ( ing ) of any Revolver , Pistol , Rifle , or Shotgun ' . As a Result , a Municipality may no longer Prohibit Open Carry of a Firearm within its Jurisdictional Limits . Assault weapon law ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No Shall Certify ? Yes Yes § 61 - 7 - 16 Shall certify within 30 days . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Wisconsin ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Wisconsin Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Constitutional right to bear arms <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 1 : 25 `` The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security , defense , hunting , recreation or any other lawful purpose . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 66.0409 State permit to purchase ? No No 175.35 Concealed carry license required ? No Yes 175.60 Permit is given on a shall - issue basis . Concealed carry of knives ( not intended for use as weapons ) is legal without a permit . Campus carry is allowed , but buildings may be exempted if signs forbidding firearms are posted . Owner license required ? No No 941.29 Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes 947.01 66.0409 Open carry of loaded handguns and long guns and knives is permitted without a license . Castle Doctrine / Self Defense Statutes <Td_colspan="2"> Yes 895.62 Immunity from prosecution and civil damages in the home , with conditions and exceptions 939.48 No duty to retreat in the `` dwelling '' or owned / operated place of business . No deadly force solely to protect property . 3rd party protection . If attack is provoked , self defense may only be used if reasonable belief of imminent death or great bodily harm . If attack is provoked deadly force only allowed if all other reasonable means of avoidance exhausted . 940.01 `` the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts constituting the defense did not exist in order to sustain a finding of guilt '' Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restrictions ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? No No 941.298 941.26 Machine guns allowed , but may not shoot pistol cartridges and may not be possessed aggressively or offensively . Suppressors , SBR , and SBS are allowed if NFA rules followed , otherwise felony . Background checks required for private sales ? No Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Wyoming Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State Permit to Purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry permits required ? No No Residents may carry open or concealed without a permit however , permits are issued on a shall - issue basis to those who wish to have them . Non-residents are required to have a CCW permit from a state Wyoming recognizes if they wish to carry concealed . Open carry ? Yes Yes No permit required for both residents and non-residents . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes NFA weapons restricted ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? No No U.S. territories ( edit ) American Samoa ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in American Samoa Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? Yes N / A A license is required to possess or import long guns or ammunition . Handguns are prohibited for civilian possession despite D.C. v Heller and McDonald v Chicago . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes All firearms must be registered with the American Samoa Public Safety Department . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes Assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles prohibited . Only 12 , 16 , 20 and 410 gauge shotguns and shotgun shells and 22 caliber rifles and their ammunitions are allowed . Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry permits issued ? No No The territory does not issue concealed carry permits . Open carry ? No No Open carry is prohibited . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Explosive weapons , machine guns , gas guns , short barreled rifles , short barreled shotguns , and silencers are prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies . Guam ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Guam Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase Yes Yes 60103 , 60106 FOID required . Owner License Required Yes Yes 60106 Firearm registration ? Yes Yes 60110 Open Carry Yes Yes FOID required . Concealed carry license required ? No Yes 60109 Shall Issue . Bill 296 - 32 passed by legislature for shall issue , signed by Governor . Assault weapon law No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes SBR , SBS , Machine guns , and silencers are prohibited . Destructive devices and AOW 's are legal with NFA tax stamp . Castle law <Td_colspan="2"> Yes Northern Mariana Islands ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in the Northern Mariana Islands Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? Yes Yes A license is required to purchase guns or ammunition . Firearm registration ? No No Registration of firearms has been ruled unconstitutional . Assault weapon law ? No No Ban on assault weapons was ruled unconstitutional . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes No magazines over 10 rounds . Carry permits issued ? No No Concealed carry remains illegal . Open carry ? No Yes The general ban on carrying operable firearms in public was ruled unconstitutional . Lawful gun owners may carry loaded handguns openly as long as other laws are not violated , such as gun - free zones . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Short barreled shotguns , short barreled rifles , machine guns , suppressors , and grenade launchers are prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies . Puerto Rico ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in Puerto Rico Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? Yes Yes Firearms purchases are subject to the requirements of US federal law Firearm registration ? Yes Yes Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? Yes Yes Carry permits required ? No Yes May - Issue according to law , but permits are rarely granted to ordinary citizens . Unrestricted concealed carry was technically allowed from June 20 , 2015 to October 31 , 2016 following a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico 's restrictive gun laws . The lower court ruling striking down many of the territory 's laws was appealed by the government to the Appeals Court , which reversed the lower court 's decision . The Puerto Rico Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal of the Appeals Court ruling from the plaintiffs in the case , effectively restoring Puerto Rico 's restrictive permitting policy for concealed carry . Open carry ? No No Permitless open carry was technically allowed from June 20 , 2015 to November 16 , 2016 following a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico 's restrictive gun laws . The lower court ruling striking down many of the territory 's laws was appealed by the government to the Appeals Court , which reversed the lower court 's decision on November 16 , 2016 . The Puerto Rico Supreme Court has declined to hear the appeal of the Appeals Court ruling from the plaintiffs in the case , effectively restoring Puerto Rico 's ban on open carry . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Automatic firearms , short barreled shotguns , and silencers are prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies . U.S. Virgin Islands ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in the United States Virgin Islands Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes Permit to purchase ? Yes Yes A license is required to purchase any firearm or ammunition . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes All firearms must be registered with the Virgin Islands Police Department . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes Assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles prohibited . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes Carry permits required ? No Yes The territory currently has a `` may issue '' policy for concealed carry permits . To obtain one , the applicant must meet a stringent set of requirements , so few people receive permits . Open carry ? No No Open carry is prohibited . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes Automatic firearms and short barreled shotguns are prohibited . Peaceable journey laws ? No No Federal law ( FOPA ) applies . See also ( edit ) Note : Please see many links in the box at the top of the page called `` Firearm legal topics of the United States of America '' . Gun law in the United States Index of gun politics articles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( 2006 ) . `` State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions '' . UCLA School of Law . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Civil Rights -- Article 2 -- § 4 Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Law and Legal Research . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' , New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Concealed Carry Reciprocity Map on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Printz v. United States , 521 U.S. 898 ( 1997 ) '' . FindLaw . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Printz v. United States '' . Stephen P. Halbrook . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Congress may not require the States to administer a federal regulatory program Jump up ^ Kirby , Brendan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Alabama Has One Concealed - Carry Permit Law , 67 Ways to Apply It '' , AL.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Concealed Weapons Permitting in Arizona '' . Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Arizona : Governor Ducey Signs Legislation Protecting the Transfer of Private Property '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ ARS 13 - 925 ( C ) ; Arizona Superior Court , Maricopa County , Guidelines for Report of Psychiatrist or Psychologist in Support of Petition for Restoration of Right to Possess Firearms Pursuant to A.R.S. § 13 - 925 ( 16 June 2011 ) : Significantly , ARS 13 - 925 ( C ) places the burden of proof on the prohibited possessor ( patient ) at the restoration hearing to present clear and convincing psychological or psychiatric evidence in support of the petition to restore his / her right to possess a firearm . This would normally require the affidavit and / or testimony of a treating or evaluating psychiatrist or psychologist willing to affirm that the circumstances that led to the original order , adjudication or finding are no longer in effect , that the patient is not likely to act in a manner that is dangerous to public safety , and that restoring the patient 's right to possess a firearm is not contrary to the public interest . Jump up ^ Arkansas General Assembly 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Public Act 746 '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Governor Signs NRA - Backed Personal Protection Bill in Arkansas '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2017/2017R/Bills/SB724.pdf Jump up ^ `` Retention of Sales & Background Check Records in California '' , Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence , October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . `` California law requires most firearm transfers to be processed through a licensed firearms dealer ... Firearms dealers are required to report all Dealer Record of Sale ( '' DROS `` ) transactions to the California Department of Justice ( '' DOJ `` ) electronically . '' Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 11106 '' , Onecle . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . `` ( 2 ) The registry shall consist of all of the following ... ( A ) The name , address , identification of , place of birth ( state or country ) , complete telephone number , occupation , sex , description , and all legal names and aliases ever used by the owner or person being loaned the particular firearm as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale ... ( B ) The name and address of , and other information about , any person ( whether a dealer or a private party ) from whom the owner acquired or the person being loaned the particular firearm and when the firearm was acquired or loaned as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale ... ( D ) The manufacturer 's name if stamped on the firearm , model name or number if stamped on the firearm , and , if applicable , the serial number , other number ( if more than one serial number is stamped on the firearm ) , caliber , type of firearm , if the firearm is new or used , barrel length , and color of the firearm , or , if the firearm is not a handgun and does not have a serial number or any identification number or mark assigned to it , that shall be noted . '' Jump up ^ `` New Firearms Legislation '' . State of California - Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General . 2016 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ California Penal Code section 32310 - 32390 , Official California Legislative Information . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ AB - 48 Firearms : large - capacity magazines. ( 2013 - 2014 ) , California Legislative Information . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Penal Code Part 6 , Title 4 , Division 10 , Chapter 5 , Article 2 Exceptions Relating Specifically to Large - Capacity Magazines ( 32400 - 32450 ) , California Legislative Information . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Patrick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` California Voters Approve Gun Control Measure Proposition 63 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Federal judge blocks California ban on `` large - capacity '' gun magazines , Reuters , June 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Supreme Court Turns Down Case on Carrying Guns in Public '' `` . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ruling on Peruta v. San Diego , 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals , June 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Silvester v. Harris , CASE NO . 1 : 11 - CV - 2137 AWI SAB '' ( PDF ) . US District Court , Eastern District of California . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Court OKs application of California gun waiting period '' `` . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Silvester v. Attorney General Xavier Becerra ( 10 - day waiting period lawsuit ) '' `` . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioner of Public Safety Letter to David A Cough , September 12 , 2013 '' . Jump up ^ Carry , Connecticut . `` Unconcealed ( Open ) Carry of Pistols '' . ctcarry.com . Jump up ^ `` Delaware '' , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Concealed Weapons Permitting Policy Summary '' , Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence , August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Indiana : 2017 Legislative Session Adjourns '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Guy : Police May Not Detain Armed Hoosiers to Check for Handgun License 93.1 WIBC '' . 93.1 WIBC . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Does Indiana law require me to carry my handgun on my person in a concealed or exposed manner ? '' , Frequently Asked Questions , IN.gov . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Indiana : Governor Pence Signs Pro-Gun Bill '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Iowa : Governor Branstad Signs the Hearing Protection Act '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Iowa : Governor Branstad Expands the Second Amendment Rights of Gun Owners Across Iowa '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Senate Bill 281 : Firearm Safety Act of 2013 , Maryland Legislature 2013 Regular Session . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Firearms Records Bureau v. Simkin , 466 Mass . 168 ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Michigan Open Carry - FAQ '' . Michigan Open Carry , Inc . Jump up ^ `` MCL 750.227 '' . Michigan Legislature . Jump up ^ `` Senate Bill 2394 ( As Sent to Governor ) '' , Mississippi Legislature , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Mississippi : Gov. Phil Bryant Signs NRA - Backed Permitless Carry Bill & Other Pro-Second Amendment Measures into Law ! '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Staff , WLOX . `` Gov. Bryant signs Church Protection Act '' . www.wdam.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` House Bill 506 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mississippi Supreme Court decision : Mississippi v. Smith Archived 2013 - 09 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , State of Mississippi Judiciary . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Missourians Celebrate a Win for Self - Defense Rights on Wednesday '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/02100007501.html , Missouri Revised Statutes , 21.750 Firearms legislation preemption by general assembly , exceptions -- limitation on civil recovery against firearms or ammunitions manufacturers , when , exception . Jump up ^ `` SAF Sues Montana over Law Barring CCW Permits for Legal Resident Aliens '' . Second Amendment Foundation . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LAWS Detailed Bill Information Page '' . laws.leg.mt.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Montana : Attorney General 's Opinion States Missoula Background Check Ordinance is Illegal '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lochhead , Colton ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` What Happens to Firearm ' Blue Cards ' Now that State Controls Registration ? '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Las Vegas Municipal Ord. 9 § 32.080 - Deadly weapon prohibited in vehicle -- Exceptions '' . Municode.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North Las Vegas Municipal Ord. 9 § 32.040 - Dangerous or Deadly Weapon defined '' . Municode.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SB175 '' . Leg.state.nv.us . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 18 USC § 922 ( b ) 4 - Unlawful Transfer '' . GPO.gov. April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 27 CFR § 478.98 - Sales or deliveries of destructive devices and certain firearms '' . GPO.gov. April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ric ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Ballot Question Closing Background Check Loophole Passes in Nevada '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . The measure makes private transactions subject to the same legal requirement as purchases involving licensed dealers , for which federal background checks are necessary . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Nevada Attorney General Says Question One Background Check Law ' Unenforceable ' '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` AG Opinion '' ( PDF ) . Ag.nv.gov . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA New Hampshire : Governor Sununu Signs Constitutional / Permitless Carry Bill Into Law ! '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly . `` N.J.S.A. 2C : 39 - 1 '' . Statutes of New Jersey . New Jersey . Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly . `` N.J.S.A. 2C : 39 - 1 ( y ) '' . Statutes of New Jersey . New Jersey . Jump up ^ `` Title 13 . Law and Public Safety -- Chapter 54 . Firearms and Weapons '' , New Jersey State Police . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly . `` N.J.S.A. 2C : 39 - 3 ( a-c ) '' . Statutes of New Jersey . New Jersey . Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly . `` N.J.S.A. 2C : 58 - 5 '' . Statutes of New Jersey . New Jersey . Jump up ^ New Jersey General Assembly . `` N.J.S.A. 2C : 58 - 3 '' . Statutes of New Jersey . New Jersey . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA New Mexico Gun Laws '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Large Capacity Ammunition Magazines in New Mexico Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence '' . lawcenter.giffords.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Military CCW Applicants , New Mexico Department of Public Safety , Retrieved Mar 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` New Mexico '' . OpenCarry.org. 2012 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Reciprocity Agreements , New Mexico Department of Safety . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2011 New Mexico Statutes Chapter 30 : Criminal Offenses Article 7 : Weapons and Explosives , 30 - 7 - 1 through 30 - 7 - 22 Section 30 - 7 - 2.4 : Unlawful carrying of a firearm on university premises ; notice ; penalty . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2011 New Mexico Statutes Chapter 30 : Criminal Offenses Article 2 : Homicide , 30 - 2 - 1 through 30 - 2 - 9 Section 30 - 2 - 7 : Justifiable homicide by citizen . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ New Mexico Has Stand Your Ground for Certain Juries , Albuquerque Journal , July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Osterweil v. Bartlett . 999 N.E. 2d 516 . '' Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Victory for Firearms Preemption in New York '' , The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City of Buffalo , NY Firearms , Arrows and Other Weapons '' . ecode360.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` City of Rochester , NY Dangerous Articles '' . ecode360.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` City of Albany , NY Firearms and Ammunition '' . ecode360.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 New York Consolidated Laws : Article 39 - DDD -- ( 898 ) Private Sale or Disposal of Firearms , Rifles and Shotguns '' . Justia Law . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Firearms Laws '' , North Carolina Department of Justice , December 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-415.23.html Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 62.1 - 03 HANDGUNS '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Ohio : Kasich Signs Critical Self - Defense Bill Into Law ! '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Senate Bill 1733 , Oklahoma Secretary of State . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 11 - 47 - 35.1 '' . www.rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gadomski v. Tavares '' , FindLaw . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allen , Karma ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Rhode Island Executive Order Encourages Taking Guns from ' Red Flag ' Individuals '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lexis Nexis Tennessee Code Annotated ( http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/tncode/ ) Jump up ^ `` New Tennessee law allows gun owners to keep loaded firearms in vehicle '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Tennessee : Governor Signs Multiple Pro-Gun Bills into Law '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` SENATE BILL 983 / HOUSE BILL 752 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ HB0955 ( April 24 , 2015 ) amends TCA Title 39 , Chapter 17 , Part 13 `` HB0995 Bill Information '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Crow , Jack ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Vermont Governor Signs State 's First Significant Gun - Control Laws '' . National Review . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bidgood , Jess ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Vermont Legislature Passes Sweeping Gun Restrictions '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` H. 5 ( Act 61 ) : An act relating to hunting , fishing , and trapping '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney General Opinion '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Salerno , Christina ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Legislature OKs Short - Barreled Rifles '' , TVW . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 137 Wn. 2d 533 State of Washington v. Studd ; Decided 1999 / 04 / 01 . Jump up ^ 150 Wn. 2d 489 State of Washington v. Reynaldo Redmond ; Decided 2003 / 12 / 06 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA West Virginia : Permitless Carry Went Into Effect on May 24 ! '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` States Recognizing West Virginia Concealed Handgun Licenses '' . www.ago.wv.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA West Virginia : Attorney General Morrisey Announces Expanded Concealed Handgun Recognition '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` State Laws and Published Ordinances -- Firearms ( 31st Edition : 2010 -- 2011 ) '' . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guam '' . handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Senators make more changes to concealed carry bill Pacific Daily News guampdn.com '' . guampdn.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Governor signs 12 bills , vetoes 2 '' . www.kuam.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Doctrine bill passed , allowing residents to protect themselves '' . kuam.com. 2014 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bagnol , Raquel C. ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` US court : $1,000 tax on handguns unconstitutional '' . Marianas Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Murphy v. Guerrero '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Northern Mariana Islands '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tribunal Supremo reitera constitucionalidad de la Ley de Armas '' ( `` Supreme Court reaffirms constitutionality of the Firearms Law '' ) , Noticel . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms & Explosives -- State Laws and Published Ordinances -- Firearms ( 32nd Edition ) National Rifle Association -- State Firearms Laws Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence -- Gun Laws by State <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state <Td_colspan="2"> Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming <Td_colspan="2"> District of Columbia <Td_colspan="2"> American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> United States state - related lists <Td_colspan="2"> List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state&oldid=836028328 '' Categories : United States gun laws by state United States firearms law United States law - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 07 : 18 . 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4,704,677,899,786,335,000 | how much is a membership at pine valley golf club | Pine Valley golf club - wikipedia Pine Valley golf club Pine Valley Golf Club <Td_colspan="2"> The par - four 17th <Th_colspan="2"> Club information Location Pine Valley , New Jersey , U.S. Established 1913 Type Private Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted Walker Cup ( 1936 , 1985 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Designed by George Arthur Crump , Harry Colt , Charles Hugh Alison , A.W. Tillinghast , Perry Maxwell Par 70 Length 6,999 ( championship tees ) Course rating 75.2 <Th_colspan="2"> Pine Valley Golf Club is a golf course in Pine Valley , Camden County , in southern New Jersey . It was ranked the number one course in Golf Magazine 's 100 Top Courses in the U.S. and the World in 2012 , and 2015 . It is a private club , and non-members can play only if invited and accompanied by a member . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 The Clubhouse 3 Amenities 4 The Course 5 Membership 6 Tournaments at Pine Valley 6.1 Crump Cup 7 Awards and Rankings 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The second hole in 1921 , featuring a carry over wasteland to the green . Pine Valley was founded in 1913 by a group of amateur golfers from Philadelphia . They purchased 184 acres ( 0.7 km2 ) of rolling , sandy ground deep in the pinelands of southern New Jersey , and gave George Arthur Crump , who knew the area from hunting expeditions , the opportunity to design the course . The site was challenging and the project became something of an obsession for Crump , who sold his hotel in Philadelphia and plowed his money into the course . Marshlands had to be drained and 22,000 tree stumps had to be pulled with special steam - winches and horse - drawn cables . This was all done at a time when many golf courses were still built with minimal earth moving , and the course was called `` Crump 's Folly '' by some . This was Crump 's first and only golf course design , but he brought together celebrated architects such as A.W. Tillinghast , Hugh Wilson , George C. Thomas Jr. , Walter Travis , and H.S. Colt to help him create the course . Crump set himself some idiosyncratic principles : no hole should be laid out parallel to the next ; no more than two consecutive holes should play in the same direction ; and players should n't be able to see any hole other than the one they were playing . He also felt that a round of golf on his course should require a player to use every club in the bag . The first eleven holes opened unofficially in 1914 . In 1918 , when Crump died - reportedly penniless , four holes - # 12 , # 13 , # 14 , # 15 - were incomplete ; they were finished in 1922 . Pine Valley later spread to 623 acres ( 2.5 km2 ) , of which 416 acres ( 1.7 km2 ) remain virgin woodland . Since Crump 's death , alterations have been made by several other leading golf course designers . The club also has a ten - hole short course designed by Tom Fazio and Ernest Ransome III . The clubhouse ( edit ) Although it is rich in golf tradition , the clubhouse is plain , and simple . The clubhouse consists of the great room and the bar . There is also the pro shop , several dining rooms , the main dining room , the private board room , and the patio . There are numerous pictures of Crump , as well as much history and antique golf memorabilia . Upstairs are member 's lockers , several guest rooms , and a small lounge named the John Arthur Brown room . Amenities ( edit ) The club offers shuttle service to and from the Philadelphia International Airport . Camden County Airport ( 19N ) is also available to corporate aircraft located only one mile East with club shuttle service available . There are several places to stay for out of town people , such as the six cottages , the annex , the dorm , the new lodge that was built in 2006 , the centennial house built in 2012 , as well as some older homes used for lodging . The course ( edit ) Pine Valley Slope , Rating , and Yardage as of 2010 Tee Slope Rating Yardage Par Championship 155 75.6 7057 70 Regular 153 72.8 6532 70 In `` The Complete Golfer , '' course architect Robert Trent Jones wrote that Pine Valley `` is frequently alluded to as the most difficult course in the world , and this reputation is justified . To my way of thinking , it also possesses more classic holes than any other course in the world . '' Johnny Miller wrote that `` There are no weak holes . Every single one is a masterpiece . There is a surprise around every corner , 18 unique and beautiful challenges . '' Pine Valley is a difficult golf course ; every year at the Crump Cup , the best mid-amateur and senior players rarely match or break par in stroke play qualifying . There are no rakes at Pine Valley ; the sandy areas and bunkers found throughout the course are true hazards . There is no out of bounds at all , and structures including the clubhouse are considered `` through the green '' . The course has a consistent level of challenge and conditioning on each hole , requiring thoughtful placement of the ball from tee to green , and more specifically correct placement on approach shots to the green due to significant swales and undulations . Pine Valley has one of the best collections of par fives and par threes in the world . The course prides itself in being one of the toughest challenges in all of golf , with a slope of 155 from the championship tees . Pine Valley 's trademarks are the par three 5th hole , which requires a well - placed 220 yard slightly uphill drive over a lake into a small and sloped green , `` Hell 's half acre '' ( a barren wasteland on the par five 7th hole which is probably the largest non sea - side bunker in the world ) , `` The devil 's asshole '' ( an extremely deep bunker on the par three 10th hole ) , and the par four 18th , which incorporates many different elements of the golf course into a spectacular finishing hole . Membership ( edit ) Pine Valley Golf Club is a highly exclusive club . Male - only membership is by invitation only from the board of directors . The only way a guest is allowed into the club is if they are invited and accompanied by a member . Women are permitted to play the course on Sunday afternoons . There are about 930 members spread throughout the world , and the list is a closely guarded secret . Notable members of the club have included George H.W. Bush , Sean Connery , Ben Crenshaw , Tom Fazio , Bob Hope , Robert Trent Jones Jr. , Connie Mack , Bob McNair , Jack Nicklaus , Arnold Palmer , Gary Player , Roger Goodell , Dan Quayle , Brian L. Roberts , Jay Sigel , George C. Thomas , Jr. , and A.W. Tillinghast . Tournaments at Pine Valley ( edit ) Entrance to Pine Valley Although it is regarded as one of the greatest courses in the world , Pine Valley has not played host to any major professional golf tournaments , mostly because there is not enough room on the course to accommodate tens of thousands of spectators . The club has stated that they have no intentions to remove trees or change the layout of the course in order to host a major tournament . The only time Pine Valley ever had mainstream exposure was a 1962 Shell 's Wonderful World of Golf match between Gene Littler and Byron Nelson . The club does allow the public in for one day in late September every year to watch the Crump Cup , a nationally recognized tournament featuring elite mid-amateur players . Pine Valley also played host to the Walker Cup , an amateur competition between teams from the United States and Great Britain & Ireland , in 1936 and 1985 . Crump Cup ( edit ) The Crump Cup is an invitational golf tournament for amateurs . The first tournament was held in 1922 . It is named for George Arthur Crump , and is played on the grounds of Pine Valley Golf Club , which Crump founded . The format for the four days is two rounds of stroke play , qualifying , followed by four rounds of match play . The final round has traditionally held on the last Sunday in September . Jay Sigel has won the event the most times , with nine victories between 1975 and 1993 . Since at least the 1970s , the public can , on the day of the final round , tour the golf course and view tournament play . This is the only day each year on which the public has access to the grounds of the club . Visitors park at the nearby Clementon Amusement Park , where a local youth athletic association charges $25 per car . Yellow school buses then take fans on a five - minute ride down a secluded side road , away from amusement park , and unload in a gravel parking lot in the woods . Visitors are not allowed to bring in cameras , video recorders , or cell phones . Awards and Rankings ( edit ) Pine Valley Awards and Rankings 2015 `` Golf Digest '' # 1 - World 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses I - 2017 - 18 `` Golf Digest '' # 1 - America 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Golf Courses in the U.S. and the World '' . Golf Magazine . September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Attention , Golfers : Here 's Your Chance To Visit Pine Valley '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinhardt , Avid ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` You 'll Never Play Golf Here '' . NJ.com - . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Amato , Gary ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fairways and dreams : Pine Valley Course a duffer 's paradise '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Johnny ; Yocom , Guy ( May 11 , 2004 ) . I Call the Shots . Penguin . p. 120 . ISBN 9781101216606 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is the Crump Cup the Best Tournament in Amateur Golf ? '' . AmateurGolf.com . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg , David ( October 31 , 2009 ) . `` No course on a par with Pine Valley '' . Atlantic City Press . Jump up ^ Fensom , Michael J. ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` You 'll Never Play Golf Here . '' Inside Jersey . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sens , Josh ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` This Weekend Anyone Can Tour the World 's No. 1 Course '' . GOLF.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matuszewski , Erik ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Pine Valley , Golf 's ' Slice of Heaven , ' Opens Gates to Public '' . Bloomberg.com . ^ Jump up to : Shaner , Todd ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` Crump Cup : Walk the Valley Sept. 12 '' . Courier - Post . Jump up ^ Giordano , Paul ( September 2000 ) . `` Pine Valley opens gates to public '' . Courier - Post . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Pine Valley Lures New Jersey 's Weekend Golfers to No. 1 Course '' . Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` Pine Valley Golf Club '' . golflink.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 US Golf Courses 2017 - 2018 '' . Golf Digest . Jump up ^ `` Ranking : World 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses '' . Golf Digest . External links ( edit ) Golf Club Atlas - a well illustrated course guide Into Pine Valley - An account of the Crump Cup Aerial photos <Th_colspan="2"> hide Members of the Golf Association of Philadelphia <Td_colspan="2"> Founded 1897 Clubs in Delaware Back Creek Golf Club Bidermann Golf Club Cavaliers Golf Club DuPont Country Club Fieldstone Golf Club White Clay Creek Country Club Wilmington Country Club Clubs in New Jersey Burlington Country Club Cherry Valley Country Club Deerwood Country Club Galloway National Golf Club Golden Pheasant Golf Club Greate Bay Country Club Hidden Creek Golf Club Hopewell Valley Golf Club Laurel Creek Country Club Links Golf Club Linwood Country Club Little Mill Country Club Medford Lakes Country Club Medford Village Country Club Mercer Oaks Golf Course Merchantville Country Club Metedeconk National Golf Club Moorestown Field Club Old York CC at Chesterfield Pine Valley Golf Club Rancocas Golf Club The Ridge at Back Brook Riverton Country Club Running Deer Golf Club Sakima Country Club Sand Barrens Golf Club Seaview Resort & Spa Stone Harbor Golf Club Tavistock Country Club Trenton Country Club Trump National Golf Club Wedgwood Country Club Wildwood Golf & Country Club Willow Brook Country Club Woodcrest Country Club Clubs in Pennsylvania The ACE Club Applebrook Golf Club Applecross Country Club Aronimink Golf Club Bala Golf Club Bellewood Golf Club Bensalem Township Country Club Bent Creek Country Club Berkshire Country Club Blue Bell Country Club Brookside Country Club Brookside C.C. of Allentown The Bucks Club Cedarbrook Country Club Chester Valley Golf Club Coatesville Country Club Commonwealth National Golf Club Concord Country Club Downingtown Country Club Doylestown Country Club Edgmont Country Club Five Ponds Golf Club Flourtown Country Club Fox Hill Country Club French Creek Golf Club Gilbertsville Golf Club Glen Oak Country Club Golf Course at Glen Mills Glenmaura National Golf Club Golden Oaks Golf Club Green Valley Country Club Gulph Mills Golf Club Hartefeld National Heidelberg Country Club Hershey 's Mill Golf Club Honeybrook Golf Club Huntingdon Valley Country Club Huntsville Golf Club Indian Valley Country Club JC Melrose Country Club Jericho National Golf Club Kennett Square Golf & Country Club Lancaster Country Club LedgeRock Golf Club Lehigh Country Club Limekiln Golf Club Llanerch Country Club Loch Nairn Golf Club Lookaway Golf Club Lu Lu Country Club Makefield Highlands Golf Club Manufacturers Golf & Country Club McCall Golf & Country Club Meadia Heights Golf Club Meadowlands Country Club Merion Golf Club Middletown Country Club Moselem Springs Golf Club North Hills Country Club Northampton Country Club Northampton Valley Country Club Old York Road Country Club Overbrook Golf Club Penn Oaks Golf Club Philadelphia Country Club Philadelphia Cricket Club Philmont Country Club Phoenixville Country Club PineCrest Country Club Plymouth Country Club Radley Run Country Club Radnor Valley Country Club Raven 's Claw Golf Club Reading Country Club RiverCrest Golf Club & Preserve Rolling Green Golf Club Sandy Run Country Club Saucon Valley Country Club Schuylkill Country Club Country Club of Scranton Silver Creek Country Club Skippack Golf Club at Evansburg State Park Spring Ford Country Club Spring Mill Country Club The Springhaven Club Squires Golf Club St. Davids Golf Club Stonewall Sunnybrook Golf Club Talamore Country Club Torresdale - Frankford Country Club Waynesborough Country Club West Chester Golf & Country Club White Manor Country Club Whitemarsh Valley Country Club Whitford Country Club Woodstone Country Club Wyoming Valley Country Club Yardley Country Club Coordinates : 39 ° 47 ′ 20 '' N 74 ° 58 ′ 19 '' W / 39.789 ° N 74.972 ° W / 39.789 ; - 74.972 Year Source Award 2003 Golf Magazine Best Golf Course in the United States 2005 Golfweek Magazine Best ( pre-1960 ) Golf Course in the United States 2005 Golf Magazine Best Golf Course in the United States 2006 Golf Digest Best Golf Course in New Jersey 2006 Golf Digest Best Public and Private Golf Course in the United States 2006 Golf Digest Second Best ( pre-1960 ) Golf Course in the United States 2007 Golf Digest Best Golf Course in the United States 2007 Golf Magazine Best Golf Course in the World 2009 Golf Magazine Best Golf Course in the United States 2009 Golf Magazine Best Golf Course in the World 2011 Golf Magazine Best Golf Course in the United States 2011 Golf Magazine Best Golf Course in the World 2014 Golf Digest # 1 - America 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses 2015 Golf Digest # 2 - America 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pine_Valley_Golf_Club&oldid=846345479 '' Categories : 1913 establishments in New Jersey Buildings and structures in Camden County , New Jersey Golf clubs and courses in New Jersey Pine Valley , New Jersey Walker Cup venues Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 04 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Pine Valley Golf Club - A private golf course in Pine Valley, New Jersey
2. History of Pine Valley Golf Club - Founded in 1913 by a group of amateur golfers from Philadelphia
3. Course design and features - Designed by George Arthur Crump and other renowned architects, known for its challenging layout and unique holes
4. Membership and exclusivity - Highly exclusive club with male-only membership, non-members can only play if invited by a member
5. Tournaments and rankings - Hosted the Walker Cup in 1936 and 1985, consistently ranked as one of the top golf courses in the world |
-2,380,979,859,898,911,000 | federalist essay 10 explains how a republic can | Federalist No. 10 - wikipedia Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 10 <Td_colspan="2"> James Madison , author of Federalist No. 10 Author James Madison Language English Series The Federalist Publisher The Independent Journal , New York Packet , Daily Advertiser Publication date November 22 , 1787 Media type Newspaper Preceded by Federalist No. 9 Followed by Federalist No. 11 Federalist No. 10 is an essay written by James Madison as the tenth of The Federalist Papers : a series of essays initiated by Alexander Hamilton arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution . Published on November 22 , 1787 under the name `` Publius '' , Federalist No. 10 is among the most highly regarded of all American political writings . No. 10 addresses the question of how to reconcile citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or inimical to the interests of the community as a whole . Madison saw factions as inevitable due to the nature of man -- that is , as long as men hold differing opinions , have differing amounts of wealth and own differing amount of property , they will continue to form alliances with people who are most similar to them and they will sometimes work against the public interest and infringe upon the rights of others . He thus questions how to guard against those dangers . Federalist No. 10 continues a theme begun in Federalist No. 9 and is titled `` The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection '' . The whole series is cited by scholars and jurists as an authoritative interpretation and explication of the meaning of the Constitution . Historians such as Charles A. Beard argue that No. 10 shows an explicit rejection by the Founding Fathers of the principles of direct democracy and factionalism , and argue that Madison suggests that a representative republic is more effective against partisanship and factionalism . Madison saw the Constitution as forming a `` happy combination '' of a republic and a democracy and with `` the great and aggregate interests being referred to the national , the local and particular to the State legislatures '' the power would not be centralized , thus making it `` more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried '' . Contents 1 Background 2 Publication 3 The question of faction 4 Madison 's arguments 5 Contemporaneous counterarguments 6 Modern analysis and reaction 7 Application 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Preamble to the U.S. Constitution Prior to the Constitution , the thirteen states were bound together by the Articles of Confederation . These were in essence a military alliance between sovereign nations adopted to better fight the Revolutionary War . Congress had no power to tax , and as a result was not able to pay debts resulting from the Revolution . Madison , George Washington , Benjamin Franklin and others feared a break - up of the union and national bankruptcy . Like Washington , Madison felt the revolution had not resolved the social problems that had triggered it , and the excesses ascribed to the King were now being repeated by the state legislatures . In this view , Shays ' Rebellion , an armed uprising in Massachusetts in 1786 , was simply one , albeit extreme , example of `` democratic excess '' in the aftermath of the War . A national convention was called for May 1787 , to revise the Articles of Confederation . Madison believed that the problem was not with the Articles , but rather the state legislatures , and so the solution was not to fix the articles but to restrain the excesses of the states . The principal questions before the convention became whether the states should remain sovereign , whether sovereignty should be transferred to the national government , or whether a settlement should rest somewhere in between . By mid-June it was clear that the convention was drafting a new plan of government around these issues -- a constitution . Madison 's nationalist position shifted the debate increasingly away from a position of pure state sovereignty , and toward the compromise . In debate on June 26 , he said that government ought to `` protect the minority of the opulent against the majority '' and that unchecked , democratic communities were subject to `` the turbulency and weakness of unruly passions '' . Publication ( edit ) Paul Leicester Ford 's summary preceding Federalist No. 10 , from his 1898 edition of The Federalist September 17 , 1787 marked the signing of the final document . By its own Article Seven , the constitution drafted by the convention needed ratification by at least nine of the thirteen states , through special conventions held in each state . Anti-Federalist writers began to publish essays and letters arguing against ratification , and Alexander Hamilton recruited James Madison and John Jay to write a series of pro-ratification letters in response . Like most of the Federalist essays and the vast majority of The Federalist Papers , No. 10 first appeared in popular newspapers . It was first printed in the Daily Advertiser under the name adopted by the Federalist writers , `` Publius '' ; in this it was remarkable among the essays of Publius , as almost all of them first appeared in one of two other papers : the Independent Journal and the New - York Packet . Federalist No. 37 , also by Madison , was the only other essay to appear first in the Advertiser . Considering the importance later ascribed to the essay , it was reprinted only on a limited scale . On November 23 , it appeared in the Packet and the next day in the Independent Journal . Outside New York City , it made four appearances in early 1788 : January 2 in the Pennsylvania Gazette , January 10 in the Hudson Valley Weekly , January 15 in the Lansingburgh Northern Centinel , and January 17 in the Albany Gazette . Though this number of reprintings was typical for The Federalist essays , many other essays , both Federalist and Anti-Federalist , saw much wider distribution . On January 1 , 1788 , the publishing company J. & A. McLean announced that they would publish the first 36 of the essays in a single volume . This volume , titled The Federalist , was released on March 2 , 1788 . George Hopkins ' 1802 edition revealed that Madison , Hamilton , and Jay were the authors of the series , with two later printings dividing the work by author . In 1818 , James Gideon published a third edition containing corrections by Madison , who by that time had completed his two terms as President of the United States . Henry B. Dawson 's edition of 1863 sought to collect the original newspaper articles , though he did not always find the first instance . It was much reprinted , albeit without his introduction . Paul Leicester Ford 's 1898 edition included a table of contents which summarized the essays , with the summaries again used to preface their respective essays . The first date of publication and the newspaper name were recorded for each essay . Of modern editions , Jacob E. Cooke 's 1961 edition is seen as authoritative , and is most used today . The question of faction ( edit ) Federalist No. 10 continues the discussion of the question broached in Hamilton 's Federalist No. 9 . Hamilton there addressed the destructive role of a faction in breaking apart the republic . The question Madison answers , then , is how to eliminate the negative effects of faction . Madison defines a faction as `` a number of citizens , whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community '' . He identifies the most serious source of faction to be the diversity of opinion in political life which leads to dispute over fundamental issues such as what regime or religion should be preferred . At the heart of Madison 's fears about factions was the unequal distribution of property in society . Ultimately , `` the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property , '' Madison argues ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . Since some people owned property and others owned none , Madison felt that people would form different factions that pursued different interests . `` Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society , '' he notes ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . Providing some examples of the distinct interests , Madison identified a landed interest , a manufacturing interest , a mercantile interest , a moneyed interest , and `` many lesser interests '' ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . They all belonged to `` different classes '' that were `` actuated by different sentiments and views , '' Madison insists ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . In other words , Madison argued that the unequal distribution of property led to the creation of different classes that formed different factions and pursued different class interests . Moreover , Madison feared the formation of a certain kind of faction . Recognizing that the country 's wealthiest property owners formed a minority and that the country 's unpropertied classes formed a majority , Madison feared that the unpropertied classes would come together to form a majority faction that gained control of the government . Against `` the minor party , '' there could emerge `` an interested and overbearing majority , '' Madison warns ( Dawson 1863 , p. 55 - 56 ) . Specifically , Madison feared that the unpropertied classes would use their majority power to implement a variety of measures that redistributed wealth . There could be `` a rage for paper money , for an abolition of debts , for an equal division of property , or for any other improper or wicked project , '' Madison warns ( Dawson 1863 , p. 64 ) . In short , Madison feared that a majority faction of the unpropertied classes might emerge to redistribute wealth and property in a way that benefited the majority of the population at the expense of the country 's richest and wealthiest people . Like the anti-Federalists who opposed him , Madison was substantially influenced by the work of Montesquieu , though Madison and Montesquieu disagreed on the question addressed in this essay . He also relied heavily on the philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment , especially David Hume , whose influence is most clear in Madison 's discussion of the types of faction and in his argument for an extended republic . Madison 's arguments ( edit ) Madison first assessed that there are two ways to limit the damage caused by faction : either remove the causes of faction or control its effects . He then describes the two methods to removing the causes of faction : first , destroying liberty , which would work because `` liberty is to faction what air is to fire '' , but it is impossible to perform because liberty is essential to political life . After all , Americans fought for it during the American Revolution . The second option , creating a society homogeneous in opinions and interests , is impracticable . The diversity of the people 's ability is what makes them succeed more or less , and inequality of property is a right that the government should protect . Madison particularly emphasizes that economic stratification prevents everyone from sharing the same opinion . Madison concludes that the damage caused by faction can be limited only by controlling its effects . He then argues that the only problem comes from majority factions because the principle of popular sovereignty should prevent minority factions from gaining power . Madison offers two ways to check majority factions : prevent the `` existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time '' or render a majority faction unable to act . Madison concludes that a small democracy can not avoid the dangers of majority faction because small size means that undesirable passions can very easily spread to a majority of the people , which can then enact its will through the democratic government without difficulty . Madison states , `` The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man '' , so the cure is to control their effects . He makes an argument on how this is not possible in a pure democracy but possible in a republic . With pure democracy , he means a system in which every citizen votes directly for laws , and , with republic , he intends a society in which citizens elect a small body of representatives who then vote for laws . He indicates that the voice of the people pronounced by a body of representatives is more conformable to the interest of the community , since , again , common people 's decisions are affected by their self - interest . He then makes an argument in favor of a large republic against a small republic for the choice of `` fit characters '' to represent the public 's voice . In a large republic , where the number of voters and candidates is greater , the probability to elect competent representatives is broader . The voters have a wider option . In a small republic , it would also be easier for the candidates to fool the voters but more difficult in a large one . The last argument Madison makes in favor of a large republic is that as , in a small republic , there will be a lower variety of interests and parties , a majority will more frequently be found . The number of participants of that majority will be lower , and , since they live in a more limited territory , it would be easier for them to agree and work together for the accomplishment of their ideas . While in a large republic the variety of interests will be greater so to make it harder to find a majority . Even if there is a majority , it would be harder for them to work together because of the large number of people and the fact they are spread out in a wider territory . A republic , Madison writes , is different from a democracy because its government is placed in the hands of delegates , and , as a result of this , it can be extended over a larger area . The idea is that , in a large republic , there will be more `` fit characters '' to choose from for each delegate . Also , the fact that each representative is chosen from a larger constituency should make the `` vicious arts '' of electioneering ( a reference to rhetoric ) less effective . For instance , in a large republic , a corrupt delegate would need to bribe many more people in order to win an election than in a small republic . Also , in a republic , the delegates both filter and refine the many demands of the people so as to prevent the type of frivolous claims that impede purely democratic governments . Though Madison argued for a large and diverse republic , the writers of the Federalist Papers recognized the need for a balance . They wanted a republic diverse enough to prevent faction but with enough commonality to maintain cohesion among the states . In Federalist No. 2 , John Jay counted as a blessing that America possessed `` one united people -- a people descended from the same ancestors , the same language , professing the same religion '' . Madison himself addresses a limitation of his conclusion that large constituencies will provide better representatives . He notes that if constituencies are too large , the representatives will be `` too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests '' . He says that this problem is partly solved by federalism . No matter how large the constituencies of federal representatives , local matters will be looked after by state and local officials with naturally smaller constituencies . Contemporaneous counterarguments ( edit ) George Clinton , believed to be the Anti-Federalist writer Cato The Anti-Federalists vigorously contested the notion that a republic of diverse interests could survive . The author Cato ( another pseudonym , most likely that of George Clinton ) summarized the Anti-Federalist position in the article Cato no . 3 : Whoever seriously considers the immense extent of territory comprehended within the limits of the United States , with the variety of its climates , productions , and commerce , the difference of extent , and number of inhabitants in all ; the dissimilitude of interest , morals , and policies , in almost every one , will receive it as an intuitive truth , that a consolidated republican form of government therein , can never form a perfect union , establish justice , insure domestic tranquility , promote the general welfare , and secure the blessings of liberty to you and your posterity , for to these objects it must be directed : this unkindred legislature therefore , composed of interests opposite and dissimilar in their nature , will in its exercise , emphatically be , like a house divided against itself . Generally , it was their position that republics about the size of the individual states could survive , but that a republic on the size of the Union would fail . A particular point in support of this was that most of the states were focused on one industry -- to generalize , commerce and shipping in the northern states and plantation farming in the southern . The Anti-Federalist belief that the wide disparity in the economic interests of the various states would lead to controversy was perhaps realized in the American Civil War , which some scholars attribute to this disparity . Madison himself , in a letter to Thomas Jefferson , noted that differing economic interests had created dispute , even when the Constitution was being written . At the convention , he particularly identified the distinction between the northern and southern states as a `` line of discrimination '' that formed `` the real difference of interests '' . The discussion of the ideal size for the republic was not limited to the options of individual states or encompassing union . In a letter to Richard Price , Benjamin Rush noted that `` Some of our enlightened men who begin to despair of a more complete union of the States in Congress have secretly proposed an Eastern , Middle , and Southern Confederacy , to be united by an alliance offensive and defensive '' . In making their arguments , the Anti-Federalists appealed to both historical and theoretic evidence . On the theoretical side , they leaned heavily on the work of Charles de Secondat , Baron de Montesquieu . The Anti-Federalists Brutus and Cato both quoted Montesquieu on the issue of the ideal size of a republic , citing his statement in The Spirit of the Laws that : It is natural to a republic to have only a small territory , otherwise it can not long subsist . In a large republic there are men of large fortunes , and consequently of less moderation ; there are trusts too great to be placed in any single subject ; he has interest of his own ; he soon begins to think that he may be happy , great and glorious , by oppressing his fellow citizens ; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country . In a large republic , the public good is sacrificed to a thousand views ; it is subordinate to exceptions , and depends on accidents . In a small one , the interest of the public is easier perceived , better understood , and more within the reach of every citizen ; abuses are of less extent , and of course are less protected . Greece and Rome were looked to as model republics throughout this debate , and authors on both sides took Roman pseudonyms . Brutus points out that the Greek and Roman states were small , whereas the U.S. is vast . He also points out that the expansion of these republics resulted in a transition from free government to tyranny . Modern analysis and reaction ( edit ) In the first century of the American republic , No. 10 was not regarded as among the more important numbers of The Federalist . For instance , in Democracy in America , Alexis de Tocqueville refers specifically to more than fifty of the essays , but No. 10 is not among them . Today , however , No. 10 is regarded as a seminal work of American democracy . In `` The People 's Vote '' , a popular survey conducted by the National Archives and Records Administration , National History Day , and U.S. News and World Report , No. 10 ( along with Federalist No. 51 , also by Madison ) was chosen as the 20th most influential document in United States history . David Epstein , writing in 1984 , described it as among the most highly regarded of all American political writing . The historian Charles A. Beard identified Federalist No. 10 as one of the most important documents for understanding the Constitution . In his book An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States ( 1913 ) , Beard argued that Madison produced a detailed explanation of the economic factors that lay behind the creation of the Constitution . At the outset of his study , Beard makes his point when he writes that Madison provided `` a masterly statement of the theory of economic determinism in politics '' ( Beard 1913 , p. 15 ) . Later in his study , Beard repeated his point , only providing more emphasis . `` The most philosophical examination of the foundations of political science is made by Madison in the tenth number , '' Beard writes . `` Here he lays down , in no uncertain language , the principle that the first and elemental concern of every government is economic '' ( Beard 1913 , p. 156 ) . Douglass Adair attributes the increased interest in the tenth number to Charles A. Beard 's book An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution , published in 1913 . Adair also contends that Beard 's selective focus on the issue of class struggle , and his political progressivism , has colored modern scholarship on the essay . According to Adair , Beard reads No. 10 as evidence for his belief in `` the Constitution as an instrument of class exploitation '' . Adair 's own view is that Federalist No. 10 should be read as `` eighteenth - century political theory directed to an eighteenth - century problem ; and ... one of the great creative achievements of that intellectual movement that later ages have christened ' Jeffersonian democracy ' '' . Garry Wills is a noted critic of Madison 's argument in Federalist No. 10 . In his book Explaining America , he adopts the position of Robert Dahl in arguing that Madison 's framework does not necessarily enhance the protections of minorities or ensure the common good . Instead , Wills claims : `` Minorities can make use of dispersed and staggered governmental machinery to clog , delay , slow down , hamper , and obstruct the majority . But these weapons for delay are given to the minority irrespective of its factious or nonfactious character ; and they can be used against the majority irrespective of its factious or nonfactious character . What Madison prevents is not faction , but action . What he protects is not the common good but delay as such '' . Application ( edit ) Federalist No. 10 is the classic citation for the belief that the Founding Fathers and the constitutional framers did not intend American politics to be partisan . For instance , United States Supreme Court justice John Paul Stevens cites the paper for the statement , `` Parties ranked high on the list of evils that the Constitution was designed to check '' . Discussing a California provision that forbids candidates from running as independents within one year of holding a partisan affiliation , Justice Byron White made apparent the Court 's belief that Madison spoke for the framers of the Constitution : `` California apparently believes with the Founding Fathers that splintered parties and unrestrained factionalism may do significant damage to the fabric of government . See The Federalist , No. 10 ( Madison ) '' . Madison 's argument that restraining liberty to limit faction is an unacceptable solution has been used by opponents of campaign finance limits . Justice Clarence Thomas , for example , invoked Federalist No. 10 in a dissent against a ruling supporting limits on campaign contributions , writing : `` The Framers preferred a political system that harnessed such faction for good , preserving liberty while also ensuring good government . Rather than adopting the repressive ' cure ' for faction that the majority today endorses , the Framers armed individual citizens with a remedy '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Epstein , p. 59 . ^ Bernstein , pp. 11 -- 12 , 81 -- 109 . ^ Wood , Idea , p. 104 . ^ Wood , Idea , p. 103 . ^ Stewart , p. 182 . ^ Yates. ( 42 ) ^ Ball , p. xvii . ^ For instance , the important Anti-Federalist authors `` Cato '' and `` Brutus '' debuted in New York papers on September 27 and October 18 , 1787 respectively . See Furtwangler , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Dates and publication information at `` The Federalist '' , Constitution Society . Accessed January 22 , 2011 . ^ Kaminski and Saladino , Vol XIV , p. 175 . ^ Adair , pp. 44 -- 46 . See also `` The Federalist Papers : Timeline '' , SparkNotes . Accessed January 22 , 2011 . ^ Ford , p. xl . ^ Throughout Storing , for instance , and relied upon by De Pauw , pp. 202 -- 204 . For Ball , p. xlvii , it is the `` authoritative edition '' and `` still stands as the most complete scholarly edition '' . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 56 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 58 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 60 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Cohler , pp. 148 -- 161 . ^ Adair , pp. 93 -- 106 . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 56 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 60 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 57 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 62 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 62 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 2 . pp. 7 -- 8 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 62 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ See the accounts by , and conclusions of , Storing , Vol 1 , pp. 102 -- 104 , Kaminski , p. 131 , pp. 309 -- 310 , and Wood , Creation , p. 489 . De Pauw , pp. 290 -- 292 , prefers Abraham Yates . ^ Cato , no . 3 . The Founders ' Constitution . Volume 1 , Chapter 4 , Document 16 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Ransom , Roger L. `` Economics of the Civil War '' . Economic History Association . August 24 , 2001 . Referenced November 20 , 2005 . Citing Beard ; Hacker ; Egnal ; Ransom and Sutch ; Bensel ; and McPherson , Ransom notes that `` regional economic specialization ... generated very strong regional divisions on economic issues ... economic changes in the Northern states were a major factor leading to the political collapse of the 1850s ... the sectional splits on these economic issues ... led to a growing crisis in economic policy '' . ^ Letter by Madison to Jefferson , October 24 , 1787 . `` James Madison to Thomas Jefferson '' . The Founders ' Constitution . Volume 1 , Chapter 17 , Document 22 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Cohler , p. 151 . ^ Yates is replete with examples . ^ Letter by Benjamin Rush to Richard Price , October 27 , 1786 . `` Benjamin Rush to Richard Price '' . The Founders ' Constitution . Volume 1 , Chapter 7 , Document 7 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Montesquieu , Spirit Of Laws , ch . xvi . vol . I , book VIII , cited in Brutus , No. 1 . The Founders ' Constitution . Volume 1 , Chapter 4 , Document 14 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Brutus , No. 1 . The Founders ' Constitution . Volume 1 , Chapter 4 , Document 14 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . `` History furnishes no example of a free republic , any thing like the extent of the United States . The Grecian republics were of small extent ; so also was that of the Romans . Both of these , it is true , in process of time , extended their conquests over large territories of country ; and the consequence was , that their governments were changed from that of free governments to those of the most tyrannical that ever existed in the world '' . ^ Adair , p. 110 . ^ `` The People 's Vote '' , ourdocuments.gov , National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Epstein , p. 59 . ^ Adair , pp. 120 -- 124 . Quotation at p. 123 . ^ Adair , p. 131 . ^ Wills , p. 195 . ^ California Democratic Party v. Jones , 530 U.S. 567 , 592 ( 2000 ) ( 43 ) ^ Storer v. Brown , 415 U.S. 724 , 736 ( 1974 ) ( 44 ) ^ Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC , 528 U.S. 377 , 424 ( 2000 ) ( 45 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manweller 2005 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Gustafson 1992 , p. 290 . Adair , Douglass . `` The Tenth Federalist Revisited '' and `` ' That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science ' : David Hume , James Madison and the Tenth Federalist '' . Fame and the Founding Fathers . Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86597 - 193 - 6 New York : WW Norton & Co , 1974 ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05499 - 6 Ball , Terence . The Federalist with Letters of `` Brutus '' . Cambridge University Press : 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00121 - 2 Beard , Charles A. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States . New York : The MacMillan Company , 1913 . Bernstein , Richard B. Are We to Be a Nation ? Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04476 - 0 Cohler , Anne . Montesquieu 's Comparative Politics and the Spirit of American Constitutionalism . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 36974 - 9 Dawson , Henry B. , ed . The Fœderalist : A Collection of Essays , Written in Favor of the New Constitution , As Agreed Upon by the Fœderal Convention , September 17 , 1787 . New York : Charles Scribner , 1863 . De Pauw , Linda Grant . The Eleventh Pillar : New York State and the Federal Constitution . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 1966 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 0104 - 6 Epstein , David F. The Political Theory of The Federalist . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 21300 - 2 Furtwangler , Albert . The Authority of Publius : A Reading of the Federalist Papers . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1643 - 9 Gustafson , Thomas ( 1992 ) . Representative Words : Politics , Literature , and the American Language , 1776 - 1865 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39512 - 0 . Kaminski , John P. George Clinton : Yeoman Politician of the New Republic . Madison : State Historical Society of Wisconsin , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 17 - 9 Manweller , Mathew ( 2005 ) . The People Vs. the Courts : Judicial Review and Direct Democracy in the American Legal System . Academica Press , LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930901 - 97 - 1 . Morgan , Edmund S. * `` Safety in Numbers : Madison , Hume , and the Tenth ' Federalist , ' '' Huntington Library Quarterly ( 1986 ) 49 # 2 pp. 95 -- 112 in JSTOR Stewart , David O . The Summer of 1787 : The Men Who Invented the Constitution . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 Wills , Garry . Explaining America : The Federalist . New York : Penguin Books , 1982 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029839 - 0 Wood , Gordon . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Chapel Hill , NC : UNC Press , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 Wood , Gordon . The Idea of America : Reflections on the Birth of the United States . New York : Penguin Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 290 - 2 Primary sources ( edit ) Hamilton , Alexander ; Madison , James ; and Jay , John . The Federalist . Edited by Jacob E. Cooke . Middletown , Conn. : Wesleyan University Press , 1961 . Wesleyan 1982 edition : ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6077 - 3 Hamilton , Alexander ; Madison , James ; and Jay , John . The Federalist . Edited by Henry B. Dawson . Morrisania , New York : Charles Scribner , 1863 . Accessed January 22 , 2011 . Hamilton , Alexander ; Madison , James ; and Jay , John . The Federalist . Edited by Paul Leicester Ford . New York : Henry Holt & Co. , 1898 . Kaminski , John P. and Saladino , Gaspare J. , ed . The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution . Madison : State Historical Society of Wisconsin , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87020 - 372 - 5 Storing , Herbert J. ; Dry , Murray , ed . The Complete Anti-Federalist . Vols 1 -- 7 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77566 - 6 Yates , Robert . Notes of the Secret Debate of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Washington , D.C. : Templeman , 1886 . Accessed January 22 , 2011 . `` Storer v. Brown , 415 U.S. 724 ( 1974 ) '' . Findlaw . Retrieved October 1 , 2005 . `` Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC , 528 U.S. 377 ( 2000 ) '' . Findlaw . Retrieved August 23 , 2005 . `` California Democratic Party v. Jones , 530 U.S. 567 ( 2000 ) '' . Findlaw . Retrieved August 23 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Federalist No. 10 Text of The Federalist No. 10 : congress.gov Online text of Brutus , no . 1 , University of Chicago . 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-9,133,105,034,773,380,000 | does jen die at the end of crouching tiger | Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon - Wikipedia Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon For other uses , see Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Ang Lee Produced by Bill Kong Hsu Li - kong Ang Lee Screenplay by Wang Hui - ling James Schamus Tsai Kuo Jung Based on Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon by Wang Dulu Starring Chow Yun - fat Michelle Yeoh Zhang Ziyi Chang Chen Sihung Lung Cheng Pei - pei Music by Tan Dun Cinematography Peter Pau Edited by Tim Squyres Production companies Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia Good Machine International Edko Films Zoom Hunt Productions China Film Co-Production Corp . Asian Union Film & Entertainment Ltd . Distributed by Sony Pictures Classics Release date July 6 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 06 ) ( Hong Kong ) July 7 , 2000 ( 2000 - 07 - 07 ) ( Taiwan ) December 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 120 minutes Country China Hong Kong Taiwan United States Language Mandarin Budget US $17 million Box office US $213.5 million <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon Traditional Chinese 臥 虎 藏 龍 Simplified Chinese 卧 虎 藏 龙 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> show Transcriptions <Th_colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wòhǔ Cánglóng Wade -- Giles Wohu Ts'anglung Yale Romanization Wòhhu Tsánglúng IPA ( wôxù tshǎŋlʊ̌ŋ ) <Th_colspan="2"> Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Ngohfó Chòhnglùhng IPA ( ŋɔ̀ːfǔː tshɔ̏ːŋlȕːŋ ) Jyutping Ngo6fu2 Cong4lung4 <Td_colspan="2"> Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( simplified Chinese : 卧 虎 藏 龙 ; traditional Chinese : 臥 虎 藏 龍 ) is a 2000 wuxia film , conceived and directed by Ang Lee . It features an international cast of Chinese actors , including Chow Yun - fat , Michelle Yeoh , Zhang Ziyi and Chang Chen . The film is based on a novel of the same name that is part of the Crane Iron Pentalogy , a wuxia series by Wang Dulu . A multinational venture , the film was made on a US $17 million budget , and was produced by Asian Union Film & Entertainment , China Film Co-Productions Corporation , Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia , Edko Films , Good Machine International , and Zoom Hunt Productions . With dialogue in Mandarin , subtitled for various markets , Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon became a surprise international success , grossing $213.5 million worldwide . It grossed US $128 million in the United States , becoming the highest - grossing foreign - language film produced overseas in American history . Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon received universal critical acclaim . The film has won over 40 awards . It was nominated for 10 Academy Awards , including Best Picture , and won Best Foreign Language Film ( Taiwan ) , Best Art Direction , Best Original Score and Best Cinematography . The film also won four BAFTAs and two Golden Globe Awards , one for Best Foreign Film . Along with its awards success , Crouching Tiger continues to be hailed as one of the greatest and most influential martial arts films . The film has been praised for its story , direction , and cinematography , and for its martial arts sequences . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes and interpretations 3.1 Title 3.2 Gender roles 3.3 Teacher - student relationship 3.4 Poison 4 Production 4.1 Filming 4.2 Soundtrack 5 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Counter-flow 6.3 Box office 6.4 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Cultural references 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is set in 18th century Qing Dynasty China . Li Mu Bai ( Chow Yun - fat ) is an accomplished Wudang swordsman and Yu Shu Lien ( Michelle Yeoh ) heads a private security company . Yu Shu Lien and Li Mu Bai have feelings for each other , but because Shu Lien had been engaged to Mu Bai 's closest friend , Meng Sizhao , before his death , Shu Lien and Mu Bai feel bound by loyalty to Meng Sizhao and have not acted on their feelings for one another . Mu Bai , after choosing to retire , asks Shu Lien to give his sword `` Green Destiny '' to their benefactor Sir Te ( Sihung Lung ) in Beijing . Long ago , Mu Bai 's master was murdered by Jade Fox ( Cheng Pei - pei ) , a woman who sought to learn Wudang skills . While at Sir Te 's place , Shu Lien makes the acquaintance of Jen Yu ( Zhang Ziyi ) , who is the daughter of a rich and powerful Governor Yu and is about to get married . One evening , a masked thief sneaks into Sir Te 's estate and steals the Green Destiny . Mu Bai and Shu Lien trace the theft to Governor Yu 's compound , where Jade Fox had been posing as Jen 's governess for many years . Mu Bai makes the acquaintance of Inspector Tsai ( Wang Deming ) , a police investigator from the provinces , and his daughter May ( Li Li ) , who have come to Peking in pursuit of Fox . Fox challenges the pair and Sir Te 's servant Master Bo ( Gao Xi'an ) to a showdown that night . Following a protracted battle , the group is on the verge of defeat when Mu Bai arrives and outmaneuvers Fox . Before Mu Bai can kill Fox , the masked thief reappears and helps Fox . Fox kills Tsai before fleeing with the thief ( who is revealed to be Jen ) . After seeing Jen fight Mu Bai , Fox realizes Jen had been secretly studying the Wudang manual and may have surpassed her in combat skills . At night , a desert bandit named Lo ( Chang Chen ) breaks into Jen 's bedroom and asks her to leave with him . A flashback reveals that in the past , when Governor Yu and his family were traveling in the western deserts , Lo and his bandits had raided Jen 's caravan and Lo had stolen her comb . She pursued him to his desert cave to get her comb back . However , the pair soon fell passionately in love . Lo eventually convinced Jen to return to her family , though not before telling her a legend of a man who jumped off a cliff to make his wishes come true . Because the man 's heart was pure , he did not die . Lo came to Beijing to persuade Jen not to go through with her arranged marriage . However , Jen refuses to leave with him . Later , Lo interrupts Jen 's wedding procession , begging her to leave with him . Nearby , Shu Lien and Mu Bai convince Lo to wait for Jen at Mount Wudang , where he will be safe from Jen 's family , who are furious with him . Jen runs away from her husband on their wedding night before the marriage could be consummated . Disguised in male clothing , she is accosted at an inn by a large group of warriors ; armed with the Green Destiny and her own superior combat skills , she emerges victorious . Jen visits Shu Lien , who tells her that Lo is waiting for her at Mount Wudang . After an angry exchange , the two women engage in a duel . Shu Lien is the superior fighter , but Jen wields the Green Destiny : the sword destroys each weapon that Shu Lien wields , until Shu Lien finally manages to defeat Jen with a broken sword . When Shu Lien shows mercy , Jen cuts Shu Lien 's arm . Mu Bai arrives and pursues Jen into a bamboo forest . Mu Bai confronts Jen and offers to take her as his student . She arrogantly promises to accept him as her teacher if he can take Green Destiny from her in three moves . Mu Bai is able to take the sword in only one move , but Jen goes back on her word and flees . Mu Bai decides to throw the sword over a waterfall . Jen dives into an adjoining river to retrieve the sword and is then rescued by Fox . Fox puts Jen into a drugged sleep and places her in a cavern ; Mu Bai and Shu Lien discover her there . Fox suddenly reappears and attacks the others with poisoned darts . Mu Bai blocks the needles with his sword and avenges his master 's death by mortally wounding Fox , only to realize that one of the darts hit him in the neck . Fox dies , confessing that her goal had been to kill Jen because Jen had hidden the secrets of Wudang 's best fighting techniques from her . As Jen leaves to prepare an antidote for the poisoned dart , Mu Bai prepares to die . With his last breaths , he finally confesses his love for Shu Lien . He dies in her arms as Jen returns , too late to save him . The Green Destiny is returned to Sir Te . Jen later goes to Mount Wudang and spends one last night with Lo . The next morning , Lo finds Jen standing on a bridge overlooking the edge of the mountain . In an echo of the legend that they spoke about in the desert , she asks him to make a wish . He wishes for them to be together again , back in the desert . The movie ends with Jen jumping off the bridge . Cast ( edit ) Actor Chow Yun - Fat who portrayed Li Mu Bai Chow Yun - fat as Li Mu Bai ( C : 李慕白 , P : Lǐ Mùbái ) Michelle Yeoh as Yu Shu Lien ( T : 俞秀蓮 , S : 俞秀莲 , P : Yú Xiùlián ) Zhang Ziyi as Jen Yu ( English subtitled version ) / Yu Jiaolong ( English dubbed version ) ( T : 玉 嬌 龍 , S : 玉 娇 龙 , P : Yù Jiāolóng ) Chang Chen as Lo `` Dark Cloud '' ( English subtitled version ) / Luo Xiaohu ( English dubbed version ) ( T : 羅 小虎 , S : 罗 小虎 , P : Luó Xiǎohǔ ) Cheng Pei - pei as Jade Fox ( C : 碧眼 狐狸 , P : Bìyǎn Húli ) Sihung Lung as Sir Te ( T : 貝勒 爺 , C : 贝勒 爷 , P : Bèi - lèyé ) Li Fazeng as Governor Yu Gao Xi'an as Bo Hai Yan as Madam Yu Wang Deming as Police inspector Tsai / Prefect Cai Qiu Li Li as May , Tsai 's daughter Huang Suying as Aunt Wu Yang Rui as Maid Li Kai as Gou Jun Pei Feng Jianhua as Gou Jun Sinung Ma Zhongxuan as Mi Biao Li Baocheng as Fung Machete Chang Yang Yongde as Monk Jing Zhang Shaocheng as Nightman Themes and interpretations ( edit ) Title ( edit ) The name `` Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon '' is a literal translation of the Chinese idiom `` 臥 虎 藏 龍 '' which describes a place or situation that is full of unnoticed masters . It is from a poem of the ancient Chinese poet Yu Xin 's ( 513 -- 581 ) that reads `` 暗 石 疑 藏 虎 , 盤 根 似 臥龍 '' , which means `` behind the rock in the dark probably hides a tiger , and the coiling giant root resembles a crouching dragon . '' The last character in Xiaohu and Jiaolong 's names mean `` Tiger '' and `` Dragon '' , respectively . Gender roles ( edit ) Some prominent martial arts styles traditionally were held to have been originated by women , e.g. History of Wing Chun credits a Buddhist nun Ng Mui teaching Yim Wing - Chun the style . The film 's title reference to masters one does not notice necessarily includes mostly women , and suggests the advantage of a female bodyguard . Traditional weapons taught in Wing Chun are exactly those easily concealed ( butterfly knives ) or similar to those taught in Japanese Aikido primarily to women ( long pole ) . The style emphasizes centerline blows to vital areas , as opposed to maiming strikes against limbs , thus seems intended for death blows , knockouts , and tactics generally used by physically weaker opponents seeking to win in a single strike rather than engage in an extended confrontation . Again , the title suggests powerful creatures that strike by surprise . Teacher - student relationship ( edit ) A teacher 's desire to have a worthy student , the obligations between a student and a master , and tensions in these relationships are central to the characters ' motives , conflicts between the characters , and the unfolding of the film 's plot . Li Mu Bai is burdened with the responsibility for avenging his master 's death , and turns his back on retirement to live up to this obligation . His fascination with the prospect of having Jen as a disciple also motivates his behavior , and that of Jade Fox . Regarding conflicts in the student - teacher relationship , the potential for exploitation created by the subordinate position of the student and the tensions that exist when a student surpasses or resists a teacher are explored . Jen hides her mastery of martial arts from her teacher , Jade Fox , which leads both to their parting of ways and to Jade Fox 's attempt on Jen 's life . At the same time , Jade Fox 's own unorthodox relationship with a Wudang master ( whom she claims would not teach her , but did take sexual advantage of her ) brought her to a life of crime . Poison ( edit ) Poison is also a significant theme in the film . In the world of martial arts , poison is considered the act of one who is too cowardly and dishonorable to fight ; and indeed , the only character who explicitly fits these characteristics is Jade Fox . The poison is a weapon of her bitterness , and quest for vengeance : she poisons the master of Wudang , attempts to poison Jen , and succeeds in killing Mu Bai using a poisoned needle . However , the poison is not only of the physical sort : Jade Fox 's tutelage of Jen has left Jen spiritually poisoned , which can be seen in the lying , stealing , and betrayal Jen commits . However , Jen is never seen to use poison herself , even though she was trained by Jade Fox . This indicates that she may yet be reformed and integrated into society . In further play on this theme by the director , Jade Fox , as she dies , refers to the poison from a young child , `` the deceit of an eight - year - old girl , '' obviously referring to what she considers her own spiritual poisoning by her young apprentice Jen . Li Mu Bai himself warns that without guidance , Jen could become a `` poison dragon '' . Production ( edit ) The film was originally written as a novel series by Wang Dulu starting in the late 1930s . The film is loosely adapted from the storyline of the fourth book in the series , Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon . Filming ( edit ) Mount Cangyan , including the bridge pictured above , was one of many filming locations for the film . Although its Academy Award was presented to Taiwan , Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon was in fact an international co-production between companies in four regions : the Chinese company China Film Co-Production Corporation ; the American companies Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia , Sony Pictures Classics and Good Machine ; the Hong Kong company EDKO Film ; and the Taiwanese Zoom Hunt International Productions Company , Ltd ; as well as the unspecified United China Vision , and Asia Union Film and Entertainment Ltd. , created solely for this film . The film was made in Beijing , with location shooting in the Anhui , Hebei , Jiangsu , and Xinjiang provinces of China . The first phase of shooting was in the Gobi Desert where it consistently rained . Director Ang Lee noted , `` I did n't take one break in eight months , not even for half a day . I was miserable -- I just did n't have the extra energy to be happy . Near the end , I could hardly breathe . I thought I was about to have a stroke . '' The stunt work was mostly performed by the actors themselves and Ang Lee stated in an interview that computers were used `` only to remove the safety wires that held the actors . '' `` Most of the time you can see their faces , '' he added , `` That 's really them in the trees . '' Another compounding issue was the difference between accents of the four lead actors : Chow Yun - fat is from Hong Kong and speaks Cantonese natively , and Michelle Yeoh is from Malaysia and grew up speaking English and Malay ; she learned the Mandarin lines phonetically . Only Zhang Ziyi spoke with a native Mandarin accent that Ang Lee wanted . Chow Yun Fat said , on `` the first day ( of shooting ) , I had to do 28 takes just because of the language . That 's never happened before in my life . '' Because the film specifically targeted Western audiences rather than the domestic audiences who were already used to Wuxia films , English subtitles were needed . Ang Lee , who was educated in the West , personally edited the subtitles to ensure they were satisfactory for Western audiences . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( soundtrack ) The score was composed by Tan Dun , originally performed by Shanghai Symphony Orchestra , Shanghai National Orchestra , and Shanghai Percussion Ensemble . It also features many solo passages for cello played by Yo - Yo Ma . The `` last track '' ( `` A Love Before Time '' ) features Coco Lee , who later performed it at the Academy Awards . The music for the entire film was produced in two weeks . Marketing ( edit ) The film was adapted into a video game , a comics series , and a 34 - episode Taiwanese television series based on the original novel . The latter was released in 2004 as New Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon for US and Canadian release . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon , which is based on an early 20th century novel by Wang Dulu , unfolds much like a comic book , with the characters and their circumstances being painted using wide brush strokes . Subtlety is not part of Lee 's palette ; he is going for something grand and melodramatic , and that 's what he gets . '' -- James Berardinelli , writing in ReelViews Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon was very well received in the Western world , receiving numerous awards . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 97 % of critics gave the film positive reviews , based on 153 reviews with an average rating of 8.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus states : `` The movie that catapulted Ang Lee into the ranks of upper echelon Hollywood filmmakers , Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon features a deft mix of amazing martial arts battles , beautiful scenery , and tasteful drama . '' Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 93 out of 100 , based on 31 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Some Chinese - speaking viewers were bothered by the accents of the leading actors . Neither Chow ( a native Cantonese speaker ) nor Yeoh ( who was born and raised in Malaysia ) speaks Mandarin as a mother tongue . All four main actors spoke with different accents : Chow speaks with a Cantonese accent ; Yeoh with a Malaysian accent ; Chang Chen a Taiwanese accent ; and Zhang Ziyi a Beijing accent . Yeoh responded to this complaint in a December 28 , 2000 , interview with Cinescape . She argued , `` My character lived outside of Beijing , and so I did n't have to do the Beijing accent . '' When the interviewer , Craig Reid , remarked , `` My mother - in - law has this strange Sichuan - Mandarin accent that 's hard for me to understand . '' , Yeoh responded : `` Yes , provinces all have their very own strong accents . When we first started the movie , Cheng Pei Pei was going to have her accent , and Chang Zhen was going to have his accent , and this person would have that accent . And in the end nobody could understand what they were saying . Forget about us , even the crew from Beijing thought this was all weird . '' The film led to a boost in popularity of Chinese wuxia films in the western world , where they were previously little known , and led to films such as House of Flying Daggers and Hero marketed towards Western audiences . The film also provided the breakthrough role for Zhang Ziyi 's career , who noted : Because of movies like Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon , Hero , and Memoirs of a Geisha , a lot of people in the United States have become interested not only in me but in Chinese and Asian actors in general . Because of these movies , maybe there will be more opportunities for Asian actors . '' The character of Lo , or `` Dark Cloud '' the desert bandit , influenced the development of the protagonist of the Prince of Persia series of video games . The film is ranked at number 497 on Empire 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time and at number 66 in the magazine 's 100 Best Films of World Cinema , published in 2010 . In 2010 , the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years . In 2016 , it was voted the 35th - best film of the 21st century as picked by 177 film critics from around the world . Film Journal noted that Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon `` pulled off the rare trifecta of critical acclaim , boffo box - office and gestalt shift '' , in reference to its ground - breaking success for a subtitled film in the American market . Counter-flow ( edit ) Wu and Chan ( 2007 ) look at Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon as somewhat of an example of `` counter-flow '' , a film that has challenged Hollywood 's grip on the film market . They argue that as a product of globalization , the movie did not demonstrate a one - way flow based on Western ideology , but was multidirectional with the ability of local resources to influence the West and gain capital . Despite its international success and perceived ability to change the flow from East to West , however , there were still instances of Western adaptation for the movie , such as putting more emphasis on female characters to better execute a balance between gender roles in the East and West . The script of the film was written between Taiwan and Hollywood and in translating the film to English , many cultural references were lost , which made maintaining the cultural authenticity of the film while still reaching out to the West very difficult . The thematic conflict throughout the movie between societal roles and personal desires attribute to the international reception of the film , which resonates with both the Eastern and Western audiences . Additionally , international and Western networks were used in the production and promotion of the film , which were needed to achieve its global distribution . Additional marketing strategies were needed for the film to attract the Western audience , who were unfamiliar with the cultural products of the East . Box Office ( edit ) The film premiered in cinemas on December 8 , 2000 , in limited release within the US . During its opening weekend , the film opened in 15th place , grossing $663,205 in business , showing at 16 locations . On January 12 , 2001 , Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon premiered in cinemas in wide release throughout the US grossing $8,647,295 in business , ranking in sixth place . The film Save the Last Dance came in first place during that weekend , grossing $23,444,930 . The film 's revenue dropped by almost 30 % in its second week of release , earning $6,080,357 . For that particular weekend , the film fell to eighth place screening in 837 theaters . Save the Last Dance remained unchanged in first place , grossing $15,366,047 in box - office revenue . During its final week in release , Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon opened in a distant 50th place with $37,233 in revenue . The film went on to top out domestically at $128,078,872 in total ticket sales through a 31 - week theatrical run . Internationally , the film took in an additional $85,446,864 in box - office business for a combined worldwide total of $213,525,736 . For 2000 as a whole , the film cumulatively ranked at a worldwide box - office performance position of 19 . Accolades ( edit ) Gathering widespread critical acclaim at the Toronto and New York film festivals , the film also became a favorite when Academy Awards nominations were announced in 2001 . The film was , however , screened out of competition at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival . Award Nominee Result 73rd Academy Awards Best Foreign Language Film Ang Lee Won Best Picture Hsu - Li Kong , Bill Kong and Ang Lee Nominated Best Director Ang Lee Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Tsai Kuo - Jung , Hui - Ling Wang and James Schamus Nominated Best Original Song Jorge Calandrelli , Tan Dun and James Schamus for `` A Love Before Time '' Nominated Best Costume Design Tim Yip Nominated Best Art Direction Art Direction and Set Decoration : Tim Yip Won Best Film Editing Tim Squyres Nominated Best Original Score Tan Dun Won Best Cinematography Peter Pau Won 2000 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Best Cinematography Peter Pau Nominated 54th British Academy Film Awards Best Film Nominated Best Foreign Language Film Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Michelle Yeoh Nominated Best Supporting Actress Zhang Ziyi Nominated Best Cinematography Peter Pau Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Nominated Best Editing Tim Squyres Nominated Best Costume Design Tim Yip Won Best Director Ang Lee Won Best Music Tan Dun Won Best Adapted Screenplay Tsai Kuo - Jung , Wang Hui - Ling , James Schamus Nominated Best Production Design Tim Yip Nominated Best Sound Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2000 Best Foreign Film Won Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2000 Most Promising Actress Zhang Ziyi Won Best Original Score Tan Dun Won Best Cinematography Peter Pau Won Best Foreign Film Won 2000 Directors Guild of America Awards Best Director Ang Lee Won 2000 Film Fest Gent festival Georges Delerue Award Tan Dun Won 58th Golden Globe Awards Best Foreign Language Film Won Best Director Ang Lee Won Best Original Score Tan Dun Nominated 20th Hong Kong Film Awards Best Film Won Best Director Ang Lee Won Best Screenplay Wang Hui - Ling , James Schamus , Tsai Kuo - Jung Nominated Best Actor Chow Yun - fat Nominated Best Actress Zhang Ziyi Nominated Best Actress Michelle Yeoh Nominated Best Supporting Actor Chang Chen Nominated Best Supporting Actress Cheng Pei - pei Won Best Cinematography Peter Pau Won Best Film Editing Tim Squyres Nominated Best Art Direction Tim Yip Nominated Best Costume Make Up Design Tim Yip Nominated Best Action Choreography Yuen Wo Ping Won Best Original Film Score Tan Dun Won Best Original Film Song Tan Dun , Jorge Calandrelli , Yee Kar - Yeung , Coco Lee Won Best Sound Design Eugene Gearty Won Independent Spirit Awards 2000 Best Picture Won Best Director Ang Lee Won Best Supporting Actress Zhang Ziyi Won Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 2000 Best Picture Won Best Cinematography Peter Pau Won Best Music Score Tan Dun Won Best Production Design Tim Yip Won National Board of Review Awards 2000 Best Foreign Language Film Won Top Foreign Films Shortlisted 2000 New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Cinematography Peter Pau Won Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2000 Best Picture Won Best Director Ang Lee Won Best Actress Michelle Yeoh Won Best Supporting Actress Zhang Ziyi Won 2000 Toronto International Film Festival People 's Choice Award Ang Lee Won Writers Guild of America Awards 2000 Best Adapted Screenplay Tsai Kuo - Jung , Wang Hui - Ling , James Schamus Nominated 37th Golden Horse Awards -- 2000 Best Feature Film Won Best Director Ang Lee Nominated Best Leading Actress Michelle Yeoh Nominated Best Leading Actress Zhang Ziyi Nominated Best Screenplay Adaption Tsai Kuo - Jung , Wang Hui - Ling , James Schamus Nominated Best Cinematography Peter Pau Nominated Best Film Editing Tim Squyres Won Best Art Direction Tim Yip Nominated Best Original Score Tan Dun Won Best Sound Design Eugene Gearty Won Best Action Choreography Yuen Wo Ping Won Best Visual Effects Leo Lo , Rob Hodgson Won Sequel ( edit ) A sequel to the film , Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon : Sword of Destiny , was released in 2016 . It was directed by Yuen Woo - ping , who was the action choreographer for the first film . It is a co-production between Pegasus Media , China Film Group Corporation , and the Weinstein Company . Unlike the original film , the sequel was filmed in English for international release and dubbed to Mandarin for Chinese releases . Sword of Destiny is based on the book Iron Knight , Silver Vase , the next ( and last ) novel in the Crane - Iron Pentalogy . It features a mostly new cast , headed by Donnie Yen . Michelle Yeoh reprised her role from the original . Zhang Ziyi was also approached to appear in Sword of Destiny but refused , stating that she would only appear in a sequel if Ang Lee were directing it . In the United States , the sequel was for the most part not shown in theaters , instead being distributed via the video streaming service Netflix . Cultural references ( edit ) The theme of Janet Jackson 's song `` China Love '' was related to the film by MTV News , in which Jackson sings of the daughter of an emperor in love with a warrior , unable to sustain relations when forced to marry into royalty . The names of the pterosaur genus Kryptodrakon and the ceratopsian genus Yinlong ( both meaning hidden dragon ) allude to the film . See also ( edit ) Wang Dulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wo Hu Zang Long ( 2000 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Language Movies at the Box Office - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon . Box Office Mojo . Accessed December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ( 2001 - 07 - 02 ) . `` It 's Raining Tigers and Dragons ; Asian Filmmakers Rush to Repeat an Oscar Winner 's Success '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Gem of the ( Pacific ) Ocean Film Journal International '' . www.filmjournal.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Caffeinated Clint ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Yen confirms Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon rumours '' . Moviehole . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Dictionary -- Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-style-guide-wing-chun-2308285 Jump up ^ Fairlamb , Horace L. `` Romancing the Tao : How Ang Lee Globalized Ancient Chinese Wisdom , '' symploke vol. 15 , No. 1 - 2 ( 2007 ) , p. 196 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Robinson ( Producer ) '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Turner Classic Movies . `` CROUCHING TIGER , HIDDEN DRAGON ( 2000 ) : Original Print Information '' . Turner Broadcasting System . Jump up ^ `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon : Cast & Details '' . TV Guide . 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) -- Production Details '' . Yahoo Movies . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , Richard ( 3 December 2000 ) . `` Year of the Tiger '' . TIME . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . a top - flight all - Asian cast featuring Chow Yun Fat ( Hong Kong ) , Michelle Yeoh ( Malaysia ) , Zhang Ziyi ( Beijing ) and Chang Chen ( Taiwan ) . Only one of the stars -- Zhang , then a 19 - year - old ingenue -- spoke anything like the classical mainland Mandarin that Lee demanded . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 20 , 2000 ) . `` Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://michelleyeoh.info/Bio/qa.html#language Jump up ^ `` Michelle Yeoh Web Theatre Q&A '' . Jump up ^ `` Tan Dun , a Musical Journey Back to Roots '' . China International Information Center . 2003 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( December 2000 ) . `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon '' . ReelViews . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 1999 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hu , Brian ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` An Accent on Acting : An Interview with Gong Li '' . UCLA Asia Institute . Accessed December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reid , Craig ( December 28 , 2000 ) . Crouching Tigress : Michelle Yeoh , Part 2 . Mania . Accessed May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Persia : Anatomy of a Prince '' , PlayStation : The Official Magazine 13 ( December 2008 ) : 50 . Jump up ^ The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time . Empire . Accessed July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Films of World Cinema '' . Empire . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IFTA Picks 30 Most Significant Indie Films '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 23 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Culture - The 21st Century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Gem of the ( Pacific ) Ocean Film Journal International '' . www.filmjournal.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Wu , Huaiting ; Chan , Joseph M. ( 2007 ) . `` Globalizing Chinese Martial Arts Cinema : The Global - Local Alliance and the Production of Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon '' . Media , Culture & Society . 29 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 217 . Jump up ^ `` January 12 -- 14 , 2001 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` July 20 -- 22 , 2001 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon : Awards & Nominations '' . MSN Movies . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences '' . Oscars.org . Archived from the original on 14 January 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` British Academy of Film and Television Arts '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 6th Critics ' Choice Awards Winners And Nominees '' . BFCA.org . Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Film Critics Awards -- 1998 - 07 '' . ChicagoFilmCritics.org . Archived from the original on 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2000s -- DGA Award Winners for : Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Feature Film '' . Directors Guild Of America . Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon '' . GoldenGlobes.org . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Film Awards History '' . Hong Kong Film Awards . Archived from the original on 18 May 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 26th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards '' . LAFCA.net . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for 2000 '' . National Board of Review . Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Awards '' . New York Film Critics Circle . Archived from the original on 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TFCA Awards 2000 '' . Toronto Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on 24 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Winners '' . Writers Guild Awards . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( in Chinese ) Golden Horse Awards official homepage 37th Golden Horse awards winners and nominees list Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` US - Chinese sequel to ' Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ' announced '' . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Yeoh to reprise her role in The Green Destiny News Screen '' . Screendaily.com. 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 经纪 人 回应 章子怡 加盟 '' 卧 虎 2 `` 传闻 : 李 安 导 一定 演 '' . chinadaily.com.cn. 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamedy , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Nation 's top theater chains wo n't carry ' Crouching Tiger ' sequel '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Reminisces Over ' All for You , ' Slots ' Lover ' For Next Single - MTV '' . MTV News . Reid , Shaheem. 30 April 2001 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kryptodrakon progenitor : Earliest Pterodactyloid Pterosaur Discovered in China '' . Sci-News.com. 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Xu , X. ; Forster , C.A. ; Clark , J.M. ; Mo , J. ( 2006 ) . `` A basal ceratopsian with transitional features from the Late Jurassic of northwestern China '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 273 ( 1598 ) : 2135 -- 2140 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2006.3566 . PMC 1635516 . PMID 16901832 . Further Reading ( edit ) Kim , L.S. ( Winter 2006 ) . `` Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon : Making Women Warriors -- a Transnational Reading of Asian Female Action Heroes '' . Jump Cut : A Review of Contemporary Media . 48 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon Official website Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon on IMDb Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon at Box Office Mojo Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon at Rotten Tomatoes Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Wang Dulu Crane - Iron Series Crane Startles Kunlun ( 1938 ) Precious Sword , Golden Hairpin ( 1939 ) Sword Force , Pearl Shine ( 1940 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 1941 ) Iron Knight , Silver Vase ( 1942 ) Adaptations Rape of the Sword ( 1967 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 film ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 TV ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon : Sword of Destiny ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Ang Lee <Td_colspan="2"> Pushing Hands ( 1992 ) The Wedding Banquet ( 1993 ) Eat Drink Man Woman ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The Ice Storm ( 1997 ) Ride with the Devil ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Hulk ( 2003 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Lust , Caution ( 2007 ) Taking Woodstock ( 2009 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Billy Lynn 's Long Halftime Walk ( 2016 ) Gemini Man ( 2019 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1947 -- 1955 ( Honorary ) 1947 : Shoeshine -- Vittorio De Sica 1948 : Monsieur Vincent -- Maurice Cloche 1949 : Bicycle Thieves -- Vittorio De Sica 1950 : The Walls of Malapaga -- René Clément 1951 : Rashomon -- Akira Kurosawa 1952 : Forbidden Games -- René Clément 1953 : No Award 1954 : Gate of Hell -- Teinosuke Kinugasa 1955 : Samurai , The Legend of Musashi -- Hiroshi Inagaki 1956 -- 1975 1956 : La Strada -- Federico Fellini 1957 : Nights of Cabiria -- Federico Fellini 1958 : My Uncle -- Jacques Tati 1959 : Black Orpheus -- Marcel Camus 1960 : The Virgin Spring -- Ingmar Bergman 1961 : Through a Glass Darkly -- Ingmar Bergman 1962 : Sundays and Cybele -- Serge Bourguignon 1963 : 81⁄2 -- Federico Fellini 1964 : Yesterday , Today and Tomorrow -- Vittorio De Sica 1965 : The Shop on Main Street -- Ján Kadár & Elmar Klos 1966 : A Man and a Woman -- Claude Lelouch 1967 : Closely Watched Trains -- Jiří Menzel 1968 : War and Peace -- Sergei Bondarchuk 1969 : Z -- Costa - Gavras 1970 : Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion -- Elio Petri 1971 : The Garden of the Finzi Continis -- Vittorio De Sica 1972 : The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie -- Luis Buñuel 1973 : Day for Night -- François Truffaut 1974 : Amarcord -- Federico Fellini 1975 : Dersu Uzala -- Akira Kurosawa 1976 -- 2000 1976 : Black and White in Color -- Jean - Jacques Annaud 1977 : Madame Rosa -- Moshé Mizrahi 1978 : Get Out Your Handkerchiefs -- Bertrand Blier 1979 : The Tin Drum -- Volker Schlöndorff 1980 : Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears -- Vladimir Menshov 1981 : Mephisto -- István Szabó 1982 : Volver a Empezar ( ' To Begin Again ' ) -- José Luis Garci 1983 : Fanny and Alexander -- Ingmar Bergman 1984 : Dangerous Moves -- Richard Dembo 1985 : The Official Story -- Luis Puenzo 1986 : The Assault -- Fons Rademakers 1987 : Babette 's Feast -- Gabriel Axel 1988 : Pelle the Conqueror -- Bille August 1989 : Cinema Paradiso -- Giuseppe Tornatore 1990 : Journey of Hope -- Xavier Koller 1991 : Mediterraneo -- Gabriele Salvatores 1992 : Indochine -- Régis Wargnier 1993 : Belle Epoque -- Fernando Trueba 1994 : Burnt by the Sun -- Nikita Mikhalkov 1995 : Antonia 's Line -- Marleen Gorris 1996 : Kolya -- Jan Svěrák 1997 : Character -- Mike van Diem 1998 : Life Is Beautiful -- Roberto Benigni 1999 : All About My Mother -- Pedro Almodóvar 2000 : Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon -- Ang Lee 2001 -- present 2001 : No Man 's Land -- Danis Tanović 2002 : Nowhere in Africa -- Caroline Link 2003 : The Barbarian Invasions -- Denys Arcand 2004 : The Sea Inside -- Alejandro Amenábar 2005 : Tsotsi -- Gavin Hood 2006 : The Lives of Others -- Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck 2007 : The Counterfeiters -- Stefan Ruzowitzky 2008 : Departures -- Yōjirō Takita 2009 : The Secret in Their Eyes -- Juan José Campanella 2010 : In a Better World -- Susanne Bier 2011 : A Separation -- Asghar Farhadi 2012 : Amour -- Michael Haneke 2013 : The Great Beauty -- Paolo Sorrentino 2014 : Ida -- Paweł Pawlikowski 2015 : Son of Saul -- László Nemes 2016 : The Salesman -- Asghar Farhadi 2017 : A Fantastic Woman -- Sebastián Lelio <Th_colspan="2"> BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language Best Foreign Language Film 1982 -- 1987 Christ Stopped at Eboli ( 1982 ) Danton ( 1983 ) Carmen ( 1984 ) Colonel Redl ( 1985 ) Ran ( 1986 ) The Sacrifice ( 1987 ) Best Film Not in the English Language 1988 -- present Babette 's Feast ( 1988 ) Life and Nothing But ( 1989 ) Cinema Paradiso ( 1990 ) The Nasty Girl ( 1991 ) Raise the Red Lantern ( 1992 ) Farewell My Concubine ( 1993 ) To Live ( 1994 ) Il Postino : The Postman ( 1995 ) Ridicule ( 1996 ) The Apartment ( 1997 ) Central Station ( 1998 ) All About My Mother ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Amores perros ( 2001 ) Talk to Her ( 2002 ) In This World ( 2003 ) The Motorcycle Diaries ( 2004 ) The Beat That My Heart Skipped ( 2005 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) The Lives of Others ( 2007 ) I 've Loved You So Long ( 2008 ) A Prophet ( 2009 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2010 ) The Skin I Live In ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) The Great Beauty ( 2013 ) Ida ( 2014 ) Wild Tales ( 2015 ) Son of Saul ( 2016 ) The Handmaiden ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film <Td_colspan="2"> Il Postino : The Postman ( 1995 ) Ridicule ( 1996 ) Shall We Dance ? ( 1997 ) Life Is Beautiful ( 1998 ) All About My Mother ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Amélie ( 2001 ) Y Tu Mamá También ( 2002 ) The Barbarian Invasions ( 2003 ) The Sea Inside ( 2004 ) Kung Fu Hustle ( 2005 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) The Diving Bell and the Butterfly ( 2007 ) Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) Broken Embraces ( 2009 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2010 ) A Separation ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) Blue Is the Warmest Colour ( 2013 ) Force Majeure ( 2014 ) Son of Saul ( 2015 ) Elle ( 2016 ) In the Fade ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film Foreign Film -- Foreign Language 1965 -- 1972 Juliet of the Spirits ( 1965 ) A Man and a Woman ( 1966 ) Live for Life ( 1967 ) War and Peace ( 1968 ) Z ( 1969 ) Rider on the Rain ( 1970 ) The Policeman ( 1971 ) The Emigrants ( 1972 ) The New Land ( 1972 ) Foreign Film 1973 -- 1985 The Pedestrian ( 1973 ) Scenes from a Marriage ( 1974 ) Lies My Father Told Me ( 1975 ) Face to Face ( 1976 ) A Special Day ( 1977 ) Autumn Sonata ( 1978 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1979 ) Tess ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Fanny and Alexander ( 1983 ) A Passage to India ( 1984 ) The Official Story ( 1985 ) Foreign Language Film 1986 -- present The Assault ( 1986 ) My Life as a Dog ( 1987 ) Pelle the Conqueror ( 1988 ) Cinema Paradiso ( 1989 ) Cyrano de Bergerac ( 1990 ) Europa Europa ( 1991 ) Indochine ( 1992 ) Farewell My Concubine ( 1993 ) Farinelli ( 1994 ) Les Misérables ( 1995 ) Kolya ( 1996 ) Ma vie en rose ( 1997 ) Central Station ( 1998 ) All About My Mother ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) No Man 's Land ( 2001 ) Talk to Her ( 2002 ) Osama ( 2003 ) The Sea Inside ( 2004 ) Paradise Now ( 2005 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) The Diving Bell and the Butterfly ( 2007 ) Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) The White Ribbon ( 2009 ) In a Better World ( 2010 ) A Separation ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) The Great Beauty ( 2013 ) Leviathan ( 2014 ) Son of Saul ( 2015 ) Elle ( 2016 ) In the Fade ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Horse Award for Best Feature Film <Td_colspan="2"> Sun , Moon and Star ( 1962 ) The Love Eterne ( 1963 ) -- ( 1964 ) Beautiful Duckling ( 1965 ) Hsi - shih , Beauty of Beauties ( 1966 ) Orchids and My Love ( 1967 ) The Road ( 1968 ) Spring in a Small Town ( 1969 ) Home Sweet Home ( 1970 ) The Story of Ti - Ying ( 1971 ) Execution in Autumn ( 1972 ) The Escape ( 1973 ) -- ( 1974 ) Land of the Undaunted ( 1975 ) Victory ( 1976 ) Heroes of the Eastern Skies ( 1977 ) He Never Gives Up ( 1978 ) The Story of a Small Town ( 1979 ) Good Morning , Taipei ( 1980 ) If I Were for Real ( 1981 ) The Battle for the Republic of China ( 1982 ) Growing Up ( 1983 ) Old Mao 's Second Spring ( 1984 ) Kuei - Mei , a Woman ( 1985 ) Terrorizers ( 1986 ) Straw Man ( 1987 ) Painted Faces ( 1988 ) Full Moon in New York ( 1989 ) Red Dust ( 1990 ) A Brighter Summer Day ( 1991 ) Hill of No Return ( 1992 ) The Wedding Banquet ( 1993 ) Vive L'Amour ( 1994 ) Summer Snow ( 1995 ) In the Heat of the Sun ( 1996 ) Comrades : Almost a Love Story ( 1997 ) Xiu Xiu : The Sent Down Girl ( 1998 ) Ordinary Heroes ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Durian Durian ( 2001 ) The Best of Times ( 2002 ) Infernal Affairs ( 2003 ) Kekexili : Mountain Patrol ( 2004 ) Kung Fu Hustle ( 2005 ) After This Our Exile ( 2006 ) Lust , Caution ( 2007 ) The Warlords ( 2008 ) Cannot Live Without You ( 2009 ) When Love Comes ( 2010 ) Warriors of the Rainbow : Seediq Bale ( 2011 ) Beijing Blues ( 2012 ) Ilo Ilo ( 2013 ) Blind Massage ( 2014 ) The Assassin ( 2015 ) The Summer Is Gone ( 2016 ) The Bold , the Corrupt , and the Beautiful ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hong Kong Film Award for Best Film <Td_colspan="2"> Father and Son ( 1982 ) Boat People ( 1983 ) Ah Ying ( 1984 ) Homecoming ( 1985 ) Police Story ( 1986 ) A Better Tomorrow ( 1987 ) An Autumn 's Tale ( 1988 ) Rouge ( 1989 ) Beyond the Sunset ( 1990 ) Days of Being Wild ( 1991 ) To Be Number One ( 1992 ) Cageman ( 1993 ) C'est la vie , mon chéri ( 1994 ) Chungking Express ( 1995 ) Summer Snow ( 1996 ) Comrades : Almost a Love Story ( 1997 ) Made in Hong Kong ( 1998 ) Beast Cops ( 1999 ) Ordinary Heroes ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) Shaolin Soccer ( 2002 ) Infernal Affairs ( 2003 ) Running on Karma ( 2004 ) Kung Fu Hustle ( 2005 ) Election ( 2006 ) After This Our Exile ( 2007 ) The Warlords ( 2008 ) Ip Man ( 2009 ) Bodyguards and Assassins ( 2010 ) Gallants ( 2011 ) A Simple Life ( 2012 ) Cold War ( 2013 ) The Grandmaster ( 2014 ) The Golden Era ( 2015 ) Ten Years ( 2016 ) Trivisa ( 2017 ) Our Time Will Come ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation <Td_colspan="2"> The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Independent Spirit Award for Best Film <Td_colspan="2"> After Hours ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) River 's Edge ( 1987 ) Stand and Deliver ( 1988 ) Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) The Grifters ( 1990 ) Rambling Rose ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Short Cuts ( 1993 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) Leaving Las Vegas ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) The Apostle ( 1997 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Election ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Far from Heaven ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) Juno ( 2007 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) Precious ( 2009 ) Black Swan ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Get Out ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> London Film Critics ' Circle Foreign Language Film of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> The Marriage of Maria Braun and Angi Vera ( 1980 ) Man of Iron ( 1981 ) Mephisto ( 1982 ) Yol ( 1983 ) A Sunday in the Country ( 1984 ) Heimat : A Chronicle of Germany ( 1985 ) Ran ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) Babette 's Feast ( 1988 ) Au revoir les enfants ( 1989 ) Cinema Paradiso ( 1990 ) Cyrano de Bergerac ( 1991 ) Raise the Red Lantern ( 1992 ) A Heart in Winter ( 1993 ) Farewell My Concubine ( 1994 ) Il Postino : The Postman ( 1995 ) Les Misérables ( 1996 ) Ridicule ( 1997 ) Shall We Dance ? ( 1998 ) All About My Mother ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Amélie ( 2001 ) Y Tu Mamá También ( 2002 ) Good Bye , Lenin ! ( 2003 ) The Motorcycle Diaries ( 2004 ) Downfall ( 2005 ) Volver ( 2006 ) The Lives of Others ( 2007 ) N / A ( 2008 ) Let the Right One In ( 2009 ) Of Gods and Men ( 2010 ) A Separation ( 2011 ) Rust and Bone ( 2012 ) Blue Is the Warmest Colour ( 2013 ) Leviathan ( 2014 ) The Look of Silence ( 2015 ) Toni Erdmann ( 2016 ) Elle ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Nebula Award for Best Script / Ray Bradbury Award Nebula Award for Best Script Soylent Green -- Stanley R. Greenberg ( 1973 ) Sleeper -- Woody Allen ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein -- Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder ( 1975 ) Star Wars -- George Lucas ( 1977 ) The Sixth Sense -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest -- David Howard and Robert Gordon ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon James Schamus , Kuo Jung Tsai , and Hui - Ling Wang ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2004 ) Serenity -- Joss Whedon ( 2005 ) Howl 's Moving Castle -- Hayao Miyazaki , Cindy Davis Hewitt , and Donald H. Hewitt ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth -- Guillermo del Toro ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton , Jim Reardon , and Pete Docter ( 2008 ) Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Terminator 2 : Judgment Day -- James Cameron ( 1992 ) Babylon 5 -- J. Michael Straczynski ( 1999 ) 2000X -- Tales of the Next Millennia -- Yuri Rasovsky and Harlan Ellison ( 2001 ) Joss Whedon ( 2008 ) District 9 -- Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell ( 2009 ) Inception -- Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) Doctor Who : `` The Doctor 's Wife '' -- Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman ( 2011 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild -- Benh Zeitlin , Lucy Alibar ( 2012 ) Gravity -- Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy -- James Gunn and Nicole Perlman ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- George Miller , Brendan McCarthy , and Nico Lathouris ( 2015 ) Arrival -- Eric Heisserer ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Satellite Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1996 -- 1999 Breaking the Waves ( 1996 ) Shall We Dance ? ( 1997 ) Central Station ( 1998 ) All About My Mother / Three Seasons ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 2009 Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) No Man 's Land ( 2001 ) Talk to Her ( 2002 ) City of God ( 2003 ) The Sea Inside ( 2004 ) Mother of Mine ( 2005 ) Volver ( 2006 ) Lust , Caution ( 2007 ) Gomorrah ( 2008 ) Broken Embraces / The Maid ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2010 ) Mysteries of Lisbon ( 2011 ) The Intouchables / Pietà ( 2012 ) The Broken Circle Breakdown ( 2013 ) Tangerines ( 2014 ) Son of Saul ( 2015 ) The Salesman ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film <Td_colspan="2"> Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. 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-8,369,288,975,463,815,000 | when one species cannot live without another we use the term | Competitive exclusion principle - wikipedia Competitive exclusion principle Jump to : navigation , search 1 : A smaller ( yellow ) species of bird forages across the whole tree . 2 : A larger ( red ) species competes for resources . 3 : Red dominates in the middle for the more abundant resources . Yellow adapts to a new niche restricted to the top and bottom of the tree , avoiding competition . In ecology , the competitive exclusion principle , sometimes referred to as Gause 's law , is a proposition named for Georgy Gause that two species competing for the same limiting resource can not coexist at constant population values . When one species has even the slightest advantage over another , the one with the advantage will dominate in the long term . This leads either to the extinction of the weaker competitor or to an evolutionary or behavioral shift toward a different ecological niche . The principle has been paraphrased in the maxim `` complete competitors can not coexist '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Experimental basis 3 Prediction 4 Paradoxical traits 5 Redefinition 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) The competitive exclusion principle is classically attributed to Georgii Gause , although he actually never formulated it . The principle is already present in Darwin 's theory of natural selection . Throughout its history , the status of the principle has oscillated between a priori ( ' two species coexisting must have different niches ' ) and experimental truth ( ' we find that species coexisting do have different niches ' ) . Experimental basis ( edit ) Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum grow well individually , but when they compete for the same resources , P. aurelia outcompetes P. caudatum . Based on field observations , Joseph Grinnell formulated the principle of competitive exclusion in 1904 : `` Two species of approximately the same food habits are not likely to remain long evenly balanced in numbers in the same region . One will crowd out the other '' . Russian ecologist Georgy Gause formulated the law of competitive exclusion based on laboratory competition experiments using two species of Paramecium , P. aurelia and P. caudatum . The conditions were to add fresh water every day and input a constant flow of food . Although P. caudatum initially dominated , P. aurelia recovered and subsequently drove P. caudatum extinct via exploitative resource competition . However , Gause was able to let the P. caudatum survive by differing the environmental parameters ( food , water ) . Thus , Gause 's law is valid only if the ecological factors are constant . Gause also studied competition between two species of yeast , finding that Saccharomyces cerevisiae consistently outcompeted Schizosaccharomyces kefir by producing a higher concentration of ethyl alcohol . Prediction ( edit ) Cellular automaton model of interspecific competition for a single limited resource Competitive exclusion is predicted by mathematical and theoretical models such as the Lotka - Volterra models of competition . However , for poorly understood reasons , competitive exclusion is rarely observed in natural ecosystems , and many biological communities appear to violate Gause 's law . The best - known example is the so - called `` paradox of the plankton '' . All plankton species live on a very limited number of resources , primarily solar energy and minerals dissolved in the water . According to the competitive exclusion principle , only a small number of plankton species should be able to coexist on these resources . Nevertheless , large numbers of plankton species coexist within small regions of open sea . Some communities that appear to uphold the competitive exclusion principle are MacArthur 's warblers and Darwin 's finches , though the latter still overlap ecologically very strongly , being only affected negatively by competition under extreme conditions . Paradoxical traits ( edit ) A partial solution to the paradox lies in raising the dimensionality of the system . Spatial heterogeneity , trophic interactions , multiple resource competition , competition - colonization trade - offs , and lag may prevent exclusion ( ignoring stochastic extinction over longer time - frames ) . However , such systems tend to be analytically intractable . In addition , many can , in theory , support an unlimited number of species . A new paradox is created : Most well - known models that allow for stable coexistence allow for unlimited number of species to coexist , yet , in nature , any community contains just a handful of species . Redefinition ( edit ) Recent studies addressing some of the assumptions made for the models predicting competitive exclusion have shown these assumptions need to be reconsidered . For example , a slight modification of the assumption of how growth and body size are related leads to a different conclusion , namely that , for a given ecosystem , a certain range of species may coexist while others become outcompeted . One of the primary ways niche - sharing species can coexist is the competition - colonization trade - off . In other words , species that are better competitors will be specialists , whereas species that are better colonizers are more likely to be generalists . Host - parasite models are effective ways of examining this relationship , using host transfer events . There seem to be two places where the ability to colonize differs in ecologically closely related species . In feather lice , Bush and Clayton provided some verification of this by showing two closely related genera of lice are nearly equal in their ability to colonize new host pigeons once transferred . Harbison continued this line of thought by investigating whether the two genera differed in their ability to transfer . This research focused primarily on determining how colonization occurs and why wing lice are better colonizers than body lice . Vertical transfer is the most common occurrence , between parent and offspring , and is much - studied and well understood . Horizontal transfer is difficult to measure , but in lice seems to occur via phoresis or the `` hitchhiking '' of one species on another . Harbison found that body lice are less adept at phoresis and excel competitively , whereas wing lice excel in colonization . See also ( edit ) Limiting factor Limiting similarity Paradox of the plankton References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Garrett Hardin ( 1960 ) . `` The competitive exclusion principle '' ( PDF ) . Science . 131 ( 3409 ) : 1292 -- 1297 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 131.3409. 1292 . PMID 14399717 . ^ Jump up to : Pocheville , Arnaud ( 2015 ) . `` The Ecological Niche : History and Recent Controversies '' . In Heams , Thomas ; Huneman , Philippe ; Lecointre , Guillaume ; et al . Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences . Dordrecht : Springer . pp. 547 -- 586 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 017 - 9014 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gause , Georgii Frantsevich ( 1934 ) . The Struggle For Existence ( 1st ed . ) . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins . Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1859 ) . On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ( 1st ed . ) . London : John Murray . ISBN 1 - 4353 - 9386 - 4 . Jump up ^ Grinnell , J. ( 1904 ) . `` The Origin and Distribution of the Chestnut - Backed Chickadee '' . The Auk . American Ornithologists ' Union . 21 ( 3 ) : 364 -- 382 . doi : 10.2307 / 4070199 . JSTOR 4070199 . Jump up ^ Gause , G.F. ( 1932 ) . `` Experimental studies on the struggle for existence : 1 . Mixed population of two species of yeast '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Experimental Biology . 9 : 389 -- 402 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , George Evelyn ( 1961 ) . `` The paradox of the plankton '' . American Naturalist. 95 : 137 -- 145 . doi : 10.1086 / 282171 . Jump up ^ MacArthur , R.H. ( 1958 ) . `` Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests '' . Ecology. 39 : 599 -- 619 . doi : 10.2307 / 1931600 . Jump up ^ Lack , D.L. ( 1945 ) . `` The Galapagos finches ( Geospizinae ) ; a study in variation '' . Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences . 21 : 36 -- 49 . Jump up ^ De León , LF ; Podos , J ; Gardezi , T ; Herrel , A ; Hendry , AP ( Jun 2014 ) . `` Darwin 's finches and their diet niches : the sympatric coexistence of imperfect generalists '' . J Evol Biol. 27 ( 6 ) : 1093 -- 104 . doi : 10.1111 / jeb. 12383 . Jump up ^ Rastetter , E.B. ; Ågren , G.I. ( 2002 ) . `` Changes in individual allometry can lead to coexistence without niche separation '' . Ecosystems. 5 : 789 -- 801 . doi : 10.1007 / s10021 - 002 - 0188 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moll , J.D. ; Brown , J.S. ( 2008 ) . `` Competition and Coexistence with Multiple Life - History Stages '' . American Naturalist. 171 : 839 -- 843 . doi : 10.1086 / 587517 . Jump up ^ Clayton , D.H. ; Bush , S.E. ( 2006 ) . `` The role of body size in host specificity : Reciprocal transfer experiments with feather lice '' . Evolution. 60 : 2158 -- 2167 . Jump up ^ Harbison , C.W. ( 2008 ) . `` Comparative transmission dynamics of competing parasite species '' . Ecology. 89 : 3186 -- 3194 . doi : 10.1890 / 07 - 1745.1 . <Th_colspan="3"> Biological rules Rules Allen 's rule Shorter appendages in colder climates Bergmann 's rule Larger bodies in colder climates Cope 's rule Bodies get larger over time Deep - sea gigantism Larger bodies in deep - sea animals Dollo 's law Loss of complex traits is irreversible Emery 's rule Insect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts Fahrenholz 's rule Host and parasite phylogenies become congruent Foster 's rule ( Insular gigantism , Insular dwarfism ) Small species get larger , large species smaller , after colonizing islands Gause 's law Complete competitors can not coexist Gloger 's rule Lighter coloration in colder , drier climates Haldane 's rule Hybrid sexes that are absent , rare , or sterile , are heterogamic Hamilton 's rule Genes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor Hennig 's progression rule In cladistics , the most primitive species are found in earliest , central , part of group 's area Jordan 's rule Inverse relationship between water temperature and no. of fin rays , vertebrae Lack 's principle Birds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for Rapoport 's rule Latitudinal range increases with latitude Rensch 's rule Sexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger , decreases with size when females are larger Rosa 's rule Groups evolve from character variation in primitive species to a fixed character state in advanced ones Schmalhausen 's law A population at limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect Thorson 's rule No. of eggs of benthic marine invertebrates decreases with latitude Van Valen 's law Probability of extinction of a group is constant over time von Baer 's laws Embryos start from a common form and develop into increasingly specialised forms Williston 's law Parts in an organism become reduced in number and specialized in function Related Countergradient variation Where genetics opposes environment as a factor Gigantothermy Large ectothermic animals more easily maintain constant body temperature <Th_colspan="2"> Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense , counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish <Th_colspan="2"> Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology <Td_colspan="2"> List of ecology topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Competitive_exclusion_principle&oldid=821748940 '' Categories : Biological rules Biological interactions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 11 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Competitive exclusion principle
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-8,301,931,331,315,069,000 | what are the odds of getting a straight flush in texas hold em | Poker probability - wikipedia Poker probability hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection , personal essay , or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In poker , the probability of each type of 5 - card hand can be computed by calculating the proportion of hands of that type among all possible hands . Contents 1 History 2 Frequency of 5 - card poker hands 3 Frequency of 7 - card poker hands 4 Frequency of 5 - card lowball poker hands 5 Frequency of 7 - card lowball poker hands 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links History ( edit ) Probability and gambling have been an idea since long before the invention of poker . The development of probability theory in the late 1400s was attributed to gambling ; when playing a game with high stakes , players wanted to know what the chance of winning would be . In 1494 , Fra Luca Paccioli released his work Summa de arithmetica , geometria , proportioni e proportionalita which was the first written text on probability . Motivated by Paccioli 's work , Girolamo Cardano ( 1501 - 1576 ) made further developments in probability theory . His work from 1550 , titled Liber de Ludo Aleae , discussed the concepts of probability and how they were directly related to gambling . However , his work did not receive any immediate recognition since it was not published until after his death . Blaise Pascal ( 1623 - 1662 ) also contributed to probability theory . His friend , Chevalier de Méré , was an avid gambler with the goal to become wealthy from it . De Méré tried a new mathematical approach to a gambling game but did not get the desired results . Determined to know why his strategy was unsuccessful , he consulted with Pascal . Pascal 's work on this problem began an important correspondence between him and fellow mathematician Pierre de Fermat ( 1601 - 1665 ) . Communicating through letters , the two continued to exchange their ideas and thoughts . These interactions led to the conception of basic probability theory . To this day , many gamblers still rely on the basic concepts of probability theory in order to make informed decisions while gambling . Frequency of 5 - card poker hands ( edit ) A Venn diagram depicting poker hands and their odds from a typical American 9 / 6 Jacks or Better machine The following chart enumerates the ( absolute ) frequency of each hand , given all combinations of 5 cards randomly drawn from a full deck of 52 without replacement . Wild cards are not considered . In this chart : Distinct hands is the number of different ways to draw the hand , not counting different suits . Frequency is the number of ways to draw the hand , including the same card values in different suits . The Probability of drawing a given hand is calculated by dividing the number of ways of drawing the hand ( Frequency ) by the total number of 5 - card hands ( the sample space ; ( 52 5 ) = 2 , 598 , 960 ( \ displaystyle \ , ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( 52 \ choose 5 ) = 2,598,960 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) ) . For example , there are 4 different ways to draw a royal flush ( one for each suit ) , so the probability is 4 / 2,598,960 , or one in 649,740 . One would then expect to draw this hand about once in every 649,740 draws , that 's nearly 0.000154 % of the time . Cumulative probability refers to the probability of drawing a hand as good as or better than the specified one . For example , the probability of drawing three of a kind is approximately 2.11 % , while the probability of drawing a hand at least as good as three of a kind is about 2.87 % . The cumulative probability is determined by adding one hand 's probability with the probabilities of all hands above it . The Odds are defined as the ratio of the number of ways not to draw the hand , to the number of ways to draw it . For instance , with a royal flush , there are 4 ways to draw one , and 2,598,956 ways to draw something else ( 2,598,960 - 4 ) , so the odds against drawing a royal flush are 2,598,956 : 4 , or 649,739 : 1 . The formula for establishing the odds can also be stated as ( 1 / p ) - 1 : 1 , where p is the aforementioned probability . The values given for Probability , Cumulative probability , and Odds are rounded off for simplicity ; the Distinct hands and Frequency values are exact . The nCr function on most scientific calculators can be used to calculate hand frequencies ; entering nCr with 52 and 5 , for example , yields ( 52 5 ) = 2 , 598 , 960 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( 52 \ choose 5 ) = 2,598,960 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) as above . Hand Distinct hands Frequency Probability Cumulative probability Odds Mathematical expression of absolute frequency Royal flush 0.000154 % 0.000154 % 649,740 : 1 ( 4 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 4 \ choose 1 ) ) Straight flush ( excluding royal flush ) 9 36 0.00139 % 0.0015 % 72,192 : 1 ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) − ( 4 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 10 \ choose 1 ) ( 4 \ choose 1 ) - ( 4 \ choose 1 ) ) Four of a kind 156 624 0.0240 % 0.0256 % 4,165 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 12 1 ) ( 4 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 13 \ choose 1 ) ( 12 \ choose 1 ) ( 4 \ choose 1 ) ) Full house 156 3,744 0.1441 % 0.17 % 693 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 4 3 ) ( 12 1 ) ( 4 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 13 \ choose 1 ) ( 4 \ choose 3 ) ( 12 \ choose 1 ) ( 4 \ choose 2 ) ) Flush ( excluding royal flush and straight flush ) 1,277 5,108 0.1965 % 0.367 % 508 : 1 ( 13 5 ) ( 4 1 ) − ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 13 \ choose 5 ) ( 4 \ choose 1 ) - ( 10 \ choose 1 ) ( 4 \ choose 1 ) ) Straight ( excluding royal flush and straight flush ) 10 10,200 0.3925 % 0.76 % 254 : 1 ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) 5 − ( 10 1 ) ( 4 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 10 \ choose 1 ) ( 4 \ choose 1 ) ^ ( 5 ) - ( 10 \ choose 1 ) ( 4 \ choose 1 ) ) Three of a kind 858 54,912 2.1128 % 2.87 % 46.3 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 4 3 ) ( 12 2 ) ( 4 1 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( 13 \ choose 1 ) ( 4 \ choose 3 ) ( 12 \ choose 2 ) ( 4 \ choose 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) Two pair 858 123,552 4.7539 % 7.62 % 20.0 : 1 ( 13 2 ) ( 4 2 ) 2 ( 11 1 ) ( 4 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 13 \ choose 2 ) ( 4 \ choose 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ( 11 \ choose 1 ) ( 4 \ choose 1 ) ) One pair 2,860 1,098,240 42.2569 % 49.9 % 1.37 : 1 ( 13 1 ) ( 4 2 ) ( 12 3 ) ( 4 1 ) 3 ( \ displaystyle ( 13 \ choose 1 ) ( 4 \ choose 2 ) ( 12 \ choose 3 ) ( 4 \ choose 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) ) No pair / High card 1,277 1,302,540 50.1177 % 100 % 0.995 : 1 ( ( 13 5 ) − 10 ) ( ( 4 1 ) 5 − 4 ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( 13 \ choose 5 ) - 10 \ right ) \ left ( ( 4 \ choose 1 ) ^ ( 5 ) - 4 \ right ) ) Total 7,462 2,598,960 100 % -- - 0 : 1 ( 52 5 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 52 \ choose 5 ) ) The royal flush is a case of the straight flush . It can be formed 4 ways ( one for each suit ) , giving it a probability of 0.000154 % and odds of 649,739 : 1 . When ace - low straights and ace - low straight flushes are not counted , the probabilities of each are reduced : straights and straight flushes each become 9 / 10 as common as they otherwise would be . The 4 missed straight flushes become flushes and the 1,020 missed straights become no pair . Note that since suits have no relative value in poker , two hands can be considered identical if one hand can be transformed into the other by swapping suits . For example , the hand 3 ♣ 7 ♣ 8 ♣ Q ♠ A ♠ is identical to 3 7 8 Q ♥ A ♥ because replacing all of the clubs in the first hand with diamonds and all of the spades with hearts produces the second hand . So eliminating identical hands that ignore relative suit values , there are only 134,459 distinct hands . The number of distinct poker hands is even smaller . For example , 3 ♣ 7 ♣ 8 ♣ Q ♠ A ♠ and 3 7 ♣ 8 Q ♥ A ♥ are not identical hands when just ignoring suit assignments because one hand has three suits , while the other hand has only two -- that difference could affect the relative value of each hand when there are more cards to come . However , even though the hands are not identical from that perspective , they still form equivalent poker hands because each hand is an A-Q - 8 - 7 - 3 high card hand . There are 7,462 distinct poker hands . Frequency of 7 - card poker hands ( edit ) In some popular variations of poker such as Texas Hold ' Em , a player uses the best five - card poker hand out of seven cards . The frequencies are calculated in a manner similar to that shown for 5 - card hands , except additional complications arise due to the extra two cards in the 7 - card poker hand . The total number of distinct 7 - card hands is ( 52 7 ) = 133 , 784 , 560 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( 52 \ choose 7 ) = 133,784,560 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) . It is notable that the probability of a no - pair hand is less than the probability of a one - pair or two - pair hand . The Ace - high straight flush or royal flush is slightly more frequent ( 4324 ) than the lower straight flushes ( 4140 each ) because the remaining two cards can have any value ; a King - high straight flush , for example , can not have the Ace of its suit in the hand ( as that would make it ace - high instead ) . Hand Frequency Probability Cumulative Odds Royal flush 4,324 0.0032 % 0.0032 % 30,939 : 1 Straight flush ( excl . royal flush ) 37,260 0.0279 % 0.0311 % 3,589.6 : 1 Four of a kind 224,848 0.168 % 0.199 % 594 : 1 Full house 3,473,184 2.60 % 2.80 % 37.5 : 1 Flush 4,047,644 3.03 % 5.82 % 32.1 : 1 Straight 6,180,020 4.62 % 10.4 % 20.6 : 1 Three of a kind 6,461,620 4.83 % 15.3 % 19.7 : 1 Two pair 31,433,400 23.5 % 38.8 % 3.26 : 1 One pair 58,627,800 43.8 % 82.6 % 1.28 : 1 No pair 23,294,460 17.4 % 100 % 4.74 : 1 Total 133,784,560 100 % 100 % 0 : 1 ( The frequencies given are exact ; the probabilities and odds are approximate . ) Since suits have no relative value in poker , two hands can be considered identical if one hand can be transformed into the other by swapping suits . Eliminating identical hands that ignore relative suit values leaves 6,009,159 distinct 7 - card hands . The number of distinct 5 - card poker hands that are possible from 7 cards is 4,824 . Perhaps surprisingly , this is fewer than the number of 5 - card poker hands from 5 cards because some 5 - card hands are impossible with 7 cards ( e.g. 7 - high ) . Frequency of 5 - card lowball poker hands ( edit ) See also : Lowball ( poker ) Some variants of poker , called lowball , use a low hand to determine the winning hand . In most variants of lowball , the ace is counted as the lowest card and straights and flushes do n't count against a low hand , so the lowest hand is the five - high hand A-2 - 3 - 4 - 5 , also called a wheel . The probability is calculated based on ( 52 5 ) = 2 , 598 , 960 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( 52 \ choose 5 ) = 2,598,960 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) , the total number of 5 - card combinations . ( The frequencies given are exact ; the probabilities and odds are approximate . ) Hand Distinct hands Frequency Probability Cumulative Odds 5 - high 1,024 0.0394 % 0.0394 % 2,537.05 : 1 6 - high 5 5,120 0.197 % 0.236 % 506.61 : 1 7 - high 15 15,360 0.591 % 0.827 % 168.20 : 1 8 - high 35 35,840 1.38 % 2.21 % 71.52 : 1 9 - high 70 71,680 2.76 % 4.96 % 35.26 : 1 10 - high 126 129,024 4.96 % 9.93 % 19.14 : 1 Jack - high 210 215,040 8.27 % 18.2 % 11.09 : 1 Queen - high 330 337,920 13.0 % 31.2 % 6.69 : 1 King - high 495 506,880 19.5 % 50.7 % 4.13 : 1 Total 1,287 1,317,888 50.7 % 50.7 % 0.97 : 1 As can be seen from the table , just over half the time a player gets a hand that has no pairs , three - or four - of - a-kinds . ( 50.7 % ) If aces are not low , simply rotate the hand descriptions so that 6 - high replaces 5 - high for the best hand and ace - high replaces king - high as the worst hand . Frequency of 7 - card lowball poker hands ( edit ) See also : Lowball ( poker ) In some variants of poker a player uses the best five - card low hand selected from seven cards . In most variants of lowball , the ace is counted as the lowest card and straights and flushes do n't count against a low hand , so the lowest hand is the five - high hand A-2 - 3 - 4 - 5 , also called a wheel . The probability is calculated based on ( 52 7 ) = 133 , 784 , 560 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( 52 \ choose 7 ) = 133,784,560 \ end ( matrix ) ) ) , the total number of 7 - card combinations . The table does not extend to include five - card hands with at least one pair . Its `` Total '' represents 95.4 % of the time that a player can select a 5 - card low hand without any pair . Hand Frequency Probability Cumulative Odds 5 - high 781,824 0.584 % 0.584 % 170.12 : 1 6 - high 3,151,360 2.36 % 2.94 % 41.45 : 1 7 - high 7,426,560 5.55 % 8.49 % 17.01 : 1 8 - high 13,171,200 9.85 % 18.3 % 9.16 : 1 9 - high 19,174,400 14.3 % 32.7 % 5.98 : 1 10 - high 23,675,904 17.7 % 50.4 % 4.65 : 1 Jack - high 24,837,120 18.6 % 68.9 % 4.39 : 1 Queen - high 21,457,920 16.0 % 85.0 % 5.23 : 1 King - high 13,939,200 10.4 % 95.4 % 8.60 : 1 Total 127,615,488 95.4 % 95.4 % 0.05 : 1 ( The frequencies given are exact ; the probabilities and odds are approximate . ) If aces are not low , simply rotate the hand descriptions so that 6 - high replaces 5 - high for the best hand and ace - high replaces king - high as the worst hand . See also ( edit ) Sports and games portal Probability Odds Sample space Event ( probability theory ) Binomial coefficient Combination Permutation Combinatorial game theory Game complexity Set theory Gaming mathematics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Probability Theory '' . Science Clarified . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of Probability '' . teacher link . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Brian Alspach 's mathematics and poker page MathWorld : Poker Poker probabilities including conditional calculations Numerous poker probability tables 5 , 6 , and 7 card poker probabilities Poker Odds for Dummies The 7,462 and 4,824 equivalence classes Preflop , After Flop and Chance of Making Hand Odds Odds and Outs probability table Poker probability calculator 5 , 6 and 7 cards Visual odds calculator <Th_colspan="2"> Poker <Td_colspan="2"> Index of poker articles Outline of poker Overview Betting Cheating Glossary History Poker boom Tournaments Play Elements Chip Position Pot Playing card Hands Non-standard Tell Plays Aggression Bluff Check - raise Draw Isolation Protection Steal Variations Draw poker Five - card draw Stud poker Five - card stud Seven - card stud Razz Community card poker Texas hold ' em Greek hold ' em Omaha hold ' em Six - plus hold ' em Three - card brag Three Card Poker Chinese poker Open - face Chinese poker Strategy Fundamental theorem of poker Morton 's theorem Pot odds Slow play Computing Computer poker player Online poker Poker tools <Td_colspan="2"> Category Commons WikiProject <Th_colspan="2"> Gambling Games Table game Baccarat Mini-Baccarat Blackjack Craps Pai gow Pai gow poker Roulette Big Six wheel Bingo Bola tangkas Faro Keno Lottery Lottery betting Mahjong Medal game Pachinko Poker Rummy Scratchcard Sic bo Slot machines Sports betting Betting on horse racing Trente et Quarante Video poker Venues List of casinos Casino Online casino Cardroom Racino Riverboat casino Science Mathematics Gambling mathematics Mathematics of bookmaking Poker probability Strategies Advantage gambling Card counting Dice control Asian handicap Due Column betting Labouchère system Martingale Terminology Crimp Double or nothing Even money Handicapping High roller Natural Progressive jackpot Shill Table limit Advance - deposit wagering Miscellaneous Casino game Game of chance Game of skill List of bets Problem gambling <Td_colspan="2"> Category Commons Wiktionary WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poker_probability&oldid=864084105 '' Categories : Poker probability Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with style issues from March 2015 All articles with style issues Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 00 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Poker probability
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5. Frequency and probability in poker hands |
-2,926,557,716,077,996,000 | who gave the concept of eclectic counselling technique | Eclectic psychotherapy - wikipedia Eclectic psychotherapy Eclectic psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy in which the clinician uses more than one theoretical approach , or multiple sets of techniques , to help with clients ' needs . The use of different therapeutic approaches will be based on the effectiveness in resolving the patient 's problems , rather than the theory behind each therapy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Types 2.1 Overview 2.2 Brief 2.3 Systematic 2.4 Prescriptive 2.5 Technical 3 Comparison with integrative psychotherapy 4 References Background ( edit ) Over the history of clinical psychology , many therapeutic approaches have been created as stand - alone methods . Eclectic psychotherapy , which involves using multiple therapeutic methods , attempts to avoid the dilemma of choosing one method by utilizing multiple approaches . Therapists may be trained in one particular method or theoretical orientation , but may shift to a more eclectic approach , adding other methods to their original training . A therapist also be trained as eclectic . Psychotherapists - in - training are typically exposed to a variety of different methods and theories . Eclectic psychotherapy might include using a behavior modification approach for one symptom and a psychoanalytic approach for a second symptom . An eclectic psychotherapist may use one mode of treatment for one patient and a different one for another patient . Types ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) All of the following listed types of psychotherapies are different forms of eclectic psychotherapies . The decision to use or not use each form may be based upon therapist preference , patient preference or effectiveness for certain presenting problems . Brief ( edit ) Brief eclectic psychotherapy , as the name suggests , is a short - term form of psychotherapy using an eclectic approach . It often consists of a combination of cognitive - behavioral and psychodynamic approaches over a limited number of sessions , often sixteen or fewer . The term brief eclectic psychotherapy may be defined in several different ways , but is generally regarded as just short - term eclectic psychotherapy . One specific form of brief eclectic therapy is brief eclectic therapy for traumatic grief ( BET - TG ) . Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , and persistent complex bereavement disorder ( PCBD ) can all be treated with BEG - TG . Systematic ( edit ) When using the systematic eclectic psychotherapy approach developed by Larry E. Beutler and colleagues in the early 1990s , the therapist bases his or her choice of treatment method on four key factors : client characteristics , the context of treatment , relationship variables , and specific strategies and techniques `` that will maximally focus on relevant problems , manage levels of client motivation , overcome obstacles to successful resolution of problems , achieve treatment objectives , consolidate treatment gains , and prevent or reduce relapse '' . Unlike brief eclectic psychotherapy , there is not necessarily a limit on the number of sessions . The therapist chooses the approach that he or she believes will be most helpful to the patient based on evaluation of the four factors . Prescriptive ( edit ) The focus of prescriptive eclectic psychotherapy , described in 1978 by Richard E. Dimond and colleagues , is to create a personalized treatment plan for each client that is based on a combination of different theories and techniques , while sticking to a structure that is based on research . The therapy allows the therapist to use multiple theoretical approaches , but must be rooted in evidence from psychological research . The psychotherapist must not only choose the type of psychotherapy used , but also the type of therapeutic relationship that should be utilized . There is a great emphasis on using clinical research and prior clinical knowledge in determining how to move forward with treatment . Technical ( edit ) Technical eclectic psychotherapy focuses only on using multiple techniques and ignores the theoretical background of those techniques . In this form of eclectic therapy , the therapist uses a variety of techniques based on what is expected to help the patient . Theory is not considered an important factor in this approach , as only the techniques used matter . Depending on the techniques selected by the therapist , the methods of treatment may come from similar psychological schools of thought or completely opposite ones . One form of technical eclectic psychotherapy is multimodal therapy , developed by Arnold Lazarus starting in the 1960s . Comparison with integrative psychotherapy ( edit ) The terms integrative psychotherapy and eclectic psychotherapy are sometimes used interchangeably , but the two terms are not synonymous . The American Psychological Association lists the two types of therapies as unique and different types of psychotherapies . Both eclectic and integrative psychotherapy combine the use of multiple psychological theories . Integrative psychotherapy tends to place greater emphasis on the theories being combined , while eclectic therapy tends to be more outcome focused . An eclectic psychotherapist will use whatever theory will help his or her patient and an integrative psychotherapist will use one theory to compliment another . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Zarbo , Cristina ; Tasca , Giorgio A. ; Cattafi , Francesco ; Compare , Angelo ( 2016 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Opinion article : Integrative psychotherapy works '' . Frontiers in Psychology . 6 . doi : 10.3389 / fpsyg. 2015.02021 . ISSN 1664 - 1078 . PMC 4707273 . PMID 26793143 . ^ Jump up to : Norcross , John C. ; Goldfried , Marvin R. ( 2005 ) . Handbook of psychotherapy integration . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195165791 . OCLC 845677280 . ^ Jump up to : Smid , Geert E. ; Kleber , Rolf J. ; Rie , Simone M. de la ; Bos , Jannetta B.A. ; Gersons , Berthold P.R. ; Boelen , Paul A. ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for Traumatic Grief ( BEP - TG ) : toward integrated treatment of symptoms related to traumatic loss '' . European Journal of Psychotraumatology. 6 ( 1 ) : 27324 . doi : 10.3402 / ejpt. v6. 27324 . ISSN 2000 - 8198 . PMC 4495623 . PMID 26154434 . ^ Jump up to : Jonas , Daniel E. ; Cusack , Karen ; Forneris , Catherine A. ; Wilkins , Tania M. ; Sonis , Jeffrey ; Middleton , Jennifer Cook ; Feltner , Cynthia ; Meredith , Dane ; Cavanaugh , Jamie ( April 2013 ) . Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) . AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews . Rockville ( MD ) : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( US ) . OCLC 845095216 . PMID 23658937 . Jump up ^ Nijdam , Mirjam J. ; Gersons , Berthold P.R. ; Reitsma , Johannes B. ; Jongh , Ad de ; Olff , Miranda ( March 2012 ) . `` Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder : randomised controlled trial '' . The British Journal of Psychiatry . 200 ( 3 ) : 224 -- 231 . doi : 10.1192 / bjp. bp. 111.099234 . ISSN 0007 - 1250 . PMID 22322458 . Jump up ^ Beutler , Larry E. ; Consoli , Andrés J. ( 1993 ) . `` Matching the therapist 's interpersonal stance to clients ' characteristics : Contributions from systematic eclectic psychotherapy '' . Psychotherapy : Theory , Research , Practice , Training . 30 ( 3 ) : 417 -- 422 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 3204.30. 3.417 . Jump up ^ Dimond , Richard E. ; Havens , Ronald A. ; Jones , Arthur C. ( 1978 ) . `` A conceptual framework for the practice of prescriptive eclecticism in psychotherapy '' . American Psychologist. 33 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 248 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 33.3. 239 . Jump up ^ `` Prescriptive Eclectic Therapy '' . apa.org. 1994 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Short , Fay ; Thomas , Phil ( 2015 ) . Core approaches in counselling and psychotherapy . New York : Routledge . pp. 65 -- 67 . ISBN 9781444167283 . OCLC 812256231 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Arnold A. ( October 1967 ) . `` In support of technical eclecticism '' . Psychological Reports . 21 ( 2 ) : 415 -- 416 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 1967.21. 2.415 . PMID 6079233 . Jump up ^ `` Approaches Featured in PsycTHERAPY '' . apa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . <Th_colspan="2"> Psychotherapy ( list ) Schools Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis Adlerian therapy Analytical therapy Mentalization - based treatment Transference focused psychotherapy Cognitive and behavioral Behavior therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive therapy Compassion focused therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy Combined with Applied behavior analysis Clinical behavior analysis or CBA Functional analytic psychotherapy Acceptance and commitment therapy List Humanistic Person - centered therapy Emotionally focused therapy Existential therapy Focusing Gestalt therapy Logotherapy Other Art therapy Dance therapy Feminist therapy Multimodal therapy Music therapy Narrative therapy Play therapy Reality therapy Systemic therapy Transactional analysis List Integrative Eclectic psychotherapy Integrative psychotherapy Transtheoretical model Approaches Brief psychotherapy Counseling Online counseling Residential treatment Self - help Support groups Research Clinical formulation Clinical pluralism Common factors theory History Practitioner -- scholar model Society for Psychotherapy Research Techniques Behaviour therapy Aversion therapy Applied behavior analysis ( ABA ) ( formerly Behavior modification ) Desensitization Homework Other individual therapy Autogenic training Biofeedback Cognitive restructuring Exposure therapy Free association Hypnotherapy Group psychotherapy Family therapy Psychodrama Sensitivity training Relationship counseling People Philippe Pinel ( 1745 -- 1826 ) Josef Breuer ( 1842 -- 1925 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Pierre Janet ( 1859 -- 1947 ) Alfred Adler ( 1870 -- 1937 ) Sándor Ferenczi ( 1873 -- 1933 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) Ludwig Binswanger ( 1881 -- 1966 ) Melanie Klein ( 1882 -- 1960 ) Otto Rank ( 1884 -- 1939 ) Karen Horney ( 1885 -- 1952 ) Harry Stack Sullivan ( 1892 -- 1949 ) Fritz Perls ( 1893 -- 1970 ) Anna Freud ( 1895 -- 1982 ) Donald Winnicott ( 1896 -- 1971 ) Wilhelm Reich ( 1897 -- 1957 ) Milton H. Erickson ( 1901 -- 1980 ) Jacques Lacan ( 1901 -- 1981 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Viktor Frankl ( 1905 -- 1997 ) George Kelly ( 1905 -- 1967 ) Rollo May ( 1909 -- 1994 ) Virginia Axline ( 1911 -- 1988 ) Carl Whitaker ( 1912 -- 1995 ) Albert Ellis ( 1913 -- 2007 ) James Bugental ( 1915 -- 2008 ) Joseph Wolpe ( 1915 -- 1997 ) Virginia Satir ( 1916 -- 1988 ) Aaron T. Beck ( b . 1921 ) Salvador Minuchin ( 1921 -- 2017 ) Hans Herrman Strupp ( 1921 -- 2006 ) Paul Watzlawick ( 1921 -- 2007 ) Haim Ginott ( 1922 -- 1973 ) Arthur Janov ( 1924 -- 2017 ) Eugene Gendlin ( 1926 -- 2017 ) R.D. Laing ( 1927 -- 1989 ) Jean Baker Miller ( 1927 -- 2006 ) Otto F. Kernberg ( b . 1928 ) Irvin D. Yalom ( b . 1931 ) Arnold Lazarus ( 1932 -- 2013 ) Lorna Smith Benjamin ( b . 1934 ) Marsha M. Linehan ( b . 1943 ) Vittorio Guidano ( 1944 -- 1999 ) Les Greenberg ( b . 1945 ) William R. Miller ( b . 1947 ) Michael White ( 1948 -- 2008 ) Jeffrey Young ( b . 1950 ) Peter Fonagy ( b . 1952 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eclectic_psychotherapy&oldid=816695844 '' Categories : Integrative psychotherapy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 02 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Eclectic psychotherapy
2. Multiple theoretical approaches
3. Brief eclectic psychotherapy
4. Systematic eclectic psychotherapy
5. Prescriptive eclectic psychotherapy |
5,318,180,036,615,927,000 | who played eddie murphy's wife in dr. dolittle | Dr. Dolittle ( film ) - wikipedia Dr. Dolittle ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1998 film . For the 1967 film , see Doctor Dolittle ( film ) . For other uses of `` Dr. Dolittle '' , see Doctor Dolittle ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Dr. Dolittle <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Betty Thomas Produced by John Davis David T. Friendly Joseph M. Singer Written by Larry Levin Nat Mauldin Starring Eddie Murphy Ossie Davis Oliver Platt Music by Richard Gibbs Cinematography Russell Boyd Edited by Peter Teschner Production companies Davis Entertainment Friendly Films Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date June 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 26 ) Running time 85 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $70.5 million Box office $294.4 million Dr. Dolittle is a 1998 American fantasy comedy film directed by Betty Thomas , written by Larry Levin and Nat Mauldin , and starring Eddie Murphy in the titular role . The film was inspired by the series of children 's stories of the same name by Hugh Lofting , but used no material from any of the novels ; the main connection is the name and a doctor who can speak to animals , although the pushmi - pullyu , a much - loved feature of the books , notably makes a very brief appearance in a couple of scenes . The first novel had originally been filmed in 1967 as a musical under the same title , a closer ( albeit still very loose ) adaptation of the book . The earlier film was a box office bomb , but still remains a cult classic and a two - time Academy Award - winner . Although the 1998 film was rated PG - 13 by the MPAA , it was marketed as a family film . The 1998 film was a box office success , despite mixed reviews from critics . The film 's success generated four sequels ; Dr. Dolittle 2 , Dr. Dolittle 3 , Tail to the Chief , and Million Dollar Mutts , the latter three being direct - to - video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Video game 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) As a boy , John Dolittle displays an ability to talk to and understand animals , starting with his pet dog . His behaviour disturbs his father Archer , who hires a local minister to perform an exorcism on his son , but after John 's dog attacks him , Archer sends her away for adoption . John eventually forgets he can talk to animals . As an adult , John is a doctor and surgeon living in San Francisco . He is happily married to his wife Lisa , and has two daughters , typical teenager Charisse , and nerdy Maya , who has a pet guinea pig named Rodney , and what she thinks is a swan egg , which she hopes will bond with her upon hatching . A large medical company owned by Mr. Calloway seeks to buy John 's practice , a deal which his colleagues Mark Weller and Gene Reiss are enthusiastic about . John 's family goes on vacation , but he must return to work to see a patient , and then pick up Rodney . He nearly hits a dog , which gets up and angrily shouts at him in English . The next day , Rodney starts talking to John , who has no memory of his gift , and thinks he is having a mental breakdown . John has a CT scan after animals start asking for favours when he helps a wounded owl , and he then unwittingly adopts the dog he ran over , naming him Lucky . John starts secretly helping animals , including a suicidal circus tiger named Jake , who feels great cerebral pain . However , Lisa and Mark catch him performing CPR on a rat , and have him institutionalised . Believing his gift is a hindrance , John rejects all abnormality in his life and returns to work , but in doing so , ostracizes Maya as well , who comes to believe he does n't like her . Maya admits to Archer that she liked the idea of her father talking to animals , John eavesdropping on the conversation and has a change of heart . He apologises to Lucky , and together , they steal Jake from the circus to perform surgery on him . Mark and Gene catch John , but Gene tires of the former 's opportunistic attitude and helps John . When Jake is exposed to the party for the buyout , John calmly goes on with the operation . Archer reveals to Lisa that John 's gift is real , encouraging her to venture into the operating theatre and keep Jake calm whilst her husband and Gene remove the cause of Jake 's pain . Calloway is impressed with John 's talent , but he declines the deal . John becomes both a doctor and a veterinarian , embracing his ability to talk to animals . In a mid-credits scene , Maya 's egg hatches , but is revealed to be a baby alligator . Cast ( edit ) Eddie Murphy as Dr. John Dolittle Raymond Matthew Mason as 3 - year - old John Dari Gerard Smith as 5 - year - old John Ossie Davis as Grandpa Archer Dolittle Oliver Platt as Dr. Mark Weller Peter Boyle as Mr. Calloway Kristen Wilson as Lisa Dolittle Kyla Pratt as Maya Dolittle Raven - Symoné as Charisse Dolittle Jeffrey Tambor as Dr. Fish Richard Schiff as Dr. Gene `` Geno '' Reiss Paul Giamatti ( uncredited ) as Blaine Hammersmith Pruitt Taylor Vince ( uncredited ) as Patient at Hammersmith Voice cast ( edit ) Royce Applegate ' I love you ' Dog Albert Brooks : Jacob `` Jake '' the Tiger Hamilton Camp : Pig Jim Dean : Orangutan Ellen DeGeneres : Prologue Dog Jeff Doucette : Opossum Brian Doyle - Murray : Old Beagle Chad Einbidnder : Bettleheim the Cat Jenna Elfman : Owl Eddie Frierson : Skunk Gilbert Gottfried : Compulsive Dog Archie Hahn : Heavy Woman 's Dog Phyllis Katz : Goat Julie Kavner : Female Pigeon John Leguizamo : Rat # 2 Jonathan Lipnicki : Tiger Cub Norm Macdonald : Lucky Kerrigan Mahan : Male Pigeon Phil Proctor : Drunk Monkey Paul Reubens : Raccoon Chris Rock : Rodney the Guinea Pig Reni Santoni : Rat # 1 Garry Shandling : Male Pigeon Tom Towles : German Shepherd Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Dr. Dolittle <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various artists Released June 16 , 1998 Recorded 1997 -- 98 Genre Hip hop , R&B Label Atlantic Producer Timbaland , Rodney Jerkins , The Legendary Traxster , Various <Th_colspan="2"> Dr. Dolittle soundtracks chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Dr. Dolittle ( 1998 ) Dr. Dolittle 2 ( 2001 ) Dr. Dolittle 2 2001 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Dr. Dolittle <Td_colspan="2"> `` Are You That Somebody ? '' Released : June 16 , 1998 `` Same Ol ' G '' Released : July 28 , 1998 `` That 's Why I Lie '' Released : September 22 , 1998 <Td_colspan="2"> The soundtrack was released on June 16 , 1998 through Atlantic Records and consisted of a blend of hip hop and contemporary R&B . The soundtrack was a huge success , peaking at 4 on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and was certified 2 × Multi-Platinum on October 20 , 1998 . Allmusic rated the soundtrack four stars out of five . The soundtrack 's lone charting single , `` Are You That Somebody ? '' by Aaliyah , also found success , making it to 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 and received a nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the Grammy Awards . `` That 's Why I Lie '' -- 4 : 51 ( Ray J ) `` Let 's Ride '' -- 4 : 53 ( Montell Jordan and Shaunta ) `` Are You That Somebody ? '' -- 4 : 27 ( Aaliyah ) `` Same Ol ' G '' -- 4 : 21 ( Ginuwine ) `` Lady Marmalade '' ( Timbaland Remix ) -- 4 : 03 ( All Saints ) `` Da Funk '' -- 4 : 29 ( Timbaland ) `` Do Little Things '' -- 5 : 09 ( Changing Faces and Ivan Matias ) `` Your Dress '' -- 3 : 59 ( Playa ) `` Woof Woof '' -- 4 : 11 ( 69 Boyz ) `` Rock Steady '' -- 3 : 05 ( Dawn Robinson and Tisha Campbell - Martin ) `` In Your World '' -- 4 : 50 ( Twista and Speedknot Mobstaz ) `` Lovin ' You So '' -- 3 : 35 ( Jody Watley ) `` Dance '' -- 3 : 38 ( Robin S. and Mary Mary ) `` Push ' Em Up '' -- 3 : 46 ( DJ Toomp , Eddie Kane and Deville ) `` Ai n't Nothin ' but a Party '' -- 3 : 57 ( The Sugarhill Gang ) Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) On its opening weekend , Dr. Dolittle earned $29,014,324 across 2,777 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking # 1 at the box office , the best debut for a Fox film that week . By the end of its run , the film had grossed $144,156,605 in the United States and $150,300,000 internationally , totaling $294,456,605 worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2016 ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a 44 % score based on 51 reviews , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . Metacritic reports a 46 out of 100 rating based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Video game ( edit ) A video game based on the film was released in Europe for the PlayStation 2 on November 29 , 2006 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DR DOLITTLE ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 1 , 1998 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Dolittle ( 1998 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Dolittle ( 1998 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Dolittle reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dr. Dolittle Million Dollar Mutts on IMDb Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ `` Nine Things We 'll Never Forget About Aaliyah '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dolittle Box Shot for PlayStation 2 - GameFAQs '' . www.gamefaqs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dr. Dolittle ( film ) Dr. Dolittle on IMDb Dr. Dolittle at Box Office Mojo Dr. Dolittle at Rotten Tomatoes Dr. Dolittle at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Hugh Lofting 's Doctor Dolittle Books The Story of Doctor Dolittle The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle Doctor Dolittle 's Post Office Doctor Dolittle 's Circus Doctor Dolittle 's Zoo Doctor Dolittle 's Caravan Doctor Dolittle 's Garden Doctor Dolittle in the Moon Doctor Dolittle 's Return Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake Doctor Dolittle and the Green Canary Doctor Dolittle 's Puddleby Adventures Gub Gub 's Book Films Doctor Dolittle Dr. Dolittle Dr. Dolittle 2 Dr. Dolittle 3 Dr. Dolittle : Tail to the Chief Dr. Dolittle : Million Dollar Mutts Other Characters TV series Stage musical Hugh Lofting <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Betty Thomas <Td_colspan="2"> Only You ( 1992 ) The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) The Late Shift ( 1996 ) Private Parts ( 1997 ) Dr. Dolittle ( 1998 ) 28 Days ( 2000 ) I Spy ( 2002 ) John Tucker Must Die ( 2006 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Dolittle_(film)&oldid=800975681 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films Doctor Dolittle 20th Century Fox films American films 1990s comedy films 1990s fantasy films American comedy films American fantasy films American fantasy - comedy films American film remakes Films directed by Betty Thomas Films set in San Francisco Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films shot in San Francisco Davis Entertainment films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from March 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles to be expanded from March 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 22 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Dr. Dolittle (film)
2. Eddie Murphy
3. Talking to animals
4. Box office success
5. Film adaptation |
8,338,372,631,851,842,000 | who does regina end up with on once upon a time | Regina Mills - wikipedia Regina Mills Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Regina Mills <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional photograph of Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills . <Th_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time character Portrayed by Lana Parrilla ( adult ) Ava Acres ( young ) Duration 2011 - 18 First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Created by Adam Horowitz Eddy Kitsis Book appearances Shadow of the Queen Out of the Past Red 's Untold Tale Regina Rising Classification Main character <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Other names Evil Queen Roni Madame Mayor Ms. Mills Wilma ( alias ) Ursula ( alias ) Occupation Bartender Mayor ( formerly ) Residence Hyperion Heights , Seattle Home Land Without Magic <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Father Prince Henry Mills Sr . Mother Cora / Queen of Hearts Half - sisters Zelena Spouse King Leopold ( deceased ) Adoptive children Henry Mills Sir Henry Stepchildren Snow White Grandchildren Emma Swan Neal Nolan Lucy ( adoptive ) Grandparents The Miller King Xavier Nieces and nephews Robin / Margot Other relatives David Nolan Ella / Jacinda Vidrio Regina Mills ( Latin for `` queen '' ; alias : Evil Queen in Enchanted Forest ; Roni in Hyperion Heights ) is a fictional character in ABC 's television series Once Upon a Time . She is portrayed by Lana Parrilla , and has been praised by critics for her role as the series 's first major antagonist . Regina was the main antagonist of the first season and the secondary antagonist of the second season , before becoming one of the main protagonists of the series in the following seasons . She has become a fan favorite since her debut . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character background 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 1.6 Season 6 1.7 Season 7 2 Alternate form 2.1 The Evil Queen 2.1. 1 Season 5 2.1. 2 Season 6 3 Aspects and aliases 3.1 As Regina Mills 3.2 As Roni 3.3 As Evil Queen 4 Character development and Reception 5 References 6 External links Character background Season 1 In the Enchanted Forest , Regina was born to the sorceress Cora and her husband Henry , the son of King Xavier . Despite being terrorized by her tyrannical mother , Regina found love in the form of Daniel Colter . However , after rescuing the princess Snow White , Regina was proposed to by King Leopold . Seeking to run away with Daniel , Regina tried to flee . However , after Snow inadvertently revealed Regina 's secret , Daniel was killed by Cora , who forced Regina to marry the King . Seeking to escape her mother , Regina sought out the sorcerer Rumplestiltskin , who helped her banish Cora to Wonderland . Unfortunately , this taste of dark magic led Regina to become Rumplestiltskin 's apprentice . Over the years , Regina grew into a powerful sorceress , hardened by a thirst for revenge against Snow White . After meeting the Genie of Agrabah , Regina saw her chance to escape from her loveless marriage and manipulated the Genie into killing her husband . She would later trap him inside her mirror so that she could spy upon her enemies . The following day , she hired the Huntsman to kill Snow White . After the Huntsman compassionately spared Snow , Regina took his heart and made him into her personal huntsman . Over the next several years , Regina terrorized the kingdom , longing to find Snow and kill her once and for all . Her tyrannical nature earned her the nickname the Evil Queen . Before he was to be executed by King George , Regina captured Prince Charming , a former shepherd who was currently loved by Snow . Threatening to kill Charming , Regina manipulated Snow into taking a bite of an apple laced with a sleeping curse . However , to her outrage , the Huntsman helped Charming escape from her palace , and with help from Rumplestiltskin . Charming awoke Snow from her sleeping curse . The war which eventually ensued ended in the defeat of both Regina and her political ally King George . Devastated by her defeat , Regina sacrificed her father in order to enact the Dark Curse , a catastrophic curse provided by Rumplestiltskin which stripped everyone from the Enchanted Forest to the Land Without Magic . Over the next twenty - eight years , Regina ruled Storybrooke as its tyrannical mayor Regina Mills . Her undoing came when , in 2001 , with Mr. Gold ( Rumplestiltskin ) 's help , she adopted Henry Mills , the grandson of her nemesis Snow White . Due to this , Snow 's daughter Emma Swan ( the Savior ) arrived in 2011 , after Henry began to realize the truth about that town . Regina originally sent her son to therapy sessions to reverse his belief in the curse . After a kiss from Emma caused her lover Graham Humbert ( the Huntsman ) to remember who he was , Regina killed him in order to protect the curse and also out of revenge for his breaking up with her . The power struggle between Regina and Rumplestiltskin continued in Storybrooke where she was often at odds with Mr. Gold . Initially unbeknownst to him , Regina kept Gold 's true love Belle captive , after telling him she had died . She tried to prevent the relationship between David Nolan ( Prince Charming ) and Mary Margaret Blanchard ( Snow White ) , by implicating her in David 's wife Kathryn Nolan ( Charming 's fiancee Princess Abigail ) false murder . After Emma threatened to take back her son , Regina tried to curse her with the same sleeping curse that took her mother . However , Henry consumed the curse instead . This finally caused Emma to believe in magic , awakening Henry with true love 's kiss and breaking the curse . Season 2 However , defeated once more , Regina 's new love for her son drove her to wish to redeem herself . Her plans for redemption were flouted when her mother Cora , whom she had thought dead at the hands of the pirate Captain Hook , returned . Cora framed Regina for the death of Dr. Archibald Hopper and forged an alliance with her . In the ensuing struggle of love versus power , Regina was eventually manipulated by Snow into killing her own mother , creating a new thirst for vengeance . Season 3 Ultimately , her thirst for revenge was shelved when servants of the sinister Peter Pan kidnapped her son . Forging an alliance with her old foes , as well as Hook and Rumplestiltskin , Regina journeyed to Neverland . During the rescue mission , Regina taught Emma magic . Ultimately , their plan to rescue Henry was successful , and Pan was killed by his son Rumplestiltskin - however , not before Pan enacted the Dark Curse . Using her powers , Regina undid what she did and sent everyone back to the Enchanted Forest , all except Emma and her son . Returned to the Enchanted Forest , a redeemed Regina discovered newfound love in Robin Hood . However , this was shadowed by the arrival of a new foe : Zelena , whom Regina discovered was her elder half - sister . Believing Emma to be the only one to defeat Zelena , Snow enacted the Dark Curse , returning everyone to Storybrooke . Back in Storybrooke , Regina was reunited with her son and Emma . In hopes of defeating Zelena , Regina completed her training of Emma , believing the Savior 's magic could stop Zelena once and for all . However , after Zelena 's magic robbed Emma of her powers , it was Regina who eventually defeated her . Though Regina sought to give Zelena a second chance , the Wicked Witch was seemingly killed by Rumplestiltskin . Shortly after , it seemed Regina 's happy ending was stolen yet again when Robin 's wife Marian was spared from death after Emma and Hook journeyed back in time . Season 4 Though initially angry at Emma , Regina eventually forgave her in time to help in the struggle against the Snow Queen . After the Snow Queen 's defeat , Regina was forced to face a new war as Rumplestiltskin sought to use any means necessary to find the Author . On a side note , Regina learned that `` Marian '' was actually her sister Zelena , pregnant with Robin 's child . Shortly after imprisoning Zelena , Regina was victimized by the Author 's curse . Though the Author 's work was eventually undone by Henry , their relief was short - lived as Rumplestiltskin passed into a near - death sleep , and Emma became the next Dark One . Subsequently , Regina journeyed to Camelot with Emma 's family to help rid her of the Darkness once and for all . Season 5 Though their plans to save Emma began well , the eventual thought of losing Hook drove her to curse him with the Dark One 's powers to save his life . As a powerful dark sorcerer , Hook waged war against the heroes . As the Dark Ones sought to trade their lives with the heroes , Regina and Emma confronted Hook , reminding him of who he was . Thusly , Hook sacrificed his life to destroy the Darkness , but unknowingly transferred it back into Rumplestiltskin . Later , Regina joined Emma on a mission to the Underworld to revive Hook . Upon her arrival in the Underworld , Cora confronted her daughter , threatening to damn Regina 's father Henry for eternity if she did not leave the Underworld . However , when speaking with her father , Regina was advised not to abandon her friends . Instead , Regina confronted her mother . Though Cora attacked her former husband , Henry 's soul was allowed to pass on to Olympus , since his unfinished business had been completed . However , this fact led Hades into claiming Regina 's soul , as well as Snow 's and Emma 's . Zelena 's arrival in the Underworld with her baby added to more tensions for Regina . She soon discovered that Hades and her sister had met back in Oz and Zelena had been enticed by Hades to become a couple . This resulted in Regina breaking Cora free from Hades 's imprisonment in order to stop Zelena . After Cora restored the memories she stole from her daughters , Regina reconciled with her late mother and managed to redeem Zelena . Later , Hades used the Blind Witch and Cruella De Vil to trap the heroes in the Underworld . With Emma 's help , Regina managed to break the spell and return home , but Hook was forced to remain behind . Once back in Storybrooke , Regina 's love Robin was killed by Hades , protecting Regina from the villainous god . Ultimately , Hades himself was destroyed by Zelena . On a brighter side , Emma 's mission succeeded , and Hook was revived . Grief - sticken by Robin 's death , Regina and Emma prevented Rumplestiltskin from using Hades 's power to gather all the magic and eventually helped in returning their friends and family to Storybrooke , after a portal had trapped them in the Land of Untold Stories . Using a serum created by Dr. Henry Jekyll , Regina separated herself from the Evil Queen she once was and tried to destroy her once and for all . However , in a confrontation with the villainous Mr. Hyde , Regina learned that the Queen could not so easily be killed . In fact , the Queen had survived and , after taking his heart , used the Dragon 's magic to transport herself to Storybrooke . Season 6 Shortly after returning to Storybrooke , Regina and Zelena 's newborn reconciliation fell apart after Regina said she blamed the Wicked Witch for Robin 's death . This played right into the Evil Queen 's hands , as she used this to form an alliance with Zelena , leading her to believe the Queen could be the loyal sister Regina was not . At the same time , the Queen manipulated Regina into killing Edmond Dantès , an assassin they had hired back before the Dark Curse , in order to show her that the darkness was still alive in her . Afterwards , the Queen became a bitter rival for Regina . However , after Hook killed Jekyll in order to protect Belle from him and Hyde subsequently died in the same manner , Regina discovered one sure way the Queen could be killed : with her death . After the Queen placed another sleeping curse on Snow and Charming , Regina tried to stop the Queen by imprisoning her in a mirror , but the plan backfired , and the Queen trapped Regina and Emma into the mirror . With their absence , the Queen tried to use the hammer of Hephaestus to corrupt Henry , but instead their son used the hammer to free his mothers from the mirror . When the Queen goes after Zelena at the request of Gold , Regina shows up and saves her . Confronting the Queen at Robin 's grave , Emma , Hook , and Regina discovered that a mystical sword ( one that was fated to kill the Savior ) could kill the Queen without killing Regina . When the Queen finds out , she uses a genie wish to send Emma to a new realm in which she had never been the Savior . However , since Regina and the Queen were originally the same person , Regina was able to use another one of the Queen 's wishes to follow after Emma and managed to break her out of the spell . However , after coming across an alternate version of her late boyfriend Robin , Regina was distracted long enough for the portal to close , trapping her and Emma in the Wish Realm . Regina became intrigued by this alternate version of Robin , known as Robin of Locksley , and felt like she might be able to get a second chance at their relationship . She convinced him to come back to Storybrooke with her to start a new life . Regina soon realized that Robin of Locksley was not like the man who was her soulmate and her attempts to mold him into Robin Hood proved unsuccessful . Robin escaped from her and joined forces with Zelena to attempt and leave town . After the Queen managed to free herself from her cobra form , she used Robin as bait to lure Regina into a magical showdown , in which she used the Shears of Destiny to completely separate herself from Regina . Mid-battle , Regina decided to not kill the Queen and instead gave the Queen some of her light and took back some of the darkness so the two halves could be balanced once again . Regina and the Queen placed everything aside , and Regina got Henry to write the Queen a new start in the Wish Realm with Robin of Locksley . With the threat of the Evil Queen gone , Regina went to work undoing most of the Queen 's evil deeds . However , she had trouble with breaking the sleeping curse that Snow and Charming were put under and accidentally made things worse after testing out a new antidote . She ultimately solved the problem by proposing that the entire town take some of the sleeping curse for themselves to dilute it . Season 7 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2018 ) Alternate form The Evil Queen At the end of season five , Regina decided to use Dr. Jekyll 's split serum to separate herself from the Evil Queen that she once was . From that point onward , the `` evil '' half of Regina , referred to as the `` Evil Queen '' to distinguish the two halves , has lived on as a separate character . Though this evil half retains all of Regina 's experiences , the decisions that she has made moving forward are solely her own . Season 5 After Robin Hood 's death , a grieving Regina believes that her past bad deeds as the Evil Queen will forever haunt her and prevent her from experiencing true happiness . When she gets a hold of Dr Hyde 's split serum , Regina separated herself from the Evil Queen , creating two separate halves of her , and seemingly destroys her evil half with her magic in New York City . However , after Regina has headed back to Storybrooke , it is revealed that the Evil Queen was not to be easily killed and with some forced help from the Dragon , she makes her way to Storybrooke to get revenge on Regina and the Charmings , as she believes Regina was too weak to get the job done in the first place . Season 6 When she arrives in Storybrooke , the Evil Queen first forms an alliance with Zelena , who is quick to take to her as a reconciliation with Regina does n't go so well . The Queen then manipulates Regina into killing an innocent Edmond Dantes in order to save the Charmings , whom the Queen had lured onto the docks . The Queen uses this moment to show Regina that it was n't possible for one to completely separate themselves from their darkness . When the heroes find out that Jekyll 's direct death resulted in the death of Hyde as well , they come to the realization that the Queen can only die if Regina herself , as the original form , was killed . The Queen forms a romantic relationship with Gold and launches a plan to finally get her revenge against Snow White , placing her and Charming into a revised sleeping curse . In response , Regina tries to stop the Queen by imprisoning her in a mirror , but the plan backfires , and the Queen traps Regina and Emma into the mirror . In their absence , the Queen tries to corrupt Henry , though he quickly figures out her plan and saves his mothers . After Gold tries to manipulate the Queen into killing Zelena , who was subsequently rescued by Regina , the Queen severs ties with Gold and accelerates Belle 's pregnancy in order to drive a wedge between her and Gold . When the Queen finds out that the heroes are in possession of a sword that could kill her without killing Regina , she uses the genie Aladdin to send Emma and the sword into a fantasy realm in which she had never been the Savior . As wishes do n't always go as planned , the Queen 's wish actually ends up creating a real realm with alternate versions of the Enchanted Forest characters , who have lived different lives after the wish version of Regina was captured by the Charmings and did n't get to enact her curse . Since Regina and the Queen were still linked since they were originally the same person , Regina is also able to use one of the Queen 's wishes to follow Emma into the Wish Realm and break her out of the spell . Back in Storybrooke , the Queen is the first to come across an adult Gideon , the son of Belle and Gold , and he uses his magic to transform her into a cobra . Zelena then manages to get a hold of the Queen and when Robin of Locksley , the version of Robin from the Wish Realm , approaches her with a plan to leave town , Zelena attempts to cross the town line with the Queen as her `` pet . '' The two ultimately ca n't leave due to a magical barrier . When Zelena and Regina reconcile once again , they find that the Queen had escaped . The Queen then finds Robin and bites the hand that had been afflicted with an anti-magic potion and successfully transforms herself back into her human form . The Queen then uses him to bait Regina into a final showdown . The Queen manages to use the Shears of Destiny to makes herself completely independent from Regina . The two former halves then engage in a full - on battle to destroy the other but Regina decides to choose love over hate . She removes the Queen 's heart to infuse it with light from her own and takes back half of the Queen 's darkness for herself . Regina gets Henry to write the Queen a new beginning and the author 's pen sends her to the Wish Realm , where she re-introduces herself to Robin of Locksley , whom she had transported back to the realm before the battle with Regina . Shortly after arriving in the Wish Realm , the Queen finds herself having to leave , as the citizens of the realm are still after the Evil Queen who killed the realm 's Snow and Charming ( which was actually Regina during her brief visit ) . She and Robin go to the Enchanted Forest , where she takes over Regina 's old castle . A short while later , she is reunited with Regina when the heroes are sent back to the Enchanted Forest due to the Black Fairy 's curse . As all of the magical realms are falling apart , the Queen sacrifices herself to fend off the approaching Darkness , but is later revived after Emma wins the Final Battle . After everyone has been transported back to Storybrooke , the Queen is surprised by a proposal from Robin . Aspects and aliases As a character with different incarnations , Regina gains multiple aspects and aliases as the series progresses . As Regina Mills While in Storybrooke , Regina has no aliases . However , she briefly assumed the identity of the Savior in Camelot to protect Emma from being corrupted by the darkness 's influence . As Roni This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2018 ) As Evil Queen Wilma was an alias she assumed while glamoured by Rumplestiltskin , to learn more about her subjects and get close to Snow White to crush her heart . She briefly considered reforming after hearing Snow White 's guilt about her part in Daniel 's disappearance , but soon reverts to being the Evil Queen . Ursula was an alias she assumed in order to trick Ariel , who was helping Snow White to escape at the time . Character development and reception Lana Parrilla Parrilla 's performance also received positive reviews from critics , and in 2012 and 2013 was regarded as a promising contender for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category , though she did not receive a nomination . She won the TV Guide Award for Favorite Villain and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series in 2012 . Parrilla also received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress on Television from the 38th Saturn Awards and a nomination for Best Television Actress at the 28th Imagen Awards . Parrilla has cited her performance as Regina as one of the best roles she has ever played : `` There 's always two stories being told when playing Regina . There 's the threat of her knowing she 's an evil queen and then there 's just the pure simple fact that the biological mother has stepped into her world and the threat of losing her son is just enormous . That 's a fear that I think any adopted mother would have . I think that 's going to really help the audience relate to Regina in some level . '' References Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Snow White meets ' Black Swan ' '' by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( April 2 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Shaunna , Murphy ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : This Town Ai n't Big Enough '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The Dark One Rises '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Shaunna ( November 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Read Before You Sign '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Tale as Old as Time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Freaky Sunday '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : The Green Zone '' from Entertainment Weekly ( April 7 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Paula Hendrickson ( 2012 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Lana Parrilla in ' Once Upon a Time ' : Road to the Emmys 2012 : The Supporting Actor & Actress - Chicago Tribune '' . Variety . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ 07 / 19 / 2013 2 : 48 pm EDT ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Emmy Latino Snubs For Lana Parrilla , Jimmy Smits , and More '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Marc Cuenco ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` 14 Emmy - Worthy GIFs of ' Once Upon a Time ' Star Lana Parilla '' . Tv.aol.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Team TVLine / June 6 , 2012 , 6 : 25 AM PDT ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) . `` PHOTOS : Emmy Nominations 2012 -- Awards Show 's Supporting Actress In Drama Contenders '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( 2012 - 07 - 18 ) . `` 2012 Emmy Awards Nominees : Our Predictions ! TV News '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Parrilla , Once Upon a Time from Emmy Contenders : Supporting Actress , Drama E ! Online UK '' . Uk.eonline.com. 2012 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com. 2012 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ 09 / 21 / 2012 10 : 18 pm ( 2012 - 09 - 21 ) . `` ALMA Awards 2012 : Winners And Show Highlights ( VIDEO , PHOTOS ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` Saturn Award Nominations 2012 Collider Page 148931 '' . Collider . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nominees for the 28th Annual Imagen Awards Announced Archived 2014 - 11 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Imagen , Retrieved November 17 , 2015 External links Regina Mills on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Snow White by the Brothers Grimm <Td_colspan="2"> Disney franchise Gold - Tree and Silver - Tree Snow - White - Fire - Red The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights Standalone films Snow White ( 1902 ) Snow White ( 1916 ) Betty Boop in Snow - White ( 1933 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs ( 1943 ) The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue ( 1951 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1955 ) Snow White and the Three Stooges ( 1961 ) Snow White ( 1962 ) The New Adventures of Snow White ( 1969 ) A Snow White Christmas ( 1980 ) Neberte nám princeznú ( 1981 ) Snow White ( 1987 ) Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) Snow White ( 1995 ) Snow White : A Tale of Terror ( 1997 ) Snow White : The Fairest of Them All ( 2001 ) 7 Dwarves -- Men Alone in the Wood ( 2004 ) Snow White : The Sequel ( 2007 ) Sydney White ( 2007 ) Happily N'Ever After 2 : Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple ( 2009 ) Blanche Neige ( 2009 ) Grimm 's Snow White ( 2012 ) Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) Blancanieves ( 2012 ) Snow White : A Deadly Summer ( 2012 ) The Seventh Dwarf ( 2014 ) Charming ( 2018 ) The Huntsman film series Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) The Huntsman : Winter 's War ( 2016 ) Television series The 10th Kingdom ( miniseries ) The Charmings ( sitcom ) The Legend of Snow White ( anime series ) Prétear ( anime series ) Once Upon a Time ( drama series ) Sofia the First ( TV series ) ( `` The Enchanted Feast '' ) ( Season 2 , Episode 27 ) The 7D ( TV series ) Stage Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1912 play ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( musical ) A Snow White Christmas ( musical ) Other media Fables ( comics ) Mira , Mirror ( novel ) Mirror Mirror ( novel ) Red as Blood ( short story ) Schneewittchen ( opera ) Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ( attraction ) Snow White ( comic strip ) Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( attraction ) Snow White Grotto ( attraction ) Snow White : Happily Ever After ( video game ) `` Snow , Glass , Apples '' ( short story ) The Serpent 's Shadow ( novel ) Fairest ( novel ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories ( short story collection ) Amada Anime Series : Super Mario Bros. ( OVA ) The Wolf Among Us ( video game ) Ballet The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) Characters Snow White Snow White ( Disney ) Mary Margaret Blanchard The Queen Evil Queen ( Disney ) Regina Mills Queen of Fables The Seven Dwarfs The Magic Mirror The King The Huntsman Prince Charming David Nolan <Td_colspan="2"> Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regina_Mills&oldid=843369293 '' Categories : Female characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional mayors Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Queen ( Snow White ) Television supervillains Fictional dictators Fictional queens Fictional patricides Fictional mass murderers Fictional matricides Fictional royalty Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional shapeshifters Fictional victims of kidnapping Fictional double agents Fictional characters with multiple personalities Fictional henchmen Fictional characters with healing abilities Fictional characters with fire or heat abilities Fictional telekinetics Fictional witches Witchcraft in television Fictional bartenders Fictional diarists Fictional mariticides Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from May 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Regina Mills - Once Upon a Time character
2. Lana Parrilla - actress who portrays Regina Mills
3. Evil Queen - Regina's alternate form
4. Character development and reception
5. Enchanted Forest - setting of the show Once Upon a Time |
3,746,400,022,316,394,500 | where does the first name ian come from | Ian - wikipedia Ian Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a given name . For other uses , see Ian ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Ian Pronunciation / ˈiːən / Scottish Gaelic : ( ˈiaɲ ) Gender Male <Th_colspan="2"> Origin Word / name Scottish Gaelic , from Hebrew Yohanan <Th_colspan="2"> Other names Related names John , Evan , Giovanni , Hans , Juan , Hovhannes , Ioan , Ioane , Ivan , Iven , Ifan , Jack , Jackson , Jan , Jane , Janez , Jean , Jhon , Joan , João , Johan / Johann , Johanan , Johannes , Jonne , Jovan , Juhani , Seán , Shane , Siôn , Yahya , Yohannes Ian or Iain is a name of Scottish Gaelic origin , ultimately derived from Hebrew Yohanan and corresponding to English John . The spelling Ian is an Anglicization of the Scottish Gaelic forename Iain . It is a very popular name in much of the English - speaking world and especially in Scotland , where it originated . Ian was the 19th most popular male name , taking account of the whole British population ( over 300,000 Ians in total ) . The name has now fallen out of the top 100 male baby names in the UK , having peaked in popularity as one of the top 10 names throughout the 1960s , while remaining roughly constant in popularity in the USA . Back in 1900 , Ian was the 180th most popular male baby name in England and Wales . <Th_colspan="2"> Popularity of the name ' Ian ' in the USA Year Rank 2015 76 2014 77 2013 80 2012 78 2011 72 72 2009 72 2008 80 2007 74 2006 80 2005 67 69 2003 65 2002 67 70 2000 73 <Td_colspan="6"> Note : Rank 1 is the most popular , rank 2 is the next most popular , and so forth . Name data are from Social Security card applications for births that occurred in the United States . Source : Social Security Administration . See http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames Other Gaelic forms of `` John '' include `` Seonaidh '' ( `` Johnny '' from Lowland Scots ) , `` Seon '' ( from English ) , `` Seathan '' , and `` Seán '' and `` Eoin '' ( from Irish ) . Its Welsh counterpart is Ioan and Breton equivalent is Yann . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable Ians 1.1 As a first name ( alphabetical by family name ) 1.2 As a middle name 1.3 As a surname 2 Notable Iains 3 Fictional Iains 4 Fictional Ians 5 See also 6 References Notable Ians ( edit ) As a first name ( alphabetical by family name ) ( edit ) Ian Anderson -- lead of rock band Jethro Tull Ian Astbury -- singer of rock band The Cult Ian Bairnson -- guitarist of The Alan Parsons Project and Pilot Ian Baker - Finch -- golfer and 1991 British Open winner Ian Bannen -- British actor Ian Willoughby Bazalgette -- recipient of the Victoria Cross Ian Bell -- English cricketer Ian Berry ( disambiguation ) Sir Ian Blair -- former Head of the Metropolitan Police Service Ian Black ( disambiguation ) Sir Ian Botham -- cricketer Ian Bolton -- English footballer Ian Brady -- Moors murderer Ian Bremmer -- political scientist , author , entrepreneur Ian Broudie -- singer in The Lightning Seeds , and music producer Ian Brown -- singer and lyricist in The Stone Roses Ian Callaghan -- Liverpool footballer with the most appearances Ian Callum -- Design director for Jaguar Ian Cameron ( disambiguation ) Ian Carmichael -- OBE , actor Ian Cashmore -- broadcaster / presenter and paranormal investigator Ian Chappell -- Former Australian cricketer Ian Charleson -- Scottish / British actor Ian Clark ( disambiguation ) Ian Clyde -- boxer Ian Cole - hockey player Ian Collier -- singer and actor Ian Cooper ( disambiguation ) Ian James Corlett -- cartoon writer and voice actor Ian Crocker -- swimmer Ian Curtis -- singer and lyricist in Joy Division Ian Davis ( disambiguation ) Ian Davidson ( disambiguation ) Ian Desmond -- Major League Baseball shortstop Ian Dury -- singer and songwriter Ian Eagle -- American sports announcer Ian Edmond -- swimmer Ian Ferguson ( disambiguation ) Ian Flanagan -- tennis player Ian Fleming -- Novelist , creator of James Bond Ian Froman -- South African - born Israeli tennis player and tennis patron Ian Frazier -- writer and humorist Ian Greig - Former English cricketer and brother of Tony Greig Ian Gibson ( disambiguation ) Ian Gillan -- lead singer of hard rock band Deep Purple Ian Gleed DSO DFC , English Royal Air Force flying ace and one of the Few Ian Gold -- former American football player Ian Gomm -- British guitarist and singer Ian Grist -- British politician Ian Hallard - actor Ian Hamilton ( disambiguation ) Ian Harding -- actor Ian Hart -- actor Ian Haugland -- Drummer for the band Europe Ian Healy -- Former Australian Wicket - Keeper Ian Hecox -- comedian with Smosh Ian Henderson ( Britain ) -- former head of secret police in Bahrain , accused of torture Ian Henderson ( ABC ) -- Australian news presenter Ian Henderson ( football ) -- current Norwich City F.C. player in the FA Premier League Ian Henderson ( rugby league ) -- Scottish rugby hooker who plays in Australia Ian Hennessy -- Irish soccer player Ian Hicks ( disambiguation ) Ian Hill -- Bassist for metal band Judas Priest Ian Hislop -- Satirist and editor of Private Eye Ian Holm ( born 1931 ) -- British actor Ian Hornak -- painter Ian Hunter -- singer of Mott the Hoople Ian Huntley -- double murderer Ian Jacobs - Australian kickboxer and former 3 time World Kickboxing Champion Ian Jacobs - English academic , gynaecological oncologist , gynaecologist / obstetrician Ian James -- Olympic athlete Ian Jones - Quartey -- Animator Ian Joyce -- American soccer player Ian Kahn - American Actor Ian Kennedy -- Major League Baseball pitcher Ian Kershaw -- historian Ian Kinsler -- Major League Baseball second baseman Ian `` Lemmy '' Kilmister -- singer / bass player in Motörhead Ian Krankie -- entertainer Ian Lambert -- educator Ian Laperrière -- hockey player Ian Lavender -- actor Ian Law -- Australian footballer Ian Oswald Liddell -- recipient of the Victoria Cross Ian Livingstone -- author Ian Lorimer -- television director Ian Lucas -- politician Ian MacArthur -- politician Ian MacDonald - author Ian MacKaye -- musician Ian Mahinmi -- basketball player Ian Martin ( disambiguation ) Ian Matthews -- member of Fairport Convention and notable solo musician , reverted in 1989 to Iain Matthews Ian Matthews -- drummer for Kasabian Ian Maxtone - Graham -- television writer and producer Ian McCaskill -- weather forecaster Ian McConville -- webcomic artist of Mac Hall and Three Panel Soul Ian McCulloch -- actor Ian McCulloch -- singer in the band Echo & the Bunnymen Ian McCulloch -- snooker player Ian McDiarmid -- actor Ian McDonald -- British musician , best known for being a member of both King Crimson and Foreigner Ian McEwan -- novelist Ian John McKay -- recipient of the Victoria Cross Sir Ian McKellen ( born 1939 ) -- actor Ian McLagan -- English musician , best known for being a member of both Small Faces and Faces Ian McMillan -- poet Ian McMillan -- Scottish footballer Ian McShane -- actor Ian Messiter -- creator of Just a Minute Ian Moran -- American hockey player Ian Moran -- Australian cricketer Ian Morris -- Irish professional footballer Ian Morrison ( disambiguation ) Ian Morton - English cricketer Ian Mosley -- drummer for Marillion Ian Moss - Australian musician , Cold Chisel Ian Murdock -- computer professional , creator of the Debian project Ian O'Brien -- swimmer Ian O'Reilly , Irish actor Ian Paice -- drummer of Deep Purple Ian Paisley -- Protestant politician Ian Patterson -- English footballer Ian Peck -- English cricketer Ian Pooley -- German DJ Ian Poulter -- English professional golfer Ian Punnett - American radio broadcaster and priest Ian Rankin -- Scottish novelist Ian Reed -- Australian discus thrower Ian Reid ( disambiguation ) Ian Richards ( disambiguation ) Ian Richardson -- Scottish actor Ian Robinson ( disambiguation ) Ian Ross ( disambiguation ) Ian Rush -- Welsh international footballer Ian Sanders - cricketer for Edinburgh , Scotland Ian Sangalang - Filipino professional basketball player Ian Scheckter -- former South African F1 driver . He is brother of Jody Scheckter and uncle of Tomas Scheckter . Ian Scott ( disambiguation ) Ian Smith ( disambiguation ) Ian Smith -- ex Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Snell -- Major League Baseball pitcher Ian Somerhalder -- actor Ian Stanley -- British musician Ian Stewart ( disambiguation ) Ian Stone -- comedian Ian Stuart Donaldson -- vocalist and frontman of controversial British band Skrewdriver Ian Svenonius -- American musician Ian Thornley -- Canadian musician Ian Thorpe -- Australian swimmer Ian Thomson ( disambiguation ) Ian `` Sam '' Totman -- British guitarist Ian Van Dahl -- Belgian artist Ian Walker -- British sailor Ian Waltz -- American discus thrower Ian Watkins ( born 1977 ) , former lead singer of the alternative metal band Lostprophets , and convicted pedophile . Ian H Watkins ( born 1976 ) , British pop singer and actor , former member of Steps Ian Weatherhead -- English watercolor artist Ian West -- politician Ian Wilmut -- English embryologist , best known for cloning Dolly the sheep Ian Wilson ( disambiguation ) Ian Wood ( disambiguation ) Ian Woosnam -- Welsh golfer Ian Wright -- footballer Ian Donald Calvin Euclid Zappa -- Birth name of musician Dweezil Zappa Ian Ziering -- actor As a middle name ( edit ) Michael Ian Black -- ( often credited by his full name ) , American comedian Richard Ian Cox -- Welsh - Canadian actor , voice actor , and radio host Thomas Ian Nicholas -- Actor and singer As a surname ( edit ) Janis Ian -- singer and songwriter Scott Ian -- stage name of Scott Ian Rosenfeld , guitarist with the metal band Anthrax Notable Iains ( edit ) Iain Archer -- Northern Irish Singer - songwriter musician Iain Balshaw -- MBE , English rugby player Iain Banks -- Scottish writer Iain Black -- British Columbia politician Iain De Caestecker -- Scottish actor Iain Dowie -- Northern Irish football manager Iain Durrant -- Scottish footballer Iain Evans -- South African field hockey player Iain Glen -- Scottish actor , noted for his role in TV 's Game of Thrones Iain Gray -- Leader of Labour in the Scottish Parliament Iain Harnden -- Zimbabwean hurdler Iain Kay -- Zimbabwean farmer and politician Iain Lee -- British comedian , TV presenter and radio presenter Iain Macleod -- British politician Iain Macmillan -- Scottish photographer , noted for his image of the Beatles walking across Abbey Road Iain David McGeachy -- birth name of John Martyn , British singer - songwriter and guitarist Iain Paxton -- Scottish rugby player Iain Smith -- Scottish politician Iain Duncan Smith -- Leader of the Conservative Party , 2001 -- 2003 Iain Softley -- film director Iain Stirling -- Scottish TV presenter and comedian Iain Stewart ( disambiguation ) Iain Sydie -- Canadian badminton player Iain Torrance -- President of Princeton Theological Seminary and former Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland Fictional Iains ( edit ) Iain Sterling , a fictional character in the Android : Netrunner universe Iain Dean , a fictional character in the Casualty Central universe Fictional Ians ( edit ) Ian -- from Shane Jiraiya Cummings ' short story , `` Ian '' . Every male character who the protagonist meets is called Ian Ian -- from Sarah Kane 's play , Blasted Ian -- from Leprechaun 2 Ian - the protagonist in the manga Not Simple by Natsume Ono Ian Beale -- from the TV soap opera EastEnders Ian Chesterton -- from the TV series Doctor Who Ian Craig -- from the radio soap opera The Archers Ian the Deer -- Elliot 's arch - rival in the Open Season movies Ian Doyle -- an Irish terrorist featured on Criminal Minds Ian Edgerton -- FBI agent and sniper from the show Numb3rs Ian Gallagher -- one of the main characters in the television drama , Shameless Ian Hainsworth - Susan Delfino 's boyfriend in 3rd season of Desperate Housewives Ian Hawke -- the main antagonist in the Alvin and the Chipmunks movies Ian Howe -- an antagonist in National Treasure Ian Kabra -- antagonist of The 39 Clues book series Ian Kelley -- title character from the Canadian animated series Being Ian Ian Lewis and Ian Ketterman ( together with dozens of other Ians ) -- characters created by Lee and Herring ; the duo used ' Ian ' as their de facto comedy name , in such sketches as the Ian News Ian Malcolm -- from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park Ian ( MÄR ) -- a recurring character in the manga and anime series MÄR Ian Maxtone - Graham -- from the TV series Suddenly Susan Professor Ian McClaine -- adoptive father of Joe 90 Ian McKenzie -- the liberal attorney from the novel and the film A Dry White Season Ian McKinley -- from the movie Final Destination 3 Ian Miller -- from the movie My Big Fat Greek Wedding Ian Murray - The nephew of Jamie Fraser in Diana Gabaldon 's Outlander series Ian O'Shea -- from Stephenie Meyer 's novel , The Host Ian Papov - character and member of the Demolition Boys ( also known as the Blitzkrieg Boys ) from the anime series Beyblade ( 2000 ) Ian Randall -- from the Smallville episodes `` Dichotic '' and `` Asylum '' , a character who had the ability to duplicate himself Ian Raymond -- Laura 's boyfriend in the novel and film , High Fidelity Ian Rider -- From the Alex Rider books Ian Schulenburg -- Unseen husband of Harriet Schulenburg in Green Wing Ian Scuffling -- Tyrone Slothrup 's adopted name after he goes into hiding in Thomas Pynchon 's Gravity 's Rainbow Ian Slater -- from the ABC soap opera All My Children Ian Thomas - Ryan Merriman 's character in the TV series Pretty Little Liars . See also ( edit ) John ( given name ) Eoin Ioan ( disambiguation ) IANS ( disambiguation ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dictionary Detail - Iain '' . www.faclair.com . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Name : Ian '' . BabyNames.co.uk . Baby Names UK . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Most Popular Names in England and Wales in 1900 '' . British Baby Names. 21 August 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian&oldid=827225836 '' Categories : Scottish masculine given names Given names English masculine given names Masculine given names Irish masculine given names Welsh masculine given names Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Norsk Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 14 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Scottish Gaelic origin of the name Ian
2. Popularity of the name Ian in the UK and USA
3. Notable people with the name Ian
4. Other forms of the name John in different languages
5. Derivation of the name Ian from Hebrew Yohanan |
-5,316,356,355,546,373,000 | when will season 5 of voltron be released | Voltron : Legendary Defender - wikipedia Voltron : Legendary Defender Jump to : navigation , search For the characters from the 1980s cartoon series Voltron : Defender of the Universe , see List of Voltron characters . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Voltron : Legendary Defender <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Action - Adventure Science fantasy Mecha Based on Beast King GoLion by Toei Animation Voltron : Defender of the Universe by World Events Productions Voices of Josh Keaton Steven Yeun Jeremy Shada Bex Taylor - Klaus Tyler Labine Kimberly Brooks Rhys Darby Neil Kaplan Cree Summer A.J. Locascio Opening theme Alex Geringas Composer ( s ) Brad Breeck Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Joaquim Dos Santos Lauren Montgomery Ted Koplar Bob Koplar Yoo Jae Myung Producer ( s ) Choi Goun Kim Young Hyun Kim Seul Ki Lee Soo Kyung Running time 69 minutes ( first episode ) 23 minutes ( all other episodes ) Production company ( s ) DreamWorks Animation TV World Events Productions Studio Mir Distributor Netflix NBCUniversal Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Netflix Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Preceded by Voltron Voltron : Fleet of Doom Voltron : The Third Dimension Voltron Force <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website www.voltron.com Voltron : Legendary Defender is an ongoing American animated web television series produced by DreamWorks Animation and World Events Productions and animated by Studio Mir . It is a reboot of both the Beast King GoLion anime series and the Voltron franchise , and its animation is a mix of anime - influenced traditional animation for characters and background and CGI for Voltron action sequences . Voltron : Legendary Defender is set in a science fiction universe where planetary energy called `` quintessence '' can be used to power vehicles and magic . The series follows the adventures of the Paladins of Voltron who must learn to work together to form the giant robot Voltron and use it to defeat the evil Galra Empire . The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10 , 2016 and consisted of 13 episodes . The series has a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . It has been released globally in United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , France , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Scandinavia , Benelux Union and Latin America . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13 , 2017 and consisted of 6 episodes . The series ' success has spawned several comics , action figures and other toys . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Comics 6.1 Volume 1 ( 2016 ) 6.2 Volume 2 ( 2017 ) 7 International broadcast 8 Promotion and merchandising 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) For millennia , the evil Galra Empire has plagued the universe by destroying other civilizations and enslaving various races . The only known threat strong enough against the empire 's power and plans is the legendary `` Defender of the Universe '' Voltron , a 100 meter tall robot warrior composed of five lion mechas whose pilots are known as the Paladins . At the crux of the war that ended with the destruction of planet Altea , Voltron was separated by King Alfor of Altea in order to protect Voltron from falling into the Galran Emperor Zarkon 's possession . King Alfor bonded the five lion 's energies to his daughter Allura 's life force and sent them across the universe to different locations until the time for the next generation of Paladins to appear and pilot Voltron arrived . Princess Allura , her retainer Coran , and the Altean Castle of Lions were hidden on planet Arus along with the Black Lion . In the present , the Galra Empire 's path of conquest and search for Voltron has led them to Earth 's solar system . A group of space pilots -- Shiro , Keith , Lance , Pidge , and Hunk -- discover the Blue Lion and immediately get swept up into the Galran War . They meet Princess Allura , become Paladins , and reunite the five lions to form Voltron to combat Emperor Zarkon 's nefarious schemes , with the hopes of ultimately defeating the entire Galra Empire . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Voltron characters Main ( edit ) Josh Keaton as Takashi `` Shiro '' Shirogane - The Black Paladin , pilot of the Black Lion and Guardian Spirit of Sky . Leader of the Defenders of the Universe , Shiro was captured by the Galra Empire a year before the start of the series during which he was given a weaponized prosthetic right arm . A natural , decisive leader , Shiro is calm and always in control . At the end of season two , Shiro reclaims his personal bayard from Zarkon which enables them to defeat Zarkon , but Shiro mysteriously vanishes afterwards . In season three , it is revealed he was teleported to a Galra ship , as he ended up on one before escaping and was eventually found by the team . After finding that the Black Lion no longer accepts him as its true paladin , he continues to aid the team by providing guidance and support to them from the Castle of the Lions . At the start of season four , Shiro manages to re-establish his bond with the Black Lion when Keith was absent during an intense battle . Steven Yeun as Keith - The Red Paladin , pilot of the Red Lion and Guardian Spirit of Fire . Formerly a cadet at Galaxy Garrison academy before being expelled , Keith is an orphan and a lone wolf as a result . Sullen and temperamental , Keith spends his free time honing his skills for battle . In season two , Keith discovers he has Galra blood , apparently from his maternal side of the family . The revelation comes from a knife which associated him with a secret rebel group of the Galra called the `` Blade of Marmora , '' but also ends up straining Allura 's trust in him for a while . Due to Shiro 's absence , Keith takes over as the head of Voltron as the new pilot of the Black Lion in season three . At the start of season four , Keith officially steps down as the leader of Voltron , handing the position back to Shiro so that he can continue to work with the Blade of Marmora . Jeremy Shada as Lance - The Blue Paladin , pilot of the Blue Lion and Guardian Spirit of Water . Lance was the fighter pilot of his team at Galaxy Garrison academy . Cocky and confident , Lance is the comic relief of the Defenders and likes to think of himself as a ladies ' man as well as the sharpshooter . Lance has maintained a rivalry with Keith from when the two were at the Galaxy Garrison together , but the two have shown to be an effective team . Lance takes over piloting the Red Lion in season three . Bex Taylor - Klaus as Katie `` Pidge '' Holt - The Green Paladin , pilot of the Green Lion and Guardian Spirit of Forest . Katie disguised herself as a boy named Pidge Gunderson to get into Galaxy Garrison academy to find out what happened to her father and brother who disappeared whilst on the same mission which Shiro was captured on . A technical genius , Pidge is the smartest member of the team able to create specialist modifications for the Green Lion such as a cloaking device ( which only lasts thirty seconds ) and she re-purposed a Galran drone to work for her , naming it Rover ( Rover sacrificed itself to protect Pidge ) . During her time as a Paladin , she continues to search for her missing family , having successfully found her bother , Matt . Tyler Labine as Hunk - The Yellow Paladin , pilot of the Yellow Lion and Guardian Spirit of Land . Hunk was the engineer of his team at Galaxy Garrison academy . A gentle giant with an equally large appetite , Hunk is the heart of the team , lifting them up and making peace between them . After witnessing first hand the devastation and misery that Zarkon 's conquest of the universe has brought upon the people of various worlds , Hunk is determined to free those enslaved . Kimberly Brooks as Princess Allura - Crown Princess of Altea , daughter of King Alfor , Allura is the last known female Altean . Pilot and keeper of the Castle of Lions , a structure that is both a castle and a spaceship , Allura granted the Defenders their titles and sent them on their mission to defeat Zarkon and liberate the universe . Allura wishes more than anything to finish her father 's work in stopping Zarkon . In season three , she becomes the new pilot of the Blue Lion as the Pink Paladin . As an Altean , Allura 's abilities include the chameleon - like ability to blend in with other species and magical abilities related to quintessence . She has a telepathic bond with some Altean mice that were in the same cryo - pod that she was hibernating inside of . Rhys Darby as Coran - The Royal advisor to Princess Allura 's family and the last known male Altean . Energetic and excitable , Coran serves Allura dutifully whilst being fiercely protective over her . He tends to ramble on and on about his past , particularly about his supposedly daring feats or past experiences . Despite his odd and quirky character , he is a reliable and steadfast ally to his princess and the Paladins . Neil Kaplan as Emperor Zarkon - The Emperor of the ruthless Galra Empire , and ruler of most of the known universe after spending the last ten thousand years conquering it . He desires the Lions of Voltron , not only because they represent the biggest threat to his campaign , but because he is later revealed to be the former Black Paladin . As such , he views the Lions as his own property rather than seeing himself as a former chosen one to pilot the Black Lion . He is powerful enough to go toe - to - toe directly with the Lions themselves . At the end of season two , Zarkon faces Voltron and the Paladins in an experimental mecha armor and is defeated but left in critical condition , unconscious and requiring life - support . By the end of season 3 , his history is fully revealed and Haggar successfully reawakens him and he starts a manhunt for Lotor . Cree Summer as Witch Haggar - Zarkon 's primary advisor , and leader of the Druids , dark mystics who fanatically serve the Galra Empire . Haggar is both a dangerous sorceress and a mad scientist . She combines her unnatural magic with abominable science to arm Galra soldiers with powerful weapons , create terrible monsters ( dubbed `` Ro - beasts '' in the second season ) to fight Voltron , and leech entire planets ( and other sources , such as living beings ) of the mystical energy known as Quintessence . In battle , her magical abilities allow her to teleport , cast illusions , fog the minds of others with hallucinations , and use her hands to project energy blasts and shields . Haggar is revealed to be Altean in the second - season finale , and orders the remaining Galran commanders to summon their lord 's son , Prince Lotor . By the end of season 3 , her history is fully revealed . A.J. Locascio as Prince Lotor - The son of Zarkon and Honerva ( Witch Haggar ) and heir to the Galra Empire , who assumes control of the Galra following his father 's defeat . Lotor follows a different philosophy than other Galra , believing that strength comes from bringing in worthy followers from the worlds they conquer rather than expending further resources to keep them subjugated . He has a personal all - female strike team consisting of individuals who are , like himself , only half - Galra . Production ( edit ) On January 5 , 2016 , Netflix and DreamWorks Animation announced a new original animated Voltron series to debut in 2016 as an expansion of their existing multi-year agreement . Voltron is one of several series planned for initial development and debut in 2016 , including Guillermo del Toro 's animated Trollhunters . Lauren Montgomery and Joaquim Dos Santos , both known for their work on the Avatar : The Last Airbender and its sequel The Legend of Korra , served as showrunners while fellow crew member Tim Hedrick served as head writer . On March 25 , 2016 at WonderCon it was announced that the voice cast would consist of Steven Yeun as Keith , Jeremy Shada as Lance , Bex Taylor - Klaus as Pidge , Josh Keaton as Shiro , Tyler Labine as Hunk , Kimberly Brooks as Princess Allura ; and Rhys Darby as Coran and Neil Kaplan as King Zarkon . Cree Summer later confirmed that she would be voicing Witch Haggar . It was announced at San Diego Comic - Con that season two will premiere on Netflix in late 2016 . A few months later , at New York Comic Con , it was announced that the second season will premiere on January 20 , 2017 . The second season saw a special premiere at the New York Comic Con on October 7 , 2016 , where an episode was shown at the Voltron panel . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 and consisted of 7 episodes . The fourth season premiered on October , 2017 and consisted of 6 episodes . The series was revealed at WonderCon 2017 to have a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Voltron : Legendary Defender episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes <Th_colspan="1"> Originally released First aired 13 June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) 13 January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 7 August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 6 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) Reception ( edit ) Voltron : Legendary Defender received critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating for the first season , based on 11 reviews , with Critic Consensus being that `` Voltron : Legendary Defender honors its source material with beautifully expressive animation and impactful action . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Status Ref . 2017 44th Annie Awards Best / Animated TV Broadcast Production For Children 's Audience Episode : `` Return of the Gladiator '' Nominated Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series , Teens and Tweens Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated Comics ( edit ) Two comic series detailing events happening in between seasons were announced in January 2016 . Taking story ideas that were deemed too outlandish and too epic to be contained in a 23 - minute episode from the animated series , these comic series bridges the time lapse between seasons . Volume 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The first miniseries consisted of 5 issues , published by Lion Forge Comics . It was written by show head writer Tim Hedrick and Mitch Iverson , and illustrated by Digital Art Chefs . A special cover variant of issue # 1 was available at San Diego Comic Con in 2016 , with a limited release of 250 copies . Issue # 2 was released on August 2 , 2016 , followed by issue # 3 on October 5 , 2016 , issue # 4 on November 9 , 2016 , and issue # 5 on November 20 , 2016 . The whole series will be collected in a graphic novel and was initially scheduled for a December 2016 release , but got pushed back to January 3 , 2017 , then was finally released January 25 , 2017 according to Lion Forge . The second series will be announced after the release of the graphic novel . A motion comic of issue 1 with full voice acting by the series cast was released on June 15 , 2017 at the DreamWorksTV YouTube channel . Issue Release Date Writer ( s ) Artist ( s ) Collection ISBN # 1 July 13 , 2016 Tim Hedrick Mitch Iverson Digital Art Chefs Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Volume 1 RELEASED JANUARY 25 , 2017 9781941302217 # 2 August 24 , 2016 # 3 October 5 , 2016 # 4 November 9 , 2016 # 5 November 30 , 2016 Volume 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) During the Voltron : Legendary Defender panel at WonderCon 2017 , it was announced that the second series of five issues would debut in May 2017 . The date was pushed back to late June due to production delays . International broadcast ( edit ) Country Channel United Kingdom Netflix Pop Italy K2 Germany Netflix Super RTL Philippines TV5 Asia DreamWorks Channel Canada Family Chrgd Promotion and merchandising ( edit ) To promote the series in between the release of season 1 and 2 , a Robeast fanart contest was announced via social media on October 18 , 2016 . The winner was announced on December 27 , 2016 on social media under the username `` Zilla B '' . A virtual - reality video game based on the series , known as Voltron VR Chronicles , was released for Steam , Oculus and PlayStation 4 via PlayStation Network . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Voltron Online Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Voltron : Legendary Defender announces season 2 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Shamus ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Voltron Season 3 Confirmed '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 1 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Playmates Voltron Legendary Defender 14 '' Electronic Voltron `` . Voltron.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix and DreamWorks Animation Expand Global Relationship '' . Netflix Media Center . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix And DreamWorks Are Working On An Animated Reboot Of ' Voltron ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks and Netflix reveal Voltron : Legendary Defender animated series showrunners '' . Nerd Reactor . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , By . `` WonderCon : Netflix 's Voltron Animated Series - Release Date Set , Voice Cast Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cree Summer will voice Haggar the Witch '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jevon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voltron : Legendary Defender ' gets a second season on Netflix '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` DreamWorks Animation and Netflix Head to New York Comic - Con '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Season 4 '' . Dreamworks . July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Leads Annie Awards Nominations '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2017 Kidscreen Awards winners are ... '' . February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voltron Legendary Defender Graphic Novel initial date '' . Dreamworks . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic SDCC Cover Variant '' . Comicsalliance.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 2 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 3 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 4 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 5 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Trade Paper Back Release Date '' . Lionforge . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Volume 1 Trade Paperback Release Date '' . Lionforge . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( MOTION COMIC ) Shakedown at the Fripping Bulgogian DREAMWORKS VOLTRON LEGENDARY DEFENDER ( Motion comic ) . DreamWorksTV . June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 2 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 3 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 4 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 5 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Comic Series 2 Announcement '' . Lionforge. April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Series 2 new Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robeast contest announcement '' . Voltron.com . October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robeast contest announcement '' . Voltron.com . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . 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4,857,899,224,089,679,000 | the population of city a is three times the population of city b | City status in the United Kingdom - wikipedia City status in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search `` Cathedral city '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cathedral city ( disambiguation ) . Until the 19th century , city status in England and Wales was associated with the presence of a cathedral , such as York Minster . City status in the United Kingdom is granted by the monarch of the United Kingdom to a select group of communities : as of 2014 , there are 69 cities in the United Kingdom -- 51 in England , six in Wales , seven in Scotland and five in Northern Ireland . The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a city . Nonetheless , this appellation carries its own prestige and , consequently , competitions for the status are hard fought . The status does not apply automatically on the basis of any particular criteria , although in England and Wales it was traditionally given to towns with diocesan cathedrals . This association between having a cathedral and being called a city was established in the early 1540s when King Henry VIII founded dioceses ( each having a cathedral in the see city ) in six English towns and also granted them city status by issuing letters patent . City status in Ireland was granted to far fewer communities than in England and Wales , and there are only two pre -- 19th - century cities in present - day Northern Ireland . In Scotland , city status did not explicitly receive any recognition by the state until the 19th century . At that time , a revival of grants of city status took place , first in England , where the grants were accompanied by the establishment of new cathedrals , and later in Scotland and Ireland . In the 20th century , it was explicitly recognised that the status of city in England and Wales would no longer be bound to the presence of a cathedral , and grants made since have been awarded to communities on a variety of criteria , including population size . The abolition of some corporate bodies as part of successive local government reforms , beginning with the Municipal Corporations ( Ireland ) Act 1840 , has deprived some ancient cities of their status . However , letters patent have been issued for most of the affected cities to ensure the continuation or restoration of their status . At present , Rochester and Elgin are the only former cities in the United Kingdom . The name `` City '' does not , in itself , denote city status ; it may be appended to place names for historic association ( e.g. White City ) or for marketing or disambiguation ( e.g. Stratford City ) . A number of large towns ( such as with over 200,000 residents ) in the UK are bigger than some small cities , but can not legitimately call themselves a city without the royal designation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 England and Wales 1.1. 1 Pre-19th century 1.1. 2 1836 -- 1888 1.1. 3 1889 -- 1907 1.1. 3.1 The status of Westminster 1.1. 4 1907 -- 1953 1.1. 5 1953 -- 1974 1.1. 6 1974 reorganisation and new cities 1.1. 7 Greater London 1.1. 8 Rochester 1.2 Scotland 1.3 Ireland and Northern Ireland 2 Current practice of granting city status 2.1 Lord Mayors 2.2 Local government districts 2.3 City councils 2.3. 1 England 2.3. 2 Scotland 2.3. 3 Wales 2.3. 4 Northern Ireland 2.4 City status conferment 3 Officially designated cities 3.1 List of officially designated cities 3.1. 1 England 3.1. 2 Scotland 3.1. 3 Wales 3.1. 4 Northern Ireland 4 Towns not cities 4.1 Size / population 4.2 Cathedral towns 4.2. 1 England and Wales 4.2. 2 Scotland 4.2. 3 Northern Ireland 4.3 Claimants 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) Pre-19th century ( edit ) The initial cities ( Latin : civitas ) of Britain were the fortified settlements organised by the Romans as the capitals of the Celtic tribes under Roman rule . The British clerics of the early Middle Ages later preserved a traditional list of the `` 28 Cities '' ( Old Welsh : cair ) which was mentioned by Gildas and listed by Nennius . In the 16th century , a town was recognised as a city by the English Crown if it had a diocesan cathedral within its limits . This association between having a cathedral and being called a city was established when Henry VIII founded dioceses ( each having a cathedral in the see city ) in six English towns and also granted them city status by issuing letters patent . Some cities today are very small because they were granted city status in or before the 16th century , then were unaffected by population growth during the Industrial Revolution -- notably Wells ( population about 10,000 ) and St David 's ( population about 2,000 ) , After the 16th century , no new dioceses ( and no new cities ) were created until the 19th century . 1836 -- 1888 ( edit ) A long - awaited resumption of creating dioceses began in 1836 with Ripon . Ripon Town Council assumed that this had elevated the town to the rank of a city , and started referring to itself as the City and Borough of Ripon . The next diocese formed was Manchester and its Borough Council began informally to use the title city . When Queen Victoria visited Manchester in 1851 , widespread doubts surrounding its status were raised . The pretension was ended when the borough petitioned for city status , which was granted by letters patent in 1853 . This eventually forced Ripon to regularise its position ; its city status was recognised by Act of Parliament in 1865 . From this year Ripon bore city status whilst the rapidly expanding conurbation of Leeds -- in the Ripon diocese -- did not . The Manchester case established a precedent that any municipal borough in which an Anglican see was established was entitled to petition for city status . Accordingly , Truro , St Albans , Liverpool , Newcastle upon Tyne and Wakefield were all officially designated as cities between 1877 and 1888 . This was not without opposition from the Home Office , which dismissed St Albans as `` a fourth or fifth rate market town '' and objected to Wakefield 's elevation on grounds of population . In one new diocese , Southwell , a city was not created , because it was a village without a borough corporation and therefore could not petition the Queen . The diocese covered the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire , and the boroughs of Derby and Nottingham were disappointed that they would not be able to claim the title of city . 1889 -- 1907 ( edit ) Birmingham was the first English town without an Anglican cathedral to be granted city status . Birmingham City Council meets at the Council House . The link with Anglican dioceses was broken in 1889 when Birmingham successfully petitioned for city status on the grounds of its large population and history of good local government . At the time of the grant , Birmingham lacked an Anglican cathedral , although the parish church later became a cathedral in 1905 . This new precedent was followed by other large municipalities : Leeds and Sheffield became cities in 1893 , and Bradford , Kingston upon Hull and Nottingham were honoured on the occasion of Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee in 1897 . The last three had been the largest county boroughs outside the London area without city status . Between 1897 and 1914 , applications were received from a number of other boroughs , but only one was successful : in 1905 , Cardiff was designated a city and granted a Lord Mayoralty as `` the Metropolis of Wales '' . The status of Westminster ( edit ) The London Government Act 1899 abolished the existing local authorities within the County of London and replaced them with 28 metropolitan boroughs . Among the bodies to be dissolved was the Court of Burgesses of the City of Westminster . William Burdett - Coutts , one of Westminster 's members of parliament , brought forward an amendment to rename the proposed borough of Greater Westminster to City of Westminster . This was intended to give `` recognition to the title which the area ... had possessed for over three and a half centuries '' . He felt that if the status was not retained for the new borough it `` must necessarily disappear altogether '' . The amendment was rejected by the government , however , with the First Lord of the Treasury , Arthur Balfour , believing it would be `` an anomaly which , I think , would be not unnaturally resented by other districts which are as large in point of population as Westminster , although doubtless not so rich in historical associations '' . The government eventually relented , with Balfour stating that `` as soon as the necessary arrangements under the London Government Act have been completed , there will be conferred on the borough of Westminster , as constituted under the Act , the title of city , originally conferred in the time of Henry VIII '' . Letters patent were duly issued granting the title of `` city '' to the newly created Metropolitan Borough of Westminster . 1907 -- 1953 ( edit ) In 1907 , the Home Office and King Edward VII agreed on a policy that future applicants would have to meet certain criteria . This policy , which was not at the time made public , had the effect of stemming the number of city creations . The 1907 policy contained three criteria : A minimum population of 300,000 . A `` local metropolitan character '' -- this implied that the town had a distinct identity of its own and was the centre of a wider area . A good record of local government . However , well into the 20th century it was often assumed that the presence of a cathedral was sufficient to elevate a town to city status , and that for cathedral cities the city charters were recognising its city status rather than granting it . On this basis , the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica said that Southwell and St Asaph were cities . The policy laid down by Edward VII was continued by his successor , George V , who ascended the throne in 1910 . In 1911 , an application for city status by Portsmouth was refused . Explaining the Home Secretary 's reason for not recommending the King to approve the petition , the Lord Advocate stated : ... during the reign of his late Majesty it was found necessary , in order to maintain the value of the distinction , to lay down a rule as to the minimum population which should ordinarily , in connexion with other considerations , be regarded as qualifying a borough for that higher status . Following the First World War , the King made an official visit to Leicester in 1919 to commemorate its contributions to the military victory . The borough council had made several applications for city status since 1889 , and took the opportunity of the visit to renew its request . Leicester had a population of approximately 230,000 at the previous census , but its petition was granted as an exception to the policy , as it was officially a restoration of a dignity lost in the past . When the county borough of Stoke - on - Trent applied for city status in 1925 , it was initially refused as it had only 294,000 inhabitants . The decision was overturned , however , as it was felt to have outstanding importance as the centre of the pottery industry . The effective relaxation of the population rule led to applications from Portsmouth and Salford . The civil servants in the Home Office were minded to refuse both applications . In particular , Salford was felt to be `` merely a scratch collection of 240,000 people cut off from Manchester by the river '' . Salford 's case , however , was considered favourably by the Home Secretary , William Joynson - Hicks , MP for a neighbouring constituency of Manchester . Following protests from Portsmouth , which felt it had better credentials as a larger town and as the `` first Naval Port of the kingdom '' , both applications were approved in 1926 . In 1927 , a Royal Commission on Local Government was examining local council areas and functions in England and Wales . The question arose as to which towns were entitled to be called cities , and the chairman , the Earl of Onslow , wrote to the Home Office to seek clarification . The Home Office replied with a memorandum that read : The title of a city which is borne by certain boroughs is a purely titular distinction . It has no connexion with the status of the borough in respect of local government and confers no powers or privileges . At the present time and for several centuries past the title has been obtained only by an express grant from the Sovereign effected by letters patent ; but a certain number of cities possess the title by very ancient prescriptive right . There is no necessary connexion between the title of a city and the seat of a bishopric , and the creation of a new see neither constitutes the town concerned a city nor gives it any claim to the grant of letters patent creating it a city . In 1928 , Plymouth submitted an application for city status . As the borough had more inhabitants than Portsmouth and had absorbed Devonport and East Stonehouse , the King agreed to the request . However , he indicated that he had `` come to an end of city making '' , and Southampton 's application in the following year was turned down . The next city to be created was Lancaster as part of the celebrations of the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . With a population of a little over 50,000 , Lancaster was stated to be an exception due to the town 's `` long association with the crown '' and because it was `` the county town of the King 's Duchy of Lancaster '' . Following the Second World War , members of Cambridge Borough Council made contact with Lancaster officials for assistance in their application . Cambridge became a city in 1951 , again for `` exceptional '' reasons , as the only ancient seat of learning in the kingdom not a city or royal burgh and to coincide with the 750th anniversary of the borough 's first charter of incorporation . Croydon also applied in 1951 , but failed as it was felt not to have a sufficient identity apart from Greater London , and reports on the conduct of local government in the town were unfavourable . 1953 -- 1974 ( edit ) It was anticipated that the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953 would lead to the creation of a city , and Wolverhampton , Preston and Southampton made approaches ; the only civic honour given was that of a lord mayoralty to Coventry . Derby and Southwark made unsuccessful applications in 1955 . The planned reorganisations by the Local Government Commissions for England and Wales from 1958 effectively blocked new city grants . Southampton lodged a petition in 1958 . Initially refused in 1959 , pending the decision of the Commission , it was eventually allowed in 1964 . In the meantime , the administration of London was reformed under the London Government Act 1963 . While the City of London was permitted to continue in existence largely unchanged , Westminster was merged with two neighbouring authorities to form a new London borough from 1 April 1965 . In December 1963 it was announced that a charter was to be granted incorporating the new authority as `` Westminster '' , and that the Queen had accepted the advice of the Home Secretary to raise the London borough to the title and dignity of city . This example , of a successor local authority to a merged local government entity taking on that former entity 's city status , was to be replicated in many instances as a result of the 1972 / 74 local government reforms across England and Wales ( see below ) . With the establishment of the Royal Commission on Local Government in England in 1966 , city grants were again in abeyance in England . Attempts by Derby , Teesside and Wolverhampton to become cities were not proceeded with . In Wales , Swansea campaigned for city status throughout the 1960s . The campaign came to a successful conclusion in 1969 , in conjunction with the investiture of Charles , Prince of Wales . 1974 reorganisation and new cities ( edit ) The Local Government Act 1972 abolished all existing local authorities outside London ( other than parish councils ) in England and Wales . This meant that the various local authorities that held city status ceased to exist on 1 April 1974 . To preserve city status new letters patent were issued to the most relevant metropolitan borough , non-metropolitan district or successor parish councils created by the Act . Some of these came to cover local government districts many times wider than the previous city , even taking in many square miles of rural land outside the urban areas , for example the cities of Bradford , Leeds and Winchester . Three non-local authority preservations arose : here charter trustees were established for the cities of Lichfield and Salisbury ( or New Sarum ) being neither districts nor civil parishes , and special letters patent for a time preserved the city of Rochester . In 1977 , as part of the celebrations of the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II , the Home Office identified nine candidates for city status : Blackburn , Brighton , Croydon , Derby , Dudley , Newport , Sandwell , Sunderland and Wolverhampton . Ultimately , Derby received the award as the largest non-metropolitan district not already designated a city . In April 1980 a parish council was created for Lichfield , and the charter trustees established six years earlier were dissolved . City status was temporarily lost until new letters patent were issued in November of the same year . In 1992 , on the fortieth anniversary of the monarch 's accession , it was announced that another town would be elevated to a city . An innovation on this occasion was that a competition was to be held , and communities would be required to submit applications . Sunderland was the successful applicant . This was followed in 1994 by the restoration of the dignity to St David 's , historic see of a bishop . Since 2000 , city status has been awarded to towns or local government districts by competition on special occasions . A large number of towns have applied for the honour in recent decades including Blackpool , Colchester , Gateshead , Ipswich , Swindon , Middlesbrough and Croydon . Four successful applicants in England have become cities , as well as two in Wales ; in 2000 for the Millennium Celebrations , the new cities were Brighton and Hove and Wolverhampton ; in 2002 for the Queen 's Golden Jubilee it was Preston and Newport , and in 2012 for the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee it was Chelmsford and St Asaph . Greater London ( edit ) Other than the cities of London and Westminster , no local authorities in the Greater London area have been granted city status . The Home Office had a policy of resisting any attempt by metropolitan boroughs to become cities even when their populations , and other proposed claims as qualifying criteria , might otherwise have made them eligible . It was felt that such a grant would undermine the status of the two existing cities in the capital . The Metropolitan Borough of Southwark made a number of applications , but in 1955 the borough 's town clerk was told not to pursue the matter any further . Outside the boundaries of the county , the County Borough of Croydon made three applications , all of which were dismissed as it was not seen as being sufficiently separate from London . When the successor London Borough of Croydon applied in 1965 the Assistant Under Secretary of State summarised the case against Croydon : `` ... whatever its past history , it is now just part of the London conurbation and almost indistinguishable from many of the other Greater London boroughs '' . The same objections were made when the London Boroughs of Croydon and Southwark unsuccessfully entered the competition for city status to mark the millennium : Croydon was said to have `` no particular identity of its own '' while Southwark was `` part of London with little individual identity '' . When the most recent competition was held to mark the Golden Jubilee of 2002 , Croydon made a sixth application , again unsuccessful . It was joined by the London Borough of Greenwich , which emphasised its royal and maritime connections , while claiming to be `` to London what Versailles is to Paris '' . In this vein Greenwich joined Kingston - upon - Thames and Kensington and Chelsea in London in having the title of Royal Borough in 2012 . Rochester ( edit ) Rochester was recognised as a city from 1211 to 1998 . On 1 April 1974 , the city council was abolished , becoming part of the Borough of Medway , a local government district in the county of Kent . However , under letters patent the former city council area was to continue to be styled the `` City of Rochester '' to `` perpetuate the ancient name '' and to recall `` the long history and proud heritage of the said city '' . The city was unique , as it had no council or charter trustees and no mayor or civic head . In 1979 , the Borough of Medway was renamed as Rochester - upon - Medway , and in 1982 further letters patent transferred the city status to the entire borough . On 1 April 1998 , the existing local government districts of Rochester - upon - Medway and Gillingham were abolished and became the new unitary authority of Medway . Since it was the local government district that officially held city status under the 1982 letters patent , when it was abolished , it also ceased to be a city . Whilst the two other local government districts with city status ( Bath and Hereford ) that were abolished around this time decided to appoint charter trustees to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty , Rochester - upon - Medway City Council did not do so . Medway Council apparently only became aware of this when , in 2002 , they discovered that Rochester was not on the Lord Chancellor 's Office 's list of cities . In 2010 , it started to refer to the `` City of Medway '' in promotional material , but it was rebuked and instructed not to do so in future by the Advertising Standards Authority . Scotland ( edit ) Scotland had no cities by royal charter or letters patent before 1889 . The nearest equivalent in pre-Union Scotland was the royal burgh . The term city was not always consistently applied , and there were doubts over the number of officially designated cities . The royal burghs of Edinburgh and Perth anciently used the title civitas , but the term city does not seem to have been used before the 15th century . Unlike the situation in England , in Scotland there was no link between the presence of a cathedral and the title of city . Aberdeen , Glasgow and Edinburgh were accepted as cities by ancient usage by the 18th century , while Perth and Elgin also used the title . In 1856 , the burgh of Dunfermline resolved to use the title of city in all official documents in the future , based on long usage and its former status as a royal capital . The status was never officially recognised . In 1889 , Dundee was granted city status by letters patent . The grant by formal document led to doubts about the use of the title city by other burghs . In 1891 , the city status of Aberdeen was confirmed when the burgh was enlarged by local Act of Parliament . The Royal Burgh of Inverness applied for promotion to a city as part of the Jubilee honours in 1897 . The request was not granted , partly because it would draw attention to the lack of any charter granting the title to existing cities . Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh and Glasgow were constituted `` counties of cities '' by the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1929 . The Act made no statement on the title city for any other burgh . In 1969 , the Home Secretary , James Callaghan , stated that there were six cities in Scotland ( without naming them ) and Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh , Elgin , Glasgow and Perth were the only burghs listed as cities in 1972 . The Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 completely reorganised Scotland 's local administration in 1975 . All burghs were abolished , and a system of districts created . The four districts of Aberdeen , Edinburgh , Dundee and Glasgow had City included in their titles by the Act . The 1975 districts were replaced with the present council areas by the Local Government etc . ( Scotland ) Act 1994 in 1996 , and the same four cities were designated . Since the 1996 reorganisation , three more Scottish cities have been designated : Inverness as part of the millennium celebrations , Stirling in 2002 to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II 's Golden Jubilee and Perth in 2012 to mark the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee . In the case of these three cities , there are no city councils and no formal boundaries . In January 2008 , a petition to matriculate armorial bearings for the City of Inverness was refused by Lord Lyon King of Arms on the grounds that there is no corporate body or legal persona to whom arms can be granted . Ireland and Northern Ireland ( edit ) See also : City status in Ireland City status in Ireland tended historically to be granted by royal charter . There are many towns in Ireland with Church of Ireland cathedrals that have never been called cities . In spite of this , Armagh was considered a city , by virtue of its being the seat of the Primate of All Ireland , until the abolition of Armagh 's city corporation by the Municipal Corporations ( Ireland ) Act 1840 . The only historic city with a charter in present - day Northern Ireland is Derry . Derry was given its first charter by James I in 1604 , but the garrison was attacked and destroyed by Cahir O'Doherty in 1608 . The present city is the result of a second charter granted in 1613 to members of the London guilds , as part of the Plantation of Ulster , providing for the building of a walled city , which was renamed Londonderry . In 1887 , the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated , and the Borough of Belfast submitted a memorial to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland seeking city status . Belfast based its claim on its similarity to two English boroughs that had received the honour -- the seaport of Liverpool and the textile centre of Manchester -- and the fact that it had ( at the time ) a larger population than the City of Dublin . Following some legal debate , city status was conferred in 1888 . The grant of the honour on the grounds of being a large industrial town , rather than a diocesan centre , was unprecedented . Belfast 's example was soon followed by Birmingham in England and Dundee in Scotland . In 1994 , Armagh 's city status was restored . In 2002 , Lisburn and Newry were two of the five towns in the UK that were granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II to mark her Golden Jubilee . In the case of Lisburn , the status extends to the entire local government district . Newry , like Inverness and Stirling in Scotland , has no formal boundaries or city council . The letters patent were presented to representatives of Newry and Mourne District Council on behalf of the city . Current practice of granting city status ( edit ) According to a Memorandum from the Home Office issued in 1927 , If a town wishes to obtain the title of a city the proper method of procedure is to address a petition to the King through the Home Office . It is the duty of the Home Secretary to submit such petitions to his Majesty and to advise his Majesty to the reply to be returned . It is a well - established principle that the grant of the title is only recommended in the case of towns of the first rank in population , size and importance , and having a distinctive character and identity of their own . At the present day , therefore , it is only rarely and in exceptional circumstances that the title is given . In fact , a town can now apply for city status by submitting an application to the Lord Chancellor , who makes recommendations to the sovereign . Competitions for new grants of city status have been held to mark special events , such as coronations , royal jubilees or the Millennium . Lord mayors ( edit ) Main article : List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom Some cities in England , Wales and Northern Ireland have the further distinction of having a lord mayor rather than a simple mayor -- in Scotland , the equivalent is the lord provost . Lord mayors have the right to be styled `` The Right Worshipful The Lord Mayor '' . The Lord Mayors and Provosts of Belfast , Cardiff , Edinburgh , Glasgow , City of London and York have the further right to be styled `` The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor '' ( or Provost ) , although they are not members of the Privy Council as this style usually indicates . The style is associated with the office , not the person holding it , so `` The Right Worshipful Joseph Bloggsworthy '' would be incorrect . There are currently 69 recognised cities ( including 30 Lord Mayoralties or Lord Provostships ) in the UK : 51 cities ( 23 Lord Mayoralties ) in England , six cities ( two Lord Mayoralties ) in Wales , seven cities ( four Lord Provostships ) in Scotland and five cities ( one Lord Mayoralty ) in Northern Ireland . In the Republic of Ireland , the ceremonial head of the city government of Dublin is the Lord Mayor of Dublin . This title was granted by Charles II in 1665 when Dublin was part of the Kingdom of Ireland . Whilst the 1665 letters patent provided for the Lord Mayor to hold the formal title of Right Honourable , this was repealed in 2001 . There is also a Lord Mayor of Cork , a title granted in 1900 when Cork was still part of the United Kingdom . In modern practice , competitions are held for cities that wish to gain the distinction of a lord mayor . The 2002 competition was entered by Bath , Cambridge , Carlisle , Chichester , Derby , Exeter , Gloucester , Lancaster , Lincoln , St Albans , St David 's , Salford , Southampton , Sunderland , Truro , Wolverhampton and Worcester ; the successful candidate was Exeter . In 2012 a further competition was held , as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations , with Armagh receiving the distinction . Eleven other cities entered the contest , namely : Cambridge , Derby , Gloucester , Lancaster , Newport , Peterborough , Salford , Southampton , St Albans , Sunderland , and Wakefield . Local government districts ( edit ) Since local government reorganisation in 1974 city status has been awarded to a number of local government districts which are not themselves towns . Each includes a number of towns and villages outside the urban area from which the district takes its name . In some of these cases city status was awarded to districts where the largest settlement had city status before 1974 . In other cases a borough was formed to govern an area covering several towns and then city status was granted to the borough . The largest `` city '' district in terms of area is the City of Carlisle , which covers some 400 square miles ( 1,000 km ) of mostly rural landscape in the north of England , and is larger than smaller counties such as Merseyside or Rutland . Such cities include : City of Bradford , including the towns of Bingley , Ilkley , Keighley and Shipley as well as Bradford City of Canterbury , including the towns of Herne Bay and Whitstable as well as Canterbury City of Lancaster , including the towns of Carnforth , Heysham and Morecambe as well as Lancaster and surrounding rural areas . City of Leeds , including the towns of Otley , Pudsey and Wetherby as well as Leeds City of Preston , including rural areas as well as Preston City of St Albans , including the town of Harpenden as well as St Albans City of Salford , including the towns of Eccles , Pendlebury and Swinton as well as Salford City of Sunderland , including the towns of Hetton - le - Hole , Houghton - le - Spring and Washington as well as Sunderland City of Wakefield , including the towns of Castleford , Ossett and Pontefract as well as Wakefield City of Winchester , including the towns of Bishop 's Waltham and New Alresford as well as Winchester There are some cities where the local government district is in fact smaller than the historical or natural boundaries of the city . Examples include : Manchester , where the traditional area associated includes areas of the neighbouring authorities of Trafford , Tameside , Oldham , Bury and the City of Salford ; Kingston upon Hull , where surrounding areas and villages that are effectively suburbs , such as Cottingham , which comes under East Riding of Yorkshire Council ; Glasgow , where suburban areas of the city are located in East Dunbartonshire , East Renfrewshire , North Lanarkshire , Renfrewshire , South Lanarkshire and West Dunbartonshire ; Wolverhampton and London . City councils ( edit ) See also : List of cities in the United Kingdom The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a `` city '' . Nonetheless , this appellation carries its own prestige and , consequently , competitions for the status are hard fought . Historically , city status could only be granted to incorporated towns . The grant was specifically awarded to the relevant local government area such as a civil parish or borough . However , recent grants have used a looser wording , where the status is awarded to the `` town '' . In most cases the `` town '' is held to be coterminous with the relevant local government area , such that the city status holder is the corporate body of the council . Examples include the Letters Patent awarded to the `` Towns of Brighton and Hove '' , the `` Town of Wolverhampton '' and the `` Town of Newport in the County Borough of Newport '' . In each case the existing borough council became the city council . Most cities have city councils , which have varying powers depending on the country and type of settlement . England ( edit ) Twelve of the 51 cities in England are in metropolitan counties and their city councils are single - tier metropolitan district councils . Outside the metropolitan counties eleven cities are unitary authorities , and fifteen have ordinary district councils , which are subordinate to their local county council . In London the Westminster City Council functions as a London borough council , and the City of London Corporation is the council for the City of London . Eight smaller episcopal cities such as Wells are neither local government districts nor within a ' local government district with city status ' , and have city councils which are parish councils , with limited powers . Three cities ( Bath , Chester and Durham ) have no city council . Scotland ( edit ) Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh and Glasgow are themselves council areas and have their own city councils . The cities of Perth , Stirling and Inverness are part of council areas which do not have city status , and have no city councils . Stirling Council 's application for city status was specifically for the urban area of the ( now former ) Royal Burgh of Stirling and included proposed city boundaries which are much smaller than Stirling council area . Wales ( edit ) Cardiff , Newport and Swansea are principal areas and have city councils . The city councils of Bangor , St Asaph and St Davids are community councils with limited powers . Northern Ireland ( edit ) Belfast City Council is a local government district council . Since the local government reforms of 2015 the four other cities form parts of wider districts and do not have their own councils . City status conferment ( edit ) City status is conferred by letters patent and not by a royal charter ( except historically in Ireland ) . There are twenty towns in England and Wales that were recognised as cities by `` ancient prescriptive right '' ; none of these communities had been formally declared a city , but they had all used the title since `` time immemorial '' , that is , before 3 September 1189 . The holding of city status brings no special benefits other than the right to be called a city . All cities where a local government unit that holds that status is abolished have to be re-issued with letters patent reconfirming city status following local government reorganisation where that holder has been abolished . This process was followed by a number of cities since 1974 , and York and Hereford 's status was confirmed twice , in 1974 and again in the 1990s . Failure to do so leads to the loss of city status as happened at Rochester in 1998 ( see above ) , and also previously in St David 's and Armagh , although both of these latter have regained city status since losing it . These three had been cities since time immemorial before the loss of city status . Charters originated as charters of incorporation , allowing a town to become an incorporated borough , or to hold markets . Some of these charters recognised officially that the town involved was a city . Apart from that recognition , it became accepted that such a charter could make a town into a city . The formal definition of a city has been disputed , in particular by inhabitants of towns that have been regarded as cities in the past such as Colchester and Dunfermline but are not generally considered cities today . Additionally , although the Crown clearly has the right to bestow `` official '' city status , some have doubted the right of the Crown to define the word city in the United Kingdom . In informal usage , city can be used for large towns or conurbations that are not formally cities . The best - known example of this is London , which contains two cities ( the City of London and the City of Westminster ) but is not itself a city . Officially designated cities ( edit ) There are currently 69 officially designated cities in the UK , of which eleven have been created since 2000 in competitions to celebrate the new millennium and Queen Elizabeth II 's Golden Jubilee in 2002 and Diamond Jubilee in 2012 . The designation is highly sought after , with over 40 communities submitting bids at recent competitions . List of officially designated cities ( edit ) City status has been applied to a variety of entities including towns , local government districts and civil parishes . See List of cities in the United Kingdom for a list of entities holding the status for each city . England ( edit ) Bath Birmingham Bradford Brighton and Hove Bristol Cambridge Canterbury Carlisle Chelmsford Chester Chichester Coventry Derby Durham Ely Exeter Gloucester Hereford Kingston upon Hull Lancaster Leeds Leicester Lichfield Lincoln Liverpool City of London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Norwich Nottingham Oxford Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Ripon Salford Salisbury Sheffield Southampton St Albans Stoke - on - Trent Sunderland Truro Wakefield Wells City of Westminster Winchester Wolverhampton Worcester York Scotland ( edit ) Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Glasgow Inverness Perth Stirling Wales ( edit ) Bangor Cardiff Newport St Asaph St Davids and the Cathedral Close Swansea Northern Ireland ( edit ) Armagh Belfast Lisburn Londonderry Newry Towns not cities ( edit ) Size / population ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As noted above , in ordinary discourse , city can refer to any large settlement , with no fixed limit . There are certain towns with large urban areas that could qualify for city status on the grounds of population size . Some have applied for city status and had the application turned down . Northampton is one of the most populous urban districts not to be a London Borough , metropolitan borough , unitary authority or city ; on this basis , the council claims that it is the largest town in England . The government - published `` Key Statistics for Built - Up Areas 2011 '' show that the following are the largest urban areas in the United Kingdom not having a city as a component . The name shown is the largest town in the area : Bournemouth -- 466,266 Middlesbrough -- 376,633 Birkenhead -- 325,264 Reading -- 318,014 Southend -- 295,310 Luton -- 258,018 Farnborough / Aldershot -- 252,397 Gillingham ( Medway ) -- 243,931 ( The former city of Rochester is part of this area ) Blackpool -- 239,409 Milton Keynes -- 229,941 Northampton -- 215,963 Swindon -- 185,609 Warrington -- 165,456 Doncaster -- 158,141 Telford -- 147,980 See List of urban areas in the United Kingdom for further examples . The largest local authorities to have applied for city status in the recent competitions are : London Borough of Croydon -- 330,587 Metropolitan Borough of Dudley -- 312,925 Metropolitan Borough of Wirral -- 312,293 Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster -- 286,866 Metropolitan Borough of Stockport -- 284,528 Metropolitan Borough of Bolton -- 261,037 Borough of Milton Keynes -- 255,700 Borough of Medway -- 249,488 London Borough of Southwark -- 244,866 London Borough of Tower Hamlets -- 220,500 London Borough of Greenwich -- 214,403 ( became a Royal Borough on 3 February 2012 ) Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead -- 200,300 Borough of Northampton -- 194,458 Borough of Warrington -- 191,084 Borough of Luton -- 184,371 Borough of Bournemouth -- 183,491 Borough of Colchester - 181,200 Borough of Swindon -- 180,051 Borough of Telford and Wrekin -- 161,600 Borough of Southend - on - Sea -- 159,600 Borough of Reading -- 155,300 Borough of Blackpool -- 142,100 Borough of Middlesbrough -- 138,400 County Borough of Wrexham -- 133,068 Cathedral towns ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) Since being the seat of an Anglican diocese is no longer sufficient or necessary to gain city status , some cathedral towns exist : Place Cathedral Diocese established Population ( Est ) Blackburn Blackburn Cathedral 1926 105,085 Brecon Brecon Cathedral 1923 7,901 Bury St Edmunds St Edmundsbury Cathedral 1914 35,015 Guildford Guildford Cathedral 1927 70,000 Rochester Rochester Cathedral historic ; previously a city ( see above ) 27,000 Southwark Southwark Cathedral 1905 274,400 Southwell Southwell Minster 1884 6,900 The 1911 Encyclopeædia Britannica refers to Southwell as a city . In total there are 14 English and Welsh cities that have never had Anglican cathedrals within their borders -- Brighton and Hove , Cambridge , Hull , Lancaster , Leeds , Nottingham , Plymouth , Preston , Salford , Southampton , Stoke - on - Trent , Sunderland , Swansea , and Wolverhampton . Bath Abbey was once a diocesan cathedral , as was Westminster Abbey briefly during the reign of Henry VIII . These cities retained their city status despite their cathedrals losing that status . Scotland ( edit ) The national church of Scotland , the Church of Scotland , is presbyterian in governance ( not recognising authority of bishops ) , and thus has high kirks rather than cathedrals . However , the pre-Reformation dioceses do have extant cathedrals , most notably at Glasgow and Edinburgh , which remain in use by the Church of Scotland and continue to bear the honorific title of cathedral . Others ( such as that of St Andrews ) are now in ruins . As noted above , both Perth and Elgin were recognised as cities before 1975 ( Perth 's city status was restored in 2012 ) . Additionally , five other pre-Reformation sees -- Brechin , Dunblane , Dunkeld , Kirkwall and St Andrews -- are often referred to as cities , notably in names associated with the settlements ( e.g. Brechin City F.C. , City Road in St Andrews ) . Dornoch , Fortrose and Whithorn also possess pre-Reformation cathedrals but have never been described as cities . Towns with non-Church of Scotland , post-Reformation cathedrals which are not recognised as cities are Ayr ( R.C. ) , Millport ( Episcopal ) , Oban ( R.C. ) , Motherwell ( R.C. ) and Paisley ( R.C. ) . Of these , Ayr , Motherwell and Paisley have larger populations than Perth , Stirling and Inverness , and both Ayr and Paisley have formally made a bid for city status in the recent past . Of settlements granted city status in the 21st century , Inverness ( awarded 2001 ) possesses an Episcopal cathedral ( 1866 ) , but none under the auspices of the Church of Scotland . Stirling ( awarded 2002 ) has never had a cathedral of any kind . Perth ( reinstated 2012 ) has an Episcopal cathedral dating from 1860 , but no pre-Reformation establishment . Northern Ireland ( edit ) In Northern Ireland , as noted above , possession of a diocesan cathedral has never ( except in the anomalous case of Armagh ) been sufficient to attain this status . In spite of this , the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica refers to Armagh ( Armagh had lost city status in 1840 ) and Lisburn as cities . Armagh subsequently regained city status formally in 1994 and Lisburn achieved city status in 2002 . There are four towns in Northern Ireland with Church of Ireland cathedrals that do not have city status -- Clogher , Downpatrick , Dromore and Enniskillen . Newry is the only city in Northern Ireland that does not have a Church of Ireland cathedral within its borders . Claimants ( edit ) A number of towns describe themselves as cities ( at least in some contexts ) , despite not having the requisite Charter . Ballymena in Northern Ireland has been known informally as `` The City of the Seven Towers '' since the nineteenth century . The community council for Brechin is called City of Brechin & District Community Council . The local football team is known as Brechin City F.C. ( they were formed at a meeting on City Road in the town ) . Brechin also possesses a cathedral , and was the ancient seat of the see of Brechin . Dunfermline styles itself `` A Twinned City '' on the signs welcoming visitors to the town . The area committee of Fife council is called City of Dunfermline Area Committee . Dunkeld , the see of a bishop until the seventeenth century is sometimes referred to as a city . A `` City Hall '' was built in 1877 , since converted into a holiday accommodation . The community council for Elgin is called City and Royal Burgh of Elgin Community Council . The local football team is known as Elgin City F.C. . Guildford possesses a cathedral and the local football team is named Guildford City F.C. . In 2013 the local council did not submit an application , citing low chance of success , and high time and resource against low benefits ratio . Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City are medium - sized New Towns in Hertfordshire established to reduce the overcrowding of London as part of the Garden city movement . In its planning , the government of the day intended Milton Keynes , Buckinghamshire , to be a `` new city '' in scale , and it was referred to as such in contemporary supporting papers , but was gazetted in 1967 as a New Town . It has used the term `` City Centre '' on its buses and road signs for many years , mainly to avoid confusion with the centres of its pre-existing constituent towns . After its unsuccessful attempts to gain city status , the town of Reading , Berkshire , started using the phrase `` City Centre '' on its buses and car - park signs . Reading 's urban area has in excess of 350,000 inhabitants , making it one of the largest urban areas in the UK and larger than many sizeable cities including Southampton , Kingston upon Hull and Derby . However , the population of the Borough of Reading was estimated as 142,800 in 2006 by the Office for National Statistics , as a number of the town 's large eastern and southern suburbs ( such as Earley and Woodley ) lie within neighbouring local authorities . Colchester in Essex lays claim to being the first city founded in Britain under the Romans in AD43 . The city of Colchester was one of three destroyed in AD61 by Queen Boudica . Despite making several attempts to become the first city in the county , it was eventually beaten by the county town Chelmsford in 2012 . Today , Colchester is one of the fastest - growing boroughs in the country and the largest non-metropolitan district in the county of Essex with an estimated 187,000 people . See also ( edit ) List of cities in the United Kingdom Borough status in the United Kingdom List of towns in the United Kingdom List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom List of urban areas in the United Kingdom List of cities in Ireland List of smallest cities in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UK cities '' . culture.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` JTK '' . `` Civitas '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , Vol . I , p. 451 . ABC - CLIO ( Sta . Barbara ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ De Excidio Britanniae , § 3 . ( in Latin ) Cited in the `` Civitas '' entry of Celtic Culture . Jump up ^ Nennius ( attrib . ) . Theodor Mommsen ( ed. ) . Historia Brittonum , VI . Composed after AD 830 . ( in Latin ) Hosted at Latin Wikisource . Jump up ^ Beckett , J.V. ( 2005 ) . City status in the British Isles , 1830 -- 2002 . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 22 . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , JV ( 2005 ) . City status in the British Isles , 1830 -- 2002 . Historical urban studies . Aldershot : Ashgate . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5067 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` London Government Bill '' . Hansard 1803 -- 2005 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 16 May 1899 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons . Tuesday May 16 '' . The Times . 17 May 1899 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` City of Westminster '' . Hansard 1803 -- 2005 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 31 July 1899 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons '' . The Times . 1 August 1899 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Letters patent dated 27 October 1900 declared that `` the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster ... shall be a City , and shall be called and styled the City of Westminster , and shall have all such rank , liberties , privileges , and immunities as are incident to a City '' . `` No. 27242 '' . The London Gazette. 30 October 1900 . p. 6613 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth '' . Hansard 1803 -- 2005 . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 20 June 1911 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons -- Status of Portsmouth '' , The Times , 21 June 1911 . Jump up ^ `` Leicester , a City : Sequel to the Recent Royal Visit '' , The Times , 17 June 1919 . ^ Jump up to : `` Functions of local authorities . Memorandum from Health Ministry '' , The Times , 17 June 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge petition to the King '' , The Times , 19 March 1951 . Jump up ^ `` City Status For Southampton '' , The Times , 12 February 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty votes keep the City as unique local authority '' . The Times . 14 February 1963 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` The New Westminster ( Official Appointments and Notices ) '' . The Times . 24 December 1963 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Prince announces city status for Swansea '' , The Times , Friday , 4 July 1969 . Jump up ^ Local Government Act 1972 ( c. 70 ) , ss. 1 ( 10 ) and 1 ( 11 ) Jump up ^ `` No. 46255 '' . The London Gazette. 4 April 1974 . pp. 4400 -- 4401 . Jump up ^ Medway Council Archives . `` Synopsis of Medway Area charters '' . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Patrick O'Leary , `` Derby 's long road to city status '' , The Times , 29 July 1977 , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` Local Government in Lichfield : Historical Background '' . Lichfield City Council . 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sunderland casts off ailing past to win city status '' , The Times , 15 February 1992 . ^ Jump up to : `` Religious centres recover city status '' , The Guardian , 8 July 1994 . Jump up ^ Cahal Milmo , `` A tale of three ( new ) cities '' , The Independent , 19 December 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Joy for Wolverhampton as town becomes Millennium city '' , Birmingham Evening Mail , 18 December 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Favoured five become city slickers : Political fix claim as English Labour towns upgraded to mark Queen 's jubilee '' , The Guardian , 15 March 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results of Diamond Jubilee Civic Honours Competition announced '' . Cabinet Office . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Letters Patent dated 3 February 2012 `` No. 60205 '' . The London Gazette. 11 July 2012 . p. 13300 . Jump up ^ `` No. 46243 '' . The London Gazette. 21 March 1974 . p. 3651 . Letters Patent dated 18 March 1974 , text also available from Medway Council archives website Jump up ^ `` No. 48875 '' . The London Gazette. 28 January 1982 . p. 1173 . Publishing Letters Patent dated 25 January 1982 , text also available from Medway Council archives website Jump up ^ `` Error costs Rochester city status '' . BBC News . 16 May 2002 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Medway Council -- Regeneration and Community Overview and Scrutiny Committee , Report on Rochester City Status , 4 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` ASA Adjudication on Medway Council '' . Asa.org.uk. 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Parliament petition number : PE1392 '' ( PDF ) . www. parliament. scot . Jump up ^ The Municipal Year Book 1972 Jump up ^ `` Coat of arms rejected in city status query '' , The Inverness Courier , 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Derry 's Walls : First Defences '' . Derryswalls.com . Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Derry 's Walls : The Plantation Begins '' . Derryswalls.com . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Change of District Name ( Lisburn Borough ) Order ( Northern Ireland ) 2002 ( 2002 No. 231 ) , Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` City Status conferred on Lisburn and Newry Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Northern Ireland Office , 14 May 2002 . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Five new cities creates row '' . BBC . 14 March 2002 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Armagh to get lord mayor status '' . BBC News . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` More than 25 towns bid for Diamond Jubilee city status '' . BBC News . 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Northampton Multi-Modal Study Final Report , December 2003 Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census -- Built - up areas '' . ONS . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Census - Built - up areas '' . ONS . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Population Statistics = Milton Keynes Council , 2013 data Jump up ^ `` Lovemytown website '' . Lovemytown.co.uk . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ballymena Borough Council Timeline '' . Ballymena.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 3 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ According to the Municipal Year Book , 1972 , the royal burghs of Perth and Elgin officially enjoyed city status . The royal burghs of Brechin , Dunfermline and Kirkwall had also been officially described as `` cities '' . As all burghs were abolished in 1975 , these areas are now often called `` former cities '' . Although Brechin does not have city status , the community council formed for the area uses the title City of Brechin and District . Jump up ^ `` Dunkeld '' . Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland : A Survey of Scottish Topography , Statistical , Biographical and Historical. 1882 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City Hall Luxury Self - Catering Apartments '' . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/local-news/guildford-says-no-city-status-4815000 Jump up ^ `` Taking city name is a right royal insult '' . Reading Post . S&B Media . 4 April 2003 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . 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-5,600,114,548,088,432,000 | when was the letter to the ephesians written | Epistle to the Ephesians - wikipedia Epistle to the Ephesians Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship Paul the Apostle Related literature Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle to the Ephesians , also called the Letter to the Ephesians and often shortened to Ephesians , is the tenth book of the New Testament . Its authorship has traditionally been attributed to Paul the Apostle but , starting in 1792 , this has been challenged as Deutero - Pauline , that is , written in Paul 's name by a later author strongly influenced by Paul 's thought , probably `` by a loyal disciple to sum up Paul 's teaching and to apply it to a new situation fifteen to twenty - five years after the Apostle 's death . Contents 1 Themes 2 Composition 2.1 Authorship 2.2 Place , date , and purpose of the writing of the letter 3 Outline 4 Founding of the church at Ephesus 5 Purpose 6 Interpretations 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Themes ( edit ) The main theme of Ephesians is `` the Church , which is the Body of Christ . '' As a prisoner for the Lord , then , I urge you to live a life worthy of the calling you have received . Be completely humble and gentle ; be patient , bearing with one another in love . Make every effort to keep the unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace . -- Ephesians 4 : 1 -- 3 The Church is to maintain the unity in practice which Christ has brought about positionally . According to New Testament scholar Daniel Wallace , the theme may be stated pragmatically as `` Christians , get along with each other ! Maintain the unity practically which Christ has effected positionally by his death . '' Another major theme in Ephesians is the keeping of Christ 's body ( that is , the Church ) pure and holy . Therefore be imitators of God , as beloved children . And walk in love , as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us , a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God . -- Ephesians 5 : 1 -- 2 In the second part of the letter , Ephesians 4 : 17 -- 6 : 20 , the author gives practical advice in how to live a holy , pure , and Christ - inspired lifestyle . Many devotional thoughts and sermons that are addressed to the practically minded - individual have been drawn from this section of the New Testament . Composition ( edit ) According to tradition , the Apostle Paul wrote the letter while he was in prison in Rome ( around AD 62 ) . This would be about the same time as the Epistle to the Colossians ( which in many points it resembles ) and the Epistle to Philemon . However , many critical scholars have questioned the authorship of the letter and suggest that it may have been written between AD 80 and 100 . Authorship ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Pauline Epistles The first verse in the letter identifies Paul as its author . While early lists of New Testament books , including Marcion 's canon and the Muratorian fragment , attribute the letter to Paul , more recently there have been challenges to Pauline authorship on the basis of the letter 's characteristically non-Pauline syntax , terminology , and eschatology . Biblical scholar Harold Hoehner , surveying 279 commentaries written between 1519 and 2001 , found that 54 % favoured Pauline authorship , 39 % concluded against Pauline authorship and 7 % remained uncertain . Norman Perrin and Dennis C. Duling found that of six authoritative scholarly references , `` four of the six decide for pseudonymity , and the other two ( PCB and JBC ) recognize the difficulties in maintaining Pauline authorship . Indeed , the difficulties are insurmountable . '' Bible scholar Raymond E. Brown asserts that about 80 % of critical scholarship judges that Paul did not write Ephesians . There are four main theories in biblical scholarship that address the question of Pauline authorship . The traditional view that the epistle is written by Paul is supported by scholars that include Frank Thielman , Ezra Abbot , Asting , Gaugler , Grant , Harnack , Haupt , Fenton John Anthony Hort , Klijn , Johann David Michaelis , A. Robert , and André Feuillet , Sanders , Schille , Brooke Foss Westcott , and Theodor Zahn . For a defense of the Pauline authorship of Ephesians , see Ephesians : An Exegetical Commentary by Harold Hoehner , pp 2 -- 61 . A second position suggests that Ephesians was dictated by Paul with interpolations from another author . Some of the scholars that espouse this view include Albertz , Benoit , Cerfaux , Goguel , Harrison , H.J. Holtzmann , Murphy - O'Connor , and Wagenfuhrer . Currently , most critical scholars think it improbable that Paul authored Ephesians . Among this group are Allan , Beare , Brandon , Bultmann , Conzelmann , Dibelius , Goodspeed , Kilsemann , J. Knox , W.L. Knox , Kümmel , K and S Lake , Marxsen , Masson , Mitton , Moffatt , Nineham , Pokorny , Schweizer , and J. Weiss . Still other scholars suggest there is a lack of conclusive evidence . Some of this group are Cadbury , Julicher , McNeile , and Williams . Place , date , and purpose of the writing of the letter ( edit ) While most English translations indicate that the letter was addressed to `` the saints who are in Ephesus '' ( 1 : 1 ) , the words `` in Ephesus '' do not appear in the best and earliest manuscripts of the letter , leading most textual critics , like Bart Ehrman , to regard the words as an interpolation . This lack of any internal references to Ephesus in the early manuscripts may have led Marcion , a second - century heresiarch who created the first New Testament canon , to believe that the letter was actually addressed to the church at Laodicea , for details see Epistle to the Laodiceans . The view is not uncommon in later traditions either , considering that the content of the letter seems to suggest a similar socio - critical context to the Laodicean church mentioned in the Revelation of John . Furthermore , if Paul is regarded as the author , the impersonal character of the letter , which lacks personal greetings or any indication that the author has personal knowledge of his recipients , is incongruous with the account in Acts of Paul staying more than two years in Ephesus . For these reasons , most regard Ephesians to be a circular letter intended for many churches . The Jerusalem Bible notes that some critics think the words `` who are ... '' would have been followed by a blank to be filled in with the name of `` whichever church was being sent the letter '' . If Paul was the author of the letter , then it was probably written from Rome during Paul 's first imprisonment ( 3 : 1 ; 4 : 1 ; 6 : 20 ) , and probably soon after his arrival there in the year 62 , four years after he had parted with the Ephesian elders at Miletus . However , scholars who dispute Paul 's authorship date the letter to between 70 -- 80 AD . In the latter case , the possible location of the authorship could have been within the church of Ephesus itself . Ignatius of Antioch himself seemed to be very well versed in the epistle to the Ephesians , and mirrors many of his own thoughts in his own epistle to the Ephesians . The major theme of the letter is the unity and reconciliation of the whole of creation through the agency of the Church and , in particular , its foundation in Christ as part of the will of the Father . In the Epistle to the Romans , the author writes from the point of view of the demonstration of the righteousness of God -- his covenant faithfulness and saving justice -- in the gospel ; the author of Ephesians writes from the perspective of union with Christ , who is the head of the true church . Outline ( edit ) Ephesians contains : 1 : 1 , 2 . The greeting , from Paul to the church of Ephesus . 1 : 3 -- 2 : 10 . A general account of the blessings that the gospel reveals . This includes the source of these blessings , the means by which they are attained , the reason why they are given , and their final result . The whole of the section 1 : 3 -- 23 consists in the original Greek of just two lengthy and complex sentences ( 1 : 3 -- 14 , 15 -- 23 ) . It ends with a fervent prayer for the further spiritual enrichment of the Ephesians . 2 : 11 -- 3 : 21 . A description of the change in the spiritual position of Gentiles as a result of the work of Christ . It ends with an account of how Paul was selected and qualified to be an apostle to the Gentiles , in the hope that this will keep them from being dispirited and lead him to pray for them . 4 : 1 -- 16 . A chapter on unity in the midst of the diversity of gifts among believers . 4 : 17 -- 6 : 9 . Instructions about ordinary life and different relationships . 6 : 10 -- 24 . The imagery of spiritual warfare ( including the metaphor of the Armor of God ) , the mission of Tychicus , and valedictory blessings . Founding of the church at Ephesus ( edit ) See also : Early centers of Christianity § Asia Minor Paul 's first and hurried visit for the space of three months to Ephesus is recorded in Acts 18 : 19 -- 21 . The work he began on this occasion was carried forward by Apollos and Aquila and Priscilla . On his second visit early in the following year , he remained at Ephesus `` three years '' , for he found it was the key to the western provinces of Asia Minor . Here `` a great door and effectual '' was opened to him , and the church was established and strengthened by his diligent labours there . From Ephesus the gospel spread abroad `` almost throughout all Asia . '' The word `` mightily grew and prevailed '' despite all the opposition and persecution he encountered . On his last journey to Jerusalem , the apostle landed at Miletus and , summoning together the elders of the church from Ephesus , delivered to them a farewell charge , expecting to see them no more . The following parallels between this epistle and the Milesian charge may be traced : Acts 20 : 19 = Eph. 4 : 2 . The phrase `` lowliness of mind '' . Acts 20 : 27 = Eph. 1 : 11 . The word `` counsel '' , denoting the divine plan . Acts 20 : 32 = Eph. 3 : 20 . The divine ability . Acts 20 : 32 = Eph. 2 : 20 . The building upon the foundation . Acts 20 : 32 = Eph. 1 : 14 , 18 `` The inheritance of the saints . '' Purpose ( edit ) The purpose of the epistle , and to whom it was written , are matters of much speculation . It was regarded by C.H. Dodd as the `` crown of Paulinism . '' In general , it is born out of its particular socio - historical context and the situational context of both the author and the audience . Originating in the circumstance of a multicultural church ( primarily Jewish and Hellenistic ) , the author addressed issues appropriate to the diverse religious and cultural backgrounds present in the community . German inscription of the text , `` One Lord , One faith , One baptism , '' ( Ephesians 4 : 5 ) . The author exhorts the church repeatedly to embrace a specific view of salvation , which he then explicates . It seems most likely that the author 's Christology of sacrifice is the manner in which he intends to effect an environment of peace within the church . In short : `` If Christ was sacrificed for your sake , be like him and be in submission to one another . '' The author addresses hostility , division , and self - interest more than any other topic in the letter , leading many scholars to believe that his primary concern was not doctrinal , but behavioral . Some theologians , such as Frank Charles Thompson , agree the main theme of Ephesians is in response to the newly converted Jews who often separated themselves from their Gentile brethren . The unity of the church , especially between Jew and Gentile believers , is the keynote of the book . This is shown by the recurrence of such words and phrases as : Together : made alive together ; raised up together , sitting together ; 2 : 6 built together. 2 : 22 One , indicating unity : one new man , one body , one Spirit , one hope , one Lord , one faith , one baptism , one God and Father of all . The Pauline theme of unity based on a sacrificial Christology may also be noted in the epistle to the Philippians . Interpretations ( edit ) Ephesians is notable for its domestic code treatment in 5 : 22 -- 6 : 9 , covering husband - wife , parent - child , and master - slave relationships . In 5 : 22 , wives are urged to submit to their husbands , and husbands to love their wives `` as Christ loved the Church . '' Christian Egalitarian theologians , such as Katharine Bushnell and Jessie Penn - Lewis , interpret these commands in the context of the preceding verse , 5 : 21 for all Christians to `` submit to one another . '' Thus , it is two - way , mutual submission of both husbands to wives and wives to husbands . But according to Peter O'Brien , Professor Emeritus at Moore Theological College , this would be the only instance of this meaning of submission in the whole New Testament , indeed in any extant comparable Greek texts ; by O'Brien's account , the word simply does not connote mutuality . Dallas Theological Seminary professor Daniel Wallace understands it to be an extension of 5 : 15 -- 21 on being filled by the Holy Spirit . In the period leading up to the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) , Ephesians 6 : 5 on master - slave relationships was one of the Bible verses used by Confederate slaveholders in support of a slaveholding position . See also ( edit ) Earlier Epistle to the Ephesians Textual variants in the Epistle to the Ephesians Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Authenticity of Ephesians ^ Jump up to : Hoehner , Harold . Ephesians : An Exegetical Commentary . Baker Academic , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2614 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . pp. 381 -- 84 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` USCCB -- NAB -- Ephesians -- Introduction '' . Archived from the original on 4 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : See Markus Barth , Ephesians : Introduction , Translation , and Commentary on Chapters 1 -- 3 ( New York : Doubleday and Company Inc. , 1974 ) , 50 -- 51 ^ Jump up to : Perrin , Norman ; Duling , Dennis C. ( 1982 ) . The New Testament : An Introduction . Second Edition . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . pp. 218 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 565726 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Raymond E. The churches the apostles left behind , Paulist Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0809126118 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Daniel B. `` Ephesians : Introduction , Argument , and Outline . '' Web : ( 1 ) 1 January 2010 ^ Jump up to : Bruce , F.F. ( 1988 ) . The Canon of Scripture . Downers Grove , IL : InterVarsity Press . pp. 142 , 158 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0830812585 . ^ Jump up to : Attridge , Harold W. ; Meeks , Wayne A. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The HarperCollins Study Bible ( Revised ed . ) . New York : HarperCollins . pp. 1982 -- 83 . ISBN 978 - 0061228407 . Jump up ^ These four views all come from Markus Barth , Ephesians : Introduction , Translation , and Commentary on Chapters 1 -- 3 ( New York : Doubleday and Company Inc. , 1974 ) , 38 ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Peter T. ( 1999 ) . Carson , D.A. , ed . The Letter to the Ephesians . The Pillar New Testament Commentary . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Eerdmans . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0802837363 . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Klyne ( 1996 ) . The NIV Application Commentary : Ephesians . Zondervan . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0310493402 . Jump up ^ Jerusalem Bible ( 1966 ) , Footnote a at Ephesians 1 : 1 ^ Jump up to : Bruce , F.F. The New International Commentary on the New Testament . Eerdmans , 1984 , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2401 - 3 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Frank C. Thompson Chain Reference Study Bible ( NIV ) . Kirkbride Bible Company , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88707 - 009 - 9 Jump up ^ Bushnell , Katharine ( December 1930 ) . `` Dr. Katharine C. Bushnell : A Brief Sketch of Her Life Work '' ( PDF ) . Biblical Recorder : 13 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 June 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haddad , Mimi ( Spring 2008 ) . `` Jessie Penn - Lewis 's Cross Theology : Gender Relations in the New Covenant '' ( PDF ) . Priscilla Papers . Christians for Biblical Equality. 22 ( 2 ) : 7 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 July 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Peter T. ( 1999 ) . Carson , D.A. , ed . The Letter to the Ephesians . The Pillar New Testament Commentary . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Eerdmans . pp. 401 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0802837363 . Jump up ^ E.N. Elliott , ed . Cotton is king , and pro-slavery arguments comprising the writings of Hammond , Harper , Christy , Stringfellow , Hodge , Bledsoe , and Cartwright , on this important subject . Augusta , Ga . : Pritchard , Abbott & Loomis , 1860 . Christy , David ; Bledsoe , Albert Taylor ; Stringfellow , Thornton ; Harper , Robert Goodloe ; Hammond , James Henry ; Cartwright , Samuel Adolphus ; Hodge , Charles ( 1860 ) . Cotton is King -- Google Books . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Ephesians , Epistle to the '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ephesians Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle to the Ephesians A Brief Introduction to Ephesians Ephesians Online Reading Room -- extensive collection of online resources for Ephesians ; Tyndale Seminary Biblical Expository on Ephesians Ephesians : The Calling of the Saints -- Ephesians Messages , Audio & Podcast by Ray Stedman Ephesians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Schem , A.J. ( 1879 ) . `` Ephesians , Epistle to the '' . 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4,992,896,819,382,692,000 | as a money economy emerged in japan merchants | Edo period - Wikipedia Edo period History of Japan Periods ( hide ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Boxer Rebellion Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline The Edo period ( 江戸 時代 , Edo jidai ) or Tokugawa period ( 徳川 時代 ) is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan , when Japanese society was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country 's 300 regional daimyō . The period was characterized by economic growth , strict social order , isolationist foreign policies , a stable population , `` no more wars '' , and popular enjoyment of arts and culture . The shogunate was officially established in Edo on March 24 , 1603 , by Tokugawa Ieyasu . The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3 , 1868 , after the fall of Edo . Contents 1 Consolidation of the shogunate 2 Foreign trade relations 3 Society 4 Economic development 4.1 Population 4.2 Agriculture 5 Artistic and intellectual development 5.1 Entertainment 6 End of the shogunate 6.1 Decline of the Tokugawa 6.2 End of seclusion 6.3 Bakumatsu modernization and conflicts 7 Events 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Consolidation of the shogunate ( edit ) Main article : Tokugawa shogunate Tokugawa Ieyasu , first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate A revolution took place from the time of the Kamakura shogunate , which existed with the Tennō 's court , to the Tokugawa , when the samurai became the unchallenged rulers in what historian Edwin O. Reischauer called a `` centralized feudal '' form of shogunate . Instrumental in the rise of the new - existing bakufu was Tokugawa Ieyasu , the main beneficiary of the achievements of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi . Already powerful , Ieyasu profited by his transfer to the rich Kantō area . He maintained two million koku of land , a new headquarters at Edo , a strategically situated castle town ( the future Tokyo ) , and also had an additional two million koku of land and thirty - eight vassals under his control . After Hideyoshi 's death , Ieyasu moved quickly to seize control from the Toyotomi clan . Ieyasu 's victory over the western daimyō at the Battle of Sekigahara ( October 21 , 1600 , or in the Japanese calendar on the 15th day of the ninth month of the fifth year of the Keichō era ) gave him control of all Japan . He rapidly abolished numerous enemy daimyō houses , reduced others , such as that of the Toyotomi , and redistributed the spoils of war to his family and allies . Ieyasu still failed to achieve complete control of the western daimyō , but his assumption of the title of shōgun helped consolidate the alliance system . After further strengthening his power base , Ieyasu installed his son Hidetada ( 1579 -- 1632 ) as shōgun and himself as retired shōgun in 1605 . The Toyotomi were still a significant threat , and Ieyasu devoted the next decade to their eradication . In 1615 , the Tokugawa army destroyed the Toyotomi stronghold at Osaka . The Tokugawa ( or Edo ) period brought 250 years of stability to Japan . The political system evolved into what historians call bakuhan , a combination of the terms bakufu and han ( domains ) to describe the government and society of the period . In the bakuhan , the shōgun had national authority and the daimyō had regional authority . This represented a new unity in the feudal structure , which featured an increasingly large bureaucracy to administer the mixture of centralized and decentralized authorities . The Tokugawa became more powerful during their first century of rule : land redistribution gave them nearly seven million koku , control of the most important cities , and a land assessment system reaping great revenues . The feudal hierarchy was completed by the various classes of daimyō . Closest to the Tokugawa house were the shinpan , or `` related houses '' . They were twenty - three daimyō on the borders of Tokugawa lands , all directly related to Ieyasu . The shinpan held mostly honorary titles and advisory posts in the bakufu . The second class of the hierarchy were the fudai , or `` house daimyō '' , rewarded with lands close to the Tokugawa holdings for their faithful service . By the 18th century , 145 fudai controlled such smaller han , the greatest assessed at 250,000 koku . Members of the fudai class staffed most of the major bakufu offices . Ninety - seven han formed the third group , the tozama ( outside vassals ) , former opponents or new allies . The tozama were located mostly on the peripheries of the archipelago and collectively controlled nearly ten million koku of productive land . Because the tozama were least trusted of the daimyō , they were the most cautiously managed and generously treated , although they were excluded from central government positions . The Tokugawa shogunate not only consolidated their control over a reunified Japan , they also had unprecedented power over the emperor , the court , all daimyō and the religious orders . The emperor was held up as the ultimate source of political sanction for the shōgun , who ostensibly was the vassal of the imperial family . The Tokugawa helped the imperial family recapture its old glory by rebuilding its palaces and granting it new lands . To ensure a close tie between the imperial clan and the Tokugawa family , Ieyasu 's granddaughter was made an imperial consort in 1619 . A code of laws was established to regulate the daimyō houses . The code encompassed private conduct , marriage , dress , types of weapons and numbers of troops allowed ; required feudal lords to reside in Edo every other year ( the sankin - kōtai system ) ; prohibited the construction of ocean - going ships ; proscribed Christianity ; restricted castles to one per domain ( han ) and stipulated that bakufu regulations were the national law . Although the daimyō were not taxed per se , they were regularly levied for contributions for military and logistical support and for such public works projects as castles , roads , bridges and palaces . The various regulations and levies not only strengthened the Tokugawa but also depleted the wealth of the daimyō , thus weakening their threat to the central administration . The han , once military - centered domains , became mere local administrative units . The daimyō did have full administrative control over their territory and their complex systems of retainers , bureaucrats and commoners . Loyalty was exacted from religious foundations , already greatly weakened by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi , through a variety of control mechanisms . Foreign trade relations ( edit ) Main article : Sakoku The San Juan Bautista is represented in Claude Deruet 's painting of Hasekura Tsunenaga in Rome in 1617 , as a galleon with Hasekura 's flag ( red manji on orange background ) on the top mast . Itinerary and dates of the travels of Hasekura Tsunenaga View of Dejima island as a Dutch trading post in Nagasaki , 1897 Like Hideyoshi , Ieyasu encouraged foreign trade but also was suspicious of outsiders . He wanted to make Edo a major port , but once he learned that the Europeans favored ports in Kyūshū and that China had rejected his plans for official trade , he moved to control existing trade and allowed only certain ports to handle specific kinds of commodities . The beginning of the Edo period coincides with the last decades of the Nanban trade period during which intense interaction with European powers , on the economic and religious plane , took place . It is at the beginning of the Edo period that Japan built its first ocean - going Western - style warships , such as the San Juan Bautista , a 500 - ton galleon - type ship that transported a Japanese embassy headed by Hasekura Tsunenaga to the Americas and then to Europe . Also during that period , the bakufu commissioned around 720 Red Seal Ships , three - masted and armed trade ships , for intra-Asian commerce . Japanese adventurers , such as Yamada Nagamasa , used those ships throughout Asia . The `` Christian problem '' was , in effect , a problem of controlling both the Christian daimyō in Kyūshū and their trade with the Europeans . By 1612 , the shōgun 's retainers and residents of Tokugawa lands had been ordered to forswear Christianity . More restrictions came in 1616 ( the restriction of foreign trade to Nagasaki and Hirado , an island northwest of Kyūshū ) , 1622 ( the execution of 120 missionaries and converts ) , 1624 ( the expulsion of the Spanish ) , and 1629 ( the execution of thousands of Christians ) . Finally , the Closed Country Edict of 1635 prohibited any Japanese from traveling outside Japan or , if someone left , from ever returning . In 1636 the Dutch were restricted to Dejima , a small artificial island -- and thus , not true Japanese soil -- in Nagasaki 's harbor . The shogunate perceived Catholic Christianity to be an extremely destabilizing factor , and so decided to persecute it . The Shimabara Rebellion of 1637 -- 38 , in which discontented Catholic Christian samurai and peasants rebelled against the bakufu -- and Edo called in Dutch ships to bombard the rebel stronghold -- marked the end of the Christian movement , although some Catholic Christians survived by going underground , the so - called Kakure Kirishitan . Soon thereafter , the Portuguese were permanently expelled , members of the Portuguese diplomatic mission were executed , all subjects were ordered to register at a Buddhist or Shinto temple , and the Dutch and Chinese were restricted , respectively , to Dejima and to a special quarter in Nagasaki . Besides small trade of some outer daimyō with Korea and the Ryukyu Islands , to the southwest of Japan 's main islands , by 1641 , foreign contacts were limited by the policy of sakoku to Nagasaki . The last Jesuit was either killed or reconverted by 1644 and by the 1660s , Christianity was almost completely eradicated , and its external political , economic , and religious influence on Japan became quite limited . Only China , the Dutch East India Company , and for a short period , the English , enjoyed the right to visit Japan during this period , for commercial purposes only , and they were restricted to the Dejima port in Nagasaki . Other Europeans who landed on Japanese shores were put to death without trial . Society ( edit ) Main article : Edo society The house of the merchant ( Fukagawa Edo Museum ) Social classes during the Edo period ( Tokugawa shogunate ) . Edo society had an elaborate social structure , in which everyone knew their place and level of prestige . At the top were the Emperor and the court nobility , invincible in prestige but weak in power . Next came the shōgun , daimyō and layers of feudal lords whose rank was indicated by their closeness to the Tokugawa . They had power . The daimyō comprised about 250 local lords of local `` han '' with annual outputs of 50,000 or more bushels of rice . The upper strata was much given to elaborate and expensive rituals , including elegant architecture , landscaped gardens , Noh drama , patronage of the arts , and the tea ceremony . After a long period of inner conflict , the first goal of the newly established Tokugawa government was to pacify the country . It created a balance of power that remained ( fairly ) stable for the next 250 years , influenced by Confucian principles of social order . Most samurai lost their direct possession of the land : the daimyō took over their land . The samurai had a choice : give up their sword and become peasants , or move to the city of their feudal lord and become a paid retainer . Only a few land samurai remained in the border provinces of the north , or as direct vassals of the shōgun , the 5,000 so - called hatamoto . The daimyō were put under tight control of the shogunate . Their families had to reside in Edo ; the daimyō themselves had to reside in Edo for one year and in their province ( han ) for the next . This system was called sankin - kōtai . The individual had no legal rights in Tokugawa Japan . The family was the smallest legal entity , and the maintenance of family status and privileges was of great importance at all levels of society . The 1711 Gotōke reijō was compiled from over 600 statutes promulgated between 1597 and 1696 . During the Tokugawa period , the social order , based on inherited position rather than personal merits , was rigid and highly formalized . At the top were the emperor and court nobles ( kuge ) , together with the shōgun and daimyō . Below them the population was divided into four classes in a system known as mibunsei ( 身分 制 ) : the samurai on top ( about 5 % of the population ) and the peasants ( more than 80 % of the population ) on the second level . Below the peasants were the craftsmen , and even below them , on the fourth level , were the merchants . Only the peasants lived in the rural areas . Samurai , craftsmen and merchants lived in the cities that were built around daimyō castles , each restricted to their own quarter . Outside the four classes were the so - called eta and hinin , those whose professions broke the taboos of Buddhism . Eta were butchers , tanners and undertakers . Hinin served as town guards , street cleaners , and executioners . Other outsiders included the beggars , entertainers , and prostitutes . The word eta literally translates to `` filthy '' and hinin to `` non-humans '' , a thorough reflection of the attitude held by other classes that the eta and hinin were not even people . Hinin were only allowed inside a special quarter of the city . Other persecution of the hinin included disallowing them from wearing robes longer than knee - length and the wearing of hats . Sometimes eta villages were not even printed on official maps . A sub-class of hinin who were born into their social class had no option of mobility to a different social class whereas the other class of hinin who had lost their previous class status could be reinstated in Japanese society . In the 19th century the umbrella term burakumin was coined to name the eta and hinin because both classes were forced to live in separate village neighborhoods . The eta , hinin and burakumin classes were officially abolished in 1871 . However , their cultural and societal impact , including some forms of discrimination , continued into modern times . Edo , 1865 or 1866 . Photochrom print . Five albumen prints joined to form a panorama . Photographer : Felice Beato . Economic development ( edit ) Terakoya , private educational school The Edo period bequeathed a vital commercial sector to be in burgeoning urban centers , a relatively well - educated elite , a sophisticated government bureaucracy , productive agriculture , a closely unified nation with highly developed financial and marketing systems , and a national infrastructure of roads . Economic development during the Tokugawa period included urbanization , increased shipping of commodities , a significant expansion of domestic and , initially , foreign commerce , and a diffusion of trade and handicraft industries . The construction trades flourished , along with banking facilities and merchant associations . Increasingly , han authorities oversaw the rising agricultural production and the spread of rural handicrafts . Tokugawa coinage : Ōban , Koban , Ichibuban ( 1601 - 1695 ) . Population ( edit ) By the mid-18th century , Edo had a population of more than one million , and Osaka and Kyoto each had more than 400,000 inhabitants . Many other castle towns grew as well . Japan had almost zero population growth between the 1720s and 1820s , often attributed to lower birth rates in response to widespread famine , but some historians have presented different theories , such as a high rate of infanticide artificially controlling population . Osaka and Kyoto became busy trading and handicraft production centers , while Edo was the center for the supply of food and essential urban consumer goods . Agriculture ( edit ) Rice was the base of the economy . About 80 % of the people were rice farmers . Rice production increased steadily , but population remained stable , so prosperity increased . Rice paddies grew from 1.6 million chō in 1600 to 3 million by 1720 . Improved technology helped farmers control the all - important flow of irrigation to their paddies . The daimyō operated several hundred castle towns , which became loci of domestic trade . Large - scale rice markets developed , centered on Edo and Ōsaka . In the cities and towns , guilds of merchants and artisans met the growing demand for goods and services . The merchants , while low in status , prospered , especially those with official patronage . Merchants invented credit instruments to transfer money , currency came into common use , and the strengthening credit market encouraged entrepreneurship . The daimyō collected the taxes from the peasants in the form of rice . Taxes were high , about 40 % of the harvest . The rice was sold at the fudasashi market in Edo . To raise money , the daimyō used forward contracts to sell rice that was not even harvested yet . These contracts were similar to modern futures trading . It was during the Edo period that Japan developed an advanced forest management policy . Increased demand for timber resources for construction , shipbuilding and fuel had led to widespread deforestation , which resulted in forest fires , floods and soil erosion . In response the shōgun , beginning around 1666 , instituted a policy to reduce logging and increase the planting of trees . The policy mandated that only the shōgun and daimyō could authorize the use of wood . By the 18th century , Japan had developed detailed scientific knowledge about silviculture and plantation forestry . Artistic and intellectual development ( edit ) `` Figurine ( '' Okimono `` ) of a Dragon Emerging from Waves '' , Japan ca . 19th century Wadokei , Japanese - made clockwatch , 18th century During the period , Japan studied Western sciences and techniques ( called rangaku , `` Dutch studies '' ) through the information and books received through the Dutch traders in Dejima . The main areas that were studied included geography , medicine , natural sciences , astronomy , art , languages , physical sciences such as the study of electrical phenomena , and mechanical sciences as exemplified by the development of Japanese clockwatches , or wadokei , inspired by Western techniques . The flourishing of Neo-Confucianism was the major intellectual development of the Tokugawa period . Confucian studies had long been kept active in Japan by Buddhist clerics , but during the Tokugawa period , Confucianism emerged from Buddhist religious control . This system of thought increased attention to a secular view of man and society . The ethical humanism , rationalism , and historical perspective of neo-Confucian doctrine appealed to the official class . By the mid-17th century , neo-Confucianism was Japan 's dominant legal philosophy and contributed directly to the development of the kokugaku ( national learning ) school of thought . Advanced studies and growing applications of neo-Confucianism contributed to the transition of the social and political order from feudal norms to class - and large - group - oriented practices . The rule of the people or Confucian man was gradually replaced by the rule of law . New laws were developed , and new administrative devices were instituted . A new theory of government and a new vision of society emerged as a means of justifying more comprehensive governance by the bakufu . Each person had a distinct place in society and was expected to work to fulfill his or her mission in life . The people were to be ruled with benevolence by those whose assigned duty it was to rule . Government was all - powerful but responsible and humane . Although the class system was influenced by neo-Confucianism , it was not identical to it . Whereas soldiers and clergy were at the bottom of the hierarchy in the Chinese model , in Japan , some members of these classes constituted the ruling elite . Members of the samurai class adhered to bushi traditions with a renewed interest in Japanese history and in cultivation of the ways of Confucian scholar - administrators . Another special way of life -- chōnindō -- also emerged . Chōnindō ( `` the way of the townspeople '' ) was a distinct culture that arose in cities such as Osaka , Kyoto , and Edo . It encouraged aspiration to bushido qualities -- diligence , honesty , honor , loyalty , and frugality -- while blending Shinto , neo-Confucian , and Buddhist beliefs . Study of mathematics , astronomy , cartography , engineering , and medicine were also encouraged . Emphasis was placed on quality of workmanship , especially in the arts . For the first time , urban populations had the means and leisure time to support a new mass culture . Their search for enjoyment became known as ukiyo ( the floating world ) , an ideal world of fashion , popular entertainment , and the discovery of aesthetic qualities in objects and actions of everyday life . This increasing interest in pursuing recreational activities helped to develop an array of new industries , many of which could be found in an area known as Yoshiwara . The region was better known for being the center of Edo 's developing sense of elegance and refinement . This place of pleasure and luxury became a destination for the elite and wealthy merchants who wished to flaunt their fortune . Their economy relied primarily on the patronage of such individuals in order to sustain itself . For many of those who inhabited and worked in this region maintaining the illusion of grandeur was the only way of supporting their business . Kaitai Shinsho , Japan 's first treatise on Western anatomy , published in 1774 Yoshiwara was home to mostly women who , due to unfortunate circumstances , found themselves working in this secluded environment . Combining factors such as rent , value of their employment contract , cost of clothing , make - up , gift giving , and other expenses ensured that many would spend their entire lives working to pay off their debts . These females were expected to perform dances , sing , play an instrument , gossip or provide companionship so that their guests would come again . As a result , the region developed its own culture which , in turn , determined what would be popular in the rest of the country . This was particularly true for fashion because a woman 's identity was determined by her clothing , specifically it clarified what her profession and status was within that field . The quality of her attire ensured that she stood out from the rest of her competition . It was her only means of establishing a reputation and helped to market her talents . However , Yoshiwara also possessed a seedier side . Much of the business conducted here incorporated the use of prostitution as a means to deal with the women 's cost of living . As a result , since its establishment was first authorised by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1589 , this area became the country 's government sanctioned red - light district . This designation lasted for about 250 years . Professional female entertainers ( geisha ) , music , popular stories , Kabuki and bunraku ( puppet theater ) , poetry , a rich literature , and art , exemplified by beautiful woodblock prints ( known as ukiyo - e ) , were all part of this flowering of culture . Literature also flourished with the talented examples of the playwright Chikamatsu Monzaemon ( 1653 -- 1724 ) and the poet , essayist , and travel writer Matsuo Bashō ( 1644 -- 94 ) . Matsumura Keibun is one of the most significant painters of this period . His works commonly included realistic depictions of birds , flowers and animals . The Great Wave off Kanagawa , full - colour ukiyo - e woodblock print , Hokusai , c. 1829 -- 32 Ukiyo - e is a genre of painting and printmaking that developed in the late 17th century , at first depicting the entertainments of the pleasure districts of Edo , such as courtesans and kabuki actors . Harunobu produced the first full - colour nishiki - e prints in 1765 , a form that has become synonymous to most with ukiyo - e . The genre reached a peak in technique towards the end of the century with the works of such artists as Kiyonaga and Utamaro . As the Edo period came to an end a great diversity of genres proliferated : warriors , nature , folklore , and the landscapes of Hokusai and Hiroshige . The genre declined throughout the rest of the century in the face of modernization that saw ukiyo - e as both old - fashioned and laborious to produce compared to Western technologies . Ukiyo - e was a primary part of the wave of Japonism that swept Western art in the late 19th century . Buddhism and Shinto were both still important in Tokugawa Japan . Buddhism , together with neo-Confucianism , provided standards of social behavior . Although Buddhism was not as politically powerful as it had been in the past , Buddhism continued to be espoused by the upper classes . Proscriptions against Christianity benefited Buddhism in 1640 when the bakufu ordered everyone to register at a temple . The rigid separation of Tokugawa society into han , villages , wards , and households helped reaffirm local Shinto attachments . Shinto provided spiritual support to the political order and was an important tie between the individual and the community . Shinto also helped preserve a sense of national identity . Scaled pocket plan of Edo Shinto eventually assumed an intellectual form as shaped by neo-Confucian rationalism and materialism . The kokugaku movement emerged from the interactions of these two belief systems . Kokugaku contributed to the emperor - centered nationalism of modern Japan and the revival of Shinto as a national creed in the 18th and 19th centuries . The Kojiki , Nihon Shoki , and Man'yōshū were all studied anew in the search for the Japanese spirit . Some purists in the kokugaku movement , such as Motoori Norinaga , even criticized the Confucian and Buddhist influences -- in effect , foreign influences -- for contaminating Japan 's ancient ways . Japan was the land of the kami and , as such , had a special destiny . Entertainment ( edit ) The Edo period was characterized by an unprecedented series of economic developments ( despite termination of contact with the outside world ) and cultural maturation , especially in terms of theater , music , and other entertainment . For example , a poetic meter for music called kinsei kouta - chō was invented during this time and is still used today in folk songs . Music and theater were influenced by the social gap between the noble and commoner classes , and different arts became more defined as this gap widened . Several different types of kabuki ( theater ) emerged . Some , such as shibaraku , were only available at a certain time of year , while some companies only performed for nobles . Fashion trends , satirization of local news stories , and advertisements were often part of kabuki theater , as well . End of the shogunate ( edit ) Main article : Bakumatsu Decline of the Tokugawa ( edit ) Dai - Roku Daiba ( 第 六 台場 ) or `` No. 6 Battery '' , one of the original Edo - era battery islands One of the cannons of Odaiba , now at the Yasukuni Shrine. 80 - pound bronze , bore : 250mm , length : 3830mm The end of this period is specifically called the late Tokugawa shogunate . The cause for the end of this period is controversial but is recounted as the forcing of Japan 's opening to the world by Commodore Matthew Perry of the US Navy , whose armada ( known by Japanese as `` the black ships '' ) fired weapons from Edo Bay . Several artificial land masses were created to block the range of the armada , and this land remains in what is presently called the Odaiba district . The Tokugawa did not eventually collapse simply because of intrinsic failures . Foreign intrusions helped to precipitate a complex political struggle between the bakufu and a coalition of its critics . The continuity of the anti-bakufu movement in the mid-19th century would finally bring down the Tokugawa . Historians consider that a major contributing factor to the decline of the Tokugawa was `` poor management of the central government by the shōgun , which caused the social classes in Japan to fall apart '' . From the outset , the Tokugawa attempted to restrict families ' accumulation of wealth and fostered a `` back to the soil '' policy , in which the farmer , the ultimate producer , was the ideal person in society . Despite these efforts to restrict wealth and partly because of the extraordinary period of peace , the standard of living for urban and rural dwellers alike grew significantly during the Tokugawa period . Better means of crop production , transport , housing , food , and entertainment were all available , as was more leisure time , at least for urban dwellers . The literacy rate was high for a preindustrial society ( by some estimates the literacy rate in the city of Edo was 80 percent ) , and cultural values were redefined and widely imparted throughout the samurai and chōnin classes . Despite the reappearance of guilds , economic activities went well beyond the restrictive nature of the guilds , and commerce spread and a money economy developed . Although government heavily restricted the merchants and viewed them as unproductive and usurious members of society , the samurai , who gradually became separated from their rural ties , depended greatly on the merchants and artisans for consumer goods , artistic interests , and loans . In this way , a subtle subversion of the warrior class by the chōnin took place . A struggle arose in the face of political limitations that the shōgun imposed on the entrepreneurial class . The government ideal of an agrarian society failed to square with the reality of commercial distribution . A huge government bureaucracy had evolved , which now stagnated because of its discrepancy with a new and evolving social order . Compounding the situation , the population increased significantly during the first half of the Tokugawa period . Although the magnitude and growth rates are uncertain , there were at least 26 million commoners and about four million members of samurai families and their attendants when the first nationwide census was taken in 1721 . Drought , followed by crop shortages and starvation , resulted in twenty great famines between 1675 and 1837 . During the Tokugawa period , there were 154 famines , of which 21 were widespread and serious . Peasant unrest grew , and by the late 18th century , mass protests over taxes and food shortages had become commonplace . Newly landless families became tenant farmers , while the displaced rural poor moved into the cities . As the fortunes of previously well - to - do families declined , others moved in to accumulate land , and a new , wealthy farming class emerged . Those people who benefited were able to diversify production and to hire laborers , while others were left discontented . Many samurai fell on hard times and were forced into handicraft production and wage jobs for merchants . Although Japan was able to acquire and refine a wide variety of scientific knowledge , the rapid industrialization of the West during the 18th century created a material gap in terms of technologies and armament between Japan and the West , forcing it to abandon its policy of seclusion and contributing to the end of the Tokugawa regime . Western intrusions were on the increase in the early 19th century . Russian warships and traders encroached on Karafuto ( called Sakhalin under Russian and Soviet control ) and on the Kuril Islands , the southernmost of which are considered by the Japanese as the northern islands of Hokkaidō . A British warship entered Nagasaki harbour searching for enemy Dutch ships in 1808 , and other warships and whalers were seen in Japanese waters with increasing frequency in the 1810s and 1820s . Whalers and trading ships from the United States also arrived on Japan 's shores . Although the Japanese made some minor concessions and allowed some landings , they largely attempted to keep all foreigners out , sometimes using force . Rangaku became crucial not only in understanding the foreign `` barbarians '' but also in using the knowledge gained from the West to fend them off . General from the late Edo period By the 1830s , there was a general sense of crisis . Famines and natural disasters hit hard , and unrest led to a peasant uprising against officials and merchants in Osaka in 1837 . Although it lasted only a day , the uprising made a dramatic impression . Remedies came in the form of traditional solutions that sought to reform moral decay rather than address institutional problems . The shōgun 's advisers pushed for a return to the martial spirit , more restrictions on foreign trade and contacts , suppression of rangaku , censorship of literature , and elimination of `` luxury '' in the government and samurai class . Others sought the overthrow of the Tokugawa and espoused the political doctrine of sonnō jōi ( revere the emperor , expel the barbarians ) , which called for unity under imperial rule and opposed foreign intrusions . The bakufu persevered for the time being amidst growing concerns over Western successes in establishing colonial enclaves in China following the First Opium War of 1839 -- 1842 . More reforms were ordered , especially in the economic sector , to strengthen Japan against the Western threat . Japan turned down a demand from the United States , which was greatly expanding its own presence in the Asia - Pacific region , to establish diplomatic relations when Commodore James Biddle appeared in Edo Bay with two warships in July 1846 . End of seclusion ( edit ) Matthew Calbraith Perry Landing of Commodore Perry , Officers and Men of the Squadron To meet the Imperial Commissioners at Kurihama Yokosuka March 8th , 1854 When Commodore Matthew C. Perry 's four - ship squadron appeared in Edo Bay in July 1853 , the bakufu was thrown into turmoil . The chairman of the senior councillors , Abe Masahiro ( 1819 -- 1857 ) , was responsible for dealing with the Americans . Having no precedent to manage this threat to national security , Abe tried to balance the desires of the senior councillors to compromise with the foreigners , of the emperor who wanted to keep the foreigners out , and of the daimyō who wanted to go to war . Lacking consensus , Abe decided to compromise by accepting Perry 's demands for opening Japan to foreign trade while also making military preparations . In March 1854 , the Treaty of Peace and Amity ( or Treaty of Kanagawa ) opened two ports to American ships seeking provisions , guaranteed good treatment to shipwrecked American sailors , and allowed a United States consul to take up residence in Shimoda , a seaport on the Izu Peninsula , southwest of Edo . The Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between the U.S. and Japan ( Harris Treaty ) , opening still more areas to American trade , was forced on the bakufu five years later . The resulting damage to the bakufu was significant . The devalued price for gold in Japan was one immediate , enormous effect . The European and American traders purchased gold for its original price on the world market and then sold it to the Chinese for triple the price . Along with this , cheap goods from these developed nations , like finished cotton , flooded the market forcing many Japanese out of business . Debate over government policy was unusual and had engendered public criticism of the bakufu . In the hope of enlisting the support of new allies , Abe , to the consternation of the fudai , had consulted with the shinpan and tozama daimyō , further undermining the already weakened bakufu . In the Ansei Reform ( 1854 -- 1856 ) , Abe then tried to strengthen the regime by ordering Dutch warships and armaments from the Netherlands and building new port defenses . In 1855 , a naval training school with Dutch instructors was set up at Nagasaki , and a Western - style military school was established at Edo ; by the next year , the government was translating Western books . Opposition to Abe increased within fudai circles , which opposed opening bakufu councils to tozama daimyō , and he was replaced in 1855 as chairman of the senior councilors by Hotta Masayoshi ( 1810 -- 1864 ) . At the head of the dissident faction was Tokugawa Nariaki , who had long embraced a militant loyalty to the emperor along with anti-foreign sentiments , and who had been put in charge of national defense in 1854 . The Mito school -- based on neo-Confucian and Shinto principles -- had as its goal the restoration of the imperial institution , the turning back of the West , and the founding of a world empire under the divine Yamato dynasty . In the final years of the Tokugawas , foreign contacts increased as more concessions were granted . The new treaty with the United States in 1859 allowed more ports to be opened to diplomatic representatives , unsupervised trade at four additional ports , and foreign residences in Osaka and Edo . It also embodied the concept of extraterritoriality ( foreigners were subject to the laws of their own countries but not to Japanese law ) . Hotta lost the support of key daimyō , and when Tokugawa Nariaki opposed the new treaty , Hotta sought imperial sanction . The court officials , perceiving the weakness of the bakufu , rejected Hotta 's request and thus suddenly embroiled Kyoto and the emperor in Japan 's internal politics for the first time in many centuries . When the shōgun died without an heir , Nariaki appealed to the court for support of his own son , Tokugawa Yoshinobu ( or Keiki ) , for shōgun , a candidate favored by the shinpan and tozama daimyō . The fudai won the power struggle , however , installing Tokugawa Yoshitomi , arresting Nariaki and Keiki , executing Yoshida Shōin ( 1830 -- 1859 ) , a leading sonnō - jōi intellectual who had opposed the American treaty and plotted a revolution against the bakufu ) , and signing treaties with the United States and five other nations , thus ending more than 200 years of exclusion . Recently some scholars have suggested that there were more events that spurred this opening of Japan . From 1716 to 1745 Yoshimune ( eighth Tokugawa shōgun from 1716 -- 1745 ) started the first Kyōhō reforms in an attempt to gain more revenue for the government . In 1767 to 1786 Tanuma Okitsugu also initiated some unorthodox economic reforms to expand government income . This led his conservative opponents to attack him and take his position as he was forced from government in disgrace . Similarly , Matsudaira Sadanobu launched the Kansei Reforms in 1787 -- 1793 to stabilize rice prices , cut government costs , and increase revenues . The final economic reform of the Tenpō era of 1841 -- 1843 had similar objectives . Most were ineffective and only worked in some areas . These economic failings would also have been a force in the opening of Japan , as Japanese businessmen desired larger markets . Some scholars also point to internal activism for political change . The Mito school had long been an active force in demanding political changes , such as restoring the powers of the Emperor . This anger can also be seen in the poetry of Matsuo Taseko ( a woman who farmed silk worms in the Ina Valley ) from Hirata Atsutane 's School of National Learning : `` It is disgusting the agitation over thread In today 's world Ever since the ships from foreign countries came for the jeweled silkworm cocoons to the land of the gods and the Emperor Peoples hearts awesome though they are , are being pulled apart and consumed by rage . '' This inspired many anti-Tokugawa activists as they blamed the Bakufu for impoverishing the people and dishonoring the emperor . Tokugawa Yoshinobu in later life Kanrin Maru , Japan 's first screw - driven steam warship , 1855 Bakumatsu modernization and conflicts ( edit ) Main article : Bakumatsu During the last years of the bakufu , or bakumatsu , the bakufu took strong measures to try to reassert its dominance , although its involvement with modernization and foreign powers was to make it a target of anti-Western sentiment throughout the country . The army and the navy were modernized . A naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855 . Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years , starting a tradition of foreign - educated future leaders , such as Admiral Enomoto . French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals , such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki . By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867 , the Japanese navy of the shōgun already possessed eight Western - style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyō Maru , which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin War under the command of Admiral Enomoto . A French military mission was established to help modernize the armies of the bakufu . Revering the emperor as a symbol of unity , extremists wrought violence and death against the Bakufu and Han authorities and foreigners . Foreign naval retaliation in the Anglo - Satsuma War led to still another concessionary commercial treaty in 1865 , but Yoshitomi was unable to enforce the Western treaties . A bakufu army was defeated when it was sent to crush dissent in the Satsuma and Chōshū Domains in 1866 . Finally , in 1867 , Emperor Kōmei died and was succeeded by his underaged son Emperor Meiji . Tokugawa Yoshinobu reluctantly became head of the Tokugawa house and shōgun . He tried to reorganize the government under the emperor while preserving the shōgun 's leadership role . Fearing the growing power of the Satsuma and Chōshū daimyō , other daimyō called for returning the shōgun 's political power to the emperor and a council of daimyō chaired by the former Tokugawa shōgun . Yoshinobu accepted the plan in late 1867 and resigned , announcing an `` imperial restoration '' . The Satsuma , Chōshū , and other han leaders and radical courtiers , however , rebelled , seized the imperial palace , and announced their own restoration on January 3 , 1868 . Following the Boshin War ( 1868 -- 1869 ) , the bakufu was abolished , and Yoshinobu was reduced to the ranks of the common daimyō . Resistance continued in the North throughout 1868 , and the bakufu naval forces under Admiral Enomoto Takeaki continued to hold out for another six months in Hokkaidō , where they founded the short - lived Republic of Ezo . Events ( edit ) 1600 : Battle of Sekigahara . Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats a coalition of daimyō and establishes hegemony over most of Japan . 1603 : The emperor appoints Tokugawa Ieyasu as shōgun , who moves his government to Edo ( Tokyo ) and founds the Tokugawa dynasty of shōguns . 1605 : Tokugawa Ieyasu resigns as shōgun and is succeeded by his son Tokugawa Hidetada . 1607 : Korean Joseon dynasty sends an embassy to Tokugawa shogunate . 1611 : Ryūkyū Islands become a vassal state of Satsuma Domain . 1614 : Tokugawa Ieyasu bans Christianity from Japan . 1615 : Battle of Osaka . Tokugawa Ieyasu besieges Osaka Castle , all opposition from forces loyal to the Toyotomi family . Tokugawa authority becomes paramount throughout Japan . 1616 : Tokugawa Ieyasu dies . 1620 : After Ieyasu dies the peasants and chōnins increase in population 1623 : Tokugawa Iemitsu becomes the third shōgun . 1633 : Iemitsu forbids travelling abroad and reading foreign books . 1635 : Iemitsu formalizes the system of mandatory alternate residence ( sankin - kōtai ) in Edo . 1637 : Shimabara Rebellion ( 1637 -- 38 ) mounted by overtaxed peasants . 1638 : Iemitsu forbids ship building . 1639 : Edicts establishing National Seclusion ( Sakoku Rei ) are completed . All Westerners except the Dutch are prohibited from entering Japan . 1641 : Iemitsu bans all foreigners , except Chinese and Dutch , from Japan . 1657 : The Great Fire of Meireki destroys most of the city of Edo . 1700 : Kabuki and ukiyo - e become popular . 1707 : Mount Fuji erupts . 1774 : The anatomical text Kaitai Shinsho , the first complete Japanese translation of a Western medical work , is published by Sugita Genpaku and Maeno Ryotaku . 1787 : Matsudaira Sadanobu becomes senior shogunal councillor and institutes the Kansei Reforms . 1792 : Russian envoy Adam Laxman arrives at Nemuro in eastern Ezo ( now Hokkaidō ) . 1804 : Russian envoy Nikolai Rezanov reaches Nagasaki and unsuccessfully seeks the establishment of trade relations with Japan . 1837 : Rebellion of Ōshio Heihachirō . 1841 : Tenpō Reforms . 1854 : The USA forces Japan to sign a trade agreement ( `` Treaty of Kanagawa '' ) which reopens Japan to foreigners after two centuries . 1855 : Russia and Japan establish diplomatic relations . 1864 : British , French , Dutch and American warships bombard Shimonoseki and open more Japanese ports for foreigners . 1868 : Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigns , the Tokugawa dynasty ends , and the emperor ( or `` mikado '' ) Meiji is restored , but with capital in Edo / Tokyo and divine attributes . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : Edo period in popular culture The Edo period is the setting of many works of popular culture . These include novels , comics , stageplays , films , television shows , animated works , and manga . See also ( edit ) Criminal punishment in Edo - period Japan Edomoji , Japanese lettering styles invented in the Edo period Ee ja nai ka , an outbreak of mass hysteria at the end of the Edo period Gonin Gumi , groups of five households that were held collectively responsible during the Edo period Jidaigeki , Japanese period dramas which are usually set in the Edo period Jitte ( weapon ) , law enforcement weapon unique to the period Karakuri ningyō , Japanese automatons Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hall & McClain 1991 , pp. 128 -- 182 Jump up ^ Hall & McClain 1991 , pp. 369 -- 370 Jump up ^ Hall & McClain 1991 , p. 370 Jump up ^ Totman , A History of Japan ( 2000 ) p 225 -- 230 Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Beasley 1972 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Frédéric 2002 , p. 313 ^ Jump up to : Frédéric 2002 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Flath 2000 Jump up ^ Susan B. Hanley and Kozo Yamamura ( 1977 ) Economic and demographic change in preindustrial Japan , 1600 -- 1868 , pp. 69 -- 90 Jump up ^ One chō , or chobu , equals 2.5 acres . Jump up ^ Conrad D. Totman ( 2000 ) . `` ch. 11 '' . A history of Japan . Wiley - Blackwell . Jump up ^ Tetsuji Okazaki ( 2005 ) . `` The role of the merchant coalition in pre-modern Japanese economic development : an historical institutional analysis '' ( PDF ) . Explorations in Economic History . 42 ( 2 ) : 184 -- 201 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2004.06. 005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Diamond 2005 , pp. 297 -- 304 Jump up ^ Longstreet & Longstreet 1989 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Seigle 1993 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Birmingham Museum of Art 2010 , pp. 42 -- 44 Jump up ^ Lewis 2003 , pp. 45 -- 47 Jump up ^ Hoff , Frank ( 1978 - 06 - 01 ) . Song , dance , storytelling : aspects of the performing arts in Japan . China - Japan Program , Cornell University . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Nishiyama , Matsunosuke ( 1997 ) . Edo Culture : Daily Life and Diversions in Urban Japan , 1600 -- 1868 . University of Hawai'i Press . pp. 198 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Jansen 2002 , pp. 289 -- 292 Jump up ^ Turkington , David , `` A Chronology of Japanese History '' , Edo Period ( 1603 - 1868 ) , retrieved May 5 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Gordon 2008 , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Gordon 2008 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Gordon 2008 , p. 52 Further reading ( edit ) Beasley , William G. ( 1972 ) , The Meiji Restoration , Stanford , California : Stanford University Press , ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0815 - 0 Birmingham Museum of Art ( 2010 ) , Birmingham Museum of Art : guide to the collection , Birmingham , Alabama : Birmingham Museum of Art , ISBN 978 - 1 - 904832 - 77 - 5 Diamond , Jared ( 2005 ) , Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed , New York , N.Y. : Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 303655 - 6 Flath , David ( 2000 ) , The Japanese Economy , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 877504 - 0 Frédéric , Louis ( 2002 ) , Japan Encyclopedia , Harvard University Press Reference Library , Belknap , ISBN 9780674017535 Gordon , Andrew ( 2008 ) , A Modern History of Japan : From Tokugawa Times to Present ( Second ed . ) , New York : Oxford University press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533922 - 2 , archived from the original on February 6 , 2010 Guth , Christine . Art of Edo Japan : the artist and the city 1615 - 1868 ( HN Abrams , 1996 ) . Hall , J.W. ; McClain , J.L. ( 1991 ) , The Cambridge History of Japan , The Cambridge History of Japan ( v. 4 ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 9780521223553 Jansen , Marius B. ( 1986 ) , Japan in transition , from Tokugawa to Meiji , Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 05459 - 2 Jansen , Marius B. ( 2002 ) , The Making of Modern Japan ( Paperback ed . ) , Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , ISBN 0 - 674 - 00991 - 6 Lewis , James Bryant ( 2003 ) , Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1301 - 8 Longstreet , Stephen ; Longstreet , Ethel ( 1989 ) , Yoshiwara : the pleasure quarters of old Tokyo , Yenbooks , Rutland , Vermont : Tuttle Publishing , ISBN 0 - 8048 - 1599 - 2 Nishiyama , Matsunosuke , and Gerald Groemer , eds . Edo culture : daily life and diversions in urban Japan , 1600 - 1868 ( University of Hawaii Press , 1997 ) . Roberts , Luke S. ( 2012 ) , Performing the Great Peace : Political Space and Open Secrets in Tokugawa Japan , Hawaii : University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 0824835131 Seigle , Cecilia Segawa ( 1993 ) , Yoshiwara : The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan , Honolulu , Hawaii : University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1488 - 6 This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . Japan External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edo period . 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<Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Ienari <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Ieyoshi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Iesada <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Iemochi <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Yoshinobu <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Notes <Td_colspan="2"> All Tokugawa shōguns claim descent from Ieyasu , who is recognized as the dynasty 's founder . The broken lines indicate adoptions within the shogunal clan . <Th_colspan="3"> Timeline and paternities of the Tokugawa Shogunate <Td_colspan="2"> Lifespan Reign <Th_colspan="2"> Tokugawa bureaucracy organization chart <Td_colspan="2"> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Ōmetsuke <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Metsuke <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Rōjū <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Jisha - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Tairō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Rōjū - kaku <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Edo machi - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Kita - machi - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Shōgun <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Sobayōnin <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Gaikoku - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Minami - machi - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Wakadoshiyori <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Gunkan - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Honjo machi - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Daimyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Gusoku - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Hakodate bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Haneda bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Gundai <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Hyōgo bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Daikan <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Kanagawa bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Kinza ( gold monopoly ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Kane - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Kanjō bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Ginza ( silver monopoly ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Kura - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Kinzan - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Dōza ( copper monopoly ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Kyoto shoshidai <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Kyoto machi - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Shuza ( cinnabar monopoly ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Nagasaki bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Fushimi bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Niigata bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Nara bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Nikkō bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Osaka machi - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Osaka jōdai <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Sakai bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Rōya - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Sado bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Sakuji - bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Shimada bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Sunpu jōdai <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Uraga bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Yamada bugyō <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Notes <Td_colspan="2"> This bureaucracy evolved in an ad hoc manner , responding to perceived needs . <Th_colspan="2"> Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate Shōgun Ieyasu ( 1603 -- 1605 ) Hidetada ( 1605 -- 1623 ) Iemitsu ( 1623 -- 1651 ) Ietsuna ( 1651 -- 1680 ) Tsunayoshi ( 1680 -- 1709 ) Ienobu ( 1709 -- 1712 ) Ietsugu ( 1713 -- 1716 ) Yoshimune ( 1716 -- 1745 ) Ieshige ( 1745 -- 1760 ) Ieharu ( 1760 -- 1786 ) Ienari ( 1787 -- 1837 ) Ieyoshi ( 1837 -- 1853 ) Iesada ( 1853 -- 1858 ) Iemochi ( 1858 -- 1866 ) Yoshinobu ( 1867 -- 1868 ) Tairō Sakai Tadayo ( 1636 ) Doi Toshikatsu ( 1638 -- 1644 ) Sakai Tadakatsu ( 1638 -- 1656 ) Sakai Tadakiyo ( 1666 -- 1680 ) Ii Naozumi ( 1668 -- 1676 ) Hotta Masatoshi ( 1681 -- 1684 ) Ii Naooki ( 1696 -- 1700 , 1711 -- 1714 ) Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu ( 1706 -- 1709 ) Ii Naoyuki ( 1784 -- 1787 ) Ii Naoaki ( 1835 -- 1841 ) Ii Naosuke ( 1858 -- 1860 ) Sakai Tadashige ( 1865 ) Rōjū Ōkubo Tadachika ( 1593 -- 1614 ) Ōkubo Nagayasu ( 1600 -- 1613 ) Honda Masanobu ( 1600 -- 1615 ) Naruse Masanari ( 1600 -- 1616 ) Andō Naotsugu ( 1600 -- 1616 ) Honda Masazumi ( 1600 -- 1622 ) Naitō Kiyonari ( 1601 -- 1606 ) Aoyama Tadanari ( 1601 -- 1606 ) Aoyama Narishige ( 1608 -- 1613 ) Sakai Tadatoshi ( 1609 -- 1627 ) Sakai Tadayo ( 1610 -- 1634 ) Doi Toshikatsu ( 1610 -- 1638 ) Andō Shigenobu ( 1611 -- 1621 ) Naitō Kiyotsugu ( 1616 -- 1617 ) Aoyama Tadatoshi ( 1616 -- 1623 ) Inoue Masanari ( 1617 -- 1628 ) Nagai Naomasa ( 1622 -- 1633 ) Abe Masatsugu ( 1623 -- 1626 ) Inaba Masakatsu ( 1623 -- 1634 ) Naitō Tadashige ( 1623 -- 1633 ) Sakai Tadakatsu ( 1624 -- 1638 ) Morikawa Shigetoshi ( 1628 -- 1632 ) Aoyama Yukinari ( 1628 -- 1633 ) Matsudaira Nobutsuna ( 1632 -- 1662 ) Abe Tadaaki ( 1633 -- 1666 ) Hotta Masamori ( 1635 -- 1651 ) Abe Shigetsugu ( 1638 -- 1651 ) Matsudaira Norinaga ( 1642 -- 1654 ) Sakai Tadakiyo ( 1653 -- 1666 ) Inaba Masanori ( 1657 -- 1681 ) Kuze Hiroyuki ( 1663 -- 1679 ) Itakura Shigenori ( 1665 -- 1668 , 1670 -- 1673 ) Tsuchiya Kazunao ( 1665 -- 1679 ) Abe Masayoshi ( 1673 -- 1676 ) Ōkubo Tadatomo ( 1677 -- 1698 ) Hotta Masatoshi ( 1679 -- 1681 ) Doi Toshifusa ( 1679 -- 1681 ) Itakura Shigetane ( 1680 -- 1681 ) Toda Tadamasa ( 1681 -- 1699 ) Abe Masatake ( 1681 -- 1704 ) Matsudaira Nobuyuki ( 1685 -- 1686 ) Tsuchiya Masanao ( 1687 -- 1718 ) Ogasawara Nagashige ( 1697 -- 1705 , 1709 -- 1710 ) Akimoto Takatomo ( 1699 -- 1707 ) Inaba Masamichi ( 1701 -- 1707 ) Honda Masanaga ( 1704 -- 1711 ) Ōkubo Tadamasu ( 1705 -- 1713 ) Inoue Masamine ( 1705 -- 1722 ) Abe Masataka ( 1711 -- 1717 ) Kuze Shigeyuki ( 1713 -- 1720 ) Matsudaira Nobutsune ( 1714 -- 1716 ) Toda Tadazane ( 1714 -- 1729 ) Mizuno Tadayuki ( 1717 -- 1730 ) Andō Nobutomo ( 1722 -- 1732 ) Matsudaira Norisato ( 1723 -- 1745 ) Matsudaira Tadachika ( 1724 -- 1728 ) Ōkubo Tsuneharu ( 1728 ) Sakai Tadaoto ( 1728 -- 1735 ) Matsudaira Nobutoki ( 1730 -- 1744 ) Matsudaira Terusada ( 1730 -- 1745 ) Kuroda Naokuni ( 1732 -- 1735 ) Honda Tadanaga ( 1734 -- 1746 ) Toki Yoritoshi ( 1742 -- 1744 ) Sakai Tadazumi ( 1744 -- 1749 ) Matsudaira Norikata ( 1745 -- 1746 ) Hotta Masasuke ( 1745 -- 1761 ) Nishio Tadanao ( 1746 -- 1760 ) Honda Masayoshi ( 1746 -- 1758 ) Matsudaira Takechika ( 1746 -- 1779 ) Sakai Tadayori ( 1749 -- 1764 ) Matsudaira Terutaka ( 1758 -- 1781 ) Inoue Masatsune ( 1760 -- 1763 ) Akimoto Sumitomo ( 1747 -- 1764 , 1765 -- 1767 ) Abe Masahiro ( 1837 - 1857 ) Doi Toshitsura ( 1838 -- 1844 ) Inoue Masaharu ( 1840 -- 1843 ) Andō Nobumasa ( 1860 -- 1862 ) Itakura Katsukiyo ( 1862 -- 1864 , 1865 -- 1868 ) Inoue Masanao ( 1862 -- 1864 ) Mizuno Tadakiyo ( 1862 -- 1866 ) Sakai Tadashige ( 1863 -- 1864 ) Arima Michizumi ( 1863 -- 1864 ) Makino Tadayuki ( 1863 -- 1865 ) Matsumae Takahiro ( 1864 -- 1865 ) Abe Masato ( 1864 -- 1865 ) Suwa Tadamasa ( 1864 -- 1865 ) Inaba Masakuni ( 1864 -- 1865 , 1866 -- 1868 ) Matsudaira Munehide ( 1864 -- 1866 ) Inoue Masanao ( 1865 -- 1867 ) Matsudaira Yasuhide ( 1865 -- 1868 ) Mizuno Tadanobu ( 1866 ) Matsudaira Norikata ( 1866 -- 1868 ) Inaba Masami ( 1866 -- 1868 ) Matsudaira Sadaaki ( 1867 ) Ōkōchi Masatada ( 1867 -- 1868 ) Sakai Tadatō ( 1867 -- 1868 ) Tachibana Taneyuki ( 1868 ) Wakadoshiyori Nagai Naoyuki ( 1867 -- 1868 ) Kyoto shoshidai Okudaira Nobumasa ( 1600 -- 1601 ) Itakura Katsushige ( 1601 -- 1619 ) Makino Chikashige ( 1654 -- 1668 ) Itakura Shigenori ( 1668 -- 1670 ) Nagai Naotsune ( 1670 -- 1678 ) Toda Tadamasa ( 1678 -- 1681 ) Inaba Masamichi ( 1681 -- 1685 ) Tsuchiya Masanao ( 1685 -- 1687 ) Naitō Shigeyori ( 1687 -- 1690 ) Matsudaira Nobuoki ( 1690 -- 1691 ) Ogasawara Nagashige ( 1691 -- 1697 ) Matsudaira Nobutsune ( 1697 -- 1714 ) Mizuno Tadayuki ( 1714 -- 1717 ) Matsudaira Tadachika ( 1717 -- 1724 ) Makino Hideshige ( 1724 -- 1734 ) Toki Yoritoshi ( 1734 -- 1742 ) Makino Sadamichi ( 1742 -- 1749 ) Matsudaira Sukekuni ( 1749 -- 1752 ) Sakai Tadamochi ( 1752 -- 1756 ) Matsudaira Terutaka ( 1756 -- 1758 ) Inoue Masatsune ( 1758 -- 1760 ) Abe Masasuke ( 1760 -- 1764 ) Abe Masachika ( 1764 -- 1768 ) Doi Toshisato ( 1769 -- 1777 ) Kuze Hiroakira ( 1777 -- 1781 ) Makino Sadanaga ( 1781 -- 1784 ) Toda Tadatō ( 1784 -- 1789 ) Ōta Sukeyoshi ( 1789 -- 1782 ) Hotta Masanari ( 1792 -- 1798 ) Makino Tadakiyo ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Doi Toshiatsu ( 1801 -- 1802 ) Aoyama Tadayasu ( 1802 -- 1804 ) Inaba Masanobu ( 1804 -- 1806 ) Abe Masayoshi ( 1806 -- 1808 ) Sakai Tadayuki ( 1808 -- 1815 ) Ōkubo Tadazane ( 1815 -- 1818 ) Matsudaira Norihiro ( 1818 -- 1823 ) Naitō Nobuatsu ( 1823 -- 1825 ) Matsudaira Yasutō ( 1825 -- 1826 ) Mizuno Tadakuni ( 1826 -- 1828 ) Matsudaira Muneakira ( 1828 -- 1832 ) Ōta Sukemoto ( 1832 -- 1834 ) Matsudaira Nobuyori ( 1834 -- 1837 ) Doi Toshitsura ( 1837 -- 1838 ) Manabe Akikatsu ( 1838 -- 1840 ) Makino Tadamasa ( 1840 -- 1843 ) Sakai Tadaaki ( 1843 -- 1850 ) Naitō Nobuchika ( 1850 -- 1851 ) Wakisaka Yasuori ( 1851 -- 1857 ) Honda Tadamoto ( 1857 -- 1858 ) Sakai Tadaaki ( 1858 -- 1862 ) Matsudaira Munehide ( 1862 ) Makino Tadayuki ( 1862 -- 1863 ) Inaba Masakuni ( 1863 -- 1864 ) Matsudaira Sadaaki ( 1864 -- 1867 ) Bugyō Bugu - bugyō ( post-1863 ) Edo machi - bugyō Fushimi bugyō Gaikoku - bugyō ( post-1858 ) Gunkan - bugyō ( post-1859 ) Gusoku - bugyō Hakodate bugyō Haneda bugyō ( post-1853 ) Hyōgo bugyō ( post-1864 ) Jisha - bugyō Kanagawa bugyō ( post-1859 ) Kanjō - bugyō ( post-1787 ) Kinzan - bugyō Kyoto machi - bugyō Nara bugyō Machi - bugyō Nagasaki bugyō Niigata bugyō Nikkō bugyō Osaka jōdai Osaka machi - bugyō Rōya - bugyō Sado bugyō Sakai bugyō Sakuji - bugyō ( post-1632 ) Shimoda bugyō Sunpu jōdai Uraga bugyō Yamada bugyō Ōmetsuke Yagyū Munenori ( 1632 -- 1636 ) Mizuno Morinobu ( 1632 -- 1636 ) Akiyama Masashige 1632 -- 1640 ) Inoue Masashige ( 1632 -- 1658 ) Kagazume Tadazumi ( 1640 -- 1650 ) Nakane Masamori ( 1650 ) Hōjō Ujinaga ( 1655 -- 1670 ) Ōoka Tadatane ( 1670 ) Nakayama Naomori ( 1684 ) Sengoku Hisanao ( 1695 -- 1719 ) Shōda Yasutoshi ( 1699 -- 1701 ) Sakakibara Tadayuki ( 1836 -- 1837 ) Atobe Yoshisuke ( 1839 -- 1841 , 1855 -- 1856 ) Tōyama Kagemoto ( 1844 ) Ido Hiromichi 1853 -- 1855 ) Tsutsui Masanori ( 1854 -- 1857 ) Ōkubo Tadahiro ( 1862 ) Matsudaira Yasuhide ( 1864 ) Nagai Naoyuki ( 1864 -- 1865 , 1865 -- 1867 ) Yamaoka Takayuki ( 1868 ) Oda Nobushige ( 1868 ) Kyoto Shugoshoku Matsudaira Katamori ( 1862 -- 1864 ) Matsudaira Yoshinaga ( 1864 ) Matsudaira Katamori ( 1864 -- 1867 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edo_period&oldid=856605338 '' Categories : Edo period 1603 establishments in Japan 17th century in Japan 1868 disestablishments in Japan 18th century in Japan 19th century in Japan Feudal Japan Japanese eras States and territories disestablished in 1868 States and territories established in 1603 Hidden categories : Pages 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453,130,612,255,344,600 | what is the last day of the nba regular season | 2017 -- 18 NBA season - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 NBA season Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 -- 18 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 17 , 2017 -- April 11 , 2018 April 14 -- May 28 , 2018 ( Playoffs ) May 31 -- June 17 , 2018 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV <Th_colspan="2"> Draft Top draft pick Markelle Fultz Picked by Philadelphia 76ers <Th_colspan="2"> Regular season Top seed Houston Rockets Top scorer James Harden ( Houston ) <Th_colspan="2"> Playoffs <Th_colspan="2"> Finals <Th_colspan="2"> NBA seasons <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → The 2017 -- 18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 , earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of `` back - to - back '' games teams are scheduled to play , with the 2017 Eastern Conference champion ( and Finals runner -- up ) Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland , Ohio Christmas games were played on December 25 , 2017 . The 2018 NBA All - Star Game was played on February 18 , 2018 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers was named the All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . The regular season ended on April 11 , 2018 and the playoffs began on April 14 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 In - season trades 1.3 Free agency 1.4 Coaching changes 1.4. 1 Off - season 1.4. 2 In - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.1. 1 Tiebreakers 3.2 International games 4 Playoffs 4.1 Bracket 5 Statistics 5.1 Individual statistic leaders 5.2 Individual game highs 5.3 Team statistic leaders 6 Awards 6.1 Players of the Week 6.2 Players of the Month 6.3 Rookies of the Month 6.4 Coaches of the Month 7 Arenas 8 Media 9 Uniforms 9.1 Uniform sponsorships 10 Notable occurrences 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Transactions ( edit ) Main article : List of 2017 -- 18 NBA season transactions Retirement ( edit ) On July 17 , 2017 , Paul Pierce signed a ceremonial contract with the Boston Celtics and officially retired as a Celtic after playing 19 seasons and winning one championship with the Celtics in 2008 . On July 19 , 2017 , James Jones was announced to be the vice president of basketball operations for the Phoenix Suns , which signified his retirement after playing 14 seasons and winning two championships with the Miami Heat in 2012 and 2013 and one championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016 . On August 4 , 2017 , Jason Maxiell signed a ceremonial contract with the Detroit Pistons and officially retired after playing 10 seasons . On August 15 , 2017 , Tayshaun Prince was announced to be assistant general manager for the Memphis Grizzlies , which signified his retirement after playing 15 seasons and winning one championship with the Detroit Pistons in 2004 . On September 2 , 2017 , Primož Brezec announced his retirement after 21 professional seasons . Brezec had played in Russia , Cyprus , Kuwait , and his native country Slovenia since last playing in the NBA during the 2009 -- 10 NBA season . On October 23 , 2017 , Metta World Peace was hired as player development coach for the South Bay Lakers , the Los Angeles Lakers ' NBA G League affiliate , thus ending his 18 - year playing career with the NBA . During his career , he won one championship with the LA Lakers in 2010 . On November 19 , 2017 , David Lee announced his retirement from the NBA via Instagram. Lee won an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors back in 2015 . On December 11 , 2017 , Matt Barnes announced his retirement from the NBA via Instagram . Barnes won an NBA championship with the Golden State Warriors in June 2017 . On February 8 , 2018 , Caron Butler announced his retirement after 14 professional seasons . Butler won an NBA championship with the Dallas Mavericks in 2011 . On February 19 , 2018 , Tiago Splitter announced his retirement from basketball due to a hip injury . Splitter won an NBA championship with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014 . In - season trades ( edit ) On November 17 , 2017 , the Phoenix Suns traded Eric Bledsoe to the Milwaukee Bucks for Greg Monroe and two 2018 first - round draft picks . On December 7 , 2017 , the Philadelphia 76ers traded Jahlil Okafor , Nik Stauskas , and a 2019 second - round draft pick to the Brooklyn Nets for veteran forward Trevor Booker . On January 30 , 2018 , the Los Angeles Clippers traded 5 time All - Star Blake Griffin , veteran center Willie Reed , and sophomore forward Brice Johnson to the Detroit Pistons for Tobias Harris , Avery Bradley , Boban Marjanović , a protected 2018 first - round draft pick , and a protected 2019 second - round draft pick . On February 3 , 2018 , the Chicago Bulls traded forward Nikola Mirotić to the New Orleans Pelicans in exchange of Ömer Aşık , Tony Allen , Jameer Nelson , and a protected 2018 first - round draft pick . On February 5 , 2018 , the Milwaukee Bucks acquired Tyler Zeller of the Brooklyn Nets for fellow guard Rashad Vaughn and a protected 2018 second - round draft pick . On February 7 , 2018 , the New York Knicks traded forward Willy Hernangómez to the Charlotte Hornets for center Johnny O'Bryant III , a 2020 second - round draft pick , and a 2021 second - round draft pick . On February 8 , 2018 , the Cleveland Cavaliers traded Isaiah Thomas , Channing Frye , and their 2018 first - round pick to the Los Angeles Lakers for Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr ... The Cavaliers also participated in a three - team trade with the Utah Jazz and Sacramento Kings to acquire Rodney Hood and George Hill while trading Iman Shumpert and a 2020 second - round pick to the Kings , Jae Crowder and Derrick Rose to the Jazz while the Kings also receive Joe Johnson from the Jazz . In addition , the Cavaliers traded Dwyane Wade back to the Miami Heat for a 2024 second - round pick . Free agency ( edit ) Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 , after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes ( edit ) Coaching changes <Th_colspan="3"> In - season Team Outgoing coach Incoming coach Phoenix Suns Earl Watson Jay Triano ( interim ) Memphis Grizzlies David Fizdale J.B. Bickerstaff ( interim ) Milwaukee Bucks Jason Kidd Joe Prunty ( interim ) Off - season ( edit ) For the first time since the inauguration of the BAA , there would be no coaching changes going from the previous season to entering the regular season . In fact , the 536 days from Dave Joerger being fired as coach of the Memphis Grizzlies to the day the Phoenix Suns fired Earl Watson as head coach would be the longest period in NBA history without any coaching changes occur . The last time no head coaches were hired in the off - season occurred during the 1975 -- 76 season . In - season ( edit ) On October 22 , 2017 , the Phoenix Suns fired head coach Earl Watson and replaced him with the team 's associate coach Jay Triano as interim head coach for the rest of the season . On November 27 , 2017 , the Memphis Grizzlies fired head coach David Fizdale and replaced him with the team 's associate head coach J.B. Bickerstaff . On January 22 , 2018 , the Milwaukee Bucks fired head coach Jason Kidd and replaced him with the team 's assistant head coach Joe Prunty as interim head coach for the rest of the season . Preseason ( edit ) The preseason began on September 30 and ended on October 13 . International games ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors and Minnesota Timberwolves played two preseason games in China , at Shenzhen on October 5 and Shanghai on October 8 . Minnesota won the first game 111 -- 97 , while Golden State emerged victorious in the second one , 142 -- 110 . Regular season ( edit ) The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 and ended on April 11 , 2018 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP c -- Toronto Raptors 59 23 . 720 0.0 34 -- 7 25 -- 16 12 -- 4 82 x -- Boston Celtics 55 27 . 671 4.0 27 -- 14 28 -- 13 12 -- 4 82 x -- Philadelphia 76ers 52 30 . 634 7.0 30 -- 11 22 -- 19 9 -- 7 82 New York Knicks 29 53 . 354 30.0 19 -- 22 10 -- 31 6 -- 10 82 Brooklyn Nets 28 54 . 341 31.0 15 -- 26 13 -- 28 1 -- 15 82 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Cleveland Cavaliers 50 32 . 610 0.0 29 -- 12 21 -- 20 11 -- 5 82 x -- Indiana Pacers 48 34 . 585 2.0 27 -- 14 21 -- 20 10 -- 6 82 x -- Milwaukee Bucks 44 38 . 537 6.0 25 -- 16 19 -- 22 6 -- 10 82 Detroit Pistons 39 43 . 476 11.0 25 -- 16 14 -- 27 9 -- 7 82 Chicago Bulls 27 55 . 329 23.0 17 -- 24 10 -- 31 4 -- 12 82 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Miami Heat 44 38 . 537 0.0 26 -- 15 18 -- 23 11 -- 5 82 x -- Washington Wizards 43 39 . 524 1.0 23 -- 18 20 -- 21 8 -- 8 82 Charlotte Hornets 36 46 . 439 8.0 21 -- 20 15 -- 26 11 -- 5 82 Orlando Magic 25 57 . 305 19.0 17 -- 24 8 -- 33 5 -- 11 82 Atlanta Hawks 24 58 . 293 20.0 16 -- 25 8 -- 33 5 -- 11 82 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Portland Trail Blazers 49 33 . 598 0.0 28 -- 13 21 -- 20 9 -- 7 82 x -- Oklahoma City Thunder 48 34 . 585 1.0 27 -- 14 21 -- 20 5 -- 11 82 x -- Utah Jazz 48 34 . 585 1.0 28 -- 13 20 -- 21 7 -- 9 82 x -- Minnesota Timberwolves 47 35 . 573 2.0 30 -- 11 17 -- 24 10 -- 6 82 Denver Nuggets 46 36 . 561 3.0 31 -- 10 15 -- 26 9 -- 7 82 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP y -- Golden State Warriors 58 24 . 707 0.0 29 -- 12 29 -- 12 13 -- 3 82 Los Angeles Clippers 42 40 . 512 16.0 22 -- 19 20 -- 21 12 -- 4 82 Los Angeles Lakers 35 47 . 427 23.0 20 -- 21 15 -- 26 6 -- 10 82 Sacramento Kings 27 55 . 329 31.0 14 -- 27 13 -- 28 5 -- 11 82 Phoenix Suns 21 61 . 256 37.0 10 -- 31 11 -- 30 4 -- 12 82 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP z -- Houston Rockets 65 17 . 793 0.0 34 -- 7 31 -- 10 12 -- 4 82 x -- New Orleans Pelicans 48 34 . 585 17.0 24 -- 17 24 -- 17 9 -- 7 82 x -- San Antonio Spurs 47 35 . 573 18.0 33 -- 8 14 -- 27 9 -- 7 82 Dallas Mavericks 24 58 . 293 41.0 15 -- 26 9 -- 32 5 -- 11 82 Memphis Grizzlies 22 60 . 268 43.0 16 -- 25 6 -- 35 5 -- 11 82 By Conference ( edit ) <Th_colspan="7"> Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP c -- Toronto Raptors * 59 23 . 720 -- 82 x -- Boston Celtics 55 27 . 671 4.0 82 x -- Philadelphia 76ers 52 30 . 634 7.0 82 y -- Cleveland Cavaliers * 50 32 . 610 9.0 82 5 x -- Indiana Pacers 48 34 . 585 11.0 82 6 y -- Miami Heat * 44 38 . 537 15.0 82 7 x -- Milwaukee Bucks 44 38 . 537 15.0 82 8 x -- Washington Wizards 43 39 . 524 16.0 82 <Td_colspan="7"> 9 Detroit Pistons 39 43 . 476 20.0 82 10 Charlotte Hornets 36 46 . 439 23.0 82 11 New York Knicks 29 53 . 354 30.0 82 12 Brooklyn Nets 28 54 . 341 31.0 82 13 Chicago Bulls 27 55 . 329 32.0 82 14 Orlando Magic 25 57 . 305 34.0 82 15 Atlanta Hawks 24 58 . 293 35.0 82 <Th_colspan="7"> Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP z -- Houston Rockets * 65 17 . 793 -- 82 y -- Golden State Warriors * 58 24 . 707 7.0 82 y -- Portland Trail Blazers * 49 33 . 598 16.0 82 x -- Oklahoma City Thunder 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 5 x -- Utah Jazz 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 6 x -- New Orleans Pelicans 48 34 . 585 17.0 82 7 x -- San Antonio Spurs 47 35 . 573 18.0 82 8 x -- Minnesota Timberwolves 47 35 . 573 18.0 82 <Td_colspan="7"> 9 Denver Nuggets 46 36 . 561 19.0 82 10 Los Angeles Clippers 42 40 . 512 23.0 82 11 Los Angeles Lakers 35 47 . 427 30.0 82 12 Sacramento Kings 27 55 . 329 38.0 82 13 Dallas Mavericks 24 58 . 293 41.0 82 14 Memphis Grizzlies 22 60 . 268 43.0 82 15 Phoenix Suns 21 61 . 256 44.0 82 Notes z -- Clinched home court advantage for the entire playoffs c -- Clinched home court advantage for the conference playoffs y -- Clinched division title x -- Clinched playoff spot * -- Division leader Tiebreakers ( edit ) Eastern Conference Miami clinched # 6 seed over Milwaukee based on head - to - head sweep ( 3 -- 0 ) . Western Conference Oklahoma City , Utah , and New Orleans were seeded based on record in games against each other ( OKC : 4 -- 3 , UTAH : 4 -- 4 , NO : 3 -- 4 ) . San Antonio clinched # 7 seed over Minnesota based on head - to - head record ( 2 -- 1 ) . International games ( edit ) On August 9 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Brooklyn Nets would play two regular season games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City , Mexico . On December 7 , 2017 , the Nets played against the Oklahoma City Thunder and on December 9 , 2017 , they matched up against the Miami Heat . The Nets prevailed 100 -- 95 over the Thunder in their first game , but lost to the Heat 101 -- 89 in their second game . On August 10 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Philadelphia 76ers would play the Boston Celtics at The O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 11 , 2018 . The Celtics won the game 114 − 103 . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NBA Playoffs The 2018 NBA Playoffs began on Saturday , April 14 , 2018 , ESPN will air the 2018 Eastern Conference Finals and TNT will air the 2018 Western Conference Finals . The season will end with the 2018 NBA Finals which will begin on May 31 , 2018 on ABC . Bracket ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> First Round <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference Semifinals <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference Finals <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA Finals E1 Toronto * E8 Washington <Td_colspan="3"> E4 Cleveland * E5 Indiana <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="8"> Eastern Conference E3 Philadelphia E6 Miami * <Td_colspan="3"> E2 Boston E7 Milwaukee <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="12"> W1 Houston * W8 Minnesota <Td_colspan="3"> W4 Oklahoma City W5 Utah <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="8"> Western Conference W3 Portland * 0 W6 New Orleans W6 New Orleans <Td_colspan="3"> W2 Golden State * W7 San Antonio * Division winner Bold Series winner Italic Team with home - court advantage This bracket : view talk edit Statistics ( edit ) Individual statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points per game James Harden Houston Rockets 30.4 Rebounds per game Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 16.0 Assists per game Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 10.3 Steals per game Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers 2.36 Blocks per game Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans 2.57 Turnovers per game DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 5.0 Fouls per game DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 3.8 Minutes per game LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 37.2 FG % Clint Capela Houston Rockets 65.2 % FT % Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 92.1 % 3FG % Darren Collison Indiana Pacers 46.8 % Efficiency per game James Harden Houston Rockets 29.87 Double - doubles Karl - Anthony Towns Minnesota Timberwolves 68 Triple - doubles Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 25 Individual game highs ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points James Harden Houston Rockets 60 Rebounds Dwight Howard Charlotte Hornets 30 Assists Rajon Rondo New Orleans Pelicans 25 Steals Lou Williams Los Angeles Clippers 10 Blocks Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans 10 Three pointers Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 10 Kemba Walker Charlotte Hornets Team statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Team Statistic Points per game Golden State Warriors 113.5 Rebounds per game Philadelphia 76ers 47.4 Assists per game Golden State Warriors 29.3 Steals per game Oklahoma City Thunder 9.1 Blocks per game Golden State Warriors 7.5 Turnovers per game Philadelphia 76ers 15.9 FG % Golden State Warriors 50.3 % FT % Golden State Warriors 81.5 % 3FG % Golden State Warriors 39.1 % + / − Houston Rockets + 8.5 Awards ( edit ) Players of the Week ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October 17 -- 22 Antetokounmpo , Giannis Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 5 ) 02 October 23 -- 29 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 1 / 3 ) Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 October 30 -- November 5 Porziņģis , Kristaps Kristaps Porziņģis ( New York Knicks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 2 / 5 ) 04 November 6 -- 12 Harris , Tobias Tobias Harris ( Detroit Pistons ) ( 1 / 1 ) Jokić , Nikola Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 1 / 2 ) 05 November 13 -- 19 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 1 / 5 ) Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) ( 1 / 1 ) 06 November 20 -- 26 Dragić , Goran Goran Dragić ( Miami Heat ) ( 1 / 2 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 2 ) 07 November 27 -- December 3 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 4 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 3 / 5 ) 08 December 4 -- 10 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 2 / 3 ) Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) 09 December 11 -- 17 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 2 / 4 ) Paul , Chris Chris Paul ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 10 December 18 -- 24 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 2 / 5 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 1 / 2 ) 11 December 25 -- 31 Beal , Bradley Bradley Beal ( Washington Wizards ) ( 1 / 1 ) Williams , Lou Lou Williams ( Los Angeles Clippers ) ( 1 / 2 ) 12 January 1 -- 7 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 3 / 5 ) Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 2 ) 13 January 8 -- 14 Dragić , Goran Goran Dragić ( Miami Heat ) ( 2 / 2 ) Williams , Lou Lou Williams ( Los Angeles Clippers ) ( 2 / 2 ) 14 January 15 -- 21 Embiid , Joel Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 2 ) Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 1 / 3 ) 15 January 22 -- 28 Middleton , Khris Khris Middleton ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 2 / 2 ) 16 January 29 -- February 4 Drummond , Andre Andre Drummond ( Detroit Pistons ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 4 / 5 ) 17 February 5 -- 11 Embiid , Joel Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 2 / 2 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 5 / 5 ) 18 February 26 -- March 4 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 4 / 5 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 2 / 2 ) 19 March 5 -- 11 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 5 / 5 ) Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 2 / 3 ) 20 March 12 -- 18 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 3 / 4 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 2 / 2 ) 21 March 19 -- 25 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 4 / 4 ) Aldridge , LaMarcus LaMarcus Aldridge ( San Antonio Spurs ) ( 1 / 1 ) 22 March 26 -- April 1 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 3 / 3 ) Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 3 / 3 ) 23 April 2 -- 8 Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Jokić , Nikola Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 2 / 2 ) Players of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 4 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 2 / 4 ) Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 January DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 1 / 1 ) Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) 04 February James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 3 / 4 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 2 ) 05 March / April James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 4 / 4 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 2 / 2 ) Rookies of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 4 ) Kuzma , Kyle Kyle Kuzma ( Los Angeles Lakers ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December Tatum , Jayson Jayson Tatum ( Boston Celtics ) ( 1 / 1 ) Mitchell , Donovan Donovan Mitchell ( Utah Jazz ) ( 1 / 4 ) 03 January Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 2 / 4 ) Mitchell , Donovan Donovan Mitchell ( Utah Jazz ) ( 2 / 4 ) 04 February Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 3 / 4 ) Mitchell , Donovan Donovan Mitchell ( Utah Jazz ) ( 3 / 4 ) 05 March / April Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 4 / 4 ) Mitchell , Donovan Donovan Mitchell ( Utah Jazz ) ( 4 / 4 ) Coaches of the Month ( edit ) The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens ( Boston Celtics ) ( 1 / 1 ) D'Antoni , Mike Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 2 ) 02 December Casey , Dwane Dwane Casey ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 1 / 1 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 January Spoelstra , Erik Erik Spoelstra ( Miami Heat ) ( 1 / 1 ) Stotts , Terry Terry Stotts ( Portland Trail Blazers ) ( 1 / 1 ) 04 February Brooks , Scott Scott Brooks ( Washington Wizards ) ( 1 / 1 ) D'Antoni , Mike Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) ( 2 / 2 ) 05 March / April Brown , Brett Brett Brown ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Snyder , Quin Quin Snyder ( Utah Jazz ) ( 1 / 1 ) Arenas ( edit ) This is the Detroit Pistons ' first season at Little Caesars Arena after playing at The Palace of Auburn Hills from 1988 to 2017 . The team played their first game there against the Charlotte Hornets on October 18 , 2017 . This also marks the first time the Pistons have regularly played in the city of Detroit since 1978 . This is the Milwaukee Bucks ' final season at the BMO Harris Bradley Center , their home since 1988 . The team played its final regular season game there on April 9 against the Orlando Magic . The team is scheduled to move into the new Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center prior to the start of the 2018 -- 19 NBA season . The team played a `` Return to the MECCA '' game at the UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena ( the former Milwaukee or `` MECCA '' Arena , their home from 1968 until 1988 ) on October 26 against the Boston Celtics as part of the team 's 50th season celebration . The Washington Wizards home arena , the Verizon Center , was renamed Capital One Arena . The Toronto Raptors owners Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announced that their Air Canada Centre arena will be renamed Scotiabank Arena at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Media ( edit ) This is the second season of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . The Chicago Bulls experienced a mid-season change in their broadcast partner due to the Cumulus Media Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing nulling and voiding many broadcasting agreements . The team 's games moved from Cumulus 's WLS to Entercom 's WSCR on February 3 , 2018 . Uniforms ( edit ) Nike is the official on - court apparel provider beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . During this time , each team will be provided with four different jersey apparel that will be displayed throughout the seasons : the `` Association Edition '' , `` Icon Edition '' , `` Statement Edition '' ( tentatively called the `` Athlete 's Mindset Edition '' ) , and `` City Edition '' ( tentatively called the `` Community Edition '' ) jerseys will replace the more typical home and road jersey ideas with alternatives also being included every now and then as well . In addition to those jerseys , eight teams will also be provided a `` Classic Edition '' jersey to commemorate some of their past designs throughout the season . For the first time in league history , the manufacturer 's logo will appear on the team uniforms , making the NBA the last professional sports league in North America to have the manufacturer 's logo appear on the team uniforms . The Charlotte Hornets will use an Air Jordan - branded apparel , which is endorsed by their owner Michael Jordan and is owned by Nike . The Cleveland Cavaliers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 31 , 2017 . The Detroit Pistons debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 17 , 2017 . The Indiana Pacers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling new alternate logos and home floor along with their uniforms on July 28 , 2017 . The Minnesota Timberwolves debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on April 11 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on August 10 , 2017 . The Portland Trail Blazers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 8 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on July 29 , 2017 . Air Jordan - branded apparel were used during the 2018 NBA All - Star Game , which is endorsed by the owner of the Charlotte Hornets , Michael Jordan , and is owned by Nike . Uniform sponsorships ( edit ) Advertisements begin to appear on league uniforms starting this season . With this , the NBA became the first of the `` Big Four '' North American professional sports league to use corporate sponsorship patches on its jerseys . As of March 6 , 2018 , there are 21 NBA teams that had signed uniform sponsorship contracts : Atlanta Hawks : Sharecare Boston Celtics : General Electric Brooklyn Nets : Infor Charlotte Hornets : LendingTree Cleveland Cavaliers : Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Dallas Mavericks : 5Miles Denver Nuggets : Western Union Detroit Pistons : Flagstar Bank Golden State Warriors : Rakuten Los Angeles Clippers : Bumble Los Angeles Lakers : Wish Miami Heat : Ultimate Software Milwaukee Bucks : Harley - Davidson Minnesota Timberwolves : Fitbit New Orleans Pelicans : Zatarain 's New York Knicks : Squarespace Orlando Magic : The Walt Disney Company Philadelphia 76ers : StubHub Sacramento Kings : Blue Diamond Growers Toronto Raptors : Sun Life Financial Utah Jazz : Qualtrics Nine who do not : Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , Indiana Pacers , Memphis Grizzlies , Oklahoma City Thunder , Phoenix Suns , Portland Trail Blazers , San Antonio Spurs and Washington Wizards . Notable occurrences ( edit ) On July 6 , 2017 , the NBA unveiled an update to its logo , featuring new typography and a modified color scheme . The regular season started eight days earlier than the previous season . This move by the NBA aims for fewer `` back - to - back '' games , even fewer than the previous season which had already reached an all - time low to help address teams that are `` resting '' their superstars . The NBA decreased the maximum number of timeouts in a regulation game from 18 to 14 . The three team timeouts during the last two minutes of the game were also decreased to two per team in the last three minutes to improve the flow and pace of the game . The trade deadline was moved from four days after the NBA All - Star Game to ten days before it , so teams can settle their rosters before the All - Star break . Free - throw shooters will be assessed a delay - of - game violation if they venture outside of the three - point line in between attempts . The NBA also added two - way contracted players , signifying an increasing partnership between the NBA and the newly branded NBA G League . Referees can now assess dangerous closeouts of defenders to jump shooters with little space to land for a technical or a flagrant foul . Informally dubbed as the `` Zaza Pachulia rule '' . Also , officials can now assess if a player is in a shooting motion when determining if a perimeter foul is a shooting or a common foul . The type of foul will be determined on the sequencing of the player 's movement if the foul happens before or after the player starts a shooting motion . Additionally , they can also assess an offensive foul if an offensive player intentionally lunges into the defender or locks arms to create contact , a rule informally dubbed as the `` Harden rule '' . On September 28 , 2017 , the NBA board of governors approved the changes to the draft lottery system to discourage teams from losing on purpose . Starting with the 2018 -- 19 NBA season , the teams with the three worst records will have equal odds at the # 1 pick . In addition , the revised draft lottery will consist of selecting the top four teams instead of the usual three that occurred for over two decades . The approval for the change was nearly unanimous , with only the Oklahoma City Thunder voting against the change and the Dallas Mavericks abstaining from voting . On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All - Star Game format . The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves , regardless of the conference they play in , to form their own teams . The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive . This marks the first time , the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All - Star game . Selection process will remain the same . On October 17 , 2017 , during the season opener with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Boston Celtics , Gordon Hayward landed awkwardly on his ankle with his behind after attempting an alley - oop off a pass from Kyrie Irving . He suffered a dislocated ankle and a fractured tibia five minutes into the game in his debut as a Celtic . On October 18 , 2017 , Brooklyn Nets point guard Jeremy Lin fell to the ground hard after making a layup when playing the Indiana Pacers , causing him to miss the entire season . He suffered a ruptured patellar tendon of his right knee . That same day , in the season opening game for the Portland Trail Blazers and Phoenix Suns , the Trail Blazers would defeat the Suns 124 -- 76 in what would be the greatest deficit for a season - opening game in league history . On October 25 , 2017 , the Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , normally a frontcourt player , recorded his 56th career triple - double and 1st career triple - double as starting point guard . On October 28 , 2017 , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook became the first player in NBA history to record a triple double against all 29 opposing teams . On November 3 , 2017 , LeBron James scored 57 points for the night and his 29,000 th career point , becoming the youngest player , and just the seventh overall , to reach that mark ( 32 years , 309 days ) . LeBron James also passed both Kevin Garnett for 12th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list ( with 10,506 career field goals to his name ) and passed John Havlicek for 11th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list with 10,514 career field goals . On November 7 , 2017 , Ben Simmons became the only player in NBA history with at least 170 points , 100 rebounds and 80 assists in his team 's first 10 games . On November 7 , 2017 , the Sacramento Kings set a record for most points scored before a starter scored . The King 's bench scored the team 's first 29 points before Willie Cauley - Stein scored a free throw at 4 : 08 of the second quarter . The previous record was held by the Milwaukee Bucks at 23 points set on April 5 , 2011 against the Orlando Magic . On November 11 , 2017 , Lonzo Ball became the youngest player in NBA history to record a triple - double at 20 years and 15 days old . He recorded 19 points , 13 assists and 12 rebounds . The previous record holder was LeBron James ' at 20 years and 20 days old . On November 14 , 2017 , the Boston Celtics became the first team in NBA history to win at least 13 straight games after starting the season 0 -- 2 . The winning streak ended at 16 when they lost to the Miami Heat on November 22 , 2017 . On November 15 , 2017 , the Atlanta Hawks set a franchise record for their largest margin of victory in a win against the Sacramento Kings at 46 points , 126 - 80 . The previous record was set on February 12 , 1965 at a 44 - point margin when the St. Louis Hawks beat the Baltimore Bullets , 144 - 100 . On November 28 , 2017 , LeBron James was ejected for the first time in his career after contesting a non-call following a drive to the basket against the Miami Heat . He had gone 1,081 games without disqualification . On December 1 , 2017 , Donovan Mitchell of the Utah Jazz set a rookie franchise record after scoring 41 points against the New Orleans Pelicans . So far , it is the highest scoring game for a rookie this season . On December 1 , 2017 , Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors passed Jason Kidd for eighth place on the NBA 's all - time list for three - pointers made . On December 4 , 2017 , Stephen Curry hit his 2,000 th career three - pointer . He became the fastest to reach the milestone at 597 games , 225 games fewer than Ray Allen , the previous record - holder . On December 11 , 2017 , Carmelo Anthony of the Oklahoma City Thunder passed Vince Carter for 22nd on the NBA all - time scoring list . On December 14 , 2017 , Vince Carter moved to 50th all - time in career steals , passing Tim Hardaway in the process . On December 16 , 2017 , Miami Heat head coach Erik Spoelstra surpassed Pat Riley for most wins in franchise history with his 455th career win . On December 18 , 2017 , during halftime against the Golden State Warriors , the Los Angeles Lakers held a ceremony to retire both of Kobe Bryant 's jersey numbers in 8 and 24 . That same day , the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame updates the length for players , coaches , and referees eligible for entry into the Hall of Fame to decrease by three years , allowing names like Steve Nash , Chauncey Billups , Ray Allen , and Jermaine O'Neal to potentially enter earlier than originally expected . On December 25 , 2017 , in a win against the Cleveland Cavaliers , Draymond Green became the sixth player in NBA history to record a triple double on Christmas Day . On January 1 , 2018 , DeMar DeRozan recorded the first 50 - point performance of the year against the Milwaukee Bucks . He also broke the Toronto Raptors ' franchise record for points with 52 . On January 4 , 2018 , Carmelo Anthony passed Patrick Ewing for 21st on the NBA all - time scoring list . On January 8 , 2018 , Kyle Korver of the Cleveland Cavaliers passed Paul Pierce in career 3 - pointers made for fourth place . On January 15 , 2018 , Lauri Markkanen of the Chicago Bulls became the fastest player to reach 100 3 - pointers . He did it in 41 games , beating Damian Lillard 's record of 44 games . On January 23 , 2018 , LeBron James scored his 30,000 th point at the age of 33 years old and 24 days surpassing Kobe Bryant as the youngest player to do so , as well as being just the 7th player to join the 30,000 - point club . Additionally , he became the first player in NBA history with 30,000 points , 7,000 rebounds and 7,000 assists . On January 27 , 2018 , Carmelo Anthony became the 21st player in NBA history to reach 25,000 points . On January 28 , 2018 , Manu Ginobili and Vince Carter , marked the first time in NBA history that two 40 year - old players scored 15 points or more in the same game with Ginobili scoring 15 points and Carter scoring 21 points . On January 30 , 2018 , James Harden becomes the first player in NBA history to record a triple - double with at least 60 points scored in a game , he recorded 60 points , 10 rebounds and 11 assists . This marks the highest scored points for a player with a triple - double . He also set a franchise scoring record that was previously held by Calvin Murphy . On February 5 , 2018 , Dirk Nowitzki became the 6th player in NBA history to reach 50,000 minutes played . He also surpassed Elvin Hayes for top 5 in the process . Coincidentally , his name was incorrectly spelled as `` Nowitkzi '' on his jersey . On February 12 , 2018 , T.J. McConnell of the Philadelphia 76ers recorded a triple - double while coming off the bench , this marks the first time in franchise history that a reserve recorded a triple - double . He recorded 10 points , 11 assists and 10 rebounds while also adding a career - high 6 steals . On February 15 , 2018 , Nikola Jokić of the Denver Nuggets recorded the fastest triple - double in NBA history , with his feat in fourteen minutes and 33 seconds , beating previous record holder Jim Tucker 's time of seventeen minutes set in 1955 . On February 27 , 2018 , LeBron James became the only player in NBA history with at least 30,000 points , 8,000 rebounds and 8,000 assists . On February 28 , 2018 , Dirk Nowitzki became the sixth player in NBA history to reach 31,000 career points . On March 6 , 2018 , Carmelo Anthony passed Jerry West and moved to 20th on the NBA all - time scoring list . On March 18 , 2018 , Carmelo Anthony passed Reggie Miller and moved to 19th on the NBA all - time scoring list . On March 19 , 2018 , Vince Carter passed Patrick Ewing for 22nd on the NBA all - time scoring list . That same day , the Miami Heat beat the Denver Nuggets in a classic double - overtime , scoring 149 - 141 and setting a franchise record for most points in a game . This is also the highest score made a team in this season , surpassing 148 points made by Houston Rockets and Oklahoma City Thunder earlier in the season . On March 21 , 2018 , Dwight Howard became the ninth player in NBA history to record at least 30 points and 30 rebounds in a game . He led the Charlotte Hornets to victory against the Brooklyn Nets with 32 points and 30 rebounds . That same day , the San Antonio Spurs defeated the Washington Wizards , 98 -- 90 , to win their 42nd game of the season to clinch 21 consecutive winning seasons . On March 22 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets beat the Memphis Grizzlies with a margin of 61 points , the most in the last 20 years . It was also a Hornets franchise record , the final scores were 140 - 79 . On March 30 , 2018 , LeBron James broke Michael Jordan 's record for consecutive games with at least 10 points . James scored in double digits for 867 consecutive games and finished the game with 27 . On the same game , he also tied Kobe Bryant 's record for third-most 20 - point games in NBA history with 941 . On April 4 , 2018 The Milwaukee Bucks became the eighth and final eastern conference team to clinch a playoff berth. . That the same day , Wayne Ellington of the Miami Heat made his 207th three - pointer of the season as a reserve , setting an NBA record for the most three - pointers made in a season by a player off the bench . The previous record of 206 three - pointers was set by Eric Gordon last year . For the first time since the 1996 - 97 NBA season , two teams played their last game against each other for the 8th and final spot in the playoffs . The Minnesota Timberwolves defeated the Denver Nuggets 112 - 106 in overtime to clinch the final playoff seed in the west . This also ended Minnesota 's 13 - year drought without a playoff appearance having last played in 2003 - 04 season . On April 6 , 2018 , LeBron James became youngest player to score 31,000 career points at 33 years and 97 days and the 7th player in NBA history to do so . He achieved the record by finishing 44 points , 11 rebounds , and 11 assists in a losing effort against Philadelphia 76ers , 132 - 130 . On April 11 , 2018 , Markelle Fultz became the youngest player in NBA history to record a triple - double at 19 years and 317 days old . He recorded 13 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists , surpassing the record held by Lonzo Ball earlier in the season . That same day , Russell Westbrook became the only player in NBA history to average a triple - double in consecutive and multiple seasons . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wells , Adam . `` Adam Silver Says 2017 - 18 NBA Season Will Start on Oct. 17 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Unveils Schedule For 2017 - 18 KIA Tip - Off And Christmas Day Games '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key dates for 2017 - 18 NBA season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Kyle . `` Paul Pierce signs with Boston Celtics , then retires '' . NBA.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baum , Bob ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Suns Extend Ryan McDonough as General Manager , Name James Jones Vice President of Basketball Operations '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Maxiell officially retires from NBA as a Detroit Piston '' . freep.com . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillery , Ronald ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Grizzlies hiring Tayshaun Prince for front office job '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brezec retired and become a scout for the Cavs '' . Eurohoops . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Caron ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sixteen Years , Nine Teams , One Love '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Injury forces former Spurs center Tiago Splitter to retire '' . USATODAY.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An NBA first : Every coach who started last season is back '' . nbcsports.com. 22 September 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://static.nytimes.com/email-content/MSB_352.html?nlid=60638453 Jump up ^ `` Suns Relieve Earl Watson of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies relieve David Fizdale of head coaching duties '' . NBA.com . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bucks Relieve Jason Kidd Of Head Coaching Duties '' . Milwaukee Bucks . January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Prunty to remain head coach of Milwaukee Bucks for remainder of season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors , Minnesota Timberwolves get preseason games in China '' . NBA.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA To Play Two Regular - Season Games In Mexico City '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers and Boston Celtics To Play Regular - Season NBA Game in London '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo , James Harden Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Oladipo , DeMarcus Cousins Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kristaps Porzingis , James Harden Named Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tobias Harris , Nikola Jokic Named Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan , Karl - Anthony Towns Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goran Dragic Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named NBA 's Eastern Conference Player of the Week for Week 7 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harden Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oladipo Named Player of the Week for Second Time This Season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named NBA 's Eastern Conference Player of the Week for Week 9 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DeRozan Named East Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Beal Named East Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Williams Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DeRozan Named East Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Goran Dragić Named Eastern Conference Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Lou Williams Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers Center Joel Embiid Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Damian Lillard Named Western Conference Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Khris Middleton Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Center Andre Drummond Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers Center Joel Embiid Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harden Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DeRozan Named East Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DeRozan Named East Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Damian Lillard Named Western Conference Player Of The Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named East Player of the Week for Week 22 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named East Player of the Week for Week 23 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LaMarcus Aldridge Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oladipo Named Player of the Week for Third Time This Season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Damian Lillard Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simmons Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nikola Jokić Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Houston Rockets ' James Harden named Kia Players of the Month '' . NBA.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Oklahoma City Thunder 's Russell Westbrook named Kia Players of Month for December '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors ' DeMar DeRozan , Warriors ' Stephen Curry named Kia Players of Month for January '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Pelicans ' Anthony Davis tabbed Kia Players of Month for February '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Pelicans ' Anthony Davis named Kia Players of the Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Los Angeles Lakers ' Kyle Kuzma named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Jayson Tatum , Utah Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Utah Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month for February '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month for March , April '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Brad Stevens , Houston Rockets ' Mike D'Antoni named Coaches of Month '' . NBA.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors ' Dwane Casey , Golden State Warriors ' Steve Kerr named Coaches of Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat 's Erik Spoelstra , Portland Trail Blazers ' Terry Stotts named Coaches of Month '' . NBA.com . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Brooks named February Eastern Conference Coach of the Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike D'Antoni Named Western Conference Coach of the Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quin Snyder Named Western Conference Coach of the Month '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight Coach of the Month Winner Brown Appreciative of Journey '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit '' . NBA.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Engine for future growth : '' Milwaukee Bucks , Design Team Release Vision for New Multi-Purpose Arena `` . WITI . Milwaukee . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velasquez , Matt ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Milwaukee Bucks ' Return to the MECCA ' game set for Oct. 26 vs. Celtics '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon Center to become Capital One Arena , starting now '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Air Canada Centre changing name to Scotiabank Arena next summer '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Done deal : Bulls pivot to The Score '' . Robert Feder . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nike to become uniform , apparel provider for NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Uni Watch : Nike - NBA deal FAQ '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Sports & Entertainment Announces Plans to Switch Locations of Spectrum Center Box Office and Hornets Fan Shop '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . The re-opening of the Hornets Fan Shop will coincide with the launch of the team 's new Jordan Brand uniforms as Nike becomes the NBA 's uniform provider beginning this season . The Hornets will be the only team in the NBA wearing Jordan Brand uniforms , and with the agreement taking effect , the Hornets Fan Shop will have even more of the popular Jordan Brand Hornets merchandise than it has had previously . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Logo Suite Evolves to Modernize Look '' . NBA.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PISTONS NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVELIED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After a day of teasing , the Pacers delivered a full redesign and fans are underwhelmed '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Previews of the Indiana Pacers ' New Uniforms , Court , and Logos '' . Indiana Sports Coverage . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIMBERWOLVES NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVEILED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul . `` Nike 's new NBA looks keep on coming '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Holdahl , Casey ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Trail Blazers Update Pinwheel , Prepare For Jersey Changes '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Uniforms '' . NBA.com . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Sixers become first NBA team to get sponsor on jersey '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sharecare and Hawks Launch Jersey Patch Partnership And Innovative Health Movement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics and GE announce multi-year partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nets Form Wide - Ranging Partnership With Global Software Leader Infor '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets , LendingTree Announce New Multi-Year Founding Level Partnership Highlighted By Jersey Patch '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goodyear , Cavaliers Relationship Built on Shared Principles of Drive , Determination and Commitment to the Community '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wermuth , Adam ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` 5miles '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets and Western Union Announce Multi-Year Sponsorship in the Mile High City '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons and Flagstar Bank Announce Historic Jersey Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors and Rakuten Form Jersey Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LA Clippers PR ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Bumble and the L.A. Clippers Announce Global Partnership Based on Shared Principles of Gender Equality and Debut ' Empowerment Badge ' '' . NBA.com/Clippers ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers and Wish Announce a Multi-Year Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MIAMI HEAT AND ULTIMATE SOFTWARE ANNOUNCE JERSEY PATCH PARTNERSHIP '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MILWAUKEE BUCKS AND HARLEY - DAVIDSON ROLL FULL THROTTLE INTO NBA SEASON WITH JERSEY PATCH SPONSORSHIP '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MINNESOTA TIMBERWOLVES AND FITBIT ANNOUNCE MULTI-YEAR PARTNERSHIP NAMING COMPANY `` OFFICIAL WEARABLE , '' `` OFFICIAL SLEEP TRACKER '' AND JERSEY PATCH SPONSOR `` . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans name Zatarain 's as jersey patch sponsor '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Squarespace X Knicks Announce Signature Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic , Disney Expanded Partnership Exciting for Both Brands '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers And StubHub Announce First Jersey Sponsorship In Major American Professional Sports '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings , Blue Diamond Partner to Showcase California Growers and Inspire Health and Wellness '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors and Sun Life Financial Announce Ground - Breaking , Expanded Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz and Qualtrics Partner To Revolutionize Fan Experience and Analytics and Accelerate Efforts to Eradicate Cancer '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A first look at the NBA 's refreshed logo '' . NBA.com. 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` NBA moves up trade deadline , reduces timeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` NBA moves trade deadline to before All - Star Game , reduces amount of timeouts '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` NBA Makes Sweeping Pace - Of - Play Changes ; MLB Likely Next '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dauster , Rob ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` D - League salaries , two - way contracts increase NBA Draft early entries '' . CollegeBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . `` NBA referees can rule closeouts as flagrants or technical fouls '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry . `` The NBA is cracking down on dangerous Zaza-esque closeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Kyle ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` The NBA is finally cracking down on James Harden 's foul - drawing antics '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA implementing ' Zaza Pachulia , ' ' James Harden ' rules '' . NBCSports.com . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board Of Governors Approves Changes To Draft Lottery System '' . NBA.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` NBA owners pass lottery reform , new rules on resting players '' . ProBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Gordon Hayward suffers fractured ankle in season opener '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons did something even LeBron ( or anyone else in NBA history ) has n't matched '' . Newsweek.com. 8 November 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings set record for most points scored before a starter scores vs. Thunder '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lonzo Ball is the youngest player in NBA history to record a triple double '' . SBNation.com . November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaskey - Blomain , Michael ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Celtics become first NBA team to win 13 straight after 0 - 2 start '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heat top Celtics 104 - 98 , snap Boston 's 16 - game win streak ( Nov 22 , 2017 ) '' . FOXSports.com. 22 November 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks get their most lopsided win ever , 126 - 80 over Kings '' . sports.yahoo.com . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron ejected for first time in 15 - year career '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Matt . `` Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell makes statement with 41 - point performance '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors news : Stephen Curry passes Jason Kidd for eighth spot in all - time 3 - pointers ladder '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry becomes fastest to reach 2,000 3 - pointers made '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Howard 's 23 points lead Hornets past Thunder '' . FOXSports.com. 12 December 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richardson has 28 points to lead Heat past Clippers '' . Sportsnet.ca . December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers , Los Angeles celebrate Kobe Bryant 's jersey retirement in style '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/article/2017/12/19/naismith-memorial-basketball-hall-fame-announces-modifications-enshrinement#/ Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan went full Maple Jordan on the Milwaukee Bucks '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony passes Patrick Ewing for 21st on NBA 's all - time scoring list '' . 247sports.com . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavs news : Kyle Korver makes NBA history early in game versus Wolves '' . cavsnation.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lauri Markkanen becomes fastest player in NBA history to make 100 3 - pointers '' . tucson.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilberg , Ari ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James becomes the youngest player in NBA history to score 30,000 career points '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Carmelo Anthony hits milestone as Thunder rolls '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs - Kings game was a first of its kind in NBA history '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dirk Nowitzki joins 50,000 minutes club wearing jersey with name misspelled '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T.J. McConnell 's triple - double off bench makes 76ers history '' . SportingNews.com. 13 February 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Devine , Dan . `` LeBron James becomes first player ever to reach 30K points , 8K rebounds , 8K assists '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Dirk Nowitzki Becomes 6th Player in NBA History to Reach 31,000 Points '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Melo moves into top 20 on all - time scorers list '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo passes Miller on NBA 's all - time scoring list '' . www.msn.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kings news : Vince Carter makes NBA history at 41 years old '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wild night in Miami : Heat top Nuggets 149 - 141 in 2 OTs '' . USA Today . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight night : Hornets center posts rare 30 - 30 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs top Wizards to clinch 21st straight winning season '' . USATODAY.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets beat Grizzlies by 61 , NBA 's largest margin of victory in 20 years '' . USATODAY.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron bests MJ 's double - digit scoring mark '' . ESPN.com . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kyle Newport ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Bucks Clinch Playoff Berth With Pistons Loss To 76ers '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Diego Quezada ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Wayne Ellington sets NBA record for 3 - pointers off bench '' . HotHotHoops.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katie Nelson ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Timberwolves clinch playoffs , end 13 - year postseason drought '' . Armchairallamericans.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Kaskey - Blomain ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James becomes youngest to score 31,000 career points '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alec Nathan ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Markelle Fultz Becomes Youngest Player in NBA History to Record Triple - Double '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook becomes first NBA player to average triple - double in back - to - back seasons '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . 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-8,864,091,428,734,642,000 | where does wind energy have the greatest potential to create electricity | Wind power - wikipedia Wind power Jump to : navigation , search `` Wind Energy '' redirects here . For the academic journal , see Wind Energy ( journal ) . Wind power stations in Xinjiang , China Global growth of installed capacity Part of a series about Sustainable energy Energy conservation Cogeneration Efficient energy use Green building Heat pump Low - carbon power Microgeneration Passive solar building design Renewable energy Anaerobic digestion Biofuel Geothermal Hydroelectricity Solar Tidal Wave Wind Sustainable transport Carbon - neutral fuel Electric vehicle Fossil fuel phase - out Green vehicle Plug - in hybrid Sustainable development portal Renewable energy portal Environment portal Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power . Wind power , as an alternative to burning fossil fuels , is plentiful , renewable , widely distributed , clean , produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation , consumes no water , and uses little land . The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources . Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network . Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electric power , competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants . Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land , and offshore farms have less visual impact , but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher . Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off - grid locations . Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year but which has significant variation over shorter time scales . It is therefore used in conjunction with other electric power sources to give a reliable supply . As the proportion of wind power in a region increases , a need to upgrade the grid , and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur . Power management techniques such as having excess capacity , geographically distributed turbines , dispatchable backing sources , sufficient hydroelectric power , exporting and importing power to neighboring areas , or reducing demand when wind production is low , can in many cases overcome these problems . In addition , weather forecasting permits the electric power network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur . As of 2015 , Denmark generates 40 % of its electric power from wind , and at least 83 other countries around the world are using wind power to supply their electric power grids . In 2014 , global wind power capacity expanded 16 % to 369,553 MW . Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4 % of worldwide electric power usage , 11.4 % in the EU . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Wind farms 2.1 Generator characteristics and stability 2.2 Offshore wind power 2.3 Collection and transmission network 3 Wind power capacity and production 3.1 Growth trends 3.2 Capacity factor 3.3 Penetration 3.4 Variability 3.5 Predictability 3.6 Energy storage 3.7 Capacity credit , fuel savings and energy payback 4 Economics 4.1 Electric power cost and trends 4.2 Incentives and community benefits 5 Small - scale wind power 6 Environmental effects 7 Politics 7.1 Central government 7.2 Public opinion 7.3 Community 8 Turbine design 9 Wind energy 10 Gallery 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of wind power Charles Brush 's windmill of 1888 , used for generating electric power . Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind . For more than two millennia wind - powered machines have ground grain and pumped water . Wind power was widely available and not confined to the banks of fast - flowing streams , or later , requiring sources of fuel . Wind - powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands , and in arid regions such as the American mid-west or the Australian outback , wind pumps provided water for live stock and steam engines . The first windmill used for the production of electric power was built in Scotland in July 1887 by Prof James Blyth of Anderson 's College , Glasgow ( the precursor of Strathclyde University ) . Blyth 's 10 metres ( 33 ft ) high , cloth - sailed wind turbine was installed in the garden of his holiday cottage at Marykirk in Kincardineshire and was used to charge accumulators developed by the Frenchman Camille Alphonse Faure , to power the lighting in the cottage , thus making it the first house in the world to have its electric power supplied by wind power . Blyth offered the surplus electric power to the people of Marykirk for lighting the main street , however , they turned down the offer as they thought electric power was `` the work of the devil . '' Although he later built a wind turbine to supply emergency power to the local Lunatic Asylum , Infirmary and Dispensary of Montrose the invention never really caught on as the technology was not considered to be economically viable . Across the Atlantic , in Cleveland , Ohio a larger and heavily engineered machine was designed and constructed in the winter of 1887 -- 1888 by Charles F. Brush , this was built by his engineering company at his home and operated from 1886 until 1900 . The Brush wind turbine had a rotor 17 metres ( 56 ft ) in diameter and was mounted on an 18 metres ( 59 ft ) tower . Although large by today 's standards , the machine was only rated at 12 kW . The connected dynamo was used either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs , three arc lamps , and various motors in Brush 's laboratory . With the development of electric power , wind power found new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally - generated power . Throughout the 20th century parallel paths developed small wind stations suitable for farms or residences , and larger utility - scale wind generators that could be connected to electric power grids for remote use of power . Today wind powered generators operate in every size range between tiny stations for battery charging at isolated residences , up to near - gigawatt sized offshore wind farms that provide electric power to national electrical networks . Wind farms ( edit ) Main articles : Wind farm and List of onshore wind farms Large onshore wind farms Wind farm Current capacity ( MW ) Country Refs Gansu Wind Farm 6,000 China Muppandal wind farm 1,500 India Alta ( Oak Creek - Mojave ) 1,320 United States Jaisalmer Wind Park 1,064 India Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 845 United States Roscoe Wind Farm 782 United States Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 736 United States Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 United States Fântânele - Cogealac Wind Farm 600 Romania Fowler Ridge Wind Farm 600 United States Whitelee Wind Farm 539 United Kingdom A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electric power . A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines distributed over an extended area , but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes . For example , Gansu Wind Farm , the largest wind farm in the world , has several thousand turbines . A wind farm may also be located offshore . Almost all large wind turbines have the same design -- a horizontal axis wind turbine having an upwind rotor with three blades , attached to a nacelle on top of a tall tubular tower . In a wind farm , individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage ( often 34.5 kV ) , power collection system and communications network . In general , a distance of 7D ( 7 × Rotor Diameter of the Wind Turbine ) is set between each turbine in a fully developed wind farm . At a substation , this medium - voltage electric current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage electric power transmission system . Generator characteristics and stability ( edit ) Induction generators , which were often used for wind power projects in the 1980s and 1990s , require reactive power for excitation so substations used in wind - power collection systems include substantial capacitor banks for power factor correction . Different types of wind turbine generators behave differently during transmission grid disturbances , so extensive modelling of the dynamic electromechanical characteristics of a new wind farm is required by transmission system operators to ensure predictable stable behaviour during system faults . In particular , induction generators can not support the system voltage during faults , unlike steam or hydro turbine - driven synchronous generators . Today these generators are n't used any more in modern turbines . Instead today most turbines use variable speed generators combined with partial - or full - scale power converter between the turbine generator and the collector system , which generally have more desirable properties for grid interconnection and have Low voltage ride through - capabilities . Modern concepts use either doubly fed machines with partial - scale converters or squirrel - cage induction generators or synchronous generators ( both permanently and electrically excited ) with full scale converters . Transmission systems operators will supply a wind farm developer with a grid code to specify the requirements for interconnection to the transmission grid . This will include power factor , constancy of frequency and dynamic behaviour of the wind farm turbines during a system fault . Offshore wind power ( edit ) The world 's second full - scale floating wind turbine ( and first to be installed without the use of heavy - lift vessels ) , WindFloat , operating at rated capacity ( 2 MW ) approximately 5 km offshore of Póvoa de Varzim , Portugal Main articles : Offshore wind power and List of offshore wind farms Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in large bodies of water to generate electric power . These installations can utilize the more frequent and powerful winds that are available in these locations and have less aesthetic impact on the landscape than land based projects . However , the construction and the maintenance costs are considerably higher . Siemens and Vestas are the leading turbine suppliers for offshore wind power . DONG Energy , Vattenfall and E. ON are the leading offshore operators . As of October 2010 , 3.16 GW of offshore wind power capacity was operational , mainly in Northern Europe . According to BTM Consult , more than 16 GW of additional capacity will be installed before the end of 2014 and the UK and Germany will become the two leading markets . Offshore wind power capacity is expected to reach a total of 75 GW worldwide by 2020 , with significant contributions from China and the US . In 2012 , 1,662 turbines at 55 offshore wind farms in 10 European countries produced 18 TWh , enough to power almost five million households . As of August 2013 the London Array in the United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 630 MW . This is followed by Gwynt y Môr ( 576 MW ) , also in the UK . World 's largest offshore wind farms Wind farm Capacity ( MW ) Country Turbines and model Commissioned Refs London Array 630 United Kingdom 175 × Siemens SWT - 3.6 2012 Gwynt y Môr 576 United Kingdom 160 × Siemens SWT - 3.6 107 2015 Greater Gabbard 504 United Kingdom 140 × Siemens SWT - 3.6 2012 Anholt 400 Denmark 111 × Siemens SWT - 3.6 -- 120 2013 BARD Offshore 1 400 Germany 80 BARD 5.0 turbines 2013 Collection and transmission network ( edit ) In a wind farm , individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage ( usually 34.5 kV ) power collection system and communications network . At a substation , this medium - voltage electric current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage electric power transmission system . Play media Wind Power in Serbia A transmission line is required to bring the generated power to ( often remote ) markets . For an off - shore station this may require a submarine cable . Construction of a new high - voltage line may be too costly for the wind resource alone , but wind sites may take advantage of lines installed for conventionally fueled generation . One of the biggest current challenges to wind power grid integration in the United States is the necessity of developing new transmission lines to carry power from wind farms , usually in remote lowly populated states in the middle of the country due to availability of wind , to high load locations , usually on the coasts where population density is higher . The current transmission lines in remote locations were not designed for the transport of large amounts of energy . As transmission lines become longer the losses associated with power transmission increase , as modes of losses at lower lengths are exacerbated and new modes of losses are no longer negligible as the length is increased , making it harder to transport large loads over large distances . However , resistance from state and local governments makes it difficult to construct new transmission lines . Multi state power transmission projects are discouraged by states with cheap electric power rates for fear that exporting their cheap power will lead to increased rates . A 2005 energy law gave the Energy Department authority to approve transmission projects states refused to act on , but after an attempt to use this authority , the Senate declared the department was being overly aggressive in doing so . Another problem is that wind companies find out after the fact that the transmission capacity of a new farm is below the generation capacity , largely because federal utility rules to encourage renewable energy installation allow feeder lines to meet only minimum standards . These are important issues that need to be solved , as when the transmission capacity does not meet the generation capacity , wind farms are forced to produce below their full potential or stop running all together , in a process known as curtailment . While this leads to potential renewable generation left untapped , it prevents possible grid overload or risk to reliable service . Wind power capacity and production ( edit ) Main article : Wind power by country Worldwide wind generation up to 2012 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 1998 2002 2006 2014 Global annual new installed wind capacity 1997 -- 2015 ( in MW ) Worldwide there are now over two hundred thousand wind turbines operating , with a total nameplate capacity of 432 GW as of end 2015 . The European Union alone passed some 100 GW nameplate capacity in September 2012 , while the United States surpassed 75 GW in 2015 and China 's grid connected capacity passed 145 GW in 2015 . World wind generation capacity more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006 , doubling about every three years . The United States pioneered wind farms and led the world in installed capacity in the 1980s and into the 1990s . In 1997 installed capacity in Germany surpassed the U.S. and led until once again overtaken by the U.S. in 2008 . China has been rapidly expanding its wind installations in the late 2000s and passed the U.S. in 2010 to become the world leader . As of 2011 , 83 countries around the world were using wind power on a commercial basis . Wind power capacity has expanded rapidly to 336 GW in June 2014 , and wind energy production was around 4 % of total worldwide electric power usage , and growing rapidly . The actual amount of electric power that wind is able to generate is calculated by multiplying the nameplate capacity by the capacity factor , which varies according to equipment and location . Estimates of the capacity factors for wind installations are in the range of 35 % to 44 % . Europe accounted for 48 % of the world total wind power generation capacity in 2009 . In 2010 , Spain became Europe 's leading producer of wind energy , achieving 42,976 GWh . Germany held the top spot in Europe in terms of installed capacity , with a total of 27,215 MW as of 31 December 2010 . In 2015 wind power constituted 15.6 % of all installed power generation capacity in the EU and it generates around 11.4 % of its power . China : 23,351 MW ( 45.4 % ) Germany : 5,279 MW ( 10.3 % ) United States : 4,854 MW ( 9.4 % ) Brazil : 2,472 MW ( 4.8 % ) India : 2,315 MW ( 4.5 % ) Canada : 1,871 MW ( 3.6 % ) United Kingdom : 1,736 MW ( 3.4 % ) Sweden : 1,050 MW ( 2.0 % ) France : 1,042 MW ( 2.0 % ) Turkey : 804 MW ( 1.6 % ) Rest of the world : 6,702 MW ( 13.0 % ) Worldwide new installed capacity , 2014 China : 114,763 MW ( 31.1 % ) United States : 65,879 MW ( 17.8 % ) Germany : 39,165 MW ( 10.6 % ) Spain : 22,987 MW ( 6.2 % ) India : 22,465 MW ( 6.1 % ) United Kingdom : 12,440 MW ( 3.4 % ) Canada : 9,694 MW ( 2.6 % ) France : 9,285 MW ( 2.5 % ) Italy : 8,663 MW ( 2.3 % ) Brazil : 5,939 MW ( 1.6 % ) Rest of the world : 58,275 MW ( 15.8 % ) Worldwide cumulative capacity , 2014 Top wind - power electric power producing countries in 2012 Country Wind - power Production ( TWh ) % of World Total United States 140.9 26.4 % China 118.1 22.1 % Spain 49.1 9.2 % Germany 46.0 8.6 % India 30.0 5.6 % United Kingdom 19.6 3.7 % France 14.9 2.8 % Italy 13.4 2.5 % Canada 11.8 2.2 % Denmark 10.3 1.9 % ( rest of world ) 80.2 15.0 % World Total 534.3 100.0 % Growth trends ( edit ) Worldwide installed wind power capacity forecast The wind power industry set new records in 2014 -- more than 50 GW of new capacity was installed . Another record breaking year occurred in 2015 , with 22 % annual market growth resulting in the 60 GW mark being passed . In 2015 , close to half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets in Europe and North America . This was largely from new construction in China and India . Global Wind Energy Council ( GWEC ) figures show that 2015 recorded an increase of installed capacity of more than 63 GW , taking the total installed wind energy capacity to 432.9 GW , up from 74 GW in 2006 . In terms of economic value , the wind energy sector has become one of the important players in the energy markets , with the total investments reaching US $ 329bn ( € 296.6 bn ) , an increase of 4 % over 2014 . Although the wind power industry was affected by the global financial crisis in 2009 and 2010 , GWEC predicts that the installed capacity of wind power will be 792.1 GW by the end of 2020 and 4,042 GW by end of 2050 . The increased commissioning of wind power is being accompanied by record low prices for forthcoming renewable electric power . In some cases , wind onshore is already the cheapest electric power generation option and costs are continuing to decline . The contracted prices for wind onshore for the next few years are now as low as 30 USD / MWh . In the EU in 2015 , 44 % of all new generating capacity was wind power ; while in the same period net fossil fuel power capacity decreased . Capacity factor ( edit ) Since wind speed is not constant , a wind farm 's annual energy production is never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year . The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor . Typical capacity factors are 15 -- 50 % ; values at the upper end of the range are achieved in favourable sites and are due to wind turbine design improvements . Online data is available for some locations , and the capacity factor can be calculated from the yearly output . For example , the German nationwide average wind power capacity factor over all of 2012 was just under 17.5 % ( 45,867 GW h / yr / ( 29.9 GW × 24 × 366 ) = 0.1746 ) , and the capacity factor for Scottish wind farms averaged 24 % between 2008 and 2010 . Unlike fueled generating plants , the capacity factor is affected by several parameters , including the variability of the wind at the site and the size of the generator relative to the turbine 's swept area . A small generator would be cheaper and achieve a higher capacity factor but would produce less electric power ( and thus less profit ) in high winds . Conversely , a large generator would cost more but generate little extra power and , depending on the type , may stall out at low wind speed . Thus an optimum capacity factor of around 40 -- 50 % would be aimed for . A 2008 study released by the U.S. Department of Energy noted that the capacity factor of new wind installations was increasing as the technology improves , and projected further improvements for future capacity factors . In 2010 , the department estimated the capacity factor of new wind turbines in 2010 to be 45 % . The annual average capacity factor for wind generation in the US has varied between 29.8 % and 34.0 % during the period 2010 -- 2015 . Penetration ( edit ) Country Penetration Denmark ( 2015 ) 42.1 % Portugal ( 2013 ) 23 % Spain ( 2011 ) 16 % Ireland ( 2012 ) 16 % United Kingdom ( 2015 ) 11 % Germany ( 2011 ) 8 % United States ( 2016 ) 5.5 % Wind energy penetration is the fraction of energy produced by wind compared with the total generation . The wind power penetration in world electric power generation in 2015 was 3.5 % . There is no generally accepted maximum level of wind penetration . The limit for a particular grid will depend on the existing generating plants , pricing mechanisms , capacity for energy storage , demand management and other factors . An interconnected electric power grid will already include reserve generating and transmission capacity to allow for equipment failures . This reserve capacity can also serve to compensate for the varying power generation produced by wind stations . Studies have indicated that 20 % of the total annual electrical energy consumption may be incorporated with minimal difficulty . These studies have been for locations with geographically dispersed wind farms , some degree of dispatchable energy or hydropower with storage capacity , demand management , and interconnected to a large grid area enabling the export of electric power when needed . Beyond the 20 % level , there are few technical limits , but the economic implications become more significant . Electrical utilities continue to study the effects of large scale penetration of wind generation on system stability and economics . A wind energy penetration figure can be specified for different duration of time , but is often quoted annually . To obtain 100 % from wind annually requires substantial long term storage or substantial interconnection to other systems which may already have substantial storage . On a monthly , weekly , daily , or hourly basis -- or less -- wind might supply as much as or more than 100 % of current use , with the rest stored or exported . Seasonal industry might then take advantage of high wind and low usage times such as at night when wind output can exceed normal demand . Such industry might include production of silicon , aluminum , steel , or of natural gas , and hydrogen , and using future long term storage to facilitate 100 % energy from variable renewable energy . Homes can also be programmed to accept extra electric power on demand , for example by remotely turning up water heater thermostats . In Australia , the state of South Australia generates around half of the nation 's wind power capacity . By the end of 2011 wind power in South Australia , championed by Premier ( and Climate Change Minister ) Mike Rann , reached 26 % of the State 's electric power generation , edging out coal for the first time . At this stage South Australia , with only 7.2 % of Australia 's population , had 54 % of Australia 's installed capacity . Variability ( edit ) Main article : Variable renewable energy Further information : Grid balancing Wind turbines are typically installed in favorable windy locations . In the image , wind power generators in Spain , near an Osborne bull . Electric power generated from wind power can be highly variable at several different timescales : hourly , daily , or seasonally . Annual variation also exists , but is not as significant . Because instantaneous electrical generation and consumption must remain in balance to maintain grid stability , this variability can present substantial challenges to incorporating large amounts of wind power into a grid system . Intermittency and the non-dispatchable nature of wind energy production can raise costs for regulation , incremental operating reserve , and ( at high penetration levels ) could require an increase in the already existing energy demand management , load shedding , storage solutions or system interconnection with HVDC cables . The variability of wind is quite different from solar , wind may be producing power at night when other baseload plants are often overproducing . Fluctuations in load and allowance for failure of large fossil - fuel generating units requires operating reserve capacity , which can be increased to compensate for variability of wind generation . Wind power is variable , and during low wind periods it must be replaced by other power sources . Transmission networks presently cope with outages of other generation plants and daily changes in electrical demand , but the variability of intermittent power sources such as wind power , is more frequent than those of conventional power generation plants which , when scheduled to be operating , may be able to deliver their nameplate capacity around 95 % of the time . Presently , grid systems with large wind penetration require a small increase in the frequency of usage of natural gas spinning reserve power plants to prevent a loss of electric power in the event that there is no wind . At low wind power penetration , this is less of an issue . GE has installed a prototype wind turbine with onboard battery similar to that of an electric car , equivalent of 1 minute of production . Despite the small capacity , it is enough to guarantee that power output complies with forecast for 15 minutes , as the battery is used to eliminate the difference rather than provide full output . In certain cases the increased predictability can be used to take wind power penetration from 20 to 30 or 40 per cent . The battery cost can be retrieved by selling burst power on demand and reducing backup needs from gas plants . In the UK there were 124 separate occasions from 2008 to 2010 when the nation 's wind output fell to less than 2 % of installed capacity . A report on Denmark 's wind power noted that their wind power network provided less than 1 % of average demand on 54 days during the year 2002 . Wind power advocates argue that these periods of low wind can be dealt with by simply restarting existing power stations that have been held in readiness , or interlinking with HVDC . Electrical grids with slow - responding thermal power plants and without ties to networks with hydroelectric generation may have to limit the use of wind power . According to a 2007 Stanford University study published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology , interconnecting ten or more wind farms can allow an average of 33 % of the total energy produced ( i.e. about 8 % of total nameplate capacity ) to be used as reliable , baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads , as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height . Conversely , on particularly windy days , even with penetration levels of 16 % , wind power generation can surpass all other electric power sources in a country . In Spain , in the early hours of 16 April 2012 wind power production reached the highest percentage of electric power production till then , at 60.46 % of the total demand . In Denmark , which had power market penetration of 30 % in 2013 , over 90 hours , wind power generated 100 % of the country 's power , peaking at 122 % of the country 's demand at 2 am on 28 October . Increase in system operation costs , Euros per MWh , for 10 % & 20 % wind share Country 10 % 20 % Germany 2.5 3.2 Denmark 0.4 0.8 Finland 0.3 1.5 Norway 0.1 0.3 Sweden 0.3 0.7 A 2006 International Energy Agency forum presented costs for managing intermittency as a function of wind - energy 's share of total capacity for several countries , as shown in the table on the right . Three reports on the wind variability in the UK issued in 2009 , generally agree that variability of wind needs to be taken into account by adding 20 % to the operating reserve , but it does not make the grid unmanageable . The additional costs , which are modest , can be quantified . The combination of diversifying variable renewables by type and location , forecasting their variation , and integrating them with dispatchable renewables , flexible fueled generators , and demand response can create a power system that has the potential to meet power supply needs reliably . Integrating ever - higher levels of renewables is being successfully demonstrated in the real world : In 2009 , eight American and three European authorities , writing in the leading electrical engineers ' professional journal , did n't find `` a credible and firm technical limit to the amount of wind energy that can be accommodated by electric power grids '' . In fact , not one of more than 200 international studies , nor official studies for the eastern and western U.S. regions , nor the International Energy Agency , has found major costs or technical barriers to reliably integrating up to 30 % variable renewable supplies into the grid , and in some studies much more . -- Solar power tends to be complementary to wind . On daily to weekly timescales , high pressure areas tend to bring clear skies and low surface winds , whereas low pressure areas tend to be windier and cloudier . On seasonal timescales , solar energy peaks in summer , whereas in many areas wind energy is lower in summer and higher in winter . Thus the seasonal variation of wind and solar power tend to cancel each other somewhat . In 2007 the Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot - tested a combined power plant linking solar , wind , biogas and hydrostorage to provide load - following power around the clock and throughout the year , entirely from renewable sources . Predictability ( edit ) Main article : Wind power forecasting Wind power forecasting methods are used , but predictability of any particular wind farm is low for short - term operation . For any particular generator there is an 80 % chance that wind output will change less than 10 % in an hour and a 40 % chance that it will change 10 % or more in 5 hours . However , studies by Graham Sinden ( 2009 ) suggest that , in practice , the variations in thousands of wind turbines , spread out over several different sites and wind regimes , are smoothed . As the distance between sites increases , the correlation between wind speeds measured at those sites , decreases . Thus , while the output from a single turbine can vary greatly and rapidly as local wind speeds vary , as more turbines are connected over larger and larger areas the average power output becomes less variable and more predictable . Wind power hardly ever suffers major technical failures , since failures of individual wind turbines have hardly any effect on overall power , so that the distributed wind power is reliable and predictable , whereas conventional generators , while far less variable , can suffer major unpredictable outages . Energy storage ( edit ) Main article : Grid energy storage See also : List of energy storage projects The Sir Adam Beck Generating Complex at Niagara Falls , Canada , includes a large pumped - storage hydroelectricity reservoir . During hours of low electrical demand excess electrical grid power is used to pump water up into the reservoir , which then provides an extra 174 MW of electric power during periods of peak demand . Typically , conventional hydroelectricity complements wind power very well . When the wind is blowing strongly , nearby hydroelectric stations can temporarily hold back their water . When the wind drops they can , provided they have the generation capacity , rapidly increase production to compensate . This gives a very even overall power supply and virtually no loss of energy and uses no more water . Alternatively , where a suitable head of water is not available , pumped - storage hydroelectricity or other forms of grid energy storage such as compressed air energy storage and thermal energy storage can store energy developed by high - wind periods and release it when needed . The type of storage needed depends on the wind penetration level -- low penetration requires daily storage , and high penetration requires both short and long term storage -- as long as a month or more . Stored energy increases the economic value of wind energy since it can be shifted to displace higher cost generation during peak demand periods . The potential revenue from this arbitrage can offset the cost and losses of storage . For example , in the UK , the 1.7 GW Dinorwig pumped - storage plant evens out electrical demand peaks , and allows base - load suppliers to run their plants more efficiently . Although pumped - storage power systems are only about 75 % efficient , and have high installation costs , their low running costs and ability to reduce the required electrical base - load can save both fuel and total electrical generation costs . In particular geographic regions , peak wind speeds may not coincide with peak demand for electrical power . In the U.S. states of California and Texas , for example , hot days in summer may have low wind speed and high electrical demand due to the use of air conditioning . Some utilities subsidize the purchase of geothermal heat pumps by their customers , to reduce electric power demand during the summer months by making air conditioning up to 70 % more efficient ; widespread adoption of this technology would better match electric power demand to wind availability in areas with hot summers and low summer winds . A possible future option may be to interconnect widely dispersed geographic areas with an HVDC `` super grid '' . In the U.S. it is estimated that to upgrade the transmission system to take in planned or potential renewables would cost at least USD 60 bn , while the society value of added windpower would be more than that cost . Germany has an installed capacity of wind and solar that can exceed daily demand , and has been exporting peak power to neighboring countries , with exports which amounted to some 14.7 billion kWh in 2012 . A more practical solution is the installation of thirty days storage capacity able to supply 80 % of demand , which will become necessary when most of Europe 's energy is obtained from wind power and solar power . Just as the EU requires member countries to maintain 90 days strategic reserves of oil it can be expected that countries will provide electric power storage , instead of expecting to use their neighbors for net metering . Capacity credit , fuel savings and energy payback ( edit ) The capacity credit of wind is estimated by determining the capacity of conventional plants displaced by wind power , whilst maintaining the same degree of system security . According to the American Wind Energy Association , production of wind power in the United States in 2015 avoided consumption of 73 billion gallons of water and reduced CO emissions by 132 million metric tons , while providing USD 7.3 bn in public health savings . The energy needed to build a wind farm divided into the total output over its life , Energy Return on Energy Invested , of wind power varies but averages about 20 -- 25 . Thus , the energy payback time is typically around one year . Economics ( edit ) Wind turbines reached grid parity ( the point at which the cost of wind power matches traditional sources ) in some areas of Europe in the mid-2000s , and in the US around the same time . Falling prices continue to drive the levelized cost down and it has been suggested that it has reached general grid parity in Europe in 2010 , and will reach the same point in the US around 2016 due to an expected reduction in capital costs of about 12 % . Electric power cost and trends ( edit ) Estimated cost per MWh for wind power in Denmark The National Renewable Energy Laboratory projects that the levelized cost of wind power in the U.S. will decline about 25 % from 2012 to 2030 . A turbine blade convoy passing through Edenfield in the U.K. ( 2008 ) . Even longer two - piece blades are now manufactured , and then assembled on - site to reduce difficulties in transportation . Wind power is capital intensive , but has no fuel costs . The price of wind power is therefore much more stable than the volatile prices of fossil fuel sources . The marginal cost of wind energy once a station is constructed is usually less than 1 - cent per kW h . However , the estimated average cost per unit of electric power must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities , borrowed funds , return to investors ( including cost of risk ) , estimated annual production , and other components , averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment , which may be in excess of twenty years . Energy cost estimates are highly dependent on these assumptions so published cost figures can differ substantially . In 2004 , wind energy cost a fifth of what it did in the 1980s , and some expected that downward trend to continue as larger multi-megawatt turbines were mass - produced . In 2012 capital costs for wind turbines were substantially lower than 2008 -- 2010 but still above 2002 levels . A 2011 report from the American Wind Energy Association stated , `` Wind 's costs have dropped over the past two years , in the range of 5 to 6 cents per kilowatt - hour recently ... about 2 cents cheaper than coal - fired electric power , and more projects were financed through debt arrangements than tax equity structures last year ... winning more mainstream acceptance from Wall Street 's banks ... Equipment makers can also deliver products in the same year that they are ordered instead of waiting up to three years as was the case in previous cycles ... 5,600 MW of new installed capacity is under construction in the United States , more than double the number at this point in 2010 . Thirty - five percent of all new power generation built in the United States since 2005 has come from wind , more than new gas and coal plants combined , as power providers are increasingly enticed to wind as a convenient hedge against unpredictable commodity price moves . '' A British Wind Energy Association report gives an average generation cost of onshore wind power of around 3.2 pence ( between US 5 and 6 cents ) per kW h ( 2005 ) . Cost per unit of energy produced was estimated in 2006 to be 5 to 6 percent above the cost of new generating capacity in the US for coal and natural gas : wind cost was estimated at $55.80 per MW h , coal at $53.10 / MW h and natural gas at $52.50 . Similar comparative results with natural gas were obtained in a governmental study in the UK in 2011 . In 2011 power from wind turbines could be already cheaper than fossil or nuclear plants ; it is also expected that wind power will be the cheapest form of energy generation in the future . The presence of wind energy , even when subsidised , can reduce costs for consumers ( € 5 billion / yr in Germany ) by reducing the marginal price , by minimising the use of expensive peaking power plants . An 2012 EU study shows base cost of onshore wind power similar to coal , when subsidies and externalities are disregarded . Wind power has some of the lowest external costs . In February 2013 Bloomberg New Energy Finance ( BNEF ) reported that the cost of generating electric power from new wind farms is cheaper than new coal or new baseload gas plants . When including the current Australian federal government carbon pricing scheme their modeling gives costs ( in Australian dollars ) of $80 / MWh for new wind farms , $143 / MWh for new coal plants and $116 / MWh for new baseload gas plants . The modeling also shows that `` even without a carbon price ( the most efficient way to reduce economy - wide emissions ) wind energy is 14 % cheaper than new coal and 18 % cheaper than new gas . '' Part of the higher costs for new coal plants is due to high financial lending costs because of `` the reputational damage of emissions - intensive investments '' . The expense of gas fired plants is partly due to `` export market '' effects on local prices . Costs of production from coal fired plants built in `` the 1970s and 1980s '' are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation . In 2015 BNEF calculated LCOE prices per MWh energy in new powerplants ( excluding carbon costs ) : $85 for onshore wind ( $175 for offshore ) , $66 -- 75 for coal in the Americas ( $82 -- 105 in Europe ) , gas $80 -- 100 . A 2014 study showed unsubsidized LCOE costs between $37 -- 81 , depending on region . A 2014 US DOE report showed that in some cases power purchase agreement prices for wind power had dropped to record lows of $23.5 / MWh . The cost has reduced as wind turbine technology has improved . There are now longer and lighter wind turbine blades , improvements in turbine performance and increased power generation efficiency . Also , wind project capital and maintenance costs have continued to decline . For example , the wind industry in the USA in early 2014 were able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades , capturing the faster winds at higher elevations . This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana , Michigan , and Ohio , the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal . Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt - hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio , saying it is their cheapest option . A number of initiatives are working to reduce costs of electric power from offshore wind . One example is the Carbon Trust Offshore Wind Accelerator , a joint industry project , involving nine offshore wind developers , which aims to reduce the cost of offshore wind by 10 % by 2015 . It has been suggested that innovation at scale could deliver 25 % cost reduction in offshore wind by 2020 . Henrik Stiesdal , former Chief Technical Officer at Siemens Wind Power , has stated that by 2025 energy from offshore wind will be one of the cheapest , scalable solutions in the UK , compared to other renewables and fossil fuel energy sources , if the true cost to society is factored into the cost of energy equation . He calculates the cost at that time to be 43 EUR / MWh for onshore , and 72 EUR / MWh for offshore wind . Incentives and community benefits ( edit ) U.S. landowners typically receive $3,000 -- $5,000 annual rental income per wind turbine , while farmers continue to grow crops or graze cattle up to the foot of the turbines . Shown : the Brazos Wind Farm , Texas . Some of the 6,000 turbines in California 's Altamont Pass Wind Farm aided by tax incentives during the 1980s . The U.S. wind industry generates tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic activity . Wind projects provide local taxes , or payments in lieu of taxes and strengthen the economy of rural communities by providing income to farmers with wind turbines on their land . Wind energy in many jurisdictions receives financial or other support to encourage its development . Wind energy benefits from subsidies in many jurisdictions , either to increase its attractiveness , or to compensate for subsidies received by other forms of production which have significant negative externalities . In the US , wind power receives a production tax credit ( PTC ) of 1.5 ¢ / kWh in 1993 dollars for each kW h produced , for the first ten years ; at 2.2 cents per kW h in 2012 , the credit was renewed on 2 January 2012 , to include construction begun in 2013 . A 30 % tax credit can be applied instead of receiving the PTC . Another tax benefit is accelerated depreciation . Many American states also provide incentives , such as exemption from property tax , mandated purchases , and additional markets for `` green credits '' . The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 contains extensions of credits for wind , including microturbines . Countries such as Canada and Germany also provide incentives for wind turbine construction , such as tax credits or minimum purchase prices for wind generation , with assured grid access ( sometimes referred to as feed - in tariffs ) . These feed - in tariffs are typically set well above average electric power prices . In December 2013 U.S. Senator Lamar Alexander and other Republican senators argued that the `` wind energy production tax credit should be allowed to expire at the end of 2013 '' and it expired 1 January 2014 for new installations . Secondary market forces also provide incentives for businesses to use wind - generated power , even if there is a premium price for the electricity . For example , socially responsible manufacturers pay utility companies a premium that goes to subsidize and build new wind power infrastructure . Companies use wind - generated power , and in return they can claim that they are undertaking strong `` green '' efforts . In the US the organization Green - e monitors business compliance with these renewable energy credits . Small - scale wind power ( edit ) Further information : Microgeneration A small Quietrevolution QR5 Gorlov type vertical axis wind turbine on the roof of Colston Hall in Bristol , England . Measuring 3 m in diameter and 5 m high , it has a nameplate rating of 6.5 kW . Small - scale wind power is the name given to wind generation systems with the capacity to produce up to 50 kW of electrical power . Isolated communities , that may otherwise rely on diesel generators , may use wind turbines as an alternative . Individuals may purchase these systems to reduce or eliminate their dependence on grid electric power for economic reasons , or to reduce their carbon footprint . Wind turbines have been used for household electric power generation in conjunction with battery storage over many decades in remote areas . Recent examples of small - scale wind power projects in an urban setting can be found in New York City , where , since 2009 , a number of building projects have capped their roofs with Gorlov - type helical wind turbines . Although the energy they generate is small compared to the buildings ' overall consumption , they help to reinforce the building 's ' green ' credentials in ways that `` showing people your high - tech boiler '' can not , with some of the projects also receiving the direct support of the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority . Grid - connected domestic wind turbines may use grid energy storage , thus replacing purchased electric power with locally produced power when available . The surplus power produced by domestic microgenerators can , in some jurisdictions , be fed into the network and sold to the utility company , producing a retail credit for the microgenerators ' owners to offset their energy costs . Off - grid system users can either adapt to intermittent power or use batteries , photovoltaic or diesel systems to supplement the wind turbine . Equipment such as parking meters , traffic warning signs , street lighting , or wireless Internet gateways may be powered by a small wind turbine , possibly combined with a photovoltaic system , that charges a small battery replacing the need for a connection to the power grid . A Carbon Trust study into the potential of small - scale wind energy in the UK , published in 2010 , found that small wind turbines could provide up to 1.5 terawatt hours ( TW h ) per year of electric power ( 0.4 % of total UK electric power consumption ) , saving 0.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide ( Mt CO ) emission savings . This is based on the assumption that 10 % of households would install turbines at costs competitive with grid electric power , around 12 pence ( US 19 cents ) a kW h . A report prepared for the UK 's government - sponsored Energy Saving Trust in 2006 , found that home power generators of various kinds could provide 30 to 40 % of the country 's electric power needs by 2050 . Distributed generation from renewable resources is increasing as a consequence of the increased awareness of climate change . The electronic interfaces required to connect renewable generation units with the utility system can include additional functions , such as the active filtering to enhance the power quality . Environmental effects ( edit ) Main article : Environmental impact of wind power Livestock grazing near a wind turbine . The environmental impact of wind power when compared to the environmental impacts of fossil fuels , is relatively minor . According to the IPCC , in assessments of the life - cycle global warming potential of energy sources , wind turbines have a median value of between 12 and 11 ( g CO eq / kWh ) depending on whether off - or onshore turbines are being assessed . Compared with other low carbon power sources , wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated . While a wind farm may cover a large area of land , many land uses such as agriculture are compatible with it , as only small areas of turbine foundations and infrastructure are made unavailable for use . There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures . The scale of the ecological impact may or may not be significant , depending on specific circumstances . Prevention and mitigation of wildlife fatalities , and protection of peat bogs , affect the siting and operation of wind turbines . Wind turbines generate some noise . At a residential distance of 300 metres ( 980 ft ) this may be around 45 dB , which is slightly louder than a refrigerator . At 1.5 km ( 1 mi ) distance they become inaudible . There are anecdotal reports of negative health effects from noise on people who live very close to wind turbines . Peer - reviewed research has generally not supported these claims . The United States Air Force and Navy have expressed concern that siting large wind turbines near bases `` will negatively impact radar to the point that air traffic controllers will lose the location of aircraft . '' Aesthetic aspects of wind turbines and resulting changes of the visual landscape are significant . Conflicts arise especially in scenic and heritage protected landscapes . Politics ( edit ) Central government ( edit ) Part of the Seto Hill Windfarm in Japan . Nuclear power and fossil fuels are subsidized by many governments , and wind power and other forms of renewable energy are also often subsidized . For example , a 2009 study by the Environmental Law Institute assessed the size and structure of U.S. energy subsidies over the 2002 -- 2008 period . The study estimated that subsidies to fossil - fuel based sources amounted to approximately $72 billion over this period and subsidies to renewable fuel sources totalled $29 billion . In the United States , the federal government has paid US $74 billion for energy subsidies to support R&D for nuclear power ( $50 billion ) and fossil fuels ( $24 billion ) from 1973 to 2003 . During this same time frame , renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency received a total of US $26 billion . It has been suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors , namely solar power , wind power , and biofuels . History shows that no energy sector was developed without subsidies . According to the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) ( 2011 ) , energy subsidies artificially lower the price of energy paid by consumers , raise the price received by producers or lower the cost of production . `` Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits . Subsidies to renewables and low - carbon energy technologies can bring long - term economic and environmental benefits '' . In November 2011 , an IEA report entitled Deploying Renewables 2011 said `` subsidies in green energy technologies that were not yet competitive are justified in order to give an incentive to investing into technologies with clear environmental and energy security benefits '' . The IEA 's report disagreed with claims that renewable energy technologies are only viable through costly subsidies and not able to produce energy reliably to meet demand . In the U.S. , the wind power industry has recently increased its lobbying efforts considerably , spending about $5 million in 2009 after years of relative obscurity in Washington . By comparison , the U.S. nuclear industry alone spent over $650 million on its lobbying efforts and campaign contributions during a single ten - year period ending in 2008 . Following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents , Germany 's federal government is working on a new plan for increasing energy efficiency and renewable energy commercialization , with a particular focus on offshore wind farms . Under the plan , large wind turbines will be erected far away from the coastlines , where the wind blows more consistently than it does on land , and where the enormous turbines wo n't bother the inhabitants . The plan aims to decrease Germany 's dependence on energy derived from coal and nuclear power plants . Public Opinion ( edit ) Environmental group members are both more in favor of wind power ( 74 % ) as well as more opposed ( 24 % ) . Few are undecided . Surveys of public attitudes across Europe and in many other countries show strong public support for wind power . About 80 % of EU citizens support wind power . In Germany , where wind power has gained very high social acceptance , hundreds of thousands of people have invested in citizens ' wind farms across the country and thousands of small and medium - sized enterprises are running successful businesses in a new sector that in 2008 employed 90,000 people and generated 8 % of Germany 's electric power . Although wind power is a popular form of energy generation , the construction of wind farms is not universally welcomed , often for aesthetic reasons . In Spain , with some exceptions , there has been little opposition to the installation of inland wind parks . However , the projects to build offshore parks have been more controversial . In particular , the proposal of building the biggest offshore wind power production facility in the world in southwestern Spain in the coast of Cádiz , on the spot of the 1805 Battle of Trafalgar has been met with strong opposition who fear for tourism and fisheries in the area , and because the area is a war grave . Which should be increased in Scotland ? In a survey conducted by Angus Reid Strategies in October 2007 , 89 per cent of respondents said that using renewable energy sources like wind or solar power was positive for Canada , because these sources were better for the environment . Only 4 per cent considered using renewable sources as negative since they can be unreliable and expensive . According to a Saint Consulting survey in April 2007 , wind power was the alternative energy source most likely to gain public support for future development in Canada , with only 16 % opposed to this type of energy . By contrast , 3 out of 4 Canadians opposed nuclear power developments . A 2003 survey of residents living around Scotland 's 10 existing wind farms found high levels of community acceptance and strong support for wind power , with much support from those who lived closest to the wind farms . The results of this survey support those of an earlier Scottish Executive survey ' Public attitudes to the Environment in Scotland 2002 ' , which found that the Scottish public would prefer the majority of their electric power to come from renewables , and which rated wind power as the cleanest source of renewable energy . A survey conducted in 2005 showed that 74 % of people in Scotland agree that wind farms are necessary to meet current and future energy needs . When people were asked the same question in a Scottish renewables study conducted in 2010 , 78 % agreed . The increase is significant as there were twice as many wind farms in 2010 as there were in 2005 . The 2010 survey also showed that 52 % disagreed with the statement that wind farms are `` ugly and a blot on the landscape '' . 59 % agreed that wind farms were necessary and that how they looked was unimportant . Regarding tourism , query responders consider power pylons , cell phone towers , quarries and plantations more negatively than wind farms . Scotland is planning to obtain 100 % of electric power from renewable sources by 2020 . In other cases there is direct community ownership of wind farm projects . The hundreds of thousands of people who have become involved in Germany 's small and medium - sized wind farms demonstrate such support there . This 2010 Harris Poll reflects the strong support for wind power in Germany , other European countries , and the U.S. Opinion on increase in number of wind farms , 2010 Harris Poll U.S. Great Britain France Italy Spain Germany % % % % % % Strongly oppose 6 6 Oppose more than favour 9 12 16 11 9 14 Favour more than oppose 37 44 44 38 37 42 Strongly favour 50 38 33 49 53 40 Community ( edit ) See also : Community debate about wind farms Wind turbines such as these , in Cumbria , England , have been opposed for a number of reasons , including aesthetics , by some sectors of the population . Many wind power companies work with local communities to reduce environmental and other concerns associated with particular wind farms . In other cases there is direct community ownership of wind farm projects . Appropriate government consultation , planning and approval procedures also help to minimize environmental risks . Some may still object to wind farms but , according to The Australia Institute , their concerns should be weighed against the need to address the threats posed by climate change and the opinions of the broader community . In America , wind projects are reported to boost local tax bases , helping to pay for schools , roads and hospitals . Wind projects also revitalize the economy of rural communities by providing steady income to farmers and other landowners . In the UK , both the National Trust and the Campaign to Protect Rural England have expressed concerns about the effects on the rural landscape caused by inappropriately sited wind turbines and wind farms . A panoramic view of the United Kingdom 's Whitelee Wind Farm with Lochgoin Reservoir in the foreground . Some wind farms have become tourist attractions . The Whitelee Wind Farm Visitor Centre has an exhibition room , a learning hub , a café with a viewing deck and also a shop . It is run by the Glasgow Science Centre . In Denmark , a loss - of - value scheme gives people the right to claim compensation for loss of value of their property if it is caused by proximity to a wind turbine . The loss must be at least 1 % of the property 's value . Despite this general support for the concept of wind power in the public at large , local opposition often exists and has delayed or aborted a number of projects . For example , there are concerns that some installations can negatively affect TV and radio reception and Doppler weather radar , as well as produce excessive sound and vibration levels leading to a decrease in property values . Potential broadcast - reception solutions include predictive interference modeling as a component of site selection . A study of 50,000 home sales near wind turbines found no statistical evidence that prices were affected . While aesthetic issues are subjective and some find wind farms pleasant and optimistic , or symbols of energy independence and local prosperity , protest groups are often formed to attempt to block new wind power sites for various reasons . This type of opposition is often described as NIMBYism , but research carried out in 2009 found that there is little evidence to support the belief that residents only object to renewable power facilities such as wind turbines as a result of a `` Not in my Back Yard '' attitude . Turbine design ( edit ) Main articles : Wind turbine and Wind turbine design See also : Wind turbine aerodynamics Typical wind turbine components : Foundation Connection to the electric grid Tower Access ladder Wind orientation control ( Yaw control ) Nacelle Generator Anemometer Electric or Mechanical Brake Gearbox Rotor blade Blade pitch control Rotor hub Typical components of a wind turbine ( gearbox , rotor shaft and brake assembly ) being lifted into position Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind 's kinetic energy into electrical power . The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering , today 's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types . The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power . Slightly larger turbines can be used for making small contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid . Arrays of large turbines , known as wind farms , have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels . Wind turbine design is the process of defining the form and specifications of a wind turbine to extract energy from the wind . A wind turbine installation consists of the necessary systems needed to capture the wind 's energy , point the turbine into the wind , convert mechanical rotation into electrical power , and other systems to start , stop , and control the turbine . In 1919 the German physicist Albert Betz showed that for a hypothetical ideal wind - energy extraction machine , the fundamental laws of conservation of mass and energy allowed no more than 16 / 27 ( 59.3 % ) of the kinetic energy of the wind to be captured . This Betz limit can be approached in modern turbine designs , which may reach 70 to 80 % of the theoretical Betz limit . The aerodynamics of a wind turbine are not straightforward . The air flow at the blades is not the same as the airflow far away from the turbine . The very nature of the way in which energy is extracted from the air also causes air to be deflected by the turbine . In addition the aerodynamics of a wind turbine at the rotor surface exhibit phenomena that are rarely seen in other aerodynamic fields . The shape and dimensions of the blades of the wind turbine are determined by the aerodynamic performance required to efficiently extract energy from the wind , and by the strength required to resist the forces on the blade . In addition to the aerodynamic design of the blades , the design of a complete wind power system must also address the design of the installation 's rotor hub , nacelle , tower structure , generator , controls , and foundation . Turbine design makes extensive use of computer modelling and simulation tools . These are becoming increasingly sophisticated as highlighted by a recent state - of - the - art review by Hewitt et al. Further design factors must also be considered when integrating wind turbines into electrical power grids . Wind energy ( edit ) Map of available wind power for the United States . Color codes indicate wind power density class . ( click to see larger ) Distribution of wind speed ( red ) and energy ( blue ) for all of 2002 at the Lee Ranch facility in Colorado . The histogram shows measured data , while the curve is the Rayleigh model distribution for the same average wind speed . Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air in motion , also called wind . Total wind energy flowing through an imaginary surface with area A during the time t is : E = 1 2 m v 2 = 1 2 ( A v t ρ ) v 2 = 1 2 A t ρ v 3 , ( \ displaystyle E = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mv ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( Avt \ rho ) v ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) At \ rho v ^ ( 3 ) , ) where ρ is the density of air ; v is the wind speed ; Avt is the volume of air passing through A ( which is considered perpendicular to the direction of the wind ) ; Avtρ is therefore the mass m passing through `` A '' . Note that 1⁄2 ρv is the kinetic energy of the moving air per unit volume . Power is energy per unit time , so the wind power incident on A ( e.g. equal to the rotor area of a wind turbine ) is : P = E t = 1 2 A ρ v 3 . ( \ displaystyle P = ( \ frac ( E ) ( t ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) A \ rho v ^ ( 3 ) . ) Wind power in an open air stream is thus proportional to the third power of the wind speed ; the available power increases eightfold when the wind speed doubles . Wind turbines for grid electric power therefore need to be especially efficient at greater wind speeds . Wind is the movement of air across the surface of the Earth , affected by areas of high pressure and of low pressure . The global wind kinetic energy averaged approximately 1.50 MJ / m over the period from 1979 to 2010 , 1.31 MJ / m in the Northern Hemisphere with 1.70 MJ / m in the Southern Hemisphere . The atmosphere acts as a thermal engine , absorbing heat at higher temperatures , releasing heat at lower temperatures . The process is responsible for production of wind kinetic energy at a rate of 2.46 W / m sustaining thus the circulation of the atmosphere against frictional dissipation . A global 1 km map of wind resources is housed at http://irena.masdar.ac.ae/?map=103 , based on calculations by the Technical University of Denmark . Unlike ' static ' wind speed atlases which give a single average speed across multiple years , tools such as Renewables. ninja provide time - varying simulations of wind speed and power output from different wind turbine models at hourly resolution . The total amount of economically extractable power available from the wind is considerably more than present human power use from all sources . Axel Kleidon of the Max Planck Institute in Germany , carried out a `` top down '' calculation on how much wind energy there is , starting with the incoming solar radiation that drives the winds by creating temperature differences in the atmosphere . He concluded that somewhere between 18 TW and 68 TW could be extracted . Cristina Archer and Mark Z . Jacobson presented a `` bottom - up '' estimate , which unlike Kleidon 's are based on actual measurements of wind speeds , and found that there is 1700 TW of wind power at an altitude of 100 metres over land and sea . Of this , `` between 72 and 170 TW could be extracted in a practical and cost - competitive manner '' . They later estimated 80 TW . However research at Harvard University estimates 1 Watt / m on average and 2 -- 10 MW / km capacity for large scale wind farms , suggesting that these estimates of total global wind resources are too high by a factor of about 4 . The strength of wind varies , and an average value for a given location does not alone indicate the amount of energy a wind turbine could produce there . To assess prospective wind power sites a probability distribution function is often fit to the observed wind speed data . Different locations will have different wind speed distributions . The Weibull model closely mirrors the actual distribution of hourly / ten - minute wind speeds at many locations . The Weibull factor is often close to 2 and therefore a Rayleigh distribution can be used as a less accurate , but simpler model . Gallery ( edit ) REpower 5 MW wind turbine under construction at Nigg fabrication yard on the Cromarty Firth The London Array under construction in 2009 Sunrise at the Fenton Wind Farm in Minnesota , United States . Wind farm in Xinjiang , China Scroby Sands wind farm from Great Yarmouth A wind turbine blade on I - 35 near Elm Mott , an increasingly common sight in Texas Erection of an Enercon E70 - 4 in Germany . Middelgrunden offshore wind park . Bozcaada Wind Farm in Çanakkale province , Turkey . Wind power system in Ambewela , Sri Lanka . Jhimpir Wind Farm in Jhimpir , Pakistan See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Sustainable development portal Airborne wind turbine Cost of electricity by source Global Wind Day List of countries by electricity production from renewable sources List of wind turbine manufacturers Lists of offshore wind farms by country Lists of wind farms by country Outline of wind energy GA Mansoori , N Enayati , LB Agyarko ( 2016 ) , Energy : Sources , Utilization , Legislation , Sustainability , Illinois as Model State , World Sci. Pub. Co. , ISBN 978 - 981 - 4704 - 00 - 7 Renewable energy by country Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , a 1 MW turbine with a capacity factor of 35 % will not produce 8,760 MW h in a year ( 1 × 24 × 365 ) , but only 1 × 0.35 × 24 × 365 = 3,066 MW h , averaging to 0.35 MW . Jump up ^ California is an exception . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` GWEC , Global Wind Report Annual Market Update 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Gwec.net . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Fthenakis , V. ; Kim , H.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Land use and electricity generation : A life - cycle analysis '' . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews . 13 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 1465 . doi : 10.1016 / j. rser. 2008.09. 017 . Jump up ^ `` Wind power is cheapest energy , EU analysis finds '' . the guardian . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Walwyn , David Richard ; Brent , Alan Colin ( 2015 ) . `` Renewable energy gathers steam in South Africa '' . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews . 41 : 390 . doi : 10.1016 / j. rser. 2014.08. 049 . Jump up ^ Gasch , Robert and Twele , Jochen ( ed . ) ( 2013 ) Windkraftanlagen . Grundlagen , Entwurf , Planung und Betrieb . Springer , Wiesbaden 2013 , p. 569 ( German ) . Jump up ^ Gipe , Paul ( 1993 ) . `` The Wind Industry 's Experience with Aesthetic Criticism '' . Leonardo. 26 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 248 . JSTOR 1575818 . doi : 10.2307 / 1575818 . ^ Jump up to : Holttinen , Hannele ; et al. ( September 2006 ) . `` Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power '' ( PDF ) . IEA Wind Summary Paper , Global Wind Power Conference 18 -- 21 September 2006 , Adelaide , Australia . ^ Jump up to : Abbess , Jo ( 28 August 2009 ) . `` Wind Energy Variability and Intermittency in the UK '' . Claverton-energy.com . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications '' ( PDF ) . eirgrid.com . February 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Armaroli , Nicola ; Balzani , Vincenzo ( 2011 ) . `` Towards an electricity - powered world '' . Energy & Environmental Science . 4 ( 9 ) : 3193 . doi : 10.1039 / c1ee01249e . Jump up ^ Platt , Reg ( 21 January 2013 ) Wind power delivers too much to ignore , New Scientist . Jump up ^ Platt , Reg ; Fitch - Roy , Oscar and Gardner , Paul ( August 2012 ) Beyond the Bluster why Wind Power is an Effective Technology . Institute for Public Policy Research . ^ Jump up to : Huang , Junling ; Lu , Xi ; McElroy , Michael B. ( 2014 ) . `` Meteorologically defined limits to reduction in the variability of outputs from a coupled wind farm system in the Central US '' ( PDF ) . Renewable Energy . 62 : 331 -- 340 . doi : 10.1016 / j. renene. 2013.07. 022 . ^ Jump up to : Denmark breaks its own world record in wind energy . Euractiv.com ( 15 January 2016 ) . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : New record - breaking year for Danish wind power Archived 25 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Energinet.dk ( 15 January 2016 ) . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : REN21 ( 2011 ) . `` Renewables 2011 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2014 '' ( PDF ) . GWEC. 10 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The World Wind Energy Association ( 2014 ) . 2014 Half - year Report . WWEA . pp. 1 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Wind in power : 2015 European statistics . ( PDF ) . EWEA . ^ Jump up to : Price , Trevor J ( 3 May 2005 ) . `` James Blyth -- Britain 's First Modern Wind Power Engineer '' . Wind Engineering . 29 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 200 . doi : 10.1260 / 030952405774354921 . Jump up ^ Shackleton , Jonathan . `` World First for Scotland Gives Engineering Student a History Lesson '' . The Robert Gordon University . Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Anon . Mr. Brush 's Windmill Dynamo , Scientific American , Vol. 63 No. 25 , 20 December 1890 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ A Wind Energy Pioneer : Charles F. Brush Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Danish Wind Industry Association . Accessed 2 May 2007 . Jump up ^ History of Wind Energy in Cutler J. Cleveland , ( ed ) Encyclopedia of Energy Vol. 6 , Elsevier , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60119 - 433 - 6 , 2007 , pp. 421 -- 422 Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan & Huang , Cecily . Winds Of Change Blow Through China As Spending On Renewable Energy Soars , The Guardian , 19 March 2012 , revised on 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Xinhua : Jiuquan Wind Power Base Completes First Stage , Xinhua News Agency , 4 November 2010 . Retrieved from ChinaDaily.com.cn website 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Muppandal ( India ) '' . thewindpower.net . Jump up ^ Terra - Gen Press Release Archived 10 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , 17 April 2012 Jump up ^ Started in August 2001 , the Jaisalmer based facility crossed 1,000 MW capacity to achieve this milestone . Business-standard.com ( 11 May 2012 ) . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Mills , Erin ( 12 July 2009 ) . `` Shepherds Flat farm lifts off '' ( PDF ) . East Oregonian . Retrieved 11 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Belyeu , Kathy ( 26 February 2009 ) Drilling Down : What Projects Made 2008 Such a Banner Year for Wind Power ? renewableenergyworld.com ^ Jump up to : AWEA : U.S. Wind Energy Projects -- Texas Archived 29 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CEZ Group : The Largest Wind Farm in Europe Goes Into Trial Operation . Cez.cz . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ AWEA : U.S. Wind Energy Projects -- Indiana Archived 18 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Whitelee Windfarm . Whitelee Windfarm . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Johan ; Meneveau , Charles ( 1 March 2012 ) . `` Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers '' . Wind Energy . 15 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 317 . Bibcode : 2012WiEn ... 15 ... 305M . doi : 10.1002 / we. 469 . Jump up ^ Falahi , G. ; Huang , A. ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based HVDC systems '' . IECON 2014 -- 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society : 4663 -- 4668 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4799 - 4032 - 5 . doi : 10.1109 / IECON. 2014.7049205 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Ming ; Zhu , Ying ( 2014 ) . `` The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies : A review '' . Energy Conversion and Management . 88 : 332 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enconman. 2014.08. 037 . Jump up ^ Demeo , E.A. ; Grant , W. ; Milligan , M.R. ; Schuerger , M.J. ( 2005 ) . `` Wind plant integration '' . Power and Energy Magazine , IEEE. 3 ( 6 ) : 38 -- 46 . doi : 10.1109 / MPAE. 2005.1524619 . Jump up ^ Zavadil , R. ; Miller , N. ; Ellis , A. ; Muljadi , E. ( 2005 ) . `` Making connections '' . Power and Energy Magazine , IEEE. 3 ( 6 ) : 26 -- 37 . doi : 10.1109 / MPAE. 2005.1524618 . Jump up ^ Hulazan , Ned ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Offshore wind power -- Advantages and disadvantages '' . Renewable Energy Articles . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millborrow , David ( 6 August 2010 ) . `` Cutting the cost of offshore wind energy '' . Wind Power Monthly . Haymarket . ^ Jump up to : Madsen & Krogsgaard ( 22 November 2010 ) Offshore Wind Power 2010 BTM Consult . Archived 30 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1.1 Offshore wind market -- 2012 '' . globalccsinstitute.com . European Wind Energy Association ( EWEA ) . 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's second largest offshore wind farm opens off coast of Wales '' . Wales Online . Archived from the original on 19 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` London Array 's own website announcement of commencement of offshore works '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Wittrup , Sanne . First foundation Ing.dk , 8 March 2011 . Accessed : 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` London Array Project home page '' . Londonarray.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Greater Gabbard . `` SSE wind farm Project Website '' . Sse.com . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ DONG Energy . `` Facts on Anholt Offshore Wind Farm '' . dongenergy.com . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ BARD Offshore ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Pioneering wind farm project BARD Offshore 1 successfully completed on the high seas '' . BARD Offshore . Archived from the original on 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wald , Matthew ( 26 August 2008 ) Wind Energy Bumps Into Power Grid 's Limits . New York Times Jump up ^ Power System Analysis and Design. Glover , Sarma , Overbye / 5th Edition Jump up ^ Inadequate transmission lines keeping some Maine wind power off the grid -- The Portland Press Herald / Maine Sunday Telegram . Pressherald.com ( 4 August 2013 ) . Retrieved on 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Statistics '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` China now the world leader in wind power production '' . The Globe and Mail . 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU wind power capacity reaches 100GW '' . UPI. 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rick Tidball and others , `` Cost and Performance Assumptions for Modeling Electricity Generation Technologies '' , US National Renewable Energy Laboratory , November 2010 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` Spain becomes the first European wind energy producer after overcoming Germany for the first time '' . Eolic Energy News . 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Electricity Production From Renewable Energy Sources : Stats and Figures Series : Fifteenth Inventory -- Edition 2013 '' ( PDF ) . 2.2 Electricity Production From Wind Sources : Main Wind Power Producing Countries -- 2012 ( text & table ) : Observ'ER . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GWEC , Global Wind Energy Outlook 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Gwec.net . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Market Forecast for 2016 -- 2020 '' . report . GWEC . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wind Report 2014 -- Annual Market Update '' ( PDF ) . report . GWEC. 22 April 2016 . p. 9 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . 2015 was an unprecedented year for the wind industry as annual installations crossed the 60 GW mark for the first time , and more than 63 GW of new wind power capacity was brought on line . The last record was set in 2014 when over 51.7 GW of new capacity was installed globally . In 2015 total investments in the clean energy sector reached a record USD 329 bn ( EUR 296.6 bn ) . The new global total for wind power at the end of 2015 was 432.9 GW Jump up ^ `` Continuing boom in wind energy -- 20 GW of new capacity in 2007 '' . Gwec.net . Retrieved 29 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wind Energy Outlook 2014 '' ( PDF ) . report . GWEC . October 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Wind Power : Capacity Factor , Intermittency , and what happens when the wind does n't blow ? Archived 1 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 24 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shahan , Zachary ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` Wind Turbine Net Capacity Factor -- 50 % the New Normal ? '' . Cleantechnica.com . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Maritime Academy -- Bourne , Mass Archived 11 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . This 660 kW wind turbine has a capacity factor of about 19 % . Jump up ^ Wind Power in Ontario Archived 10 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . These wind farms have capacity factors of about 28 -- 35 % . Jump up ^ `` Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE. 8 February 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 6 April 2011 ) Report Questions Wind Power 's Ability to Deliver Electricity When Most Needed John Muir Trust and Stuart Young Consulting , Retrieved 26 March 2013 Jump up ^ `` Capacity factor of wind power realized values vs. estimates '' ( PDF ) . 10 April 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ WindpoweringAmerica.gov Archived 2 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 46 . U.S. Department of Energy ; Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy `` 20 % Wind Energy by 2030 '' Jump up ^ `` Transparent Cost Database '' . En.openei.org. 20 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration , Table 6.7 B , Capacity factors , Electric Power Monthly , June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal atingiu valor recorde do século na produção de eletricidade renovável e de emissões de CO2 evitadas '' . QUERCUS . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Statistics -- SEN '' . February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` the Spanish electricity system : preliminary report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . January 2012 . p. 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Renewables '' . eirgrid.com . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New records set in best ever year for British wind energy generation '' . 5 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie ( February 2012 ) . `` Die Energiewende in Deutschland '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Berlin . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Hill , Joshua ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` US Wind Energy Provided 5.5 % Of Nation 's Electricity In 2016 , Over 20 % In 5 Heartland States '' . CleanTechnica . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2016 -- Electricity '' ( PDF ) . BP . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . 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Jump up ^ A study commissioned by the state of Minnesota considered penetration of up to 25 % , and concluded that integration issues would be manageable and have incremental costs of less than one - half - cent ( $0.0045 ) per kW h . `` Final Report -- 2006 Minnesota Wind Integration Study '' ( PDF ) . The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission . 30 November 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . Jump up ^ ESB National Grid , Ireland 's electric utility , in a 2004 study that , concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would `` increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15 % '' `` Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications '' ( PDF ) . ESB National Grid . February 2004 . p. 36 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 March 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . 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Gregor Czisch , University of Kassel , Germany and Gregor Giebel , Risø National Laboratory , Technical University of Denmark Jump up ^ `` The power of multiples : Connecting wind farms can make a more reliable and cheaper power source '' . 21 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Archer , C.L. ; Jacobson , M.Z. ( 2007 ) . `` Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology . American Meteorological Society . 46 ( 11 ) : 1701 -- 1717 . Bibcode : 2007JApMC ... 46.1701 A . doi : 10.1175 / 2007JAMC1538. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Red Eléctrica de España Wind produces more than 60 % of the electricity consumed in Spain during the early hours of this morning '' . www.ree.es . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentham Paulos ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` How Wind Met All of Denmark 's Electricity Needs for 90 Hours '' . The Contributor . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Reinventing Fire . 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Graham Sinden analysed over 30 years of hourly wind speed data from 66 sites spread out over the United Kingdom . He found that the correlation coefficient of wind power fell from 0.6 at 200 km to 0.25 at 600 km separation ( a perfect correlation would have a coefficient equal to 1.0 . ) There were no hours in the data set where wind speed was below the cut - in wind speed of a modern wind turbine throughout the United Kingdom , and low wind speed events affecting more than 90 per cent of the United Kingdom had an average recurrent rate of only one hour per year . Jump up ^ `` Variability of Wind Power and other Renewables : Management Options and Strategies '' ( PDF ) . IEA. 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Kristen ( 5 November 2012 ) . `` The reliability of wind power '' . Minnesota Daily . Jump up ^ `` Dinorwig Hydroelectric Plant , Wales '' . Thegreenage.co.uk . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . 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( 13 -- 17 May 2012 ) `` The Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy , '' National Renewable Energy Laboratory conference paper no. 6A20 - 54526 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Dolf Gielen . `` Renewable Energy Technologies : Cost Analysis Series : Wind Power '' International Renewable Energy Agency , June 2012 . Accessed : 19 October 2013 . Quote : `` wind is capital intensive , but has no fuel costs '' Jump up ^ Transmission and Wind Energy : Capturing the Prevailing Winds for the Benefit of Customers . National Grid US ( September 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Patel , Mukund R. ( 2006 ) . Wind and Solar Power Systems -- Design , analysis and Operation ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1570 - 0 . Jump up ^ Helming , Troy ( 2004 ) `` Uncle Sam 's New Year 's Resolution '' ArizonaEnergy.org Jump up ^ `` LBNL / NREL Analysis Predicts Record Low LCOE for Wind Energy in 2012 -- 2013 '' . US Department of Energy Wind Program Newsletter . Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 . 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Retrieved 8 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ananthaswamy , Anil & Le Page , Michael ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Power paradox : Clean Might Not Be Green Forever '' . New Scientist . Jump up ^ Jacobson , M.Z. ; Archer , C.L. ( 2012 ) . `` Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 ( 39 ) : 15679 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 10915679J . PMC 3465402 . PMID 23019353 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1208993109 . Jump up ^ Adams , A.S. ; Keith , D.W. ( 2013 ) . `` Are global wind power resource estimates overstated ? '' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 : 015021 . Bibcode : 2013ERL ... 8a5021A . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 8 / 1 / 015021 . Jump up ^ Savenkov , M ( 2009 ) . `` On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind ( or wave ) energy sites '' ( PDF ) . University Journal of Engineering and Technology . 1 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 25 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Wind Statistics and the Weibull Distribution '' . Wind-power-program.com . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind power . 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1 NDL : 00575250 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_power&oldid=802475615 '' Categories : Wind power Renewable energy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using web citations with no URL Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from March 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2014 Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 11 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Wind power generation
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-2,466,516,517,205,060,600 | where did the phrase netflix and chill come from | Netflix and chill - wikipedia Netflix and chill This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search The graffitied sign in front of Netflix 's headquarters in Los Gatos , California . Netflix and chill is an internet slang term used either as an invitation to watch Netflix together or as a euphemism for some form of sex , either as part of a romantic partnership or as a `` booty call '' . Since its first recorded , nonsexual use in a tweet posted in 2009 , the phrase has gained popularity within the Twitter community and other social media sites like Facebook and Vine . By 2015 , Netflix and chill had become an internet meme and its use on teenage social media was commonly described as `` sexual '' by Fusion . Much like selfie , the use of the term has spread beyond the internet and into general use . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Impact 2 See also 3 References History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) The first recorded use of the phrase `` Netflix and chill '' was in a tweet posted by `` NoFaceNina '' on January 21 , 2009 . It said , `` I 'm about to log onto Netflix and chill for the rest of the night . '' Early use of the phrase was without sexual connotations , referring simply to the act of watching the online streaming service , typically by oneself . By 2013 , Netflix 's popularity in the US had risen greatly , having accumulated millions of paid subscribers , increasing verb use of the brand and this phrase as a standalone compound noun . The euphemistic nature of the phrase is believed to have been established in mid-2014 , and by the end of the year had spread throughout the African American Black Twitter community , as seen by many now typing chill within scare quotes . In April 2015 , a definition of the phrase was added to Urban Dictionary stating that it meant `` code for two people going to each other 's houses and ( having sexual intercourse ) or doing other sexual related acts '' . Soon , the term would spread beyond the Black Twitter community , becoming an internet meme and gaining the attention of news websites such as The Guardian and the Daily Mirror . Impact ( edit ) As the phrase entered into common lexicon , events , products , and services associated with the phrase -- including condoms -- started to emerge , and acknowledgement from Netflix itself appeared . In September 2015 , a joke app in the style of Tinder had been created for users to organize `` Netflix and chill '' sessions . At two separate universities , students planned `` Netflix and chill '' festivals , with one being cancelled by authorities as they believed too many people would be in attendance . During the World Maker Faire in New York , Netflix unveiled a prototype for a large button called `` The Switch '' , which , when pressed , will dim the lights in the users ' residence , activate the `` Do Not Disturb '' feature on their cell phones , and prepare Netflix for streaming -- eliminating most distractions from their activities . This has been frequently referred to as the `` Netflix and chill button '' . In October 2015 , entrepreneur Kori Williams created and sold a line of condoms playfully named Netflix and Chill . The condoms were not just for novelty but were approved by the FDA for use to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases . In November 2015 , the Netflix logo outside the company 's headquarters in Los Gatos , California had been spray - painted to add the words `` and chill '' , as shown at the right of this article . In December 2015 Ariana Grande released the holiday EP Christmas & Chill , its title a seasonal variation on `` Netflix and chill '' . In January 2016 , artist Tom Galle and company ART404 created a `` Netflix & Chill Room '' in New York City for rent on Airbnb . In early February 2016 , Netflix released the results of a survey on how users in relationships use their service , described as a `` Netflix and chill study '' . The results were accompanied with a series of social media posts with the hashtag `` # DatingWithNetflix '' promoting the idea of a positive impact for couples using the service . In June 2016 , singer - songwriter Danah released a song titled `` Netflix and Chill '' on SoundCloud . The track was produced by Wippy Lion , a member of Australian pop group Justice Crew . The song is a tongue - in - cheek representation of the term 's use in popular culture . See also ( edit ) Sexual innuendo Sexual slang References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Roose , Kevin ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` ' Netflix and chill ' : the complete history of a viral sex catchphrase '' . Fusion.net . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : First recorded use of `` Netflix and Chill '' on twitter.com NoFaceNina ( @ nofacenina ) ( 21 January 2009 ) . `` I 'm about to log onto Netflix and chill for the rest of the night '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Rickett , Oscar ( 29 September 2015 ) . `` How ' Netflix and chill ' became code for casual sex '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Want to Netflix and chill ? There 's an app built especially for it '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Golby , Joel ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` How to Do Netflix and Chill Properly '' . Vice . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` The very first Netflix and Chill festival is going ahead and Pope Francis is on the invite list '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian , Matt ( 28 September 2015 ) . `` Netflix actually made a Netflix and Chill button , and you can too '' . Engadget . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Andy ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Netflix And Chill ' Is Now A Condom Brand , Millennials '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lakshmin , Deepa ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` NETFLIX AND CHILL CONDOMS ARE A REAL THING AND NOTHING IS SACRED ANYMORE '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dimanche , MISE à JOUR ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Des condoms `` Netflix and Chill '' maintenant offerts `` . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Lauren ( 6 November 2015 ) . `` Somebody tagged a sign at Netflix headquarters with ' and chill ' '' . CBC News . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline . `` Ariana Invites You To Christmas and Chill on New EP '' . MTV . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Burns , Janet . `` Dedicated ' Netflix And Chill ' Suite On Airbnb Can Be Yours For $400 A Night '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Papisova , Vera . `` Netflix Is the Key to Long - Term Relationships , Survey Says '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Netflix ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` What happens when you fall in love over Jessica Jones ... # DatingWithNetflix '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ YKIGS ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` New Music : Danah -- Netflix & Chill '' . YouKnowIGotSoul.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Netflix Assets Original programs Original films Original stand - up comedy specials Millarworld History Timeline International expansion Red Envelope Entertainment Legal issues and controversies List of compatible devices Technical details Accolades BAFTA Awards Critics ' Choice Television Awards Daytime Emmy Awards Golden Globe Awards Guild awards Primetime Emmy Awards Screen Actors Guild Awards TCA Awards Culture Netflix and chill Netflix Prize Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netflix_and_chill&oldid=826657180 '' Categories : English - language slang Euphemisms Internet slang Netflix Sexual slang Words coined in the 2000s Internet memes Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 09 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Netflix and chill: The slang term used for watching Netflix together or as a euphemism for sex.
2. Internet meme: The phrase "Netflix and chill" became an internet meme and gained popularity on social media.
3. Origins: The phrase was first recorded in a tweet in 2009 and initially referred to watching Netflix without sexual connotations.
4. Impact: The phrase entered common lexicon and led to the emergence of events, products, and services associated with it.
5. Cultural references: The phrase inspired the creation of a joke app, festivals, a prototype button, condoms, and even a song. |
-5,364,132,478,554,490,000 | which district of uttarakhand has the maximum forest area | List of districts of Uttarakhand - Wikipedia List of districts of Uttarakhand Jump to : navigation , search Uttarakhand in India Districts of Uttarakhand A district of Uttarakhand state is an administrative geographical unit , headed by a Deputy Commissioner ( earlier called District Collector ) or District Magistrate , an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service . The deputy commissioner and the district magistrate are assisted by a number of officers ( such as deputy collector , assistant collector , assistant district magistrate , tehsildar , deputy ( naib ) tehsildar ) belonging to Uttarakhand Civil Service and other Uttarakhand state services . A Superintendent of Police , an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service , heads the police in the district and is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues . He is assisted by the officers of the Uttarakhand Police Service . A Deputy Conservator of Forests , an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service is responsible for managing the Forests , environment and wild - life related issues of the district . He is assisted by the officers of the Uttarakhand Forest Service and other Uttarakhand Forest officials and Uttarakhand Wild - Life officials . Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as PWD , Health , Education , Agriculture , Animal husbandry , etc . These officers belong to the various State Services . Four new districts are proposed in Uttarakhand : Ranikhet , Didihat , Kotdwar and Yamunotri . Contents ( hide ) 1 Alphabetical listing 2 Proposed Districts 3 Other District Demands 4 References 5 External links Alphabetical listing ( edit ) Code District Headquarters Population ( As of 2011 ) Area ( km2 ) Density ( / km2 ) Division Map AL Almora Almora 621,972 3,083 202 Kumaon BA Bageshwar Bageshwar 259,840 2,302 113 Kumaon CL Chamoli Gopeshwar 391,114 8,030 51 Garhwal CP Champawat Champawat 259,315 1,781 146 Kumaon DD Dehradun Dehradun 1,695,860 3,088 550 Garhwal HA Haridwar Haridwar 1,927,029 2,360 817 Garhwal NA Nainital Nainital 955,128 3,860 247 Kumaon PG Pauri Garhwal Pauri 686,572 5,399 127 Garhwal PI Pithoragarh Pithoragarh 485,993 7,100 68 Kumaon RP Rudraprayag Rudraprayag 236,857 1,890 125 Garhwal TG Tehri Garhwal Tehri 616,409 4,080 151 Garhwal US Udham Singh Nagar Rudrapur 1,648,367 2,908 567 Kumaon UT Uttarkashi Uttarkashi 329,686 8,016 41 Garhwal Proposed Districts ( edit ) Didihat , from Pithoragarh district Kashipur , from Udham Singh Nagar district Kotdwar , from Pauri Garhwal district Ramnagar , from Nainital district Ranikhet , from Almora district Rishikesh , from Dehradun district , Tehri Garhwal district , and Pauri Garhwal district Roorkee , from Haridwar district Yamunotri , from Uttarkashi district Other District Demands ( edit ) Chakrata , from Dehradun district Dharchula , from Pithoragarh district Gangotri , from Uttarkashi district Gairsain , from Chamoli district References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Districts of Uttarakhand . Jump up ^ Uttarakhand CM announces four new districts Jump up ^ `` Uttarakhand - Districts of India : Know India '' . National Portal of India . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://updateox.com/india/district-wise-population-india-as-of-2011-census/ Jump up ^ http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UA External links ( edit ) More about Uttarakhand at state <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) State of Uttarakhand <Td_colspan="2"> Interim capitals : ( Legislative : Dehradun ; Judicial : Nainital ) Proposed capital : Gairsain Government Governor Chief Minister Legislative Assembly ( Interim Assembly ) The Speaker Council of Ministers Raj Bhavan High Court Chief Justice Seal Police Public Service Topics Outline History Geography ( Mountain peaks Lakes ) Demographics ( People ) Politics ( Statehood movement Environmental movement ) Elections ( 2002 2007 2012 2017 ) Economy Education ( Higher education School Education ) Transport Tourism Music Cuisine divisions and Districts Kumaon Division Almora Bageshwar Champawat Nainital Pithoragarh Udham Singh Nagar Garhwal Division Dehradun Haridwar Tehri Garhwal Uttarkashi Chamoli Pauri Garhwal Rudraprayag Major cities Dehradun Haridwar Haldwani Roorkee Rudrapur Kashipur Rishikesh Ramnagar Kotdwar Pithoragarh New Tehri Nainital Mussoorie Almora Pauri <Th_colspan="3"> Districts of States of India States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Related topics List of states and territories of India District collector Sub-divisional magistrate Block Gram panchayat Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand&oldid=797508214 '' Categories : Districts of Uttarakhand Uttarakhand - related lists Lists of districts in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Norsk Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi தமிழ் Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 13 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Districts of Uttarakhand
2. Administrative units in Uttarakhand
3. Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate in Uttarakhand
4. Proposed districts in Uttarakhand
5. Sectoral development in Uttarakhand districts |
8,188,685,362,873,477,000 | who is considered to be the greatest japanese poet | List of Japanese - language poets - wikipedia List of Japanese - language poets Jump to : navigation , search A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Poets are listed alphabetically by surname ( or by widely known name , such as a pen name , with multiple names for the same poet listed separately if both are notable ) . Small groups of poets and articles on families of poets are listed separately , below , as are haiku masters ( also in the main list ) . Years link to the corresponding `` ( year ) in poetry '' article . Abe no Nakamaro 阿倍 仲 麻 呂 ( c. 698 -- c. 770 ) scholar , administrator , and waka poet in the Nara period Aizu Yaichi 会津 八 一 ) ( 1881 -- 1956 ) , poet , calligrapher and historian Akazome Emon 赤染 衛門 ( 956 -- 1041 ) waka poet of the mid-Heian period ; a member of both the Thirty - six Elder Poetic Sages and Kintō 's 36 female poetry immortals ( or `` sages '' ) of the Kamakura period Fuyue Anzai 安西 冬衛 ( 1898 -- 1965 ) poet and co-founder of the magazine Shi To Shiron ( `` Poetry and Poetics '' ) Arakida Moritake 荒木田 守武 ( 1473 -- 1549 ) , the son of Negi Morihide , and a Shinto priest ; said to have excelled in waka , renga , and in particular haikai Ikuma Arishima , 有島 生馬 pen - name ( together with Utosei and then Jugatsutei ) of Arishima Mibuma ( 1882 -- 1974 ) , novelist , poet and painter ; member of the Shirakaba literary circle Ariwara no Narihira 在原 業平 ( 825 -- 880 ) , waka poet and nobleman ; called one of the Six best Waka poets and one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals Asukai Gayu 飛鳥井 雅 有 , also known as `` Asukai Masaari '' ( 1241 -- 1301 ) , Kamakura period nobleman and poet ; has 86 poems in the official anthology Shokukokin Wakashū Matsuo Bashō 松尾 芭蕉 ( 1644 -- 1694 ) , the most famous Edo period poet , recognized for his works in the collaborative haikai no renga form ; now more widely recognized as a master of haiku Nozawa Bonchō 野沢 凡兆 ( c. 1640 -- 1714 ) , haikai poet and student of Matsuo Bashō Yosa Buson 与謝 蕪村 ( 1716 -- 1783 ) , Edo period poet and painter ; along with Matsuo Bashō and Kobayashi Issa , considered among the greatest poets of the Edo Period and one of the greatest haiku poets of all time Chiyo - ni 千代 尼 , or Kaga no Chiyo , ( 1703 -- 1775 ) , prominent female haiku poet of the Edo period Chūgan Engetsu ( 1300 -- 1375 ) , poet and Zen Buddhist monk of the Rinzai sect who headed many Zen establishments Hendrik Doeff ( 1764 -- 1837 ) , the first westerner to write haiku in Japanese Eifuku - mon In 永福門院 , also written `` Eifuku Mon'in '' , also known as Saionji Shōko 西園寺 しょう 子 , 西園寺 鏱 子 ( 1271 -- 1342 ) Kamakura period poet and a consort of the 92nd emperor , Fushimi ; she belonged to the Kyōgoku school of verse ; has poems in the Gyokuyōshū anthology Sadakazu Fujii 藤井 貞和 ( born 1942 ) , Japanese poet and literary scholar Misao Fujimura 藤村 操 ( 1886 -- 1903 ) , philosophy student and poet , largely remembered for the poem he carved into a tree before committing suicide over an unrequited love ; sensationalized by Japanese newspapers after his death Fujiwara no Akisue 藤原 顕 季 ( 1055 -- 1123 ) , late Heian period poet and nobleman , member of the Fujiwara poetic and aristocratic clan Fujiwara no Asatada 藤原 朝忠 also 中納言 朝忠 ( 911 -- 966 ) , middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; one of his poems is in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology Fujiwara no Atsutada 藤原 敦 忠 , also 権 中納言 敦 忠 ; also known as `` Hon'in Chunagon '' 本 院 中納言 and `` Biwa Chunagon '' 琵琶 中納言 ( 906 -- 943 ) , middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology Fujiwara no Hamanari 藤原 浜 成 ( 724 -- 790 ) , poet and a nobleman of the Nara period ; best known for Kakyō Hyōshiki , the oldest extant piece of Japanese poetic criticism , in which he attempts to apply phonetic rules of Chinese poetry to Japanese poetry ; son of Fujiwara no Maro Fujiwara no Kanesuke 藤原 兼 輔 , also 中納言 兼 輔 ( 877 -- 933 ) , middle Heian waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has a poem is in the anthology Hyakunin Isshu , others in several imperial poetry anthologies , including Kokin Wakashū and Gosen Wakashū Fujiwara no Kintō 藤原 公 任 , also known as `` Shijō - dainagon '' ( 966 -- 1041 ) , poet and critic ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has poems in anthologies including the Shūi Wakashū , the Wakan rōeishū , and Shūi Wakashū Fujiwara no Ietaka 藤原 家隆 ( 1158 -- 1237 ) , early Kamakura period waka poet ; has several poems in the Shin Kokin Wakashū anthology ; related by marriage to Jakuren ; pupil of Fujiwara no Shunzei 's Fujiwara no Kiyotada 藤原 清正 , poet and one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; second son of Fujiwara no Kanesuke ; younger brother of Fujiwara no Masatada Fujiwara no Masatada 藤原 雅正 ( died 961 ) , poet with family connections to several other poets : first son of Fujiwara no Kanesuke ; grandfather of Murasaki Shikibu ( `` Lady Murasaki '' ) ; older brother of Fujiwara no Kiyotada ; married a daughter of Fujiwara no Sadakata ; father of Fujiwara no Tametoki ; also acquainted with Ki no Tsurayuki Fujiwara no Motozane 藤原 元 真 ( dates unknown ) , a middle Heian period waka poet and Japanese nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has poems in imperial anthologies , including the Shin Kokin Wakashū Fujiwara no Nakafumi 藤原 仲 文 . also `` Nakafun '' ( 923 -- 992 ) middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has poems in several imperial anthologies , including the Chokusen Wakashū Fujiwara no Nagayoshi 藤原 長 能 , also known as `` Fujiwara no Nagatō '' ( 949 -- death year unknown ) , poet and a court bureaucrat of the Heian period ; one of the `` Thirty - six Poetry Immortals '' ; taught waka to the poet Nōin Fujiwara no Okikaze 藤原 興 風 ( dates unknown ) , middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology and several imperial poetry anthologies , including Kokin Wakashū Fujiwara no Sadakata 藤原 定 方 , also known as `` Sanjo Udaijin '' 三条 右大臣 ( 873 -- 932 ) , father of poet Asatada , cousin and father - in - law of Kanesuke ; has a poem in Hyakunin Isshu anthology Fujiwara no Takamitsu 藤原 高光 ( c. 939 -- 994 ) , middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has poems in imperial poetry anthologies starting with Gosen Wakashū Fujiwara no Tameie 藤原為家 ( 1198 -- 1275 ) , the central figure in a circle of poets after the Jōkyū War in 1221 ; second son of poets Teika and Abutuni Fujiwara no Tametoki 藤原 為 時 ( died 1029 ? ) , poet , minor official and governor of various provinces , scholar of Chinese literature and the father of Murasaki Shikibu ( `` Lady Murasaki '' ) Fujiwara no Toshiyuki 藤原 敏行 , also `` Fujiwara Toshiyuki no Ason '' 藤原 敏行 朝 亜 ( birthdate unknown , died in 901 or 907 ) , middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has a poem in the anthology Hyakunin Isshu and poems in several imperial poetry anthologies , including Kokin Wakashū and Gosen Wakashū Fujiwara no Shunzei 藤原 俊成 , also known as `` Fujiwara no Toshinari '' , `` Shakua '' 釈 阿 , `` Akihiro '' 顕 広 ( 1114 -- 1204 ) , poet and nobleman , noted for his innovations in the waka poetic form and for compiling Senzai Wakashū ( `` Collection of a Thousand Years '' ) , the seventh Imperial anthology of waka poetry , ; father of Fujiwara no Teika ; son of Fujiwara no Toshitada Fujiwara no Teika 藤原 定 家 , also known as `` Fujiwara no Sadaie '' or `` Sada - ie '' ( 1162 -- 1242 ) , a widely venerated late Heian period and early Kamakura period waka poet and ( for centuries ) extremely influential critic ; also a scribe , scholar and widely influential anthologist ; the Tale of Matsura is generally attributed to him ; son of Fujiwara no Shunzei ; associated with Jakuren Fumiko Nakajo 中 城 ふみ子 , pen name of Noe Fumiko 野江 富美子 ( 1922 -- 1954 ) , tanka poet who died at age 32 after a turbulent life and struggle with breast cancer , as recorded in her poetry Yoshihiko Funazaki 舟崎 克彦 ( born 1945 ) , novelist , poet , illustrator , manga writer , songwriter , and academic Robin D. Gill ( 1951 -- ) , American japanologist who uses the haigō Keigu ( 敬 愚 ) Emperor Go - Toba , 後 鳥羽 天皇 , also known as 山科 僧正 ( 1180 -- 1239 ) Gyōi 行 意 ( 1177 -- 1217 ? ) , late Heian , early Kamakura period poet and Buddhist monk ; one of the New Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; son of Fujiwara no Motofusa Hagiwara Hiromichi 萩原 広道 ( 1815 -- 1863 ) , late - Edo period scholar of literature , philology , and nativist studies ( Kokugaku ) as well as an author , translator , and poet ; known for his commentary and literary analysis of The Tale of Genji Sakutarō Hagiwara 萩原 朔太郎 ( 1886 -- 1942 ) , Taishō and early Showa period literary critic and free - verse poet called the `` father of modern colloquial poetry in Japan '' Hanabusa Itchō 英 一 蝶 ( 1652 -- 1724 ) , painter , calligrapher , and haiku poet Fumiko Hayashi 林 芙美子 ( 1903 or 1904 ( sources disagree ) -- 1951 ) , female novelist , writer and poet Lafcadio Hearn also known as Koizumi Yakumo 小泉 八雲 ( 1850 -- 1904 ) Hinatsu Kōnosuke 日 夏 耿之介 , a pen - name of Higuchi Kunito ( 1890 -- 1971 ) , poet , editor and academic known for romantic and gothic poetry patterned after English literature ; fervent Roman Catholic , co-founder , with Horiguchi Daigaku and Saijo Yaso , of Shijin ( `` Poets '' ) magazine Hiraide Shū 平 出 修 ( 1878 -- 1914 ) , late Meiji period novelist , poet , and lawyer ; represented defendant in the High Treason Incident ; a co-founder of the literary journal Subaru Kakinomoto no Hitomaro 柿本 人麻呂 ( c. 662 -- 710 ) , late Asuka period poet , nobleman and government official ; the most prominent poet in the Man'yōshū anthology Hori Tatsuo 堀 辰雄 ( 1904 -- 1953 ) , Showa period writer , poet and translator Horiguchi Daigaku 堀口 大学 1892 -- 1981 ) , Taishō and Showa period poet and translator of French literature ; a member of the Shinshisha ( `` The New Poetry Society '' ) ; accompanied his father on overseas diplomatic postings Tatsuko Hoshino 星野 立子 ( 1903 -- 1984 ) , Showa period haiku female poet and travel writer ; founded Tamamo , a haiku magazine exclusively for women ; in the Hototogisu literary circle ; haiku selector for Asahi Shimbun newspaper ; contributed to haiku columns in various newspapers and magazines Hoshino Tenchi 星野 天 知 ( 1862 -- 1950 ) , Meiji period poet and martial arts master ; a co-founder of Bungakukai literary magazine ; 8th Grand Master and a teacher of the Yagyu Shinkage - ryu martial - arts school Hosokawa Fujitaka 細川 藤孝 , also known as Hosokawa Yūsai 細川 幽斎 ( 1534 -- 1610 ) , a Sengoku period feudal warlord who was a prominent retainer of the last Ashikaga shoguns ; father of Hosokawa Tadaoki , an Oda clan senior general ; after the 1582 Incident at Honnō - ji , he took the Buddhist tonsure and changed his name to `` Yūsai '' ; but he remained an active force in politics , under Shoguns Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu Dakotsu Iida 飯田 蛇 笏 , commonly referred to as `` Dakotsu '' , pen names of Takeji Iida 飯田 武治 ( 1885 -- 1962 ) , haiku poet ; trained under Takahama Kyoshi Ikezawa Natsuki 池澤 夏樹 , 1945 ) , novelist , essayist , translator and poet who stopped publishing poetry in 1982 Ikkyū 休 宗純 , Ikkyū Sōjun 1394 -- 1481 ) , eccentric , iconic , Rinzai Zen Buddhist priest , poet and sometime mendicant flute player who influenced Japanese art and literature with an infusion of Zen attitudes and ideals ; one of the creators of the formal Japanese tea ceremony ; well - known to Japanese children through various stories and the subject of a popular Japanese children 's television program ; made a character in anime fiction Inoue Kenkabō 井上剣花坊 pen name of Inoue Koichi ( 1870 -- 1934 ) , late Meiji , Taishō and early Shōwa period journalist and writer of senryū ( short , humorous verse ) Lady Ise 伊勢 or Ise no miyasudokoro 伊勢 の 御息所 ( c. 875 -- c. 938 ) , waka poet and noblewoman in the Imperial court ; granddaughter of waka poet Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu ; born the Fujiwara no Tsugikage of Ise ; lover of the Prince Atsuyoshi ; a concubine to Emperor Uda ; her son by him was Prince Yuki - Akari ; has many poems in the Kokin Wakashū anthology Ishigaki Rin 石垣 りん ( 1920 -- 2004 ) , poet , employee of the Industrial Bank of Japan , sometimes called `` the bank teller poet '' Jun Ishikawa 石川 淳 pen name of Ishikawa Kiyoshi , Ishikawa ( 1899 -- 1987 ) , Showa period modernist author , translator and literary critic Ishikawa Takuboku see Takuboku Ishikawa Ishizuka Tomoji 石塚 友 二 the kanji ( Japanese writing ) is a pen name of Ishizuka Tomoji , which is written with the different kanji 石塚 友 次 , but in English there is no difference ( 1906 -- 1984 ) , Showa period haiku poet and novelist Kobayashi Issa 小林 一 茶 ( 1763 -- 1828 ) , poet and Buddhist priest known for his haiku and haibun ; widely regarded as one of the four haiku masters in Japan , along with Bashō , Buson and Shiki Itō Sachio 伊藤 佐 千夫 , pen name of Itō Kojirō ( 1864 -- 1913 ) , Meiji period tanka poet and novelist Izumi Shikibu 和泉 式 部 nicknamed `` The Floating Lady '' 浮かれ 女 for her series of passionate affairs ( born c. 976 -- year of death unknown , sometime after 1033 ) , mid-Heian period poet , novelist and noblewoman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; known for a sequence of affairs at the court in the capital ; close friend of Akazome Emon , rival of Lady Murasaki , and mother of poet Koshikibu no Naishi ; poetry praised by Fujiwara no Kinto J ( edit ) Jakuren 寂蓮 , also known as `` Fujiwara no Sadanaga '' 藤原 定 長 before becoming a monk ( 1139 -- 1202 ) , initially adopted by Fujiwara no Shunzei , later stepped aside as Shunzei 's heir and became a Buddhist priest ; on the model of Saigyo , traveled around the country , composing poems ; frequently associated with Fujiwara no Teika ; one of six compilers of the eighth imperial waka anthology , Shin Kokin Wakashū , which contains 36 of his poems ; adopted Fujiwara no Ietaka , a pupil of Shunzei 's ; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology Jakushitsu Genkō 寂 室 元 光 ( 1290 -- 1367 ) , Rinzai Zen master , poet , flute player , and first abbot of Eigen - ji , which was constructed solely for him to teach Zen Jien 慈 円 ( 1155 -- 1225 ) poet , historian , and Buddhist monk Jinzai Kiyoshi 神 西 清 ( 1903 -- 1957 ) Showa period novelist , translator , literary critic , poet and playwright Empress Jitō 持 統 天皇 ( 645 -- 703 ; 702 in the lunisolar calendar used in Japan until 1873 ) , 41st imperial ruler , fourth empress and a poet Kada no Azumamaro 荷田 春 満 ( 1669 -- 1736 ) , early Edo period poet , philologist and teacher as well as poetry tutor to one of the sons of Emperor Reigen ; together with Keichū , co-founder of the kokugaku ( `` national studies '' ) intellectual movement Kaga no Chiyo see Chiyo - ni Kambara Ariake 蒲原 有明 pen - name of Kambara Hayao ( 1876 -- 1952 ) , Taishō and Showa period poet and novelist Kamo no Chōmei 鴨 長 明 ( 1155 -- 1216 ) , author , waka poet and essayist Kamo no Mabuchi 賀茂 真 淵 ( 1697 -- 1769 ) , Edo period poet and philologist Kamo no Yasunori no musume ( late 10th century ) , daughter of Kamo no Yasunori , personal name unknown ; Heian period poet Lady Kasa 笠女郎 ( fl . early 8th century ) waka poet Jun Kawada 川田 順 ( 1882 -- 1966 , Showa period tanka poet and entrepreneur Ryuko Kawaji 川路 柳虹 , pen - name of Kawaki Makoto ( 1888 -- 1959 ) , Showa period poet and literary critic Kikuko Kawakami 川上 喜久子 ( 1904 -- 1985 ) , Showa period female novelist , short - story writer and poet Ki no Tokibumi 紀 時 文 ( 922 -- 996 ) , one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber Ki no Tomonori 紀 友則 ( c. 850 -- c. 904 ) , early Heian period waka poet of the court , one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; one of the four compilers of the Kokin Wakashū anthology Ki no Tsurayuki 紀貫之 ( 872 -- 945 ) Heian period waka poet , government official and courtier ; son of Ki no Mochiyuki ; one of four compilers of the Kokin Wakashū anthology ; provincial governor of Tosa province ( 930 -- 935 ) and later possibly governor of Suo province Takarai Kikaku 宝井 其角 , also known as `` Enomoto Kikaku '' ( 1661 -- 1707 ) , haikai poet and disciple of Matsuo Bashō Kyōsuke Kindaichi 金田一 京助 ( 1882 -- 1971 ) , linguist and poet ; his son is linguist Haruhiko Kindaichi Kinoshita Rigen 木下 利玄 , pen - name of Kinoshita Toshiharu ( 1886 -- 1925 ) , Meiji - and Taishō - period tanka poet Kisen 喜撰 also known as `` Kisen Hōshi '' 喜撰 法師 ( fl . early 9th century ) , early Heian period Buddhist monk and poet Kishi Joō 徽 子女 王 , also Yoshiko Joō 承 香 殿 女御 Jokyōden Joō or 斎宮 女御 Saigū no Nyōgo ( 929 -- 985 ) , middle Heian period Waka poet Yaho Kitabatake 北畠 八穂 ( 1903 -- 1982 ) , Showa period poet and children 's fiction writer Fuyuhiko Kitagawa 北川 冬彦 , modernist poet and film critic Hakushū Kitahara 北原 白秋 , pen - name of Kitahara Ryūkichi 北原 隆吉 ( 1885 -- 1942 ) , Taishō and Showa period tanka poet Kitamura Tokoku 北村 透谷 , pen - name of Kitamura Montaro ( 1868 -- 1894 ) late Meiji period poet , essayist and a founder of the modern Japanese romantic literary movement Takeshi Kitano 北野 武 ( born 1947 ) , filmmaker , film editor , screenwriter , comedian , actor , author , poet and painter Kiyohara no Motosuke , 清原 元 輔 ( 908 -- 990 ) , one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber Kobayashi Issa see Issa Kodai no Kimi 小 大 君 , also `` Ōkimi '' ( dates unknown ) , middle Heian period Waka poet and noble ; one of five women among the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has many poems in imperial poetry anthologies Yakumo Koizumi 小泉 八雲 see Lafcadio Hearn Mantarō Kubota 久保田 万太郎 ( 1889 -- 1963 ) , author , playwright and poet Kūkai 空海 , also known posthumously as `` Kōbō - Daishi '' 弘法 大師 ( 774 -- 835 ) , monk , scholar , poet , and artist who founded the Shingon or `` True Word '' school of Buddhism , followers of that school usually refer to him by the honorific title `` Odaishisama '' お 大師 様 Masao Kume 久米 正雄 ( 1891 -- 1952 ) , late Taishō period and early Showa period playwright , novelist and haiku poet ( under the pen - name of Santei ) Kunikida Doppo 國 木田 獨 歩 ( 1871 -- 1908 ) , Meiji period romantic poet and one of the novelists who pioneered naturalism in Japan Sadako Kurihara 栗原 貞子 ( 1913 -- 2005 ) , poet who survived the Hiroshima nuclear holocaust there and became known for her poems about her city Kyoshi Takahama 高浜 虚子 , pen name of Kiyoshi Takahama ( 1874 -- 1959 ) , Shōwa period poet ; close disciple of Masaoka Shiki Manko 万 乎 ( birth year unknown -- 1724 ) middle Edo period poet and wealthy merchant ; apprentice of Matsuo Bashō Sami Mansei 沙弥 満 誓 ( `` novice Mansei '' ) , secular name was Kasa no Ason Maro ( fl . c. 720 ) , Buddhist priest and poet ; a member of Ōtomo no Tabito 's literary circle ; has poems in the Man'yōshū anthology Kaoru Maruyama 丸山 薫 ( 1899 -- 1974 ) Masamune Atsuo 正宗 敦夫 ( 1881 -- 1958 ) , poet and academic Masaoka Shiki see Shiki Matsudaira Katamori 松平 容保 ( 1836 -- 1893 ) , samurai and poet in the last days of the Edo period and the early - to - mid Meiji period Matsudaira Teru 松平 照 also called `` Teruhime '' 照 姫 , literally translated , `` Princess Teru '' ( 1832 -- 1884 ) , late Edo and early Meiji period aristocrat and skilled waka poet who instructed Matsudaira Katamori in poetry and calligraphy Takashi Matsumoto 松本 たかし ( 1906 -- 1956 ) , Showa period professional haiku poet in the Shippo - kai haiku circle , then , starting in 1929 , in the Hototogisu group that also included Kawabata Bosha ; founded a literary magazine , Fue ( `` Flute '' ) in 1946 Matsuo Bashō see Bashō Mibu no Tadami 壬生 忠 見 ( dates unknown ) , middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; son of poet Mibu no Tadamine Mibu no Tadamine 壬生 忠岑 ( active 898 -- 920 ) , early Heian period waka poet of the court ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; father of Mibu no Tadami Michio Mado ( born 1909 ) , poet who worked for the Office of the Governor - General of Taiwan Taku Miki 三木 卓 pen name of Tomita Miki ( born 1935 ) , Showa period poet and novelist in the Han ( `` Inundation '' ) poetry circle Minakami Takitarō 水上 滝 太郎 pen name of Abe Shōzō ( 1887 -- 1940 ) , Showa period poet , novelist , literary critic and essayist Minamoto no Kintada 源 公 忠 , also 源 公 忠 朝臣 ( 889 -- 948 ) , middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals , along with his son Minamoto no Saneakira ; an official in the imperial treasury ; has poems in imperial poetry anthologies , starting with the Goshūi Wakashū Minamoto no Muneyuki 源 宗 于 , also Minamoto no Muneyuki Ason 源 宗 于 朝臣 ( died 983 ) , early Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology Minamoto no Saneakira 源 信明 ( 910 -- 970 ) , middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; he and his father , Minamoto no Kintada , are two of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; his poems are in imperial poetry anthologies from the Goshūi Wakashū onward Minamoto no Shigeyuki 源 重 之 ( died 1000 ) , early Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology Minamoto no Shitagō 源 順 ( 911 -- 983 ) , waka poet , scholar and nobleman ; one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber and Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; author of the Minamoto no Shitagōshū poetry collection ; some scholars claim that he also wrote the Taketori Monogatari ; original compiler of the Wamyō Ruijushō , the first extant Japanese dictionary organized into semantic headings Minamoto no Shunrai , also `` Minamoto Toshiyori '' , ( c. 1057 -- 1129 ) poet who compiled the Gosen Wakashū anthology ; passed over to compile the Goshūi Wakashū , Shunrai 's angry polemical , `` Errors in the Goshūishū '' , apparently led Emperor Shirakawa to appoint him to compile the Kin'yō Wakashū imperial anthology , which was itself controversial Minamoto Toshiyori , see Minamoto no Shunrai Minamoto no Yorimasa 源 頼政 ( 1106 -- 1180 ) poet , government official and warrior ; his poems appeared in various anthologies Yukio Mishima 三島 由紀夫 . pen name of Kimitake Hiraoka 平岡 公 威 ( 1925 -- 1970 ) , author , poet and playwright Kenji Miyazawa 宮沢 賢治 ( 1896 -- 1933 ) , early Shōwa period poet and author of children 's literature Tatsuji Miyoshi 三好 達治 1900 -- 1964 ) , Showa period literary critic , editor and poet Mizuta Masahide 17th century , Edo period poet and samurai who studied under Basho Mori Ōgai 森 鷗 外 / 森 鴎外 ( 1862 -- 1922 ) physician , translator , novelist and poet Motoori Norinaga 本 居 宣長 ( 1730 -- 1801 ) Edo period scholar of Kokugaku , physician and poet Munenaga 宗良 親王 ( 1311 -- c. 1385 ) Nanboku - chō period imperial prince ( eighth son of Emperor Godaigo ) and poet of the Nijō poetic school who is known for his compilation of the Shin'yō Wakashū poetry anthology Murasaki Shikibu 紫 式 部 , not her real name , which is unknown ; often called `` Lady Murasaki '' ( c. 973 -- c. 1014 or 1025 ) , Heian period novelist who wrote The Tale of Genji , poet , and a maid of honor of the imperial court Saneatsu Mushanokōji 武者 小路 実篤 實 篤 , sometimes known as `` Mushakōji Saneatsu '' ; other pen - names included `` Musha '' and `` Futo - o '' ( 1885 -- 1976 ) , late Taishō period and Showa period novelist , playwright , poet , artist and philosopher Nagai Tatsuo 永井 龍男 , used the pen - name of `` Tomonkyo '' for his poetry ( 1904 -- 1990 ) , Showa period novelist , short - story writer , haiku poet , editor and journalist Hideo Nagata 長田 秀雄 ( 1885 -- 1949 ) , Showa period poet , playwright and screenwriter Nagata Mikihiko 長田 幹彦 ( 1887 -- 1964 ) , Showa period poet , playwright and screenwriter Takashi Nagatsuka 長塚 節 ( 1879 -- 1915 ) , poet and novelist Naito Joso ( 1662 -- 1704 ) , Genroku period haiku poet , a principal disciple of Bashō Fujiwara no Nakafumi family name : Fujiwara , see `` F '' section Chūya Nakahara 中原 中 也 ( 1907 -- 1937 ) , early Shōwa period poet Nakatsukasa 中 務 ( 912 -- 991 ) , middle Heian period Waka poet Nanao Sakaki ( 1923 -- 2008 ) , poet and leading personality of `` the Tribe '' , a counter-cultural group Natsume Sōseki 夏目 漱石 ( commonly referred to as `` Sōseki '' ) , pen name of Natsume Kinnosuke 夏目 金之助 ( 1867 -- 1916 ) , Meiji Era novelist , haiku poet , composer of Chinese - style poetry , writer of fairy tales and a scholar of English literature ; from 1984 -- 2004 , his portrait was on the 1000 yen note Nishiwaki Junzaburo 西脇 順三郎 ( 1894 -- 1982 ) , Shōwa period poet and literary critic Nishiyama Sōin see Sōin Yone Noguchi 野口 米 次郎 ( 1875 -- 1947 ) , poet , fiction writer , essayist , and literary critic in both English and Japanese ; father of the sculptor Isamu Noguchi Nozawa Bonchō see Bonchō Princess Nukata 額田 王 also known as Princess Nukada ( c. 630 -- 690 ) , Asuka period poet Nōin 能 因 , lay name : Tachibana no Nagayasu 橘 永 愷 ( 988 -- c. 1051 ) , late Heian period poet and monk ; one of the `` Thirty - six Medieval Poetry Immortals '' O ( edit ) Ogiwara Seisensui 荻原 井 泉水 , pen name of Ogiwara Tōkichi ( 1884 -- 1976 ) , haiku poet in the Taishō and Showa periods Okamoto Kanoko 岡本 かの子 , pen name of Ohnuki Kano ( 1889 -- 1939 ) author , tanka poet , and Buddhist scholar in the Taishō and early Shōwa periods ; mother of artist Tarō Okamoto Ōnakatomi no Yorimoto 大 中臣 頼 基 ( c. 886 -- 958 ) , middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu , 大 中臣 能 宣 ( 921 -- 991 ) one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber Ono no Komachi 小野 小町 or お の の こまち ( c. 825 -- c. 900 ) , early Heian period waka poet , one of the Rokkasen -- the Six best Waka poets ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; noted as a rare beauty and became a symbol of a beautiful woman in Japan Saishu Onoe 尾上 柴舟 ( 1876 -- 1957 ) , tanka poet and calligrapher Makoto Ooka 大岡 信 ( born 1931 ) , poet and literary critic Shinobu Orikuchi 折口 信夫 , also known as Chōkū Shaku 釋 迢空 ( 1887 -- 1953 ) , ethnologist , linguist , folklorist , novelist and poet ; a disciple of Kunio Yanagita , he established an academic field named `` Orikuchiism '' ( 折口 学 , Orikuchigaku ) , a mix of Japanese folklore , Japanese classics , and Shintō religion Ōshikōchi Mitsune 凡河内 躬恒 ( 898 -- 922 ) , early Heian period administrator and waka poet of the court ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals Ōta Dōkan 太田 道灌 ( 1432 -- 1486 ) , also known as `` Ōta Sukenaga '' ( 太田 資 長 or `` Ōta Dōkan Sukenaga '' samurai warrior - poet , military tactician and Buddhist monk ; said to have been a skilled poet , but only fragments attributed to him have survived Ōta Nampo 大田 南畝 , the most oft - used penname of Ōta Tan , whose other pen names include Yomo no Akara , Yomo Sanjin , Kyōkaen , and Shokusanjin 蜀山 人 ( 1749 -- 1823 ) , late Edo period Japanese poet and fiction writer Mizuho Ōta 太田 水穂 pen - name of `` Teiichi Ōta '' 太田 貞 , he occasionally also used another pen name , `` Mizuhonoya '' ( 1876 -- 1955 ) , Shōwa period poet and literary scholar Ōtagaki Rengetsu 太田垣 蓮 月 ( 1791 -- 1875 ) , Buddhist nun , widely regarded to have been one of the greatest Japanese poets of the 19th century ; potter , painter and expert calligrapher Ōtomo Kuronushi 大友 黒 主 , poet , one of the Rokkasen , the `` Six Poetic Geniuses '' ; considered one of the greatest masters of waka poetry Ōtomo no Sakanoe no Iratsume ( c. 700 -- 750 ) , early Nara period female poet ; member of the prestigious Ōtomo clan ; has 79 poems in the Man'yōshū anthology Ōtomo no Tabito 大伴 旅人 ( c. 662 -- 731 ) poet best known as the father of Ōtomo no Yakamochi ; both contributed to compiling the Man'yōshū anthology ; member of the prestigious Ōtomo clan ; served as governor - general of Dazaifu , the military procuracy in northern Kyūshū , from 728 - 730 Ōtomo no Yakamochi 大伴 家持 ( c. 718 -- 785 ) , Nara period statesman and waka poet ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; member of the prestigious Ōtomo clan ; son of Ōtomo no Tabito , older brother of Ōtomo no Kakimochi , nephew of Ōtomo no Sakanoe no Iratsume Ozaki Hōsai 尾崎 放哉 pen name of Ozaki Hideo ( 1885 -- 1926 ) , late Meiji period and Taishō period poet Ozaki Kihachi 尾崎 喜八 ( 1892 -- 1974 ) , Showa period poet Ozaki Kōyō 尾崎 紅葉 , pen name of Ozaki Tokutaro 尾崎 徳太郎 ( 1868 -- 1903 ) , novelist , essayist and haiku poet Ryōkan 良寛 ( 1758 -- 1831 ) , waka poet and calligrapher , Buddhist monk , hermit Saigyō Hōshi 西行 法師 pen name of Satō Norikiyo 佐藤 義清 , who took the religious name En'i 円 位 ( 1118 -- 1190 ) , late Heian and early Kamakura period waka poet who worked as a guard to retired Emperor Toba , then became a Buddhist monk at age 22 Mokichi Saitō ( 1882 -- 1953 ) , Taishō period poet of the Araragi school , and a psychiatrist ; father of novelist Kita Morio Sakae Tsuboi 壺井 栄 ( 1899 -- 1967 ) , novelist and poet Sakanoue no Korenori 坂上 是 則 ( fl . 9th century ) , early Heian waka poet ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology Sakanoue no Mochiki , 坂上 望城 , ( dates unknown ) one of the Five Men of the Pear Chamber Santō Kyōden 山 東京 伝 , pen name of Samuru Iwase 岩瀬 醒 , also known popularly as `` Kyōya Denzō '' 京屋 伝蔵 ( 1761 -- 1816 ) , Edo period poet , writer and artist ; brother of Santō Kyōzan Taneda Santōka 種田 山頭火 pen name of Taneda Shōichi 種田 正 一 ( 1882 -- 1940 ) , author and free - verse haiku poet Sarumaru no Taifu ( fl . 9th century ) 猿丸 大夫 , also known as `` Sarumaru no Dayū '' , early Heian period waka poet ; one of the Thirty Six Poetic Sages ; no detailed histories or legends about him exist , and he may never have existed ; some believe he was Prince Yamashiro no Ōe Mikirō Sasaki 佐々木 幹郎 , also known as `` Mikio Sasaki '' , ( born 1947 ) , poet and travel writer Sasaki Nobutsuna 佐佐木 信綱 ( 1872 -- 1963 ) , Showa period tanka poet and scholar of the Nara and Heian periods Satomura Shokyu 里村 昌 休 ( 1510 -- 1552 ) , leading master of the linked verse renga after the death of Tani Sobuko in 1545 Sei Shōnagon 清少納言 ( c. 966 -- 1017 ) , middle Heian Period author , poet and court lady who served Empress Teishi / Empress Sadako ; best known as the author of The Pillow Book Semimaru 蝉 丸 , also known as `` Semimaro '' ( fl . 9th century ) , early Heian period poet and musician ; some accounts say he was a son of Uda Tennō , Prince Atsumi , or that he was the fourth son of Daigo Tennō ; some claim he lived during the reign of Ninmyō Tennō Senge Motomaro 千家 元麿 ( 1888 -- 1948 ) , Taishō and Showa period poet Sesson Yūbai 雪村 友 梅 ( 1290 -- 1348 ) , poet and Buddhist priest of the Rinzai sect who founded temples Mitsuko Shiga 四賀 光子 , pen - name of Mitsu Ota ( 1885 -- 1956 ) , female Taishō and Showa period tanka poet Masaoka Shiki 正岡 子規 , pen name of Masaoka Tsunenori 正岡 常規 , who changed his name to Noboru 升 ( 1867 -- 1902 ) , author , poet , literary critic , journalist and , early in his life , a baseball player Princess Shikishi 式 子 内親王 ( died 1201 ) , late Heian and early Kamakura period poet , never - married daughter of Emperor Go - Shirakawa ; entered service at the Kamo Shrine in Kyoto in 1159 , later left the shrine , in later years a Buddhist nun ; has 49 poems in the Shin Kokin Shū anthology Shimizu Motoyoshi 清水 基 吉 ( born 1918 ) , Showa and Heisei period novelist and poet Shirome ( fl . 10th century ) , minor female waka poet and common prostitute Shunzei 's Daughter , popular name of Fujiwara Toshinari no Musume 藤原 俊成 女 、 , also 藤原 俊成 卿 女 、 皇 ( 太 ) 后宮 大夫 俊成 ( 卿 ) 女 , 越 部 禅尼 ( c. 1171 -- c. 1252 ) , called the greatest female poet of her day , ranked with Princess Shikishi ; her grandfather was the poet Fujiwara no Shunzei Shōtetsu 正徹 ( 1381 -- 1459 ) , considered by some the last great poet in the courtly waka tradition ; his disciples were important in the development of renga , which led to haiku Sōgi 宗祇 ( 1421 -- 1502 ) , Zen monk who studied waka and renga poetry , then became a professional renga poet in his thirties Nishiyama Sōin 西山 宗因 , born Nishiyama Toyoichi 西山 豊 一 ( 1605 -- 1682 ) , early Tokugawa period haikai - no - renga ( comical renga ) poet who founded the Danrin school of haikai poetry Sion Sono 園 子 温 ( born 1961 ) , controversial avant - garde poet and filmmaker Sonome 斯波 園 女 ( 1664 -- 1726 ) , female poet , friend and noted correspondent of Matsuo Bashō Sugawara no Michizane 菅原 道真 , also known as `` Kan Shōjō '' 菅 丞相 , ( 845 -- 903 ) , Heian Period scholar , poet and politician ; grandson of Sugawara no Kiyotomo ; also wrote Chinese poetry Tachibana Akemi , 橘 曙覧 ( 1812 -- 1868 ) , poet and classical scholar Tachihara Michizō 立原 道造 ( 1914 -- 1939 ) , poet and architect Taira no Kanemori 平兼盛 ( died 991 ) , middle Heian period waka poet and nobleman ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals ; has a poem in the Hyakunin Isshu anthology ; father of poet Akazome Emon Kyoshi Takahama see Kyoshi Motokichi Takahashi 高橋 元吉 ( 1893 -- 1965 ) , Taishō and Showa period poet Jun Takami 高見 順 pen - name of Takama Yoshioa ( 1907 -- 1965 ) , Showa period novelist and poet Kōtarō Takamura 高村 光太郎 ( 1883 -- 1956 ) , poet and sculptor ; son of sculptor Kōun Takamura Chieko Takamura ( 1886 -- 1938 ) Takarai Kikaku see Kikaku Shuntarō Tanikawa 谷川 俊太郎 ( born 1931 ) , poet and translator Takamure Itsue 高 群 逸枝 ( 1894 -- 1964 ) , poet , writer , feminist , anarchist , ethnologist and historian Tsugi Takano 鷹野 つぎ ( 1890 -- 1943 ) , female novelist and poet Takuboku Ishikawa 石川 啄木 ( 1886 -- 1912 ) , tanka and free - verse poet Tamura Ryuichi 田村 隆 ( 1923 -- 1998 ) , Showa period poet , essayist and translator of English - language novels and poetry Jun Tanaka 田中 純 1890 -- 1966 ) , Showa period poet Taneda Santōka see Santōka Tani Soyo 谷宗養 ( 1526 -- 1563 ) , renga poet ; a rival of Satomura Joha ; son of Tani Sobuko Shuntarō Tanikawa 谷川 俊太郎 ( born 1931 ) , poet and translator Tatsunojō , pen name of Yokoi Yayū Machi Tawara 俵 万智 ( born 1962 ) , writer , translator and poet Shūji Terayama 寺山 修司 ( 1935 -- 1983 ) , avant - garde poet , playwright , writer , film director and photographer Ton'a 頓阿 also spelled as `` Tonna '' ; lay name : Nikaidō Sadamune 二階堂 貞宗 ( 1289 -- 1372 ) , poet and Buddhist monk Shigeji Tsuboi 壺井 繁治 ( 1897 -- 1975 ) Jun Tsuji 辻 潤 ( 1884 -- 1944 ) , author , poet , essayist , musician and bohemian U ( edit ) Ueda Akinari , 上田 秋成 , also known as `` Ueda Shūsei '' ( 1734 -- 1809 ) , author , scholar and waka poet Bokusui Wakayama , 若山 牧水 ( 1885 -- 1928 ) , Japanese `` Naturalist '' tanka poet Y ( edit ) Yagi Jūkichi 八木 重吉 ( 1898 -- 1927 ) Yamabe no Akahito 山 部 赤 人 or 山邊 赤 人 ( 700 -- 736 ) , Nara period poet with 13 chōka ( long poems ) and 37 tanka ( short poems ) in the Man'yōshū anthology ; has been called the kami of poetry , and Waka Nisei along with Kakinomoto no Hitomaro ; one of the Thirty - six Poetry Immortals Bochō Yamamura 山村 暮鳥 ( 1884 -- 1924 ) , vagabond Christian preacher who gained attention as a writer of tales and songs for children and as a poet Yamanoue no Okura 山上 憶良 ( 660 -- 733 ) , best known for his poems of children and commoners ; has poems in the Man'yōshū anthology Sansei Yamao ( 1938 -- 2001 ) , friend of American poet Gary Snyder Yamazaki Sōkan 山崎 宗鑑 , pen name of Shina Norishige ( 1465 -- 1553 ) , renga and haikai poet , court calligrapher for Shogun Ashikaga Yoshihisa ; became a secluded Buddhist monk following the shogun 's death in 1489 Yamazaki Hōdai 山崎 方 代 ( 1914 -- 1985 ) , Showa period tanka poet Rie Yasumi やすみ りえ pen name of Reiko Yasumi 休 理英子 ( born 1972 ) , senryū poet Jun'ichi Yoda 与田 凖 ( 1905 -- 1997 ) , Shōwa period poet and children 's book author Yokoi Yayū 横井 也有 , born Yokoi Tokitsura ( 横井 時 般 ) and took the pseudonym Tatsunojō ( 1702 -- 1783 ) , samurai , scholar of Kokugaku , and a haikai poet ( family name : Yokoi ) Yosa Buson see Buson Akiko Yosano 与謝野 晶子 pen - name of Yosano Shiyo ( 1878 -- 1942 ) , late Meiji period , Taishō period and early Showa period poet , pioneering feminist , pacifist and social reformer ; one of the most famous , and most controversial , post-classical woman poets of Japan Tekkan Yosano 与謝野 鉄幹 pen - name of Yosano Hiroshi ( 1873 -- 1935 ) , late Meiji period , Taishō and early Shōwa period author and poet ; husband of author Yosano Akiko. ; grandfather of cabinet minister and politician Kaoru Yosano Yoshii Isamu 吉井 勇 ( 1886 -- 1960 ) , Taishō and Showa period tanka poet and playwright Takaaki Yoshimoto 吉本 隆明 , also known as `` Ryūmei Yoshimoto '' ( born 1924 ) , poet , literary critic , and philosopher ; father of the writer Banana Yoshimoto and cartoonist Haruno Yoiko Yoshino Hideo 吉野 秀雄 ( 1902 -- 1967 ) , Showa period tanka poet Groups and schools ( edit ) Danrin school Five Men of the Pear Chamber Nijō poetic school Rokujō family Six best Waka poets Thirty - six Poetry Immortals Haiku masters ( edit ) Matsuo Bashō Yosa Buson Fukuda Chiyo - ni Kobayashi Issa Masaoka Shiki See also ( edit ) Haiku Japanese poetry Kanshi ( poetry written in Chinese by Japanese poets ) List of Japanese poetry anthologies Waka including tanka Timeline Infographic of Japanese Language Poets Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Claremont College : `` Musashi , Flowers of Takada , ota Dokan and Yamabuki no koji '' by Chikanobu Yoshu ( woodblock print , 1884 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of poets By language Afrikaans Albanian Arabic Armenian Assamese Awadhi Belarusian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Croatian Danish Dutch English French German Greek ( Ancient ) Gujarati Hebrew Hindi Icelandic Indonesian Irish Italian Japanese Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Korean Latin Maithili Malayalam Maltese Manipuri Marathi Nepali Nepali Oriya Pashto Pennsylvania Dutch Persian Polish Portuguese Punjabi Rajasthani Romanian Russian Sanskrit Sindhi Slovak Slovenian Sorbian Spanish Swedish Tamil Telugu Turkic Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Welsh Yiddish By nationality or culture Afghan American Argentine Australian Austrian Bangladeshi Bosniak Brazilian Breton Canadian Chicano Estonian Finnish Ghanaian Greek Indian Iranian Irish Mexican Nepali New Zealander Nicaraguan Nigerian Ottoman Pakistani Peruvian Romani Romanian Somali South African Swedish Swiss Turkish By type Anarchist Early - modern women ( UK ) Feminist Lyric Modernist National Performance Romantic Speculative Surrealist War Women Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Japanese-language_poets&oldid=815042956 '' Categories : Lists of poets by language Japanese poets Lists of Japanese people Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Bosanski Français Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 12 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Japanese-language poets
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-5,404,449,441,007,581,000 | when did casper the friendly ghost come out | Casper the Friendly Ghost - wikipedia Casper the Friendly Ghost This article is about the character . For the film , see Casper ( film ) . For the video games based on the film , see Casper ( video game ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Casper the Friendly Ghost <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of Casper the Friendly Ghost # 1 ( March 1991 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Famous Studios ( animation ) Harvey Comics ( comic books ) First appearance The Friendly Ghost ( 1939 children 's book and 1945 animated cartoon ) Created by Seymour Reit and Joe Oriolo <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information Full name Casper McFadden ( 1995 film ) Species Ghost ( deceased human in most versions ) Casper the Friendly Ghost is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Famous Studios theatrical animated cartoon series of the same name . As his name indicates , he is a ghost , yet he is quite pleasant and personable . According to the 1995 feature film Casper , his family name is McFadden , making his `` full '' name Casper McFadden . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Creation and success at Paramount 1.2 Harvey Comics , television , and films 2 Actors who have voiced or portrayed Casper 3 Supporting characters 4 Enemies 5 Comic book titles 6 Home media 7 PC and Video games 7.1 Casper 7.2 Casper : A Spirited Beginning Activity Center 7.3 Casper : Friends Around the World 7.4 Casper : Spirit Dimensions 7.5 Casper and the Ghostly Trio 7.6 Casper 's Scare School 7.7 Casper 's Scare School : Spooky Sports Day 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Creation and success at Paramount ( edit ) Casper was created in the late 1930s by Seymour Reit and Joe Oriolo , the former devising the idea for the character and the latter providing illustrations . Intended initially as the basis for a 1939 children 's storybook , there was at first little interest in their idea . When Reit was away on military service during the Second World War before the book was released , Oriolo sold the rights to the book to Paramount Pictures ' Famous Studios animation division . The Friendly Ghost , the first Noveltoon to feature Casper , was released by Paramount in 1945 with a few differences from the book . In the cartoon adaptation , Casper is a cute ghost - child with a New York accent , who inhabits a haunted house along with a community of adult ghosts who delight in scaring the living . Casper , however , is a noncomformist among ghosts : he would prefer to make friends with people . He packs up his belongings and goes out into the world , hoping to find friends . However , the animals that he meets ( a rooster , a mole , a cat , a mouse named Herman , and a group of hens ) take one horrified look at him and run off in the other direction . Distraught , Casper unsuccessfully attempts to commit suicide ( apparently forgetting that he is already dead ) by lying down on a railway track before an oncoming train , before he meets two children named Bonnie and Johnny who become his friends . The children 's mother -- apparently widowed and impoverished -- at first is frightened of Casper , but later welcomes him into the family after he ( unintentionally ) frightens off a greedy landlord , who , unwilling to own a `` haunted '' house , tears up the mortgage and gives her the house outright . The short ends with the mother kissing Bonnie , Johnny , and Casper as she sends them off to school , with Casper wearing clothing as if he were a living child . Casper appeared in two more subsequent cartoons by Seymour Reit and Joe Oriolo , There 's Good Boos To - Night and A Haunting We Will Go . There 's Good Boos To - Night differs wildly from later Casper cartoons : although the theme of Casper trying to find a friend and failing in these attempts before succeeding also occurs in later cartoons , the tone of this short turns remarkably dark when a hunter and his dogs appear , chasing the little fox cub named Ferdie that Casper has befriended . Although Casper scares the hunter and dogs away , Casper discovers Ferdie dead after a harrowing chase scene . Happily , however , Ferdie returns as a ghost to join his friend Casper in the afterlife . These were later adapted into Noveltoons before Paramount started a Casper the Friendly Ghost series in 1950 , and ran the theatrical releases until the summer of 1959 . Nearly every entry in the series was the same : Casper ( now slightly thinner than the pudgy figure that appeared in the earlier cartoons ) escapes from the afterlife of a regular ghost because he finds that scaring people can be tiresome year after year , tries to find friends but inadvertently scares almost everyone , and finally finds a ( cute little ) friend , whom he saves from some sort of fate , leading to his acceptance by those initially scared of him . In 1955 , composer Winston Sharples composed an instrumental theme for Casper 's cartoons . Harvey comics , television , and films ( edit ) Main articles : Casper the Friendly Ghost filmography and Casper the Friendly Ghost in film Casper went on to become one of the most famous properties from Famous Studios . Casper was first published in comics form in 1949 by St. John Publications ; Alfred Harvey , founder and publisher of Harvey Comics began producing Casper comic books in 1952 , and in 1959 , Harvey purchased the rights to the character outright . After Harvey bought the rights to Casper and many other Famous properties in 1959 ( including Herman and Katnip , Little Audrey , and Baby Huey ) , they began broadcasting the post-September 1950 theatrical Famous shorts on a television show sponsored by Mattel Toys titled Matty 's Funday Funnies on ABC in 1959 which introduced the Barbie doll to the public . The other Famous produced Casper cartoons had already been acquired by television distributor U.M. & M. TV Corporation in 1956 . U.M. & M. retitled just `` A Haunting We Will Go '' , but credited `` Featuring Casper The Friendly Ghost '' as `` Featuring Casper 's Friendly Ghost '' . New cartoons were created for The New Casper Cartoon Show in 1963 , also on ABC . The original Casper cartoons were syndicated under the title Harveytoons ( initially repackaged as Casper and Company ) in 1962 and ran continually until the mid-90s . Casper has remained popular in reruns and merchandising , and Hanna - Barbera produced two holiday specials , Casper 's First Christmas ( which also starred Yogi Bear , Huckleberry Hound , Snagglepuss , Quick Draw McGraw , Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy ) and Casper 's Halloween Special ( aka Casper Saves Halloween ) , and also the Saturday morning cartoon series Casper and the Angels ( an animated takeoff on two live action hit shows Charlie 's Angels and `` CHiPS '' ) in the autumn of 1979 , all on NBC . Also featured on the NBC version was a big ghost named Hairy Scary ( voiced by John Stephenson ) . None of Casper 's original co-stars appeared in the show . Computer - animated Casper as he appears in the live action films The Famous Studios version of Casper was scheduled to appear as a cameo in the deleted scene `` Acme 's Funeral '' from the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . Numerous Casper cartoons were released on home video by Universal Studios ( via MCA Inc . ) , which also adapted the friendly ghost into a live - action feature film titled Casper in 1995 , where he and his wicked uncles , the Ghostly Trio , were rendered via computer animation , which initially created the first CGI lead character in a film . The film constructed a back - story for the character and is the only time in the series that the question of his death has been addressed . According to the film , Casper was a twelve - year - old boy living in Whipstaff Manor with his inventor father J.T. McFadden until he died from pneumonia after playing out in the cold until it was past nightfall . In 1996 , Amblin Entertainment and Universal Cartoon Studios created a new Casper series for Fox Kids , based on the 1995 feature , that lasted two years and was never seen on television again after 1998 . Two live - action direct - to - video follow - ups to the film , Casper : A Spirited Beginning and Casper Meets Wendy ( which introduced Hilary Duff as fellow Harvey Comics character Wendy the Good Little Witch ) , were made . They were followed by Casper 's Haunted Christmas ( starring Spooky and Poil from the comics and animated spin - off of the first movie ) , and Casper 's Scare School , which were done entirely in CGI with no live - action elements . These films are often referred to as being `` prequels '' to the 1995 feature despite the fact that they heartily contradict the feature and do not appear to even take place in the same universe . In 2001 , Harvey Entertainment was acquired by Classic Media which , until 2012 , licensed the Harvey properties including Casper . In 2007 , MoonScoop Group , in association with Classic Media , TF1 et DQ , produced a TV show of 52 X 12 named Casper 's Scare School . In 2009 , a new Casper comic was published , called Casper and the Spectrals by Arden Entertainment . Much like The Man of Steel and Batman : Year One did with their respective characters , it revamped Casper and several other Harvey characters for a new audience . After selling 6,400 copies of the first comic , the last two issues were published in 2010 . Casper made a cameo in a MetLife commercial in 2012 . Later that same year , Classic Media was acquired by DreamWorks Animation , which in turn would be acquired by NBCUniversal in 2016 , and thus Universal Studios , the producer of the original live - action feature film , now manages the rights to the character and other related characters in addition to regaining the rights to Casper 's Haunted Christmas ( which Universal itself originally released in late 2000 ) . Actors who have voiced or portrayed Casper ( edit ) Radio actress Cecil Roy voiced Casper in the majority of the Famous Studios cartoons along with Mae Questel . Alan Shay voiced Casper in `` there 's Good Boos to - night '' in 1948 and in the 1949 `` A Haunting we will go '' Norma MacMillan provided the voice in The New Casper Cartoon Show Julie McWhirter provided the voiced in Casper and the Angels Malachi Pearson voiced the character in the 1995 movie Casper and The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper Jeremy Foley voiced the character in Casper : A Spirited Beginning and Casper Meets Wendy Brendon Ryan Barrett provided the voice in Casper 's Haunted Christmas Devon Werkheiser voiced Casper in Casper 's Scare School . Devon Sawa is the only actor to ever have played the character in live - action , portraying him in a sequence from the 1995 film in which Casper was temporarily brought back to life . The cartoons and movies of `` Casper , the Friendy Ghost '' have also been dubbed in other languages including Spanish by other voice actors , and the name `` Casper '' has been translated as Gasparín . Supporting characters ( edit ) Ghostly Trio ( sometimes ) Wendy the Good Little Witch The Witch Sisters ( Wendy 's aunties ) : Thelma , Velma , Zelma ( sometimes ) Archibald the Talking Wishing Well Hot Stuff the Little Devil Nightmare the Ghost Horse Spooky the Tuff Little Ghost Poil , Spooky 's girlfriend Gned Gnome Gnewton Gnome Gnorman Gnome Sohini Arruda Richie Rich ( occasionally ) Little Audrey Hairy Scarey ( Casper and the Angels ) Kat Harvey ( Casper , 1996 animated series ) Dr. James Harvey ( Casper , 1996 animated series ) Amelia Harvey ( Casper ) Chris Carson ( Casper : A Spirited Beginning ) Tim Carson ( Casper : A Spirited Beginning ) Sheila Fistergraff ( Casper : A Spirited Beginning ) Holly Jollimore ( Casper 's Haunted Christmas ) Ra ( Casper 's Scare School ) Mantha ( Casper 's Scare School ) Jimmy Bradly ( Casper 's Scare School ) Professor Phinieas Field ( Casper and the Spectrals ) Eloise `` Ellie '' Essex ( Casper and the Spectrals ) Enemies ( edit ) Kibosh ( Casper : A Spirited Beginning , Casper 's Haunted Christmas and Casper 's Scare School ) Snivel ( Casper : A Spirited Beginning and Casper 's Haunted Christmas ) The Wizard ( Casper : Spirit Dimensions ) Four Dragons ( Casper : Spirit Dimensions ) Krank ( Casper : Spirit Dimensions ) Doctor Deranged ( Casper : Spirit Dimensions ) Captain Pegleg Potbelly ( Casper : Spirit Dimensions ) Ghostly Trio ( sometimes ) The Witch Sisters ( Wendy 's aunties ) : Thelma , Velma , Zelma ( sometimes ) Carrigan and Dibs ( Casper ) Desmond Spellman ( Casper Meets Wendy ) Vincent and Jules ( Casper Meets Wendy ) Sahil ( The brother of Casper 's friend Sohini ) Alder and Dash ( Casper 's Scare School ) Thatch ( Casper 's Scare School ) Volbragg ( Casper and the Spectrals ) Comic book titles ( edit ) This is a list of comic book titles that featured Casper as the main character ( or main co-character ) . He also appeared in back up stories and made guest appearances in many other Harvey comic books like ; Little Audrey , Paramount Animated Comics , Spooky the Tuff Little Ghost , Wendy the Good Little Witch , and Ghostly Trio . Casper Casper Adventure Digest Casper and ... Casper and Friends Casper and Friends Magazine Casper and Nightmare Casper and Spooky Casper and The Ghostly Trio Casper and Spooky Casper : A Spirited Beginning ( film adaptation ) Casper Big Book Casper Digest Casper Digest Stories Casper Digest Winners Casper Enchanted Tales Digest Casper Ghostland Casper Giant Size Casper Halloween Trick or Treat Casper in Space Casper in 3 - D Casper Magazine Casper Movie Adaptation Casper 's Ghostland Casper 's Scare School Casper 's Spaceship Casper Special Casper Strange Ghost Stories Casper , the Friendly Ghost Casper TV Showtime Famous TV Funday Funnies The Friendly Ghost , Casper Harvey Two - Pack Nightmare and Casper Richie Rich and Casper Richie Rich , Casper , and Wendy TV Casper and Company Casper and the Spectrals Casper The Friendly Ghost ( American Mythology Productions ) Home Media ( edit ) In 2011 , Shout ! Factory released a DVD set titled Casper The Friendly Ghost : The Complete Collection 1945 - 1963 which contains The Friendly Ghost , There 's Good Boos To - Night , A Haunting We Will Go , 55 theatrical cartoons , and all 26 episodes of The New Casper Cartoon Show . PC and video games ( edit ) Casper ( edit ) Main article : Casper ( video game ) Several video games were based on the 1995 film for PC , Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Game Boy , Sega Saturn , 3DO , PlayStation , and Game Boy Color . In subsequent years Windows 95 and Game Boy Advance games were released serving as sequels to the film . Casper : a Spirited Beginning Activity Center ( edit ) Developed by Sound Source Interactive , published by WayForward Technologies and released in 1998 for PC it is based on the film of the same name and is similar in format to Disney 's Activity Center . Set at Ghost Central Station the player earns Casper coins by completing Casper 's Spinning Squares , Strech 's Memory Game , Fatso 's Kitchen , Stinkie 's Goo Toss and Snivel 's Mix & Match . The player must collect at least 15 Casper coins from these five games to unlock Kibosh 's Magic Puzzle . Casper : friends around the world ( edit ) Developed by Realtime Associates , published by TDK Mediactive and released in 2000 on PlayStation . It is a mostly 2D platform game with occasional forward and backward movements . The evil Kibosh has invented a device to send Casper 's human friends to a place where they `` would not have a ghost of a chance of being found '' and has hypnotized the Ghostly Trio into doing his bidding . However Casper finds a page from a map of Hollywood giving him a clue on where to start his quest to find his friends and the three missing pieces for Kibosh 's imprisoning device to get them back home safely . The game is played across ten levels set around the world with 40 friendship crystals on each level to collect in order to advance to the bonus level at the end . Casper : Spirit Dimensions ( edit ) Main article : Casper : Spirit Dimensions Developed by Lucky Chicken Games and published by TDK Mediactive it was the first 3D game based on Casper . It released in 2001 for PlayStation 2 and in 2002 for Nintendo Gamecube . The evil Kibosh has taken over the Spirit World and is intent on also taking over the mortal world . Meanwhile Wendy the Good Little Witch summons Casper , the only remaining free ghost , and opens the portals to the Spirit Dimensions to help in their only chance to defeat Kibosh . Casper and the Ghostly Trio ( edit ) Developed by Data Design Interactive and Published by Blast ! Entertainment it was released in 2007 on PlayStation 2 . It is a 3D game in which Casper has legs and is affected by gravity though he can glide , unlike his flying ability in Spirit Dimensions . The Ghostly Trio have kidnapped Wendy the Good Little Witch in an attempt to use her magic to create a potion that would give them the power to rule Ghostland . Wendy manages to use her magic to get the message across to Casper who must find his way through six levels to rescue her . At the end of the first five levels is a bonus stage in which Casper must collect as many jewels as he can while avoiding the Trio 's lightning which is chasing him . Casper 's Scare School ( edit ) Main article : Casper 's Scare School ( video game ) Developed by Data Design Interactive ( DS version by Nikitova ) , published by Blast ! Entertainment , released in 2008 and based on the TV series of the same name with separate versions for PlayStation 2 and Nintendo DS . Casper 's Scare School : Spooky sports day ( edit ) A sequel to Casper 's Scare School developed by The Code Monkeys , published by Blast ! Entertainment and released for Nintendo DS and Wii in 2009 . It is the annual Sports Day at Scare School and Casper and his friends have been training hard determined not to let Thatch the vampire steal all the glory for himself . The player gets to control Casper , Ra or Mantha , with more playable characters unlocked as they progress through the game . The player must win seven events : Creepy Uppies , Dragon Egg & Spoon Race , People Chase , Goal Creeper , Scare Boarding , Frog Lab and Gymnasties . After winning the Scare School sports day the player gets to play in the `` fleshy '' versions of each event in Deedstown . See also ( edit ) Comics portal Fictional characters portal Ghost stories Homer the Happy Ghost Timmy the Timid Ghost List of ghosts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cartoonist Joseph D. Oriolo , Creator Of Casper The Ghost '' . Chicago Tribune . 1985 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Man Who Produced First ' Casper ' Ghost Film Dies '' . Articles.latimes.com. 1985 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Nash , Eric P. ( December 17 , 2001 ) . `` Seymour V. Reit , 83 , a Creator of Casper the Friendly Ghost '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Seymour Reit '' . The Guardian . London . December 24 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2014/05/08/storyboards-reveal-what-marvin-acme-s-funeral-in-quot-who-framed-roger-rabbit-quot-would-have-looked-like.aspx Jump up ^ `` Harvey Entertainment And Classic Media Amend Sale Agreement '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Where Have Our Friends Gone ? '' , The Friendly Ghost , Casper # 212 ( September 1980 ) Harvey , 1958 Series Jump up ^ The Friendly Ghost , Casper # 212 ( September 1980 ) , Harvey , 1958 series Jump up ^ The Friendly Ghost , Casper # 112 ( December 1967 ) , Harvey , 1958 series Jump up ^ `` Crossover Review : Richie Rich and Casper , '' Overthought , January 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Wow ! What a Whammy ! '' , The Friendly Ghost , Casper # 112 ( December 1967 ) , Harvey , 1958 Series External links ( edit ) `` Casper the Friendly Ghost '' ( DreamWorks Animation Classics ) `` Casper the Friendly Ghost '' . Harvey Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Don Markstein 's Toonopedia Casper 's Scare School on iTunes Casper the Friendly Ghost on Fandom powered by Wikia <Th_colspan="2"> Casper the Friendly Ghost Supporting Characters The Ghostly Trio Wendy the Good Little Witch Spooky the Tuff Little Ghost Hot Stuff the Little Devil Kibosh Casper 's Scare School characters Shorts The Friendly Ghost There 's Good Boos To - Night A Haunting We Will Go Boo Moon Comics Casper and the Spectrals ( 2009 - 2010 ) Television series Matty 's Funday Funnies ( 1959 ) The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 ) Casper and the Angels ( 1979 ) The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper ( 1996 ) Casper 's Scare School ( 2009 ) Television specials Casper 's Halloween Special ( 1979 ) Casper 's First Christmas ( 1979 ) Films Casper ( 1995 ) Casper : A Spirited Beginning ( 1997 ) Casper Meets Wendy ( 1998 ) Casper 's Haunted Christmas ( 2000 ) Casper 's Scare School ( 2006 ) Video Games Casper ( 1996 ) Casper : Friends Around the World ( 2000 ) Casper : Spirit Dimensions ( 2001 ) Casper and the Ghostly Trio ( 2007 ) Casper 's Scare School ( 2008 ) Casper 's Scare School : Spooky Sports Day ( 2009 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Harvey Comics <Th_colspan="2"> Famous Studios Theatrical short film series Popeye the Sailor ( 1942 -- 1957 , list of shorts ) Superman ( 1942 -- 1943 ) Noveltoons ( 1943 -- 1967 ) Little Lulu ( 1943 -- 1948 ) Screen Songs ( 1947 -- 1951 ) Little Audrey ( 1948 -- 1958 ) Baby Huey ( 1950 -- 1959 ) Casper the Friendly Ghost ( 1950 -- 1959 ) Buzzy and Katnip ( 1950 -- 1954 ) Kartunes ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Herman and Katnip ( 1952 -- 1959 ) Tommy Tortoise and Moe Hare ( 1953 -- 1957 ) Modern Madcaps ( 1958 -- 1967 ) Jeepers and Creepers ( 1960 ) The Cat ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Swifty and Shorty ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Honey Halfwitch ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Merry Makers ( 1967 ) GoGo Toons ( 1967 ) Fractured Fables ( 1967 ) TV series The Harveytoons Show ( 1949 - 2001 ) Felix the Cat ( 1958 - 1962 ) Popeye the Sailor ( 1960 -- 1962 ) King Features Trilogy ( 1962 -- 1965 ) The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 -- 1964 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Bray Productions Fleischer Studios Paramount Pictures Harvey Films <Th_colspan="2"> Ghosts and ghostlore <Td_colspan="2"> List of ghosts Manifestations Haunted locations Haunted highways Haunted house Haunted trains Haunted ships Hungry ghost Phantom vehicle Poltergeist Residual haunting Vengeful ghost By continent and culture African South Africa Asian South Asian Bengali Burmese Chinese locations Ghost Festival Filipino locations India Japanese Onryō Korean Malay Thai locations Tibetan Vietnamese Europe France Slavic religion Romania United Kingdom Scotland North America Canada Caribbean Navajo Ghost sickness Ghost Dance Mexican locations Day of the Dead United States District of Columbia South America Colombia Oceania Maori Polynesian History Mesopotamian Ancient Egyptian culture Classical Antiquity Ghosts in English - speaking cultures Ghosts in Spanish - speaking cultures Parapsychology Apparitional experience Electronic voice phenomenon kaidan Ghost hunting Séance Mediumship Spirit photography Popular culture Films about ghosts India Stories about ghosts Halloween Samhain Paranormal television Court cases Booty v Barnaby Related Fear of ghosts Spectrophilia Spiritualism Spiritism The Ghost Club <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost&oldid=846612677 '' Categories : Animated characters Child characters in comics Famous Studios series and characters Fictional characters introduced in 1939 Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional ghosts DreamWorks Classics Fantasy film characters Harvey Comics series and characters Harvey Comics titles Television series by U.M. & M. TV Corporation American comics adapted into films Comics characters in television Humor comics Comics adapted into television series American comics characters Television series by Universal Television Ghost characters in video games Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2013 Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 20 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Casper the Friendly Ghost
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297,138,919,146,804,350 | when does the sun reach its highest point today | Sun path - wikipedia Sun path This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sun 's seasonal declination differences , viewed from some northern mid-latitude Sun path polar chart for any location at the latitude of Rotterdam Sun path , sometimes also called day arc , refers to the daily and seasonal arc - like path that the Sun appears to follow across the sky as the Earth rotates and orbits the Sun . The Sun 's path affects the length of daytime experienced and amount of daylight received along a certain latitude during a given season . The relative position of the Sun is a major factor in the heat gain of buildings and in the performance of solar energy systems . Accurate location - specific knowledge of sun path and climatic conditions is essential for economic decisions about solar collector area , orientation , landscaping , summer shading , and the cost - effective use of solar trackers . Contents 1 Effect of the Earth 's axial tilt 1.1 Shadow of Vertical Stick at Solar Noon 1.2 Duration of daylight 2 Building design simulation 3 Visualization 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Effect of the Earth 's axial tilt ( edit ) This section is too long . Consider splitting it into new pages , adding subheadings , or condensing it . ( June 2017 ) Sun paths at any latitude and any time of the year can be determined from basic geometry . The Earth 's axis of rotation tilts about 23.5 degrees , relative to the plane of Earth 's orbit around the Sun . As the Earth orbits the Sun , this creates the 47 ° declination difference between the solstice sun paths , as well as the hemisphere - specific difference between summer and winter . In the Northern Hemisphere , the winter sun ( December , January , February ) rises in the southeast , transits the celestial meridian at a low angle in the south ( more than 43 ° above the southern horizon in the tropics ) , and then sets in the southwest . It is on the south ( equator ) side of the house all day long . A vertical window facing south ( equator side ) is effective for capturing solar thermal energy . For comparison , the winter sun in the Southern Hemisphere ( June , July , August ) rises in the northeast , peaks out at a low angle in the north ( more than halfway up from the horizon in the tropics ) , and then sets in the northwest . There , the north - facing window would let in plenty of solar thermal energy to the house . In the Northern Hemisphere in summer ( June , July , August ) , the Sun rises in the northeast , peaks out slightly south of overhead point ( lower in the south at higher latitude ) , and then sets in the northwest , whereas in the Southern Hemisphere in summer ( December , January , February ) , the Sun rises in the southeast , peaks out slightly north of overhead point ( lower in the north at higher latitude ) , and then sets in the southwest . A simple latitude - dependent equator - side overhang can easily be designed to block 100 % of the direct solar gain from entering vertical equator - facing windows on the hottest days of the year . Roll - down exterior shade screens , interior translucent - or - opaque window quilts , drapes , shutters , movable trellises , etc. can be used for hourly , daily or seasonal sun and heat transfer control ( without any active electrical air conditioning ) . Everywhere around the world during the equinoxes ( March 20 / 21 and September 22 / 23 ) except for the poles , the sun rises due east and sets due west . In the Northern Hemisphere , the equinox sun peaks in the southern half ( about halfway up from the horizon at mid latitude ) of the sky , while in the Southern Hemisphere , that sun peaks in the northern half of the sky . When facing the equator , the sun appears to move from left to right in the Northern Hemisphere and from right to left in the Southern Hemisphere . The latitude ( and hemisphere ) - specific solar path differences are critical to effective passive solar building design . They are essential data for optimal window and overhang seasonal design . Solar designers must know the precise solar path angles for each location they design for , and how they compare to place - based seasonal heating and cooling requirements . In the U.S. , the precise location - specific altitude - and - azimuth seasonal solar path numbers are available from NOAA -- the `` equator side '' of a building is south in the Northern Hemisphere , and north in the Southern Hemisphere , where the peak summer solstice solar altitude occurs on December 21 . Shadow of vertical stick at solar noon ( edit ) On the equator , the sun will be straight overhead and a vertical stick will cast no shadow at solar noon on the equinoxes . On the vernal equinox , north of the subsolar point ( on the equator ) the vertical stick 's shadow will point a little westwards of true north ( NNW ) reading 336.5 ° from true north and little eastwards of true south ( SSE ) reading 156.5 ° from true north . On the autumnal equinox , north of the subsolar point ( on the equator ) , the shadow will point a little eastwards of true north ( NNE ) reading 23.5 ° from true north ( and south of the subsolar , the shadow will point a little westward of true south ( SSW ) reading 203.5 ° from true north ) . The same stick will cast no shadow on the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere when the subsolar point is on the Tropic of Cancer 23.44 ° north of equator . Although north of 23.44 ° N the shadow will point towards true north and south of 23.44 ° N the shadow will point towards true south . The reverse occurs on the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere when the subsolar point will be on the Tropic of Capricorn 23.44 ° S and a vertical stick will cast no shadow along that point . But north of the Tropic of Capricorn solar noon shadows will point towards true north and south of the Tropic of Capricorn shadows will point towards true south . The solar noon shadows of objects on points beyond and below subsolar points will point towards true north and true south respectively only when the solar declination has its maximum positive ( δ ☉ = + 23.44 ° ) or maximum negative ( δ ☉ = − 23.44 ° ) value . On the other hand , on the equinoxes when the sun is neither declined north nor south ( δ ☉ = 0 ° ) and solar time noon shadows point NNW north of the equator and SSE south of the equator on the vernal equinox ( and point NNE north of the equator and SSW south of the equator on the autumnal equinox ) . Duration of daylight ( edit ) Within the polar circles ( north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle ) , each year will experience at least one day when the Sun remains below the horizon for 24 hours ( on the winter solstice ) , and at least one day when the Sun remains above the horizon for 24 hours ( on the summer solstice ) . In the middle latitudes ( between the tropics and the polar circles , where most humans live ) , the length of daytime , as well as solar altitude and azimuth , vary from one day to the next , and from season to season . The difference between the lengths of a long summer day and of a short winter day increases as one moves farther away from the Equator . This solargraph exposed over the course of a year shows the Sun 's paths of diurnal motion , as viewed from Budapest in 2014 . ( Credit : Elekes Andor ) Building design simulation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Before the days of modern , inexpensive , 3D computer graphics , a heliodon ( precisely - movable light source ) was used to show the angle of the sun on a physical model of a proposed building . Today , mathematical computer models calculate location - specific solar gain ( shading ) and seasonal thermal performance , with the ability to rotate and animate a 3D color graphic model of a proposed building design . Heating and cooling issues in passive solar building design can be counterintuitive . Precise performance calculations and simulations are essential to avoid reinventing the wheel and duplicating expensive experimental design errors , such as skylights that turn a building into a solar furnace in summer ( see Daylighting # Sawtooth roof ) . Visualization ( edit ) The pictures below show the following perspectives from Earth , marking the hourly positions of the Sun on both solstice days . When connected , the suns form two day arcs , the paths along which the Sun appears to follow on the celestial sphere in its diurnal motion . The longer arc is always the midsummer path while the shorter arc the midwinter path . The two arcs are 46.88 ° ( 2 × 23.44 ° ) apart , indicating the declination difference between the solstice suns . In addition , some `` ghost '' suns are visible below the horizon , as much as 18 ° down , during which twilight occurs . The pictures can be used for both the northern and the southern hemispheres of Earth . A theoretical observer is supposed to stand near the tree on a small island in the middle of the sea . The green arrows represent the cardinal directions . In the Northern Hemisphere , north is to the left . The Sun rises in the east ( far arrow ) , culminates in the south ( to the right ) while moving to the right , and sets in the west ( near arrow ) . Both rise and set positions are displaced towards the north in midsummer and the south in midwinter . In the Southern Hemisphere , south is to the left . The Sun rises in the east ( near arrow ) , culminates in the north ( to the right ) while moving to the left , and sets in the west ( far arrow ) . Both rise and set positions are displaced towards the south in midsummer and the north in midwinter . The following selected cases are depicted . On the abstract line of the Equator ( 90 ° latitude ) , the Sun 's maximum altitude is great during the entire year , but it does not form a perfect right angle with the ground at noon everyday . In fact it happens two days of the year , during the equinoxes . The solstices are the dates that the Sun stays farthest away from the zenith but anyway also in those cases it 's high in the sky , reaching an altitude of 66.56 ° either to the north or the south . All days of the year , solstices included , have the same length of 12 hours . Solstice day arcs as viewed from 20 ° latitude . The Sun culminates at 46.56 ° altitude in winter and 93.44 ° altitude in summer . In this case an angle larger than 90 ° means that the culmination takes place at an altitude of 86.56 ° in the opposite cardinal direction . For example , in the southern hemisphere , the Sun remains in the north during winter , but can reach over the zenith to the south in midsummer . Summer days are longer than winter days , but approximately the difference is no more than only two and a half hours . The daily path of the Sun is steep at the horizon the whole year round , resulting in a twilight of only about one hour and 20 minutes in the morning and in the evening . Solstice day arcs as viewed from 50 ° latitude . During the winter solstice Sun does not rise more than 16.56 ° above the horizon at midday , but 63.44 ° in summer solstice above the same horizon direction . The difference in the length of the day between summer and winter , from here to the north , begin to be striking -- slightly more than 8 hours at winter solstice , to more than 16 hours during the summer solstice . Likewise is the difference in direction of sunrise and sunset . At this latitude at midnight ( around 1 a.m. with summer legal hour ) the summer sun is 16.56 ° below the horizon , which means that astronomical twilight continues the whole night . This phenomenon is known as the grey nights , nights when it does not get dark enough for astronomers to do their observations of the deep sky . Above 60 ° latitude , the Sun would be even closer to the horizon , only 6.56 ° away from it . Then civil twilight continues almost all night , only a little bit of nautical twilight obviously around the local midnight . And above 66.56 ° latitude , there is no sunset at all , a phenomenon referred to as the midnight sun . Solstice day arcs as viewed from 70 ° latitude . At local noon the winter Sun culminates at − 3.44 ° , and the summer Sun at 43.44 °. Said another way , during the winter the Sun does not rise above the horizon , it is the polar night . There will be still a strong twilight though . At local midnight the summer Sun culminates at 3.44 ° , said another way , it does not set , it is the polar day . Solstice day arcs as viewed from either pole ( 90 ° latitude ) . At the time of the summer or winter solstices , the Sun is 23.44 ° degrees above or below the horizon , respectively , irrespective of time of day . Whilst the Sun is up ( during summer months ) it will circle around the whole sky ( clockwise from the North Pole and counter-clockwise from the South Pole ) , appearing to stay at the same angle from the horizon , therefore the concept of day or night is meaningless . The angle of elevation will gradually change on an annual cycle , with the Sun reaching its highest point at the summer solstice , and rising or setting at the equinox , with extended periods of twilight lasting several days after the autumn equinox and before the spring equinox . Solstice day arcs as viewed from selected latitudes 0 ° latitude ( the Equator ) 20 ° latitude 50 ° latitude 70 ° latitude 90 ° latitude ( either pole ) See also ( edit ) Ecliptic Passive solar design Solar access Pyranometer Pyrheliometer Heliostat Daylighting Analemma Effect of sun angle on climate Position of the Sun Equinox Solstice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Solar Resource Information '' . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Khavrus , V. ; Shelevytsky , I. ( 2010 ) . `` Introduction to solar motion geometry on the basis of a simple model '' . Physics Education . 45 ( 6 ) : 641 . Bibcode : 2010PhyEd ... 45 ... 641K . doi : 10.1088 / 0031 - 9120 / 45 / 6 / 010 . Jump up ^ Khavrus , V. ; Shelevytsky , I. ( 2012 ) . `` Geometry and the physics of seasons '' . Physics Education . 47 ( 6 ) : 680 . doi : 10.1088 / 0031 - 9120 / 47 / 6 / 680 . Jump up ^ Librorum , Helluo ( 2012 ) . `` Notes from Noosphere : The simple geometry of sun , moon , and star paths '' . notesfromnoosphere.blogspot.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) U.S. Naval Observatory Sun or Moon Altitude / Azimuth Table The simple geometry of sun , moon , and star paths Sun path calculation and visualization on Android Sun path in augmented reality Sun path by location and date Sun positions , diagram and paths around the world by location and date Seasonal and Hourly Sun Path Design Issue Tutorial Sun path on map , charts and table , sun position for every location and date Sun position by location and date Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_path&oldid=840737753 '' Categories : Observational astronomy Solar design Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may be too long from June 2017 Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Íslenska Nederlands Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 20 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Sun path and its effect on daylight and heat gain
2. Earth's axial tilt and its impact on the Sun's path
3. Building design and simulation for optimal solar gain
4. Shadow of vertical stick at solar noon and its significance
5. Duration of daylight and its variation with latitude and season |
-5,719,148,155,245,949,000 | list of top goal scorers in uefa champions league | List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers - wikipedia List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers Jump to : navigation , search The UEFA Champions League , known until 1992 as the European Champion Clubs ' Cup or colloquially as the European Cup , is an annual association football cup competition organised by UEFA since 1955 . Originally a straight knockout competition open only to champion clubs , the tournament was expanded during the 1990s to incorporate a round - robin group phase and more teams . The expansion resulted in more games being played , increasing players ' goalscoring chances , thus the list below is weighted in favour of modern players . On April 2017 Cristiano Ronaldo became the First player to score 100 goals in this competition . Contents ( hide ) 1 All - time top scorers 2 Top scorers by seasons 2.1 By player 2.2 By country 3 See also 4 References All - time top scorers As of 13 September 2017 The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition . Bold indicates players active in the competition in the 2017 -- 18 season and their current club . Player Country Goals Apps Ratio Years Clubs Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 107 141 0.76 2003 -- Manchester United Real Madrid Lionel Messi Argentina 96 116 0.83 2005 -- Barcelona Raúl Spain 71 142 0.5 1995 -- 2011 Real Madrid Schalke 04 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands 56 73 0.77 1998 -- 2009 PSV Eindhoven Manchester United Real Madrid 5 Karim Benzema France 51 93 0.55 2006 -- Lyon Real Madrid 6 Thierry Henry France 50 112 0.45 1997 -- 2012 Monaco Arsenal Barcelona 7 Alfredo Di Stéfano Argentina 49 58 0.84 1955 -- 1964 Real Madrid 8 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine 48 100 0.48 1994 -- 2012 Dynamo Kyiv Milan Chelsea Zlatan Ibrahimović Sweden 48 119 0.4 2001 -- 2016 Ajax Juventus Internazionale Barcelona Milan Paris Saint - Germain 10 Eusébio Portugal 47 63 0.75 1961 -- 1974 Benfica 11 Filippo Inzaghi Italy 46 81 0.57 1997 -- 2012 Juventus Milan 12 Didier Drogba Ivory Coast 44 92 0.48 2003 -- 2015 Marseille Chelsea Galatasaray 13 Alessandro Del Piero Italy 42 89 0.47 1995 -- 2009 Juventus 14 Robert Lewandowski Poland 41 62 0.66 2011 -- Borussia Dortmund Bayern Munich 15 Thomas Müller Germany 39 92 0.42 2008 -- Bayern Munich 16 Ferenc Puskás Hungary 35 41 0.85 1956 -- 1966 Budapest Honvéd Real Madrid 17 Gerd Müller West Germany 34 35 0.97 1969 -- 1977 Bayern Munich 18 Francisco Gento Spain 32 88 0.36 1955 -- 1969 Real Madrid 19 Samuel Eto'o Cameroon 30 78 0.38 1999 -- 2014 Mallorca Barcelona Internazionale Chelsea Wayne Rooney England 30 85 0.35 2004 -- 2016 Manchester United Kaká Brazil 30 86 0.35 2003 -- 2014 Milan Real Madrid Fernando Morientes Spain 30 88 0.34 1997 -- 2009 Real Madrid Monaco Liverpool Valencia 23 David Trezeguet France 29 58 0.5 1997 -- 2009 Monaco Juventus Roy Makaay Netherlands 29 61 0.48 2000 -- 2007 Deportivo La Coruña Bayern Munich Patrick Kluivert Netherlands 29 71 0.41 1994 -- 2006 Ajax Barcelona Arjen Robben Netherlands 29 98 0.3 2002 -- PSV Eindhoven Chelsea Real Madrid Bayern Munich 27 Jean - Pierre Papin France 28 37 0.76 1989 -- 1994 Marseille Milan Bayern Munich Sergio Agüero Argentina 28 55 0.51 2008 -- Atlético Madrid Manchester City Ryan Giggs Wales 28 141 0.2 1993 -- 2014 Manchester United 29 Edinson Cavani Uruguay 27 45 0.6 2011 -- Napoli Paris Saint - Germain Rivaldo Brazil 27 73 0.37 1997 -- 2007 Barcelona Milan Olympiacos 31 Mario Gómez Germany 26 44 0.59 2007 -- 2013 Stuttgart Bayern Munich 32 Mário Jardel Brazil 25 46 0.54 1996 -- 2001 Porto Galatasaray Robin van Persie Netherlands 25 59 0.42 2002 -- 2014 Arsenal Manchester United Hernán Crespo Argentina 25 65 0.38 1997 -- 2007 Parma Lazio , Internazionale Chelsea Milan Giovane Élber Brazil 25 69 0.36 1997 -- 2004 Bayern Munich Lyon 37 José Altafini Brazil 24 28 0.86 1959 -- 1976 Milan Juventus Marco Simone Italy 24 46 0.52 1989 -- 2001 Milan Paris Saint - Germain Monaco Luís Figo Portugal 24 103 0.23 1997 -- 2009 Barcelona Real Madrid Internazionale Paul Scholes England 24 124 0.19 1994 -- 2013 Manchester United 41 Jari Litmanen Finland 23 57 0.4 1993 -- 2003 Ajax Liverpool Frank Lampard England 23 105 0.22 2001 -- 2015 Chelsea Manchester City 43 Santillana Spain 22 46 0.46 1971 -- 1988 Real Madrid Neymar Brazil 22 40 0.55 2013 -- Barcelona Paris Saint - Germain 45 José Torres Portugal 21 33 0.64 1959 -- 1971 Benfica Amancio Spain 21 52 0.4 1962 -- 1976 Real Madrid Steven Gerrard England 21 73 0.29 2001 -- 2015 Liverpool Claudio Pizarro Peru 21 73 0.29 2001 -- 2014 Bayern Munich Werder Bremen 49 Romário Brazil 20 32 0.63 1988 -- 1995 Barcelona PSV Eindhoven Paul van Himst Belgium 20 39 0.51 1988 -- 1995 Anderlecht Luiz Adriano Brazil 20 41 0.49 2008 -- 2015 Shakhtar Donetsk Serhiy Rebrov Ukraine 20 43 0.47 1993 -- 2007 Dynamo Kyiv Nicolas Anelka France 20 68 0.29 1998 -- 2013 Arsenal Real Madrid Paris Saint - Germain Chelsea Fernando Torres Spain 20 72 0.28 2007 -- Liverpool Chelsea Atlético Madrid Notes Jump up ^ Ronaldo additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Van Nistelrooy additionally scored four goals in eight qualification matches . Jump up ^ Henry additionally scored one goal in three qualification matches . Jump up ^ Shevchenko additionally scored 11 goals in 16 qualification matches . Jump up ^ Ibrahimović additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Inzaghi additionally scored four goals in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Del Piero additionally scored two goals in three qualification matches . Jump up ^ Eto'o additionally scored three goals in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Rooney additionally scored four goals in three qualification matches . Jump up ^ Morientes additionally scored six goals in 11 qualification matches . Jump up ^ Trezeguet additionally scored three goals in three qualification matches . Jump up ^ Kluivert additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Robben additionally scored one goal in one qualification match . Jump up ^ Agüero additionally scored six goals in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Giggs additionally scored two goals in 10 qualification matches . Jump up ^ Rivaldo additionally scored four goals in five qualification matches . Jump up ^ Gómez additionally scored one goal in two qualification matches . Jump up ^ Jardel additionally scored three goals in two qualification matches . Jump up ^ Van Persie additionally scored two goals in nine qualification matches . Jump up ^ Crespo additionally scored three goals in five qualification matches . Jump up ^ Élber additionally scored two goals in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Simone additionally scored one goal in two qualification matches . Jump up ^ Scholes additionally scored one goal in six qualification matches . Jump up ^ Gerrard additionally scored nine goals in 14 qualification matches . Jump up ^ Pizarro additionally scored three goals in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Adriano additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches . Jump up ^ Rebrov additionally scored 11 goals in 25 qualification matches . Top scorers by seasons The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition . Season Player Country Club Goals 1955 -- 56 Miloš Milutinović Yugoslavia Partizan 8 1956 -- 57 Dennis Viollet England Manchester United 9 1957 -- 58 Alfredo Di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 10 1958 -- 59 Just Fontaine France Stade Reims 10 1959 -- 60 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 12 1960 -- 61 José Águas Portugal Benfica 11 1961 -- 62 Heinz Strehl West Germany Nuremberg 8 1962 -- 63 José Altafini Italy Milan 14 1963 -- 64 Vladica Kovačević Yugoslavia Partizan 7 Sandro Mazzola Italy Internazionale Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 1964 -- 65 Eusébio Portugal Benfica 9 José Torres Portugal Benfica 1965 -- 66 Flórián Albert Hungary Ferencváros 7 Eusébio Portugal Benfica 1966 -- 67 Jürgen Piepenburg East Germany Vorwärts Berlin 6 Paul Van Himst Belgium Anderlecht 1967 -- 68 Eusébio Portugal Benfica 6 1968 -- 69 Denis Law Scotland Manchester United 9 1969 -- 70 Mick Jones England Leeds United 8 1970 -- 71 Antonis Antoniadis Greece Panathinaikos 10 1971 -- 72 Johan Cruyff Netherlands Ajax 5 Antal Dunai Hungary Újpesti Dózsa Lou Macari Scotland Celtic Silvester Takač Yugoslavia Standard Liège 1972 -- 73 Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 11 1973 -- 74 Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 8 1974 -- 75 Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 5 Eduard Markarov Soviet Union Ararat Yerevan 1975 -- 76 Jupp Heynckes West Germany Borussia Mönchengladbach 6 1976 -- 77 Gerd Müller West Germany Bayern Munich 5 Franco Cucinotta Italy Zürich 1977 -- 78 Allan Simonsen Denmark Borussia Mönchengladbach 5 1978 -- 79 Claudio Sulser Switzerland Grasshopper 11 1979 -- 80 Søren Lerby Denmark Ajax 10 1980 -- 81 Terry McDermott England Liverpool 6 Graeme Souness Scotland Liverpool Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany Bayern Munich 1981 -- 82 Dieter Hoeneß West Germany Bayern Munich 7 1982 -- 83 Paolo Rossi Italy Juventus 6 1983 -- 84 Viktor Sokol Soviet Union Dinamo Minsk 6 1984 -- 85 Torbjörn Nilsson Sweden IFK Göteborg 7 Michel Platini France Juventus 1985 -- 86 Torbjörn Nilsson Sweden IFK Göteborg 6 1986 -- 87 Borislav Cvetković Yugoslavia Red Star Belgrade 7 1987 -- 88 Gheorghe Hagi Romania Steaua Bucureşti Jean - Marc Ferreri France Bordeaux Rabah Madjer Algeria Porto Ally McCoist Scotland Rangers Míchel Spain Real Madrid Rui Águas Portugal Benfica 1988 -- 89 Marco van Basten Netherlands Milan 10 1989 -- 90 Romário Brazil PSV Eindhoven 6 Jean - Pierre Papin France Marseille 1990 -- 91 Peter Pacult Austria Tirol Innsbruck 6 Jean - Pierre Papin France Marseille 1991 -- 92 Sergei Yuran Ukraine Benfica 7 Jean - Pierre Papin France Marseille 1992 -- 93 Franck Sauzée France Marseille 5 1993 -- 94 Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria Barcelona 5 1994 -- 95 George Weah Liberia Paris Saint - Germain 7 1995 -- 96 Jari Litmanen Finland Ajax 9 1996 -- 97 Milinko Pantić Yugoslavia Atlético Madrid 5 1997 -- 98 Alessandro Del Piero Italy Juventus 10 1998 -- 99 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine Dynamo Kyiv 8 Dwight Yorke Trinidad and Tobago Manchester United 1999 -- 00 Mário Jardel Brazil Porto 10 Rivaldo Brazil Barcelona Raúl Spain Real Madrid 2000 -- 01 Raúl Spain Real Madrid 7 2001 -- 02 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United 10 2002 -- 03 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United 12 2003 -- 04 Fernando Morientes Spain Monaco 9 2004 -- 05 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Manchester United 8 2005 -- 06 Andriy Shevchenko Ukraine Milan 9 2006 -- 07 Kaká Brazil Milan 10 2007 -- 08 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Manchester United 8 2008 -- 09 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 9 2009 -- 10 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 8 2010 -- 11 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 12 2011 -- 12 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 14 2012 -- 13 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid 12 2013 -- 14 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid 17 2014 -- 15 Neymar Brazil Barcelona 10 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 2015 -- 16 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid 16 2016 -- 17 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Real Madrid 12 By player Player Titles Seasons Cristiano Ronaldo 6 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 Lionel Messi 5 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 Gerd Müller 1972 -- 73 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1976 -- 77 Eusébio 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1967 -- 68 Jean - Pierre Papin 1989 -- 90 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 Ruud van Nistelrooy 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 Ferenc Puskás 1959 -- 60 , 1963 -- 64 Torbjörn Nilsson 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 Raúl 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 Andriy Shevchenko 1998 -- 99 , 2005 -- 06 By country Country Titles Seasons Portugal 12 1960 -- 61 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1967 -- 68 , 1987 -- 88 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 West Germany 8 1961 -- 62 , 1972 -- 73 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 France 7 1958 -- 59 , 1984 -- 85 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 Argentina 6 1957 -- 58 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 Yugoslavia 5 1955 -- 56 , 1963 -- 64 , 1971 -- 72 , 1986 -- 87 , 1996 -- 97 Italy 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1997 -- 98 Netherlands 1971 -- 72 , 1988 -- 89 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 Brazil 1989 -- 90 , 1999 -- 2000 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 07 , 2014 -- 15 Hungary 1959 -- 60 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1971 -- 72 Scotland 1968 -- 69 , 1971 -- 72 , 1980 -- 81 , 1987 -- 88 Spain 1987 -- 88 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 England 1956 -- 57 , 1969 -- 70 , 1980 -- 81 Ukraine 1991 -- 92 , 1998 -- 99 , 2005 -- 06 Soviet Union 1974 -- 75 , 1983 -- 84 Denmark 1977 -- 78 , 1979 -- 80 Sweden 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 Notes Jump up ^ Two Portuguese players were joint top scorers . See also List of UEFA Cup and Europa League top scorers List of UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup top scorers References Jump up ^ Source ( unless otherwise indicated ) : UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2016 -- 17 . For players active prior to the introduction of the Champions League in 1992 , see `` All - time records 1955 -- 2016 '' ( pdf ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . pp. 5 -- 8 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . For all other players , see : `` Facts and figures '' ( pdf ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . pp. 4 -- 7 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo goal for goal '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Ronaldo : Debrecen 3 - 0 ( h ) 09 / 08 / 05 , UEFA Champions League third qualifying round ^ Jump up to : `` Goals per game : Europe 's most efficient scorers '' . UEFA. 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Edinson Cavani : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Potter , Steffen ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Grateful Gómez gunning for Italy '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jardel : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Simone : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santillana : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` José Torres : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romário : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paul van Himst : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luiz Adriano : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sergiy Rebrov : Club matches '' . World Football . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ For players active prior to the introduction of the Champions League in 1992 , see : Di Maggio , Roberto ; Mamrud , Roberto ; Rota , Davide ; Owsianski , Jarek ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` Champions Cup / Champions League Topscorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . For all other players , see : `` UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2016 -- 17 : Facts and figures '' ( pdf ) . UEFA . p. 10 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Milutinović 1956 -- 57 : Viollet 1957 -- 58 : Di Stéfano 1958 -- 59 : Fontaine 1959 -- 60 : Puskás 1960 -- 61 : J. Águas 1961 -- 62 : Di Stéfano , Løfqvist , Puskás , Strehl & Tejada 1962 -- 63 : Altafini 1963 -- 64 : Kovačević , Mazzola & Puskás 1964 -- 65 : Eusébio & Torres 1965 -- 66 : Albert & Eusébio 1966 -- 67 : Piepenburg & Van Himst 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Law 1969 -- 70 : Jones 1970 -- 71 : Antoniadis 1971 -- 72 : Dunai , Macari & Takač 1972 -- 73 : Müller 1973 -- 74 : Müller 1974 -- 75 : Müller & Markarov 1975 -- 76 : Heynckes 1976 -- 77 : Cucinotta & Müller 1977 -- 78 : Simonsen 1978 -- 79 : Sulser 1979 -- 80 : Lerby 1980 -- 81 : McDermott , Rummenigge & Souness 1981 -- 82 : Hoeneß 1982 -- 83 : Rossi 1983 -- 84 : Sokol 1984 -- 85 : Nilsson & Platini 1985 -- 86 : Nilsson 1986 -- 87 : Cvetković 1987 -- 88 : R. Águas , Ferreri , Hagi , Madjer , McCoist , Míchel & Novák 1988 -- 89 : Van Basten 1989 -- 90 : Papin & Romário 1990 -- 91 : Pacult & Papin 1991 -- 92 : Papin & Yuran UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Romário 1993 -- 94 : Koeman & Rufer 1994 -- 95 : Weah 1995 -- 96 : Litmanen 1996 -- 97 : Pantić 1997 -- 98 : Del Piero 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko & Yorke 1999 -- 2000 : Jardel , Raúl & Rivaldo 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Van Nistelrooy 2005 -- 06 : Shevchenko 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Neymar , C. Ronaldo & Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo <Th_colspan="2"> European Cup and UEFA Champions League <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 2017 2018 2019 <Td_colspan="2"> History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - tricks Performance comparison Anthem Broadcasters Trophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_top_scorers&oldid=800739245 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Lists of association football league top scorers in Europe Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Հայերեն Italiano Română Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 04 . 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-7,642,648,040,186,960,000 | what is the magic flight in the hero's journey | Hero 's Journey - wikipedia Hero 's Journey `` The Hero 's Journey '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Hero 's Journey ( disambiguation ) . In narratology and comparative mythology , the monomyth , or the hero 's journey , is the common template of a broad category of tales that involve a hero who goes on an adventure , and in a decisive crisis wins a victory , and then comes home changed or transformed . The study of hero myth narratives started in 1871 with anthropologist Edward Taylor 's observations of common patterns in plots of hero 's journeys . Later on , others introduced various theories on hero myth narratives such as Otto Rank and his Freudian psychoanalytic approach to myth , Lord Raglan 's unification of myth and rituals , and eventually hero myth pattern studies were popularized by Joseph Campbell , who was influenced by Carl Jung 's view of myth . In his 1949 work The Hero with a Thousand Faces , Campbell described the basic narrative pattern as follows : A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder : fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won : the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man . Campbell and other scholars , such as Erich Neumann , describe narratives of Gautama Buddha , Moses , and Christ in terms of the monomyth . While others , such as Otto Rank and Lord Raglan , describe hero narrative patterns in terms of Freudian psychoanalysis and ritualistic senses . Critics argue that the concept is too broad or general to be of much usefulness in comparative mythology . Others say that the hero 's journey is only a part of the monomyth ; the other part is a sort of different form , or color , of the hero 's journey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Summary 3 Campbell 's seventeen stages 3.1 Departure 3.1. 1 The Call to Adventure 3.1. 2 Refusal of the Call 3.1. 3 Meeting the Mentor 3.1. 4 Crossing the First Threshold 3.1. 5 Belly of the Whale 3.2 Initiation 3.2. 1 The Road of Trials 3.2. 2 The Meeting with the Goddess 3.2. 3 The Woman As Temptress 3.2. 4 Atonement with the Father / Abyss 3.2. 5 Apotheosis 3.2. 6 The Ultimate Boon 3.3 Return 3.3. 1 Refusal of the Return 3.3. 2 The Magic Flight 3.3. 3 Rescue from Without 3.3. 4 The Crossing of the Return Threshold 3.3. 5 Master of Two Worlds 3.3. 6 Freedom to Live 4 In popular culture 5 Criticism 6 Other scholars on hero narrative patterns 7 Self - help movement and therapy 8 See also 8.1 Other mythology 8.2 Narratology and writing instructions 8.3 Genres 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Books based upon interviews with Campbell 10.2 DVD / discography 11 External links Terminology ( edit ) Campbell borrowed the word monomyth from Joyce 's Finnegans Wake ( 1939 ) . Campbell was a notable scholar of James Joyce 's work and in A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake ( 1944 ) co-authored the seminal analysis of Joyce 's final novel . Campbell 's singular the monomyth implies that the `` hero 's journey '' is the ultimate narrative archetype , but the term monomyth has occasionally been used more generally , as a term for a mythological archetype or a supposed mytheme that re-occurs throughout the world 's cultures . Omry Ronen referred to Vyacheslav Ivanov 's treatment of Dionysus as an `` avatar of Christ '' ( 1904 ) as `` Ivanov 's monomyth '' . The phrase `` the hero 's journey '' , used in reference to Campbell 's monomyth , first entered into popular discourse through two documentaries . The first , released in 1987 , The Hero 's Journey : The World of Joseph Campbell , was accompanied by a 1990 companion book , The Hero 's Journey : Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work ( with Phil Cousineau and Stuart Brown , eds . ) . The second was Bill Moyers 's series of seminal interviews with Campbell , released in 1988 as the documentary ( and companion book ) The Power of Myth . Cousineau in the introduction to the revised edition of The Hero 's Journey wrote `` the monomyth is in effect a metamyth , a philosophical reading of the unity of mankind 's spiritual history , the Story behind the story '' . Summary ( edit ) Campbell describes 17 stages of the monomyth . Not all monomyths necessarily contain all 17 stages explicitly ; some myths may focus on only one of the stages , while others may deal with the stages in a somewhat different order . In the terminology of Claude Lévi - Strauss , the stages are the individual mythemes which are `` bundled '' or assembled into the structure of the monomyth . The 17 stages may be organized in a number of ways , including division into three `` acts '' or sections : Departure ( also Separation ) , Initiation ( sometimes subdivided into IIA . Descent and IIB . Initiation ) and Return . In the departure part of the narrative , the hero or protagonist lives in the ordinary world and receives a call to go on an adventure . The hero is reluctant to follow the call , but is helped by a mentor figure . The initiation section begins with the hero then traversing the threshold to the unknown or `` special world '' , where he faces tasks or trials , either alone or with the assistance of helpers . The hero eventually reaches `` the innermost cave '' or the central crisis of his adventure , where he must undergo `` the ordeal '' where he overcomes the main obstacle or enemy , undergoing `` apotheosis '' and gaining his reward ( a treasure or `` elixir '' ) . The hero must then return to the ordinary world with his reward . He may be pursued by the guardians of the special world , or he may be reluctant to return , and may be rescued or forced to return by intervention from the outside . In the return section , the hero again traverses the threshold between the worlds , returning to the ordinary world with the treasure or elixir he gained , which he may now use for the benefit of his fellow man . The hero himself is transformed by the adventure and gains wisdom or spiritual power over both worlds . Campbell 's approach has been very widely received in narratology , mythography and psychotherapy , especially since the 1980s , and a number of variant summaries of the basic structure have been published . The general structure of Campbell 's exposition has been noted before and described in similar terms in comparative mythology of the 19th and early 20th century , notably by Russian folklorist Vladimir Propp who divided the structure of Russian folk tales into 31 `` functions '' . Act Campbell ( 1949 ) David Adams Leeming ( 1981 ) Phil Cousineau ( 1990 ) Christopher Vogler ( 2007 ) I. Departure The call to adventure Refusal of the call Supernatural aid Crossing the threshold Belly of the whale Miraculous conception and birth Initiation of the hero - child Withdrawal from family or community for meditation and preparation The call to adventure Ordinary world Call to adventure Refusal of the call Meeting with the mentor Crossing the first threshold II . Initiation The road of trials The meeting with the goddess Woman as temptress Atonement with the father Apotheosis The ultimate boon Trial and quest Death Descent into the underworld The road of trials The vision quest The meeting with the goddess The boon Tests , allies and enemies Approach to the inmost cave The ordeal Reward III . Return Refusal of the return The magic flight Rescue from without The crossing of the return threshold Master of two worlds Freedom to live Resurrection and rebirth Ascension , apotheosis , and atonement The magic flight The return threshold The master of two worlds The road back The resurrection Return with the elixir Campbell 's seventeen stages ( edit ) Main article : The Hero with a Thousand Faces The following is a more detailed account of Campbell 's original 1949 exposition of the monomyth in 17 stages . Departure ( edit ) The call to adventure ( edit ) The hero begins in a situation of normality from which some information is received that acts as a call to head off into the unknown . Campbell : `` ... ( the call of adventure is to ) a forest , a kingdom underground , beneath the waves , or above the sky , a secret island , lofty mountaintop , or profound dream state ; but it is always a place of strangely fluid and polymorphous beings , unimaginable torments , super human deeds , and impossible delight . The hero can go forth of his own volition to accomplish the adventure , as did Theseus when he arrived in his father 's city , Athens , and heard the horrible history of the Minotaur ; or he may be carried or sent abroad by some benign or malignant agent as was Odysseus , driven about the Mediterranean by the winds of the angered god , Poseidon . The adventure may begin as a mere blunder ... or still again , one may be only casually strolling when some passing phenomenon catches the wandering eye and lures one away from the frequented paths of man . Examples might be multiplied , ad infinitum , from every corner of the world . '' Refusal of the call ( edit ) Often when the call is given , the future hero first refuses to heed it . This may be from a sense of duty or obligation , fear , insecurity , a sense of inadequacy , or any of a range of reasons that work to hold the person in his or her current circumstances . Campbell : `` Refusal of the summons converts the adventure into its negative . Walled in boredom , hard work , or ' culture , ' the subject loses the power of significant affirmative action and becomes a victim to be saved . His flowering world becomes a wasteland of dry stones and his life feels meaningless -- even though , like King Minos , he may through titanic effort succeed in building an empire or renown . Whatever house he builds , it will be a house of death : a labyrinth of cyclopean walls to hide from him his minotaur . All he can do is create new problems for himself and await the gradual approach of his disintegration . '' Meeting the mentor ( edit ) Once the hero has committed to the quest , consciously or unconsciously , his guide and magical helper appears or becomes known . More often than not , this supernatural mentor will present the hero with one or more talismans or artifacts that will aid him later in his quest . Campbell : `` For those who have not refused the call , the first encounter of the hero journey is with a protective figure ( often a little old crone or old man ) who provides the adventurer with amulets against the dragon forces he is about to pass . What such a figure represents is the benign , protecting power of destiny . The fantasy is a reassurance -- promise that the peace of Paradise , which was known first within the mother womb , is not to be lost ; that it supports the present and stands in the future as well as in the past ( is omega as well as alpha ) ; that though omnipotence may seem to be endangered by the threshold passages and life awakenings , protective power is always and ever present within or just behind the unfamiliar features of the world . One has only to know and trust , and the ageless guardians will appear . Having responded to his own call , and continuing to follow courageously as the consequences unfold , the hero finds all the forces of the unconscious at his side . Mother Nature herself supports the mighty task . And in so far as the hero 's act coincides with that for which his society is ready , he seems to ride on the great rhythm of the historical process . '' Crossing the first threshold ( edit ) This is the point where the person actually crosses into the field of adventure , leaving the known limits of his or her world and venturing into an unknown and dangerous realm where the rules and limits are unknown . Campbell : `` With the personifications of his destiny to guide and aid him , the hero goes forward in his adventure until he comes to the ' threshold guardian ' at the entrance to the zone of magnified power . Such custodians bound the world in four directions -- also up and down -- standing for the limits of the hero 's present sphere , or life horizon . Beyond them is darkness , the unknown and danger ; just as beyond the parental watch is danger to the infant and beyond the protection of his society danger to the members of the tribe . The usual person is more than content , he is even proud , to remain within the indicated bounds , and popular belief gives him every reason to fear so much as the first step into the unexplored . The adventure is always and everywhere a passage beyond the veil of the known into the unknown ; the powers that watch at the boundary are dangerous ; to deal with them is risky ; yet for anyone with competence and courage the danger fades . '' Belly of the whale ( edit ) The belly of the whale represents the final separation from the hero 's known world and self . By entering this stage , the person shows willingness to undergo a metamorphosis . When first entering the stage the hero may encounter a minor danger or set back . Campbell : `` The idea that the passage of the magical threshold is a transit into a sphere of rebirth is symbolized in the worldwide womb image of the belly of the whale . The hero , instead of conquering or conciliating the power of the threshold , is swallowed into the unknown and would appear to have died . This popular motif gives emphasis to the lesson that the passage of the threshold is a form of self - annihilation . Instead of passing outward , beyond the confines of the visible world , the hero goes inward , to be born again . The disappearance corresponds to the passing of a worshipper into a temple -- where he is to be quickened by the recollection of who and what he is , namely dust and ashes unless immortal . The temple interior , the belly of the whale , and the heavenly land beyond , above , and below the confines of the world , are one and the same . That is why the approaches and entrances to temples are flanked and defended by colossal gargoyles : dragons , lions , devil - slayers with drawn swords , resentful dwarfs , winged bulls . The devotee at the moment of entry into a temple undergoes a metamorphosis . Once inside he may be said to have died to time and returned to the World Womb , the World Navel , the Earthly Paradise . Allegorically , then , the passage into a temple and the hero - dive through the jaws of the whale are identical adventures , both denoting in picture language , the life - centering , life - renewing act . '' Initiation ( edit ) The road of trials ( edit ) The road of trials is a series of tests that the person must undergo to begin the transformation . Often the person fails one or more of these tests , which often occur in threes . Campbell : `` Once having traversed the threshold , the hero moves in a dream landscape of curiously fluid , ambiguous forms , where he must survive a succession of trials . This is a favorite phase of the myth - adventure . It has produced a world literature of miraculous tests and ordeals . The hero is covertly aided by the advice , amulets , and secret agents of the supernatural helper whom he met before his entrance into this region . Or it may be that he here discovers for the first time that there is a benign power everywhere supporting him in his superhuman passage . The original departure into the land of trials represented only the beginning of the long and really perilous path of initiatory conquests and moments of illumination . Dragons have now to be slain and surprising barriers passed -- again , again , and again . Meanwhile there will be a multitude of preliminary victories , unsustainable ecstasies and momentary glimpses of the wonderful land . '' The meeting with the Goddess ( edit ) This is where the hero gains items given to him that will help him in the future . Campbell : `` The ultimate adventure , when all the barriers and ogres have been overcome , is commonly represented as a mystical marriage of the triumphant hero - soul with the Queen Goddess of the World . This is the crisis at the nadir , the zenith , or at the uttermost edge of the earth , at the central point of the cosmos , in the tabernacle of the temple , or within the darkness of the deepest chamber of the heart . The meeting with the goddess ( who is incarnate in every woman ) is the final test of the talent of the hero to win the boon of love ( charity : amor fati ) , which is life itself enjoyed as the encasement of eternity . And when the adventurer , in this context , is not a youth but a maid , she is the one who , by her qualities , her beauty , or her yearning , is fit to become the consort of an immortal . Then the heavenly husband descends to her and conducts her to his bed -- whether she will or not . And if she has shunned him , the scales fall from her eyes ; if she has sought him , her desire finds its peace . '' The woman as temptress ( edit ) In this step , the hero faces those temptations , often of a physical or pleasurable nature , that may lead him or her to abandon or stray from his or her quest , which does not necessarily have to be represented by a woman . Woman is a metaphor for the physical or material temptations of life , since the hero - knight was often tempted by lust from his spiritual journey . Campbell : `` The crux of the curious difficulty lies in the fact that our conscious views of what life ought to be seldom correspond to what life really is . Generally we refuse to admit within ourselves , or within our friends , the fullness of that pushing , self - protective , malodorous , carnivorous , lecherous fever which is the very nature of the organic cell . Rather , we tend to perfume , whitewash , and reinterpret ; meanwhile imagining that all the flies in the ointment , all the hairs in the soup , are the faults of some unpleasant someone else . But when it suddenly dawns on us , or is forced to our attention that everything we think or do is necessarily tainted with the odor of the flesh , then , not uncommonly , there is experienced a moment of revulsion : life , the acts of life , the organs of life , woman in particular as the great symbol of life , become intolerable to the pure , the pure , pure soul . The seeker of the life beyond life must press beyond ( the woman ) , surpass the temptations of her call , and soar to the immaculate ether beyond . '' Atonement with the father / abyss ( edit ) In this step the person must confront and be initiated by whatever holds the ultimate power in his or her life . In many myths and stories this is the father , or a father figure who has life and death power . This is the center point of the journey . All the previous steps have been moving into this place , all that follow will move out from it . Although this step is most frequently symbolized by an encounter with a male entity , it does not have to be a male ; just someone or thing with incredible power . Campbell : `` Atonement consists in no more than the abandonment of that self - generated double monster -- the dragon thought to be God ( superego ) and the dragon thought to be Sin ( repressed id ) . But this requires an abandonment of the attachment to ego itself , and that is what is difficult . One must have a faith that the father is merciful , and then a reliance on that mercy . Therewith , the center of belief is transferred outside of the bedeviling god 's tight scaly ring , and the dreadful ogres dissolve . It is in this ordeal that the hero may derive hope and assurance from the helpful female figure , by whose magic ( pollen charms or power of intercession ) he is protected through all the frightening experiences of the father 's ego - shattering initiation . For if it is impossible to trust the terrifying father - face , then one 's faith must be centered elsewhere ( Spider Woman , Blessed Mother ) ; and with that reliance for support , one endures the crisis -- only to find , in the end , that the father and mother reflect each other , and are in essence the same . The problem of the hero going to meet the father is to open his soul beyond terror to such a degree that he will be ripe to understand how the sickening and insane tragedies of this vast and ruthless cosmos are completely validated in the majesty of Being . The hero transcends life with its peculiar blind spot and for a moment rises to a glimpse of the source . He beholds the face of the father , understands -- and the two are atoned . '' Apotheosis ( edit ) This is the point of realization in which a greater understanding is achieved . Armed with this new knowledge and perception , the hero is resolved and ready for the more difficult part of the adventure . Campbell : `` Those who know , not only that the Everlasting lies in them , but that what they , and all things , really are is the Everlasting , dwell in the groves of the wish fulfilling trees , drink the brew of immortality , and listen everywhere to the unheard music of eternal concord . '' The ultimate boon ( edit ) The ultimate boon is the achievement of the goal of the quest . It is what the person went on the journey to get . All the previous steps serve to prepare and purify the person for this step , since in many myths the boon is something transcendent like the elixir of life itself , or a plant that supplies immortality , or the holy grail . Campbell : `` The gods and goddesses then are to be understood as embodiments and custodians of the elixir of Imperishable Being but not themselves the Ultimate in its primary state . What the hero seeks through his intercourse with them is therefore not finally themselves , but their grace , i.e. , the power of their sustaining substance . This miraculous energy - substance and this alone is the Imperishable ; the names and forms of the deities who everywhere embody , dispense , and represent it come and go . This is the miraculous energy of the thunderbolts of Zeus , Yahweh , and the Supreme Buddha , the fertility of the rain of Viracocha , the virtue announced by the bell rung in the Mass at the consecration , and the light of the ultimate illumination of the saint and sage . Its guardians dare release it only to the duly proven . '' Return ( edit ) Refusal of the return ( edit ) Having found bliss and enlightenment in the other world , the hero may not want to return to the ordinary world to bestow the boon onto his fellow man . Campbell : `` When the hero - quest has been accomplished , through penetration to the source , or through the grace of some male or female , human or animal , personification , the adventurer still must return with his life - transmuting trophy . The full round , the norm of the monomyth , requires that the hero shall now begin the labor of bringing the runes of wisdom , the Golden Fleece , or his sleeping princess , back into the kingdom of humanity , where the boon may redound to the renewing of the community , the nation , the planet or the ten thousand worlds . But the responsibility has been frequently refused . Even Gautama Buddha , after his triumph , doubted whether the message of realization could be communicated , and saints are reported to have died while in the supernal ecstasy . Numerous indeed are the heroes fabled to have taken up residence forever in the blessed isle of the unaging Goddess of Immortal Being . '' The magic flight ( edit ) Sometimes the hero must escape with the boon , if it is something that the gods have been jealously guarding . It can be just as adventurous and dangerous returning from the journey as it was to go on it . Campbell : `` If the hero in his triumph wins the blessing of the goddess or the god and is then explicitly commissioned to return to the world with some elixir for the restoration of society , the final stage of his adventure is supported by all the powers of his supernatural patron . On the other hand , if the trophy has been attained against the opposition of its guardian , or if the hero 's wish to return to the world has been resented by the gods or demons , then the last stage of the mythological round becomes a lively , often comical , pursuit . This flight may be complicated by marvels of magical obstruction and evasion . '' Rescue from without ( edit ) Just as the hero may need guides and assistants to set out on the quest , often he or she must have powerful guides and rescuers to bring them back to everyday life , especially if the person has been wounded or weakened by the experience . Campbell : `` The hero may have to be brought back from his supernatural adventure by assistance from without . That is to say , the world may have to come and get him . For the bliss of the deep abode is not lightly abandoned in favor of the self - scattering of the wakened state . ' Who having cast off the world , ' we read , ' would desire to return again ? He would be only there . ' And yet , in so far as one is alive , life will call . Society is jealous of those who remain away from it , and will come knocking at the door . If the hero ... is unwilling , the disturber suffers an ugly shock ; but on the other hand , if the summoned one is only delayed -- sealed in by the beatitude of the state of perfect being ( which resembles death ) -- an apparent rescue is effected , and the adventurer returns . '' The crossing of the return threshold ( edit ) The trick in returning is to retain the wisdom gained on the quest , to integrate that wisdom into a human life , and then maybe figure out how to share the wisdom with the rest of the world . Campbell : `` The returning hero , to complete his adventure , must survive the impact of the world . Many failures attest to the difficulties of this life - affirmative threshold . The first problem of the returning hero is to accept as real , after an experience of the soul - satisfying vision of fulfillment , the passing joys and sorrows , banalities and noisy obscenities of life . Why re-enter such a world ? Why attempt to make plausible , or even interesting , to men and women consumed with passion , the experience of transcendental bliss ? As dreams that were momentous by night may seem simply silly in the light of day , so the poet and the prophet can discover themselves playing the idiot before a jury of sober eyes . The easy thing is to commit the whole community to the devil and retire again into the heavenly rock dwelling , close the door , and make it fast . But if some spiritual obstetrician has drawn the shimenawa across the retreat , then the work of representing eternity in time , and perceiving in time eternity , can not be avoided '' The hero returns to the world of common day and must accept it as real . Master of two worlds ( edit ) This step is usually represented by a transcendental hero like Jesus or Gautama Buddha . For a human hero , it may mean achieving a balance between the material and spiritual . The person has become comfortable and competent in both the inner and outer worlds . Campbell : `` Freedom to pass back and forth across the world division , from the perspective of the apparitions of time to that of the causal deep and back -- not contaminating the principles of the one with those of the other , yet permitting the mind to know the one by virtue of the other -- is the talent of the master . The Cosmic Dancer , declares Nietzsche , does not rest heavily in a single spot , but gaily , lightly , turns and leaps from one position to another . It is possible to speak from only one point at a time , but that does not invalidate the insights of the rest . The individual , through prolonged psychological disciplines , gives up completely all attachment to his personal limitations , idiosyncrasies , hopes and fears , no longer resists the self - annihilation that is prerequisite to rebirth in the realization of truth , and so becomes ripe , at last , for the great at - one - ment . His personal ambitions being totally dissolved , he no longer tries to live but willingly relaxes to whatever may come to pass in him ; he becomes , that is to say , an anonymity . '' Freedom to live ( edit ) Mastery leads to freedom from the fear of death , which in turn is the freedom to live . This is sometimes referred to as living in the moment , neither anticipating the future nor regretting the past . Campbell : `` The hero is the champion of things becoming , not of things become , because he is . `` Before Abraham was , I AM . '' He does not mistake apparent changelessness in time for the permanence of Being , nor is he fearful of the next moment ( or of the ' other thing ' ) , as destroying the permanent with its change . ' Nothing retains its own form ; but Nature , the greater renewer , ever makes up forms from forms . Be sure there 's nothing perishes in the whole universe ; it does but vary and renew its form . ' Thus the next moment is permitted to come to pass . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The monomyth concept has been very popular in American literary studies and writing guides since at least the 1970s . Christopher Vogler , a Hollywood film producer and writer , created a 7 - page company memo , A Practical Guide to The Hero With a Thousand Faces , based on Campbell 's work . Vogler 's memo was later developed into the late 1990s book , The Writer 's Journey : Mythic Structure For Writers . George Lucas ' Star Wars ( 1977 ) was notably classified as monomyth almost as soon as it came out . Numerous other works of popular fiction have been forwarded as examples of the monomyth template , including Spenser 's The Fairie Queene , Melville 's Moby Dick , Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre , works by Charles Dickens , Faulkner , Maugham , J.D. Salinger , Hemingway , Mark Twain , W.B. Yeats , C.S. Lewis , and J.R.R. Tolkien , Seamus Heaney and Stephen King , among numerous others . In addition to the extensive discussion between Campbell and Bill Moyers broadcast in 1988 on PBS as The Power of Myth ( Filmed at `` Skywalker Ranch '' ) , on Campbell 's influence on the Star Wars films , Lucas himself gave an extensive interview for the biography Joseph Campbell : A Fire in the Mind ( Larsen and Larsen , 2002 , pages 541 - 543 ) on this topic . In this interview , Lucas states that in the early 1970s after completing his early film , American Graffiti , `` it came to me that there really was no modern use of mythology ... so that 's when I started doing more strenuous research on fairy tales , folklore and mythology , and I started reading Joe 's books . Before that I had n't read any of Joe 's books ... It was very eerie because in reading The Hero with A Thousand Faces I began to realize that my first draft of Star Wars was following classical motifs '' ( p. 541 ) . Twelve years after the making of The Power of Myth , Moyers and Lucas met again for the 1999 interview , the Mythology of Star Wars with George Lucas & Bill Moyers , to further discuss the impact of Campbell 's work on Lucas 's films . In addition , the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution sponsored an exhibit during the late 1990s called Star Wars : The Magic of Myth which discussed the ways in which Campbell 's work shaped the Star Wars films . A companion guide of the same name was published in 1997 . The American comedy - drama Northern Exposure featured as its protagonist a physician ( Joel Fleischman , played by Rob Morrow ) who wished to escape his contractual obligation to serve as town doctor for the town of Cicely , Alaska . In episode 15 of season 6 `` The Quest '' , Dr. Fleishman finally achieves this goal by undertaking a hero 's journey based on Campbell 's archetype . Criticism ( edit ) Scholars have questioned the validity or usefulness of the monomyth category . According to Northup ( 2006 ) , mainstream scholarship of comparative mythology since Campbell has moved away from `` highly general and universal '' categories in general . This attitude is illustrated by e.g. Consentino ( 1998 ) , who remarks `` It is just as important to stress differences as similarities , to avoid creating a ( Joseph ) Campbell soup of myths that loses all local flavor . '' Similarly , Ellwood ( 1999 ) stated `` A tendency to think in generic terms of people , races ... is undoubtedly the profoundest flaw in mythological thinking . '' Others have found the categories Campbell works with so vague as to be meaningless , and lacking the support required of scholarly argument : Crespi ( 1990 ) , writing in response to Campbell 's filmed presentation of his model , characterized it as `` unsatisfying from a social science perspective . Campbell 's ethnocentrism will raise objections , and his analytic level is so abstract and devoid of ethnographic context that myth loses the very meanings supposed to be embedded in the ' hero . ' '' In a similar vein , American philosopher John Shelton Lawrence and American religious scholar Robert Jewett have discussed an `` American Monomyth '' in many of their books , The American Monomyth , The Myth of the American Superhero ( 2002 ) , and Captain America and the Crusade Against Evil : The Dilemma of Zealous Nationalism ( 2003 ) . They present this as an American reaction to the Campbellian monomyth . The `` American Monomyth '' storyline is : A community in a harmonious paradise is threatened by evil ; normal institutions fail to contend with this threat ; a selfless superhero emerges to renounce temptations and carry out the redemptive task ; aided by fate , his decisive victory restores the community to its paradisiacal condition ; the superhero then recedes into obscurity . The monomyth has also been criticized for focusing on the masculine journey . The Heroine 's Journey ( 1990 ) by Maureen Murdock and From Girl to Goddess : The Heroine 's Journey through Myth and Legend ( 2010 ) , by Valerie Estelle Frankel , both set out what they consider the steps of the female hero 's journey , which is different from Campbell 's monomyth . According to changingminds.org , `` ( Campbell 's ) much admired and much - copied pattern has also been criticized as leading to ' safe ' moviemaking , in which writers use his structure as a template , thus leading to ' boring ' repeats , albeit in different clothes . '' While Frank Herbert 's Dune ( 1965 ) on the surface appears to follow the monomyth , this was in fact to subvert it and take a critical view , as the author said in 1979 , `` The bottom line of the Dune trilogy is : beware of heroes . Much better ( to ) rely on your own judgment , and your own mistakes . '' He wrote in 1985 , `` Dune was aimed at this whole idea of the infallible leader because my view of history says that mistakes made by a leader ( or made in a leader 's name ) are amplified by the numbers who follow without question . '' Science fiction author David Brin in a 1999 Salon article criticized the monomyth template as supportive of `` despotism and tyranny '' , indicating that he thinks modern popular fiction should strive to depart from it in order to support more progressivist values . Other scholars on hero narrative patterns ( edit ) In narratology and comparative mythology , others have proposed narrative patterns such as psychoanalyst Otto Rank in 1909 and anthropologist Lord Raglan in 1936 . Both have lists of different cross-cultural traits often found in the accounts of heroes , including mythical heroes . According to Robert Segal , `` The theories of Rank , Campbell , and Raglan typify the array of analyses of hero myths . '' Self - help movement and therapy ( edit ) The Hero 's Journey as described by Campbell has served as inspiration to a variety of therapeutic / self - help contexts . Paul Rebillot , Gestalt therapist , leader in the human potential movement and major creative force in international psychotherapy and experiential education , who met Joseph Campbell at the Esalen Institute , developed a ritual therapeutic structure named after the `` Hero 's Journey '' . Rebillot 's Hero 's Journey , a modern rite of passage in the form of a week - long workshop , involves participants enacting their own personal heroine 's or hero 's journey , embodying the various archetypes detailed in Campbell 's Hero 's Journey ( inner heroic figure , inner demon , spirit guide , etc . ) . By identifying with these archetypes as parts of the self and transforming the relationship between then , rather than projecting them outwards , participants have the opportunity to internalise the locus of control for the dramaturgy of their own life - story ( see The Hero 's Journey : A Call to Adventure ( 2017 ) by Paul Rebillot and Melissa Kay ) . Rebillot 's workshop enjoys increasing popularity and success , especially in German - speaking countries . Poet Robert Bly , Michael J. Meade , and others involved in the men 's movement have also applied and expanded the concepts of the hero 's journey and the monomyth as a metaphor for personal spiritual and psychological growth , particularly in the mythopoetic men 's movement . Characteristic of the mythopoetic men 's movement is a tendency to retell fairy tales and engage in their exegesis as a tool for personal insight . Using frequent references to archetypes as drawn from Jungian analytical psychology , the movement focuses on issues of gender role , gender identity and wellness for modern men . Advocates would often engage in storytelling with music , these acts being seen as a modern extension to a form of `` new age shamanism '' popularized by Michael Harner at approximately the same time . Among its most famous advocates were the poet Robert Bly , whose book Iron John : A Book About Men was a best - seller , being an exegesis of the fairy tale `` Iron John '' by the Brothers Grimm . The mythopoetic men 's movement spawned a variety of groups and workshops , led by authors such as Bly and Robert L. Moore . Some serious academic work came out of this movement , including the creation of various magazines and non-profit organizations . See also ( edit ) Near - death experience Other mythology ( edit ) Death - rebirth deity Ego death ( Jungian psychology ) How to Kill a Dragon ( 1995 ) The Hero , A Study in Tradition , Myth and Drama ( 1936 ) The Myth of the Birth of the Hero ( 1909 ) Vladimir Propp ( Russian folklorist ) Narratology and writing instructions ( edit ) Dramatic structure Save The Cat ! The Last Book on Screenwriting You 'll Ever Need Something Startling Happens : The 120 Story Beats Every Writer Needs To Know The Seven Basic Plots Three - act structure Dan Harmon 's story circle Genres ( edit ) Bildungsroman Chivalric romance Heroic fantasy Road movie Mythology portal Literature portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Office of Resources for International and Area Studies . `` Monomyth Home '' . History Through Literature Project . University of California , Berkeley . Archived from the original on 18 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Segal , Robert ; Raglan , Lord ; Rank , Otto ( 1990 ) . `` Introduction : In Quest of the Hero '' . In Quest of the Hero . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0691020620 . Jump up ^ Green , Thomas A. ( 1997 ) . Folklore : An Encyclopedia of Beliefs , Customs , Tales , Music , and Art . ABC - CLIO . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87436 - 986 - 1 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Joseph ( 1949 ) . The Hero with a Thousand Faces . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Joseph ; Robinson , Henry Morton ( 1944 ) . A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake . Jump up ^ Joseph Campbell , The Hero with a Thousand Faces . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1949 . p. 30 , n35 . `` At the carryfour with awlus plawshus , their happyass cloudious ! And then and too the trivials ! And their bivouac ! And his monomyth ! Ah ho ! Say no more about it ! I 'm sorry ! '' James Joyce , Finnegans Wake . NY : Viking ( 1939 ) p. 581 Jump up ^ Luhan , Mabel Dodge ( 1987 ) ( 1937 ) . `` Foreword '' . Edge of Taos Desert : An Escape to Reality . Foreword by John Collier . p. viii . The myth is obviously related to what one might call the monomyth of paradise regained that has been articulated and transformed in a variety of ways since the early European explorations . Jump up ^ Ashe , Steven ( 2008 ) . Qabalah of 50 Gates . p. 21 . those aspects of legend that are symbolically equivalent within the folk lore of different cultures Jump up ^ Clayton , J. Douglas , ed. ( 1989 ) . Issues in Russian Literature Before 1917 . p. 212 . Dionysus , Ivanov 's ' monomyth , ' as Omry Ronen has put it , is the symbol of the symbol . One could also name Dionysus , the myth of the myth , the metamyth which signifies the very principle of mediation , ( ... ) Jump up ^ Campbell , Joseph ( 2003 ) ( 1990 ) . Cousineau , Phil , ed . The Hero 's Journey : Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work . The Collected Works of Joseph Campbell . Introduction by Phil Cousineau , Foreword by Stuart L. Brown . Novato , CA : New World Library . p. xxi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60868 - 189 - 1 . OCLC 52133247 . Jump up ^ Lévi - Strauss gave the term `` mytheme '' wide circulation from the 1960s , in 1955 he used `` gross constituent unit '' , in Lévi - Strauss , Claude ( 1955 ) . `` The Structural study of myth '' . Journal of American Folklore. 68 ( 270 ) : 428 -- 444 . doi : 10.2307 / 536768 . ISSN 0021 - 8715 . JSTOR 536768 . OCLC 1782260 . reprinted as `` The structural study of myth '' , Structural Anthropology , 1963 : 206 - 31 ; `` the true constituent units of a myth are not the isolated relations but bundles of such relations '' ( Lévi - Strauss 1963 : 211 ) . The term mytheme first appears in Lévi - Strauss ' 1958 French version of the work . Jump up ^ Propp , Vladimir ( 1928 ) . Морфология сказки ( The morphology of folk - tales ) ( in Russian ) . Leningrad . Jump up ^ Leeming , David Adams ( 1981 ) . Mythology : The Voyage of the Hero . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ Cousineau , Phil , ed. ( 1990 ) . The hero 's journey : Joseph Campbell on his life and work . Forward by Stuart L. Brown . New York : Harper and Row . Jump up ^ Vogel , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Writer 's Journey : Mythic Structure For Writers . ^ Jump up to : Jewett , Robert and John Shelton Lawrence ( 1977 ) The American Monomyth . New York : Doubleday . Jump up ^ The Writer 's Journey accessed 2011 - 03 - 26 Jump up ^ Andrew Gordon , ' Star Wars : A Myth for Our Time ' , Literature / Film Quarterly 6.4 ( Fall 1978 ) : 314 -- 26 . Matthew Kapell , John Shelton Lawrence , Finding the Force of the Star Wars Franchise : Fans , Merchandise , & Critics , Peter Lang ( 2006 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Edmund Spenser 's Faerie Queene and the Monomyth of Joseph Campbell : Essays in Interpretation , E. Mellen Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ Khalid Mohamed Abdullah , Ishmael 's Sea Journey and the Monomyth Archetypal Theory in Melville 's `` Moby - Dick '' , California State University , Dominguez Hills , 2008 . Jump up ^ Justin Edward Erickson , A Heroine 's Journey : The Feminine Monomyth in Jane Eyre ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Leslie Ross , Manifestations of the Monomyth in Fiction : Dickens , Faulkner , Maugham , and Salinger , University of South Dakota , 1992 . Jump up ^ John James Bajger , The Hemingway Hero and the Monomyth : An Examination of the Hero Quest Myth in the Nick Adams Stories , Florida Atlantic University , 2003 . Jump up ^ Brian Claude McKinney , The Monomyth and Mark Twain 's Novels , San Francisco State College , 1967 . Jump up ^ illiam Edward McMillan , The Monomyth in W.B. Yeats ' Cuchulain Play Cycle , University of Illinois at Chicago Circle , 1979 . Jump up ^ Stephanie L. Phillips , Ransom 's Journey as a Monomyth Hero in C.S. Lewis ' Out of the Silent Planet , Perelandra , and That Hideous Strength , Hardin - Simmons University , 2006 . Jump up ^ Paul McCord , The Monomyth Hero in Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings , 1977 . Jump up ^ Henry Hart , Seamus Heaney , Poet of Contrary Progressions , Syracuse University Press ( 1993 ) , p. 165 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Stephen King 's `` The Dark Tower '' : a modern myth University essay from Luleå tekniska universitet / Språk och kultur Author : Henrik Fåhraeus ; ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Films.com Jump up ^ `` Star Wars @ NASM , Unit 1 , Introduction '' . National Air and Space Museum . Smithsonian Institution . 22 November 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Exposure : The Quest '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Northup 2006 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` African Oral Narrative Traditions '' in Foley , John Miles , ed. , `` Teaching Oral Traditions . '' NY : Modern Language Association , 1998 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Ellwood , Robert , `` The Politics of Myth : A Study of C.G. Jung , Mircea Eliade , and Joseph Campbell '' , SUNY Press , September 1999 . Cf . p.x Jump up ^ American Anthropologist , 92 : 4 ( December 1990 ) , p. 1104 Jump up ^ Valerie Estelle Frankel ( 19 October 2010 ) . From Girl to Goddess : The Heroine 's Journey through Myth and Legend . McFarland . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5789 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell 's ' Hero 's Journey ' Monomyth '' . changingminds.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Clareson , Thomas ( 1992 ) . Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction : the Formative Period . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press . pp. 169 -- 172 . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 870 - 0 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Frank ( 1985 ) . `` Introduction '' . Eye . ISBN 0 - 425 - 08398 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brin , David ( 16 June 1999 ) . `` '' Star Wars '' despots vs. `` Star Trek '' populists `` . Salon . By offering valuable insights into this revered storytelling tradition , Joseph Campbell did indeed shed light on common spiritual traits that seem shared by all human beings . And I 'll be the first to admit it 's a superb formula -- one that I 've used at times in my own stories and novels . ( ... ) It is essential to understand the radical departure taken by genuine science fiction , which comes from a diametrically opposite literary tradition -- a new kind of storytelling that often rebels against those very same archetypes Campbell venerated . An upstart belief in progress , egalitarianism , positive - sum games -- and the slim but real possibility of decent human institutions . Jump up ^ Lord Raglan . The Hero : A Study in Tradition , Myth and Drama by Lord Raglan , Dover Publications , 1936 Jump up ^ Segal , Robert ; Dundes , Alan ; Raglan , Lord ; Rank , Otto ( 1990 ) . In Quest of the Hero . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0691020620 . ^ Jump up to : Boston Globe accessed 2009 - 11 - 03 ^ Jump up to : Use by Bly of Campbell 's monomyth work accessed 2009 - 11 - 03 Jump up ^ Lichfield , Gideon ( April 2015 ) . `` The Science of Near - Death Experiences '' . The Atlantic . References ( edit ) Campbell , Joseph ( 1949 ) . The Hero with a Thousand Faces ( 1st ed . ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ( 2nd ed. 1968 , 3rd ed. 2008 ) . MacKey - Kallis , Susan ( 2001 ) . The Hero and the Perennial Journey Home in American Film . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1768 - 3 . Northup , Lesley ( 2006 ) . `` Myth - Placed Priorities : Religion and the Study of Myth '' . Religious Studies Review . 32 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 10 . Rebillot , Paul ( 2017 ) . The Hero 's Journey : A Call to Adventure . Eagle Books , Germany . ISBN 978 - 3 - 946136 - 00 - 2 . Vogler , Christopher ( 1998 ) . The Writer 's Journey : Mythic Structure For Writers . Studio City , CA : Michael Wiese Productions . Voytilla , Stuart ; Vogler , Christopher ( 1999 ) . Myth & the Movies : Discovering the Myth Structure of 50 Unforgettable Films . Studio City , CA : Michael Wiese Productions . ISBN 0 - 941188 - 66 - 3 . Laureline , Amanieux ( 2011 ) . Ce héros qui est en chacun de nous ( in French ) . Albin Michel , . Books based upon interviews with Campbell ( edit ) Cousineau , Phil , ed. ( 1990 ) . The Hero 's Journey : Joseph Campbell on his Life and Work . Forward by Stuart L. Brown . New York : Harper and Row . Moyers , Bill ; Flowers , Betty Sue , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Power of Myth . Dvd / discography ( edit ) Campbell , Joseph & Moyers , Bill ( 1988 ) . Joseph Campbell and the power of myth ( Documentary series ) . PBS . Balnicke , Janelle & Kennard , David ( directors ) ( 1987 ) . The Hero 's Journey : A Biographical Portrait ( Biography ) . External links ( edit ) The Romantic Appeal of Joseph Campbell <Th_colspan="2"> hide Joseph Campbell Books Where the Two Came to Their Father : A Navaho War Ceremonial ( 1943 ) , with Jeff King and Maud Oakes A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake ( 1944 ) , with Henry Morton Robinson The Hero with a Thousand Faces ( 1949 ) . The Masks of God ( 1959 -- 1968 ) Volume 1 , Primitive Mythology ( 1959 ) Volume 2 , Oriental Mythology ( 1962 ) Volume 3 , Occidental Mythology ( 1964 ) Volume 4 , Creative Mythology ( 1968 ) ) The Flight of the Wild Gander : Explorations in the Mythological Dimension ( 1968 ) Myths to Live By ( 1972 ) Erotic irony and mythic forms in the art of Thomas Mann ( 1973 ) The Mythic Image ( 1974 ) The Inner Reaches of Outer Space : Metaphor As Myth and As Religion ( 1986 ) Historical Atlas of World Mythology ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Volume I : The Way of the Animal Powers ( 1983 ) ( reprint in two parts : Part 1 : Mythologies of the Primitive Hunters and Gatherers ( 1988 ) ; Part 2 : Mythologies of the Great Hunt ( 1988 ) ) Volume II : The Way of the Seeded Earth ( Part 1 : The Sacrifice ( 1988 ) ; Part 2 : Mythologies of the Primitive Planters : The North Americas ( 1989 ) ; Part 3 : Mythologies of the Primitive Planters : The Middle and Southern Americas ( 1989 ) ) , editor Robert Walter Transformations of Myth Through Time ( 1990 ) A Joseph Campbell Companion : Reflections on the Art of Living ( 1991 ) , editor Robert Walter Mythic Worlds , Modern Words : On the Art of James Joyce ( 1993 ) , editor Edmund L. Epstein The Mythic Dimension : Selected Essays ( 1959 -- 1987 ) ( 1993 ) , editor Anthony Van Couvering Baksheesh & Brahman : Indian Journals ( 1954 -- 1955 ) ( 1995 ) , editors Robin / Stephen Larsen & Anthony Van Couvering Thou Art That : Transforming Religious Metaphor ( 2001 ) , editor Eugene Kennedy Sake & Satori : Asian Journals - Japan ( 2002 ) , editor David Kudler Myths of Light : Eastern Metaphors of the Eternal ( 2003 ) , editor David Kudler Pathways to Bliss : Mythology and Personal Transformation ( 2004 ) , editor David Kudler The Mythic Imagination : Collected Short Fiction ( 2012 ) , editors David Kudler and Robert Walter Goddesses : Mysteries of the Feminine Divine ( 2013 ) , editor Safron Rossi Romance of the Grail : The Magic and Mystery of Arthurian Myth ( 2015 ) , editor Evans Lansing Smith Asian Journals : India and Japan ( 2017 ) , editors Antony Van Couvering , Stephen / Robin Larsen , & David Kudler The Ecstasy of Being : Mythology and Dance ( 2017 ) , editor Nancy Allison Books based upon interviews The Power of Myth ( 1988 ) , with Bill Moyers and editor Betty Sue Flowers An Open Life : Joseph Campbell in Conversation with Michael Toms ( 1989 ) , editors John Maher and Dennie Briggs , forward by Jean Erdman Campbell This business of the gods : Interview with Fraser Boa ( 1989 ) The Hero 's Journey : Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work ( 1990 ) , editor Phil Cousineau Audio recordings The Power of Myth ( With Bill Moyers ) ( 1987 ) Transformation of Myth through Time Volume 1 - 3 ( 1989 ) The Hero with a Thousand Faces : The Cosmogonic Cycle ( Read by Ralph Blum ) ( 1990 ) The Way of Art ( 1990 -- unlicensed ) The Lost Teachings of Joseph Campbell Volume 1 - 9 ( With Michael Toms ) ( 1993 ) On the Wings of Art : Joseph Campbell ; Joseph Campbell on the Art of James Joyce ( 1995 ) The Wisdom of Joseph Campbell ( With Michael Toms ) ( 1997 ) Joseph Campbell Audio Collection ( 1997 - ) Volume I. 1 : Mythology and the Individual ( 1997 ) Volume I. 2 : The Inward Journey ( 1997 ) Volume I. 3 : The Eastern Way ( 1997 ) Volume I. 4 : Man and Myth ( 1997 ) Volume I. 5 : The Myths and Masks of God ( 1997 ) Volume I. 6 : The Western Quest ( 1997 ) Volume II. 1 : A Brief History of World Mythology ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Volume II. 2 : Perspectives on Creative Mythology ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Volume II. 3 : Christian Symbols & Ideas ( 2014 ) Volume II. 4 : Psychology and Asian Philosophies ( 2015 ) Volume II. 5 : Your Myth Today ( 2016 ) Volume II. 6 : Mythic Ideas and Modern Culture ( 2017 ) Myth and Metaphor in Society ( With Jamake Highwater ) ( abridged ) ( 2002 ) Video / DVDs Mask , Myth , & Dream ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Psyche & Symbol ( 1976 ) Transformations of Myth Through Time ( 1989 ) Mythos ( 1997 / 1998 / 2011 ) Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth ( 1988 ) The Hero 's Journey : The World of Joseph Campbell ( 1987 ) Myth and Metaphor in Society ( With Jamake Highwater ) ( 1993 ) Sukhavati : Place of Peace ( 1998 ) Books edited Gupta , Mahendranath . The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna ( 1942 ) ( translation from Bengali by Swami Nikhilananda ; Joseph Campbell and Margaret Woodrow Wilson , translation assistants - see preface ; foreword by Aldous Huxley ) Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization . Heinrich Zimmer ( 1946 ) The King and the Corpse : Tales of the Soul 's Conquest of Evil . Heinrich Zimmer ( 1948 ) Philosophies of India . Heinrich Zimmer ( 1951 ) The Portable Arabian Nights ( 1951 ) The Art of Indian Asia . Heinrich Zimmer ( 1955 ) Man and Time : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) Man and Transformation : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) The Mysteries : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) The Mystic Vision : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) Spirit and Nature : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) Spiritual Disciplines : Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks . Various authors ( 1954 -- 1969 ) Myths , Dreams , Religion . Various authors ( 1970 ) The Portable Jung . Carl Jung ( 1971 ) See also Monomyth Mythos Joseph Campbell Foundation Jean Erdman <Td_colspan="2"> Wikiquote Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero%27s_journey&oldid=846568879 '' Categories : Mythological archetypes Stage theories Heroes in mythology and legend Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français עברית Limburgs 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 15 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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6,599,330,970,918,312,000 | what are the call letters for dulles airport | Washington Dulles International Airport - Wikipedia Washington Dulles International Airport Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the airport . For the future Washington Metro station that will serve the airport beginning in 2020 , see Dulles International Airport station . <Th_colspan="2"> Washington Dulles International Airport <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> IATA : IAD ICAO : KIAD FAA LID : IAD WMO : 72403 <Th_colspan="2"> Summary Airport type Public Owner / Operator Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Serves Washington metropolitan area Location Dulles and Chantilly , Virginia , U.S. Hub for United Airlines Elevation AMSL 313 ft / 95 m Coordinates 38 ° 56 ′ 40 '' N 077 ° 27 ′ 21 '' W / 38.94444 ° N 77.45583 ° W / 38.94444 ; - 77.45583 Coordinates : 38 ° 56 ′ 40 '' N 077 ° 27 ′ 21 '' W / 38.94444 ° N 77.45583 ° W / 38.94444 ; - 77.45583 Website http://www.flydulles.com <Th_colspan="2"> Maps <Td_colspan="2"> FAA airport Diagram <Td_colspan="2"> IAD IAD Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all Location of airport in Virginia / United States <Th_colspan="2"> Runways <Td_colspan="2"> Direction <Th_colspan="2"> Length Surface ft m 1L / 19R 9,400 2,865 Concrete 1C / 19C 11,500 3,505 Concrete 1R / 19L 11,500 3,505 Concrete 12 / 30 10,501 3,201 Concrete 12R / 30L 10,500 3,200 Planned <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics ( 2016 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Aircraft operations 264,785 Total Passengers 21,969,094 1.5 % <Td_colspan="2"> Source : Federal Aviation Administration , Passenger traffic Washington Dulles International Airport ( / ˈdʌlɪs / DUL - iss ) ( IATA : IAD , ICAO : KIAD , FAA LID : IAD ) is an international airport in Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Virginia , United States , 26 miles ( 42 km ) west of downtown Washington , D.C. The airport serves the Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area , centered on the District of Columbia . The airport is named after John Foster Dulles , the 52nd Secretary of State who served under President Dwight D. Eisenhower . The Dulles main terminal is a well - known landmark designed by Eero Saarinen . Operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority , Dulles Airport occupies 13,000 acres ( 52.6 km ) straddling the Loudoun - Fairfax line . Most of the airport is in the unincorporated community of Dulles , in Loudoun County , with a small portion in the unincorporated community of Chantilly in Fairfax County . Dulles is one of the three major airports in the larger Baltimore -- Washington metropolitan area with more than 21 million passengers a year . Dulles has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the Mid-Atlantic outside of the New York metropolitan area , including approximately 90 % of the international passenger traffic in the Baltimore - Washington region . On a typical day , more than 60,000 passengers pass through Washington Dulles to and from more than 125 destinations around the world . However , Dulles Airport now ranks behind both Baltimore - Washington International Airport ( BWI ) and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport ( DCA ) in total annual passenger boardings . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Design and original construction 1.3 Notable operations and milestones 1.4 Planned development 2 Terminals 2.1 Inter-terminal transportation 2.2 Main terminal 2.3 Midfield terminals 2.3. 1 Concourses A and B 2.3. 2 Concourses C and D 2.4 Airline lounges 3 Airlines and destinations 3.1 Passenger 3.2 Cargo 4 Statistics 4.1 Top destinations 4.2 Annual traffic 5 Ground transportation 5.1 Roads 5.2 Public transportation 6 Accidents and incidents 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Prior to World War II , Hoover Field was the main commercial airport serving Washington . It was replaced by Washington National Airport in 1941 . After the war , in 1948 , the Civil Aeronautics Administration began to consider sites for a second major airport to serve the nation 's capital . Congress passed the Washington Airport Act in 1950 to provide funding for a new airport in the region . The initial CAA proposal in 1951 called for the airport to be built in Fairfax County near what is now Burke Lake Park , but protests from residents , as well as the rapid expansion of Washington 's suburbs during the time , led to reconsideration of this plan . One competing plan called for the airport to be built in the Pender area of Fairfax County , while another called for the conversion of Andrews Air Force Base in Prince George 's County , Maryland . The current site was selected by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1958 ; the Dulles name was chosen by Eisenhower 's aviation advisor Pete Quesada , who later served as the first head of the Federal Aviation Administration . As a result of the site selection , the unincorporated , largely African - American community of Willard , which once stood in the airport 's current footprint , was demolished , and 87 property owners had their holdings condemned . Design and original construction ( edit ) Dulles Airport in 1970 The civil engineering firm Ammann and Whitney was named lead contractor . The airport was dedicated by President John F. Kennedy on November 17 , 1962 . As originally opened , the airport had three runways ( current day runways 1C / 19C , 1R / 19L , and 12 / 30 ) . Its original name , Dulles International Airport , was changed in 1984 to Washington Dulles International Airport . The main terminal was designed in 1958 by famed Finnish - American architect Eero Saarinen , and it is highly regarded for its graceful beauty , suggestive of flight . In the 1990s , the main terminal at Dulles was reconfigured to allow more space between the front of the building and the ticket counters . Additions at both ends of the main terminal more than doubled the structure 's length . The original terminal at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport in Taoyuan , Taiwan was modeled after the Saarinen terminal at Dulles . The design included a landscaped man - made lake to collect rainwater , a low - rise hotel , and a row of office buildings along the north side of the main parking lot . The design also included a two - level road in front of the terminal to separate arrival and departure traffic and a federally owned limited access highway connecting the terminal to the Capital Beltway ( I - 495 ) about 17 miles ( 27 km ) to the east . ( Eventually , the highway system grew to include a parallel toll road to handle commuter traffic and an extension to connect to I - 66 ) . The access road had a wide median strip to allow the construction of a passenger rail line , which will be in the form of an extension of the Washington Metro 's Silver Line and is expected to be completed in 2020 . Notable operations and milestones ( edit ) The first scheduled flight at Dulles was an Eastern Air Lines Super Electra turboprop from Newark International Airport in New Jersey on November 19 , 1962 . Dulles was initially considered a white elephant , being far out of town with few flights ; in 1965 Dulles averaged 89 airline operations a day while National Airport ( now Reagan ) averaged 600 despite not allowing jets . ( Dulles got its first transatlantic nonstop in June 1964 . ) Airport operations grew along with Virginia suburbs and the Dulles Technology Corridor ; perimeter and slot restrictions at National forced long - distance flights to use Dulles . In 1969 , Dulles had 2.01 million passengers while National had 9.9 million . The era of jumbo jets began on January 15 , 1970 , when First Lady Pat Nixon christened a Pan Am Boeing 747 at Dulles in the presence of Pan Am chairman Najeeb Halaby . Rather than a traditional champagne bottle , red , white , and blue water was sprayed on the aircraft . Pan Am 's first Boeing 747 flight was from New York JFK to London Heathrow Airport . On May 24 , 1976 , supersonic flights between Dulles and Europe began with the arrival of a British Airways Concorde from London and an Air France Concorde from Paris . The two were lined nose - to - nose at Dulles for photos . On June 12 , 1983 , the Space Shuttle Enterprise arrived at Dulles mounted on top of a modified Boeing 747 after touring Europe and before returning to Edwards Air Force Base . Two years later Enterprise returned and was placed in a storage hangar near Runway 12 / 30 to await the construction of a planned expansion to the National Air and Space Museum . Enterprise left Dulles on April 27 , 2012 , for its new home at the Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum in New York City . Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center In 1990 a United States Senate joint resolution to change Dulles 's name to Washington Eisenhower was proposed by Senator Bob Dole , but it did n't pass . When the SR - 71 was retired by the military in 1990 , one was flown from its birthplace at United States Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale , California to Dulles , setting a coast - to - coast speed record at an average 2,124 mph ( 3,418 km / h ) . The trip took 64 minutes . The aircraft was placed in a storage building to await display . The first flight of the Boeing 777 - 200 in commercial service , a United Airlines flight from London Heathrow , landed at Dulles in 1995 . The 2004 launch of low - cost carrier Independence Air propelled IAD from being the 24th - busiest airport in the United States to fourth , and one of the top 30 busiest in the world . Independence Air ceased operations in January 2006 , and its space in Concourse A was taken five months later by United Express . Southwest Airlines began service at Dulles in Fall 2006 . In 2007 , 24.7 million passengers passed through the airport . On November 20 , 2008 , a third parallel north -- south runway was opened on the west side of the airfield , designated as 1L / 19R . The original 1L / 19R was redesignated 1C / 19C . It was the first new runway to be built at Dulles since the airport 's construction . On June 6 , 2011 , the airport received its first Airbus A380 flights when Air France introduced the A380 to its nonstop service from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport to Dulles . On April 17 , 2012 , the Space Shuttle Discovery was ferried to Dulles mounted to a NASA 747 - 100 as part of its decommissioning and installation in the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center . On June 1 , 2012 , the first passenger flight of the Boeing 747 - 8 Intercontinental landed as a Lufthansa service from Frankfurt Airport . On August 15 , 2012 , Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 787 Dreamliner arrived at Dulles . It was Ethiopian Airlines first 787 & the first 787 received by an African carrier . On October 2 , 2014 , British Airways began using the Airbus A380 on flights from London Heathrow Airport to Washington Dulles . It once used the 747 - 400 . On February 1 , 2016 , Emirates upgraded its direct flights from Dubai International ( previously a Boeing 777 ) to an Airbus A380 . Planned Development ( edit ) Main Terminal Station of Aerotrain By the 1980s the original design , which had mobile lounges meet each plane , was no longer well - suited to Dulles ' role as a hub airport . Instead , midfield concourses were added to allow passengers to walk between connecting flights without visiting the main terminal . Mobile lounges were still used for international flights and to transport passengers between the midfield concourses and the main terminal . An underground tunnel ( consisting of a passenger walkway and moving sidewalks ) which links the main terminal and Concourse B was opened in 2004 . The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority ( MWAA ) began a renovation program for the airport including a new security mezzanine with more room for lines . A new train system , dubbed AeroTrain and developed by Mitsubishi , began in 2010 to transport passengers between the concourses and the main terminal . The system , which uses rubber tires and travels along a fixed underground guideway , is similar to the people mover systems at Singapore Changi Airport , Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport , and Denver International Airport . The train is intended to replace the mobile lounges , which many passengers found crowded and inconvenient . The initial phase includes the main terminal station , a permanent Concourse A station , a permanent Concourse B station , a permanent midfield concourse station ( with access to the current temporary C concourse via a tunnel with moving walkways ) , and a maintenance facility . Mobile lounges continue to service the D Concourse from both the main terminal and Concourse A. Even after AeroTrain is built out and the replacement Concourses C and D are built , the mobile lounges and plane mates will still continue to be used , to transport international arriving passengers to the International Arrivals Building , as well as transport passengers to aircraft parked on hardstands without direct access to jet bridges . Dulles has stated that the wait time for a train does not exceed four minutes , compared to the average 15 - minute wait and travel time for mobile lounges . Under the development plan , future phases would see the addition of several new midfield concourses and a new south terminal . A fourth runway ( parallel to the existing runways 1 and 19 L&R ) opened in 2008 , and development plans include a fifth runway to parallel the existing runway 12 -- 30 . If this runway is built , the current runway will be redesignated as 12L - 30R while the new runway will be designated 12R - 30L . An expansion of the B concourse , used by many low cost airlines as well as international arrivals , has been completed , and the building housing Concourses C and D will eventually be knocked down to make room for a more ergonomic building . Because Concourses C and D are temporary concourses , the only way to get to those concourses is via moving walkway from the Concourse C station which is built in the location of the future gates and Concourse D by mobile lounge from the main terminal . Terminals ( edit ) A plane mate The airport 's terminal complex consists of a main terminal and two midfield terminal buildings : Concourses A / B and C / D . The entire terminal complex has 123 gates and 16 hardstand locations from which passengers can board or disembark using the airport 's plane mate vehicles . Inter-terminal Transportation ( edit ) Conceived in early planning sessions in 1959 , Dulles is one of the few remaining airports to use the mobile lounge ( also known as `` plane mates '' or `` people movers '' ) for boarding and disembarkation from aircraft , and to transfer passengers between the midfield concourses and to and from the main terminal building . They have all been given names based on the postal abbreviations of 50 states , e.g. , VA , MD , AK . The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority has begun to gradually phase out the mobile lounge system for inter-terminal passenger movements in favor of the AeroTrain , an underground people mover which currently operates to Concourses A , B and C , as well as underground pedestrian walkway tunnels ( now in service to concourse A / B ) . The mobile lounges are still used to transport passengers directly from the main terminal to Concourse D. Plane mates also remain in use to disembark international passengers and carry them to the International Arrivals Building , as well as to convey passengers to and from aircraft on hard stand ( i.e. , those parked remotely on the apron without access to jet bridges ) . Main terminal ( edit ) The terminal ceiling is suspended in a catenary curve above the luggage check - in area . Dulles 's iconic main terminal houses ticketing , baggage claim , U.S. Customs and Border Protection , an international arrivals building for passenger processing , the Z gates , information facilities and other support facilities . The terminal was recognized by the American Institute of Architects in 1966 for its design concept ; its roof is a suspended catenary providing a wide enclosed area unimpeded by any columns . The main terminal was extended in 1996 to 1,240 feet ( 380 m ) -- Saarinen 's original design length -- which was slightly more than double its originally constructed length of 600 feet ( 180 m ) . In addition , an extension for international arrivals was added to the west of the main terminal in 1991 . On September 22 , 2009 , an expansion of the international arrivals building opened which includes a 41,400 square feet ( 3,850 m ) arrival hall for customs and immigration processing . The new facility has the capacity to process 2,400 arriving passengers per hour . Also in September 2009 , a 121,700 square feet ( 11,310 m ) central security checkpoint was added on a new security mezzanine level of the main terminal . This checkpoint replaced previous checkpoints which were located behind the ticketing areas . A separate security checkpoint is available on the baggage claim level . Both security checkpoints connect to the AeroTrain , which links the main terminal with the A , B , and C concourses . There are two sets of gates in the main terminal : the first is the `` H '' Gates , which are waiting areas for airlines which lack permanent physical jetbridges and therefore use plane mates to reach planes parked at 16 hard - stand locations . The other is a set of four gates with jetbridges that are designated as Concourse Z , which provides service for Air Canada Express and Frontier Airlines . Midfield terminals ( edit ) Main Terminal AeroTrain station All airlines aside from Air Canada Express and Frontier Airlines operate out of two linear satellite terminals . One contains Concourses A and B , and the second contains Concourses C and D . Concourses a and B ( edit ) All non-United flights & United Express operate out of these two concourses . Concourse A ( which has 47 gates ) composes the eastern part of the closer midfield terminal building . It consists of a permanent ground level set of gates designed for small planes and regional jets used by United Express , and several former Concourse B gates . The concourse is primarily used for international flights . Air France operates an airline lounge opposite gate A22 , Etihad Airways operates a First and Business Class lounge across from gate A15 , and Virgin Atlantic has a Clubhouse lounge across from gate A32 . Concourse A 's AeroTrain station is located halfway along the horizontal length of the building , between gates A6 and A14 . Concourse B ( which has 28 gates ) composes the western half of the building . It is the first of the permanent elevated midfield concourses . Originally constructed in 1998 and designed by Skidmore , Owings & Merrill and Hellmuth , Obata and Kassabaum , the B concourse contained 20 gates . In 2003 , 4 additional gates were added to concourse B , followed by a 15-gate expansion in 2008 . In addition to the AeroTrain station located between gates B51 and B62 , Concourse B also has an underground walkway to connect it to the main terminal . Concourse B is used by some international carriers , and is also utilized by all non-United domestic and Canada flights . The facility also includes a British Airways Galleries lounge , a Lufthansa lounge divided into Senator and Business class sections located between gates B49 and B51 , and a Turkish Airlines Lounge near gate B43 . Concourses C and D ( edit ) The interior of Concourse C , where United 's hub operation is based Concourses C / D are solely used for United Airlines flights . All mainline United flights and most United Express regional jet operations operate out of these concourses ( some United Express flights use Concourse A ) . These concourses were constructed in 1983 and designed by Hellmuth , Obata and Kassabaum . The two concourses have 22 gates each , numbered C1 - C28 and D1 - D32 , with odd - numbered gates on the north side of the building and even numbered gates on the south side . Concourse C composes the eastern half of the terminal and Concourse D composes the gates on the west half of the terminal . The C / D concourses were given a face lift in 2006 which included light fixture upgrades , new paint finishes , new ceiling grids and tiles , heating and air conditioning replacement , and complete restroom renovations . Concourse C also has a dedicated Federal Inspection Station located at ground level . International United flights not originating at an airport with US customs preclearance can directly deplane passengers via jetbridge at Concourse C ( as opposed to using plane mates to offload passengers ) . Once deplaned , arriving passengers are separated . Passengers terminating at Dulles take a mobile lounge that transports them to the International Arrivals Building , while connecting passengers continuing on another United flight go through U.S. Customs and Immigration at the FIS station on the ground level . Since this immigration facility is only for connecting passengers on United and other Star Alliance carriers , it has shorter lines and passengers do n't have to reclear security at the massive security checkpoints in the main terminal . The facility houses three United Clubs : one adjacent to Gate C7 , one adjacent to gate C17 , and one adjacent to gate D8 . A United International First Lounge is near gate C2 . Concourse C is directly linked to the main terminal via the AeroTrain , while mobile lounges can be used to travel from Concourse D to the main terminal . A new and permanent C / D concourse ( also called `` Tier 2 '' ) is planned as part of the D2 Dulles Development Project . The new building is to include a three - level structure with 44 airline gates and similar amenities to Concourse B . The concourse plan includes a dedicated mezzanine corridor with moving sidewalks to serve international passengers . The design and construction of the new C / D concourse has not been scheduled . When built , it is planned that both terminals will be connected to the main terminal and other concourses via the AeroTrain . To that extent , the AeroTrain station at Concourse C was built at the location where the future Concourse C / D structure is proposed to be built , and is connected to the existing Concourse C via an underground walkway . Airline lounges ( edit ) Air France operates daily Airbus A380 flights to Charles de Gaulle Airport from gate A20 / A22 , as seen in the photo . Along with United Airlines , the route carries 480,000 passengers a year . Since many major domestic and international airlines have a large presence at Washington Dulles , there are several airline lounges within the airport : Air France : Air France Lounge , A Concourse across from gate A22 . British Airways : Galleries Club and Galleries First lounges , each with their own separate dining rooms , B Concourse . Etihad Airways : First and Business class lounge located opposite gate A15 . Lufthansa : Senator Lounge and Business Lounge , B Concourse at gate B51 . Turkish Airlines : Concourse B , near gate B41 United Airlines : Two United Clubs in Concourse C and one in Concourse D. There is also a United Global First Lounge on Concourse C . Virgin Atlantic : Clubhouse , A Concourse across from gate A32 Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Passenger ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Aer Lingus operated by ASL Airlines Ireland Dublin Aeroflot Moscow -- Sheremetyevo Aeroméxico Mexico City Air Canada Express Montréal -- Trudeau , Toronto -- Pearson Air China Beijing -- Capital Air France Paris -- Charles de Gaulle Air India Delhi All Nippon Airways Tokyo -- Narita Alaska Airlines Seattle / Tacoma American Airlines Dallas / Fort Worth , Los Angeles , Miami Seasonal : Charlotte American Eagle Charlotte Austrian Airlines Vienna Avianca Bogotá , La Paz Avianca El Salvador San Salvador British Airways London -- Heathrow Brussels Airlines Seasonal : Brussels Copa Airlines Panama City Delta Air Lines Atlanta , Minneapolis / St. Paul , Salt Lake City Seasonal : Cancún , Detroit Delta Connection Detroit , Minneapolis / St. Paul , New York -- JFK Emirates Dubai -- International Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi Frontier Airlines Austin , Las Vegas , Ontario ( begins October 13 , 2017 ) , Orlando , San Antonio Seasonal : Colorado Springs , Denver Icelandair Reykjavík -- Keflavík JetBlue Airways Boston , New York -- JFK KLM Amsterdam Korean Air Seoul -- Incheon LATAM Perú Lima Lufthansa Frankfurt , Munich Porter Airlines Toronto -- Billy Bishop Qatar Airways Doha Royal Air Maroc Casablanca Saudia Jeddah , Riyadh Charter : Medina Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen South African Airways Accra , Dakar , Johannesburg -- O.R. Tambo Southwest Airlines Atlanta , Denver , Fort Lauderdale , Orlando Turkish Airlines Istanbul -- Atatürk United Airlines Amsterdam , Atlanta , Austin , Beijing -- Capital , Boston , Brussels , Cancún , Chicago -- O'Hare , Dallas / Fort Worth , Denver , Dublin , Fort Lauderdale , Frankfurt , Geneva , Hartford , Honolulu , Houston -- Intercontinental , Las Vegas , London -- Heathrow , Los Angeles , Mexico City , Munich , Newark , New Orleans , Orlando , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle , Phoenix -- Sky Harbor , Portland ( OR ) , Raleigh / Durham , Sacramento , San Diego , San Francisco , San Juan , São Paulo -- Guarulhos , Seattle / Tacoma , Tampa , Tokyo -- Narita , Zürich Seasonal : Aruba , Barcelona , Charleston ( SC ) , Cleveland , Eagle / Vail , Edinburgh ( begins May 23 , 2018 ) , Grand Cayman , Guatemala City , Hayden / Steamboat Springs , Lisbon , Madrid , Montego Bay , Norfolk , Portland ( ME ) , Providenciales , Punta Cana , Rome -- Fiumicino , St. Maarten , St. Thomas , San José de Costa Rica , San José del Cabo , Vancouver United Express Albany , Atlanta , Austin , Boston , Buffalo , Burlington ( VT ) , Charleston ( SC ) , Charleston ( WV ) , Charlotte , Charlottesville ( VA ) , Clarksburg ( WV ) ( begins November 1 , 2017 ) , Chicago -- O'Hare , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbia ( SC ) , Columbus -- Glenn , Dallas / Fort Worth , Dayton , Detroit , Fayetteville ( NC ) , Grand Rapids , Greensboro , Greenville / Spartanburg , Harrisburg , Hartford , Houston -- Intercontinental , Huntsville , Indianapolis , Jacksonville , Kansas City , Knoxville , Louisville , Minneapolis / St. Paul , Montréal -- Trudeau , Nashville , New Orleans , New York -- LaGuardia , Newark , Norfolk , Oklahoma City , Ottawa , Philadelphia , Pittsburgh , Portland ( ME ) , Providence , Raleigh / Durham , Richmond , Roanoke , Rochester ( NY ) , St. Louis , San Antonio , Savannah , State College ( PA ) , Syracuse , Toronto -- Pearson Seasonal : Nassau Virgin America Los Angeles , San Francisco Virgin Atlantic London -- Heathrow Notes : ^ a : Avianca 's flight to La Paz makes a stop in Bogotá . ^ b : Ethiopian Airlines ' flight from Addis Ababa to Dulles stops at Dublin , but the flight from Dulles to Addis Ababa is nonstop . ^ c : Frontier Airlines 's flight from Ontario to Dulles makes a stop in San Antonio . The flight from Dulles to Ontario also makes a stop in San Antonio . Cargo ( edit ) An Antonov An - 124 Ruslan at the airport . Airlines Destinations FedEx Express Indianapolis , New York -- JFK , Memphis , Newark FedEx Feeder operated by Mountain Air Cargo Newark UPS Airlines Louisville Statistics ( edit ) An assortment of United Airlines Boeing 767 - 300ER and Boeing 777 - 200ERs lined up at Concourse C in 2011 . An All Nippon Airways Boeing 777 - 300ER taxiing An American Airlines Boeing 737 - 800 taxiing An Austrian Airlines Boeing 767 - 300ER landing on Runway 19C / 1C A South African Airways Airbus A340 - 300 parked at Concourse A A Lufthansa Boeing 747 - 400 taxiing in heavy rain A Virgin Atlantic Airbus A340 - 300 parked at Concourse A A United Airlines Boeing 777 - 200 lands on Runway 1R / 19L Along with Newark Liberty International Airport , Dulles is one of United Air Lines ' two transatlantic gateways with many nonstop flights to Europe , Asia , South America and the Middle East . As of June 2015 United handled 61.1 % of scheduled air carrier passengers at the airport in . American Airlines has a 4.8 % market share . Delta Air Lines handles 4.1 % of scheduled air carrier passengers . In addition , 25 foreign carriers have service in and out of Washington Dulles . On a typical day , Dulles averages 1,000 to 1,200 flight operations . Dulles International served 21.6 million passengers in 2014 , a 1.7 % decrease over 2013 . However , international passenger traffic has increased by 1.6 % to nearly 7.1 million during the same time . Additional international service is commencing service at Washington Dulles . With 45 weekly flights , Dulles is now the third largest United States gateway to the Middle East . Even before the United States economic recession started , international passengers have continued to grow , which prompted the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority to expand the International Arrivals Building to handle 2,400 passengers per hour . Top destinations ( edit ) Busiest domestic routes from IAD ( Jun 2016 -- May 2017 ) Rank Airport Passengers Carriers Los Angeles , California 554,210 American , United , Virgin America San Francisco , California 552,960 United , Virgin America Denver , Colorado 523,480 Frontier , Southwest , United Atlanta , Georgia 439,810 Delta , Frontier , Southwest , United 5 Orlando , Florida 284,220 Frontier , United 6 Boston , Massachusetts 265,850 JetBlue , United 7 Dallas / Fort Worth , Texas 247,150 American , Frontier , United 8 Chicago -- O'Hare , Illinois 244,420 Frontier , United 9 Charlotte , North Carolina 225,920 American , United 10 Houston -- Intercontinental , Texas 204,720 United Busiest International Routes to and from IAD ( 2015 ) Rank Airport Passengers Annual Change Carriers London ( Heathrow ) , United Kingdom 849,690 01.9 % British Airways , United , Virgin Atlantic Frankfurt , Germany 610,214 03.5 % Lufthansa , United Paris ( Charles de Gaulle ) , France 437,127 00.5 % Air France , United Dubai ( International ) , United Arab Emirates 386,994 05.8 % Emirates 5 Tokyo ( Narita ) , Japan 284,275 02.9 % All Nippon Airways , United 6 Amsterdam , Netherlands 257,204 00.7 % KLM , United 7 Munich , Germany 245,621 01.3 % Lufthansa , United 8 Beijing , China 231,982 019.9 % Air China , United 9 Istanbul ( Atatürk ) , Turkey 219,157 09.6 % Turkish 10 San Salvador , El Salvador 218,808 013.0 % Avianca 11 Brussels , Belgium 215,922 01.5 % Brussels , United 12 Doha , Qatar 206,498 02.7 % Qatar Airways 13 Cancún , Mexico 164,001 049.2 % Delta , Frontier , United 14 Toronto ( Pearson ) , Canada 163,472 09.2 % Air Canada , United 15 Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates 155,569 032.4 % Etihad Airways Airline market share Largest Airlines at IAD ( Mar. 2016 ) Rank Airline Passengers United Airlines 1,079,478 American Airlines 87,357 Delta Air Lines 75,772 Southwest Airlines 38,085 5 British Airways 32,531 6 Virgin America 28,676 7 Lufthansa 27,608 8 Emirates 26,875 9 JetBlue Airways 25,365 10 Avianca 22,712 Annual traffic ( edit ) Traffic by calendar year Year Passengers Change from previous year Aircraft operations Cargo tonnage 1999 19,797,329 465,195 395,981 2000 20,104,693 1.55 % 456,436 423,197 18,002,319 10.46 % 396,886 364,833 2002 17,235,163 4.26 % 372,636 358,171 2003 16,950,381 1.65 % 335,397 314,601 22,868,852 34.92 % 469,634 342,521 2005 27,052,118 18.29 % 509,652 334,071 2006 23,020,362 14.90 % 379,571 386,785 2007 24,737,528 7.46 % 382,943 395,377 2008 23,876,780 3.48 % 360,292 368,064 2009 23,213,341 2.78 % 340,367 358,535 23,741,603 2.28 % 336,531 366,333 2011 23,211,856 2.22 % 327,493 333,683 2012 22,561,521 2.80 % 312,070 302,766 2013 21,947,065 2.70 % 307,801 253,361 2014 21,572,233 1.70 % 289,306 267,753 2015 21,650,546 0.40 % 268,619 262,158 2016 21,969,094 1.50 % 264,732 265,818 Ground Transportation ( edit ) Roads ( edit ) Dulles is accessible via the Dulles Access Road / Dulles Greenway ( State Route 267 ) and State Route 28 . The Dulles Airport Access Highway ( DAAH ) is a toll - free , limited access , highway owned by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority ( MWAA ) to facilitate car access to Dulles from the Washington Capital Beltway and Interstate 66 . After it opened , non-airport traffic between Washington and Reston became so heavy that a parallel set of toll lanes were added on the same right - of - way to accommodate non-airport traffic ( Dulles Toll Road ) . However , the airport - only lanes are both less congested as well as toll - free . As of November 1 , 2008 , MWAA assumed responsibility from the Virginia Department of Transportation both for operating the Dulles Toll Road and for the construction of a rapid transit rail line down its median . Route 28 , which runs north -- south along the eastern edge of the airport , has been upgraded to a limited access highway , with the interchanges financed through a property tax surcharge on nearby business properties . The Dulles Toll Road has been extended to the west to Leesburg as the Dulles Greenway . Public Transportation ( edit ) Fairfax Connector routes 981 and 983 serve Dulles , connecting to the Herndon -- Monroe park & ride lot in Herndon , the Reston Town Center transit in Reston , the Wiehle -- Reston East Metro station , and the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center Air and Space Museum . As of 2014 the only Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority service to Dulles is the `` Express '' 5A Metrobus route . The 5A express bus makes two stops on its way from the airport to downtown Washington . Stops include the Herndon -- Monroe park & ride lot in Herndon and the Rosslyn Metro station in Arlington . It terminates at the L'Enfant Plaza Metro station in Southwest DC . Both Metro stations can be accessed by the Orange , Blue , and Silver lines , while L'Enfant Plaza is also served by the Yellow and Green lines . An alternative way of reaching Dulles is the Washington Flyer 's Silver Line Express bus service that operates roughly every 15 -- 20 minutes between the airport and the Wiehle -- Reston East Metro station . Washington Flyer service will be permanently discontinued when Phase II of the Silver Line opens in 2020 . Passengers connecting to the Shenandoah Valley can use the Shenandoah Valley Commuter Bus , which connects to the Vienna and Rosslyn Metro stations . Washington Flyer was given a monopoly to operate cabs from Dulles Airport , as no other taxis can take passengers from the airport . SuperShuttle ride sharing vans are also available . A special location exists for Uber and Lyft vehicles to take passengers , but the drivers need a special permit and there is an additional cost of $4 per trip . Construction is now underway to connect the airport to Washington via the Silver Line of the Washington Metro . While initial plans called for completion of the station in 2016 , officials now expect the construction to be completed in 2020 . Accidents and incidents ( edit ) Control Tower view of IAD in 1961 . There were three deaths during a nine - day air show held at Dulles in conjunction with Transpo ' 72 ( officially called the U.S. International Transportation Exposition , a $10 million event sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation , and attended by over one million visitors from around the world ) . On May 29 , 1972 , the third day of the show , the pilot of a Kite Rider ( a variety of hang glider ) was killed in a crash . This was to be the first of the three air deaths during the Air Show . On June 3 , 1972 , a second death occurred at the Transpo ' 72 Air Show , during a sport plane pylon race . At 2 : 40 pm , during the second lap and near a turn about pylon 3 , a trailing aircraft 's ( LOWERS R - 1 N66AN ) wing and propeller hit the right wing tip of a leading aircraft ( CASSUTT BARTH N7017 ) . The right wing immediately sheared off the fuselage , and the damaged aircraft crashed almost instantly , killing the 29 - year - old pilot , Hugh C. Alexander . He was a professional Air Racer with over 10,200 hours . On June 4 , 1972 , during the last day of the 9 - day Transpo ' 72 Air Show , the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds experienced their first fatal crash at an air show . Major Joe Howard flying Thunderbird 3 was killed when his F - 4E - 32 - MC Phantom II , 66 - 0321 , lost power during a vertical maneuver . The pilot broke out of formation just after he completed a wedge roll and was ascending at around 2,500 feet AGL . The aircraft staggered and descended in a flat attitude with little forward speed . Although Major Howard ejected as the aircraft fell back to earth from about 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) tail first , and descended under a good canopy , winds blew him into the fireball ascending from the blazing crash site . The parachute melted and the pilot plummeted 200 feet , sustaining fatal injuries . On December 1 , 1974 , while diverting to Dulles , TWA Flight 514 crashed onto the western slope of Mount Weather . All 85 passengers and 7 crew members were killed on impact . Air France Concorde incidents of 1979 : On June 14 , 1979 , the number 5 and 6 tires on an Air France Concorde blew out during takeoff . Shrapnel thrown from the tires and rims damaged number 2 engine , punctured three fuel tanks , severed several hydraulic lines and electrical wires , in addition to tearing a large hole on the top of the wing , over the wheel well area . On July 21 , 1979 , one month after the above tire incident , another Air France Concorde blew several of its landing gear tires during takeoff . After that second incident the `` French director general of civil aviation issued an air worthiness directive and Air France issued a Technical Information Update , each calling for revised procedures . These included required inspection of each wheel / tire for condition , pressure and temperature prior to each take - off . In addition , crews were advised that landing gear should not be raised when a wheel / tire problem is suspected . '' On June 18 , 1994 , a Learjet 25 operated by Mexican carrier TAESA crashed in trees while approaching the airport from the south . Twelve people died . The passengers were planning to attend the 1994 FIFA World Cup soccer games being staged in Washington , D.C. As part of the September 11th , 2001 attacks , American Airlines Flight 77 was hijacked while en route from Dulles to Los Angeles and flown directly into the Pentagon in Arlington County , Virginia , killing all 64 on board as well as 125 in The Pentagon . See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Virginia portal Aviation portal Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic List of thin shell structures Thin - shell structure Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : FAA Airport Master Record for IAD ( Form 5010 PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Dulles Air Traffic Statistics '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . January 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dulles International Airport '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts About Washington Dulles International Airport '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Dulles International Airport ( IAD ) Air Traffic Statistics '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary CY 2012 Enplanements '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. International Air Passenger and Freight Statistics Report '' . Office of the Assistant Secretary for Aviation and International Affairs , U.S. Department of Transportation . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Air Service Maps -- IAD '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Year 2015 Revenue Enplanements at Commercial Service Airports '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Scheel , Eugene . `` History of Dulles Airport '' . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of Washington Dulles International Airport '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Greenfield , Heather ( November 17 , 2002 ) . `` ' Visionary ' Dulles Airport hits 40 '' . The Free Lance - Star . Fredericksburg , Virginia . Associated Press . p . B1 . Jump up ^ `` History of Washington Dulles International Airport '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , J.W. ( April 17 , 1966 ) . `` Dulles Airport : Its future keeps being postponed '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Oregon . p. 10A . Jump up ^ Aviation Daily 23 Feb 1971 p. 291 Jump up ^ `` Space Shuttle Pavilion '' . IntrepidMuseum.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute to Eisenhower '' . The New York Times . Reuters . January 25 , 1990 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . see also , 101st Congress , S.J. RES. 239 . Jump up ^ `` Blackbird Records '' . SR - 71 Online . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Airlines '' . Century-of-flight.net . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Express moves to Concourse A at Dulles International Airport '' . United.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coombs , Joe ( February 7 , 2008 ) . `` Passenger numbers up at Dulles International , Reagan National airports '' . Washington Business Journal . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lufthansa starts 747 - 8 flights to Dulles - Washington Business Journal . Bizjournals.com ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ethiopian Airlines Inaugurates 787 Dreamliner Airplane at Washington Dulles International Airport . ET African Journeys ( 2012 - 08 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger Walkway to Concourses A and B Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dulles Development : Main Terminal Improvement Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aerotrain -- How the System Works '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Eric M. ( August 19 , 2008 ) . `` Dulles Updates Its People Movers '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` D2 Projects : Fourth Runway '' . Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority . 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` D2 Projects : Future Fifth Runway '' . Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority . 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fox , Peggy ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` Dulles Airport To Open AeroTrain '' . 9 News Now . WUSA . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts About Washington Dulles International Airport '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Komons , Nick ( August 1 , 1989 ) . `` Air Progress '' . Air Progress : 65 . Jump up ^ Aryanpur , Arianne ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` At Dulles , The Tarmac Is Their Turf '' . The Washington Post . p . VA16 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miroff , Nick ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` Airport 's Future Is on Rails '' . The Washington Post . p . B01 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Sholnn ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Elbow Room Expands for International Arrivals '' . The Washington Post . p . B2 . Jump up ^ `` New Passenger Security Screening Areas Open at Dulles International Airport Tomorrow '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority Office of Public Affairs . September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Aerotrain has Opened '' . Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority . 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` D2 Dulles Development : Concourse B Expansion '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klint , Matthew . `` Photo Tour : Turkish Airways Lounge Washington Dulles '' . Jump up ^ Kidder Smith , G.E. ( 2000 ) . Source Book of American Architecture : 500 Notable Buildings from the 10th Century to the Present . New York : Princeton Architectural Press . pp. 448 -- 449 . ISBN 978 - 1568982540 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` D2 Projects -- Concourse C / D '' . Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority . 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Main Terminal '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority . July 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide lounges '' . Qatar Airways . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United to Introduce Three New Countries to Global Network '' ( Press release ) . United AIrlines . November 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Washington '' . Virgin Atlantic . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Bugg , Tom ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Frontier Adds Nonstop Flights to Dulles , California 's Ontario '' . Rivard Report . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ United Airlines Offers Customers More Ways to Get to Europe Next Summer Including New Service to Porto , Portugal and Reykjavik , Iceland Jump up ^ `` Order Selecting Carrier and Establish Subsidy Rates '' . Department of Transportation . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopian Airlines Moves North American Intermediate Stop to Dublin from May 2015 '' . Airlineroute.net. April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Air Traffic Statistics - June 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Airlines Serving Dulles International '' . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Total Operations by Airline - May 2010 -- April 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . May 2011 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Total Passengers by Airline January 2014 - December 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Washington , DC : Dulles International ( IAD ) - Scheduled Services except Freight / Mail '' . Transtats.bts.gov . June 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BTS Air Carriers : T - 100 International Market ( All Carriers ) '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Air Traffic Statistics ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority . March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Air Traffic Summary Report '' . Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Total cargo ( Freight , Express , & Mail ) . Jump up ^ `` Dulles Toll Road '' . Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Line Express Bus to Metrorail Station '' . washfly.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA : Washington DC '' . To and From the Airport.com. 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` End the Dulles Taxi Monopoly ! '' . View from the Wing . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` DC 's New Rules for Uber Airport Pickups Are n't Great For Riders '' . DC Inno . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Dulles International Airport '' . Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority . 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metro to Dulles opening date pushed back '' . WTOP - FM . March 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lori Aratani , Silver Line phase 2 : now arriving in 2020 , The Washington Post ( April 30 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Kite Rider Killed in Crash At Transpo 72 Air Show '' . The New York Times . May 30 , 1972 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Aviation Query NYC72AN147 N66AN '' . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Aviation Query NYC72AN147 N7017 '' . Jump up ^ USAF Aircraft Accidents -- Life Sciences Aspects , April -- June 1972 . Norton AFB , California : Directorate of Aerospace Safety , Air Force Inspection and Safety Center . pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Adam ( 1977 ) . Sound of Impact : The Legacy of TWA Flight 514 . New York City : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 65840 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Safety Recommendations '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . November 9 , 1981 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Safety Recommendation '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . April 3 , 1995 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Path Study -- American Airlines Flight 77 '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . February 19 , 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Washington Dulles International Airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Official Dulles Food and Shops Concessions website Footage of the Dedication of Dulles International Airport in 1962 openNav : IAD / KIAD charts FAA Airport Diagram ( PDF ) , effective September 14 , 2017 Resources for this airport : AirNav airport information for KIAD ASN accident history for IAD FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA / NWS latest weather observations SkyVector aeronautical chart for KIAD FAA current IAD delay information Aratani , Lori ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` Dulles International Airport struggles to find its footing '' . The Washington Post . ( on declining passenger volumes at Dulles ) Mutzabaugh , Ben ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Emirates will fly A380 to D.C. after United drops Dubai route '' . USA Today . <Th_colspan="3"> Loudoun County , Virginia <Td_colspan="3"> Northern Virginia Washington metropolitan area Administration Loudoun County Board of Supervisors Loudoun County Public Schools Loudoun County Fire and Rescue Department Loudoun County Sheriff 's Office Landmarks Harpers Ferry National Historical Park Oak Hill Dodona Manor Ball 's Bluff Battlefield and National Cemetery Fort Johnston Fort Evans Fort Beauregard Transportation Loudoun County Commuter Bus Washington Dulles International Airport Loudoun County Parkway U.S. Route 15 U.S. Route 50 State Route 7 State Route 28 State Route 267 Culture Battles First Battle of Bull Run Battle of Dranesville Battle of Harpers Ferry Battle of Aldie Battle of Middleburg Battle of Upperville Education Patrick Henry College Northern Virginia Community College George Washington University George Mason University Marymount University Shenandoah University Strayer University <Th_colspan="2"> Airports in the Baltimore - Washington Area International BWI Marshall Dulles Reagan National Federal Anacostia - Bolling AFB Andrews AFB Davison AAF Phillips AAF Turner Field General aviation ( tower ) Leesburg Executive Manassas Regional Martin State Washington Executive General aviation ( non-tower ) Bay Bridge Carroll County Clearview College Park Davis Essex Fallston Frederick Municipal Freeway Glenair Harford County Hartwood Haysfield Hoby Wolf Lee Maryland Montgomery County Potomac Stafford Regional Suburban Tipton Warrenton -- Fauquier Historical Congressional Baltimore Municipal Airport Beacon Field Falls Church Logan Field Washington - Hoover Washington - Virginia <Th_colspan="2"> Major airports in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Atlanta ( Hartsfield -- Jackson -- ATL ) Baltimore ( Baltimore -- Washington -- BWI ) Boston ( Logan -- BOS ) Charlotte ( Douglas -- CLT ) Chicago Midway -- MDW O'Hare -- ORD Dallas -- Fort Worth ( Dallas / Fort Worth -- DFW ) Denver ( Denver -- DEN ) Detroit ( Wayne County -- DTW ) Fort Lauderdale ( Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood -- FLL ) Honolulu ( Daniel K. Inouye -- HNL ) Houston ( George Bush -- IAH ) Las Vegas ( McCarran -- LAS ) Los Angeles ( Los Angeles -- LAX ) Miami ( Miami -- MIA ) Minneapolis -- Saint Paul ( Minneapolis -- Saint Paul -- MSP ) New York John F. Kennedy -- JFK LaGuardia -- LGA Newark ( Newark Liberty -- EWR ) Orlando ( Orlando -- MCO ) Philadelphia ( Philadelphia -- PHL ) Phoenix ( Sky Harbor -- PHX ) Portland ( Portland - PDX ) Salt Lake City ( Salt Lake City -- SLC ) San Diego ( San Diego -- SAN ) San Francisco ( San Francisco -- SFO ) Seattle ( Seattle -- Tacoma -- SEA ) Tampa ( Tampa -- TPA ) Washington , D.C. Reagan National -- DCA Dulles -- IAD Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Dulles_International_Airport&oldid=804236842 '' Categories : Airports in Washington , D.C. Airports in Virginia Eero Saarinen structures Concrete shell structures Transportation in Loudoun County , Virginia Transportation in Fairfax County , Virginia Modernist architecture in Virginia American Airlines Flight 77 Airports established in 1962 Buildings and structures in Loudoun County , Virginia 1962 establishments in Virginia Googie architecture Skidmore , Owings & Merrill buildings Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Washington Dulles International Airport
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-8,967,335,094,925,751,000 | when did dragon ball z manga come out | Dragon Ball Z - wikipedia Dragon Ball Z Jump to : navigation , search <Td_colspan="2"> Dragon Ball Z <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ドラゴンボール Z ( Doragon Bōru Zetto ) Genre Action - adventure , fantasy <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series Directed by Daisuke Nishio ( # 1 -- 199 ) Produced by Kenji Shimizu Kōji Kaneda ( # 118 -- 291 ) Written by Takao Koyama Music by Shunsuke Kikuchi Studio Toei Animation Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network Fuji TV English network First - run syndication ( 1996 - 1998 ) International Channel ( 1997 - 2002 ) Cartoon Network ( Toonami ) ( 1998 - 2003 ) Original run April 26 , 1989 -- January 31 , 1996 Episodes 291 ( List of episodes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series <Th_colspan="2"> Dragon Ball Z Kai Directed by Yasuhiro Nowatari Music by Kenji Yamamoto ( 1 -- 95 ) Shunsuke Kikuchi ( 96 -- 98 ; re-aired 1 -- 95 ) Norihito Sumitomo ( 99 -- 159 ~ 167 ) Studio Toei Animation Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network Fuji TV English network Nicktoons , Adult Swim ( Toonami ) Original run April 5 , 2009 -- March 27 , 2011 Continued run : April 6 , 2014 -- June 28 , 2015 Episodes 159 ( Japan ) 167 ( International ) ( List of episodes ) <Td_colspan="2"> Dragon Ball franchise <Td_colspan="2"> Dragon Ball ( manga ) Dragon Ball ( anime ) Dragon Ball GT Dragon Ball Super <Td_colspan="2"> Anime and Manga portal Dragon Ball Z ( Japanese : ドラゴンボール Z ( ゼット ) , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto , commonly abbreviated as DBZ ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation . It is the sequel to the Dragon Ball anime and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519 - chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama . Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26 , 1989 to January 31 , 1996 , before getting dubbed in territories including the United States , Canada , Australia , Europe , India and Latin America . Dragon Ball Z follows the adventures of Goku who , along with his companions , defend the Earth against villains ranging from conquerors , androids and other creatures ; such as Frieza , Cell and Majin Buu . While the original Dragon Ball anime followed Goku from childhood to early adulthood , Dragon Ball Z is a continuation of his adult life , but at the same time parallels the lives of his sons , Gohan and Goten , as well as the evolution of his rivals Piccolo and Vegeta from enemies to allies . Due to the success of the anime in the United States , the manga chapters comprising its story were initially released by Viz Media under the title Dragon Ball Z . Additional works called animanga were released in Japan , which adapt the animation to manga form . Dragon Ball Z 's popularity has spawned numerous releases which have come to represent the majority of content in the Dragon Ball universe ; including 17 movies and 148 video games , many of them being only released in Japan , and a host of soundtracks stemming from this material . Dragon Ball Z remains a cultural icon through numerous adaptations , including a more - recent remastered broadcast titled Dragon Ball Kai . There have also been two sequel series ; Dragon Ball GT ( 1996 -- 1997 ) and Dragon Ball Super ( 2015 -- 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Production and broadcasting 2.1 English dub production and broadcasting 2.2 Dragon Ball Z Kai 2.2. 1 English dub production and broadcasting 2.3 Editing 3 Music 4 Related media 4.1 Home releases 4.1. 1 Kai 4.2 Manga 4.3 Films 4.4 Television specials and original video animations 4.5 Video games 4.6 Soundtracks 5 Reception 5.1 Cultural impact and legacy 5.2 Ratings 6 Merchandising 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot summary Dragon Ball Z picks up five years after the end of the Dragon Ball anime , with Goku as a young adult and father to his son Gohan . A humanoid alien named Raditz arrives on Earth in a spacecraft and tracks down Goku , revealing to him that he is his long - lost big brother and that they are members of a nearly extinct extraterrestrial race called the Saiyans ( サイヤ 人 , Saiya - jin ) . The Saiyans had sent Goku ( originally named `` Kakarot '' ) to Earth as an infant to conquer the planet for them , but he suffered a traumatic brain injury soon after his arrival and lost all memory of his mission , as well as his blood - thirsty Saiyan nature . Goku refuses to help Raditz continue the mission , which results in Raditz kidnapping Gohan . Goku decides to team up with his former enemy Piccolo in order to defeat Raditz and save his son , while sacrificing his own life in the process . In the afterlife , Goku trains under King Kai until he is revived by the Dragon Balls a year later in order to save the Earth from Raditz ' comrades ; Nappa and the Saiyan prince Vegeta . During the battle Piccolo is killed , along with Goku 's allies Yamcha , Tien Shinhan and Chiaotzu ( with Chiaotzu sacrificing himself to save Tien ) , and the Dragon Balls cease to exist because of Piccolo 's death . Goku arrives at the battlefield late , but avenges his fallen friends by defeating Nappa with his new level of power . Vegeta himself enters into the battle with Goku , but is ultimately also defeated thanks to the efforts of Gohan and Goku 's other surviving allies Krillin and Yajirobe . At Goku 's request , they spare Vegeta 's life and allow him to escape Earth . During the battle , Krillin overhears Vegeta mentioning the original set of Dragon Balls from Piccolo 's home planet Namek ( ナメック 星 , Namekku - sei ) . While Goku recovers from his injuries at the hospital , Gohan , Krillin and Goku 's oldest friend Bulma depart for Namek in order to use these Dragon Balls to revive their dead friends . However , they discover that Vegeta 's superior , the galactic tyrant Lord Frieza , is already there , seeking the Dragon Balls to be granted eternal life . A fully healed Vegeta arrives on Namek as well , seeking the Dragon Balls for himself , which leads to several battles between him and Frieza 's henchmen . Realizing he is overpowered , Vegeta teams up with Gohan and Krillin to fight the Ginyu Force , a team of mercenaries summoned by Frieza . After Goku finally arrives on Namek , the epic battle with Frieza himself comes to a close when Goku transforms into a fabled Super Saiyan ( 超 サイヤ 人 , Sūpā Saiya - jin ) and defeats him . Upon his return to Earth a year later , Goku encounters a time traveler named Trunks , the future son of Bulma and Vegeta , who warns Goku that two Androids ( 人造 人間 , Jinzōningen , lit . `` Artificial Humans '' ) will appear three years later , seeking revenge against Goku for destroying the Red Ribbon Army when he was a child . During this time , an evil life form called Cell emerges and after absorbing two of the Artificial Humans to achieve his `` perfect form , '' holds his own fighting tournament to decide the fate of the Earth , called the `` Cell Games '' . After Goku sacrifices his own life a second time , to no avail , Gohan avenges his father by defeating Cell after ascending to the second level of Super Saiyan . Seven years later Goku , who has been briefly revived for one day and meets his youngest son Goten , and his allies are drawn into a fight by the Supreme Kai against a magical being named Majin Buu . After numerous battles resulting in the destruction and recreation of the Earth , Goku ( whose life is permanently restored by the Elder Supreme Kai ) destroys Majin Buu with a `` Spirit Bomb '' attack containing the energy of everyone on Earth . Goku makes a wish for Buu to be reincarnated as a good person and ten years later , at another martial arts tournament , Goku meets Buu 's human reincarnation , Uub . Leaving the match between them unfinished , Goku departs with Uub to train him to become Earth 's new defender . Production and broadcasting Further information : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes and List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes Kazuhiko Torishima , Akira Toriyama 's editor for Dr. Slump and the first half of Dragon Ball , felt that the Dragon Ball anime 's ratings were gradually declining because it had the same producer that worked on Dr. Slump . Torishima said this producer had this `` cute and funny '' image connected to Toriyama 's work and was missing the more serious tone in the newer series , and therefore asked the studio to change the producer . Impressed with their work on Saint Seiya , he asked its director Kōzō Morishita and writer Takao Koyama to help `` reboot '' Dragon Ball , which coincided with Goku growing up . The new producer explained that ending the first anime and creating a new one would result in more promotional money , and the result was the start of Dragon Ball Z . The title was suggested by Toriyama because Z is the last letter of the alphabet and he wanted to finish the series because he was running out of ideas for it . Dragon Ball Z is adapted from the final 325 chapters of the manga series which were published in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1988 to 1995 . It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26 , 1989 , taking over its predecessor 's time slot , and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31 , 1996 . Because Toriyama was writing the manga during the production of the anime , Dragon Ball Z added original material not adapted from the manga , including lengthening scenes or adding new ones , and adding new attacks and characters not present in the manga . For example , Toriyama was asked to create an additional character for Goku 's training with King Kai , resulting in the cricket Gregory . Throughout the production , the voice actors were tasked with playing different characters and performing their lines on cue , switching between roles as necessary . The voice actors were unable to record the lines separately because of the close dialogue timing . When asked if juggling the different voices of Goku , Gohan and Goten was difficult , Masako Nozawa said that it was not , and that she was able to switch roles simply upon seeing the character 's picture . She did admit that when they were producing two films a year and television specials in addition to the regular series , there were times when they had only line art to look at while recording , which made giving finer nuanced details in her performance difficult . Series Director Daisuke Nishio left the series after personally directing Episode # 202 . Nishio left the series to become series director of Aoki Densetsu Shoot ! . The role of series director was not officially filled for Episodes # 200 - 291 , despite Nishio 's directing of Episode # 202 . English dub production and broadcasting In 1996 , Funimation Productions licensed Dragon Ball Z for an English - language release in North America . They contracted Saban Entertainment to help distribute the series to television , and Pioneer Entertainment to handle home video distribution . The Vancouver - based Ocean Studios were hired by Funimation to dub the anime ( Funimation had previously used the Ocean voice cast in their short - lived 1995 dub of Dragon Ball ) . Saban musicians Ron Wasserman and Jeremy Sweet , known for their work on the Power Rangers franchise , composed a new background score and theme song ( nicknamed `` Rock the Dragon '' ) . Funimation 's initial English dub of Dragon Ball Z had mandated cuts to content and length , which reduced the first 67 episodes into 53 . It premiered in the United States on September 13 , 1996 in first - run syndication , but halted production in 1998 after two seasons . This was due to Saban scaling down its syndication operations , in order to focus on producing original material for the Fox Kids block . Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 ( the end of the dub ) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version , but did not do so . Christopher Sabat ( left ) and Sean Schemmel ( right ) have provided Funimation 's English dub voices for Vegeta and Goku , respectively , since 1999 . On August 31 , 1998 , reruns of this cancelled dub began airing on Cartoon Network as part of the channel 's weekday afternoon programming block Toonami . Due to the success of these re-runs on Toonami , Funimation resumed production on the series ' English dub without Saban 's assistance , but could no longer afford the services of the Ocean voice cast due to financial constraints . This led to Funimation forming its own in - house voice cast at their Texas - based studio . The Saban - produced soundtrack from the first two seasons was replaced with a new background score composed by Bruce Faulconer and his team of musicians , which was used throughout the rest of Funimation 's Dragon Ball Z dub . This renewed dub featured less censorship ( due to fewer restrictions on cable programming ) and aired on Cartoon Network 's Toonami block from September 13 , 1999 to April 7 , 2003 ; continuing in re-runs through 2008 . Kids ' WB briefly ran Dragon Ball Z in 2001 on its short - lived Toonami block . In 2004 , Pioneer lost its distribution rights to the first 53 / 67 episodes of Dragon Ball Z , allowing Funimation to re-dub them with their in - house voice cast and restore the removed content . This dub 's background score was composed by Nathan M. Johnson . Funimation 's new uncut dub of these episodes aired on Cartoon Network during the summer of 2005 ( in late night , due to the unedited content ) . Funimation 's later remastered DVDs of the series saw minor changes made to their in - house dub for quality and consistency , mostly after the episode 67 gap , and had the option to play the entire series ' dub with both the American and Japanese background music . In January 2011 , Funimation and Toei announced that they would stream Dragon Ball Z within 30 minutes before their simulcast of One Piece . As of 2017 , Dragon Ball Z is no longer being streamed on Hulu . The Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada , Ireland , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Belgium , Australia and New Zealand . However , beginning with episode 108 ( 123 uncut ) , AB Groupe and Westwood Media ( in association with Ocean Studios ) produced an alternate English dub . The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK , the Netherlands and Ireland , although it later aired in Canada . Funimation 's in - house dub continued to air in the U.S. , Australia and New Zealand . The Westwood Media production used the same voices from the original short - lived dub syndicated in the USA ( which later aired on Toonami ) , it featured an alternate soundtrack by Tom Keenlyside and John Mitchell , and it used the same scripts and edits as the TV edit of Funimation 's in - house dub ( although the UK and Europe 's version was slightly edited down from this ) . In Australia , Dragon Ball Z was broadcast by the free - to - air commercial network , Network Ten during morning children 's programming , Cheez TV , originally using the censored Funimation / Saban dub before switching to Funimation 's in - house dub . Dragon Ball Z originally aired on the British Comedy Network in Fall 1998 . Dragon Ball Z Kai See also : List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes In February 2009 , Toei Animation announced that it would begin broadcasting a revised version of Dragon Ball Z as part of the series ' 20th - anniversary celebrations . The series premiered on Fuji TV in Japan on April 5 , 2009 , under the name Dragon Ball Kai . The ending suffix Kai ( 改 「 かい 」 ) in the name means `` updated '' or `` altered '' and reflects the improvements and corrections of the original work . The original footage was remastered for HDTV , featuring updated opening and ending sequences , new music , and a rerecording of the vocal tracks . The original material and any damaged frames were removed to more closely follow the manga , resulting in a faster - moving story . Torishima later explained the origins of Kai ; Bandai was having a hard time increasing their sales and asked if a new Dragon Ball anime could be made . But Toriyama refused to create a new story . Realizing that the anime - exclusive scenes that were added to increase the distance between the original anime and the manga hurt the pacing of the series , Torishima thought of cutting them so that it faithfully followed the manga . He said the reception to Kai was positive and Bandai had a hit with a card game , so it all worked out . The series initially concluded with the finale of the Cell arc , as opposed to including the Majin Buu arc . It was originally planned to run 98 episodes , however , due to the Tōhoku offshore earthquake and tsunami , the final episode of Dragon Ball Kai was not aired and the series ended on its 97th episode in Japan on March 27 , 2011 . The 98th episode was later released direct - to - video in Japan on August 2 , 2011 . In November 2012 , Mayumi Tanaka , the Japanese voice of Krillin , announced that she and the rest of the cast were recording more episodes of Dragon Ball Kai . In February 2014 , the Kai adaptation of the Majin Buu arc was officially confirmed . The new run of the series , which is titled Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters internationally , began airing in Japan on Fuji TV on April 6 , 2014 and ended its run on June 28 , 2015 . The final arc of Kai was originally produced to last 69 episodes ( as most of the international versions run ) , but the Japanese broadcast cut it down to 61 episodes . English dub production and broadcasting Funimation licensed Dragon Ball Kai for an English - language release in North America , under the title Dragon Ball Z Kai . The series was broadcast on Nicktoons from May 24 , 2010 to January 1 , 2012 . In addition to Nicktoons , the series also began airing on the 4Kids - owned Saturday morning programming block Toonzai on The CW in August 2010 , then on its successor , the Saban - owned Vortexx , beginning in August 2012 until the block ended on September 2014 . Both the Nicktoons and Toonzai / Vortexx airings were edited for content , though the Toonzai / Vortexx version was censored even more so than Nicktoons ( perhaps most notoriously , Mr. Popo was tinted blue ) , most likely due to The CW being a broadcast network , although it 's possible , albeit unlikely , that 4Kids was at least partially involved , considering their notoriety for heavy censorship of this sort . Kai began airing uncut on Adult Swim 's Toonami block in November 2014 , and re-runs of the previous week 's episodes aired at the beginning of Adult Swim proper from February 2015 to June 2016 . CSC Media Group acquired the broadcast rights to Dragon Ball Z Kai in the United Kingdom and began airing it on Kix ! in early 2013 . Despite Kai 's continuation not being officially confirmed at the time even in Japan , Sean Schemmel and Kyle Hebert , the Funimation dub voice actors of Goku and Gohan , announced in April 2013 that they had started recording an English dub for new episodes . In November 2013 , Kai 's Australasian distributor Madman Entertainment revealed that the Majin Buu arc of Kai would be released in 2014 and that they were waiting on dubs to be finished . However , in February 2014 , Funimation officially stated that they did not record for the final arc of Kai . On December 6 , 2016 , Funimation announced the continuation of Kai to begin airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Editing Dragon Ball Z 's original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in a large amount of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work . Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga is often criticized for his role in the editing ; but it was the distributor Saban which required such changes or they would not air the work , as was the case with the episode dealing with orphans . These changes included altering every aspect of the show from character names , clothing , scenes and dialogue of the show . The character Mr. Satan was renamed Hercule and this change has been retained in other English media such as Viz 's Dragon Ball Z manga and video games . The dialogue changes would sometimes contradict the scenes itself ; after the apparent fatal explosion of a helicopter , one of the characters ( most likely Tien ) said , `` I can see their parachutes ; they 're okay ! '' Funimation 's redub for the 2005 release would address many of the issues raised by Saban , with the uncut releases preserving the integrity of the original Japanese release . During the original Japanese TV airing of Dragon Ball Kai , scenes involving blood and brief nudity were removed . A rumor that Cartoon Network would be airing Kai uncut was met with an official statement to debunk the rumor in June 2010 . Nicktoons would also alter Kai ; it released a preview showcasing these changes which included removing blood and cheek scar from Bardock and altering the color of Roshi 's alcohol . The show was further edited for its broadcast on Toonzai and Vortexx , but the show 's DVD and Blu - ray releases only contained the edits present in the original Japanese version . Steven Simmons , who did the subtitling for Funimation 's home video releases , offered commentary on the subtitling from a project and technical standpoint , addressing several concerns . Simmons said that Gen Fukunaga did not want any swearing on the discs , but because there was no taboo word list Simmons would substitute a variation in the strength of the words by situation with the changes starting in episode 21 . The typographical errors in the script were caused by dashes ( -- ) and double - quotes ( `` ) failing to appear , which resulted in confusing dialogue . Music `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' Sample of `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' performed by Hironobu Kageyama , the opening theme song for the majority of the show . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Cover of the first Dragon Ball Z compilation soundtrack Shunsuke Kikuchi composed the score for Dragon Ball Z . The opening theme for the first 199 episodes is `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' performed by Hironobu Kageyama . The second opening theme used up until the series finale at episode 291 is `` We Gotta Power '' also performed by Kageyama . The ending theme used for the first 194 episodes is `` Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Power ! '' ( で て こい とびきり ZENKAI パワー ! , `` Come Out , Incredible Full Power ! '' ) performed by MANNA . The second ending theme used for the remaining episodes is `` Bokutachi wa Tenshi Datta '' ( 僕達 は 天使 だっ た , `` We Were Angels '' ) performed by Kageyama . Kenji Yamamoto composed the score for Dragon Ball Kai . The opening theme , `` Dragon Soul '' , and the first ending theme used for the first 54 episodes , `` Yeah ! Break ! Care ! Break ! '' , are both performed by Takayoshi Tanimoto . The second ending theme , used from episodes 55 -- 98 , is `` Kokoro no Hane '' ( 心 の 羽根 , `` Wings of the Heart '' ) performed by Team Dragon , a unit of the idol girl group AKB48 . On March 9 , 2011 , Toei announced that due to Yamamoto 's score infringing on the rights of an unknown third party or parties , the music for remaining episodes and reruns of previous episodes would be replaced . Later reports from Toei stated that with the exception of the series ' opening and closing songs , as well as eyecatch music , Yamamoto 's score was replaced with Shunsuke Kikuchi 's original from Dragon Ball Z . The music for the Majin Buu Saga of Kai is composed by Norihito Sumitomo . The opening theme is `` Kuu Zen Zetsu Go '' ( 空 前 絶 後 ) by Dragon Soul , while the first ending song is `` Haikei , Tsuratsusutora '' ( 拝啓 、 ツラツストラ , `` Dear Zarathustra '' ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America , and the second `` Junjō '' ( 純情 , `` Pure Heart '' ) by Leo Ieiri from episode 112 to 123 . The third ending song is `` Oh Yeah ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '' by Czecho No Republic from episode 124 to 136 , the fourth `` Galaxy '' by Kyūso Nekokami from 137 to 146 , and the fifth is `` Do n't Let Me Down '' by Gacharic Spin from 147 to 159 . The international broadcast features two pieces of theme music . The opening theme , titled `` Fight It Out '' , is performed by rock singer Masatoshi Ono , while the ending theme is `` Never Give Up ! ! ! '' , performed by rhythm and blues vocalist Junear . A second OST was created for the English Funimation release composed by Bruce Faulconer . It was used in the 2001 - 2005 broadcast of the show and was later released as an secondary to the Japanese OST . Related Media Home releases In Japan , Dragon Ball Z did not receive a home video release until 2003 , seven years after its broadcast . This was a remastering of the series in two 26 - disc DVD box sets , that were made - to - order only , released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as `` Dragon Boxes . '' The content of these sets began being released on mass - produced individual 6 - episode DVDs on November 2 , 2005 and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7 , 2007 . The international home release structure of Dragon Ball Z is complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work . Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously . Both versions of the edited and uncut material are treated as different entries and would frequently make Billboard rankings as separate entries . Home release sales were featured prominently on the Nielsen VideoScan charts . Further complicating the release of the material was Funimation itself ; which was known to release `` DVDs out of sequence in order to get them out as fast as possible '' ; as in the case of their third season . Pioneer Entertainment distributed the Funimation / Saban edited - only dub of 53 episodes on seventeen VHS between 1997 and 1999 , and seventeen DVDs throughout 1999 . Two box sets separating them into the Saiyan and Namek arcs were also released on VHS in 1999 , and on DVD in 2001 . Funimation 's own distribution of their initial in - house dub , which began with episode 54 , in edited or uncut VHS ran between 2000 and 2003 . A DVD version was produced alongside these , although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles . In 2005 , Funimation began releasing their in - house dub of the beginning of Dragon Ball Z on DVD , marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America . However , only nine volumes were released , leaving it incomplete . Instead , Funimation remastered and cropped the entire series into 16 : 9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual `` season '' box sets ; the first set released on February 6 , 2007 and the final on May 19 , 2009 . In July 2009 , Funimation announced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame - by - frame `` Dragon Box '' restoration of Dragon Ball Z in North America . These seven limited edition DVD box sets were released uncut in the show 's original 4 : 3 fullscreen format between November 10 , 2009 and October 11 , 2011 . In July 2011 , Funimation announced plans to release Dragon Ball Z in Blu - ray format , with the first set released on November 8 , 2011 . However , production of these 4 : 3 sets was suspended after the second volume , citing technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame . Only a year later , the company began producing a cropped 16 : 9 remastered Blu - ray release in 2013 , with nine sets released in total . On August 13 , 2013 , Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their first Dragon Ball Z dub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector 's DVD box set , titled the Rock the Dragon Edition . Kai In Japan , Dragon Ball Kai was released in wide - screen on 33 DVDs and in fullscreen on a single Blu - ray and eight four - disc Blu - ray sets from September 18 , 2009 , to August 2 , 2011 . Funimation released eight DVD and Blu - ray box sets of Dragon Ball Z Kai from May 18 , 2010 to June 5 , 2012 . These sets contain the original Japanese audio track with English subtitles , as well as the uncut version of the English dub , which does not contain any of the edits made for the TV airings . Before the final volume was even published , Funimation began re-releasing the series in four DVD and Blu - ray `` season '' sets between May 22 , 2012 and March 12 , 2013 . Manga Main articles : Dragon Ball ( manga ) and List of Dragon Ball Z chapters While the manga was all titled Dragon Ball in Japan , due to the popularity of the Dragon Ball Z anime in the west , Viz Media initially changed the title of the last 26 volumes of the manga to `` Dragon Ball Z '' to avoid confusion . The volumes were originally published in Japan between 1988 and 1995 . It began serialization in the American Shonen Jump , beginning in the middle of the series with the appearance of Trunks ; the tankōbon volumes of both Dragon Ball Z and Dragon Ball were released simultaneously by Viz Media in the United States . In March 2001 , Viz continued this separation by re-shipping the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z titles starting with the first volumes of each work . Viz 's marketing for the manga made distinct the differences between Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z tone . Viz billed Dragon Ball Z : `` More action - packed than the stories of Goku 's youth , Dragon Ball Z is pure adrenaline , with battles of truly Earth - shaking proportions ! '' Between 2008 and 2010 , Viz re-released the two series in a format called `` Viz Big Edition , '' which collects three individual volumes into a single large volume . However , in 2013 Viz began publishing new 3 - in - 1 volumes collecting the entire manga series , including what they previously released as Dragon Ball Z , under the Dragon Ball name . Films Further information : List of Dragon Ball Z films The Dragon Ball Z films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015 . The films are typically released in March and July in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools . They were typically double features paired up with other anime films , and were thus , usually an hour or less in length . The films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity . All 14 films were licensed in North America by Funimation , and all have received in - house dubs by the company . Prior to Funimation , the third film was a part of the short - lived Saban syndication , being split into three episodes , and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer . Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States , Toonami UK in the United Kingdom ( these featured an alternate English dub produced by an unknown cast by AB Groupe ) , and Cartoon Network in Australia . Television specials and original video animations Three TV specials based on Dragon Ball Z were produced and broadcast on Fuji TV . The first two were Dragon Ball Z : Bardock -- The Father of Goku in 1990 and Dragon Ball Z : The History of Trunks in 1993 , the latter being based on a special chapter of the original manga . Both were licensed by Funimation in North America and AB Groupe in Europe . In 2013 , a two - part hour - long crossover with One Piece and Toriko , titled Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special ! ! , was created and aired . Additionally , two original video animations ( OVAs ) bearing the Dragon Ball Z title have been made . The first is Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , which was originally released in 1993 in two parts as `` Official Visual Guides '' for the video game of the same title . Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans was a 2010 remake of this OVA . None of the OVAs have been dubbed into English , and the only one to see a release in North America is the 2010 remake , which was subtitled and included as a bonus feature in Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 . Video games Further information : List of Dragon Ball video games There are over 57 video games bearing the Dragon Ball Z name across a range of platforms from the Nintendo Entertainment System / Famicom to the current generation consoles . Also included are arcade games like Super Dragon Ball Z , which would eventually be ported to consoles . In North America , licensing rights had been given to both Namco Bandai and Atari . In 1999 , Atari acquired exclusive rights to the video games through Funimation , a deal which was extended for five more years in 2005 . A 2007 dispute would end with Atari paying Funimation $3.5 million . In July 2009 , Namco Bandai was reported to have obtained exclusive rights to release the games for a period of five years . This presumably would have taken effect after Atari 's licensing rights expired at the end of January 2010 . Soundtracks Main article : List of Dragon Ball soundtracks Dragon Ball Z has been host to numerous soundtrack releases with works like `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' and a series of 21 soundtracks released as part of the Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection Series . In total , dozens of releases exist for Dragon Ball Z which includes Japanese and foreign adapted releases of the anime themes and video game soundtracks . Reception Cultural impact and legacy Dragon Ball Z was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN 's `` Top 100 Animated Series '' , and was also listed as the 50th greatest animated shows in Wizard magazine 's `` Top 100 Greatest Animated shows '' list . The series ranked # 6 on Wizard 's Anime Magazine on their `` Top 50 Anime released in North America '' . Dragon Ball Z 's popularity is reflected through a variety of data through online interactions which show the popularity of the media . In 2001 , it was reported that the official website of Dragon Ball Z recorded 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000 + registered fans . The term `` Dragonball Z '' ranked 4th in 1999 and 2nd in 2000 by Lycos ' web search engine . For 2001 , `` Dragonball '' was the most popular search on Lycos and `` Dragonball Z '' was fifth on Yahoo ! . In 2015 , Ford Motor Company released two commercials featuring characters from the series , the first advertising the Ford Fusion and the second for the Ford Focus . Ratings Dragon Ball Z 's Japanese run was very popular with an average viewer ratings of 20.5 % across the series . Dragon Ball Z also proved to be a rating success in the United States , as the premiere of Season Three of Dragon Ball Z in 1999 , done by Funimation 's in - house dub , was the highest - rated program ever at the time on Cartoon Network . In 2002 , in the week ending September 22 , Dragon Ball Z was the # 1 program of the week on all of television with tweens 9 - 14 , boys 9 - 14 and men 12 - 24 , with the Monday , Tuesday and Wednesday telecasts of Dragon Ball Z ranked as the top three programs in all of television , broadcast or cable , for delivery of boys 9 - 14 . In 2001 , Cartoon Network obtained licensing to run 96 more episodes and air the original Dragon Ball anime and was the top rated show in the Toonami block of Cartoon network . Beginning March 26 , 2001 , Cartoon Network ran a 12 - week special promotion `` Toonami Reactor '' which included a focus on Dragon Ball Z , which would stream episodes online to high - speed internet users . Many home video releases were met with both the edited and unedited versions placing on in the top 10 video charts of Billboard . For example , `` The Dark Prince Returns '' ( containing episodes 226 - 228 ) and `` Rivals '' ( containing episodes 229 - 231 ) edited and unedited , made the Billboard magazine top video list for October 20 , 2001 . The first episode of Dragon Ball Kai earned a viewer ratings percentage of 11.3 , ahead of One Piece and behind Crayon Shin - chan . Although following episodes had lower ratings , Kai was among the top 10 anime in viewer ratings every week in Japan for most of its run . Towards the end of the original run the ratings hovered around 9 % - 10 % . Dragon Ball Z Kai premiered on Nicktoons in May 2010 and set the record for the highest - rated premiere in total viewers , and in tweens and boys ages 9 -- 14 . Nielsen Mega Manila viewer ratings ranked Dragon Ball Kai with a viewer ratings with a high of 18.4 % for October 30 -- November 4 in 2012 . At the end of April 2013 , Dragon Ball Kai would trail just behind One Piece at 14.2 % . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ranked Dragon Ball Z Kai as the second most viewed show in the week it debuted on Kix . On its debut on Vortexx , Dragon Ball Z Kai was the third highest rated show on the Saturday morning block with 841,000 viewers and a 0.5 household rating . Merchandising Some Dragon Ball staction figures at the Romics 2015 Dragon Ball Z merchandise was a success prior to its peak American interest , with more than $3 billion in sales from 1996 -- 2000 . In 1998 , Animage - ine Entertainment , a division of Simitar , announced the sale of Chroma - Cels , mock animation cels to capitalize on the popularity of Dragon Ball Z . The original sale was forecasted for late 1998 , but were pushed back to January 12 , 1999 . An acrylic replica of the Five - Star Dragon Ball . In 2000 , MGA Entertainment released more than twenty toys , consisting of table - top games and walkie - talkies . Irwin Toy released more than 72 figures consisting of 2 - inch and 5 inch action figures , which became top - selling toys in a market dominated by the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Irwin Toys would release other unique Dragon Ball Z toys including a battery powered Flying Nimbus Cloud which hovered without touching the ground and a die - cast line of vehicles with collector capsules . In June 2000 , Burger King had a toy promotion which would see 20 million figurines ; Burger King bore the cost of the promotion which provided free marketing for Funimation . The Halloween Association found Dragon Ball Z costumes to be the fourth most popular costumes in their nationwide survey . In December 2002 , Jakks Pacific signed a three - year deal for licensing Dragon Ball Z toys , which was possible because of the bankruptcy of Irwin Toy . Jakks Pacific 's Dragon Ball Z 5 - inch figures were cited as impressive for their painting and articulation . In 2010 , Toei closed deals in Central and South American countries which included Algazarra , Richtex , Pil Andina , DTM , Doobalo and Bondy Fiesta . In 2012 , Brazil 's Abr - Art Bag Rio Comercio Importacao e Exportacao closed a deal with Toei . Notes Jump up ^ Shuki Levy and Kussa Mahehi ( Haim Saban ) were credited as composers for contractual reasons . This was standard practice at Saban Entertainment during the 1990s . Jump up ^ The original interview was conducted by Steve Harmon with Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga in 1999 and was hosted on Harmon 's personal website `` The Vault '' . A record of the website exists on Archive.org , but the original interview itself was lost . The record was kept by Chris Psaros who provided a copy for the website `` The Dragon Ball Z Otaku Alliance '' which republished the original interview for this source . Jump up ^ Steven Simmons , who uses the nickname `` Daimao '' in websites like Toriyama.org , wrote the original scripts for the Funimation subtitles and was involved in the localization process . His comments are included as a primary source , but also definitively illustrate concerns with the subtitles , from its creator . This connection and background is noted at the accompanying Anime News Network reference . Jump up ^ The releases for both The Dark Prince Returns and Babidi : Showdown were released on September 25 , 2001 . The title `` Showdown '' was replaced with `` Rivals '' and contains episodes 229 -- 231 , titled `` Vegeta 's Pride '' , `` The Long Awaited Flight '' , and `` Magic Ball of Buu '' . Prior to the release , Billboard and news outlets including the Anime News Network and Anime Nation were using the title `` Showdown '' ; but the UPC codes match , indicating a re-titling for this release , `` Rivals '' , also has a September 25 , 2001 , release date for the uncut material . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Kai ( ドラゴンボール 改 ( カイ ) , Doragon Bōru Kai , lit . Dragon Ball Revised ) , retitled Dragon Ball Z Kai in most international releases References Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Remastered Uncut Season 1 ( Eps 1 - 39 ) ( Fatpack ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 1 DVD Uncut '' . Right Stuf Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball '' . Toei Animation USA . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuhiko Torishima On Shaping The Success Of ' Dragon Ball ' And The Origins Of ' Dragon Quest ' '' . Forbes . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump '' . October 3 , 2003 : 92 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan ; Helen McCarthy ( September 1 , 2001 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( 1st ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Stone Bridge Press . pp. 101 -- 102 . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 64 - 7 . OCLC 47255331 . Jump up ^ Editors ' roundtable , Jump Comics ( Shueisha ) , July 2 , 2004 , page 88 . ISBN 4088737059 Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 大 全集 3 : TV ANIMATION PART 1 ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha. 1995 . pp. 202 -- 207 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 782753 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Supplemental Daizenshuu : TV Animation Part 3 , pages 107 -- 113 Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 超 全集 4 超 事典 . Shueisha. 2013 . pp. 340 -- 345 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 782499 - 5 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal ( 2005 ) . Television cartoon shows : an illustrated encyclopedia , 1949 through 2003 . McFarland & Co. pp. 283 -- 285 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Z end credits ( FUNimation / Saban dub , 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 interview with Ron Wasserman '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pioneer announces last Dragonball Z release '' . Anime News Network . November 14 , 1998 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z Funimation / Saban dub , episodes 1 - 53 ( 1 - 67 uncut ) Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton . `` Saban trims syndie arm '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z to air in Kids WB '' . DBZN . July 18 , 2001 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : De La Cruz , Edwin ( November 23 , 2003 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Z ' keeps up the momentum '' . Video Store . Questex Media Group , Inc . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Previously Unreleased Dragon Ball Z DVDs ! '' . ICV2 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation 2005 Plans '' . Anime News Network . December 31 , 2004 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DBZ uncut on Cartoon Network '' . Anime News Network . June 9 , 2005 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Stream Dragon Ball Z in North America '' . Anime News Network . January 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z end credits ( Westwood Media dub , c. 2001 ) Jump up ^ Rupert Howe , Made in Japan : Chasing the Dragon ; Pokemon Was Nicknamed ' Kiddie Crack ' but a New Wave of Japanese Monsters Threatens to Be Even More Addictive . The Independent ( London ) , March 5 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan 's Remastered DBZ to Be Called Dragon Ball Z Kai '' . Anime News Network . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z to Rerun on Japanese TV in HD in April '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 放送 開始 20 周年 記念 ! HD リ マスター 坂 で テレビ アニメ が 堂々 復活 ! ! 孫悟空 伝説 再び ! ! その 名 も ... DRAGON BALL KAI '' . V Jump ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Shueisha : 10 . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Interview de l'éditeur de Dragon Ball -- L'influence de Dragon Ball -- Partie 6 ( web video ) . Kazé . January 17 , 2015 . Event occurs at 6 : 27 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ドラゴンボール 改 人造 人間 ・ セル 編 15 ( Dragon Ball Kai Artificial Human / Cell Volume 15 ( DVD ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Happinet Pictures . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai 's Japanese Cast Records New Episodes '' . Anime News Network . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime Series to Premiere on April 6 '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters Listed at 69 Episodes . Anime News Network ( April 17 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Navarre Reveals Funimation 's Dragon Ball Kai License -- Anime News Network ( Received February 2 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Heldenfelds , Rich ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Nickelodeon Announces Fall Plans '' . Ohio.com . Akron Beach Journal . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai to Air on TheCW4Kids on Saturdays '' . Anime News Network . April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai Gets an Extra Slot on Adult Swim '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai now broadcast in the UK TOEI Animation Europe '' . Toei-animation.com . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai Due on U.K. Television This Month '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai TV Screenings on Kix ! Channel in Early 2013 '' . Anime News Network . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Herbert , Sean Schemmel Returning in Dragon Ball Z Kai Buu Saga Dub '' . Anime News Network . April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Madman Ent : DBZ Kai 's Buu Saga Should Come in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . November 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Has Not Recorded a Dub for Dragon Ball Z Kai 's Buu Saga '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters heading to Toonami ! '' . www.funimation.com . Funimation . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reprinted Interview : 30 - Something Questions with Gen Fukunaga '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2003 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z : Ultimate , Battle 22 , TOSE Software Co. , 1995 Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Debunks Dragon Ball Z Kai Uncensored Airing Rumor '' . Anime News.biz . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Dragon Ball Kai ? Part II : How to Watch Kai in America '' . Toon Zone . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DBZ Subtitling article '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Concerning the DVDs ( 07 / 26 / 00 ) ( Archived by Archive.org ) '' . Toriyama.org . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2000 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ オープニング & エンディング テーマ が 決定 ! ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved April 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` チーム ドラゴン fromAKB48 : チーム ドラゴン from AKB48 、 『 ドラゴンボール 改 』 ED 曲 を 全 11 種類 の パッケージ で 発売 / BARKS ニュース '' . Barks ( in Japanese ) . June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Toei Replaces Possibly Infringing Dragon Ball Kai Music '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shino Kakinuma Replaces Yuko Minaguchi as Videl in Dragon Ball Z Kai '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Good Morning America Performs New Dragon Ball Kai Ending '' . Anime News Network . March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Ieiri Performs 2nd Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime 's Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dragon Ball Kai '' New ED Song PV by Czecho No Republic `` . Crunchyroll . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Band Gacharic Spin to Perform New Dragon Ball Z Kai Ending '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Bruce Faulconer https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0269023/ ) Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z 第 1 巻 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z ♯ 49 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z news '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 1 : Arrival ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z -- Super Saiyan ( Vol. 17 ) ( Episodes 50 - 53 ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 1 - Arrival ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 17 - Super Saiyan ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z -- The Saiyan Conflict ( Boxed Set I -- Episodes 1 - 25 ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z -- The Namek Saga ( Boxed Set II -- Episodes 26 - 53 ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z -- The Saiyan Conflict ( Boxed Set I -- Episodes 1 - 25 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z -- The Namek Saga ( Boxed Set II -- Episodes 26 - 53 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault ( Uncut ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Kid Buu -- New Beginning ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z -- Kid Buu -- A New Beginning '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DragonBall Z : Vegeta Saga 1 - Saiyan Showdown ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DragonBall Z : Vegeta Saga 2 - Saiyan Invasion ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season One ( Vegeta Saga ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season Nine ( Majin Buu Saga ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Entertainment Announces First U.S. Release of Dragon Box '' ( Press release ) . Funimation . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FUNIMATION ENTERTAINMENT ANNOUNCES DRAGON BALL Z SERIES ON BLU - RAY '' . funimation.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FUNimation Entertainment ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` FUNimation Entertainment Announces Dragon Ball Z Series on Blu - ray '' . prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Entertainment Announces Dragon Ball Z Series on Blu - ray -- FLOWER MOUND , Texas '' . Texas : Prnewswire.com . July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Funimation Entertainment ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` FUNimation Suspends Production of Dragon Ball Z Blu - rays '' ( Press release ) . Flower Mound , Texas : Anime News Network . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season 9 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Rock the Dragon Collector 's Edition ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Part One Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Part Eight ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viz announces 4 / 99 releases '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Viz announces products for 7 / 99 release '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` March Manga releases '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Releases from Viz posted on November 2 , 2000 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z , Vol. 1 ( VIZBIG Edition ) '' . Barnes & Noble Booksellers , Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball ( 3 - in - 1 Edition ) , Vol. 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atari and FUNimation Extend Dragon Ball License '' . Wireless News . Close - Up Media , Inc . January 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . ^ Jump up to : `` Atari Settles ' Dragonball Z ' ( ALL ) Dispute With FUNimation '' . Worthplaying . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Namco Bandai Locks Down Dragon Ball License For America '' . Kotaku . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 78 . Dragon Ball Z '' . IGN . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard Magazine 's Top 100 cartoons list '' . Listal . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard lists Top 50 Anime '' . Anime News Network . July 6 , 2001 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Azoulay , Julia F ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Character study : CB offers a licensing show cheat sheet '' . Children 's Business . Conde Nast Publications , Inc . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Evers , Joris ( December 20 , 2000 ) . `` Britney Spears tops Lycos 2000 search terms list '' . Network World . Network World Inc. / IDG . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Phan , Monty ( January 14 , 2001 ) . `` Ugh , they did it again -- and again '' . Post-Tribune ( IN ) . Sun - Times News Group . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Schorow , Stephanie ( January 8 , 2002 ) . `` Predictably , Nostradamus tops searches on Internet '' . The Boston Herald . Herald Media , LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Watch These Bizarre Ford Car Commercials Featuring Dragon Ball Z '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gundam Wing leaving Toonami ? ! '' . Anime News Network . December 12 , 2000 . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z Tops Ratings '' . Anime News Network . September 22 , 2002 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` Cartoon Upfront With New Show Spending '' . Cable World . Access Intelligence , LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Stump , Matt ( April 23 , 2001 ) . `` Broadband ' Toonami ' Boosts Cable Modems '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ The Associated Press . ( October 12 , 2001 ) . `` Most Popular Videos '' . AP Online . Press Association , Inc . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , March 30 - April 5 '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , April 6 -- 12 '' . Anime News Network . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , April 13 -- 19 '' . Anime News Network . April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 海外 で 話題 の 日本 アニメ を ソーシャル メディア から 探る ! ~ 「 ワンピース 」 が 各国 の つぶやき で 上位 に ~ '' . Videor.co.jp . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` バック ナンバー 2011 年度 VOL. 6 2011 年 1 月 31 日 ( 月 ) ~ 2 月 6 日 ( 日 ) '' . Videor . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Ranks As Basic Cable 's Top Network With Kids , Total Viewers ; Scores Most - Watched May Ever With Total Viewers '' . Viacom . June 2010 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Nielsen Mega Manila Household Ratings ( Oct. 30 - Nov. 4 ) : Be Careful With My Heart rules daytime ; 24 Oras and Ina Kapatid Anak share primetime lead '' . Pep . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Nielsen Mega Manila Household Ratings ( April 26 to 28 ) : Aljur Abrenica 's Magpakailanman episode tops Saturday ratings '' . PEP . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Viewing data Top 10s '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Morning Vortexx Ratings Notes for the CW : ' WWE Saturday Morning Slam ' , ' Dragon Ball Z Kai ' , ' Justice League Unlimited ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burger King Uses Kids ' Meals to Promote Japanese Cartoon Series. ( Knight Ridder / Tribune Business News ) '' . Knight Ridder / Tribune Business News . June 5 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ani - Mag announces Chroma - Cels of Sailor Moon , DBZ '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News Briefs ( posted on December 12 , 1998 ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MGA signs for Dragonball Z. ( Brief Article ) '' . Playthings . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuthbert , Joyce ( February 1 , 2000 ) . `` Chicago '' . Playthings . Furniture Today Media Group LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Irwin Toy Launches '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hype All Dressed up with Somewhere to Go '' . Los Angeles Daily News . McClatchy - Tribune Information Services . October 25 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Brent ( February 19 , 2003 ) . `` Toy Maker Bets on Dead Delinquent Jakks Pacific Shifts Its Focus from Wrestling '' . Los Angeles Daily News . McClatchy - Tribune Information Services . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Bump on Head Does Good for Warrior , Target Earth , Joseph Szadkowski , The Washington Times ( Washington , DC ) , December 3 , 2005 Questia Jump up ^ `` Toei seals Latin America deals '' . Licensing.biz . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toei lands licensing deal for Dragon Ball Z '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Further reading Mínguez - López , Xavier ( March 2014 ) . `` Folktales and Other References in Toriyama 's Dragon Ball Z '' . Animation. 9 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 46 . doi : 10.1177 / 1746847713519386 . 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5,347,547,469,204,691,000 | briefly describe the changes in pakistan between 1988 and 1999 | Timeline of Pakistani history ( 1947 -- present ) - wikipedia Timeline of Pakistani history ( 1947 -- present ) Jump to : navigation , search Contents ( hide ) 1 1947 - 1949 1.1 1947 1.2 1948 1.3 1949 2 1950 - 1959 2.1 1950 2.2 1951 2.3 1952 2.4 1953 2.5 1954 2.6 1955 2.7 1956 2.8 1957 2.9 1958 2.10 1959 3 1960 - 1969 3.1 1960 3.2 1961 3.3 1962 3.4 1963 3.5 1964 3.6 1965 3.7 1966 3.8 1967 3.9 1968 3.10 1969 4 1970 - 1979 4.1 1970 4.2 1971 4.3 1972 4.4 1973 4.5 1974 4.6 1975 4.7 1976 4.8 1977 4.9 1978 4.10 1979 5 1980 - 1989 5.1 1980 5.2 1981 5.3 1982 5.4 1983 5.5 1984 5.6 1985 5.7 1986 5.8 1987 5.9 1988 5.10 1989 6 1990 - 1999 6.1 1990 6.2 1991 6.3 1992 6.4 1993 6.5 1994 6.6 1995 6.7 1996 6.8 1997 6.9 1998 6.10 1999 7 2000 - 2009 7.1 2000 7.2 2001 7.3 2002 7.4 2003 7.5 2004 7.6 2005 7.7 2006 7.8 2007 7.9 2008 7.10 2009 8 2010 - present 8.1 2010 8.2 2011 8.3 2012 8.4 2013 8.5 2014 8.6 2015 8.7 2016 8.8 2017 9 References 1947 - 1949 ( edit ) 1947 ( edit ) June 3 : British Government decides to bifurcate British India , into two sovereign states -- India and Pakistan July 8 : Constituent Assembly of Pakistan approves the design of Pakistan . 26 July : 6 July 1947 in which the first Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was given shape with 69 members ( later on the membership was increased to 79 ) , including one female Member . 14 August Pakistan came into existence . Jul into being as an independent sovereign state . September 30 : Pakistan becomes member of UN by a unanimous vote of the Security Council . October 27 : Indian Air troops land in Kashmir as the Maharajah declares accession of Kashmir to India . 1948 ( edit ) January 1 : United cease - fire orders to operate in Kashmir . War stops accordingly . February 2 : Urdu is declared the national language of Pakistan . May 1 : Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 , Pakistan enters war on behalf of Kashmir against India . 1st July : Quaid - e-Azam inaugurated the State Bank OF Pakistan . July 9 : Pakistan 's first postage stamp is issued . September 11 : Founding father of nation Quaid - e-Azam dies in Karachi due to stroke . September 14 : Khwaja Nazimuddin becomes Governor - General of Pakistan . December 15 : Farhan Naseer became Health Minister of Punjab and also known as Setha master 1949 ( edit ) January 1 : UN Cease - fire Line established between Pakistani Kashmir and Indian - held Kashmir . February 8 : Azad Kashmir Government shifts its capital March 12 : Objectives Resolution passed 1950 - 1959 ( edit ) 1950 ( edit ) January 4 : president of Pakistan recognizes the Peoples Republic of China April 8 : Liaquat - Nehru pact is signed in New Delhi on measures to deal with major Inter-Dominion problems . May 18 : The Peshawar University comes into being . July 11 : Pakistan joins the International Monetary Fund and World Bank . September 6 : General Mohammad Ayub Khan , the first Pakistani , is appointed C - in - C of Pakistan Army . 1951 ( edit ) May 11 : University of Karachi is established . June 14 : Hearing of Pindi Conspiracy Case begins in Hyderabad Jail . October 16 : Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated at Rawalpindi . October 17 : Malik Ghulam Muhammad becomes Governor - General , Khwaja Nazimuddin assumes charge of Prime Minister . 1952 ( edit ) March 12 : Princely states of Kalat , Makran , Las Bela and Kharan agree , with the concurrence of the Central Government , to integrate their territories into Baluchistan . August 21 : Pakistan and India agree on the boundary pact between East Bengal and West Bengal . August 22 : A 24 - hour telegraph telephone service is established between East Pakistan and West Pakistan . December 24 : UN Security Council adopts the Anglo - American Resolution on Kashmir urging immediate demilitarization talks between India , Pakistan . December 31 : Pakistan National Scouts instituted . January 12 : Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation ( PIDC ) , Headed by Founder Chairman Ghulam Faruque 1953 ( edit ) April 17 : Muhammad Ali Bogra is sworn is as Prime Minister . July 14 : Wazir Mansion Karachi , the birthplace of Quaid - e-Azam , is declared protected national monument . August 16 : Kashmir Martyrs ' Day observed throughout Pakistan . November 22 : Allama Sayed Sulaiman Nadvi , well - known scholar and historian , died in Karachi . 1954 ( edit ) July 31 : K2 , the world 's second highest mountain , is conquered by an Italian expedition led by Professor Desio . August 7 : Government of Pakistan approves the National Anthem , written by Abu Al - Asar Hafeez Jalandhari and composed by Ahmed G. Chagla . August 17 : Pakistan defeats England by 24 runs at Oval during its maiden tour of England . September 21 : Constituent Assembly unanimously passes the resolution in favour of Urdu and Bengali as national languages . October 7 : Foreign Minister Ch. Zafarullah Khan becomes a member of the International Court of Justice . October 24 : Ghulam Muhammad dissolved first constitutional assembly . 1955 ( edit ) January 1 : Pakistan International Airlines comes into being . January 17 : Noted short story writer , Saadat Hasan Manto dies in Lahore . March 15 : The biggest post-independence irrigation project , Kotri Barrage is inaugurated . April 18 -- 24 : Pakistan participates in the Bandung Conference . August 7 : PM Mohammad Ali Bogra resigns after the election of Chaudhri Mohammad Ali . October 6 : Governor - General Ghulam Mohammad 's resignation is succeeded by Iskander Mirza . 1956 ( edit ) February 21 : Constituent Assembly decides the country shall be a Federal Republic known as Islamic Republic of Pakistan . May 14 : PM Abiha Abdul Majeed presents the first five - year plan . March 23 : 1956 Constitution is promulgates on Pakistan Day . Major - General Iskander Mirza sworn in as first President of Pakistan . September 12 : Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy assumes office of appointed Prime Minister . October 1 : The Electorate Bill is introduced in the National Assembly providing for Joint Electorate in East Pakistan and Separate Electorate in West Pakistan . 1957 ( edit ) February 2 : President Iskandar Mirza laid down the foundation - stone of Guddu Barrage . March 8 : President Iskandar Mirza lays the foundation - stone of the State Bank of Pakistan building in Karachi . July 11 : Spiritual leader of Ismailis and one of the founders of Muslim League , Aga Khan , dies . Governor - Raj is lifted in West Pakistan after four months . July 24 : Maulana Bhashani forms National Awami Party . December 22 : Malik Firoz Khan Noon is sworn in as seventh Prime Minister of Pakistan . 1958 ( edit ) February 14 : Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar , veteran leader of Pakistan Movement dies in Karachi . April 23 : Jalal Baba became Interior Minister . June 25 : President Rule is proclaimed in East Pakistan . July 17 : First Nigar Film Awards held . October 7 : Martial Law is declared throughout the country . General Ayub Khan is chief Martial Law Administrator . October 24 : General Ayub sworn in as Prime minister by Iskander Mirza to satisfy Ayub , on 27th Ayub makes his resign to become the president October 27 : Ayub forces Iskander Mirza to step down , General Ayub khan himself becomes President November 2 : Iskander Mirza is exiled . 1959 ( edit ) March 21 : Martial law authorities enforce PRODA to disqualify politicians . April 18 : Government takes over dailies The Pakistan Times , Imroze and weekly Lail - o - Nihar . July 12 : Shukriya Niaz Ali becomes first woman pilot of Pakistan . September 16 : Government establishes Islamic Research Institute . October 26 : Basic Democracies by Ayub Khan October 27 : President General Ayub Khan becomes Field Marshal . 1960 - 1969 ( edit ) 1960 ( edit ) February 24 : Presidential Cabinet decides to name the new Capital as Islamabad . March 23 : Foundation of Minar - e-Pakistan is laid . July 31 : Foundation stone of Mazar - i - Quaid ( Mausoleum of M.A. Jinnah ) is laid . August 1 : Islamabad is declared the principal seat of the Government of Pakistan . September 9 : Pakistan achieved its first Gold Medal in 1960 Olympics , defeating India in hockey by 1 - 0 at Rome . 1961 ( edit ) January 1 : Decimal coinage introduced in Pakistan . April 22 : Government institutes Film Awards . June 14 : Government takes over news agency , Associated Press of Pakistan ( APP ) . July 15 : Jasmine is chosen as the national flower of Pakistan . August 16 : Maulvi Abdul Haq dies in Karachi . 1962 ( edit ) February 3 : Prominent poet and Pakistan 's Guinness world record holder Dr. Muhammad Saeed Fazal Karim Beebani born in Rawalpindi . He wrote Ghair Munqoot Naatia poetry book ' Mumdooh - e-Kirdigar ' and Ghair Munqoot Hamdia poetry book ' Alhumdulillah ' . June 8 : 1962 Constitution is promulgated . April 27 : Veteran statesman of Pakistan , A.K. Fazlul Huq dies in Dhaka at age 89 . June 1 : Soviet Union awards Lenin Prize to Faiz Ahmed Faiz for his literary contribution . June 7 : SUPARCO launches Pakistan 's first weather rocket , Rehbar - I from Sonmiani . June 8 : National Assembly elected and begins its first session . Ayub Khan takes oath of first President of Pakistan under new constitution . 1963 ( edit ) January 5 : First trade agreement is signed between Pakistan and China . January 24 : Z.A. Bhutto becomes Foreign Minister . March 2 : Pakistan and China sign a border agreement in Peking ( Beijing ) . April 21 : The Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors adopts code of Press Ethics . October 29 : Sir Zafrullah Khan is replaced by Syed Amjad Ali as Pakistan 's permanent representative to United Nations . 1964 ( edit ) July 31 : Pakistan , Iran and Turkey agree to establish Regional Cooperation for Development . September 17 : Fatima Jinnah filed her paper as candidate for the Presidential election . October 22 : Khwaja Nazimuddin dies in Dhaka . October 28 : Pakistan 's hockey team wins silver medal in Tokyo Olympic games . November 26 : President Ayub Khan inaugurates Pakistan Television Lahore Station . 1965 ( edit ) January 2 : Presidential election held . Field Marshal Ayub Khan re-elected as President . March 21 : National Assembly elections held . Out of 150 , Pakistan Muslim League wins 120 seats . June 30 : Pakistan and India sign accord on Rann of Kutch . September 6 : Second war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir . September 23 : A cease - fire between India and Pakistan comes into force . 1966 ( edit ) January 10 : Tashkent Declaration signed between India and Pakistan . February 12 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , chief of Awami League , announces his six points in Karachi . June 17 : Z.A. Bhutto then foreign minister , resigns . September 17 : General Yahya Khan becomes C - in - C of Pakistan Army . General Musa Khan appointed Governor General of West Pakistan . November 13 : Punjab city of Montgomery renamed Sahiwal . 1967 ( edit ) July 9 : Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah dies in Karachi . August 24 : Pakistan 's first steel mill is inaugurated at Chittagong . November 18 : Pakistan awards Sitara - i - Imtiaz to Egyptian vocalist Umm - i - Kulsoom for singing the poetry of Allama Iqbal . November 26 : Malik Amir Muhammad , Nawab of Kalabagh is shot dead . December 1 : Pakistan Peoples Party comes into being . 1968 ( edit ) January 6 : Agartala conspiracy case for secession of East Pakistan , unearthed. 28 involved persons arrested . September 25 : Pakistan Television Dhaka Station is inaugurated . October 26 : Pakistan becomes Olympic hockey champion , winning over Australia 2 - 1 . November 7 : Students ' demonstrations start throughout the country that later led to resignation of General Auyb Khan . December 7 : Mir Waiz Yousaf Shah , Grand Mufti of Kashmir , dies in Rawalpindi . 1969 ( edit ) March 6 : All court cases against students withdrawn in West Pakistan . March 25 : Ayub Khan resigns and hands over power to Army Chief General Yahya Khan . Martial law proclaimed and assemblies dissolved . July 4 : Pakistan and India sign the final maps of the Rann of Kutch in Islamabad . September 24 : Indian official delegation excluded from Islamic Summit Conference following Pakistan 's demand . December 1 : Three - hundred class - I gazetted officers , allegedly involved in corruption , are suspended . 1970 - 1979 ( edit ) 1970 ( edit ) March 1 : Air Marshal Asghar Khan forms new political party , Tehrik - i - Istaqlal . April 6 : First ordinance factory is inaugurated at Ghazipur . July 1 : One - unit of West Pakistan abolished , provinces restored . December 7 : First General elections held . Awami League and Pakistan People Party emerge as leading parties in East and West Pakistan . December 19 : Pakistan wins gold medal in Asian Games hockey , beating India 1 - 0 . 1971 ( edit ) January 30 : An Indian Airlines aeroplane , hijacked by two Kashmiri separatists , lands at Lahore airport . February 16 : Korakoram Highway , linking China and Pakistan , opened . March 26 : Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight August 29 : Rashid Minhas awarded Nishan - i - Haider , Pakistan 's highest gallantry award . October 24 : Pakistan wins World Hockey Cup defeating Spain 1 - 0 at Barcelona . November 22 : India launches full - scale attack on East Pakistan . December 6 : Major Shabbir Sharif Shaheed was killed by a direct hit in the afternoon . December 16 : Dhaka falls and Bangladesh comes into being . December 20 : General Yahya Khan hands over power to Z.A. Bhutto , who takes over as President and Chief Martial Law Administrator . 1972 ( edit ) Karachi labour unrest of 1972 January 8 : Sheikh Mujibur Rehman is released unconditionally . January 20 : Zulfikar Ali Bhutto called a secret meeting at Multan , and launches the programme on nuclear weapons development . January 30 : Pakistan snaps ties with Commonwealth on recognizing Bangladesh . March 14 : New education policy enforced . Free education in all private and public schools . April 14 : First session of National Assembly . Bhutto elected President . April 21 : Martial Law lifted ; constitutional rule is restored in the country . Hamoodur Rahman is sworn in as Chief Justice of Pakistan . May 1 : Labour Day is celebrated for the first time in Pakistan . July 2 : Simla Agreement is signed between President Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . July 8 : Riots in Karachi over Sindhi language bill . Dozens of Muhajirs killed by forces . October 28 : President Bhutto inaugurates Karachi Nuclear Power Plant ( KANUPP ) . 1973 ( edit ) February 13 : Begum Rana Liaquat Ali becomes first woman to assume office of Sindh Governor . April 10 : 1973 Constitution of Pakistan enacted by the National Assembly . August 11 : Chaudhry Fazal Ilahi is elected as President . August 14 : Constitution of Pakistan 1973 promulgated August 28 : Return of Pakistan POWs ( prisoners of war ) accord signed in New Delhi . December 30 : Z.A. Bhutto lays foundation stone of Pakistan Steel Mills . February 21 : Pakistan recognizes Bangladesh . February 22 : Islamic Summit Conference starts in Lahore ; 22 heads of state participate . September 7 : Resolution passed about Qadyani that Qadyani and all groups of Qadyani are Non-Muslim . Resolution made by Jamiat Ulema - e-Pakistan ( JUP ) leader Imam Shah Ahmed Noorani ( R.A ) . April 10 : Noted scholar and VC of Karachi University Dr. Mehmood Hussain dies . July 27 : Council of Islamic Ideology recommends to abolish Riba and introduce Zakat . October 5 : Pakistan and Bangladesh agree to establish diplomatic ties . October 25 : Renowned journalist Agha Shorish Kashmiri dies in Lahore . December 27 : 1976 is declared Quaid 's Century year . 1976 ( edit ) March 1 : General Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq becomes Chief of Army Staff . April 8 : Sardari system is abolished in Balochistan . July 24 : Lahore - Amritsar train service , Samjhota Express starts . July 31 : A.Q. Khan research laboratories established . August 6 : Z.A. Bhutto lays the foundation - stone of Port Qasim . 1977 ( edit ) January 10 : Nine opposition parties form joint election forum , Pakistan National Alliance ( PNA ) . March 7 : General elections are held in the country . PPP wins 155 , PNA 35 seats out of 200 . July 1 : Friday is announced weekly holiday , replacing Sunday . July 5 : General Zia - ul - Haq enforces Martial Law . Constitution suspended ; political activities banned . September 17 : Z.A. Bhutto arrested under Martial Law orders . 1978 ( edit ) February 1 : Allama Iqbal 's Lahore house is declared national monument . March 18 : Lahore High Court awards death sentence to Bhutto along with four others . April 6 : First of the 13 - volume exhaustive Urdu Dictionary is published by Taraqqi - i - Urdu Board . June 11 : Altaf Hussain forms All Pakistan Muhajir Students Organization ( APMSO ) . September 16 : General Zia - ul - Haq is sworn in as President . November 24 : Pakistan wins Hockey Champion Trophy at Lahore , defeating Australia . 1979 ( edit ) Hudood Ordinance enacted February 6 : Supreme Court upholds Bhutto 's conviction in Muhammad Ahmad Khan murder case . April 4 : Z.A. Bhutto hanged in Rawalpindi jail . September 1 : Pakistan is admitted to Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) . October 15 : Dr. Abdus Salam , eminent Pakistani scientist , is awarded Physics Nobel Prize . October 16 : General Zia - ul - Haq putt of polls indefinitely , political parties dissolved , press censorship imposed . 1980 - 1989 ( edit ) 1980 ( edit ) May 10 : Pakistan boycotts Moscow Olympics . May 26 : Establishment of Federal Shariat Court is announced . June 21 : Government starts collecting Zakat . December 2 : Former PM , Chaudhry Muhammad Ali , dies in Karachi . December 3 : Shirin Bai , sister of Quaid - i - Azam , dies in Karachi . 1981 ( edit ) January 1 : Interest - free banking introduced . January 3 : International Islamic University starts functioning . January 3 : Jalal Babab , veteran Muslim leader died . March 1 : National population census starts throughout the country . March 2 : A PIA Boeing 720 with 148 passengers hijacked to Kabul . August 31 : Pakistan Steel Mills starts functioning . 1982 ( edit ) January 3 : Pakistan defeats Germany 3 - 1 in World Cup Hockey in Bombay . January 11 : General Zia - ul - Haq inaugurates first session of Federal Council ( Shoora ) in Islamabad . February 22 : Noted Urdu poet , Josh Malihabadi , dies in Islamabad . April 8 : Jahangir Khan wins British Open Squash Championship . December 21 : Writer of Pakistan 's national anthem , Hafeez Jalandhari dies . January 15 : First three F - 16 jets reach Pakistan . January 25 : Wifaqi Mohtasib ( Ombudsman ) Order is promulgated . Justice Sardar Iqbal is named , WM . March 11 : Nuclear tests : Kirana - I is carried out . The tests are not announced until 2000 . March 28 : Government lifts censorship from periodicals . March 29 : Foundation - stone of Satellite Earth Station is laid near Rawalpindi . April 2 : Weather Report : Pleasant rainfall bloomed up the city of Karachi . September 29 : First phase of local bodies election starts . 1984 ( edit ) February 9 : Government imposes ban on all students unions . March 18 : Altaf Hussain forms MQM . April 27 : Ban imposed on use of Islamic nomenclature by Ahmadis . November 20 : Renowned poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz dies . December 10 : Ammad Hassan born December 19 : General Zia - ul - Haq holds presidential referendum . 1985 ( edit ) February 25 : Partyless national elections held . March 23 : Muhammad Khan Junejo sworn in as Prime Minister and General Zia as President . April 15 : Death of Bushra Zaidi , a university student , engenders a series of riots . October 16 : National Assembly adopts Eighth Amendment Bill . December 31 : Martial Law is lifted , amended 1973 Constitution revived . 1986 ( edit ) April 10 : Benazir Bhutto returns to homeland . June 6 : President Zia lays foundation stone of Al - Shifa Trust Eye Hospital in Rawalpindi . July 8 : Peshawar Dry Port is inaugurated . September 5 : Hijacked Pan Am Flight 73 is freed after commando action in Karachi . October 12 : England beats World Champions Pakistan 3 - 1 in semi-final of World Cup Hockey . February 21 : President Zia makes a surprise to India , met Premier Rajiv Gandhi . October 15 : Qazi Hussain Ahmed becomes Amir of Jamat - i - Islami . October 21 : Jan Sher Khan wins World Open Squash Championship for the first time . November 30 : Local bodies election held throughout the country . December 18 : Benezir Bhutto marries Asif Ali Zardari . 1988 ( edit ) April 10 : Army ammunition blown up in Ojheri camp , Rawalpindi ; more than 100 people died . April 20 : Jahangir Khan wins seventh Squash title in a row . May 29 : President General Zia dissolves National Assembly and Junejo cabinet . June 15 : President General Zia promulgates Shariat Ordinance making Sharia supreme law of the land . August 17 : General Zia - ul - Haq is killed in a plane crash near Bahawalpur . October 6 : Eight political parties form Islamic Jamhori Itehad ( IJI ) . November 16 : General elections held . PPP wins 92 , IJI secures 54 . December 2 : Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as first woman Prime Minister of Pakistan . 1989 ( edit ) January 19 : Students unions are restored in Punjab & won by ATI ( Anjuman - e Talba - Islam ) . May 26 : ISI Chief Lt. Gen. Hameed Gul is replaced by Shamsur Rahman Kallu . October 1 : Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth . October 20 : SAF Games open in Islamabad . November 1 : No - Confidence move against Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto failed . 1990 - 1999 ( edit ) 1990 ( edit ) Feb 5 : Kashmir Solidarity Day observed for the first time August 6 : President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolves National Assembly and dismisses Benazir Government . Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi becomes care - taker prime minister . September 23 : Sandak project signed between Pakistan and China at Beijing . October 24 : General elections held . IJI gets 104 and PDA wins 45 seats . November 6 : Nawaz Sharif elected Prime Minister , securing 153 votes . December 12 : Pakistan becomes 37th country to send expedition to Antarctica . 1991 ( edit ) April 25 : Jahangir Khan creates history by winning British Open Squash title for the record tenth consecutive time . May 16 : National Assembly adopts Shariat Bill . July 17 : Pakistan unveils first battle tank Al - Khalid manufactured jointly by Pakistan and China . August 14 : Nawaz Sharif lays foundation - stone of Bab - i - Pakistan at Walton Lahore . August 16 : Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Baig retires . General Asif Nawaz assumes command . Local bodies election held in Pakistan . December 27 : Pride of Pakistan Air Force Farooq Ahmad born in Farooqabad . 1992 ( edit ) January 12 : Lahore - Islamabad Motorway project launched . February 22 : Nawaz Sharif introduces yellow - cab taxi scheme . March 25 : Pakistan wins Cricket World Cup , defeating England by 22 runs in Melbourne , Australia . April 26 : Pakistan 's Alam Channa enters Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest man in the world . June 19 : Military operation against MQM starts in Sindh . 1993 ( edit ) January 8 : General Asif Nawaz dies of heart attack in Rawalpindi . April 18 : President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolves National Assembly , dismisses Nawaz Sharif government . Balkh Sher Mazari becomes care - take prime minister . May 26 : Supreme Court restores National Assembly and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif . July 18 : President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif quit their offices . October 6 : General elections held . PPP wins 86 ; PML ( N ) secures 72 seats . October 19 : Benazir Bhutto is elected Prime Minister by 121 votes . November 13 : Farooq Laghari elected eighth President of Pakistan . 1994 ( edit ) January 15 : Pakistan Television transmission gets access to 38 countries via satellite . January 25 : Benazir Bhutto inaugurates country 's first women police station in Islamabad . April 14 : Pakistan 's celebrated scientist Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui dies in Karachi . December 4 : Pakistan regains World Hockey Championship title after 12 years , beating Holand 4 - 3 . December 26 : Renowned poet Perven Shakir killed in a road accident in Islamabad . 1995 ( edit ) April 25 : Veteran politician , G.M. Syed dies in Karachi . July 4 : Sindh Government lifts ban on six Karachi evening newspapers . July 8 : WAPDA announces record increase of 14.5 percent in electricity rates . December 6 : Lahore High Court dismisses appeal against arrest of Maj. Gen. Zaheerul Islam Abbasi in Khilafat Conspiracy Case . January 13 : General Jahangir Karamat becomes chief of army staff . February 11 : Cricket World Cup jointely hosted by Pakistan , India and Sri Lanka . April 25 : Imran Khan launches new political party , Pakistan Tehrek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) . September 20 : Mir Murtaza Bhutto assassinated in Karachi . November 5 : Farooq Ahmed Leghari dissolves National Assembly sacking Premier Benazir Bhutto . Malik Mairaj Khalid becomes care - taker prime minister . 1997 ( edit ) January 29 : Supreme Court upholds President 's proclamation dissolving the National Assembly and dismissing Benazir Government . February 3 : Nation goes to the polls . PML secures 135 seats . February 17 : Nawaz Sharif sworn in as 19th Prime Minister . February 23 : Nawaz Sharif launches `` Qarz utaro Mulk sanwaro '' scheme . Declares Sunday , instead of Friday as weekly holiday . May 21 : Saeed Anwar slams world record score of 194 runs against India . August 16 : Noted Pakistani singer , Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan , 48 , dies . 1998 ( edit ) January 1 : Rafiq Tarrar is sworn in as President of Pakistan March 8 : Population census begins in the country . May 28 : Pakistan conducts nuclear tests in Chagai hills in Balochistan . May 29 : State Bank bans opening of new foreign currency accounts and suspends withdrawals . June 4 : UN Security Council deny nuclear power status to Pakistan and India . 1999 ( edit ) January 31 : A classic Test match as Pakistan defeat India by twelve runs . February 20 : Pakistan Crushed India by 46 runs in inaugural Asian test championship February 21 : Lahore Declaration is signed by Nawaz Sharif and A.B. Vajpayee . 15 March : Pakistan beats Sri Lanka in the final of the inaugural Asian test championship . April 15 : Pakistan conducts test of a nuclear - capable short - range ballistic missile , Shaheen . 16 April : Pakistan won Coca - Cola Cup final at Sharjah crushing India by 8 wickets June 20 : Australia defeats Pakistan in World Cup Cricket by 8 wickets . July 26 : Kargil War ends between Pakistan and India . October 12 : Nawaz Sharif is ousted from power and placed under house arrest after attempting to sack General Pervez Musharraf . 2000 - 2009 ( edit ) 2000 ( edit ) April 6 : Nawaz Sharif sentenced to life imprisonment on charges of hijacking and terrorism . May 12 : Supreme Court validated the October 1999 coup and granted General Pervez Musharraf executive and legislative authority for three years . August 14 : President Musharraf introduces Local Government Ordinance . December 10 : Nawaz Sharif along with family , sent into exile in Saudi Arabia . December 22 : Famous singer , Noor Jahan dies in Karachi . 2001 ( edit ) May 2 : Maulana Abdul Sattar Khan niazy a veteran Politician and torch bearier of Nizam - e-Mustafa Tehrik died on Wednesday . He was born on October 5 , 1915 June 21 : General Pervez Musharraf assumes office of president while remaining Chief of Army Staff . July 15 : Agra Summit starts . President Pervez Musharraf and Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee holds talks over long - standing issues . August 14 : New Local Government system installed , after holding of elections in three phases . September 16 : US Secretary of State Powell told that Pakistan 's President Musharraf had agreed to support the U.S. anti-terrorist campaign . November 10 : US President Bush meets President Musharraf in New York and assures additional aid of one billion dollar . 2002 ( edit ) January 5 : Musharraf stunned Vajpayee by a hand - shake at the last 11th SAARC summit in Kathmandu . February 1 : Wall Street Journal reporter , Daniel Pearl killed in Karachi . April 30 : Musharraf wins in a referendum . August 24 : President General Musharraf issues the Legal Framework Order 2002 . October 10 : General election held in the country . November 23 : Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali sworn in as Prime Minister . 2003 ( edit ) February 24 : Senate elections : Ruling party wins most seats in voting to the upper house . March 23 : AAJ TV , Pakistan 's premier channel inaugurated . June 24 : President Pervez Musharraf meets G.W. Bush in Camp David . US announces $3 - billion five - year economic assistance package for Pakistan . July 11 : Lahore - Delhi bus service resumed after suspension of 18 months . December 14 : General Musharraf survived an assassination attempt in Rawalpindi . January 1 : General Musharraf won a vote of confidence in the Senate , National Assembly , and provincial assemblies . January 5 : Musharraf meets Vajpayee in Islamabad , discusses Kashmir dispute . May 22 : Pakistan readmitted to Commonwealth . June 26 : Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali steps down and nominates Ch . Shujaat Hussain as his interim successor . August 28 : Shaukat Aziz becomes Prime Minister . 2005 ( edit ) July 13 : 136 people killed and about 170 injured in a collision of three passenger trains near Ghotki . July 14 : NWFP Assembly passes the Hasba bill with a majority vote . July 19 : Government of Pakistan launches country - wide crackdown against extremist elements . October 8 : A devastating earthquake in Kashmir and NWFP kills over 80 thousands people . October 11 : Renowned littérateur , linguist and poet , Shanul Haq Haqqee , dies in Toronto . He was 88 . 2006 ( edit ) January 2 : Dr. Shamshad Akhtar assumes office of State Bank Governor having the first woman Governor of SBP . May 14 : Charter of democracy ( CoD ) is signed by two former prime ministers of Pakistan , Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto in London . April 26 : Pervez Musharraf lays foundation - stone of Diamir - Bhasha dam . July 8 : Process to release over 1600 women prisoners from 55 jails across starts after Presidential Ordinance . July 10 : Noted poet , writer and columnist , Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi , dies in Lahore . He was 89 . August 26 : Akbar Bugti killed by military 2007 ( edit ) March 9 : President Musharraf dismissed Chief Justice of Pakistan , Iftikhar . July 20 : Iftikhar restored as Chief Justice of Pakistan . October 18 : Bhutto , Benazir returned to Pakistan , after exile of about 8 years . November 3 : Pervez Musharraf imposed emergency , most of the senior judges of Supreme Court ousted . November 16 : After completion of 5 years , National Assembly dissolved , Catetaker government of Muhammad Mian Soomro took oath . November 25 : Nawaz Sharif returned Pakistan after 7 years of forced exile . December 16 : Emergency lifted , banned civil rights and suspended constitution restored . December 27 : Bhutto , Benazir assassinated in a blast / bullet attack in Rawalpindi . December 30 : The arrival of a new `` bhutto '' in politics 14 agust 1974 2008 ( edit ) January 2 : The Election Commission announces elections will now be held on February 18 . February 13 : Mian Mansoor ul Jalil ( X ) Counselor s / o Haji Abdul Rasheed Shot dead in his office at okey Sports , Abbot road , Sialkot by M Asif Chemma and ran away . Police is investigating the matter and searching for the accused . February 18 : Elections are held amidst tight security . PPP , PML - N , PML - Q and ANP win 124 , 91 , 54 and 13 seats respectively . March 24 : Yusuf Raza Gilani is elected as the new Prime Minister . August 18 : Pervaiz Musharraf steps down as President of Pakistan . Mohammadmian Soomro takes over as President . September 6 : Asif Zardari wins presidential election with 481 votes . September 9 : Asif Zardari takes oath as President of Pakistan . 2009 ( edit ) February 16 : Pakistan government announces a truce with Taliban , accepting a system of Islamic law in the Swat valley , conceding the area as a Taliban sanctuary . March 9 : Militants attack bus with the touring Sri Lankan cricket team . All international cricket matches in Pakistan are suspended . Pakistan also loses its status as hosts for the cricket World Cup 2011 . 23 May - 15 July 2009 : Pakistan Army launched Operation Rah - e-Rast and cleared Swat Valley of all Taliban elements . It is regarded as one of the most successful counter-insurgency operation in modern age 21 June 2009 : Pakistan vs Sri Lanka in Final . Pakistan won the ICC T20 Cricket World Cup in Lord 's London England . Pakistan won by 8 wickets . 2010 - present ( edit ) April 10 : Pakistan adopts the 18th amendment to the Constitution , stripping President Asif Ali Zardari of key powers . June : Extensive flooding after monsoon rains . At least 1,600 people were killed July 28 : Crash of Airblue Flight 202 , killed all 152 people on board . 3 -- 6 August -- Riots in Karachi after the assassination of MP Raza Haider . 14 August : 12 suspected militants in North Waziristan are killed by a suspected American drone attack . 1 September : At least 35 people are killed and more than 250 others injured , following a series of bomb attacks on a Shia Islamic procession in Lahore . The attacks , two of which were said to be from suicide bombers took place at a commemoration of the death of Ali bin Abi Talib . 7 September : American actress Angelina Jolie visits flood - hit areas of the country as the UN launches a renewed appeal for aid . 16 September : Exiled politician Imran Farooq is found murdered near his home in exile in north London having been stabbed several times . Violence erupted in his hometown Karachi following his murder . Several shops and vehicles were set on fire however no casualties were reported . MQM called for a 10 - day strike to mourn Farooq 's death . 1 October : Pervez Musharraf launches his new political party , the All Pakistan Muslim League , at a club in London . 22 October : US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announces that the American government is to give US $2 billion in military aid . 5 November : A bomb explodes in a mosque in Darra Adam Khel in North - West Pakistan , killing at least 55 people and injuring over 100 . Later that same day a grenade attack on another mosque in the village of Sulemankhel near Peshawar claimed at least two lives . Both attacks occurred during daily prayer sessions . 28 November : Sun Way Flight 4412 crashes . 25 December : A female suicide bomber kills at least 43 people in Khar near the border with Afghanistan . 2011 ( edit ) January 4 : Salmaan Taseer , the governor of Punjab , is shot by one of his bodyguards near his home for opposing Blasphemy law in Pakistan . January 11 : Internationally acclaimed Pakistani painter and Pride of Performance winner Prof. A.R. Nagori passes away . January 27 : A US diplomat , Raymond Davis , kills two men on a motorbike in Lahore allegedly in self - defense while a companion of the diplomat , who is also an American citizen , crushed to death a bike rider in a hit - and - run incident . March 1 : The Minister for Minority Affairs , Shahbaz Bhatti , was assassinated in Islamabad March 30 : Pakistan plays ICC 2011 Cricket World Cup against India . April 22 : Internationally renowned Pakistani actor , Moin Akhtar , dies at the age of 60 years in Karachi after suffering from a heart attack . May 2 : The US Navy Seals killed Osama bin Laden in the city of Abbotabad . July - August : Mass target killing occurred killing ~ 344 people throughout Karachi . November 26 : A NATO attack on two Pakistani border checkposts in Salala in the Baizai subdivision of Mohmand Agency in FATA kill 24 soldiers of the Pakistan Army . 2012 ( edit ) 2 January : India - Pakistan exchange a list of their nuclear installations . 26 February : Sharmeen Obaid - Chinoy becomes the first Pakistani to ever win an Oscar at the 84th Academy Awards for the reconstructive surgery of acid attack victims , Saving Face wins for Best Documentary ( Short Subject ) . 22 June : Raja Pervaiz Ashraf is elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan , following the disqualification of Yousaf Raza Gillaniover a contempt of court conviction by the Supreme Court of Pakistan . July 9 : A Gunmen attacked a military camp near Wazirabad in Punjab , killing seven security personnel soon after reopening for NATO supply lines to Afghanistan . August 14 : The nation celebrated its 65th Independence Day . 11 September : Over 314 people die in factory fires in Karachi and Lahore . October 9 : 14 - year - old blogger Malala Yousafzai was shot in the head by the Pakistani Taliban . 6 November : US polls event organised in US embassy in Pakistan . 9 November : 135th Iqbal day celebrated with full zeal across the nation . 2013 ( edit ) January 10 : A series of terrorist attacks killed more than 100 people in Quetta . March 9 : A Christian , Sawan Masih , 28 is accused of blasphemy against the Islamic prophet Muhammad in a Christian neighborhood in Badami Bagh area . March 25 : Mir Hazar Khan Khoso is appointed as caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan , following the completion of the PPP - led government 's term in office . May 11 : General Elections 2013 held across Pakistan . May 25 : A school bus explosion kills 17 children and injures seven more in Gujrat . June 5 : Nawaz Sharif is elected Prime Minister of Pakistan , following the Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 's victory in the 2013 general elections for the 3rd time . July 30 : Mamnoon Hussain is elected as the 12th President of Pakistan in 2013 Presidential elections . August 14 : People of Pakistan celebrated 66th Independence day . September 9 : Mamnoon Hussain is sworn in as the 12th President of Pakistan . September 24 : A 7.7 magnitude earthquake hits BalOchistan , at least 825 people are killed and hundreds injured . November 1 : Hakimullah Mehsud , leader of ( TTP ) killed by a US drone attack . November 29 : Pakistan Chief of Army Staff , General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani retires . General Raheel Sharif becomes the next COAS . December 11 : Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry retired from his position , he remained in the Supreme Court from 2005 to 2013 , Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani becomes the next Supreme Court Chief Justice . 2014 ( edit ) January 9 : 14 - year - old boy Aitizaz Hassan in Hangu , KPK , is killed stopping a suicide bomber from entering the school . January 11 : A ten - year - old servant girl is tortured to death in Punjab raising concerns about human rights in Pakistan . January 20 : War starts in North - West Pakistan . February 9 : Gunmen attack an Islamic religious gathering in Karachi , killing 8 people . February 17 : Former president Pervez Musharraf appeared in front of a civil court for the first time . February 21 : Pakistan vs India match for ICC World T20 . March 3 : Young men with guns open fire at a local court in Islamabad , resulting in at least 11 deaths and 22 injuries . March 31 : A Pakistani court charges former President Pervez Musharraf with high treason in relation to the imposition of the emergency rule in 2007 . April 9 : A bomb blast in a market kills 26 people in the outskirts of Islamabad . May 7 : An alleged American FBI agent is arrested for carrying ammunition while trying to board a flight , which is in violation of their anti-terror laws . May 9 : Geo TV transmission banned by the government . May 21 : Pakistan Air Force fighter jets bomb suspected militant hideouts in North Waziristan , killing approximately 60 militants and injuring another 30 . June 5 : Pakistani police arrest multiple people involved in the stoning of Farzana Parveen , bringing the total number of people in custody to 12 . August 13 : The process of Long March and Sit - In started by PTI and PAT . August 14 : Pakistan 's 67th dependence day was celebrated during Long March from Lahore to Islamabad . September 1 : The Pakistan Television Corporation goes off air after protesters storm its headquarters . September 11 : A ban is imposed on Saeed Ajmal by ICC . October 10 : Activist Malala Yousafzai becomes the second Pakistani to win the Nobel Peace Prize for her struggle to voice girls ' right to education . November 2 : More than 60 people were killed and more than 110 people were injured in a suicide attack on the Pakistan side of the Wagah border . December 16 : Taliban gunmen storm a military - run Army Public Schools massacre in Peshawar , killing at least 141 , including 132 children and nine employees , with most of five hundred students evacuated . The shooting ends with all seven gunmen dead . 2015 ( edit ) January 25 : A massive blackout strikes Pakistan , leaving as much as 80 percent of the country without electricity at its height as officials rush to restore power . February 13 : Pakistan announces the arrest of twelve Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan in relation to their alleged involvement in last year 's school massacre . March 15 : A bombing of a church in Lahore kills at least eleven people with 48 more injured . May 19 : Zimbabwe cricket team toured Pakistan to play International Cricket Series for the first time since 2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team . 2016 ( edit ) 1 January : The Pakistan and India governments provided one another with a full list of nuclear sites , military and civilian , in accordance with the 1988 Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement . 18 January : Former president Pervez Musharraf was acquitted in the murder trial of Akbar Bugti , the Baloch tribal leader who died in a military operation in 2006 . 4 February : First season Pakistan Super League 19 March : Pakistan plays against India in 2016 T20 World Cup . 25 March : Pakistan cricket star Shahid Afridi played his last international T20 match for Pakistan against Australia . 17 April : In Punjab , 33 people died after eating sweets , accidentally tainted with insecticide . 22 June : Musician Amjad Sabri is killed in a targeted shooting . 1 November : At least 14 people are killed and 59 burned when a gas cylinder explosion aboard an oil tanker causes a major fire at the Gadani ship - breaking yard . 7 December : PIA plane PK - 661 crashed during flight killing 47 people including acclaimed former singer and religious Junaid Jumshed and his wife . 2017 ( edit ) January 21 : A bombing at a vegetable market in Parachinar , Pakistan leads to the death of 25 people . February 9 : The second season of the Pakistan Super League began . February 16 : A suicide bombing at the Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan , Pakistan resulted in the deaths of over 90 people . March 14 : Pakistan 's sixth census begins . April 19 : 16th Lux Style Awards 's ceremony was held in Karachi and was hosted by Atif Aslam . June 18 : Pakistan wins 2017 ICC Champions Trophy defeating India in the finals . July 28 : A unanimous verdict by the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualifies Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from office , over the controversy of him and some of his family members names being in the Panama Papers , thus leading to his disqualification for lifetime . August 1 : Shahid Khaqan Abbasi is sworn in as Prime Minister , succeeding Nawaz Sharif . August 31 : Benazir Bhutto assassination case is completed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Karachi violence death toll rises '' . 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` ' Pakistan drone strike kills 12 ' '' . 14 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Deadly Lahore triple bomb blast '' . 1 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` UN in fresh Pakistan flood appeal '' . 7 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ Pakistani politician Imran Farooq murdered in London , BBC News , 17 September 2010 , retrieved 18 September 2010 Jump up ^ Batty , David ; Dodd , Vikram ( 17 September 2010 ) , `` Imran Farooq murdered outside London home '' , The Guardian , retrieved 18 September 2010 Jump up ^ `` Violence erupts in Pakistan after politician 's death '' . CNN . 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sorry ' Musharraf rejoining fray '' . 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ Ghattas , Kim ( 22 October 2010 ) . `` US to give Pakistan military $2 bn '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan mosque bomb kills scores '' . 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Obama condemns Pakistan bombing '' . 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.BBC.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Punjab Governor Salman Taseer Assassinated in Islamabad , Pakistan '' . BBC news . 2011 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Prof. A.R. Nagori - Home '' . www.arnagori.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drama in Lahore : US diplomat faces double murder charge - The Express Tribune '' . Tribune.com.pk. 28 January 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Pakistan , Second semi-final , ICC World Cup 2011 '' . Cricbuzz . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verso '' . www.VersoBooks.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At least 44 killed in new Karachi violence - The Express Tribune '' . Tribune.com.pk. 18 August 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 24 soldiers killed in NATO attack on Pakistan check post - The Express Tribune '' . Tribune.com.pk. 26 November 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India , Pakistan exchange nuclear facilities list '' . intoday.in . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Khalil , Shaimaa ( 29 February 2016 ) . `` The Pakistani woman with two Oscars '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Raja Pervez Ashraf : the new leader '' . Daily Times . 23 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fires engulf Pakistan factories killing 314 workers '' . 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ Mahr , Krista ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Malala Yousafzai : The Latest Victim in the War on Children in Pakistan '' . Time . Jump up ^ Jon Boone ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Pakistan bombings kill at least 100 '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Justice ( r ) Mir Hazar Khan Khoso named interim PM of Pakistan '' . The Express Tribune . 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Explosion in Gujrat school van kills teacher , 17 children - The Express Tribune '' . tribune.com.pk. 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` M6. 8 - 96 kilometres NNE of Awaran , Pakistan '' . United States Geological Survey . 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Agence France Presse ( 28 September 2013 ) . `` Powerful new Pakistan earthquake kills at least 22 '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Khan , Aurangzaib ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Footprints : Aitzaz Hasan - the lad who would be a hero '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Craig , Tim ; Hussain , Shaiq ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Pakistani army fighting to protect ' the motherland ' from Islamist militants '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ `` 13th Match , Group 2 ( N ) , World T20 at Dhaka , Mar 21 2014 - Match Summary - ESPNCricinfo '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/tag/shutdown-of-geo-transmission/ Jump up ^ `` Four condemned for Pakistan murder '' . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ Dawn.com , AP ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` ICC bans Saeed Ajmal from bowling '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malala Yousafzai : A Brief History of the Peace Prize Winner 's Life '' . Time . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan border bombing kills dozens '' . 3 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan school massacre '' . 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` Officials scramble after massive power outage hits Pakistan '' . Associated Press . 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan arrests Peshawar school massacre suspects '' . Jump up ^ 1 January 2016 . `` India , Pakistan exchange list of nuke installations , prisoners '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ Pakistan 's Musharraf acquitted over Baloch rebel killing ( BBC ) Jump up ^ `` 19th Match , Super 10 Group 2 ( N ) , World T20 at Kolkata , Mar 19 2016 - Match Summary - ESPNCricinfo '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shahid Afridi says international career is over '' . espncricinfo.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Daily Times Jump up ^ `` Amjad Sabri shot dead in Karachi - The Express Tribune '' . tribune.com.pk. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gadani ship - breaking yard explosion death toll reaches 19 - Khyber News - Official Website '' . khybernews.tv. 2 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn.com ( 1 November 2016 ) . `` Rescue workers struggle to put out fire at Gadani shipbreaking yard '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At least 14 killed , 59 injured in Gadani shipbreaking yard fire - The Express Tribune '' . tribune.com.pk. 1 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A pop star turned evangelical cleric was aboard the plane that crashed in Pakistan '' . independent.co.uk. 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PSL 2017 Schedule '' . pakistantimes.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At least 88 martyred in bombing at Lal Shahbaz Qalandar shrine '' . www.geo.tv . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/ Jump up ^ Oval , Vic Marks at The ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Unstoppable Pakistan crush India by 180 runs to win Champions Trophy final '' . Retrieved 17 November 2017 -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ https://www.dawn.com/news/1348191 Jump up ^ https://www.dawn.com/news/1365515 Jump up ^ https://www.dawn.com/news/1355153 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Pakistani_history_(1947 -- present ) &oldid = 828823172 '' Categories : Pakistani history timelines Pakistan history - related lists Post-independence history of Pakistan Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 23 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Partition of British India
2. Formation of Pakistan
3. United Nations membership
4. Wars with India
5. Constitutional developments |
8,145,409,015,488,075,000 | fight of the living dead season 2 episode 6 | Fight of the Living Dead - Wikipedia Fight of the Living Dead Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for television . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Fight of the Living Dead '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Fight of the Living Dead Genre Reality styled drama Web series Directed by Kevin Abrams Michael Shea Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 21 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin Abrams Jamie Denenberg Tony E. Valenzuela Rodney Frazier Aaron Lewis Co-Executive Producers Joe Coleman Nick Phillips Kelly Martin Wagner Producer ( s ) Yehuda Duenyas Bret Warren Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Running time 21 - 38 minutes Production company ( s ) Alpine Labs , LLC Revolver Picture Company Distributor YouTube Red <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network YouTube Red Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release August 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 17 ) -- present Fight of the Living Dead was a reality web series where 10 YouTube stars were selected to take part in a simulated zombie apocalypse and try to survive for 72 hours straight . The first season , which was produced before BlackBoxTV 's partnership with YouTube Red debuted on March 22 , 2015 , starred Jesse Wellens , Meghan Camarena , Iman Crosson , Joey Graceffa , Justine Ezarik , Jeana Smith , Sam Pepper and Olga Kay . The second season titled Fight of the Living Dead : Experiment 88 , was premiered on August 17 , 2016 . The third season , known as Fight of the Living Dead : Paradise Calls , premiered on October 31 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Contestants 2.1 Notes 2.2 Missions 2.3 Season 1 Deaths ( Not on YouTube Red ) 2.4 Season 2 Deaths ( on YouTube Red ) 2.5 Season 3 Deaths ( on YouTube Red ) 2.6 WINNERS 3 References Premise ( edit ) Ten well known YouTubers are thrown into a exiperiment by an organization known as CONOP Who developed a biological weapon that reanimates the dead and transforms them into zombies . The experiment places them in an area where zombies known to be present. They must fight for their lives by completing different missions together to Survive a 72 hour period in said area . Each episode chronicles the events that transpire in the 72 hours . During their stay they meet up with several characters with unknown purposes and intent . Contestants ( edit ) Season 1 ( Not on YouTube Red ) Name Age Channel Name Entered Eliminated Jesse Wellens 32 Jesse Episode 1 Survivor ( 1st place ) Meghan Camarena 27 Strawburry17 Episode 2 Episode 6 ( 2nd place ) Iman Crosson 33 Alphacat Episode 2 Episode 6 ( 3rd place ) Joey Graceffa 23 Joey Graceffa Episode 1 Episode 6 ( 4th place ) Justine Ezarik 31 iJustine Episode 1 Episode 5 ( 5th place ) Jeana Smith 33 BFvsGF Episode 2 Episode 5 ( 6th place ) Jarrett Sleeper 29 Jarrett Sleeper Episode 3 Episode 4 ( 7th place ) Sam Pepper 28 Sam Episode 2 Episode 2 ( 8th place ) Olga Kay 32 Olga Kay Episode 1 Episode 1 ( 9th place ) Experiment 88 Name Age Channel Name Eliminated Rahat Hossain 26 MagicofRahat Survivor ( 1st place ) JC Caylen 23 Jc Caylen Survivor ( 1st place ) ( revived ) Tré Melvin 23 This Is A Commentary Episode 7 ( 3rd place ) Brandon Bowen 18 Brandon Bowen ( Vine ) Episode 7 ( 4th place ) Raya Moab 23 Raya Episode 7 ( 5th place ) Yousef Erakat 26 fouseyTUBE Episode 6 ( 6th place ) ( revived ) Vitaly Zdorovetskiy 24 VitalyzdTv Episode 4 ( 7th place ) Shanna Malcolm 34 Shanna Malcolm Episode 3 ( 8th place ) Dennis Roady 33 howtoPRANKitup Episode 2 ( 9th place ) Brittani Louise Taylor 32 Brittani Louise Taylor Episode 1 ( 10th place ) Paradise Calls Name Age Channel Name Entered Eliminated Jake Paul 20 Jake Paul Episode 1 Survivor ( 1st place ) Miles Jai 24 MilesJaiProductions Episode 1 Survivor ( 1st place ) Hannah Stocking 25 Hannah Stocking Episode 1 Episode 8 ( 3rd place ) Juanpa Zurita 21 Juanpa Zurita Episode 1 Episode 8 ( 4th place ) Eric Ochoa 31 SUPEReeeGO Episode 3 Episode 7 ( 5th place ) Wendy Ayche 31 Wengie Episode 1 Episode 7 ( 6th place ) Ken Walker 23 De'arra & Ken 4 Life Episode 1 Episode 6 ( 7th place ) Karina Garcia 23 Karina Garcia Episode 1 Episode 5 ( 8th place ) Anwar Jibawi 26 Anwar Jibawi Episode 1 Episode 5 ( 9th place ) Anthony Trujilo 21 Chance and Anthony Episode 1 Episode 3 ( 10th place ) De'arra Taylor 21 Vlogs By DK4L Episode 1 Episode 2 ( 11th place ) <Th_colspan="9"> Progress Chart ( Not on YouTube Red ) Survivor Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4 Episode 5 Episode 6 Jesse Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Winner Meghan Not In Game Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Iman Not In Game Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Joey Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Justine Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Jeana Not In Game Safe Safe Safe Infected Zombie Jarrett Not In Game Not In Game Safe Infected Zombie Sam Not In Game Infected Zombie Zombie Olga Infected Zombie <Th_colspan="9"> Progress Chart ( Experiment 88 ) Survivor Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4 Episode 5 Episode 6 Episode 7 Rahat Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Winner JC Safe Safe Safe Infected Winner Tré Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Brandon Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Raya Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Yousef Safe Safe Infected Zombie Cured Dead Vitaly Safe Safe Safe Infected Executed Shanna Safe Screwed Dead Dennis Safe Infected Zombie Zombie Brittani Infected Executed <Th_colspan="11"> Progress Chart ( Paradise Calls ) Survivor Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 4 Episode 5 Episode 6 Episode 7 Episode 8 Jake Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Winner Miles Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Winner Hannah Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Juanpa Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Eric Not in Game Not in Game Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Wengie Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Ken Safe Safe Safe Safe Screwed Infected Zombie Karina Safe Safe Safe Safe Dead Anwar Safe Safe Safe Screwed Infected Zombie Zombie Anthony Safe Safe Dead De'arra Safe Dead The test subject survived Fight of the Living Dead . The test subject survived this episode , but was put on a mission . The test subject was killed at some point during this episode and taken out of the game . The test subject was brought back into the game . The test subject died in an earlier episode and does not return to compete . The test subject 's fate was screwed at the end of the episode . The test subject was a zombie at some point during this episode . The test subject is not in the game yet . The test subject was imprisoned in this episode . Notes ( edit ) ^ Note 1 : Jesse and Jeana Broke Up in May of 2016 and now ran solo channel , while Jeana runs on the BFvsGF channel , and Jeese runs on the PRANKvsPRANK channel now called Jesse . ^ Note 2 : JC was voted by the test subjects to be `` revived '' and rejoin the group after his elimination over Brittani and Vitaly . Missions ( edit ) In each episode , CONOP instructs 1 or more Subjects via a Communications Room or through a radio whilst out of base to complete Missions which could potentially lead to those nominated facing the Zombies and risking death . The Subjects either decide as a group or are nominated by CONOP to venture out Of the safe house . A crossed out name indicates that the Survivor died during the mission . A mission is deemed complete if the primary objective is fulfilled . Season 1 deaths ( not on YouTube Red ) ( edit ) FINALE ( 6 ) Joey Graceffa ( Patch ripped off and spurted blood by Dr. Altagracia ) . Iman Crosson ( Arms Ripped Off in Boiler Room ) . Meghan Camarena ( Killed by Zombified Sam Pepper while trying to escape ) . Find Dr. Altagracia ( 5 ) Jeana Smith ( Eaten by Zombified Jarrett Sleeper in the stairway while getting to the Boiler Room ) . Justine Ezarik ( Eaten by Zombified Jarrett Sleeper in the Boiler Room ) . Get To The Boiler Room ( 4 ) Jarrett Sleeper ( Already infected , forced away by the CONOP guards . ) GET ON TOP OF A COP CAR ! ( 3 ) No Death . Meet With Team 1 ( 2 ) Sam Pepper ( Eaten inside the Triage Unit ) . Live Action Video Game ( 1 ) Olga Kay ( Eaten outside the Cell during the escape ) . Season 2 deaths ( on YouTube Red ) ( edit ) Survival ( 7 ) Raya Moab ( Eaten Inside CONOP Industries by a nurse zombie ) . Brandon Bowen ( Eaten Outside CONOP Industries ) . Tré Melvin ( Eaten Outside CONOP Industries by a clown zombie ) . JC Caylen is Cured . Tests ( 6 ) Yousef Erakat ( Eaten by Zombified Dennis and Dr. Bradley ) . Trust No One ( 5 ) No Death . Yousef Erakat is Cured . Showdown ( 4 ) JC Caylen ( Eaten in the Corridor ) . Vitaly Zdorovetskiy ( Guts eaten In Front of Armory ) . Safe No More ( 3 ) Shanna Malcolm ( Corned and Devoured in Ella 's Office ) . Yousef Erakat ( Tackled and Presumed killed in the Corridor ) . Help Is Found ( 2 ) Dennis Roady ( Arm ripped off in Corridor ) . It Begins ( 1 ) Brittani Louise Taylor ( Eaten Alive in Corridor ) . Season 3 deaths ( on YouTube Red ) ( edit ) Join Us ( 8 ) Goldilocks ( Eaten by Howler and dragged away in Chill Tent ) . Juanpa Zurita ( Attacked by a zombified Ken Walker ) . Hannah Stocking ( Tackled by a zombie right before she could escape ) . Hello Jimmie ( 7 ) Wengie ( Tripped over pillow and was eaten by Howler in business center ) . Eric Ochoa ( Got cornered and was devoured by zombies outside ) . Get In - Formation ( 6 ) Ken Walker ( Left in the safehouse and eaten by Jimmie ) . Tooz Got The Blues ( 5 ) Anwar Jibawi ( Pushed on the ground and eaten by Nocturnes ) . Karina Garcia ( Dragged away and eaten ) . Help Wanted ( 4 ) No Death . IT TAKES 2 TO TANGO ( 3 ) Anthony Trujillo ( Neck Eaten while getting All Access Pass ) . Trust No One ( 2 ) De'arra Taylor ( Fell down while running to the VIP Tent and eaten by a Howler ) . Welcome To Paradise ( 1 ) No Death . WINNERS ( edit ) Season 1 : Jesse Wellens . Season 2 : Rahat Hossain and JC Caylen . Season 3 : Jake Paul and Miles Jai . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( 5 August 2016 ) . `` '' YouTube Red Making ' Lazer Team ' Sequel , Picks Up ' The Thinning ' Digital Film - TCA `` '' . Deadline . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' How They Made YouTube Red 's ' Fight of the Living Dead : Experiment 88 ' `` '' . VideoInk. 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` '' Fight of the Living Dead : YouTube stars try to outlast zombies -- exclusive trailer `` '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) YouTube Premium original programming Current Foursome ( since 2016 ) Escape the Night ( since 2016 ) Fight of the Living Dead ( since 2016 ) Rhett and Link 's Buddy System ( since 2016 ) Mind Field ( since 2017 ) Squad Wars ( since 2017 ) Me and My Grandma ( since 2017 ) DanTDM Creates a Big Scene ( since 2017 ) Kings of Atlantis ( since 2017 ) Run , BIGBANG Scout ! ( since 2017 ) Furze World Wonders ( since 2017 ) Lifeline ( since 2017 ) Ryan Hansen Solves Crimes on Television ( since 2017 ) Do You Want To See a Dead Body ? ( since 2017 ) Ultimate Expedition ( since 2018 ) I 'm Poppy ( since 2018 ) Step Up : High Water ( since 2018 ) Youth & Consequences ( since 2018 ) Cobra Kai ( since 2018 ) Former Scare PewDiePie ( 2016 ) Bad Internet ( 2016 ) Sing It ! 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Fight of the Living Dead - reality web series
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-4,711,638,668,608,771,000 | who was the guy in you belong with me | Lucas Till - wikipedia Lucas Till Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Lucas Till <Td_colspan="2"> Till at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International promoting X-Men : Apocalypse Lucas Daniel Till ( 1990 - 08 - 10 ) August 10 , 1990 ( age 27 ) Fort Hood , Texas , US Occupation Actor Years active 2003 -- present Website www.lucastill.com Lucas Daniel Till ( born August 10 , 1990 ) is an American film and television actor . He began acting in the early 2000s and has appeared in a number of film and television productions including roles on House , Stoker , Dance of the Dead and Hannah Montana : The Movie . He is known for his role as Havok in the X-Men series starting with 2011 X-Men : First Class and plays Angus MacGyver in the television reboot of MacGyver , which premiered in September 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 Awards 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Lucas Daniel Till was born August 10 , 1990 in Fort Hood , Texas , United States , the son of Dana Lyn ( née Brady ) and John Mark Till , a lieutenant colonel in the Army . Till spent most of his childhood living in the suburbs of Atlanta , Georgia . He attended Kell High School . After filming for The Hannah Montana Movie in Savannah , Till went back home to graduate with the Kell High School class of 2008 . After graduation , he moved to Los Angeles , California to continue acting . Career ( edit ) Early in his life , Till 's parents became aware of his ability to imitate voices and characters . Joy Pervis discovered Till while he was attending a local acting class that his mother had enrolled him in . When he was 10 , he started doing commercials as well as appearing in print . At the age of 12 , he was cast in The Adventures of Ociee Nash in which he played Harry Vanderbilt , the bully of the main character . In 2004 Till played the part of Jay in the feature film Lightning Bug which filmed in Fairview , Alabama . His first major movie role was Jack Cash , the older brother of Johnny Cash , who died in a sawmill accident , in the biographical movie Walk the Line . After Walk the Line , Till was featured in a number of independent movies and films for Lifetime Television . In 2008 , Till auditioned for Hannah Montana : The Movie starring Miley Cyrus and he landed the role of Travis Brody . In an interview , Till said that prior to filming he had actually never ridden a horse before . Till further stated that he does not have any current plans for another Disney movie . He worked alongside action film actor Jackie Chan in the movie The Spy Next Door , in which Till plays the role of a Russian spy . He also starred in Taylor Swift 's music video `` You Belong with Me '' . He was in an episode of House , and on Leo Little 's Big Show along with Emily Osment . In 2008 , Till starred as Jensen in Gregg Bishop 's horror - comedy Dance of the Dead which was hand - picked by director Sam Raimi for distribution through Lions Gate Entertainment and Ghost House Pictures . Till played Havok in the X-Men spin - off X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) , directed by Matthew Vaughn . He later starred in the independent movie All Superheroes Must Die ( 2013 ) , and later returned as Havok in the X-Men sequels Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) and Apocalypse ( 2016 ) . In 2016 , he began starring as Angus MacGyver in the television reboot MacGyver , and played the lead role , Tripp , in the live - action / CGI film Monster Trucks , directed by Blue Sky Studios founder Chris Wedge . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2003 Lovesong of Edwerd J. Robble , The The Lovesong of Edwerd J. Robble Michael Short film 2003 Adventures of Ociee Nash , The The Adventures of Ociee Nash Harry Vanderbilt Pee Shy Chad Short film Lightning Bug Jay Graves 2005 Walk the Line Jack Cash 2006 Other Side , The The Other Side Young Samuel North 2008 Dance of the Dead Jensen Direct - to - DVD 2009 Laid to Rest Young Store Clerk Direct - to - VOD 2009 Hannah Montana : The Movie Travis Brody 2009 Lost & Found Family , The The Lost & Found Family Justin Direct - to - VOD Spy Next Door , The The Spy Next Door Larry 2011 Battle : Los Angeles Cpl . Scott Grayston 2011 X-Men : First Class Alex Summers / Havok 2011 All Superheroes Must Die Cutthroat / Ben Direct - to - VOD 2012 Someone Like You Short film 2012 Dark Hearts Sam Direct - to - DVD 2013 Stoker Chris Pitts 2013 Crush Scott Norris Direct - to - VOD 2013 Wet and Reckless Toby ' Dollars ' Direct - to - VOD 2013 Paranoia Kevin 2014 Wolves Cayden Richards Direct - to - VOD 2014 Kristy Aaron Direct - to - VOD 2014 Sins of our Youth Tyler 2014 X-Men : Days of Future Past Alex Summers / Havok 2015 Bravetown Josh Harvest Direct - to - VOD 2015 The Curse of Downers Grove Bobbie Direct - to - VOD 2016 X-Men : Apocalypse Alex Summers / Havok 2016 The Disappointments Room Ben 2017 Monster Trucks Tripp Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2006 Not Like Everyone Else Kyle Kenney TV movie 2008 House Simon Episode : `` Joy to the World Season 5 '' 2009 Medium Adam Mankowitz Episode : `` Things to Do in Phoenix When You 're Dead '' 2009 Fear Clinic Brett Episode : `` Scotophobia '' and `` Hydrophobia '' Blue Mountain State Golden Arm / Matt Parker Episode : `` The Legend of the Golden Arm '' 2013 Coffee Break Himself Special Guest , E ! Entertainment Television Latin America 2016 -- present MacGyver Angus MacGyver Lead role Awards ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Refs 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Music / Dance Hannah Montana : The Movie Nominated Choice Movie Liplock Nominated 2011 Choice Movie Chemistry X-Men : First Class Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scott , Walter . `` Lucas Till on Becoming MacGyver , Monster Trucks and Hannah Montana '' . Parade . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` DA MAN magazine - consummate style for today 's bon vivant -- Lucas Till Exclusive in DA MAN '' . Daman.co.id. 2011 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Hearts : A Film by Rudolf Bwitendach '' ( PDF ) . Darkheartsthemovie.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Dana Brady Till ( @ dbtill ) on Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lucas Till in Hannah Montana Movie '' . Fox 5 Atlanta . April 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bonner , Julie ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` Disney Society 's Exclusive Interview with Lucas Till of `` Hannah Montana : The Movie '' `` . Disney Society fan site . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Lynch Overseeing Short Films for G4TV '' . Dread Central . October 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( 2010 - 07 - 08 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' : Matthew Vaughn fills his cast with up - and - comers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` All Superheroes Must Die release '' . Movieweb.com . December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / BryanSinger : `` Mankind must put an end to '' . Twitter.com. 2013 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome back # lucastill # xmen # XmenApocalypse # jamesmcavoy # michaelfassbender # jenniferlawrence # nicholashoult # rosebyrne How time flies ! # XmenFirstClass '' . Instagram. April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men's Lucas Till To Play MacGyver In CBS Reboot Pilot '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Wants Lucas Till & Jane Levy in ' Monster Trucks ' Toy Movie '' . firstshowing.net . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Till and Jane Levy to star in Monster Trucks '' . contactmusic . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lucas Till Official MySpace Lucas Till on Twitter Lucas Till on IMDb VIAF : 220975751 LCCN : no2011185836 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Till&oldid=800680011 '' Categories : 1990 births 21st - century American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors American practitioners of Brazilian jiu - jitsu Living people Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Male actors from Texas People from Bell County , Texas People from Marietta , Georgia Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 01 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Lucas Till - American film and television actor
2. X-Men series - Lucas Till's role as Havok
3. MacGyver - Lucas Till's role in the television reboot
4. Early life and career of Lucas Till
5. Filmography of Lucas Till |
-1,153,615,171,205,777,000 | what does the french bit in partition mean | Partition ( song ) - wikipedia Partition ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Partition '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Beyoncé <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Beyoncé Released February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) Recorded Jungle City Studios , Oven Studios ( New York City ) Genre Electro - R&B Length 5 : 19 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Terius Nash Dimitri Jay Beyoncé Justin Timberlake Timothy Mosley Jerome Harmon Dwane Weir Mike Dean Producer ( s ) Timbaland Jerome Harmon Justin Timberlake Beyoncé Dwane Weir Mike Dean Boots <Th_colspan="2"> Beyoncé singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' ( 2014 ) `` Partition '' ( 2014 ) `` Say Yes '' ( 2014 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' ( 2014 ) `` Partition '' ( 2014 ) `` Say Yes '' ( 2014 ) `` Partition '' is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her self - titled fifth studio album released in 2013 . Beyoncé co-wrote and co-produced the song with Justin Timberlake , Timbaland , Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon , Dwane `` Key Wane '' Weir , and Mike Dean , with extra writing from The - Dream and extra production from Jordy `` Boots '' Asher . The song was sent to urban contemporary on February 25 , 2014 as the third single from Beyoncé by Columbia Records . The song consists of two parts , individually titled `` Yoncé '' and `` Partition '' . `` Partition '' has been described as `` electro - R&B '' also known as PBR&B that moves `` from a sweet , girl - group pop sound to Dirty South hip - hop '' . Its production musically consists of a sparse synthesized arrangement , a thrusting bassline and a heavy drumbeat giving it elements of electro - R&B . Exploring the deep , sexual nature of Beyoncé , `` Partition '' depicts sexual intercourse in the back of a limousine . The closing minute of the song features a French word interpolation slightly similar to a quote by actress Julianne Moore in the 1998 film The Big Lebowski . Following the album 's release , `` Partition '' picked up airplay on United States urban contemporary radio stations . It has since peaked at number 23 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , number nine on the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart and number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart . Accompanying music videos for `` Yoncé '' and `` Partition '' were released on December 13 , 2013 , on Beyoncé . The former clip was directed by Ricky Saiz and filmed on the streets of Brooklyn , New York , while the latter was directed by Jake Nava and shot at the Parisian cabaret club , Crazy Horse . Both `` Yoncé '' and `` Partition '' were added to the setlist and performed live during the second European leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) and later during the On the Run Tour ( 2014 ) and The Formation World Tour ( 2016 ) . Both of the songs were performed at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards as part of a medley of the singer 's eponymous album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception and release 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 3.1 Recognition 4 Chart performance 5 Music videos 5.1 `` Yoncé '' 5.1. 1 Background and concept 5.1. 2 Synopsis and reception 5.2 `` Partition '' 5.2. 1 Background and concept 5.2. 2 Synopsis 5.2. 3 Reception 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Conception and release ( edit ) Justin Timberlake ( pictured ) co-wrote and co-produced the song . `` Partition '' was written by Terius Nash , Justin Timberlake , Timothy Mosley , Beyoncé , Jerome Harmon , Dwane Weir , Charisse Hill and Mike Dean . The production was handled by Timberlake , Beyoncé , Dean , Jordy `` Boots '' Asher as well as Mosley , Harmon and Wane under their stage names Timbaland , J - Roc and Key Wane respectively . `` Partition '' was conceived as a two - part song , the first part of which is called `` Yoncé '' . The latter 's original drumbeat was created by Timberlake on a bucket . Mike Dean then added the dropping 808 's lead synths , claps and strings . Beyoncé described the sound that he created as `` organic '' and said , `` It reminded me of being in middle school during the lunch breaks , when you just start free - styling . '' The trio decided to keep the buckets as Beyoncé wanted an organic production . Then The - Dream started writing some of the lyrics including , `` Yoncé all on his mouth like liquor '' . Beyoncé found it awkward at the beginning but she soon loved the phrase , which lead to the birth of her new alter ego , Yoncé . The singer revealed that she was `` embarrassed '' after she recorded `` Partition '' because of its overtly sexual lyrics . Speaking about how the other part of the song materialized , Beyoncé said : It takes me back to being in my car as a teenager . It takes me back to when me and my husband first meet , and he tries to scoop me and he thinks I 'm the hottest thing in the world . I kinda had this whole fantasy of being in the car , and this whole movie played in my head . I did n't have a pen and paper . I got to the mic , I 'm like , ' Oh , press Record . ' The song was produced at the Jungle City Studios and Oven Studios in New York City . Once the musical arrangements were done by the production team , the music was recorded by Stuart White , Chris Godbey , Ann Mincieli and Bart Schoudel . White and Tony Maserati mixed the track while the audio engineering was carried out by James Krausse and Matt Weber with assistance from Justin Hergett , Chris Tabron and Matt Wiggers ; the second engineer was Ramon Rivas . The audio mastering was done by Tom Coyne and Aya Merrill . Timberlake and Timbaland served as backing vocalists and recorded the vocals of Beyoncé . The spoken section towards the end of `` Partition '' was recorded by Hajiba Fahmy , one of Beyoncé 's dancers . `` Partition '' officially impacted US urban contemporary radio on February 25 , 2014 as the third single from Beyoncé . `` Partition '' also officially impacted radio stations in Italy on March 28 , 2014 . Composition ( edit ) `` Partition '' A sample of `` Partition '' , a song full of sub-bass . Exploring the deeply sexual nature of Beyoncé , the song describes sexual intercourse in the back of a limousine ; it features straightforward and memorable lines ( such as the Lewinsky scandal reference , `` He Monica Lewinskyed all on my gown '' ) , sung by Beyoncé on a thrusting and resounding bassline . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Partition '' has been described as `` electro - R&B '' that moves `` from a sweet , girl - group pop sound to Dirty South hip - hop '' . It builds on a slinky Caribbean groove and spacey heavy beats provided by Roland TR - 808 toms and bass drums . The track also musically consists of sparse synthesizer pulses , little swoops and finger snaps . The lyrics are candidly sexual ; Melissa Locker of Time magazine wrote that `` Partition '' leaves no sexual innuendo unturned . Commenting on Beyoncé 's vocal styles and experimentation on the track , Annie Zaleski of Las Vegas Weekly noted that she displays much attitude through her lines and ornaments her singing with trills -- rapid alternations between two adjacent notes , usually a semitone or tone apart . Zaleski further wrote that Beyoncé adopts a doo - wop vocal - based style to sing some of the lyrics and even utters occasional purrs -- murmuring sounds expressive of pleasure . The song begins with a short call - and - response audio clip from The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour as Beyoncé asks the crowd `` Lemme ( sic ) hear you say ' Hayyy ( sic ) Ms. Carter ! ' '' . It then transitions into what Andrew Hampp of Billboard magazine called the `` lady thug anthem '' of `` Yoncé '' . Beyoncé delivers half - rapped verses on the first half of the song , in which the female protagonist teases male subjects in a club as she turns heads . In the first verse , she warns the other women in the club , `` Every girl on here got ta look me up and down / All on Instagram cake by the pound '' . The singer adds on the second verse , `` I sneezed on the beat and the beat got sicker . '' `` Yoncé '' closes with the bridge as Beyoncé sings repeatedly , `` Yoncé all on his mouth like liquor '' , while an ascending siren echoes over a staccato bass that hits heavily and uniformly in the background . Beyoncé uses the 1998 emerging political sex scandal between US President Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky ( pictured ) as `` a euphemism for her man finishing on her clothing '' as she sings , `` He Monica Lewinskyed all on my gown '' . The second part , titled `` Partition '' , is preceded by the sound of paparazzi camera clicks and a window whirring up , which separates it from the first part `` Yoncé '' . `` Partition '' has a fractured production and is lyrically about the female protagonist having sex with her romantic interest in the backseat of a limousine . Caitlin White , writing for The 405 , highlighted that the song details a romantic relationship in which women do not act as sexual objects during sexual intercourse but rather use `` the physical act of love as a form of agency '' , from which they derive pleasure . `` Partition '' gained significant attention for its explicit lyrics , with frequent references made to the opening lines of the first verse in which Beyoncé asks her driver to put up the partition . On the hook lines , Beyoncé adopts whispery vocals , singing that she wants to please her man , `` Take all of me / I just wan na be the girl you like , girl you like '' . The closing minute of the song features a French spoken word interpolation , which translates roughly as : `` Do you like sex ? Sex . I mean , the physical activity . Coitus . Do you like it ? You 're not interested in sex ? Men think that feminists hate sex , but it 's a very stimulating and natural activity that women love '' . David Haglund and Forrest Wickman of Slate magazine noted undeniable similarities between this spoken section and a similar quote by actress Julianne Moore in 1998 film The Big Lebowski . In May 2014 , during an interview with Vanity Fair , Lewinsky addressed the lyrics of the song mentioning her , saying , `` Thanks , Beyoncé , but if we 're verbing , I think you meant ' Bill Clinton 'd all on my gown ' '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Glenn Gamboa of Newsday wrote that Beyoncé `` channels her inner Prince , moving from a sweet , girl - group pop sound to Dirty South hip - hop '' . Michael Cragg of The Guardian highlighted that Beyoncé gives the best explanation of the album 's raison d'être through the line , `` Radio say speed it up / I just go slower '' . He further commended the way Beyoncé half - raps `` with a delicious snarl '' in the first part of the song . Many critics , including Una Mullalay of The Irish Times and Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune welcomed Beyoncé 's rapping on `` Partition '' and compared it to the work of British recording artist M.I.A . Andrew Barker of Variety magazine highlighted that among the songs that discuss sexuality on Beyoncé , `` none hold a candle to the absolutely scorching ' Partition ' '' . He also praised how Beyoncé `` toss ( es ) off a few old - school battle rhymes '' with the line , `` I sneezed on the beat , and the beat got sicker '' , being a standout . Similarly , Miles Marshall Lewis of Ebony magazine noted that lines like , `` I sneezed on the beat and the beat got sicker / Yoncé all on his mouth like liquor '' , would make listeners smile . He praised how Beyoncé `` spills lyrics ... in a confident flow '' and concluded , `` As a singing rapper , she 's still way more precious than ferocious . '' Andrew Hampp of Billboard magazine commended the memorability of the lyrics and wrote that `` ' Partition ' is yet another ' gettin ' freaky with my baby ' jam , with some of Bey 's most frankly sexual lines yet . '' Similarly , Eliana Dockterman of Time magazine hailed the lyrical content of `` Partition '' ; she noted that it suitably exemplifies `` embodiment of modern feminism for a generation that has been reluctant to claim the word '' and further praised how Beyoncé `` express ( es ) her desire to please ( her partner ) while still projecting a fierce , independent persona '' . Melissa Locker , also writing for Time magazine , suggested that Beyoncé should work with Timbaland more often as `` his sultry beats paired with her R - rated lyrics and the catchy chorus ' It took 45 minutes to get all dressed up / And we ai n't even gon na make it to this club ' , make a captivating combination '' . Chris Bosman of the same publication wrote an extensive review of the song : But Beyoncé is far from being all sentiment . Because a large part of being Beyoncé in America in 2013 is being a sexual creature and not only being unafraid of that fact , but reveling -- and reveling confidently -- in it . The amorphous , shifting Houston - trap - meets - Noah Shebib trunk rattler ' Partition ' exemplifies this particular sentiment . On the track , the Queen Bey tells her driver to put the partition up because ' I do n't need you seeing ' Yoncé on her knees ' ; uses Monica Lewinsky as a euphemism for her man finishing on her clothing ; reveals that ' he like to call me Peaches when we get this nasty ' ; and repeats that it took her ' 45 minutes to get all dressed up / and we ai n't even gon na make it to this club ' . And in maybe the wildest moment in an album full of bold moves , Beyoncé actually slips in the French translation of Julianne Moore 's ' Feminists love sex ' monologue from The Big Lebowski . Ryan B. Patrick of Exclaim ! noted that songs in the vein of `` Partition '' effectively display genre diversity , Beyoncé 's vocal range and `` a penchant of musical experimentation '' . Matthew Perpetua of BuzzFeed praised the French spoken section on `` Partition '' , comparing it to the Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie sample on `` Flawless '' as she added : `` It 's good that these ideas are n't directly expressed by Beyoncé herself -- in context , these bits are like reblogged quotes that frame her artistic intentions -- because she knows she does n't need to be so didactic when she 's actually singing about sex , and to do so would defeat her point about owning her pleasures . '' Caitlin White of The 405 wrote extensively of `` Partition '' as a song that effectively shows that Beyoncé `` catapults herself out of her very femininity into personhood by positioning female sexuality as a powerful , amorphous construct -- one that transcends the female body even while uplifting it . '' White concluded that the singer does not exalt herself to become `` the highest sex object or an egotistical pop princess '' but anoints herself `` as sexual goddess , she is at once desiring and desired , fulfilled and fulfilling '' . Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times wrote that `` the spooky , almost perversely stripped - down ' Partition ' reflect ( s ) ( Beyoncé 's ) determination , rare among superstars , to keep pushing creatively '' . Recognition ( edit ) In the annual Pazz and Jop mass critics poll of the year 's best in music in 2013 , `` Partition '' was ranked at number 124 . In July the following year , the writers of Spin magazine placed it at number four on the list of the 57 best songs so farmagazine placed it at number four on the list of the 57 best songs so far , with a writer of the publication noting something `` intensely gratifying about all the raunchiness on the strip - tease , booty - dropping banger '' and added that it `` oozes stunty swag and immediately became a coy anthem for pop - loving women ; a song to flash and strut and snap to , and not only because the beat does too '' . Pitchfork Media listed the song 26th on its year - end list for 2014 . Cosmopolitan editor Eliza Thompson ranked `` Partition '' as the Best Song of 2014 on her year - end list . Chart performance ( edit ) On the US Billboard Hot 100 , `` Partition '' debuted at number 86 for the week ending January 25 , 2014 without being released as a single . Following several weeks of spending different positions on the chart , it moved from 97 to its peak position of 23 for the week ending March 15 , 2014 in its eighth week of charting . The song spent a total of 21 weeks on the chart and it was last seen at the position of 44 . `` Partition '' became Beyoncé 's tenth number - one on the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay chart , extending her record for the most leaders among women . It also became Beyoncé 's twentieth number - one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart for the issue dated May 17 , 2014 , making her the third artist with the most number - ones on the chart , behind Madonna ( 43 ) and Rihanna ( 22 ) . In January 2015 , it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) denoting shipment of 1,000,000 copies in that country . In the United Kingdom , `` Partition '' entered the UK Singles Chart and the UK R&B Chart , at numbers 90 and 15 respectively on March 8 , 2014 . The following week , it moved to 74 and 12 on the charts respectively , which eventually became its peak positions . In Ireland , the single entered the Irish Singles Chart at its peak position of number 57 for the week ending March 13 , 2014 . The next week , which also marked its last , it fell to the position of 83 spending a total of two weeks on the chart . Elsewhere , `` Partition '' charted on the Ultratip charts in both regions of Belgium , ( Wallonia and Flanders ) , in France and in South Korea . Music videos ( edit ) Music videos for `` Yoncé '' and `` Partition '' were released on December 13 , 2013 on Beyoncé through the iTunes Store . The video for `` Partition '' was uploaded to Beyoncé 's official Vevo account on February 25 , 2014 while the one for `` Yoncé '' was uploaded on November 24 , 2014 to coincide with the release of Beyoncé : Platinum Edition . `` Yoncé '' ( edit ) Background and concept ( edit ) The video for `` Yoncé '' was directed by Ricky Saiz , and features fashion and video models Chanel Iman , Jourdan Dunn and Joan Smalls . Filming took place on the streets of Brooklyn , New York . The director wanted to add `` a raw , kind of lo - fi , very New York kind of grimy , dark aesthetic '' to the video . Through the clip , Beyoncé introduces viewers to her new alter ego Yoncé , whose preferences include Brooklyn , her grill , and `` being the hottest girl in the club '' . Beyoncé was inspired by the visuals of the 1990 David Fincher - directed video for George Michael 's `` Freedom '' and she conceptualized of a `` contemporary , street version '' of the clip for `` Yoncé '' . `` Freedom '' similarly featured the lip - sync performance of several contemporary supermodels . Saiz wanted to keep the video mostly in the moment without much narrative ; he said , `` ( I ) wanted it to be more about the girls , doing the performance with Beyoncé taking a backseat as a kind of madam character '' ; in order to convey that idea , the singer does not sing the song 's lyrics in the video . He envisioned the clip as being `` sexy and provocative , but not so overt '' , leaning to more sophisticated visuals . In an interview with New York magazine , Saiz affirmed that there are many references to 1990s eroticism and the 1995 video for `` Human Nature '' by American singer Madonna in the clip for `` Yoncé '' . Elaborating further on the video shoot , Saiz told BuzzFeed , `` The girls were incredible . Everyone kind of checked whatever ego at the door and we were all there to make something fun and special . '' He described the cast as being `` spontaneous and not at all contrived '' . Joan Smalls revealed during an interview that the crew did not follow a certain script while filming and added it was `` up for interpretation '' - she mentioned the scene where she licks Beyoncé 's breast as her own idea , getting inspiration from the song 's lyrics . Synopsis and reception ( edit ) The video for `` Yoncé '' opens with a close - up shot of a woman 's mouth . Beyoncé and the models are dressed by Karen Langley in leather , fishnets , and straps as they pose against a brick wall , with cameras showing flashes of skin , close - ups of lips , and erotic tongue flicks . During one point in the video , Smalls is seen licking the singer 's chest . In one scene , Beyoncé sports a molded bodysuit by Yves Saint Laurent with pierced nipples . During another scene , she is seen with denim shorts , a leather jacket with leopard - print sleeves and a necklace by All Saints Valtari . She is also seen wearing a cut - out orange bodysuit by Hervé Leger with a coat and heels . The clip ends with the singer walking on a runway with photographers taking pictures of her and shouting her name . The final scene was meant to be in line with the lyrics `` Welcome to Paris '' and help it transition to the song 's second part , `` Partition '' . Allison Davis of New York magazine described the video for `` Yoncé '' as a `` contemporary , gritty and voyeuristic '' with `` nineties - era eroticism and subtle sexuality '' , before summarizing the visual as `` two minutes and four seconds of fashion and sex '' . Michael Zelenko of The Fader found a `` hyper - sexualized vision of ruby - red lips , tongues , booty shorts and fish - net body suits '' being presented in the clip . Conor Behan of The Independent dubbed `` Yoncé '' as a `` street-wise update '' of George Michael 's `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' . Entertainment Weekly writer Hillary Busis described the video as `` super sexy '' further praising the singer 's showcased persona . Joanna Nikas from The New York Times described the look of the character Beyoncé portrayed in the video for the song as `` ( f ) ierce '' . Whitney Phaneuf of the website HitFix noted its concept to be a street styled runway and concluded `` The four women pose in gritty back alleys and against brick walls , projecting a tough and seductive image that matches the song . '' Nicole James of the website Fuse called the clip very `` sexy '' . Erin Donnelly of the website Refinery29 deemed the clip one of the `` sexiest offerings '' by the singer yet . Lindsey Weber writing for Vulture noted that Beyoncé was hardly outshined by the models in the visual . Vanity Fair editor Michelle Collins praised the fact that the singer was brave enough to `` surround herself with three of the world 's most beautiful supermodels '' . A more mixed review came from Brent DiCrescenzo from Time Out magazine who remarked that the shooting for the video lasted only several hours . `` Partition '' ( edit ) Background and concept ( edit ) A street view of cabaret club Crazy Horse in Paris , where the video for `` Partition '' was filmed The video for `` Partition '' was directed by Jake Nava and was shot at the Parisian cabaret club , Crazy Horse . It was filmed quickly as Jay - Z had to travel to London for a concert after the shooting . In a video commentary to the album , Beyoncé said : `` The day that I got engaged was my husband 's birthday and I took him to Crazy Horse . And I remember thinking , ' Damn , these girls are fly . ' I just thought it was the ultimate sexy show I 've ever seen . And I was like , ' I wish I was up there , I wish I could perform that for my man ... ' So that 's what I did for the video . '' Talking about the video , Nava noted that for the shooting Beyoncé was trying to be `` even more risque than she 's been in the past '' . While filming , he further tried to `` create and capture a bit of genuine intimacy '' between the singer and her husband . During a commentary about the video for the song , Beyoncé revealed her motivation to film it by saying , `` I was 195 pounds when I gave birth ... I worked crazily to get my body back . I wanted to show my body . I wanted to show that you can have a child and you can work hard and you can get your body back . I know that there 's so many women that feel the same thing after they give birth . You can have your child and you can still have fun and still be sexy and still have dreams and still live for yourself . I 'm not embarrassed about it , and I do n't feel like I have to protect that side of me because I do believe that sexuality is a power we all have . '' Synopsis ( edit ) The story of the video was meant to illustrate the lyrics of the song . It depicts the sexual fantasies of a rich and bored housewife played by Beyoncé who tries to seduce her man while having breakfast at her house wearing a white robe . The video opens with various shots of a big mansion in which the singer is seen in one of the rooms . She tries to get her man 's attention while he reads a newspaper . As he does not notice her , she throws a napkin on the floor and her female servant comes to lift it . The clip transitions to scenes of Beyoncé dressed in a Victorian jeweled outfit with a mask in her hands , lip - syncing the lyrics and dancing to the rhythm of the song . Afterwards , she is seen entering a limousine in which Jay - Z is already inside . Scenes of Beyoncé with a black coat and lingerie walking in front of the car are also intertwined throughout . The car stops in front of the club Crazy Horse . The following scenes show the singer emerging in a different set with a black background , as well as dancing atop a grand piano . Later , she is seen with female hands on her body as she dances seductively . Other scenes show her wearing lingerie and performing a pole dance with several other female dancers . Shortly afterwards , Beyoncé performs a choreographed chair dance across a purple background as Jay - Z is seen in the audience watching her while smoking a cigar . The end of the video shows the singer dancing with another woman next to her to a projected cheetah print . The last seconds cut to the breakfast table where Beyoncé is seen . For the video , the singer wears an archival corset by Christian Lacroix , lace gloves by Chanel , and a crystal mask by Atelier Swarovski . Reception ( edit ) In a video review , Jon Blistein from Rolling Stone described it as `` extravagant , scintillating '' , further praising the dance moves . He concluded that the ending was in a classic `` it - was - all - a-dream fashion '' when the scenes cut back to the beginning . Melinda Newman , writing for HitFix described it as NSFW , highly stylized and a reclaim of the singer 's sexuality . Whitney Phanuef of the same website praised the clip as the best on Beyoncé , further highlighting its `` unforgettable song / video combination '' accompanied with eroticism and Beyoncé 's post-child sexuality . Melissa Locker , writing for Time stated that the singer went `` properly XXX '' for the `` hot '' clip and added that it would make viewers think differently about the word `` peaches '' . Edwin Ortiz of Complex felt that during the various wardrobe changes , each outfit was better than the previous . Ashley Lee from The Hollywood Reporter classified the visual as `` ornate '' and opined that Beyoncé portrayed an aristocrat daydreaming about affection . Similarly , Michael Zelenko of The Fader described her character as an aristocrat `` in desperate need of physical attention '' and noted similarities with the film True Lies in the strip scene . John Boone from E ! Online praised the overall sexiness of the video and the singer 's look in various scenes . Hailing the video `` steamy '' , Dan Reilly of Spin noted the variety of revealing outfits worn by Beyoncé and concluded `` ( t ) here 's no nudity , but the video certainly comes close '' . Writing on behalf of Vanity Fair , Michelle Collins stated in her review , `` If you 're a fan of gorgeously choreographed burlesque routines , as well as women in their thirties who defy the logic of cellulite , ' Partition ' is a good starting off point in your journey through Beyoncé 's ' Beyoncé . ' '' Alice Newbold of The Daily Telegraph hailed the explicit nature of the video stating how it showed Beyoncé as `` one sassy lady on a mission to show she 's back in the game '' . Conor Behan of The Independent qualified the clip as being `` effortlessly sexy '' . Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone described the video for the song as the most NSFW from the album . Brent DiCrescenzo of Time Out referred to the clip for `` Partition '' as a classic MTV video . A more negative review came from The Verge 's Trent Wolbe who panned Nava 's contribution to the album as uninteresting . The Daily Telegraph writer Sarah Crompton stated that the video looked suitable for a porn website and described its imagery as `` strip club dressed up as a Busby Berkeley musical '' . Crompton went on to call the message the video sent `` peculiar '' and added that the singer should try to become a better role model for young girls . Vivienne Pattison of Mediawatch - uk commented that such visuals showed that Beyoncé had `` sold out '' and undermined her position as a `` role model '' and previous `` powerful messages that empowered women and girls '' . In early March 2014 , Bill O'Reilly criticized the video for `` Partition '' during his show The O'Reilly Factor broadcast on Fox News . He said that it represented glorification of sex in the back of a limousine and offered critique that teenage girls are influenced by the singer , adding , `` Why would she do it when she knows the devastation that unwanted pregnancies ... and fractured families ( ... ) I think Beyoncé , what she has done here , is inexplicable '' . In response to these claims , Rutger University 's Kevin Allred argues that `` Beyonce is n't sensationalizing her own body and putting it on display for viewers to gawk at . Rather , she performs the historical objectification of black female bodies and replays that objectification in order to point out that , stereotypically , black women have had few means of garnering attention beyond sexual performances . She goes so far as forcing the viewer to be complicit in this objectification by positioning them as the direct viewer of the show she is enacting . '' The video was nominated in the category for Video of the Year at the 2014 BET Awards . At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards it was nominated in the categories for Best Choreography and Best Female Video . Live performances ( edit ) Beyoncé performing a chair dance choreography at The Formation World Tour during `` Partition '' Both `` Yoncé '' and `` Partition '' were part of the setlist of the second European leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour with the first performance of both tracks taking place in Glasgow at the SSE Hydro arena on February 20 , 2014 . During the performance of the songs , Beyoncé performed similar choreographies to the ones seen in the music videos of the songs with her background dancers . The end of `` Partition '' saw Beyoncé appearing with a silhouette , dancing on a couch . While reviewing one of the concerts of the tour , Robert Copsey from Digital Spy noted that the chair dance performed during `` Partition '' was the dancing highlight of the show . Graeme Virtue of The Guardian felt that `` Partition '' along with `` Blow '' and `` Naughty Girl '' , `` make ( s ) a persuasive case for Mrs Carter , the unstoppable sex machine '' . BBC News ' Mark Savage felt that `` her new material ( from Beyoncé ) showcases an unparalleled variety of vocal styles , ranges and phrasing '' during the concert , something he noticed in the `` urban swagger '' of `` Yoncé '' . `` Partition '' and `` Yoncé '' were part of the setlist of Beyoncé and Jay - Z 's co-headlining On the Run Tour ( 2014 ) where both of the songs were performed separately . The performance of `` Partition '' opened with a new half - minute explicit rap verse sung by Jay - Z seated as crimson light illuminated him . After he finished his part , Beyoncé appeared on stage in front of a digital screen dancing along with her female dancers on stripper poles . Consequence of Sound 's Alex Young chose the song as one of the particular highlights of the show . A pre-recorded performance from that tour was broadcast at the 2014 BET Awards on June 29 , 2014 . Lily Harrison of E ! Online felt that the pair `` certainly brought the house down with their sexy performance '' while praising Beyoncé 's look and accurately performed choreography . Maurice Bobb on behalf of MTV News felt that the BET Awards `` saved the best for last '' and described the performance as `` exciting '' despite being pre-recorded . Adam Fleischer of the same publication felt that the rapper was `` sprinkling his classic Jay flair all over '' in his verse during the performance . Spin editor Colin Joyce found the duo 's delivery of the song to be `` stunning '' . In 2016 , `` Partition '' and `` Yoncé '' were part of the setlist during The Formation World Tour . `` Parition '' and `` Yoncé '' were both performed by Beyoncé at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards on August 25 as part of a medley consisting of songs from her fifth studio album ; she appeared wearing a bejeweled bodysuit and performed a dance choreography on a pole for the former song ; `` Yoncé '' was performed later during her set . HitFix writer Melinda Newman noted that the performance of `` Partition '' emulated looks and poses from its clip . Nadeska Alexis from MTV News felt that the singer kept the audience `` lifted '' with the performance of `` Yoncé '' . In a review of her performance , Hilary Hughes of Fuse noted the performance `` elicited nothing but chills and rapturous screams '' . Cover versions ( edit ) On January 9 , 2014 , Azealia Banks posted an unofficial remix of the song to her Soundcloud account , featuring Busta Rhymes . Their remix of the song has an extended intro lasting 90 seconds with the rappers singing `` dirty '' bars . Reviewers were critical of Rhymes ' contribution to the remix , with Spin 's Marc Hogan calling it `` conventionally porny '' , and Hayden Manders of Refinery29 suggesting it `` take ( s ) the tease of the original 's writing and turn ( s ) it into sleaze . '' Banks ' effort was contrastingly hailed for `` delivering the ratatat wordplay that brought her to acclaim while wisely avoiding trying to beat either of the track 's other artists for sheer bawdiness '' by Hogan and `` working perfectly with the deep , subdued beat of Beyoncé 's original '' by Carolyn Menyes from the website Music Times . Upon the release of the album and `` Partition '' , the song has been covered by multiple dance crews on YouTube . Writing for Billboard , William Gruger and Jason Lipshutz thought that the dance videos uploaded to YouTube helped `` Partition '' to appear on charts such as the Hot 100 , although there were no official videos released as well as the audio was not available via digital retailers such as Spotify or Pandora . They further compared `` Partition '' to `` Harlem Shake '' , which performed well on charts due to viral videos , later created the meme with the same name . However they also noted the differences that `` Partition '' was mostly covered by professional choreographers , unlike `` Harlem Shake '' . On March 13 , 2014 , Vanessa Hudgens posted a video where she performed a choreography for `` Yoncé '' by Michelle `` Jersey '' Maniscalco , along with four female dancers . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Beyoncé 's website . Song credits Beyoncé -- vocals , production , vocal production Timbaland -- production Jerome Harmon -- production Justin Timberlake -- production , background vocals Key Wane -- production Mike Dean -- additional production Boots -- additional production Stuart White -- recording , mixing Chris Godbey -- recording Ann Mincieli -- recording Bart Schoudel -- recording Ramon Rivas -- second engineering Matt Weber -- assistant engineering Terius `` The Dream '' Nash -- background vocals Niles Hollowell - Dhar -- additional synth sounds Derek Dixie -- additional synth sounds , mix consultation Hajiba Fahmy -- spoken words recording Tony Maserati -- mixing James Krausse -- mix engineering Justin Hergett -- assistant mix engineering Chris Tabron -- assistant mix engineering Matt Wiggers -- assistant mix engineering Tom Coyne -- mastering Aya Merrill -- mastering Video credits `` Yoncé '' Featuring : Jourdan Dunn , Chanel Iman , Joan Smalls Director : Ricky Saiz Creative Director : Todd Tourso Director of Photography : Jackson Hunt Executive Producer : Jonathan Lia Producers : Christopher Kublan , Tamsin Glasson Production Company : Good Company , Colonel Blimp Stylist : Lysa Cooper , Karen Langley Additional Styling : TY Hunter , Raquel Smith , Tim White Art Director : Ruth Crawford Editors : Adam `` Zuk '' Zuckerman , Alexander Hammer Brand Manager : Melissa Vargas Hair : Nikki Nelms , Neal Farinah Make - Up : Francesca Tolot , Sir John Color Correction : Tom Poole for C03 V FX : The Artery Photography : Mason Poole , Robin Harper , Yorsa El - Essawy `` Partition '' Featuring : Jay - Z , Crazy Horse Paris , and The Crazy Horse Dancers Director : Jake Nava Director of Photography : Paul Laufer Executive Producer : Erinn Williams Producer : Benedict Cooper Production Company : Cherry Films , Parkwood Entertainment Choreography : Svettlana Kostantinova , Philippe Decoufle Additional Choreography : Danielle Polanco , Frank Gatson Dancers : Dekka Dance , Kim Gingras , Diane De Longchamps , Veus Oceane , Gloria Di Parma , Candy St Louis , Trauma Tease , Fasty Wizz , Zula Zazou Stylist : B. Åkerlund Additional Styling : TY Hunter , Raquel Smith , Tim White Art Directors : Arnaud Putman , Renaud Deschamps Editor : Alexander Hammer Brand Manager : Melissa Vargas Hair : Neal Farinah Make - Up : Francesca Tolot Color Correction : Ron Sudul for Nice Shoes V FX : The Artery Assistant Editor : Joe Sinopoli Photography : Robin Harper Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 9 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 100 France ( SNEP ) 120 Ireland ( IRMA ) 57 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 78 South Korea ( Gaon International Chart ) 128 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 74 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 23 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Urban ) 40 US Billboard Hot 100 95 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 29 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Book : Beyoncé ( album ) List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beyonce Album Credits '' . Beyonce.com . December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Is Yoncé ? Beyonce Explains The Birth Of Her New Alter Ego ( Video ) '' . Chicago Defender . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blumm , K.C ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé 's Embarrassed to Play Songs from Her New Album for Her Mom '' . People . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Urban / UAC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BEYONCE ' Partition ( Columbia ) - Radio Date 28 / 03 / 2014 '' . Radioairplay.fm . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinquemani , Sal ( December 14 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Catucci , Nick ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leconte , Julia ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Who runs the world ? '' . Now . 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Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Michelle ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Ultimate Photo Recap of Beyoncé 's Beyoncé '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : DiCrescenzo , Brent ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ranking the videos from the surprise new Beyoncé visual album '' . Time Out . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knowles , Beyoncé ( Director ) ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Self Titled '' Part 4 . Liberation ( Short film , documentary ) . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Messer , Lesley ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Go Behind the Scenes of Beyoncé 's Racy ' Partition ' Video with Jay Z '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Crompton , Sarah ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé 's Partition : she 'd be sexier dancing in her pyjamas '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blistein , Jon ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé Seduces Jay Z in ' Partition ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nikas , Joanna ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé 's ' Visual Album ' Fashions '' . The New York Times . p. 3 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phaneuf , Whitney ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Beyonce strips for Jay Z in new NSFW ' Partition ' video '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Beyoncé 's Very Steamy and NSFW `` Partition '' Video `` . Time . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Edwin ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé Releases the Lustful Music Video for `` Partition '' `` . Complex . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Beyonce Drips Jewels , Projects Cheetah - Print Silhouettes in ' Partition ' Video '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` 24 Times Beyoncé 's New ( ish ) Music Video `` Partition '' Made Us Say `` Daaaaaamn , Bey ! '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newbold , Alice ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé shows off 65lbs post-baby weight loss in new videos '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jon ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Beyonce ' Breakdown : The Ultimate Guide to Bey 's Surprise New Album '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolbe , Trent ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' Beyoncé ' review : the queen rethinks the throne '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce cops backlash over X-rated new album '' . News Corp Australia . December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Bill O'Reilly on Beyonce 's ' Partition ' Video : ' That 's Art ? ! ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Dan ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Bill O'Reilly Thinks Beyonce Harms Children '' . Spin . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Allred , Kevin ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Beyonce 101 : Why I teach a university course on the superstar singer '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce and Jay Z Lead 2014 BET Awards Nominations '' . Variety . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 MTV Video Music Awards Nominations : Get The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleischer , Adam ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Here 's Your Full List Of 2014 VMA Winners '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé starts reworked Mrs Carter Show tour in Glasgow '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madden , Sidney ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Beyonce Upgrades Her Mrs. Carter Show Tour : New Songs , Sequins , Surprises '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Virtue , Graeme ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` 6 reasons why Beyoncé 's ' Mrs Carter Show ' tour is better than ever '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` Jay - Z joins Beyonce show in London '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bobb , Maurice ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Jay Z Drops A ' Partition ' Verse While Beyoncé Does A Pole Dance At 2014 BET Awards '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Jay Z and Beyoncé kick off On the Run Tour with massive 42 - song setlist '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé and Jay - Z Perform ' Partition ' at BET Awards '' . Rap - Up . June 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Lily ( June 29 , 2014 ) . `` News / Beyoncé and Jay Z Give Sexy Performance at 2014 BET Awards , Use Picture of Justin Bieber During On the Run Concert '' . E ! Online . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleischer , Adam ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Jay Z Gets Sexual With Beyonce On The ' Partition ' Remix : Read The Lyrics '' . MTV News . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Colin ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Beyonce , Jay Z , Pharrell , Lil Wayne , and More Perform for the 2014 BET Awards '' . Spin . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce Stuns With ' Lemonade ' Debuts , Rousing Hits at Tour Kickoff '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ; Lee , Ashley ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` VMAs : Beyonce Shares Onstage Kiss With Jay Z After Performing Self - Titled Album Medley '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Beyonce gives epic performance at MTV VMAs : Watch '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexis , Nadeska ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Beyonce 's 2014 VMA Performance : Fearless , Feminist , Flawless , Family Time '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Hilary ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Blue Ivy Brings Beyonce To Tears During VMAs Performance '' . Fuse . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kristobak , Ryan ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Partition ' Gets A Remix From Busta Rhymes And Azelia Banks '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hogan , Marc ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Beyoncé 's ' Beyoncé 's Hits Vinyl as Azealia Banks Shares Busta Rhymes Remix '' . Spin . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Manders , Hayden ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Azealia Banks Remixed Beyoncé 's `` Partition , '' The World Is Indifferent `` . Refinery29 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Busta Rhymes , Azealia Banks give super sexual remix to Beyoncé 's ' Partition ' '' . Music Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gruger , William ; Lipshutz , Jason ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Partition ' Shakes Up Charts Thanks To ... YouTube Dance Crews ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Vanessa Hudgens Channels Her Inner Beyoncé for `` Yoncé '' Dance Video -- Watch Now ! `` . E ! Online . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beyonce -- Partition '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beyonce -- Partition '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Urban . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beyonce -- Partition '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved April 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Beyonce . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : March 9 , 2015 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Beyonce . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Beyonce . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Beyonce . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2014 : Urban '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Beyonce -- Partition '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Enter Partition in the field Keywords . Select Title in the field Search by . Select single in the field By Format . Select Silver in the field By Award . Click Search External links ( edit ) An article on Billboard about the impact of `` Partition '' : Gruger , William ; Lipshutz , Jason ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Partition ' Shakes Up Charts Thanks To ... YouTube Dance Crews ? '' . Billboard . `` Partition '' ( Explicit Video ) on YouTube `` Yoncé '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Beyoncé songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Family Feud '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` In da Club ( Sexy Lil Thug ) '' `` One Night Only '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Template WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partition_(song)&oldid=799463625 '' Categories : 2013 songs 2014 singles Beyoncé songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Multilingual songs Music videos directed by Jake Nava Song recordings produced by Beyoncé Song recordings produced by Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon Song recordings produced by Justin Timberlake Song recordings produced by Key Wane Song recordings produced by Timbaland Songs about sexuality Songs written by Beyoncé Songs written by Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon Songs written by Justin Timberlake Songs written by The - Dream Songs written by Timbaland Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Mike Dean ( record producer ) Songs written by Key Wane Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Urban Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 21 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "Partition" - Beyoncé's song from her fifth studio album
2. Electro-R&B - Genre of the song
3. Sexual nature - Theme explored in the lyrics
4. Music videos - Released for "Yoncé" and "Partition"
5. Chart performance - Success on the Billboard Hot 100 and other charts |
8,263,908,237,421,969,000 | what type of vegetation is found in desert region | Desert - wikipedia Desert Jump to : navigation , search This article is about dry terrain . For arid climate , see Desert climate . For the act of abandoning or withdrawing support , see Desertion . For other uses , see Desert ( disambiguation ) . Valle de la Luna ( `` Valley of the Moon '' ) in the Atacama Desert of Chile , the world 's driest non-polar desert Sand dunes in the Rub ' al Khali ( `` Empty quarter '' ) in the United Arab Emirates A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life . The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation . About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid . This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or `` cold deserts '' . Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls , by the temperature that prevails , by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location . Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces . Although rain seldom occurs in deserts , there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods . Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor is further eroded by the wind . This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms . Wind - blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface . Rocks are smoothed down , and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits . The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes . Other deserts are flat , stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones . These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place . Other desert features include rock outcrops , exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water . Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate . There may be underground sources of water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers . Where these are found , oases can occur . Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment . Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves , water - resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory . Some annual plants germinate , bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long - lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture . Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive . Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day . They tend to be efficient at conserving water , extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine . Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods , ready to become active again when the rare rains fall . They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy . People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia . Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a more settled way of life . The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification . Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source . Many trade routes have been forged across deserts , especially across the Sahara Desert , and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt , gold , ivory and other goods . Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara . Some mineral extraction also takes place in deserts and the uninterrupted sunlight gives potential for the capture of large quantities of solar energy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Physical geography 2.1 Classification 2.2 Weathering processes 2.3 Dust storms and sandstorms 2.4 Major deserts 2.5 Features 2.6 Water 3 Biogeography 3.1 Flora 3.2 Fauna 4 Human relations 4.1 History 4.2 Natural resource extraction 4.3 Farming 4.4 Solar energy capture 4.5 Warfare 4.6 In culture 5 Deserts on other planets 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology English desert and its Romance cognates ( including Italian and Portuguese deserto , French désert and Spanish desierto ) all come from the ecclesiastical Latin dēsertum ( originally `` an abandoned place '' ) , a participle of dēserere , `` to abandon '' . The correlation between aridity and sparse population is complex and dynamic , varying by culture , era , and technologies ; thus the use of the word desert can cause confusion . In English before the 20th century , desert was often used in the sense of `` unpopulated area '' , without specific reference to aridity ; but today the word is most often used in its climate - science sense ( an area of low precipitation ) . Phrases such as `` desert island '' and `` Great American Desert '' in previous centuries did not necessarily imply sand or aridity ; their focus was the sparse population . Physical Geography A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation ( usually in the form of rain but may be snow , mist or fog ) , often has little coverage by plants , and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area . Deserts generally receive less than 250 mm ( 10 in ) of precipitation each year . The potential evapotranspiration may be large but ( in the absence of available water ) the actual evapotranspiration may be close to zero . Semideserts are regions which receive between 250 and 500 mm ( 10 and 20 in ) and when clad in grass , these are known as steppes . Classification Deserts have been defined and classified in a number of ways , generally combining total precipitation , number of days on which this falls , temperature , and humidity , and sometimes additional factors . For example , Phoenix , Arizona , receives less than 250 mm ( 9.8 in ) of precipitation per year , and is immediately recognized as being located in a desert because of its aridity - adapted plants . The North Slope of Alaska 's Brooks Range also receives less than 250 mm ( 9.8 in ) of precipitation per year and is often classified as a cold desert . Other regions of the world have cold deserts , including areas of the Himalayas and other high - altitude areas in other parts of the world . Polar deserts cover much of the ice - free areas of the Arctic and Antarctic . A non-technical definition is that deserts are those parts of the Earth 's surface that have insufficient vegetation cover to support a human population . Potential evapotranspiration supplements the measurement of precipitation in providing a scientific measurement - based definition of a desert . The water budget of an area can be calculated using the formula P − PE ± S , wherein P is precipitation , PE is potential evapotranspiration rates and S is amount of surface storage of water . Evapotranspiration is the combination of water loss through atmospheric evaporation and through the life processes of plants . Potential evapotranspiration , then , is the amount of water that could evaporate in any given region . As an example , Tucson , Arizona receives about 300 mm ( 12 in ) of rain per year , however about 2,500 mm ( 98 in ) of water could evaporate over the course of a year . In other words , about eight times more water could evaporate from the region than actually falls as rain . Rates of evapotranspiration in cold regions such as Alaska are much lower because of the lack of heat to aid in the evaporation process . Deserts are sometimes classified as `` hot '' or `` cold '' , `` semiarid '' or `` coastal '' . The characteristics of hot deserts include high temperatures in summer ; greater evaporation than precipitation usually exacerbated by high temperatures , strong winds and lack of cloud cover ; considerable variation in the occurrence of precipitation , its intensity and distribution ; and low humidity . Winter temperatures vary considerably between different deserts and are often related to the location of the desert on the continental landmass and the latitude . Daily variations in temperature can be as great as 22 ° C ( 40 ° F ) or more , with heat loss by radiation at night being increased by the clear skies . Cold desert : snow surface at Dome C Station , Antarctica Cold deserts , sometimes known as temperate deserts , occur at higher latitudes than hot deserts , and the aridity is caused by the dryness of the air . Some cold deserts are far from the ocean and others are separated by mountain ranges from the sea and in both cases there is insufficient moisture in the air to cause much precipitation . The largest of these deserts are found in Central Asia . Others occur on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains , the eastern side of the southern Andes and in southern Australia . Polar deserts are a particular class of cold desert . The air is very cold and carries little moisture so little precipitation occurs and what does fall , usually as snow , is carried along in the often strong wind and may form blizzards , drifts and dunes similar to those caused by dust and sand in other desert regions . In Antarctica , for example , the annual precipitation is about 50 mm ( 2 in ) on the central plateau and some ten times that amount on some major peninsulas . Based on precipitation alone , hyperarid deserts receive less than 25 mm ( 1 in ) of rainfall a year ; they have no annual seasonal cycle of precipitation and experience twelve - month periods with no rainfall at all . Arid deserts receive between 25 and 200 mm ( 1 and 8 in ) in a year and semiarid deserts between 200 and 500 mm ( 8 and 20 in ) . However , such factors as the temperature , humidity , rate of evaporation and evapotranspiration , and the moisture storage capacity of the ground have a marked effect on the degree of aridity and the plant and animal life that can be sustained . Rain falling in the cold season may be more effective at promoting plant growth , and defining the boundaries of deserts and the semiarid regions that surround them on the grounds of precipitation alone is problematic . A semi-arid desert or a steppe is a version of the arid desert with much more rainfall , vegetation and higher humidity . These regions feature a semi-arid climate and are less extreme than regular deserts . Like arid deserts , temperatures can vary greatly in semi deserts . They share some characteristics of a true desert and are usually located at the edge of deserts and continental dry areas . They usually receive precipitation from 250 mm ( 10 in ) to 500 mm ( 20 in ) but this can vary due to evapotranspiration and soil nutrition . Semi deserts can be found in the Tabernas Desert ( and some of the Spanish Plateau ) , The Sahel , The Eurasian Steppe , most of Central Asia , the Western US , most of Northern Mexico , portions of South America ( especially in Argentina ) and the Australian Outback . They usually feature BSh ( hot steppe ) or BSk ( temperate steppe ) in the Köppen climate classification . Coastal deserts are mostly found on the western edges of continental land masses in regions where cold currents approach the land or cold water upwellings rise from the ocean depths . The cool winds crossing this water pick up little moisture and the coastal regions have low temperatures and very low rainfall , the main precipitation being in the form of fog and dew . The range of temperatures on a daily and annual scale is relatively low , being 11 ° C ( 20 ° F ) and 5 ° C ( 9 ° F ) respectively in the Atacama Desert . Deserts of this type are often long and narrow and bounded to the east by mountain ranges . They occur in Namibia , Chile , southern California and Baja California . Other coastal deserts influenced by cold currents are found in Western Australia , the Arabian Peninsula and Horn of Africa , and the western fringes of the Sahara . In 1961 , Peveril Meigs divided desert regions on Earth into three categories according to the amount of precipitation they received . In this now widely accepted system , extremely arid lands have at least twelve consecutive months without precipitation , arid lands have less than 250 mm ( 10 in ) of annual precipitation , and semiarid lands have a mean annual precipitation of between 250 and 500 mm ( 10 -- 20 in ) . Both extremely arid and arid lands are considered to be deserts while semiarid lands are generally referred to as steppes when they are grasslands . The Agasthiyamalai hills cut off Tirunelveli in India from the monsoons , creating a rainshadow region . Deserts are also classified , according to their geographical location and dominant weather pattern , as trade wind , mid-latitude , rain shadow , coastal , monsoon , or polar deserts . Trade wind deserts occur either side of the horse latitudes at 30 ° to 35 ° North and South . These belts are associated with the subtropical anticyclone and the large - scale descent of dry air moving from high - altitudes toward the poles . The Sahara Desert is of this type . Mid-latitude deserts occur between 30 ° and 50 ° North and South . They are mostly in areas remote from the sea where most of the moisture has already precipitated from the prevailing winds . They include the Tengger and Sonoran Deserts . Monsoon deserts are similar . They occur in regions where large temperature differences occur between sea and land . Moist warm air rises over the land , deposits its water content and circulates back to sea . Further inland , areas receive very little precipitation . The Thar Desert near the India / Pakistan border is of this type . In some parts of the world , deserts are created by a rain shadow effect . Orographic lift occurs as air masses rise to pass over high ground . In the process they cool and lose much of their moisture by precipitation on the windward slope of the mountain range . When they descend on the leeward side , they warm and their capacity to hold moisture increases so an area with relatively little precipitation occurs . The Taklamakan Desert is an example , lying in the rain shadow of the Himalayas and receiving less than 38 mm ( 1.5 in ) precipitation annually . Other areas are arid by virtue of being a very long way from the nearest available sources of moisture . Montane deserts are arid places with a very high altitude ; the most prominent example is found north of the Himalayas , in the Kunlun Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau . Many locations within this category have elevations exceeding 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) and the thermal regime can be hemiboreal . These places owe their profound aridity ( the average annual precipitation is often less than 40 mm or 1.5 in ) to being very far from the nearest available sources of moisture and are often in the lee of mountain ranges . Montane deserts are normally cold , or may be scorchingly hot by day and very cold by night as is true of the northeastern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro . Polar deserts such as McMurdo Dry Valleys remain ice - free because of the dry katabatic winds that flow downhill from the surrounding mountains . Former desert areas presently in non-arid environments , such as the Sandhills in Nebraska , are known as paleodeserts . In the Köppen climate classification system , deserts are classed as BWh ( hot desert ) or BWk ( temperate desert ) . In the Thornthwaite climate classification system , deserts would be classified as arid megathermal climates . Weathering processes Exfoliation of weathering rocks in Texas Deserts usually have a large diurnal and seasonal temperature range , with high daytime temperatures falling sharply at night . The diurnal range may be as much as 20 to 30 ° C ( 36 to 54 ° F ) and the rock surface experiences even greater temperature differentials . During the day the sky is usually clear and most of the sun 's radiation reaches the ground , but as soon as the sun sets , the desert cools quickly by radiating heat into space . In hot deserts , the temperature during daytime can exceed 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) in summer and plunge below freezing point at night during winter . One square centimeter ( 0.16 sq in ) of windblown sand from the Gobi Desert Such large temperature variations have a destructive effect on the exposed rocky surfaces . The repeated fluctuations put a strain on exposed rock and the flanks of mountains crack and shatter . Fragmented strata slide down into the valleys where they continue to break into pieces due to the relentless sun by day and chill by night . Successive strata are exposed to further weathering . The relief of the internal pressure that has built up in rocks that have been underground for aeons can cause them to shatter . Exfoliation also occurs when the outer surfaces of rocks split off in flat flakes . This is believed to be caused by the stresses put on the rock by repeated expansions and contractions which induces fracturing parallel to the original surface . Chemical weathering processes probably play a more important role in deserts than was previously thought . The necessary moisture may be present in the form of dew or mist . Ground water may be drawn to the surface by evaporation and the formation of salt crystals may dislodge rock particles as sand or disintegrate rocks by exfoliation . Shallow caves are sometimes formed at the base of cliffs by this means . As the desert mountains decay , large areas of shattered rock and rubble occur . The process continues and the end products are either dust or sand . Dust is formed from solidified clay or volcanic deposits whereas sand results from the fragmentation of harder granites , limestone and sandstone . There is a certain critical size ( about 0.5 mm ) below which further temperature - induced weathering of rocks does not occur and this provides a minimum size for sand grains . As the mountains are eroded , more and more sand is created . At high wind speeds , sand grains are picked up off the surface and blown along , a process known as saltation . The whirling airborne grains act as a sand blasting mechanism which grinds away solid objects in its path as the kinetic energy of the wind is transferred to the ground . The sand eventually ends up deposited in level areas known as sand - fields or sand - seas , or piled up in dunes . Dust storms and sandstorms Main article : Dust storm Dust storm about to engulf a military camp in Iraq , 2005 Sand and dust storms are natural events that occur in arid regions where the land is not protected by a covering of vegetation . Dust storms usually start in desert margins rather than the deserts themselves where the finer materials have already been blown away . As a steady wind begins to blow , fine particles lying on the exposed ground begin to vibrate . At greater wind speeds , some particles are lifted into the air stream . When they land , they strike other particles which may be jerked into the air in their turn , starting a chain reaction . Once ejected , these particles move in one of three possible ways , depending on their size , shape and density ; suspension , saltation or creep . Suspension is only possible for particles less than 0.1 mm ( 0.004 in ) in diameter . In a dust storm , these fine particles are lifted up and wafted aloft to heights of up to 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) . They reduce visibility and can remain in the atmosphere for days on end , conveyed by the trade winds for distances of up to 6,000 km ( 3,700 mi ) . Denser clouds of dust can be formed in stronger winds , moving across the land with a billowing leading edge . The sunlight can be obliterated and it may become as dark as night at ground level . In a study of a dust storm in China in 2001 , it was estimated that 6.5 million tons of dust were involved , covering an area of 134,000,000 km ( 52,000,000 sq mi ) . The mean particle size was 1.44 μm . A much smaller scale , short - lived phenomenon can occur in calm conditions when hot air near the ground rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler , low - pressure air above forming a whirling column of particles , a dust devil . Wind - blown particles : 1 = Creep 2 = Saltation 3 = Suspension 4 = Wind current Sandstorms occur with much less frequency than dust storms . They are often preceded by severe dust storms and occur when the wind velocity increases to a point where it can lift heavier particles . These grains of sand , up to about 0.5 mm ( 0.020 in ) in diameter are jerked into the air but soon fall back to earth , ejecting other particles in the process . Their weight prevents them from being airborne for long and most only travel a distance of a few meters ( yards ) . The sand streams along above the surface of the ground like a fluid , often rising to heights of about 30 cm ( 12 in ) . In a really severe steady blow , 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) is about as high as the sand stream can rise as the largest sand grains do not become airborne at all . They are transported by creep , being rolled along the desert floor or performing short jumps . During a sandstorm , the wind - blown sand particles become electrically charged . Such electric fields , which range in size up to 80 kV / m , can produce sparks and cause interference with telecommunications equipment . They are also unpleasant for humans and can cause headaches and nausea . The electric fields are caused by collision between airborne particles and by the impacts of saltating sand grains landing on the ground . The mechanism is little understood but the particles usually have a negative charge when their diameter is under 250 μm and a positive one when they are over 500 μm . Major deserts See also : List of deserts by area The world 's largest non-polar deserts Deserts take up about one third of the Earth 's land surface . Bottomlands may be salt - covered flats . Eolian processes are major factors in shaping desert landscapes . Polar deserts ( also seen as `` cold deserts '' ) have similar features , except the main form of precipitation is snow rather than rain . Antarctica is the world 's largest cold desert ( composed of about 98 % thick continental ice sheet and 2 % barren rock ) . Some of the barren rock is to be found in the so - called Dry Valleys of Antarctica that almost never get snow , which can have ice - encrusted saline lakes that suggest evaporation far greater than the rare snowfall due to the strong katabatic winds that even evaporate ice . The ten largest deserts Rank Desert Area ( km2 ) Area ( mi2 ) Antarctic Desert ( Antarctica ) 14,200,000 5,500,000 Arctic Desert ( Arctic ) 13,900,000 5,400,000 Sahara Desert ( Africa ) 9,100,000 3,500,000 Arabian Desert ( Middle East ) 2,600,000 1,000,000 5 Gobi Desert ( Asia ) 1,300,000 500,000 6 Patagonian Desert ( South America ) 670,000 260,000 7 Great Victoria Desert ( Australia ) 647,000 250,000 8 Kalahari Desert ( Africa ) 570,000 220,000 9 Great Basin Desert ( North America ) 490,000 190,000 10 Syrian Desert ( Middle East ) 490,000 190,000 Deserts , both hot and cold , play a part in moderating the Earth 's temperature . This is because they reflect more of the incoming light and their albedo is higher than that of forests or the sea . Features Aerial view of Makhtesh Ramon , an erosion cirque of a type unique to the Negev Many people think of deserts as consisting of extensive areas of billowing sand dunes because that is the way they are often depicted on TV and in films , but deserts do not always look like this . Across the world , around 20 % of desert is sand , varying from only 2 % in North America to 30 % in Australia and over 45 % in Central Asia . Where sand does occur , it is usually in large quantities in the form of sand sheets or extensive areas of dunes . A sand sheet is a near - level , firm expanse of partially consolidated particles in a layer that varies from a few centimeters to a few meters thick . The structure of the sheet consists of thin horizontal layers of coarse silt and very fine to medium grain sand , separated by layers of coarse sand and pea - gravel which are a single grain thick . These larger particles anchor the other particles in place and may also be packed together on the surface so as to form a miniature desert pavement . Small ripples form on the sand sheet when the wind exceeds 24 km / h ( 15 mph ) . They form perpendicular to the wind direction and gradually move across the surface as the wind continues to blow . The distance between their crests corresponds to the average length of jumps made by particles during saltation . The ripples are ephemeral and a change in wind direction causes them to reorganise . Diagram showing barchan dune formation , with the wind blowing from the left Sand dunes are accumulations of windblown sand piled up in mounds or ridges . They form downwind of copious sources of dry , loose sand and occur when topographic and climatic conditions cause airborne particles to settle . As the wind blows , saltation and creep take place on the windward side of the dune and individual grains of sand move uphill . When they reach the crest , they cascade down the far side . The upwind slope typically has a gradient of 10 ° to 20 ° while the lee slope is around 32 ° , the angle at which loose dry sand will slip . As this wind - induced movement of sand grains takes place , the dune moves slowly across the surface of the ground . Dunes are sometimes solitary , but they are more often grouped together in dune fields . When these are extensive , they are known as sand seas or ergs . The shape of the dune depends on the characteristics of the prevailing wind . Barchan dunes are produced by strong winds blowing across a level surface , and are crescent - shaped with the concave side away from the wind . When there are two directions from which winds regularly blow , a series of long , linear dunes known as seif dunes may form . These also occur parallel to a strong wind that blows in one general direction . Transverse dunes run at a right angle to the prevailing wind direction . Star dunes are formed by variable winds , and have several ridges and slip faces radiating from a central point . They tend to grow vertically ; they can reach a height of 500 m ( 1,600 ft ) , making them the tallest type of dune . Rounded mounds of sand without a slip face are the rare dome dunes , found on the upwind edges of sand seas . Windswept desert pavement of small , smooth , closely packed stones in the Mojave desert A large part of the surface area of the world 's deserts consists of flat , stone - covered plains dominated by wind erosion . In `` eolian deflation '' , the wind continually removes fine - grained material , which becomes wind - blown sand . This exposes coarser - grained material , mainly pebbles with some larger stones or cobbles , leaving a desert pavement , an area of land overlaid by closely packed smooth stones forming a tessellated mosaic . Different theories exist as to how exactly the pavement is formed . It may be that after the sand and dust is blown away by the wind the stones jiggle themselves into place ; alternatively , stones previously below ground may in some way work themselves to the surface . Very little further erosion takes place after the formation of a pavement , and the ground becomes stable . Evaporation brings moisture to the surface by capillary action and calcium salts may be precipitated , binding particles together to form a desert conglomerate . In time , bacteria that live on the surface of the stones accumulate a film of minerals and clay particles , forming a shiny brown coating known as desert varnish . Other non-sandy deserts consist of exposed outcrops of bedrock , dry soils or aridisols , and a variety of landforms affected by flowing water , such as alluvial fans , sinks or playas , temporary or permanent lakes , and oases . A hamada is a type of desert landscape consisting of a high rocky plateau where the sand has been removed by aeolian processes . Other landforms include plains largely covered by gravels and angular boulders , from which the finer particles have been stripped by the wind . These are called `` reg '' in the western Sahara , `` serir '' in the eastern Sahara , `` gibber plains '' in Australia and `` saï '' in central Asia . The Tassili Plateau in Algeria is an impressive jumble of eroded sandstone outcrops , canyons , blocks , pinnacles , fissures , slabs and ravines . In some places the wind has carved holes or arches and in others it has created mushroom - like pillars narrower at the base than the top . In the Colorado Plateau it is water that has been the eroding force . Here the Colorado River has cut its way over the millennia through the high desert floor creating a canyon that is over a mile ( 6,000 feet or 1,800 meters ) deep in places , exposing strata that are over two billion year old . Water Atacama , the world 's driest non-polar desert , part of the Arid Diagonal of South America . One of the driest places on Earth is the Atacama Desert . It is virtually devoid of life because it is blocked from receiving precipitation by the Andes mountains to the east and the Chilean Coast Range to the west . The cold Humboldt Current and the anticyclone of the Pacific are essential to keep the dry climate of the Atacama . The average precipitation in the Chilean region of Antofagasta is just 1 mm ( 0.039 in ) per year . Some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain . Evidence suggests that the Atacama may not have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971 . It is so arid that mountains that reach as high as 6,885 m ( 22,589 ft ) are completely free of glaciers and , in the southern part from 25 ° S to 27 ° S , may have been glacier - free throughout the Quaternary , though permafrost extends down to an altitude of 4,400 m ( 14,400 ft ) and is continuous above 5,600 m ( 18,400 ft ) . Nevertheless , there is some plant life in the Atacama , in the form of specialist plants that obtain moisture from dew and the fogs that blow in from the Pacific . Flash flood in the Gobi When rain falls in deserts , as it occasionally does , it is often with great violence . The desert surface is evidence of this with dry stream channels known as arroyos or wadis meandering across its surface . These can experience flash floods , becoming raging torrents with surprising rapidity after a storm that may be many kilometers away . Most deserts are in basins with no drainage to the sea but some are crossed by exotic rivers sourced in mountain ranges or other high rainfall areas beyond their borders . The River Nile , the Colorado River and the Yellow River do this , losing much of their water through evaporation as they pass through the desert and raising groundwater levels nearby . There may also be underground sources of water in deserts in the form of springs , aquifers , underground rivers or lakes . Where these lie close to the surface , wells can be dug and oases may form where plant and animal life can flourish . The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System under the Sahara Desert is the largest known accumulation of fossil water . The Great Man - Made River is a scheme launched by Libya 's Colonel Gadaffi to tap this aquifer and supply water to coastal cities . Kharga Oasis in Egypt is 150 km ( 93 mi ) long and is the largest oasis in the Libyan Desert . A lake occupied this depression in ancient times and thick deposits of sandy - clay resulted . Wells are dug to extract water from the porous sandstone that lies underneath . Seepages may occur in the walls of canyons and pools may survive in deep shade near the dried up watercourse below . Lakes may form in basins where there is sufficient precipitation or meltwater from glaciers above . They are usually shallow and saline , and wind blowing over their surface can cause stress , moving the water over nearby low - lying areas . When the lakes dry up , they leave a crust or hardpan behind . This area of deposited clay , silt or sand is known as a playa . The deserts of North America have more than one hundred playas , many of them relics of Lake Bonneville which covered parts of Utah , Nevada and Idaho during the last ice age when the climate was colder and wetter . These include the Great Salt Lake , Utah Lake , Sevier Lake and many dry lake beds . The smooth flat surfaces of playas have been used for attempted vehicle speed records at Black Rock Desert and Bonneville Speedway and the United States Air Force uses Rogers Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert as runways for aircraft and the space shuttle . Biogeography Flora Xerophytes : Cardón cacti in the Baja California Desert , Cataviña region , Mexico Plants face severe challenges in arid environments . Problems they need to solve include how to obtain enough water , how to avoid being eaten and how to reproduce . Photosynthesis is the key to plant growth . It can only take place during the day as energy from the sun is required , but during the day , many deserts become very hot . Opening stomata to allow in the carbon dioxide necessary for the process causes evapotranspiration , and conservation of water is a top priority for desert vegetation . Some plants have resolved this problem by adopting crassulacean acid metabolism , allowing them to open their stomata during the night to allow CO to enter , and close them during the day , or by using C4 carbon fixation . A small tree in a sand hill , Polond Desert , Iran . Many desert plants have reduced the size of their leaves or abandoned them altogether . Cacti are desert specialists and in most species the leaves have been dispensed with and the chlorophyll displaced into the trunks , the cellular structure of which has been modified to allow them to store water . When rain falls , the water is rapidly absorbed by the shallow roots and retained to allow them to survive until the next downpour , which may be months or years away . The giant saguaro cacti of the Sonoran Desert form `` forests '' , providing shade for other plants and nesting places for desert birds . Saguaro grow slowly but may live for up to two hundred years . The surface of the trunk is folded like a concertina , allowing it to expand , and a large specimen can hold eight tons of water after a good downpour . Cacti are present in both North and South America with a post-Gondwana origin . Other xerophytic plants have developed similar strategies by a process known as convergent evolution . They limit water loss by reducing the size and number of stomata , by having waxy coatings and hairy or tiny leaves . Some are deciduous , shedding their leaves in the driest season , and others curl their leaves up to reduce transpiration . Others store water in succulent leaves or stems or in fleshy tubers . Desert plants maximize water uptake by having shallow roots that spread widely , or by developing long taproots that reach down to deep rock strata for ground water . The saltbush in Australia has succulent leaves and secretes salt crystals , enabling it to live in saline areas . In common with cacti , many have developed spines to ward off browsing animals . The camel thorn tree ( Acacia erioloba ) in the Namib Desert is nearly leafless in dry periods . Some desert plants produce seed which lies dormant in the soil until sparked into growth by rainfall . When annuals , such plants grow with great rapidity and may flower and set seed within weeks , aiming to complete their development before the last vestige of water dries up . For perennial plants , reproduction is more likely to be successful if the seed germinates in a shaded position , but not so close to the parent plant as to be in competition with it . Some seed will not germinate until it has been blown about on the desert floor to scarify the seed coat . The seed of the mesquite tree , which grows in deserts in the Americas , is hard and fails to sprout even when planted carefully . When it has passed through the gut of a pronghorn it germinates readily , and the little pile of moist dung provides an excellent start to life well away from the parent tree . The stems and leaves of some plants lower the surface velocity of sand - carrying winds and protect the ground from erosion . Even small fungi and microscopic plant organisms found on the soil surface ( so - called cryptobiotic soil ) can be a vital link in preventing erosion and providing support for other living organisms . Some plants , including the Plantago Lanceolata , have to reproduce via wind pollination due to living in the environment . Cold deserts often have high concentrations of salt in the soil . Grasses and low shrubs are the dominant vegetation here and the ground may be covered with lichens . Most shrubs have spiny leaves and shed them in the coldest part of the year . Fauna Main article : Xerocole Animals adapted to live in deserts are called xerocoles . There is no evidence that body temperature of mammals and birds is adaptive to the different climates , either of great heat or cold . In fact , with a very few exceptions , their basal metabolic rate is determined by body size , irrespective of the climate in which they live . Many desert animals ( and plants ) show especially clear evolutionary adaptations for water conservation or heat tolerance and so are often studied in comparative physiology , ecophysiology , and evolutionary physiology . One well - studied example is the specializations of mammalian kidneys shown by desert - inhabiting species . Many examples of convergent evolution have been identified in desert organisms , including between cacti and Euphorbia , kangaroo rats and jerboas , Phrynosoma and Moloch lizards . The cream - colored courser , Cursorius cursor , is a well - camouflaged desert resident with its dusty coloration , countershading , and disruptive head markings . Deserts present a very challenging environment for animals . Not only do they require food and water but they also need to keep their body temperature at a tolerable level . In many ways birds are the most able to do this of the higher animals . They can move to areas of greater food availability as the desert blooms after local rainfall and can fly to faraway waterholes . In hot deserts , gliding birds can remove themselves from the over-heated desert floor by using thermals to soar in the cooler air at great heights . In order to conserve energy , other desert birds run rather than fly . The cream - colored courser flits gracefully across the ground on its long legs , stopping periodically to snatch up insects . Like other desert birds it is well - camouflaged by its coloring and can merge into the landscape when stationary . The sandgrouse is an expert at this and nests on the open desert floor dozens of kilometers ( miles ) away from the waterhole it needs to visit daily . Some small diurnal birds are found in very restricted localities where their plumage matches the color of the underlying surface . The desert lark takes frequent dust baths which ensures that it matches its environment . Water and carbon dioxide are metabolic end products of oxidation of fats , proteins , and carbohydrates . Oxidising a gram of carbohydrate produces 0.60 grams of water ; a gram of protein produces 0.41 grams of water ; and a gram of fat produces 1.07 grams of water , making it possible for xerocoles to live with little or no access to drinking water . The kangaroo rat for example makes use of this water of metabolism and conserves water both by having a low basal metabolic rate and by remaining underground during the heat of the day , reducing loss of water through its skin and respiratory system when at rest . Herbivorous mammals obtain moisture from the plants they eat . Species such as the addax antelope , dik - dik , Grant 's gazelle and oryx are so efficient at doing this that they apparently never need to drink . The camel is a superb example of a mammal adapted to desert life . It minimizes its water loss by producing concentrated urine and dry dung , and is able to lose 40 % of its body weight through water loss without dying of dehydration . Carnivores can obtain much of their water needs from the body fluids of their prey . Many other hot desert animals are nocturnal , seeking out shade during the day or dwelling underground in burrows . At depths of more than 50 cm ( 20 in ) , these remain at between 30 to 32 ° C ( 86 to 90 ° F ) regardless of the external temperature . Jerboas , desert rats , kangaroo rats and other small rodents emerge from their burrows at night and so do the foxes , coyotes , jackals and snakes that prey on them . Kangaroos keep cool by increasing their respiration rate , panting , sweating and moistening the skin of their forelegs with saliva . Mammals living in cold deserts have developed greater insulation through warmer body fur and insulating layers of fat beneath the skin . The arctic weasel has a metabolic rate that is two or three times as high as would be expected for an animal of its size . Birds have avoided the problem of losing heat through their feet by not attempting to maintain them at the same temperature as the rest of their bodies , a form of adaptive insulation . The emperor penguin has dense plumage , a downy under layer , an air insulation layer next the skin and various thermoregulatory strategies to maintain its body temperature in one of the harshest environments on Earth . The desert iguana ( Dipsosaurus dorsalis ) is well - adapted to desert life . Being ectotherms , reptiles are unable to live in cold deserts but are well - suited to hot ones . In the heat of the day in the Sahara , the temperature can rise to 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) . Reptiles can not survive at this temperature and lizards will be prostrated by heat at 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) . They have few adaptations to desert life and are unable to cool themselves by sweating so they shelter during the heat of the day . In the first part of the night , as the ground radiates the heat absorbed during the day , they emerge and search for prey . Lizards and snakes are the most numerous in arid regions and certain snakes have developed a novel method of locomotion that enables them to move sidewards and navigate high sand - dunes . These include the horned viper of Africa and the sidewinder of North America , evolutionarily distinct but with similar behavioural patterns because of convergent evolution . Many desert reptiles are ambush predators and often bury themselves in the sand , waiting for prey to come within range . Amphibians might seem unlikely desert - dwellers , because of their need to keep their skins moist and their dependence on water for reproductive purposes . In fact , the few species that are found in this habitat have made some remarkable adaptations . Most of them are fossorial , spending the hot dry months aestivating in deep burrows . While there they shed their skins a number of times and retain the remnants around them as a waterproof cocoon to retain moisture . In the Sonoran Desert , Couch 's spadefoot toad spends most of the year dormant in its burrow . Heavy rain is the trigger for emergence and the first male to find a suitable pool calls to attract others . Eggs are laid and the tadpoles grow rapidly as they must reach metamorphosis before the water evaporates . As the desert dries out , the adult toads rebury themselves . The juveniles stay on the surface for a while , feeding and growing , but soon dig themselves burrows . Few make it to adulthood . The water holding frog in Australia has a similar life cycle and may aestivate for as long as five years if no rain falls . The Desert rain frog of Namibia is nocturnal and survives because of the damp sea fogs that roll in from the Atlantic . Tadpole shrimp survive dry periods as eggs , which rapidly hatch and develop after rain . Invertebrates , particularly arthropods , have successfully made their homes in the desert . Flies , beetles , ants , termites , locusts , millipedes , scorpions and spiders have hard cuticles which are impervious to water and many of them lay their eggs underground and their young develop away from the temperature extremes at the surface . The Saharan silver ant ( Cataglyphis bombycina ) uses a heat shock protein in a novel way and forages in the open during brief forays in the heat of the day . The long - legged darkling beetle in Namibia stands on its front legs and raises its carapace to catch the morning mist as condensate , funnelling the water into its mouth . Some arthropods make use of the ephemeral pools that form after rain and complete their life cycle in a matter of days . The desert shrimp does this , appearing `` miraculously '' in new - formed puddles as the dormant eggs hatch . Others , such as brine shrimps , fairy shrimps and tadpole shrimps , are cryptobiotic and can lose up to 92 % of their bodyweight , rehydrating as soon as it rains and their temporary pools reappear . Human relations Humans have long made use of deserts as places to live , and more recently have started to exploit them for minerals and energy capture . Deserts play a significant role in human culture with an extensive literature . History Shepherd near Marrakech leading his flock to new pasture People have been living in deserts for millennia . Many , such as the Bushmen in the Kalahari , the Aborigines in Australia and various tribes of North American Indians , were originally hunter - gatherers . They developed skills in the manufacture and use of weapons , animal tracking , finding water , foraging for edible plants and using the things they found in their natural environment to supply their everyday needs . Their self - sufficient skills and knowledge were passed down through the generations by word of mouth . Other cultures developed a nomadic way of life as herders of sheep , goats , cattle , camels , yaks , llamas or reindeer . They travelled over large areas with their herds , moving to new pastures as seasonal and erratic rainfall encouraged new plant growth . They took with them their tents made of cloth or skins draped over poles and their diet included milk , blood and sometimes meat . Salt caravan travelling between Agadez and the Bilma salt mines The desert nomads were also traders . The Sahara is a very large expanse of land stretching from the Atlantic rim to Egypt . Trade routes were developed linking the Sahel in the south with the fertile Mediterranean region to the north and large numbers of camels were used to carry valuable goods across the desert interior . The Tuareg were traders and the goods transported traditionally included slaves , ivory and gold going northwards and salt going southwards . Berbers with knowledge of the region were employed to guide the caravans between the various oases and wells . Several million slaves may have been taken northwards across the Sahara between the 8th and 18th centuries . Traditional means of overland transport declined with the advent of motor vehicles , shipping and air freight , but caravans still travel along routes between Agadez and Bilma and between Timbuktu and Taoudenni carrying salt from the interior to desert - edge communities . Round the rims of deserts , where more precipitation occurred and conditions were more suitable , some groups took to cultivating crops . This may have happened when drought caused the death of herd animals , forcing herdsmen to turn to cultivation . With few inputs , they were at the mercy of the weather and may have lived at bare subsistence level . The land they cultivated reduced the area available to nomadic herders , causing disputes over land . The semi-arid fringes of the desert have fragile soils which are at risk of erosion when exposed , as happened in the American Dust Bowl in the 1930s . The grasses that held the soil in place were ploughed under , and a series of dry years caused crop failures , while enormous dust storms blew the topsoil away . Half a million Americans were forced to leave their land in this catastrophe . Similar damage is being done today to the semi-arid areas that rim deserts and about twelve million hectares of land are being turned to desert each year . Desertification is caused by such factors as drought , climatic shifts , tillage for agriculture , overgrazing and deforestation . Vegetation plays a major role in determining the composition of the soil . In many environments , the rate of erosion and run off increases dramatically with reduced vegetation cover . Natural resource extraction A mining plant near Jodhpur , India Deserts contain substantial mineral resources , sometimes over their entire surface , giving them their characteristic colors . For example , the red of many sand deserts comes from laterite minerals . Geological processes in a desert climate can concentrate minerals into valuable deposits . Leaching by ground water can extract ore minerals and redeposit them , according to the water table , in concentrated form . Similarly , evaporation tends to concentrate minerals in desert lakes , creating dry lake beds or playas rich in minerals . Evaporation can concentrate minerals as a variety of evaporite deposits , including gypsum , sodium nitrate , sodium chloride and borates . Evaporites are found in the USA 's Great Basin Desert , historically exploited by the `` 20 - mule teams '' pulling carts of borax from Death Valley to the nearest railway . A desert especially rich in mineral salts is the Atacama Desert , Chile , where sodium nitrate has been mined for explosives and fertilizer since around 1850 . Other desert minerals are copper from Chile , Peru , and Iran , and iron and uranium in Australia . Many other metals , salts and commercially valuable types of rock such as pumice are extracted from deserts around the world . Oil and gas form on the bottom of shallow seas when micro-organisms decompose under anoxic conditions and later become covered with sediment . Many deserts were at one time the sites of shallow seas and others have had underlying hydrocarbon deposits transported to them by the movement of tectonic plates . Some major oilfields such as Ghawar are found under the sands of Saudi Arabia . Geologists believe that other oil deposits were formed by aeolian processes in ancient deserts as may be the case with some of the major American oil fields . Farming Main article : Desert farming Traditional desert farming systems have long been established in North Africa , irrigation being the key to success in an area where water stress is a limiting factor to growth . Techniques that can be used include drip irrigation , the use of organic residues or animal manures as fertilisers and other traditional agricultural management practises . Once fertility has been built up , further crop production preserves the soil from destruction by wind and other forms of erosion . It has been found that plant growth - promoting bacteria play a role in increasing the resistance of plants to stress conditions and these rhizobacterial suspensions could be inoculated into the soil in the vicinity of the plants . A study of these microbes found that desert farming hampers desertification by establishing islands of fertility allowing farmers to achieve increased yields despite the adverse environmental conditions . A field trial in the Sonoran Desert which exposed the roots of different species of tree to rhizobacteria and the nitrogen fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense with the aim of restoring degraded lands was only partially successful . The Judean Desert was farmed in the 7th century BC during the Iron Age to supply food for desert forts . Native Americans in the south western United States became agriculturalists around 600 AD when seeds and technologies became available from Mexico . They used terracing techniques and grew gardens beside seeps , in moist areas at the foot of dunes , near streams providing flood irrigation and in areas irrigated by extensive specially built canals . The Hohokam tribe constructed over 500 miles ( 800 km ) of large canals and maintained them for centuries , an impressive feat of engineering . They grew maize , beans , squash and peppers . Mosaic of fields in Imperial Valley A modern example of desert farming is the Imperial Valley in California , which has high temperatures and average rainfall of just 3 in ( 76 mm ) per year . The economy is heavily based on agriculture and the land is irrigated through a network of canals and pipelines sourced entirely from the Colorado River via the All - American Canal . The soil is deep and fertile , being part of the river 's flood plains , and what would otherwise have been desert has been transformed into one of the most productive farming regions in California . Other water from the river is piped to urban communities but all this has been at the expense of the river , which below the extraction sites no longer has any above - ground flow during most of the year . Another problem of growing crops in this way is the build - up of salinity in the soil caused by evaporation of river water . The greening of the desert remains an aspiration and was at one time viewed as a future means for increasing food production for the world 's growing population . This prospect has proved false as it disregarded the environmental damage caused elsewhere by the diversion of water for desert project irrigation . Solar energy capture Desertec proposed using the Saharan and Arabian deserts to produce solar energy to power Europe and the Middle East . Deserts are increasingly seen as sources for solar energy , partly due to low amounts of cloud cover . Many successful solar power plants have been built in the Mojave Desert . These plants have a combined capacity of 354 megawatts ( MW ) making them the largest solar power installation in the world . Large swaths of this desert are covered in mirrors , including nine fields of solar collectors . The Mojave Solar Park is currently under construction and will produce 280MW when completed . The potential for generating solar energy from the Sahara Desert is huge , the highest found on the globe . Professor David Faiman of Ben - Gurion University has stated that the technology now exists to supply all of the world 's electricity needs from 10 % of the Sahara Desert . Desertec Industrial Initiative was a consortium seeking $560 billion to invest in North African solar and wind installations over the next forty years to supply electricity to Europe via cable lines running under the Mediterranean Sea . European interest in the Sahara Desert stems from its two aspects : the almost continual daytime sunshine and plenty of unused land . The Sahara receives more sunshine per acre than any part of Europe . The Sahara Desert also has the empty space totalling hundreds of square miles required to house fields of mirrors for solar plants . The Negev Desert , Israel , and the surrounding area , including the Arava Valley , receive plenty of sunshine and are generally not arable . This has resulted in the construction of many solar plants . David Faiman has proposed that `` giant '' solar plants in the Negev could supply all of Israel 's needs for electricity . Warfare Main article : Desert warfare The Arabs were probably the first organized force to conduct successful battles in the desert . By knowing back routes and the locations of oases and by utilizing camels , Muslim Arab forces were able to successfully overcome both Roman and Persian forces in the period 600 to 700 AD during the expansion of the Islamic caliphate . War in the desert : Battle of El Alamein , 1942 Many centuries later , both world wars saw fighting in the desert . In the First World War , the Ottoman Turks were engaged with the British regular army in a campaign that spanned the Arabian peninsula . The Turks were defeated by the British , who had the backing of irregular Arab forces that were seeking to revolt against the Turks in the Hejaz , made famous in T.E. Lawrence 's book Seven Pillars of Wisdom . In the Second World War , the Western Desert Campaign began in Italian Libya . Warfare in the desert offered great scope for tacticians to use the large open spaces without the distractions of casualties among civilian populations . Tanks and armoured vehicles were able to travel large distances unimpeded and land mines were laid in large numbers . However the size and harshness of the terrain meant that all supplies needed to be brought in from great distances . The victors in a battle would advance and their supply chain would necessarily become longer , while the defeated army could retreat , regroup and resupply . For these reasons , the front line moved back and forth through hundreds of kilometers as each side lost and regained momentum . Its most easterly point was at El Alamein in Egypt , where the Allies decisively defeated the Axis forces in 1942 . In culture Marco Polo arriving in a desert land with camels . 14th century miniature from Il milione . The desert is generally thought of as a barren and empty landscape . It has been portrayed by writers , film - makers , philosophers , artists and critics as a place of extremes , a metaphor for anything from death , war or religion to the primitive past or the desolate future . There is an extensive literature on the subject of deserts . An early historical account is that of Marco Polo ( c. 1254 -- 1324 ) , who travelled through Central Asia to China , crossing a number of deserts in his twenty four year trek . Some accounts give vivid descriptions of desert conditions , though often accounts of journeys across deserts are interwoven with reflection , as is the case in Charles Montagu Doughty 's major work , Travels in Arabia Deserta ( 1888 ) . Antoine de Saint - Exupéry described both his flying and the desert in Wind , Sand and Stars and Gertrude Bell travelled extensively in the Arabian desert in the early part of the 20th century , becoming an expert on the subject , writing books and advising the British government on dealing with the Arabs . Another woman explorer was Freya Stark who travelled alone in the Middle East , visiting Turkey , Arabia , Yemen , Syria , Persia and Afghanistan , writing over twenty books on her experiences . The German naturalist Uwe George spent several years living in deserts , recording his experiences and research in his book , In the Deserts of this Earth . The American poet Robert Frost expressed his bleak thoughts in his poem , Desert Places , which ends with the stanza `` They can not scare me with their empty spaces / Between stars - on stars where no human race is . / I have it in me so much nearer home / To scare myself with my own desert places . '' Deserts on other planets Main article : Desert planets View of the Martian desert seen by the probe Spirit in 2004 . Mars is the only planet in the Solar System on which deserts have been identified . Despite its low surface atmospheric pressure ( only 1 / 100 of that of the Earth ) , the patterns of atmospheric circulation on Mars have formed a sea of circumpolar sand more than 5 million km2 ( 1.9 million sq mi ) in area , much larger than deserts on Earth . The Martian deserts principally consist of dunes in the form of half - moons in flat areas near the permanent polar ice caps in the north of the planet . The smaller dune fields occupy the bottom of many of the craters situated in the Martian polar regions . Examination of the surface of rocks by laser beamed from the Mars Exploration Rover have shown a surface film that resembles the desert varnish found on Earth although it might just be surface dust . The surface of Titan , a moon of Saturn , also has a desert - like surface with dune seas . See also Aridification Arid Lands Information Network Desert greening Desertification Deserts of Australia International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas List of deserts List of deserts by area List of North American Deserts Sediment precipitation Semi-arid climate References Jump up ^ Vesilind , Priit J. ( August 2003 ) . `` The Driest Place on Earth '' . National Geographic Magazine . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Arnold , K. ; Radebaugh , J. ; Savage , C.J. ; Turtle , E.P. ; Lorenz , R.D. ; Stofan , E.R. ; Le - Gall , A. `` Areas of Sand Seas on Titan from Cassini Radar and ISS : Fensal and Aztlan '' ( PDF ) . 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference , March 7 -- 11 , 2011 at The Woodlands , Texas . LPI Contribution No. 1608 . Lunar and Planetary Institute . Bibliography George , Uwe ( 1978 ) . In the Deserts of this Earth . Hamish Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89777 - 7 . Pye , Kenneth ; Tsoar , Haim ( 2009 ) . Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 85910 - 1 . Further reading Bagnold , Ralph A. ( 1941 ) . The physics of blown sand and desert dunes . Methuen . Macmahon , James ( 1988 ) . Deserts . National Audubon Society nature guides . Random House / Chanticleer Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 73139 - 1 . External links The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Deserts Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deserts . `` Global Deserts Outlook '' . United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 16 . , a report in the Global Environment Outlook ( GEO ) series . Global Deserts Outlook in PDF at the Library of Congress ( archived June 16 , 2006 ) Map with biodiversity scenarios for desert areas , from the Global Deserts Outlook . <Th_colspan="2"> World deserts <Td_colspan="2"> Desert Desertification List of deserts List of deserts by area Africa Algerian Bayuda Blue Chalbi Danakil Djurab Eastern Ferlo Farafra ( White ) Kalahari Libyan Moçâmedes Namib Nubian Nyiri Owami Richtersveld Sahara Tanezrouft Ténéré Western Asia Ad - Dahna Akshi Arabian Aral Karakum Aralkum Badain Jaran Betpak - Dala Cholistan Dasht - e Kavir Dasht - e Khash Dasht - e Leili Dasht - e Loot Dasht - e Margo Dasht - e Naomid Gurbantünggüt Gobi Hami Indus Valley Judaean Karakum Katpana Kharan Kumtag Kyzylkum Liwa Lop Maranjab Muyunkum Nefud Negev Polond Ordos Qaidam Ramlat al - Sab'atayn Rub ' al Khali Russian Arctic Registan Saryesik - Atyrau Syrian Taklamakan Tengger Thal Thar Ustyurt Plateau Wahiba Sands Australia Gibson Great Sandy Great Victoria Little Sandy Nullarbor Plain Painted Pedirka Simpson Strzelecki Sturt 's Stony Tanami Tirari Europe Accona Bardenas Reales Błędów Cabo de Gata Deliblatska Peščara Hálendi Monegros Oleshky Oltenian Sahara Ryn Stranja Tabernas North America Alvord Amargosa Baja California Black Rock Carcross Carson Channeled scablands Chihuahuan Colorado Escalante Forty Mile Gran Desierto de Altar Great Basin Great Salt Lake Great Sandy Jornada del Muerto Kaʻū Lechuguilla Mojave North American Arctic Owyhee Painted Desert Red Desert Sevier Smoke Creek Sonoran Tonopah Desert Tule ( Arizona ) Tule ( Nevada ) Yp Yuha Yuma South America Atacama La Guajira Los Médanos de Coro Monte Patagonian Sechura Tatacoa Oceania Zealandia : Rangipo Desert Polar regions Antarctica Arctic Greenland North American Arctic Russian Arctic <Td_colspan="2"> Project Commons GND : 4067043 - 0 NDL : 00569919 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desert&oldid=814543415 '' Categories : Deserts Ecosystems Geomorphology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Webarchive template other archives Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Romani Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray Wolof ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 12 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Desert climate
2. Weathering processes in deserts
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4. Adaptations of plants and animals in deserts
5. Human interactions with deserts |
-985,190,644,938,645,100 | where did the orange river get its name | Orange River - wikipedia Orange River Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Orange River ( disambiguation ) . <Td_colspan="2"> Orange <Td_colspan="2"> Gariep , Oranje , Senqu <Td_colspan="2"> River <Td_colspan="2"> Sunset over the Orange River near Upington in the Northern Cape Countries Lesotho , South Africa , Namibia <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Tributaries - right Caledon River , Vaal River , Fish River ( Namibia ) Landmarks Gariep Dam , Augrabies Falls <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Source Thaba Putsoa - location Maloti Mountains ( Drakensberg ) , Lesotho - elevation 3,350 m ( 10,991 ft ) Mouth Alexander Bay - location Atlantic Ocean <Td_colspan="2"> Length 2,200 km ( 1,367 mi ) Basin 973,000 km ( 375,677 sq mi ) Discharge - average 365 m / s ( 12,890 cu ft / s ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The course and watershed of the Orange River , Caledon River and Vaal River . This map shows a conservative border for the watershed . Specifically , the Kalahari basin is excluded , as some sources say it is endorheic . Some other sources using computational methods show a basin which includes parts of Botswana ( and hence of the Kalahari ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Designations <Th_colspan="2"> Ramsar Wetland Official name Orange River Mouth ( Namibia ) Designated 23 August 1995 Reference no . 744 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Ramsar Wetland Official name Orange River Mouth ( South Africa ) Designated 28 June 1991 Reference no . 526 <Th_colspan="2"> Orange River south of Rosh Pinah The Orange River ( from Afrikaans / Dutch : Oranjerivier ) is the longest river in South Africa and the Orange River Basin extends extensively into Namibia and Botswana to the north . It rises in the Drakensberg mountains in Lesotho , flowing westwards through South Africa to the Atlantic Ocean . The river forms part of the international borders between South Africa and Namibia and between South Africa and Lesotho , as well as several provincial borders within South Africa . Except for Upington , it does not pass through any major cities . The Orange River plays an important role in the South African economy by providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power . The river was named by Robert Jacob Gordon after the Dutch Royal House . Other names include Gariep River ( used by the Khoi people ) , Groote River or Senqu River ( used in Lesotho ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 Catchment and rainfall 2 History 2.1 Name of the river 2.2 Renaming the river 3 Economy 3.1 Orange River Project 3.1. 1 Hydroelectricity 3.1. 2 Irrigation 3.2 Lesotho Highlands Water Project 3.3 Alluvial diamonds 3.4 Rafting and canoeing 4 Wildlife 4.1 Fish species 4.2 Larger animals 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Course ( edit ) The Orange rises in the Drakensberg mountains along the border between South Africa and Lesotho , about 193 km ( 120 mi ) west of the Indian Ocean and at an altitude of over 3,000 m . The extremity of the Orange River inside Lesotho is known as the Senqu . Parts of the Senqu River freeze in winter because of the high altitude there . This creates droughts downstream , which mainly affect goat and cattle production . The Orange River then runs westward through South Africa , forming the south - western boundary of the Free State province . In this section , the river flows first into the Gariep Dam ( the largest in the country ) , and later into the Vanderkloof Dam . From the border of Lesotho to below the Van der Kloof Dam , the river bed is deeply incised . Further downstream , the land is flatter , and the river is used extensively for irrigation . At the western point of the Free State , southwest of Kimberley , the Orange meets with its main tributary , the Vaal River , which itself forms much of the northern border of the province . From here , the river flows further westward through the arid wilderness of the southern Kalahari region and Namaqualand in the Northern Cape Province to meet with Namibia at 20 ° E longitude . From here , it flows westward for 550 km , forming the international border between the province and Namibia 's ǁKaras Region . On the border , the river passes the town of Vioolsdrif , the main border post between South Africa and Namibia . In the last 800 km ( 500 mi ) of its course , the Orange receives many intermittent streams , and several large wadis lead into it . In this section , the Namib Desert terminates on the north bank of the river , so under normal circumstances , the volume of water added by these tributaries is negligible . Here , the bed of the river is once again deeply incised . The Augrabies Falls are located on this section of the Orange , where the river descends 122 m ( 400 ft ) in a course of 26 km ( 16 mi ) . This image shows only the last 100 km or so of the Orange River , in which the gravel deposits in the river bed and along the banks are rich with diamonds , and several diamond mines operate along this stretch . The Orange empties into the Atlantic Ocean between the small towns of Oranjemund ( meaning `` Orange mouth '' ) in Namibia and Alexander Bay in South Africa , about equidistant between Walvis Bay and Cape Town . Some 33 km ( 21 mi ) from its mouth , it is completely obstructed by rapids and sand bars and is generally not navigable for long stretches . The river has a total length of 2,200 km ( 1,400 mi ) . Catchment and rainfall ( edit ) The Augrabies Falls in full flow In the dry winter , the volume of the water in the river is considerably reduced because of the rapid run - off and evaporation . At the source of the Orange , the rainfall is about 2,000 mm per annum , but precipitation decreases as the river flows westward ; at its mouth , the rainfall is less than 50 mm per year . The factors that support evaporation , though , tend to increase in a westerly direction . In the wet season ( summer ) , the Orange river becomes an impetuous , brown torrent . The huge mass of sediment carried constitutes a long - term threat to all engineering projects on the river . The total catchment of the Orange River ( including the Vaal ) extends over 973,000 km2 , i.e. equivalent to about 77 % of the land area of South Africa ( 1,268 , 5358 km2 ) . Around 366,000 km2 ( 38 % ) , however , are situated outside the country in Lesotho , Botswana , and Namibia . History ( edit ) Name of the River ( edit ) The earliest precolonial inhabitants called the river Gariep ' . An early Dutch name for the river was Groote Rivier meaning `` Great River '' . The river was named the Orange River by Colonel Robert Gordon , commander of the Dutch East India Company garrison at Cape Town , on a trip to the interior in 1779 . Gordon named the river in honor of William V of Orange . A popular but incorrect belief is that the river was named after the supposedly orange color of its water , as opposed to the color its tributary , the Vaal River ( vaal being Afrikaans for pale or grey ) . Since the end of apartheid , the name `` Gariep '' has had greater favour in official correspondence in South Africa , although the name `` Orange '' has greater international recognition . In Lesotho , where the river rises , it is known as the Senqu River . Panorama taken from a fluorspar - rich hill overlooking a bend in the River , which was in flood due to above - normal rains Renaming the River ( edit ) The Eastern Cape Geographical Names Committee has advertised its intention to consider a name change for that portion of the river that forms the border between the Eastern Cape and the Free State , with suggestions being IGqili or Senqu . The advertisement placed in the Aliwal Weekblad newspaper states that the `` present name is perceived to have a strong association with the history of colonial subjugation and has therefore no place under the current democratic dispensation . '' Economy ( edit ) The General Hertzog Bridge over the Orange River at Aliwal North on the southwestern border with the Free State : Note the remains of the Frere Bridge on the left . As the collection point for the majority of South Africa 's water , the Orange River plays a major role in supporting agriculture , industry , and mining . To assist in this , two large water schemes have been created , the Orange River Project and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project . Historically , the river played an important role in the South African diamond rush , with the first diamonds in the country being discovered in alluvial deposits on the Orange . Today , several commercial diamond mines operate along the final stretch of the Orange River and around its mouth . Finally , because of the lack of dangerous animals and high water levels during summer , the river is used for recreational canoeing and rafting . Orange River rafting has become very popular with many companies using their camps along the river from which to operate . The most popular trips are four - day and six - day river trips that take place either along the gorge below the Augrabies Falls or along the Richtersveld area . Orange River Project ( edit ) The Orange River Project ( ORP ) was one of the largest and most imaginative projects of its kind in South Africa . It was constructed by Hendrik Verwoerd 's government at the height of the apartheid era . The ORP was built to use the unused water of the Orange River -- which , without the Vaal River , represents some 14.1 % of the total runoff in South Africa -- and in the process , to satisfy an increasing demand for water . The main objectives of the project were : to stabilise river flow , the generation and transmission of hydroelectric power , to provide a reliable water supply for users in the Orange River basin , and to give a new lease on life to water - deficient areas in the Eastern Cape , such as the Great Fish and Sundays River valleys . The Gariep Dam near Colesberg , named the Hendrik Verwoerd Dam when built , is the main storage structure within the Orange River . From here , the water is supplied in two directions , westward along the Orange River ( via hydroelectric power generators ) to the Vanderkloof Dam which was previously named the PK le Roux Dam , and southward through the Orange - Fish Tunnel to the Eastern Cape . The Gariep Dam on the Orange River is the largest dam in South Africa , and was a key part of the Orange River Project . Hydroelectricity ( edit ) Eskom operates hydroelectric power stations at both the Gariep Dam and the Vanderkloof Dam . The hydroelectric power station at the Vanderkloof Dam was the first power - generation station in South Africa situated entirely underground . The towns Oviston and Oranjekrag were established to facilitate the construction and operation of the new infrastructure . View over the eastern part of the dam , with the water intake at Oviston Irrigation ( edit ) A vineyard on the Orange River Various irrigation projects along the river Irrigation in the vast area downstream of the Vanderkloof Dam , which has turned thousands of hectares of arid veld into highly productive agricultural land , was made possible by the construction of the Gariepand Vanderkloof Dams. Old , established irrigation schemes such as those at Buchuberg , Upington , Kakamas , and Vioolsdrif have also benefitted because regulation of the flow is now possible . On the Namibian side of the river , Aussenkehr produces grapes with the help of water from the Orange . In recent years , the wine - producing areas along the Orange River have grown in importance . Irrigation in the Eastern Cape has also received a tremendous boost , not only from the additional water being made available , but also owing to improvement in water quality . Without this improvement , the citrus farmers along the Lower Sundays River would almost certainly have continued to suffer losses of productivity . Lesotho Highlands water Project ( edit ) Main article : Lesotho Highlands Water Project The Lesotho Highlands Water Project was conceived to supplement the water supply in the Vaal River System . Water is delivered to South Africa by means of the delivery tunnel which passes under the Lesotho South Africa border at the Caledon River , and then under the Little Caledon River south of Clarens in the Free State , and discharges into the Ash River about 30 km further to the north . The scheme became viable when water demands in Gauteng reached levels that could no longer be supported economically by alternative schemes such as the Tugela River - Vaal River pumped storage scheme , which used the Sterkfontein Dam , located near Harrismith in the Free State . Alluvial diamonds ( edit ) In 1867 , the first diamond discovered in South Africa , the Eureka Diamond , was found near Hopetown on the Orange River . Two years later , a much larger diamond known as the Star of South Africa was found in the same area , causing a diamond rush . This was soon eclipsed by the diamond rush to mine diamonds directly from kimberlite at Kimberley in 1871 , although alluvial diamonds continued to be found in the Orange . Today , several commercial diamond mines operate on the last stretch of the river , as well as the beaches around its mouth . Diamond mines also operate on the middle stretch of the river . Rafting and canoeing ( edit ) Rafting on the Orange River is a popular tourist activity . During the temperate months of March and April , given good rains and the sluices of the dams being open , a canoeist ( or rafter ) can easily travel 30 km per day . The lower reaches of the river are most popular , because of the spectacular topography . Commercial tours are available , and these expeditions depart from the border town of Vioolsdrif . Wildlife ( edit ) Fish species ( edit ) The Orange River has a relative paucity of species diversity . A 2011 survey of 13,762 fish found only 16 species of fish present . Three of these , the common carp , the Mozambique tilapia , and the western mosquitofish are not indigenous . Another exotic species , rainbow trout , is found in the river headwaters in Lesotho . Seven species are endemic to the Vaal - Orange River system : Rock - catfish ( Austroglanis sclateri ) Maloti minnow ( Pseudobarbus quathlambae ) Namaqua barb ( Barbus hospes ) River sardine ( Mesobola brevianalis ) Smallmouth yellowfish ( Labeobarbus aeneus ) Largemouth yellowfish ( Labeobarbus kimberlyensis ) Orange River Mudfish ( Labeo capensis ) The smallmouth yellowfish ( Labeobarbus aeneus ) is a popular sport fish endemic to the Orange - Vaal River system . Larger animals ( edit ) The Orange River has no large animals . It lies outside the range of the Nile crocodile , and although hippopotami were once abundant , they were hunted to extermination in the 1800s . See also ( edit ) Twin Falls in Augrabies Falls National Park List of rivers in South Africa List of international border rivers List of crossings of the Orange River Dams on the Orange River ( or tributaries ) Armenia Dam Egmont Dam Newberry Dam Vanderkloof Dam Welbedacht Dam Waterfalls on the Orange River Augrabies Falls Twin Falls References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Key rivers of South Africa Archived 10 July 2012 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Swanevelder , C.J. ( 1981 ) , Utilising South Africa 's largest river : The physiographic background to the Orange River scheme , GeoJournal vol 2 supp 2 pg 29 - 40 Jump up ^ Revenga , C. ; Murray , S. ; Abramovitz , J. and Hammond , A . ( 1998 ) Watersheds of the world : Ecological value and vulnerability , World Resources Institute , ISBN 1 - 56973 - 254 - X Jump up ^ `` Orange River Mouth '' . Ramsar Sites Information Service . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orange River Mouth '' . Ramsar Sites Information Service . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Travel , Wild Africa . `` Wild Africa Travel : Orange River '' . www.wildafricatravel.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Orange River Basin '' . www.dwa.gov.za . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Earle , Anton et al. ( 2005 ) , A preliminary basin profile of the Orange / Senqu River ( pdf ) , African Centre for Water Research , retrieved 30 June 2007 Jump up ^ The Northern Ephemeral Rivers of the Orange - Senqu River Basin Jump up ^ Tonchi , Victor L. , William A. Lindeke , and John J. Grotpeter , `` Groote Rivier '' Historical Dictionary of Namibia . 2nd edition . Toronto : The Scarecrow Press , Inc , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Staff Reporter , `` New name looms for NC River '' , Diamond Fields Advertiser 13 June 2013 , page 11 ^ Jump up to : Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River ^ Jump up to : Ramollo , P.P. ( 2011 ) . `` Freshwater Fish Abundance and Distribution in the Orange River , South Africa '' . Journal of Fisheries International . 6 : 13 -- 14 . doi : 10.3923 / jfish. 2011.13. 17 . Jump up ^ G.C. Shortridge ( 1934 ) . The mammals of South West Africa . William Heinemann Ltd . Further reading ( edit ) Thomas Kruchem : Orange ~ Senqu . Artery of Life . Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit ( GIZ ) , Eschborn , Germany 2012 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 86099 - 884 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange River . Orange - Senqu River Commission ( ORASECOM ) Orange - Senqu River Awareness Kit - knowledge hub for the Orange - Senqu River basin Map of the Orange River basin at Water Resources eAtlas Map of portion of Orange River basin forming part of South Africa Information on the Orange River from the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry <Th_colspan="2"> Rivers of South Africa Rivers Limpopo Vaal Orange Tugela Great Fish Tributaries Blyde Caledon <Th_colspan="2"> Rivers of Lesotho Rivers Caledon Makhaleng Malibamat'so Mokhotlong Orange - Senqu Senqunyane Coordinates : 28 ° 38 ′ S 16 ° 27 ′ E / 28.633 ° S 16.450 ° E / - 28.633 ; 16.450 GND : 4309681 - 5 VIAF : 316747057 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_River&oldid=842247064 '' Categories : Rivers of South Africa Rivers of Lesotho Orange River Rivers of Namibia International rivers of Africa Geography of ǁKaras Region Vaal River Namibia -- South Africa border Karoo Lesotho -- South Africa border Internal borders of South Africa Ramsar sites in South Africa Ramsar sites in Namibia Rivers of the Eastern Cape Rivers of the Free State ( province ) Rivers of the Northern Cape Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from June 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 06 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Orange River - longest river in South Africa
2. Orange River Basin - extends into Namibia and Botswana
3. Orange River Project - irrigation and hydroelectric power
4. Alluvial diamonds - found in the Orange River
5. Rafting and canoeing - popular activities on the Orange River |
8,315,526,696,903,280,000 | who is the writer of game of thrones | George R.R. Martin - Wikipedia George R.R. Martin <Th_colspan="2"> George R.R. Martin <Td_colspan="2"> George R.R. Martin at Worldcon in Helsinki 2017 George Raymond Martin ( 1948 - 09 - 20 ) September 20 , 1948 ( age 70 ) Bayonne , New Jersey , U.S. Occupation Novelist short story writer screenwriter Nationality American Alma mater Northwestern University Genre Science fiction horror fantasy Spouses Gale Burnick ( m . 1975 ; div. 1979 ) Parris McBride ( m . 2011 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Signature <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> www.georgerrmartin.com George Raymond Richard Martin ( born George Raymond Martin ; September 20 , 1948 ) , also known as GRRM , is an American novelist and short - story writer in the fantasy , horror , and science fiction genres , screenwriter , and television producer . He is best known for his series of epic fantasy novels , A Song of Ice and Fire , which was later adapted into the HBO series Game of Thrones ( 2011 -- present ) . In 2005 , Lev Grossman of Time called Martin `` the American Tolkien '' , and in 2011 , he was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world . Contents 1 Early life 2 Teaching 3 Writing career 3.1 A Song of Ice and Fire 3.2 HBO adaptation 3.3 Themes 4 Relationship with fans 4.1 Blog 4.2 Conventions 4.3 Fan club 4.4 Fan criticism and response 4.5 Fan fiction 5 Personal life 6 Philanthropy 7 Politics 8 Awards 8.1 Nominations 9 Bibliography 9.1 Television 9.2 Editor 9.2. 1 Wild Cards series editor ( also contributor to many volumes ) 9.2. 2 Cross-genre anthologies edited ( with Gardner Dozois ) 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) George Raymond Martin ( he later adopted the confirmation name Richard at 13 years old ) was born on September 20 , 1948 , in Bayonne , New Jersey , the son of longshoreman Raymond Collins Martin and his wife Margaret Brady Martin . He has two younger sisters , Darleen and Janet . His father was of half Italian descent , while his mother was of half Irish ancestry . He also has French , English , Welsh and German roots . The family first lived in a house on Broadway , belonging to Martin 's great - grandmother . In 1953 , they moved to a federal housing project near the Bayonne docks . During Martin 's childhood , his world consisted predominantly of `` First Street to Fifth Street '' , between his grade school and his home ; this limited world made him want to travel and experience other places , but the only way of doing so was through his imagination , so he became a voracious reader . The young Martin began writing and selling monster stories for pennies to other neighborhood children , dramatic readings included . He also wrote stories about a mythical kingdom populated by his pet turtles ; the turtles died frequently in their toy castle , so he finally decided they were killing each other off in `` sinister plots '' . Martin attended Mary Jane Donohoe School and then later Marist High School . While there he became an avid comic - book fan , developing a strong interest in the superheroes being published by Marvel Comics . A letter Martin wrote to the editor of Fantastic Four was printed in issue No. 20 ( Nov 1963 ) ; it was the first of many sent , e.g. , FF # 32 , # 34 , and others . Fans who read his letters then wrote him letters in turn , and through such contacts , Martin joined the fledgling comics fandom of the era , writing fiction for various fanzines ; he was the first to register for an early comic book convention held in New York in 1964 . In 1965 , Martin won comic fandom 's Alley Award for Best fan fiction for his prose superhero story `` Powerman vs. The Blue Barrier '' . In 1970 , Martin earned a B.S. in journalism from Northwestern University 's Medill School of Journalism in Evanston , Illinois , graduating summa cum laude ; he went on to complete his M.S. in Journalism in 1971 , also from Medill . Eligible for the draft during the Vietnam War , to which he objected , Martin applied for and obtained conscientious objector status ; he instead did alternative service work for two years ( 1972 -- 1974 ) as a VISTA volunteer , attached to the Cook County Legal Assistance Foundation . Teaching ( edit ) In the mid-1970s , Martin met English professor George Guthridge from Dubuque , Iowa , at a science fiction convention in Milwaukee . Martin persuaded Guthridge ( who confesses that at that time he despised science fiction and fantasy ) not only to give speculative fiction a second look , but to write in the field himself . ( Guthridge has since been a finalist for the Hugo Award and twice for the Nebula Award for science fiction and fantasy . In 1998 , Guthridge and Janet Berliner won the Bram Stoker Award for Superior Achievement in the Novel for their Children of the Dusk . ) In turn , Guthridge helped Martin find a job at Clarke University ( then Clarke College ) . Martin `` was n't making enough money to stay alive '' , from writing and the chess tournaments , says Guthridge . From 1976 to 1978 , Martin was an English and journalism instructor at Clarke , and he became Writer In Residence at the college from 1978 to 1979 . While he enjoyed teaching , the sudden death of friend and fellow author Tom Reamy in late 1977 made Martin reevaluate his own life , and he eventually decided to try to become a full - time writer . He resigned from his job , and being tired of the hard winters in Dubuque , he moved to Santa Fe in 1979 . Writing career ( edit ) Martin began selling science fiction short stories professionally in 1970 , at age 21 . His first sale was `` The Hero '' , sold to Galaxy magazine and published in its February 1971 issue ; other sales soon followed . His first story to be nominated for the Hugo Award and Nebula Awards was `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' , published in 1973 in Analog magazine . In 1975 his story `` ... for a single yesterday '' about a post-apocalyptic timetripper was selected for inclusion in Epoch , a science fiction anthology edited by Roger Elwood and Robert Silverberg . His first novel , Dying of the Light , was completed in 1976 right before he moved to Dubuque and published in 1977 . That same year the enormous success of Star Wars had a huge impact on the publishing industry and science fiction , and he sold the novel for the same amount he would make in three years of teaching . The short stories he was able to sell in his early 20s gave him some profit , but not enough to pay his bills , which prevented him from becoming the full - time writer he wanted to be . The need for a day job occurred simultaneously with the American chess craze which followed Bobby Fischer 's victory in the 1972 world chess championship . Martin 's own chess skills and experience allowed him to be hired as a tournament director for the Continental Chess Association that ran chess tournaments in the weekends . This gave him a sufficient income , and because the tournaments only ran on Saturdays and Sundays , it allowed him to work as a writer five days a week from 1973 to 1976 . When the chess bubble subsequently burst and no longer provided an income , he had become much better established as a writer . Martin is a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America ( SFWA ) , and he became the organization 's Southwest Regional Director from 1977 to 1979 ; he served as its vice-president from 1996 to 1998 . In 1976 , for Kansas City 's MidAmeriCon , the 34th World Science Fiction Convention ( Worldcon ) , Martin and his friend and fellow writer - editor Gardner Dozois conceived of and organized the first Hugo Losers ' Party for the benefit of all past and present Hugo - losing writers on the evening following the convention 's Hugo Awards ceremony . Martin was nominated for two Hugos that year but lost both awards , for the novelette `` ... and Seven Times Never Kill Man '' and the novella The Storms of Windhaven , co-written with Lisa Tuttle . The Hugo Losers ' Party became an annual Worldcon event thereafter , and its formal title later changed . Although Martin often writes fantasy or horror , a number of his earlier works are science fiction tales occurring in a loosely defined future history , known informally as `` The Thousand Worlds '' or `` The Manrealm '' . In 2017 , Martin recalled that he had started writing SF / horror hybrids in the late 1970s to disprove a statement from a critic claiming that science fiction and horror were opposites and therefore incompatible . Martin considered Sandkings ( 1979 ) the best known of these . Another one was the novella Nightflyers ( 1980 ) , whose screen and television rights was purchased by Vista in 1984 , and released as a movie in 1987 , although he was unhappy about having to cut plot elements for the screenplay 's scenario in order to accommodate the film 's small budget . While not a big hit at the theatres , Martin believes that the movie saved his career , and that everything he has written since exists in large part because of it . He has also written at least one piece of political - military fiction , `` Night of the Vampyres '' , collected in Harry Turtledove 's anthology The Best Military Science Fiction of the 20th Century ( 2001 ) . In 1982 , Martin published a vampire novel titled Fevre Dream set in the 19th century on the Mississippi River . Unlike traditional vampire novels , in Fevre Dream vampires are not supernatural creatures , but are rather a different species related to humans created by evolution with superhuman powers . Critic Don D'Amassa has praised Fevre Dream for its strong 19th century atmosphere and wrote : `` This is without question one of the greatest vampire novels of all time '' . Martin followed up Fevre Dream with another horror novel , The Armageddon Rag . The unexpected commercial failure of The Armageddon Rag ( 1983 ) , `` essentially destroyed my career as a novelist at the time '' , he recalled . In 1984 the new editor of Baen Books , Betsy Mitchell , called Martin to ask him if he had considered doing a collection of Haviland Tuf adventures . Martin , which had several favorite series characters like Solomon Kane , Elric , Nicholas van Rijn and Magnus Ridolph , had made an attempt to create such a character on his own in the 1970s with his Tuf stories . He was interested , but was too occupied with the writing of his next book , the never completed novel Black and White and Red All Over , which occupied most of his writing time the same year . But after the failure of The Armageddon Rag , all editors rejected his upcoming novel , and being desperate for money , he accepted Mitchell 's offer and wrote some more Tuf stories which were collected in Tuf Voyaging , which sold well enough for Mitchell to suggest a sequel . Martin was willing and agreed to do it , but before he got started he got an offer from Hollywood , where producer Philip DeGuere Jr. wanted to adapt The Armageddon Rag into a movie . The movie never happened , but they stayed in touch , and when he became the producer for the revival of the Twilight Zone , Martin was offered a job as a writer . Working for television paid a lot better than writing literature , so he decided to move to Hollywood to seek a new career . At first he worked a staff writer for the show , and then as an Executive Story Consultant . After the CBS series was cancelled , Martin migrated over to the already - underway satirical science fiction series Max Headroom . He worked on scripts and created the show 's `` Ped Xing '' character . However , before his scripts could go into production , the ABC show was cancelled in the middle of its second season . Martin was then hired as a writer - producer on the new dramatic fantasy series Beauty and the Beast ; in 1989 , he became the show 's co-supervising producer and wrote 14 of its episodes . In 1987 , Martin published a collection of short horror stories in Portraits of His Children . During this same period , Martin continued working in print media as a book - series editor , this time overseeing the development of the multi-author Wild Cards book series , which takes place in a shared universe in which a small slice of post -- World War II humanity gains superpowers after the release of an alien - engineered virus ; new titles are still being published in the ongoing series from Tor Books . In Second Person , Martin `` gives a personal account of the close - knit role - playing game ( RPG ) culture that gave rise to his Wild Cards shared - world anthologies '' . An important element in the creation of the multiple author series was a campaign of Chaosium 's role - playing game Superworld ( 1983 ) that Martin ran in Albuquerque . Admitting he became completely obsessed with the game , he stopped writing literature for most of 1983 , which he refers to as his `` lost year '' , but his shrinking bank accounts made him realize he had to come up with something , and got the idea that perhaps the stories and characters created in Superworld could somehow become profitable . Martin 's own contributions to Wild Cards have included Thomas Tudbury , `` The Great and Powerful Turtle '' , a powerful psychokinetic whose flying `` shell '' consisted of an armored VW Beetle . As of June 2011 , 21 Wild Cards volumes had been published in the series ; earlier that same year , Martin signed the contract for the 22nd volume , Low Ball ( 2014 ) , published by Tor Books . In early 2012 , Martin signed another Tor contract for the 23rd Wild Cards volume , High Stakes , which was released in August 2016 . In August 2016 Martin announced that Universal Cable Productions had acquired the rights to adapt the Wild Cards novels into a television series . In 2017 , Martin confirmed he will serve as an executive producer of the HBO television series adaptation of the 2010 novel Who Fears Death by Nnedi Okorafor . A Song of Ice and Fire ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire Teaching at Clarion West , 1998 In 1991 , Martin briefly returned to writing novels . He had grown frustrated that his TV pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . This would eventually turn into his epic fantasy series : A Song of Ice and Fire , which was inspired by the Wars of the Roses , The Accursed Kings and Ivanhoe . Martin originally conceptualised it as being three volumes . It is currently intended to comprise seven volumes . The first , A Game of Thrones , was published in 1996 , followed by A Clash of Kings in 1998 and A Storm of Swords in 2000 . In November 2005 , A Feast for Crows , the fourth novel in this series , became The New York Times No. 1 Bestseller and also achieved No. 1 ranking on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list . In addition , in September 2006 , A Feast for Crows was nominated for both a Quill Award and the British Fantasy Award . The fifth book , A Dance with Dragons , was published July 12 , 2011 , and quickly became an international bestseller , including achieving a No. 1 spot on the New York Times Bestseller List and many others ; it remained on the New York Times list for 88 weeks . The series has received praise from authors , readers , and critics alike . In 2012 , A Dance With Dragons made the final ballot for science fiction and fantasy 's Hugo Award , World Fantasy Award , Locus Poll Award , and the British Fantasy Award ; the novel went on to win the Locus Poll Award for Best Fantasy Novel . Two more novels are planned and still being written in the series : The Winds of Winter and the final volume A Dream of Spring . On April 25 , 2018 , Martin announced the release date of his new book , Fire & Blood , dealing with the history of House Targaryen , which will be available on November 20 , 2018 . HBO adaptation ( edit ) Further information : Game of Thrones HBO Productions purchased the television rights for the entire A Song of Ice and Fire series in 2007 and began airing the fantasy series on their US premium cable channel on April 17 , 2011 . Titled Game of Thrones , it ran weekly for ten episodes , each approximately an hour long . Although busy completing A Dance With Dragons and other projects , George R.R. Martin was heavily involved in the production of the television series adaptation of his books . Martin 's involvement included the selection of a production team and participation in scriptwriting ; the opening credits list him as a co-executive producer of the series . The series was renewed shortly after the first episode aired . The first season was nominated for 13 Emmy Awards , ultimately winning two : one for its opening title credits , and one for Peter Dinklage as Best Supporting Actor . The first season was also nominated for a 2012 Hugo Award , fantasy and science fiction 's oldest award , presented by the World Science Fiction Society each year at the annual Worldcon ; the show went on to win the 2012 Hugo for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form , at Chicon 7 , the 70th World Science Fiction Convention , in Chicago , Illinois . Martin took home one of the three Hugo Award trophies awarded in that collaborative category , the other two going to Game of Thrones show - runners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The second season , based on the second A Song of Ice and Fire novel A Clash of Kings , began airing on HBO in the US on April 1 , 2012 . The second season was nominated for 12 Emmy Awards , including another Supporting Actor nomination for Dinklage . It went on to win six of those Emmys in the Technical Arts categories , which were awarded the week before the regular televised 2012 awards show . The second - season episode `` Blackwater '' , written by George R.R. Martin , was nominated the following year for the 2013 Hugo Award in the Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form category ; that episode went on to win the Hugo Award at LoneStarCon 3 , the 71st World Science Fiction Convention , in San Antonio , Texas . In addition to Martin , show - runners Benioff and Weiss ( who contributed several scenes to the final screenplay ) and episode director Neil Marshal ( who expanded the scope of the episode on set ) received Hugo statuettes . Seasons 5 and 6 each won a dozen Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . By the end of 2016 , all seasons up to season 6 ( which premiered on April 24 , 2016 ) had been aired on HBO and all seasons had been released on DVD and / or Blu - Ray for home viewing ( see List of Game of Thrones episodes ) . The company confirmed on July 18 , 2016 that season 7 would consist of seven episodes instead of the usual ten , and would premiere later than usual , in mid-2017 , because of the later filming schedule . This was necessary in order to be shooting during the winter season in Europe . Season 7 was expected to air in mid 2017 . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video that featured clips from its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . Like the previous season , it would largely consist of original content currently not found in Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , but also adapts material from the upcoming sixth and seventh novels : The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . HBO confirmed that season 8 has been ordered and that it would be the last of the series ; it will be aired in 2019 . In November 2016 , President of Programming Casey Bloys indicated that he had had preliminary discussions about a prequel spinoff to the Game of Thrones series with Martin . In May 2017 , HBO commissioned five screenwriters -- Max Borenstein , Jane Goldman , Brian Helgeland , Carly Wray and Bryan Cogman -- to develop individual spin - offs . All of the writers are to be working individually with George R.R. Martin . According to Casey Bloys , Martin is co-writing two of the four announced scripts . Themes ( edit ) Martin 's work has been described as having `` complex story lines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing '' by literary critic Jeff VanderMeer . Dana Jennings of the New York Times described Martin 's work as `` fantasy for grown ups '' and Lev Grossman wrote that it was dark and cynical . Martin 's first novel , Dying of the Light , set the tone for some of his future work ; it unfolds on a mostly abandoned planet that is slowly becoming uninhabitable as it moves away from its sun . This story has a strong sense of melancholy . His characters are often unhappy or , at least , unsatisfied , in many cases holding on to idealisms in spite of an otherwise chaotic and ruthless world , and often troubled by their own self - seeking or violent actions , even as they undertake them . Many have elements of tragic heroes or antiheroes in them ; reviewer T.M. Wagner writes : `` Let it never be said Martin does n't share Shakespeare 's fondness for the senselessly tragic . '' George R.R. Martin in November 2016 The overall gloominess of A Song of Ice and Fire can be an obstacle for some readers ; the Inchoatus Group writes that , `` If this absence of joy is going to trouble you , or you 're looking for something more affirming , then you should probably seek elsewhere . '' However , for many fans , it is precisely this level of `` realness '' and `` completeness '' -- including many characters ' imperfections , moral and ethical ambiguity , and ( often sudden ) consequential plot twists -- that is endearing about Martin 's work . Many find that this is what makes the series ' story arcs compelling enough to keep following despite its sheer brutality and intricately messy and interwoven plotlines ; as TM Wagner points out : There 's great tragedy here , but there 's also excitement , humor , heroism even in weaklings , nobility even in villains , and , now and then , a taste of justice after all . It 's a rare gift when a writer can invest his story with that much humanity . Martin 's characters are multifaceted , each with intricate pasts , aspirations , and ambitions . Publishers Weekly writes of his ongoing epic fantasy A Song of Ice and Fire : `` The complexity of characters such as Daenerys , Arya and the Kingslayer will keep readers turning even the vast number of pages contained in this volume , for the author , like Tolkien or Jordan , makes us care about their fates . '' Misfortune , injury , and death ( including false death and reanimation ) often befall major or minor characters , no matter how attached the reader has become . Martin has described his penchant for killing off important characters as being necessary for the story 's depth : `` when my characters are in danger , I want you to be afraid to turn the page , ( so ) you need to show right from the beginning that you 're playing for keeps '' . In distinguishing his work from others , Martin makes a point of emphasizing realism and plausible social dynamics above an over-reliance on magic and a simplistic `` good versus evil '' dichotomy , for which contemporary fantasy writing is often criticized . Notably , Martin 's work makes a sharp departure from the prevalent `` heroic knights and chivalry '' schema that has become a mainstay in fantasy as derived from J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . He specifically critiques the oversimplification of Tolkien 's themes and devices by imitators in ways that he has humorously described as `` Disneyland Middle Ages '' , which gloss over or even ignore major differences between medieval and modern societies , particularly social structures , ways of living , and political arrangements . Martin has been described as `` the American Tolkien '' by literary critics . While Martin finds inspiration in Tolkien 's legacy , he aims to go beyond what he sees as Tolkien 's `` medieval philosophy '' of `` if the king was a good man , the land would prosper '' to delve into the complexities , ambiguities , and vagaries of real - life power : `` We look at real history and it 's not that simple ... Just having good intentions does n't make you a wise king . '' Per this fact George R.R. Martin has been credited with the rise of Grimdark fantasy , a modern form of an `` anti-Tolkien '' approach to fantasy writing which , according to British science fiction and fantasy novelist Adam Roberts , is characterized by its reaction to Tolkien 's idealism even though it owes a lot to Tolkien 's work . The Canadian fantasy writer R. Scott Bakker `` says he would n't have been able to publish his fantasy novels without the success George R.R. Martin achieved first '' . Similarly , Mark Lawrence , author of Prince of Thorns , was inspired by Martin and impressed by his Red Wedding scene . The author makes a point of grounding his work on a foundation of historical fiction , which he channels to evoke important social and political elements of primarily the European medieval era that differ markedly from elements of modern times , including the multigenerational , rigid , and often brutally consequential nature of the hierarchical class system of feudal societies that is in many cases overlooked in fantasy writing . Even as A Song of Ice and Fire is a fantasy series that employs magic and the surreal as central to the genre , Martin is keen to ensure that magic is merely one element of many that moves his work forward , not a generic deus ex machina that is itself the focus of his stories , which is something he has been very conscious about since reading Tolkien ; `` If you look at The Lord of the Rings , what strikes you , it certainly struck me , is that although the world is infused with this great sense of magic , there is very little onstage magic . So you have a sense of magic , but it 's kept under very tight control , and I really took that to heart when I was starting my own series . '' Martin 's ultimate aim is an exploration of the internal conflicts that define the human condition , which , in deriving inspiration from William Faulkner , he ultimately describes as the only reason to read any literature , regardless of genre . In 2018 , Martin called The Lord of the Rings , The Great Gatsby , Gone with the Wind , Great Expectations , Lonesome Dove , Catch - 22 , and Charlotte 's Web `` favorites all , towering masterpieces , books that changed my life '' . Relationship with fans ( edit ) Blog ( edit ) Martin signing books in a bookstore in Ljubljana , Slovenia ( June 2011 ) Martin actively contributes to his blog , Not a Blog ; in April 2018 he moved his blog from Livejournal to his own website . He still does all his `` writing on an old DOS machine running Wordstar 4.0 '' . Conventions ( edit ) Martin is known for his regular attendance through the decades at science fiction conventions and comics conventions , and his accessibility to fans . In the early 1980s , critic and writer Thomas Disch identified Martin as a member of the `` Labor Day Group '' , writers who regularly congregated at the annual Worldcon , usually held on or around the Labor Day weekend . Since the early 1970s , he has also attended regional science fiction conventions , and since 1986 Martin has participated annually in Albuquerque 's smaller regional convention Bubonicon , near his New Mexico home . He was the Guest of Honor at the 61st World Science Fiction Convention in Toronto , held in 2003 . In December 2016 , Martin was a key speaker at the Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016 in Mexico where the author provided hints about the next two books in the series A Song of Ice and Fire . Fan club ( edit ) Martin 's official fan club is the `` Brotherhood Without Banners '' , which has a regular posting board at the Forum of the website westeros.org , which is focused on his A Song of Ice and Fire fantasy series . At the annual World Science Fiction Convention every year , the BWB hosts a large , on - going hospitality suite that is open to all members of the Worldcon ; their suite frequently wins by popular vote the convention 's best party award . Fan criticism and response ( edit ) Martin has been criticized by some of his readers for the long periods between books in the Ice and Fire series , notably the six - year gap between the fourth volume , A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) , and the fifth volume , A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) . The previous year , in 2010 , Martin had responded to fan criticisms by saying he was unwilling to write only his Ice and Fire series , noting that working on other prose and compiling and editing different book projects have always been part of his working process . Writer Neil Gaiman famously wrote on his blog in 2009 to a critic of Martin 's pace , `` George R.R. Martin is not your bitch . '' Gaiman later went on to state that writers are not machines and that they have every right to work on other projects if they want to . Fan fiction ( edit ) Martin is opposed to fan fiction , which he views as copyright infringement and a bad exercise for aspiring writers in terms of developing skills in world - building and character development . Personal life ( edit ) Martin at LoneStarCon 3 ( the 71st World Science Fiction Convention ) in San Antonio , Texas , 2013 In the early 1970s , Martin was in a relationship with fellow science - fiction / fantasy author Lisa Tuttle , with whom he co-wrote Windhaven . While attending an East Coast science fiction convention he met his first wife , Gale Burnick ; they were married in 1975 , but the marriage ended in divorce , without issue , in 1979 . On February 15 , 2011 , Martin married his longtime partner Parris McBride during a small ceremony at their Santa Fe home . On August 19 , 2011 , they held a larger wedding ceremony and reception at Renovation , the 69th World Science Fiction Convention , in Reno , Nevada . He and his wife Parris are supporters of the Wild Spirit Wolf Sanctuary in New Mexico . In early 2013 , he purchased Santa Fe 's Jean Cocteau Cinema and Coffee House , which had been closed since 2006 . He had the property completely restored , including both its original 35 mm capability to which was added digital projection and sound ; the Cocteau officially reopened for business on August 9 , 2013 . Martin has also supported Meow Wolf , an arts collective in Santa Fe , having pledged $2.7 million towards a new art - space in January 2015 . In response to a question on his religious views , Martin replied : `` I suppose I 'm a lapsed Catholic . You would consider me an atheist or agnostic . I find religion and spirituality fascinating . I would like to believe this is n't the end and there 's something more , but I ca n't convince the rational part of me that makes any sense whatsoever . '' Martin is a fan of the New York Jets and the New York Mets . He is also a fan of the Grateful Dead , and says that the Dead 's music may have influenced his work . Martin made a guest appearance as himself in an episode , `` El Skeletorito '' , of the Adult Swim show Robot Chicken . He also appeared in SyFy 's Z Nation as a zombie version of himself in season two 's `` The Collector '' , where he is still signing copies of his new novel . He also appeared in the documentary Atari : Game Over . Philanthropy ( edit ) In 2014 , Martin launched a campaign on Prizeo to raise funds for Wild Spirit Wolf Sanctuary and the Food Depot of Santa Fe . As part of the campaign , Martin offered one donor the chance to accompany him on a trip to the wolf sanctuary , including a helicopter ride and dinner . Martin also offered those donating $20,000 or more the opportunity to have a character named after them and `` killed off '' in an upcoming A Song of Ice and Fire novel . The campaign garnered media attention and raised a total of $502,549 . Politics ( edit ) Growing up , Martin avoided the draft to the Vietnam War by being a conscientious objector and did two years of alternative service . He generally opposes war and thought the Vietnam War was a `` terrible mistake for America '' . He also opposes the idea of the glory of war and tries to realistically describe war in his books . In 2014 , Martin endorsed Senator Tom Udall . In the midst of pressure to pull the 2014 feature film The Interview from theatres , the Jean Cocteau Theatre in Santa Fe , New Mexico , which has been owned by Martin since 2013 , decided to show the film . Theatre manager Jon Bowman told the Santa Fe New Mexican : `` Martin feels strongly about the First Amendment and the idea of artists having the ability to speak their minds and not having to worry about being targets . '' On November 20 , 2015 , writing on his LiveJournal blog , Martin advocated for allowing Syrian refugees into the United States . He supported Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election , and criticized Donald Trump following her defeat in the election , commenting that Trump would `` become the worst president in American history '' . Awards ( edit ) 1975 Hugo Award for Best Novella for `` A Song for Lya '' 1979 Nebula Award for Best Novelette for `` Sandkings '' 1980 Hugo Award for Best Novelette for `` Sandkings '' ( This is Martin 's only story to win both a Hugo and a Nebula . ) 1980 Hugo Award for Best Short Story for `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' 1985 Nebula Award for Best Novelette for `` Portraits of His Children '' 1988 Bram Stoker Award for Long Fiction for `` The Pear - Shaped Man '' 1989 World Fantasy Award for Best Novella for `` The Skin Trade '' 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella for `` Blood of the Dragon '' 2003 Premio Ignotus for Best Foreign Novel for A Game of Thrones 2004 Premio Ignotus for Best Foreign Novel for A Clash of Kings 2003 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel for A Storm of Swords 2006 Premio Ignotus for Best Foreign Novel for A Storm of Swords 2011 Locus Award for Best Original Anthology for Warriors ( co-edited with Gardner Dozois ) Declared by Time `` One of the Most Influential People of 2011 '' 2012 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel for A Dance with Dragons 2012 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form for Game of Thrones , Season 1 ( co-executive producer ) 2012 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement 2013 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form for Game of Thrones , Season 2 , Episode 9 , `` Blackwater '' ( screenwriter ) 2014 Locus Award for Best Original Anthology for Old Mars ( co-edited with Gardner Dozois ) 2015 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series -- Game of Thrones , Season 5 ( co-executive producer ) 2015 Northwestern University Medill Hall of Achievement Award 2016 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series -- Game of Thrones , Season 6 ( co-executive producer ) 2018 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series -- Game of Thrones , Season 7 ( co-executive producer ) Nominations ( edit ) 1988 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Beauty and the Beast ( as producer ) 1989 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Beauty and the Beast ( as producer ) 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Game of Thrones , Season 1 ( co-executive producer ) 2012 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Game of Thrones , Season 2 ( co-executive producer ) 2013 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Game of Thrones , Season 3 ( co-executive producer ) 2014 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for Game of Thrones , Season 4 ( co-executive producer ) 1997 Nebula Award for Best Novel for A Game of Thrones 1999 Nebula Award for Best Novel for A Clash of Kings 2001 Nebula Award for Best Novel for A Storm of Swords 2001 Hugo Award for Best Novel for A Storm of Swords 2006 Hugo Award for Best Novel for A Feast for Crows 2006 Quill Award for A Feast for Crows British Fantasy Award for A Feast for Crows 2012 Hugo Award for Best Novel for A Dance with Dragons Bibliography ( edit ) Title Year Type Note `` The Hero '' 1971 Short story Galaxy Magazine The Second Kind of Loneliness 1972 Analog Science Fiction and Fact Override 1973 A Song for Lya Novella Hugo Award for Best Novella 1975 And Seven Times Never Kill Man Short story Analog Science Fiction and Fact The Lonely Songs of Laren Dorr 1976 Short story Fantastic Stories A Song for Lya 1976 Short story collection Nobody Leaves New Pittsburg Short story Amazing Science Fiction Stories This Tower of Ashes Analog Annual Dying of the Light 1977 Novel Songs of Stars and Shadows Short story collection Sandkings 1979 Novelette Hugo Award & Nebula Award for Best Novelette 1980 The Way of Cross and Dragon Short story Hugo Award for Best Short Story 1980 The Ice Dragon 1980 Young adult fiction Illustrated by Alicia Austin as part of Dragons of Light , and Anne Yvonne Gilbert in 2006 Windhaven 1981 Novel with Lisa Tuttle Sandkings Short story collection Fevre Dream 1982 Novel In the Lost Lands Short story Amazons II anthology Songs the Dead Men Sing Short story collection The Armageddon Rag Novel Nightflyers 1985 Short story collection Heroes for Hope 1985 Comic book script X-Men comic fundraiser Tuf Voyaging 1986 Fix - up novel The Glass Flower Short story Portraits of His Children Short story collection The Skin Trade 1989 Novella Dark Visions compilation A Game of Thrones Novel A Song of Ice and Fire A Clash of Kings 1998 The Hedge Knight Novella Tales of Dunk and Egg ( A Song of Ice and Fire , prequel ) A Storm of Swords 2000 Novel A Song of Ice and Fire Quartet 2001 Short story collection GRRM : A RRetrospective 2003 Short story & essay collection The Sworn Sword Novella Tales of Dunk and Egg ( A Song of Ice and Fire , prequel ) A Feast for Crows 2005 Novel A Song of Ice and Fire Hunter 's Run 2007 with Gardner Dozois & Daniel Abraham The Mystery Knight Novella Tales of Dunk and Egg ( A Song of Ice and Fire , prequel ) A Dance with Dragons 2011 Novel A Song of Ice and Fire The Wit and Wisdom of Tyrion Lannister 2013 Quote collection from A Song of Ice and Fire The Princess and the Queen Novella A Song of Ice and Fire , prequels The Rogue Prince 2014 The World of Ice & Fire Reference book The history of Westeros , with Elio M García Jr. and Linda Antonsson The Ice Dragon Young adult illustrated novel Reworked version of the original novel published in 1980 , illustrated by Luis Royo A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms 2015 Collection compilation of the first three Tales of Dunk and Egg The Sons of the Dragon 2017 Novella A Song of Ice and Fire , prequel Fire & Blood Forthcoming Reference book & novella collection The history of House Targaryen The Winds of Winter Novel A Song of Ice and Fire A Dream of Spring Television ( edit ) The Twilight Zone `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' ( 1986 ) -- writer ( teleplay ) `` The Once and Future King '' ( 1986 ) -- writer ( teleplay ) , story editor `` A Saucer of Loneliness '' ( 1986 ) -- story editor `` Lost and Found '' ( 1986 ) -- writer ( teleplay ) , from a published short story by Phyllis Eisenstein `` The Girl I Married '' ( 1987 ) -- story editor `` The World Next Door '' ( 1989 ) -- story editor `` The Toys of Caliban '' ( 1986 ) -- writer ( teleplay ) , from an unpublished short story by Terry Matz `` The Road Less Traveled '' ( 1986 ) -- writer ( story and teleplay ) , story editor Beauty and the Beast `` Terrible Saviour '' ( 1987 ) -- writer `` Masques '' ( 1987 ) -- writer `` Shades of Grey '' ( 1988 ) -- writer `` Promises of Someday '' ( 1988 ) -- writer `` Fever '' ( 1988 ) -- writer `` Ozymandias '' ( 1988 ) -- writer `` Dead of Winter '' ( 1988 ) -- writer `` Brothers '' ( 1989 ) -- writer `` When the Blue Bird Sings '' ( 1989 ) -- writer ( teleplay ) `` A Kingdom by the Sea '' ( 1989 ) -- writer `` What Rough Beast '' ( 1989 ) -- writer ( story ) `` Ceremony of Innocence '' ( 1989 ) -- writer `` Snow '' ( 1989 ) -- writer `` Beggar 's Comet '' ( 1990 ) -- writer `` Invictus '' ( 1990 ) -- writer The Outer Limits `` The Sandkings '' ( 1995 ) -- writer ( story ) Doorways ( 1993 , unreleased pilot ) -- writer , producer , creator ; ( IDW Publishing issued the pilot 's storyline as a graphic novel miniseries in 2010 ) Game of Thrones `` Winter Is Coming '' ( 2010 ) -- cameo in original unaired pilot `` The Pointy End '' ( 2011 ) -- writer `` Blackwater '' ( 2012 ) -- writer `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' ( 2013 ) -- writer `` The Lion and the Rose '' ( 2014 ) -- writer Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! ( 2015 ) -- cameo Z Nation ( 2015 ) -- cameo ( zombified version of himself ) Editor ( edit ) New Voices in Science Fiction ( 1977 : new stories by the John W. Campbell Award winners ) New Voices in Science Fiction 2 ( 1979 : more new stories by the John W. Campbell Award winners ) New Voices in Science Fiction 3 ( 1980 : more new stories by the John W. Campbell Award winners ) New Voices in Science Fiction 4 ( 1981 : more new stories by the John W. Campbell Award winners ) The Science Fiction Weight Loss Book ( 1983 ) edited with Isaac Asimov and Martin H. Greenberg ( `` Stories by the Great Science Fiction Writers on Fat , Thin , and Everything in Between '' ) The John W. Campbell Awards , Volume 5 ( 1984 , continuation of the New Voices in Science Fiction series ) Night Visions 3 ( 1986 ) Wild Cards series editor ( also contributor to many volumes ) ( edit ) Wild Cards ( 1987 ; contents expanded in 2010 edition with three new stories / authors ) Wild Cards II : Aces High ( 1987 ) Wild Cards III : Jokers Wild ( 1987 ) Wild Cards IV : Aces Abroad ( 1988 ; Book I of the Puppetman Quartet ; contents expanded in 2015 edition with two new stories / authors ) Wild Cards V : Down & Dirty ( 1988 ; Book II of the Puppetman Quartet ) Wild Cards VI : Ace in the Hole ( 1990 ; Book III of the Puppetman Quartet ) Wild Cards VII : Dead Man 's Hand ( 1990 ; Book IV of the Puppetman Quartet ) Wild Cards VIII : One - Eyed Jacks ( 1991 ; Book I of the Rox Triad ) Wild Cards IX : Jokertown Shuffle ( 1991 ; Book II of the Rox Triad ) Wild Cards X : Double Solitaire ( 1992 ) Wild Cards XI : Dealer 's Choice ( 1992 ; Book III of the Rox Triad ) Wild Cards XII : Turn of the Cards ( 1993 ) Wild Cards XIII : Card Sharks ( 1993 ; Book I of the Card Shark Triad ) Wild Cards XIV : Marked Cards ( 1994 ; Book II of the Card Shark Triad ) Wild Cards XV : Black Trump ( 1995 ; Book III of the Card Shark Triad ) Wild Cards XVI : Deuces Down ( 2002 ) Wild Cards XVII : Death Draws Five ( 2006 ; solo novel by John J. Miller ) Wild Cards XVIII : Inside Straight ( 2008 ; Book I of The Committee triad ) Wild Cards IX : Busted Flush ( 2008 ; Book II of The Committee triad ) Wild Cards XX : Suicide Kings ( 2009 ; Book III of The Committee triad ) Wild Cards XXI : Fort Freak ( 2011 ; Book I of the Mean Streets Triad ) Wild Cards XXII : Lowball ( 2014 ; Book II of the Mean Streets Triad ) Wild Cards XXIII : High Stakes ( 2016 ; Book III of the Mean Streets Triad ) Wild Cards XXIV : Mississippi Roll ( 2017 ; Book I of The American Triad ) Wild Cards XXV : Low Chicago ( 2018 ; Book II of The American Triad ) Wild Cards XXVI : Texas Hold ' Em ( 2018 ; Book III of The American Triad ) Wild Cards XXVII : Knaves Over Queens ( 2019 ) Cross-genre anthologies edited ( with Gardner Dozois ) ( edit ) Songs of the Dying Earth ( 2009 ; a tribute anthology to Jack Vance 's Dying Earth series , first published by Subterranean Press ) Warriors ( 2010 ; a cross-genre anthology featuring stories about war and warriors ; winner of the 2011 Locus Poll Award for Best Original Anthology ) Songs of Love and Death ( 2010 ; a cross-genre anthology featuring stories of romance in fantasy and science fiction settings , originally entitled Star Crossed Lovers ) Down These Strange Streets ( 2011 ; a cross-genre anthology that blends classic detective stories with fantasy and science fiction ) Old Mars ( 2013 ; a science fiction anthology featuring all new , retro - themed stories about the Red Planet ) Dangerous Women ( 2013 ; a cross-genre anthology focusing on women warriors and strong female characters , originally titled Femmes Fatale ) Rogues ( 2014 ; a cross-genre anthology featuring new stories about assorted rogues ) Old Venus ( 2015 publication ; an anthology of all new , retro - themed Venus science fiction stories ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richards , Linda ( January 2001 ) . `` January interview : George R.R. Martin '' . januarymagazine.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Author George R.R. Martin Is Visiting Texas A&M , Talks ' Game of Thrones ' and Texas A&M Libraries '' . TAMUTimes . Texas A&M University . March 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Choate , Trish ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Choate : Quest into world of fantasy books can be hobbit - forming '' . Times Record News . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Books : The American Tolkien '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2008 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The 2011 TIME 100 : George R.R. Martin , John Hodgman , April 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ The 2011 TIME 100 : Full List Retrieved June 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1277 / 1278 ) . September 20 -- 27 , 2013 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Life & Times of George R.R. Martin '' . George R.R. Martin ( official website ) . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( October 2004 ) . `` The Heart of a Small Boy '' . Asimov 's Science Fiction . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2004 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2016 - 09 - 10 ) . `` A Salute to Immigrants '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NJM Q&A : George R.R. Martin '' . New Jersey Monthly . 2013 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Berwick , Isabel ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Lunch with the FT : George RR Martin '' . Financial Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rutkoff , Aaron ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Garden State Tolkien : Q&A With George R.R. Martin '' . The Wall Street Journal . `` Mr. Martin , 62 years old , says that he grew up in a federal housing project in Bayonne , which is situated on a peninsula ... ' My four years at Marist High School were not the happiest of my life , ' the author admits , although his growing enthusiasm for writing comics and superhero stories first emerged during this period . '' Jump up ^ Dent , Grace ( interviewer ) ; Martin , George R.R. ( June 12 , 2012 ) . Game Of Thrones -- Interview with George R.R. Martin . YouTube . Jump up ^ Gustines , George Gene ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` In the Beginning , It Was All About Comics '' . The New York Times . pp. C28 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Alley Awards '' . www.hahnlibrary.net . ^ Jump up to : D'Mmassa , Don `` Martin , George '' pages 388 - 390 from St. James Guide to Horror , Ghost and Gothic Writers edited by David Pringle , Detroit : St. James Press , 19978 page 388 . Jump up ^ `` George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight , interview with Martin '' . George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight . CBC.ca . March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bram Stoker Awards '' . Horror Writers Association . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Munson , Kyle ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Before Westeros , there was Iowa '' . Iowa City Press - Citizen . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin / Contemporary Authors , New Revision Series '' . Biography . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin Has a Detailed Plan For Keeping the Game of Thrones TV Show From Catching Up To Him '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' . Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Mikal ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : The Complete Rolling Stone Interview '' . rollingstone.com . Jump up ^ `` George RR Martin on success , chess and the wrath of superfans '' . independent.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Life & Times of George R.R. Martin '' . www.georgerrmartin.com . Jump up ^ `` Index to SF Awards '' . The Locus . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ grrm ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` The NIGHTFLYER Flies Again '' . livejournal.com . Jump up ^ Peter Sagal ( September 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Thrones ' Author George R.R. Martin Plays Not My Job '' . NPR . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ grrm ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` NIGHTFLYERS at the JCC '' . livejournal.com . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( May 2001 ) . Turtledove , Harry ; Greenberg , Martin H. , eds . `` Night of the Vampyres '' . The Best Military Science Fiction of the 20th Century . New York : Ballantine . pp. 279 -- 306 . Jump up ^ D'Amassa , Don `` Martin , George '' pages 388 - 390 from St. James Guide to Horror , Ghost and Gothic Writers edited by David Pringle , Detroit : St. James Press , 1997 page 390 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective '' . Orion -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Talks Comic Books , Taxes and Hating ' Game Of Thrones ' Interviews '' . indiewire.com . Jump up ^ Kerr , John Finlay ( 2009 ) . Harrigan , Pat ; Wardrip - Fruin , Noah , eds . `` Second person : Role - playing and story in games and playable media '' . Transformative Works and Cultures ( 2 ) . doi : 10.3983 / twc. 2009.0095 . Jump up ^ Shannon Appelcline ( 2011 ) . Designers & Dragons . Mongoose Publishing . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907702 - 58 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The First Wild Cards Day or , the Game That Ate My Life '' . June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` High Stakes '' . Macmillan Publishers . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Wild Cards Are Coming ... to Television '' . Not A Blog . George R.R. Martin . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ grrm ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Who Fears Death ? '' . livejournal.com . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Linda ( January 2001 ) . `` January interview : George R.R. Martin '' . januarymagazine.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM Archived February 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` His Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy : George R.R. Martin Talks Game of Thrones '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` EW interview : George R.R. Martin talks A Dance With Dragons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milne , Ben . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Long Game ... of Thrones '' . Not A Blog . George R.R. Martin . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers : November 27 , 2005 '' . The New York Times . November 27 , 2005 . Jump up ^ A Feast for Crows award nominations Archived April 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Jump up ^ `` Announcing the 2012 World Fantasy Award Winners ! '' . Tor Books . November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Fantasy Awards shortlist announced '' . British Fantasy Society . May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Locus Awards Winners '' . Locus . June 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) . `` George RR Martin : a new Game of Thrones book is coming ... '' the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ HBO greenlights Game of Thrones to series ( pic ) , The Hollywood Reporter , November 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ Yee , Lawrence ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Year - End Marathon to Air on HBO '' . Variety . Variety . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . It has been nominated for the Emmy for Outstanding Drama every season it 's aired , winning the award the last two years . The show has had four consecutive Golden Globe Best Television Series -- Drama nominations , including for the upcoming 2017 awards , but has never won . It has won five straight Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series , and is up for a sixth in January . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . Telegraph . London , England . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season 8 Returns in 2019 '' . HBO . April 10 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katz , Brandon ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' May Get a Prequel At HBO ; Here Are Some Options '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . There are areas we are exploring , but I would n't point to any one and say , This is what we 're going to do . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Fifth `` Successor Show '' in the Works at HBO , George R.R. Martin Says `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones writer Bryan Cogman developing a 5th prequel series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Future Explained : Could All the Prequels Move Forward ? '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Jump up ^ VanderMeer , Jeff ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Book review : ' A Dance With Dragons ' by George R.R. Martin '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jennings , Dana ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` In a Fantasyland of Liars , Trust No One , and Keep Your Dragon Close '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Lev Grossman , The American Tolkien , Time ( November 13 , 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , T.M. ( 2003 ) . `` A Storm of Swords / George R.R. Martin 1⁄2 '' . sfreviews.net . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review of A Game of Thrones '' . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Review of A Storm of Swords by Publishers Weekly Jump up ^ `` George RR Martin '' . QBD The Bookshop. 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GRRM Interview Part 2 : Fantasy and History '' . Time . April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hobson , Anne ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Is George R.R. Martin the `` American Tolkien ' ? '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quote by George R.R. Martin : `` I admire Tolkien greatly ... '' `` . goodreads.com. 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , Mikal ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Author George R.R. Martin '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ We Asked Writers How A Game of Thrones Changed Fantasy Forever - https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/20th-anniversary-celebration-of-a-song-of-ice-and-fire/ Jump up ^ Roberts , Adam ( 2014 ) . Get Started in : Writing Science Fiction and Fantasy . Hachette UK . p. 42 . ISBN 9781444795660 . Jump up ^ ' Game of Thrones ' : Five Inspirations for George R.R. Martin 's Novels , From Tolkein to Scottish Massacres -- http://www.newsweek.com/game-thrones-inspirations-george-rr-martin-hbo-tolkein-scottish-massacres-634498 Jump up ^ Game of Thrones creates ripple effect and rise of ' grimdark ' fiction -- http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/game-of-thrones-creates-ripple-effect-and-rise-of-grimdark-fiction-1.3019422 Jump up ^ So You Want To Read Grimdark : Here 's Where To Start `` Author Mark Lawrence attributes his own inspiration from George R.R. Martin , who wrote one of the darkest and grittiest scenes in fantasy , the Red Wedding . `` I was impressed by how ruthless he was with characters we were invested in and how exciting that made reading the series , '' '' -- http://www.unboundworlds.com/2017/01/want-read-grimdark-heres-start/ Jump up ^ `` John Hodgman interviews George R.R. Martin '' . Public Radio International . September 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pasick , Adam ( 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on His Favorite Game of Thrones Actors , and the Butterfly Effect of TV Adaptations '' . vulture.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unnatural Forces : George RR Martin discusses the necessity of magic in a fantasy '' . YouTube . June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` William Faulkner -- Banquet Speech '' . nobelprize.org . December 10 , 1950 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Author George R.R. Martin Spills the Secrets of ' A Dance with Dragons ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Time to Read ! ! ! -- Not a Blog '' . georgerrmartin.com . Jump up ^ grrm ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` NOT A BLOG IS MOVING AWAY ... '' livejournal.com . Jump up ^ Martin , George R R. `` Social Media '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Disch , Thomas M. ( 2005 ) . `` The Labor Day Group '' ( PDF ) . The University of Michigan Press . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tour Dates / Appearances '' . georgerrmartin.com. 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldcon GoH Speech '' . asimovs.com. 2003 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ansible Report '' . ansible.co.uk. 2003 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` George RR Martin on Winds of Winter : Things are getting worse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Watch Martin 's full Q&A above . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin 's Blog '' . goodreads.com. 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Onward and Upward with the Arts : Just Write It ! : A fantasy author and his impatient fans '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay , Guy Gavriel ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` Restless readers go bonkers '' . Globe and Mail . Canada . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Excitement as George RR Martin announces he 's 1,200 pages into new book '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( May 16 , 2009 ) . `` Entitlement Issues ... '' Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R R. `` Frequently Asked Questions -- George R.R. Martin 's Official Website '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George RR ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Not A Blog -- Someone Is Angry On the Internet '' . LiveJournal . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In Love With Lisa '' . Life & Times . George R.R. Martin Official Website . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ D'Amassa , Don `` Martin , George '' pages 388 - 390 from St. James Guide to Horror , Ghost and Gothic Writers edited by David Pringle , Detroit : St. James Press , 1997 page 388 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Paul ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Worldcon : A Love Story '' . paulcornell.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Not A Blog : Wolves '' . grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Constable , Anne ; Grimm , Julie Ann ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` George R.R. Martin reportedly plans to revive Jean Cocteau '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Rachel ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` How George RR Martin is helping stem Santa Fe 's youth exodus '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jardrnak , Jackie ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Silva Lanes to be transformed to an explorable art space for kids and adults '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` EW interview : George R.R. Martin talks ' A Dance With Dragons ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Even ' Game of Thrones ' creator George R.R. Martin is ready to quit on Jets '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ser Strike Zone : Game of Thrones author George R.R. Martin throws out the first pitch at a Minor League game '' . mlb.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Natalie . `` George R.R. Martin Confirms Grateful Dead Influence on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Z Nation '' The Collector ( TV Episode 2015 ) -- IMDb `` . IMDB . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel . `` Watch George R.R. Martin 's Zombie Cameo in ' Z Nation ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Robin . `` George R.R. Martin 's ' Game of Thrones ' Charity Fundraiser Draws Winner '' . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Max . `` George R.R. Martin Wants to Kill You for $20,000 '' . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin On Vietnam And The Realities Of War '' . George Stroumboulopoulos . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tom Trowbridge. `` Oct. 6 First News : Gubernatorial Candidates To Face - Off Tonight in Spanish - Language Debate ( Listen ) '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Cocteau Get Green Light to Screen the Interview '' . Santa Fe New Mexican . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` My Position On the Syrian Refugees '' . George R.R. Martin . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CNN , Eli Watkins . `` ' Game of Thrones ' author is n't writing . He 's campaigning for Clinton '' . Jump up ^ `` The man who wrote Game of Thrones has given his take on Donald Trump 's victory '' . November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin on Trump Win : `` Winter Is Coming . I Told You So '' `` . Jump up ^ grrm ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` President Pussygrabber '' . livejournal.com . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nebula Award Winners 1965 - 2011 '' . SFWA . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1980 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Locus Awards Winners '' . Locus . June 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George R.R. Martin returns to Medill -- Medill -- Northwestern University '' . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Hugo Awards '' . World Science Fiction Society . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Hugo Awards '' . World Science Fiction Society . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Hugo Awards '' . World Science Fiction Society . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lonely Songs of Laren Dorr by George R.R. Martin -- Fantasy Magazine '' . www.fantasy-magazine.com . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous Women : `` The Princess and The Queen , or , The Blacks and The Greens '' ( Excerpt ) by George R.R. Martin `` . tor.com . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Not a Blog : The Rogues Are Coming ... '' grrm.livejournal.com . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Ice Dragon -- UK cover reveal ! '' . HarperVoyagerbooks.co.uk . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Not a Blog post : Dunk and Egg '' . George R.R. Martin . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` A Bit More ( Fake ) History '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` George RR Martin REVEALS new Game of Thrones story 's title and plot details '' . Express . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IDW 's November Previews Archived August 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , `` IDW Publishing '' , August 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Books Wild Cards World '' . www.wildcardsworld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Odds and Ends '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous Women Arrives on Tor.com '' . Tor.com . July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` Stuff and Nonsense '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Venus In March '' . Not A Blog . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about George R.R. Martin Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Find more aboutGeorge R.R. Martinat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website George R.R. Martin at LiveJournal George R.R. Martin on IMDb George R.R. Martin at the Internet Book List George R.R. Martin at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Works by or about George R.R. Martin in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Martin 's awards and nominations at The Locus Index to Science Fiction Awards . <Th_colspan="2"> Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter <Td_colspan="2"> Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas <Td_colspan="2"> A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories <Td_colspan="2"> `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' <Td_colspan="2"> Beauty and the Beast Doorways <Th_colspan="2"> Fiction anthologies edited by George R.R. Martin and Gardner Dozois <Td_colspan="2"> Songs of the Dying Earth ( 2009 ) Warriors ( 2010 ) Songs of Love and Death ( 2010 ) Down These Strange Streets ( 2011 ) Old Mars ( 2013 ) Dangerous Women ( 2013 ) Rogues ( 2014 ) Old Venus ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> World Fantasy Award -- Life Achievement <Td_colspan="2"> Robert Bloch ( 1975 ) Fritz Leiber ( 1976 ) Ray Bradbury ( 1977 ) Frank Belknap Long ( 1978 ) Jorge Luis Borges ( 1979 ) Manly Wade Wellman ( 1980 ) C.L. Moore ( 1981 ) Italo Calvino ( 1982 ) Roald Dahl ( 1983 ) L. Sprague de Camp / Richard Matheson / E. Hoffmann Price / Jack Vance / Donald Wandrei ( 1984 ) Theodore Sturgeon ( 1985 ) Avram Davidson ( 1986 ) Jack Finney ( 1987 ) Everett F. Bleiler ( 1988 ) Evangeline Walton ( 1989 ) R.A. Lafferty ( 1990 ) Ray Russell ( 1991 ) Edd Cartier ( 1992 ) Harlan Ellison ( 1993 ) Jack Williamson ( 1994 ) Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1995 ) Gene Wolfe ( 1996 ) Madeleine L'Engle ( 1997 ) Edward L. Ferman / Andre Norton ( 1998 ) Hugh B. 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-716,941,652,618,758,900 | when was the first ever mcdonald's opened | History of McDonald 's - wikipedia History of McDonald 's Jump to : navigation , search This history of McDonald 's is an overview of the original restaurant and of the chain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 1960s and 1970s 3 1990s 3.1 Late 1990s 4 2000s 5 2010s 6 Timeline 6.1 1960s 6.2 1970s 6.3 1980s 6.4 1990s 6.5 2000s 6.6 2010s 7 References Early history ( edit ) See also : History of the hamburger The oldest operating McDonald 's on Lakewood and Florence in Downey , California , was the chain 's third restaurant and the second to be built with the Golden Arches . The McDonald family moved from Manchester , New Hampshire to Hollywood in the late 1930s , where brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald began working as set movers and handymen at Motion - Picture studios . In 1937 , their father Patrick McDonald opened `` The Airdrome '' , a food stand , on Huntington Drive ( Route 66 ) near the Monrovia Airport in Monrovia , California with hot dogs being one of the first items sold . Hamburgers were later added to the menu at a cost of ten cents with all - you - can - drink orange juice at five cents . In 1940 , Maurice and Richard ( `` Mac '' and `` Dick '' ) moved the entire building 40 miles ( 64 km ) east , to West 14th and 1398 North E Streets in San Bernardino , California . The restaurant was renamed `` McDonald 's Bar - B - Que '' and had 25 menu items , mostly barbecue . In October 1948 , after the McDonald brothers realized that most of their profits came from selling hamburgers , they closed down their successful carhop drive - in to establish a streamlined system with a simple menu which consisted of only hamburgers , cheeseburgers , potato chips , coffee , soft drinks , and apple pie . After the first year , potato chips and pie were swapped out for french fries and milkshakes . The carhops were eliminated , making the new restaurant a self - service operation . Richard and Maurice took great care in setting up their kitchen like an assembly line to ensure maximum efficiency . The restaurant 's name was changed again , this time to simply `` McDonald 's , '' and reopened on December 12 , 1948 . In April 1952 , the brothers decided they needed an entirely new building in order to achieve two goals : further efficiency improvements , and a more eye - catching appearance . They collected recommendations for an architect and interviewed at least four , finally choosing Stanley Clark Meston , an architect practicing in nearby Fontana . The brothers and Meston worked together closely in the design of their new building . They achieved the extra efficiencies they needed by , among other things , drawing the actual measurements of every piece of equipment in chalk on a tennis court behind the McDonald house ( with Meston 's assistant Charles Fish ) . The new restaurant 's design achieved a high level of noticeability thanks to gleaming surfaces of red and white ceramic tile , stainless steel , brightly colored sheet metal , and glass ; pulsing red , white , yellow , and green neon ; and two 25 - foot yellow sheet - metal arches trimmed in neon , called `` golden arches '' even at the design stage . A third , smaller arch sign at the roadside hosted a pudgy character in a chef 's hat , known as Speedee , striding across the top , trimmed in animated neon . Further marketing techniques were implemented to change McDonald 's from a sit down restaurant to a fast food chain . They used such things as turning off the heating to prevent people wanting to stay so long , fixed and angled seating so the customer would sit over their food promoting them to eat faster , spreading the seats further apart so being less of a sociable place to dine in , and giving their customers branded cone shaped cups forcing them to hold their drink whilst eating which would speed up the eating process . Many other companies followed McDonald 's strategies to turn their own restaurants into fast food establishments including Burger King , White Castle and Subway . In late 1953 , with only a rendering of Meston 's design in hand , the brothers began seeking franchisees . Their first franchisee was Neil Fox , a distributor for General Petroleum Corporation . Fox 's stand , the first with Meston 's golden arches design , opened in May 1953 at Central Avenue and Indian School Road in Phoenix , Arizona . Their second franchisee was the team of Fox 's brother - in - law Roger Williams and Burdette `` Bud '' Landon , both of whom also worked for General Petroleum . Williams and Landon opened their stand on August 18 , 1953 at 10207 Lakewood Boulevard in Downey , California . The Downey stand has the distinction of being the oldest surviving McDonald 's restaurant . The Downey stand was never required to comply with the McDonald 's Corporation 's remodeling and updating requests over the years because it was franchised not by the McDonald 's Corporation , but by the McDonald brothers themselves to Williams and Landon . Ray Kroc joined the chain in 1954 and built it into an eventually global franchise , making it the most successful fast food corporation in the world In 1954 , Ray Kroc , a seller of Prince Castle brand Multimixer milkshake machines , learned that the McDonald brothers were using eight of his machines in their San Bernardino restaurant . His curiosity was piqued , and he went to take a look at the restaurant . He was joined by good friend Charles Lewis who had suggested to Kroc several improvements to the McDonald 's burger recipe . Believing the McDonald 's formula was a ticket to success , Kroc suggested they franchise their restaurants throughout the country . The brothers were skeptical , however , that the self - service approach could succeed in colder , rainier climates ; furthermore , their thriving business in San Bernardino , and franchises already operating or planned , made them reluctant to risk a national venture . Kroc offered to take the major responsibility for setting up the new franchises elsewhere . He returned to his home outside of Chicago with rights to set up McDonald 's restaurants throughout the country , except in a handful of territories in California and Arizona already licensed by the McDonald brothers . The brothers were to receive one - half of one percent of gross sales . Kroc 's first McDonald 's restaurant opened on April 15 , 1955 , at 400 North Lee Street in Des Plaines , Illinois , near Chicago . The Des Plaines interior and exterior was painted by master painter Eugene Wright , who owned Wright 's Decorating Service . Eugene was asked to come up with a color scheme and he chose yellow and white , with dark brown and red being secondary trim colors . Those colors would go on to become the colors of all McDonald 's franchises . ( Recognizing its historic and nostalgic value , in 1990 the McDonald 's Corporation acquired the stand and rehabilitated it to a modern but nearly original condition , and then built an adjacent museum and gift shop to commemorate the site . ) Once the Des Plaines restaurant had become operational , Kroc sought franchisees for his McDonald 's chain . The first snag came quickly . In 1956 he discovered that the McDonald brothers had licensed the franchise rights for Cook County , Illinois to the Frejlach Ice Cream Company . Kroc was incensed that the McDonalds had not informed him of this arrangement . He purchased the rights back for $25,000 , five times what the Frejlacks had originally paid , and pressed forward . McDonald 's grew slowly for its first three years . By 1958 , there were 34 restaurants . In 1959 , however , Kroc opened 68 new restaurants , bringing the total to 102 locations . 1960s and 1970s ( edit ) The Big Mac hamburger made its debut in 1968 In 1960 , the McDonald 's advertising campaign `` Look for the Golden Arches '' gave sales a big boost . Kroc believed that advertising was an investment that would in the end come back many times over , and advertising has always played a key role in the development of the McDonald 's Corporation . Indeed , McDonald 's ads have been some of the most identifiable over the years . In 1962 , McDonald 's introduced its now world - famous Golden Arches logo . A year later , the company sold its millionth hamburger and introduced Ronald McDonald , a red - haired clown designed to appeal to children . In the early 1960s , McDonald 's really began to take off . The growth in U.S. automobile use that came with suburbanization and the interstate highway system contributed heavily to McDonald 's success . In 1961 Kroc bought out the McDonald brothers for $2.7 million , aiming at making McDonald 's the number one fast - food chain in the country . On May 3 , 1960 Kroc assisted Christopher Boulos in opening a McDonald 's franchise in DeKalb , Illinois . By 1965 , the McDonald 's at 805 W. Lincoln Highway sold over 4 million burgers and 1,000,000 pounds ( 450,000 kg ) of fries . Boulos was the first Greek - American McDonald 's franchise operator . In 1965 , McDonald 's Corporation went public . Common shares were offered at $22.50 per share . By the end of the first day 's trading , the price had risen to $30 . A block of 100 shares purchased for $2,250 in 1965 was worth , after 12 stock splits ( increasing the number of shares to 74,360 ) , over $5.7 million as of year - end market close on December 31 , 2010 . In 1980 , McDonald 's Corporation became one of the 30 companies that make up the Dow Jones Industrial Average . McDonald 's success in the 1960s was in large part due to the company 's skillful marketing and flexible response to customer demand . In 1962 , the Filet - O - Fish sandwich , billed as `` the fish that catches people '' , was introduced in McDonald 's restaurants . The new item had originally met with disapproval from Kroc , but after its successful test marketing , he eventually agreed to add it . Another item that Kroc had backed a year previously , a burger with a slice of pineapple and a slice of cheese , known as a `` hulaburger '' , had flopped ( both it and the Filet - O - Fish were developed in Catholic neighborhoods where burger sales dropped off markedly on Fridays and during Lent ) . The market was not quite ready for Kroc 's taste ; the hulaburger 's tenure on the McDonald 's menu board was short . In 1968 the now legendary Big Mac made its debut , and in 1969 McDonald 's sold its five billionth hamburger . Two years later , as it launched the `` You Deserve a Break Today '' advertising campaign , McDonald 's restaurants had reached all 50 states . In 1968 , McDonald 's opened its 1,000 th restaurant , and Fred L. Turner became the company 's president and chief administrative officer . Kroc became chairman and remained CEO until 1973 . Turner had originally intended to open a McDonald 's franchise , but when he had problems with his backers over a location , he went to work as a grillman for Kroc in 1956 . As operations vice president , Turner helped new franchisees get their stores up and running . He was constantly looking for new ways to perfect the McDonald 's system , experimenting , for example , to determine the maximum number of hamburger patties one could stack in a box without squashing them and pointing out that seconds could be saved if McDonald 's used buns that were presliced all the way through and were not stuck together in the package . Such attention to detail was one reason for the company 's extraordinary success . By the late 1960s , many of the candy - striped Golden Arches stores had been modified with enclosed walk - up order areas and limited indoor seating . In June 1969 , McDonald 's introduced a new `` mansard roof '' building design featuring indoor seating . The natural brick and cedar shake look mansards were a response to critics who berated McDonald 's architecture as too garish . It became the standard for McDonald 's restaurants , and franchise holders were ultimately required to demolish older restaurants and replace them with the new design . The first McDonald 's restaurant using the `` mansard roof '' design opened that same year in the Chicago suburb of Matteson . McDonald 's spectacular growth continued in the 1970s . Americans were more on - the - go than ever , and fast service was a priority . In 1972 , the company passed $1 billion in annual sales . By 1976 , McDonald 's had served 20 billion hamburgers , and system wide sales exceeded $3 billion . The company pioneered breakfast fast food with the introduction of the Egg McMuffin in 1972 when market research indicated that a quick breakfast would be welcomed by consumers . Five years later McDonald 's added a full breakfast line to the menu , and by 1987 one - fourth of all breakfasts eaten out in the United States came from McDonald 's restaurants . In test market locations , such as New York City , McDonald 's added a full breakfast line to its menus in 1975 . Kroc was a firm believer in giving `` something back into the community where you do business '' . In 1974 McDonald 's acted upon that philosophy in an original way by opening the first Ronald McDonald House , in Philadelphia , to provide a `` home away from home '' for the families of children in nearby hospitals . Twelve years after this first house opened , 100 similar Ronald McDonald Houses were in operation across the United States . There was some skepticism in the company 's phenomenal growth internationally . When Wally and Hugh Morris approached the corporation in 1974 to bring McDonald 's into New Zealand , they were firmly shunned by Kroc , citing a visit to the country and saying `` There are n't any people ... I never met a more dead - than - alive hole in my life . '' Persistence by the brothers eventually led to their request being granted in May 1975 . They managed to negotiate a deal with the corporation by selling New Zealand cheese to the US to offset the high costs of importing plant equipment . The first New Zealand restaurant opened in June 1976 at Porirua , near Wellington , to much more success than the corporation predicted . In 1975 , McDonald 's opened its first drive - thru window in Sierra Vista , Arizona , following Wendy 's lead . This service gave Americans a fast , convenient way to procure a quick meal . The company 's goal was to provide service in 50 seconds or less . Drive - thru sales eventually accounted for more than half of McDonald 's systemwide sales . Meantime , the Happy Meal , a combo meal for children featuring a toy , was added to the menu in 1979 . A period of aggressive advertising campaigns and price slashing in the early 1980s became known as the `` burger wars '' . Burger King suggested to customers : `` have it your way '' ; Wendy 's offered itself as the `` fresh alternative '' and launched their `` Where 's the beef ? '' campaign . McDonald 's sales and market still predominated , however . During the 1980s , a period of substantial expansion , McDonald 's further diversified its menu to suit changing consumer tastes . The company introduced the McChicken in 1980 ; it proved to be a sales disappointment , and was replaced with Chicken McNuggets a year later ( having originally been invented by Rene Arend in 1979 ) . In 1985 , ready - to - eat salads were introduced . Efficiency , combined with an expanded menu , continued to draw customers . McDonald 's began to focus on urban centers and introduced new architectural styles . The first McDonald 's Express locations opened in 1991 . These are smaller - scale prototypes , usually constructed in prefabricated buildings or urban storefronts , that do not feature certain menu items such as milkshakes and Quarter Pounders . In 1992 Michael R. Quinlan became president of McDonald 's Corporation , and Fred L. Turner became chairman . Quinlan , who took over as CEO in 1987 , had started at McDonald 's in the mail room in 1963 , and gradually worked his way up . In his first year as CEO , the company opened 600 new restaurants . By 1991 , 37 percent of system - wide sales came from restaurants outside the United States . McDonald 's opened its first foreign restaurant in British Columbia , Canada , in 1967 . By the early 1990s the company had established itself in 58 foreign countries , and operated more than 3,600 restaurants outside the United States , through wholly owned subsidiaries , joint ventures , and franchise agreements . Its strongest foreign markets were Japan , Canada , Germany , Great Britain , Australia , and France . In the mid-1980s , McDonald 's , like other traditional employers of teenagers , was faced with a shortage of labor in the United States . The company met this challenge by being the first to entice retirees back into the workforce . Focusing on off - site training , it opened its Hamburger University in 1961 to train franchisees and corporate decision - makers . By 1990 , more than 40,000 people had received `` Bachelor of Hamburgerology '' degrees from the 80 - acre ( 320,000 m ) Oak Brook , Illinois , facility . The corporation opened a Hamburger University in Tokyo in 1971 , in Munich in 1975 , and in London in 1982 . Braille menus were first introduced in 1979 , and picture menus in 1988 . In March 1992 , combination Braille and picture menus were reintroduced to accommodate those with vision , speech , or hearing impairments . Clamshell grills , which cooked both sides of a hamburger simultaneously , were tested . New locations such as hospitals and military bases were tapped as sites for new restaurants . In response to the increase in microwave oven usage , McDonald 's , whose name is the single most advertised brand name in the world , stepped up advertising and promotional expenditures stressing that its taste was superior to quick - packaged foods . 1990s ( edit ) The first McDonald 's in Mainland China opened in Dongmen , Shenzhen in October 1990 . McRecycle USA began in 1990 and included a commitment to purchase at least $100 million worth of recycled products annually for use in construction , remodeling , and equipping restaurants . Chairs , table bases , table tops , eating counters , table columns , waste receptacles , corrugated cartons , packaging , and washroom tissue were all made from recycled products . McDonald 's worked with the U.S. Environmental Defense Fund to develop a comprehensive solid waste reduction program . Wrapping burgers in paper rather than plastic led to a 90 percent reduction in the wrapping material waste stream . It took McDonald 's 33 years to open its first 10,000 restaurants . The 10,000 th unit opened in April 1988 . Incredibly , the company reached the 20,000 - restaurant mark in only eight more years , in mid-1996 . By the end of 1997 the total had surpassed 23,000 , and by that time McDonald 's was opening 2,000 new restaurants each year , an average of five every day . Much of the growth of the 1990s came outside the US , with international units increasing from about 3,600 in 1991 to more than 11,000 by 1998 . The number of countries with McDonald 's outlets nearly doubled from 59 in 1991 to 114 in late 1998 . In 1993 , a new region was added to the empire when the first McDonald 's in the Middle East opened in Tel Aviv , Israel . As the company entered new markets , it showed increasing flexibility with respect to local food preferences and customs . In Israel , for example , the first kosher McDonald 's opened in a Jerusalem suburb in 1995 . In Arab countries the restaurant chain used `` Halal '' menus , which complied with Islamic laws for food preparation . In 1996 McDonald 's entered India for the first time , where it offered a Big Mac made with lamb called the Maharaja Mac . That same year the first McSki - Thru opened in Lindvallen , Sweden . Overall , the company derived increasing percentages of its revenue and income from outside the US . In 1992 about two - thirds of systemwide sales came from U.S. McDonald 's , but by 1997 that figure was down to about 51 percent . Similarly , the operating income numbers showed a reduction from about 60 percent of sales derived from the US in 1992 to 42.5 percent in 1997 . In the US , the number of units grew from 9,000 in 1991 to 12,500 in 1997 , an increase of about 40 percent . Although the additional units increased market share in some markets , a number of franchisees complained that new units were cannibalizing sales from existing ones . Same - store sales for outlets open for more than one year were flat in the mid-1990s , a reflection of both the greater number of units and the mature nature of the U.S. market . The company made several notable blunders in the US in the 1990s which hurt stateside profits . The McLean Deluxe sandwich , which featured a 91 percent fat - free beef patty , was introduced in 1991 , never really caught on , and was dropped from the menu in February 1996 to make room for the Arch Deluxe , itself an underperforming product . The `` grown - up '' ( and pricey ) Arch Deluxe sandwich was launched in May 1996 and the Deluxe Line was launched in September 1996 in a $200 million campaign to gain the business of more adults , but were bombs . The following spring brought a 55 - cent Big Mac promotion , which many customers either rejected outright or were confused by because the burgers had to be purchased with full - priced fries and a drink . The promotion embittered still more franchisees , whose complaints led to its withdrawal . In July 1997 McDonald 's fired its main ad agency , Leo Burnett , a 15 - year McDonald 's partner after the nostalgic `` My McDonald 's '' campaign proved a failure . Several other 1990s - debuted menu items , including fried chicken , pasta , fajitas , and pizza failed as well . A seemingly weakened McDonald 's was the object of a Burger King offensive when the rival fast - food maker launched the Big King sandwich , a Big Mac clone . Meanwhile , internal taste tests revealed that customers preferred the fare at Wendy 's and Burger King . In response to these difficulties , McDonald 's drastically cut back on its U.S. expansion . In contrast to the 1,130 units opened in 1995 , only about 400 new McDonald 's were built in 1997 . Plans to open hundreds of smaller restaurants in Wal - Marts and gasoline stations were abandoned because test sites did not meet targeted goals . Reacting to complaints from franchisees about poor communication with the corporation and excess bureaucracy , the head of McDonald 's U.S.A. ( Jack M. Greenberg , who had assumed the position in October 1996 ) reorganized the unit into five autonomous geographic divisions . The aim was to bring management and decision - making closer to franchisees and customers . On the marketing side , McDonald 's scored big in 1996 and 1997 with a Teenie Beanie Baby promotion in which about 80 million of the toys / collectibles were gobbled up virtually overnight . The chain received some bad publicity , however , when it was discovered that a number of customers purchased Happy Meals just to get the toys and threw the food away . For a similar spring 1998 Teenie Beanie giveaway , the company altered the promotion to allow patrons to buy menu items other than kids ' meals . McDonald 's also began to benefit from a seven years global marketing alliance signed with Disney / Pixar in 1998 . Initial Disney / Pixar movies promoted by McDonald 's included A Bug 's Life , Monsters , Inc. , Finding Nemo and The Incredibles . Perhaps the most important marketing move came in the later months of 1997 when McDonald 's named DDB Needham as its new lead ad agency . Needham had been the company 's agency in the 1970s and was responsible for the hugely successful `` You Deserve a Break Today '' campaign . Late in 1997 , McDonald 's launched the Needham - designed `` Did Somebody Say McDonald 's ? '' campaign , which appeared to be an improvement over its predecessors . Late 1990s ( edit ) Following the difficulties of the early and mid-1990s , several moves in 1998 seemed to indicate a reinvigorated McDonald 's . In February the company for the first time took a stake in another fast - food chain when it purchased a minority interest in the 16 - unit , Colorado - based Chipotle Mexican Grill chain . The following month came the announcement that McDonald 's would improve the taste of several sandwiches and introduce several new menu items . McFlurry desserts , developed by a Canadian franchisee in 1997 , proved popular when launched in the United States in the summer of 1998 . That same month , McDonald 's said that it would overhaul its food preparation system in every U.S. restaurant . The new just - in - time system , dubbed `` Made for You '' , was in development for a number of years and aimed to deliver to customers `` fresher , hotter food '' ; enable patrons to receive special - order sandwiches ( a perk long offered by rivals Burger King and Wendy 's ) ; and allow new menu items to be more easily introduced thanks to the system 's enhanced flexibility . The expensive changeover was expected to cost about $25,000 per restaurant , with McDonald 's offering to pay for about half of the cost ; the company planned to provide about $190 million in financial assistance to its franchisees before implementation was completed by year - end 1999 . In May 1998 , Greenberg was named president and CEO of McDonald 's Corporation , with Quinlan remaining chairman ; at the same time Alan D. Feldman , who had joined the company only four years earlier from Pizza Hut , replaced Greenberg as president of McDonald 's U.S.A. , an unusual move for a company whose executives typically were long - timers . The following month brought another first , McDonald 's first job cuts . The company said it would eliminate 525 employees from its headquarters staff , a cut of about 23 percent . In the second quarter of 1998 McDonald 's took a $160 million charge in relation to the cuts . As a result , the company , for the first time since it went public in 1965 , recorded a decrease in net income , from $1.64 billion in 1997 to $1.55 billion in 1998 . McDonald 's followed up its investment in Chipotle with several more moves beyond the burger business . In March 1999 the company bought Aroma Café , a UK chain of 23 upscale coffee and sandwich shops . In July of that year McDonald 's added Donatos Pizza , a midwestern chain of 143 pizzerias based in Columbus , Ohio . Donatos had revenues of $120 million in 1997 . In 1999 , McDonald 's 25,000 th unit opened , Greenberg took on the additional post of chairman , and Jim Cantalupo was named company president . Cantalupo , who had joined the company as controller in 1974 and later became head of McDonald 's International , had been vice-chairman , a position he retained . In May 2000 McDonald 's completed its largest acquisition yet , buying the bankrupt Boston Market chain for $173.5 million in cash and debt . At the time , there were more than 850 Boston Market outlets , which specialized in home - style meals , with rotisserie chicken the lead menu item . Revenue at Boston Market during 1999 totaled $670 million . McDonald 's rounded out its acquisition spree in early 2001 by buying a 33 percent stake in Pret A Manger , an upscale urban - based chain specializing in ready - to - eat sandwiches made on the premises . There were more than 110 Pret shops in the United Kingdom and several more in New York City . Also during 2001 , McDonald 's sold off Aroma Café and took its McDonald 's Japan affiliate public , selling a minority stake through an initial public offering . 2000s ( edit ) As it was exploring new avenues of growth , however , McDonald 's core burger chain had become plagued by problems . Most prominently , the Made for You system backfired . Although many franchisees believed that it succeeded in improving the quality of the food , it also increased service times and proved labor - intensive . Some franchisees also complained that the actual cost of implementing the system ran much higher than the corporation had estimated , a charge that McDonald 's contested . In any case , there was no question that Made for You failed to reverse the chain 's sluggish sales . Growth in sales at stores open more than a year ( known as same - store sales ) fell in both 2000 and 2001 . Late in 2001 the company launched a restructuring involving the elimination of about 850 positions , 700 of which were in the US , and several restaurant closings . In 2000 , a McDonald 's in Dearborn , Michigan in Greater Detroit was the first one in Michigan and the only one east of the Mississippi River to offer halal food for Muslim customers . There were further black eyes as well . McDonald 's was sued in 2001 after it was revealed that for flavoring purposes a small amount of beef extract was being added to the vegetable oil used to cook the french fries . The company had cooked its fries in beef tallow until 1990 , when it began claiming in ads that it used 100 percent vegetable oil . McDonald 's soon apologized for any `` confusion '' that had been caused by its use of the beef flavoring , and in mid-2002 it reached a settlement in the litigation , agreeing to donate $10 million to Hindu , vegetarian , and other affected groups . Also in 2001 , further embarrassment came when 51 people were charged with conspiring to rig McDonald 's game promotions over the course of several years . It was revealed that $24 million of winning McDonald 's game tickets had been stolen as part of the scam . McDonald 's was not implicated in the scheme , which centered on a worker at an outside company that had administered the promotions . McDonald 's also had to increasingly battle its public image as a purveyor of fatty , unhealthy food . Consumers began filing lawsuits contending that years of eating at McDonald 's had made them overweight . McDonald 's responded by introducing low - calorie menu items and switching to a more healthful cooking oil for its french fries . McDonald 's franchises overseas became a favorite target of people and groups expressing anti-American and / or anti-globalization sentiments . In August 1999 a group of protesters led by farmer José Bové destroyed a half - built McDonald 's restaurant in Millau , France . In 2002 Bové , who gained fame from the incident , served a three - month jail sentence for the act , which he said was in protest against U.S. trade protectionism . McDonald 's was also one of three multinational corporations ( along with Starbucks Corporation and Nike , Inc . ) whose outlets in Seattle were attacked in late 1999 by some of the more aggressive protesters against a World Trade Organization meeting taking place there . In the early 2000s McDonald 's pulled out of several countries , including Bolivia and two Middle Eastern nations , at least in part because of the negative regard with which the brand was held in some areas . Early in 2002 , Cantalupo retired after 28 years of service . Sales remained lackluster that year , and in October the company attempted to revive U.S. sales through the introduction of a low - cost Dollar Menu . In December 2002 , after this latest initiative to reignite sales growth failed and also after profits fell in seven of the previous eight quarters , Greenberg announced that he would resign at the end of the year . Cantalupo came out of retirement to become chairman and CEO at the beginning of 2003 . Cantalupo started his tenure by announcing a major restructuring that involved the 2002 quarterly loss , which included the closure of more than 700 restaurants ( mostly in the United States and Japan ) , the elimination of 600 jobs , and charges of $853 million . The charges resulted in a fourth - quarter 2002 loss of $343.8 million , the first quarterly loss in McDonald 's 38 years as a public company . The new CEO also shifted away from the company 's traditional reliance on growth through the opening of new units to a focus on gaining more sales from existing units . By 2003 , with Ray Kroc 's McDonald 's Corporation nearly 50 and the McDonald 's fast food restaurant concept itself old enough to qualify for AARP membership , the brand had perhaps become too familiar and sales figures stalled . Analysts , management , owners , and customers alike recognized that the aged chain required revivification . The question in need of solution was : How should McDonald 's reinvent itself without losing its core values and maintain relevance in the marketplace ? To that end , several new menu items were successfully launched , including entree salads , McGriddles breakfast sandwiches ( which used pancakes in place of bread ) , and white - meat Chicken McNuggets . Some outlets began test - marketing fruits and vegetables as Happy Meal options . It was quickly determined that focus on customer experience was key in reversing the slippage . Then , a new global marketing campaign was adopted which was designed around the notion of the `` Rolling Energy '' phase . Launched on September 29 , 2003 , the campaign began featuring youthful images , hip music , and pop culture celebrities touting the tagline , `` I 'm lovin ' it '' . Next , James R. Cantalupo was called back from retirement to head the corporation and its efforts to recapture golden luster . His plan was to keep things simple with a focus on the basics like customer service , clean restrooms , and reliable appealing food ( not unlike Ray Kroc 's mantra of QSC and V : Quality , Service , Cleanliness , and Value ) . In addition to the basics he determined to position the company with a more modern coherent image in order to foster a McDonald 's `` experience '' for customers . More than an advertising campaign he and his team approved sweeping new architecture for McDonald 's restaurants , the first major overhaul since 1969 when the now universally recognized signature double mansard roof became standard . In fact , Mr. Cantalupo personally approved abandonment of the ubiquitous and familiar mansard in favor of what became the `` Forever Young '' prototype topped with its swish eyebrow . This was the first global campaign in McDonald 's history , as the new slogan was to be used in advertising in more than 100 countries . It also proved to be the first truly successful ad campaign in years ; sales began rebounding , helped also by improvements in service . Cantalupo did not live to see the fruits of his labor and he died in 2004 just as his modern vision for McDonald 's was getting underway . Nonetheless he had set things into motion causing a paradigm shift for the company resulting in a refreshed image without a dilution of brand identity . In December 2003 , for instance , same - store sales increased 7.3 percent . Same - store sales rose 2.4 percent for the entire year , after falling 2.1 percent in 2002 . Also , in that month , McDonald 's announced that it would further its focus on its core hamburger business by downsizing its other ventures . The company said that it would sell Donatos back to that chain 's founder . In addition , it would discontinue development of non-McDonald's brands outside of the United States . This included Boston Market outlets in Canada and Australia and Donatos units in Germany . McDonald 's kept its minority investment in Pret A Manger , but McDonald 's Japan was slated to close its Pret units there . These moves would enable the company to concentrate its international efforts on the McDonald 's chain , while reducing the non-hamburger brands in the United States to Chipotle and Boston Market , both of which were operating in the black . McDonald 's continued to curtail store openings in 2004 and to concentrate on building business at existing restaurants . Much of the more than $1.5 billion budgeted for capital expenditures in 2004 was slated to be used to remodel existing restaurants . McDonald 's also aimed to pay down debt by $400 million to $700 million and to return approximately $1 billion to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases . Cantalupo also set several long - term goals , such as sustaining annual systemwide sales and revenue growth rates of 3 to 5 percent . In a move to both simplify the menu and make its offerings less fattening , McDonald 's announced in March 2004 that it would phase out Super Size french fries and soft drinks by the end of the year . In the 1960s , the 1970s , the 1980s , and the 1990s , `` no loitering '' had been McDonald 's motto . Ray Kroc had decreed upon the origins of his version of the chain that pay telephones , jukeboxes , and vending machines of any kind were forbidden at McDonald 's restaurants . The goal had been to quickly serve customers and not force them to stay in the restaurants any longer than it took them to eat a hamburger . Along that line of thinking , dining areas were designed with minimalist hard plastic tables and chairs which were more often than not bolted in place . Thus customers consumed their fast food in scant comfort without dillydally allowing room for the next hurrying customers . With the new `` Forever Young '' design ( adopted in 2006 ) , the first major redesign since 1969 , McDonald 's turned a new page for itself . New and remodeled restaurants feature dining zones with `` distinct personalities '' . Most of them offer three sections or zones . A linger zone was designed to accommodate people who were inclined to dawdle and socialize while sitting comfortably on armchairs or sofas using free wifi access . Another zone offers counters and stools for patrons in a hurry who might just grab and go . The third and perhaps most important zone is the one for families or groups where seating arrangements can be reconfigured to meet a variety of needs . Also , harsh colors and hard plastics have been replaced with custom earth tones and flexible padded fabric covered booth seating all in hopes of engaging diners to loiter and perhaps spend more money and in addition to architecture and furnishings , the McDonald 's menu has been tweaked to offer a larger variety of what the corporation refers to as more healthy food . McDonald 's franchises are required to follow the directions of the parent company and perhaps more than a few have complained about the Forever Young changes . First , customers needed to recognize the mansard buildings and identify McDonald 's with them -- a new look may initially generate some degree of confusion . The next objection is cost : as of 2008 , a newly built swish - brow store was said to cost upwards of $1 million and renovation of an existing unit to meet the new standards as much as $400,000 . With a large percentage of sales from drive - in business , franchises could argue that the expensive interior redesign is unwarranted for their bottom lines . 2010s ( edit ) In May 2010 , McDonald 's redesigned its US website to a sleeker , HTML 5 friendly interface . Along with those changes , McDonald 's also introduced new advertising material to its website , including the unveiling of new pictures used exclusively for in - restaurant ads , television commercials , print advertising , and online advertising , which consist of more realistic pictures of its products , which are now up close and face the camera instead of facing left or right . In July 2011 , McDonald 's announced that their largest restaurant in the world would be built on the 2012 London Olympics site . The restaurant contains over 1,500 seats and is half the length of an American football field . Over 470 staff were employed serving on average ( during the 2012 Olympics ) 100,000 portions of fries , 50,000 Big Macs and 30,000 Milkshakes . This restaurant will overshadow the current largest McDonald 's in the world in Moscow , Russia . In January 2012 , the company announced revenue for 2011 reached an all - time high of $27 billion , and that 2,400 restaurants would be updated and 1,300 new ones opened worldwide . In the middle of the decade , the restaurant began to suffer from declining profits . In response , McDonald 's began to offer its breakfast menu all day starting in 2015 . At first , the launch was unpopular with franchisees who claimed that the changes caused service to slow down . However , the plan payed off with CNBC reporting that the company 's fourth quarter earning `` easily topped analysts ' forecasts '' . Timeline ( edit ) 1937 : Patrick McDonald opens a food and drinks stand called `` The Airdrome '' on historic Route 66 ( now Huntington Drive ) near the Monrovia Airport in Monrovia , California . 1940 : Brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald move The Airdrome building 40 miles ( 64 km ) east to San Bernardino , California , where they open the first McDonald 's restaurant , near U.S. Route 66 , at West 14th St and 1398 North E St. , on May 15 . Its menu consisted of 25 items , mostly barbecue . As was common at the time , they employed around 20 carhops . It became a popular and highly profitable teen hangout . 1948 : After noticing that almost all of their profits came from hamburgers , the brothers closed the restaurant for several months to remodel it and implement their innovative `` Speedee Service System '' , a streamlined assembly line for hamburgers . The carhops are fired , and when the restaurant reopens it sells only hamburgers , milkshakes , and french fries . At 15 cents , the burgers are about half as expensive as at standard diners , and they are served immediately . The restaurant is extremely successful , and its fame spreads by word of mouth . McDonald 's Sign circa 1955 1952 : The brothers hire Southern California architect Stanley Clark Meston to design a replacement for the San Bernardino stand which is to have even greater efficiency and a more eye - catching appearance . Meston and his assistant Charles Fish deliver the Golden Arches design . 1952 : The brothers begin to franchise their restaurant . The first franchisee is Neil Fox . 1953 : Fox 's McDonald 's opens in May in Phoenix , Arizona at N. Central Ave and Indian School Road . It is the first to feature the Golden Arches design . 1953 : The third McDonald 's restaurant , franchised to Roger Williams and Burdette Landon , opens in Downey , California at the corner of Lakewood Blvd and Florence Avenue . Today it is the oldest McDonald 's restaurant still in operation . 1954 : Entrepreneur and milkshake - mixer salesman Ray Kroc becomes fascinated by the McDonald 's restaurant during a sales visit , when he learns of its extraordinary capacity and popularity . Others who had visited the restaurant and come away inspired were James McLamore , founder of Burger King , and Glen Bell , founder of Taco Bell . After seeing the restaurant in operation , Kroc approaches the McDonald brothers , who have already begun franchising , with a proposition to let him franchise McDonald 's restaurants outside the company 's home base of California and Arizona , with himself as the first franchisee . Kroc works hard to sell McDonald 's franchises . Ray Kroc 's first franchised restaurant , the tenth - ever location at Blackstone and Shields Avenues ( though torn down and rebuilt twice ) in Fresno , California . 1955 : Ray Kroc founds `` McDonald 's Systems , Inc . '' on March 2 , as a legal structure for his planned franchises . Kroc opens the ninth McDonald 's restaurant in Des Plaines , Illinois , in suburban Chicago on April 15 . 1955 : Ray Kroc hires Fred L. Turner ( later CEO and Chairman ) as a grillman in his store in Des Plaines . 1957 : The original restaurant in San Bernardino is rebuilt with a golden arches design . 1958 : First New England location opens in Hamden , Connecticut . 1958 : McDonald 's worldwide sells its 100 millionth hamburger . 1958 : First Tampa Bay Area location of McDonald 's opens in Tampa , Florida . 1959 : First Hawaii location opens in Honolulu . 1959 : First New York location opens in Buffalo . 1959 : The 100th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Fond du Lac , Wisconsin . 1959 : McDonald 's begins billboard advertising . 1960s ( edit ) 1960 : First Massachusetts location of McDonald 's opens in Boston . 1960 : First Alaska location opens in Juneau . 1960 : Kroc 's company is renamed `` McDonald 's Corporation '' . 1961 : The McDonald brothers agree to sell Kroc business rights to their operation for $2.7 million , a sum that Kroc borrows from a number of investors , including Princeton University ; Kroc considers the sum extreme , and it strains his relationship with the brothers . In a handshake agreement , the brothers would also receive an overriding royalty of 1 % on the gross sales . At the closing table the brothers told Kroc that they were giving the real estate and rights to the original unit to the founding employees . Kroc closed the transaction , then refused to acknowledge the royalty portion of the agreement because it was n't in writing . The brothers keep their original restaurant , but in an oversight they fail to retain the right to remain a McDonald 's franchise . It was renamed `` The Big M '' , while Kroc drives it out of business by opening a McDonald 's just one block north ; he attended the opening in person . Had the brothers maintained their original agreement , which granted them 0.5 % of the chain 's annual revenues , they or their heirs would have been collecting in excess of $100 million per year today . Had Kroc adhered to the handshake agreement , these royalties would now be over $200 million a year . 1961 : Hamburger University opens in the basement of the Elk Grove Village , Illinois , McDonald 's restaurant . First Bachelor of Hamburgerology degrees were awarded to a graduating class of 15 . 1961 : The first McDonald 's in Georgia opens in Doraville . 1962 : McDonald 's first national magazine ad appears in Life magazine . 1962 : The first McDonald 's restaurant with seating opens in Denver , Colorado . 1962 : Market research shows that people identify McDonald 's primarily with the golden arches ; in response , the Speedee character is dropped and the Golden Arches logo is introduced . 1963 : One of Kroc 's marketing insights is his decision to advertise McDonald 's hamburgers to families and children . Washington , D.C. franchisees John Gibson and Oscar Goldstein ( Gee Gee Distributing Corporation ) sponsor a children 's show on WRC - TV called Bozo the Clown , a franchised character played by Willard Scott from 1959 until 1962 . After the show was cancelled , Goldstein hires Scott to portray McDonald 's new mascot , named Ronald McDonald . According to Scott , they wanted to pay him in stock , but Scott decided to take the money . Scott , looking nothing like the familiar appearance of any McDonaldland character as is known today , appeared in the first three television advertisements featuring the character . After changing the character 's first name to `` Ronald '' and replacing Scott with a new actor , and giving him the more familiar red , white , and yellow clown features , the character eventually spreads to the rest of the country via an advertising campaign . Years later , an entire cast of `` McDonaldland '' characters is developed . 1963 : The Filet - O - Fish is introduced in Cincinnati , Ohio , in a restaurant located in a neighborhood dominated by Roman Catholics who practiced abstinence ( the avoidance of meat ) on Fridays . It is the first new addition to the original menu , and goes national the following year , with fish supplied by Gorton 's of Gloucester . See also Lou Groen 1963 : McDonald 's sells its one billionth hamburger . 1963 : The 500th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Toledo , Ohio . 1964 : McDonald 's issues its first annual report . 1964 : First Rhode Island location opens in Warwick , Rhode Island . 1965 : Third New England location opens in Windsor , Connecticut . 1967 : The first McDonald 's restaurant in a territory of the United States opens in San Juan , Puerto Rico . 1967 : The first McDonald 's restaurant outside the United States opens in Richmond , British Columbia . 1967 : The chain 's stand - alone restaurant design which is still most common today , with mansard roof and indoor seating , is introduced . 1968 : The Big Mac ( similar to the Big Boy hamburger ) , the brainchild of Jim Delligatti , one of Ray Kroc 's earliest franchisees , who by the late 1960s operated a dozen stores in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , is first introduced in the Pittsburgh market in 1967 , before going system / nationwide a year later , following its great local success . The Hot Apple Pie is also introduced this year . 1968 : The 1000th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Des Plaines , Illinois . 1969 : McDonald 's begins building new mansard roof locations in the United States to replace the double arch - styled drive - in locations that had been the company 's standard design since the 1950s . The first mansard roof McDonald 's restaurant opens that same year in Matteson , Illinois . 1970s ( edit ) An early - 1970s McDonald 's sign in Austin , Minnesota , showing the number of burgers sold . From 1969 , the number was displayed in billions , increasing with every 5 billion . When the total reached 100 billion in 1993 , the signs of this era were changed to display 99 billion permanently , as there was only room for two digits , though some signs use the `` Billions and Billions Served '' tagline . 1970 : McDonald 's opens in Costa Rica , its third country after the United States and Canada . 1970 : Having changed hands in 1968 , the original `` Big M '' restaurant closes . It is demolished two years later , with only part of the sign remaining ; this has since been restored . 1971 : The first Asian McDonald 's opens in July in Japan , in Tokyo 's Ginza district . 1971 : On August 21 , the first European McDonald 's outlet opens , in Zaandam ( near Amsterdam ) in the Netherlands . The franchisee is Ahold . 1971 : The first McDonald 's in Germany ( Munich ) opens in November . It is the first McDonald 's to sell alcohol , as it offers beer . Other European countries follow in the early 1970s . 1971 : Maurice McDonald dies on December 11 1971 : The first Australian McDonald 's opens in the Sydney suburb of Yagoona in December . The restaurant becomes known locally as `` Maccas '' . 1972 : The McDonald 's system generates $1 billion in sales through 2200 restaurants . 1972 : The 2000th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Des Plaines , Illinois . 1972 : The first McDonald 's in France opens , in Créteil , even though the company officially recognizes the first outlet in Strasbourg in 1979 . 1973 : The first McDonald 's Playland opens in Chula Vista , California . 1973 : The first Swedish McDonald 's restaurant opens in Stockholm , 23 October . 1973 : The Quarter Pounder is introduced . 1973 : The Egg McMuffin , invented by Herb Peterson , owner and operator of a Santa Barbara franchise , is introduced to the menu . 1974 : On November 13 , the first McDonald 's in the United Kingdom opens in Woolwich , southeast London . It is the company 's 3000th restaurant . 1974 : The first Ronald McDonald House opens in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . 1975 : The first Hong Kong McDonald 's opens in January in Paterson Street , in Causeway Bay , Hong Kong Island . It is also the first McDonald 's restaurant in Greater China and the Four Asian Tigers . 1975 : Drive - Thru is introduced in January in Sierra Vista , Arizona in order to serve meals to soldiers from nearby Fort Huachuca who were not allowed to wear BDUs while off post except while in a vehicle . The Drive - Thru is later known as `` McDrive '' in some countries . 1976 : The first McDonald 's in Switzerland , on Rue du Mont - Blanc in Geneva . 1976 : McDonald 's pays its first cash dividend 1978 : The 5000th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Kanagawa , Japan . 1978 : Hamburger University celebrates the graduation of its 15,000 th student . 1979 : The Happy Meal is introduced in the U.S. 1979 : The first McDonald 's in Southeast Asia opens , in Singapore . 1979 : The first McDonald 's in South America opens , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . 1980s ( edit ) A McDonald 's in a Toronto , Ontario , Canada Wal - Mart store . McDonald 's in Barcelona , Spain 1980 : McDonald 's introduces the McChicken sandwich , its first poultry item . It flops , and is removed from the menu , but is later reintroduced after Chicken McNuggets prove successful . 1980 : The Chicken McNuggets are introduced to the menu and instantly become a success by early 1983 . 1980 : The 6000th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Munich , Germany . 1981 : The first Ronald McDonald House outside the U.S. opens in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . 1981 : The first McDonald 's in the Philippines opens , in Morayta , Manila . 1982 : The first McDonald 's in Malaysia opens , at Jalan Bukit Bintang , Kuala Lumpur . 1982 : McDonald 's stages an in - house rivalry between the Chicken McNuggets and the Big Mac as the advertising campaign involved the slogan `` Which will be number one ? '' . 1983 : After gaining much success , the McNuggets begin rolling out nationwide starting in January . 1984 : The first McDonald 's in Taiwan opens in January , at Songshan District , Taipei . 1984 : Ray Kroc dies on January 14 . 1984 : The company is a main sponsor of the 1984 Summer Olympics . Its U.S. restaurants lose money on the game `` When The US Wins , You Win '' after the Soviet bloc nations boycott the Games , leading to a high number of medals won by the U.S ( this is later parodied in an episode of The Simpsons , with Krusty the Klown 's Krusty Burger chain suffering a similar fate ) . 1984 : McDonald 's introduces it 's newest burger , the McDLT . Which stood for McDonald 's lettuce and tomato burger that was served in specifically designed two - sided container . The meat on the bottom half of the bun were placed separately from the lettuce , American cheese , pickles , sauces and top half of the bun . 1984 : On 18 July , James Huberty committed the worst mass murder ( at the time ) in the US , when he opened fire at the San Ysidro branch , killing 21 people before he was gunned down by a SWAT team sniper . 1985 : McDonald 's opens its first restaurant in Italy , in Bolzano . 1985 : Saul Kahan opens the first McDonald 's restaurant in Mexico City , Mexico . 1986 : Ali Vardar opens the first McDonald 's restaurant in İstanbul , Turkey . 1986 : The first McDonald 's is opened in Cuba on Guantanamo Bay Naval Base . It is currently the only location in the country due to the Cuban trade embargo , and is run by the Department of the Navy . 1987 : The first Macauese McDonald 's opens on the Rua do Campo , Macau . It is also the first McDonald 's restaurant in Portugal when Macau was under the control of Portugal . 1987 : On August 12 , a Piper Cheyenne , which started in Augsburg , Germany , was on a simulated approach to Munich 's main airport Riem , when all instruments failed . The plane crashed into the McDonald 's restaurant in the Wasserburger Landstrasse . Fourteen people were killed in the incident : 4 in the plane , 3 on the street or in a bus , which was also struck by the plane , and 7 in the restaurant . The McDonald 's in the Wasserburger Landstrasse has since been rebuilt . 1987 : On 23 November , The first Scottish store opened in Dundee , followed by Kirkcaldy. 13 years after McDonald 's first appeared in Britain . 1988 : The first Korean McDonald 's restaurant opens in March , in Seoul 's Apgujeong - dong district . 1988 : McDonald 's opens its first restaurant in a communist country , in Belgrade , Yugoslavia ( now Serbia ) . Budapest , Hungary follows in the same year . 1990s ( edit ) McDonald 's in Moscow , Russia McDonald 's in Saint Petersburg , Russia McDonald 's in Sanya , Hainan ( China ) . This one is a soft drink / ice cream stand . 1990 : On January 31 , the first Soviet McDonald 's opens , in Moscow . At the time it is the largest McDonald 's in the world . Although this has been described as being opened by McDonald 's Canada `` for political reasons '' this was completely untrue . All of the McDonald 's restaurants in all of the former Soviet Union are wholly owned by McDonald 's Canada with no input from the U.S. parent company ; a wall display within the restaurant shows the Canadian and Soviet flags . ( again because the US parent was not involved at all ) To overcome Soviet supply problems , the company creates its own supply chain , including farms , within the USSR . Unlike other foreign investments , the restaurant accepts rubles , not dollars , and is extremely popular , with waiting lines of several hours common in its early days . 1990 : Many other McDonald 's restaurants open in Eastern Europe . 1990 : In October , the first McDonald 's opens in mainland China , in the city and Special Economic Zone ( SEZ ) of Shenzhen , Guangdong province . 1990 : In November opens its first restaurant in Chile . 1991 : McDonald 's opens its first restaurant in Portugal ( except Macau ) , in Lisbon 's Cascaishopping . 1992 : The first McDonald 's opens in Africa , in Casablanca , Morocco . 1992 : Stella Liebeck receives third - degree burns from coffee purchased at a McDonald 's drive - through . She sued in what became known as the McDonald 's coffee case . 1992 : Derek Wood , an employee , and two friends rob a McDonald 's in Sydney River , Nova Scotia , killing three and severely injuring another . Wood is serving a life sentence for his role in the Sydney River McDonald 's murders . 1992 : On April 23 , the world 's largest McDonald 's opens in Beijing , China ( over 700 seats ) . Along with adjacent buildings , it is later demolished . 1992 : On April 28 , seven McDonald 's restaurants are bombed in Taiwan , killing one policeman and injuring four . 1992 : The first Polish McDonald 's restaurant opens in Warsaw , 17 June . 1992 : The fried apple pie is replaced with a baked apple pie . 1993 : The company launches its first seagoing restaurant aboard the Finnish cruiseferry Silja Europa , sailing between Helsinki and Stockholm . 1993 : On December 8 , McDonald 's opens its golden arches in Saudi Arabia for the first time . 1993 : McCafé is launched in Melbourne , Australia by Ann Brown . By 2002 the chain had spread to 13 countries worldwide . The first one in America was launched in 2001 . By 2003 it was the largest coffee shop brand in Australia and New Zealand . 1993 : McDonald 's Holiday Film Festival has Paramount Videocassettes ( such as the children 's classic Charlotte 's Web or the smash hit Ghost , The Addams Family or Wayne 's World ) , however Paramount Videocassettes are not seen at McDonald 's restaurant during the 1993 holiday season . 1994 : The Catalyst Award is given to McDonald 's in honour of their program to foster leadership development in women . 1994 : McDonald 's Holiday Film Fest has MCA / Universal Videocassettes ( such as Field of Dreams , Back to the Future , The Land Before Time and Fievel Goes West ) . 1995 : McDonald 's receives complaints from franchisees that too many franchises are being granted , leading to competition among franchisees . McDonald 's starts conducting market impact studies before granting further franchises . 1995 : In an effort to cultivate a more `` adult '' image , McDonald 's launches the Arch Deluxe sandwich with a massive ad campaign . Both the campaign and sandwich fail miserably and are quickly discontinued . 1995 : Following the end of apartheid , the first McDonald 's in South Africa opens at McDonald 's Blackheath . 1996 : First McDonald 's opens in Belarus , marking the chain 's 100th country ( by its own calculation ; however , this total included many non-sovereign territories ) . At the opening ceremony , the Belarusian militia are accused of brutality toward members of the public hoping to enter the restaurant in Minsk . 1996 : First McDonald 's opens in Lima , Peru , managed by Operaciones Arcos Dorados de Perú S.A. 1996 : The first Indian McDonald 's opens . 1997 : McDonald 's wins the `` McLibel '' case , in what many consider to be a Pyrrhic victory in terms of the company 's image . Only about half of the counts are in McDonald 's favour despite enormous legal resources deployed against self - representing defendants . 1997 : McDonald 's has Hercules Happy Meal with two toys from Disney 's thirty - fifth animated feature . 1997 : The McFlurry is invented by a Canadian franchise . 1998 : Richard McDonald dies on July 14 . 1998 : Jack M. Greenberg succeeds Michael R. Quinlan as CEO . 1998 : The first Pakistani McDonald 's opens in Lahore immediately followed by a branch in Karachi after one week . 1998 : Disney / Pixar and McDonald 's begins their 7 - year promotional partnership . 1999 : First McDonald 's restaurant opens in Tbilisi , Georgia . Jack Greenberg is elevated to Chairman and CEO . 1999 : leftist activist José Bové and others gain worldwide attention when they destroy a half - built McDonald 's franchise in Millau ( Aveyron ) . The incident follows a European Union ban on American meat imports , on the grounds that they use hormone treatments ; in response the U.S. had increased import duties on French Roquefort cheese and other European Union products . Bové was sentenced to three months in prison for his role in the incident . 2000s ( edit ) 2000 : Eric Schlosser publishes Fast Food Nation , a book critical of fast food in general and McDonald 's in particular . 2000 : The company opens its 1000th British store , inside the Millennium Dome . 2001 : The FBI reports that employees of Simon Worldwide , a company hired by McDonald 's to provide promotion marketing services for Happy Meals and the ' Millionaire ' / ' Monopoly ' contest , stole winning game pieces worth more than $20 million . 2002 : A survey in Restaurants and Institutions magazine ranks McDonald 's 15th in food quality among hamburger chains , highlighting the company 's failure to enforce standards across its franchise network . 2002 : McDonald 's posts its first quarterly loss ( $344 m ) , for the last quarter . It responds to the stiff competition from other fast - food restaurants , offering higher quality burgers and more variety , by attempting to move more upmarket by expanding its menu and refitting restaurants . It announces it is withdrawing from three countries ( including Bolivia ) and closing 175 underperforming restaurants . 2002 : In October of this year , McDonald 's opens the first of 2 corporate stores in Lincoln , Nebraska to test concept restaurant called `` 3N1 '' . The concept incorporated a `` Sandwich & Platter '' casual dining area , a `` bakery and ice cream '' area featuring gourmet coffees , and a traditional McDonald 's into one building . The second store is launched approximately six months later . The concept is spearheaded by Tom Ryan , who was Executive Vice President and Chief Concept Officer at the time . The concept is abandoned in less than a year , and Ryan leaves McDonald 's to join Quiznos Sub . 2002 : McDonald 's introduces a new menu board design featuring realistic photos of its products against a blue - white gradient background . 2003 : James Richard Cantalupo is elected Chairman and Chief Operating Officer , succeeding Jack M. Greenberg . Just prior to assuming his post Cantalupo shuts down Project Innovate , a global consulting project that had already spent $170 million of a projected 5 - year budget of $1.2 billion . 2003 : McDonald 's starts a global marketing campaign which promotes a new healthier and higher - quality image . The campaign was labeled `` I 'm lovin ' it '' and begins simultaneously in more than 100 countries around the world . 2003 : According to Technomic , a market research firm , McDonald 's share of the U.S. market had fallen three percentage points in five years and was at 15.2 % . 2003 : The firm reports a $126 M USD loss for the fourth quarter . 2003 : McDonald 's introduces their premium salads , the McGriddles and the chicken selects . 2004 : Morgan Spurlock directs and stars in Super Size Me , a documentary film in which he eats nothing but McDonald 's food for 30 days to the supposed detriment of his health . 2004 : After the release of Super Size Me , McDonald 's does away with their Supersize options . 2004 : Chairman and CEO Jim Cantalupo dies suddenly at the age of 60 in his hotel room of an apparent heart attack while attending the annual franchisee convention in Orlando , FL on April 19 . A 30 - year veteran of the organization , Cantalupo had previously served as President and CEO of McDonald 's International . He is credited with introducing the premium salad line and reformulating Chicken McNuggets to include leaner , all - white meat . Andrew J. McKenna , Sr. , a prominent Chicago businessman and a McDonald 's director , is elected Nonexecutive Chairman , and Charlie Bell of Sydney , Australia , is elected President and CEO of McDonald 's Corporation . A month later Bell is diagnosed with colorectal cancer during a physical exam required for his new post and dies in January of the next year . Like retired chairman and former CEO Fred L. Turner , Bell began his McDonald 's career as a crew member . He was promoted frequently , serving as the corporation 's Chief Operating Officer and as President of both McDonald 's Europe and of the Asia / Pacific , Middle East and Africa Group . 2005 : Jim Skinner is elected President and CEO . Skinner began his McDonald 's career as a trainee restaurant manager at a McDonald 's in Carpentersville , Illinois in 1971 after serving nearly ten years with the US Navy . 2005 : McDonald 's experiments with call centers for drive - through orders . The center , located in Fargo , North Dakota , takes orders from more than a dozen stores in Oregon and Washington . The experiment is in part motivated by labor costs , since the minimum wage in North Dakota is over 40 % lower than that in Oregon or Washington . 2005 : Owing in part to competitive pressure , McDonald 's Australia adopts `` Made for you '' cooking platform in which the food is prepared from pre-cooked meat after the customer orders ( as opposed to the firm 's normal procedure since 1948 , in which the food is cooked then sold as needed ) . It should become standard practice in all Australian restaurants by 2007 . Some restaurants in New Zealand also follow suit . The practice had earlier been tested , and abandoned , in the U.S. 2005 : McDonald 's in Singapore began their McDelivery service : customers place their food orders over the phone , and it is delivered to wherever they are . The service is available 24 hours a day , 7 days a week . 2005 : McDonald 's opens a Wi - Fi service in selected restaurants with Nintendo DS video games . 2005 : A fired employee with Asperger 's Syndrome , who was terminated for hitting a customer , murders his former manager at a McDonald 's outlet in West Sussex , England . Shane Freer ( 20 ) stabbed Jackie Marshall ( 57 ) to death during a children 's party at the fast food restaurant she was supervising . Freer was convicted and sentenced to life in prison by Lewes Crown Court . 2005 : Ronald McDonald gets a leaner , sportier look . 2006 : McDonald 's announces that it will include nutritional information on the packaging for all products beginning in March and that its upcoming menu changes will emphasize chicken , salads , and other `` fresh foods '' rather than hamburgers . 2006 : McDonald 's begins their `` forever young '' branding by redesigning their restaurants . 2006 : Anna Svidersky is murdered by David Sullivan while working in an Anderson Road McDonald 's in Vancouver , Washington . 2006 : McDonald 's and Disney end their 20 - year promotional partnership . 2006 : DreamWorks Animation and McDonald 's begins promotional partnership . 2007 : McDonald 's reintroduces its 42 - ounce super-size soda under the name Hugo . 2008 : McDonald 's introduces the McSkillet burrito . This larger breakfast consists of scramble eggs , red & green bell peppers , onions , potatoes , salsa and sausage wrapped in a flour tortilla . 2008 : McDonald 's introduces the Chicken Biscuit and the Southern Style Chicken Sandwich . 2008 : In November , McDonald 's starts phasing in new designs for their containers . On October 31 , they also introduced a new menu board design featuring warmer , darker colors , more realistic photos with the food on plates and drinks in glasses . The design hit nationwide in 2009 and expanded across the world through 2010 . 2009 : 20th Century Fox and McDonald 's begins promotional partnership . 2009 : McDonald 's introduces three versions of Angus Burgers : Angus Deluxe , Angus Bacon & Cheese , and Angus Mushroom & Swiss . 2009 : First McDonald 's opens in Cusco , Peru . Since 1996 a total of 21 McDonald 's , 8 McCafé and 36 soft drink / ice cream stands are opened in Lima and across Peru . 20 more McDonald 's are scheduled to be opened in the next two fiscal years . 2010s ( edit ) McDonald 's Next in Admiralty Centre , Hong Kong 2010 : McDonald 's introduces Real Fruit smoothies and the Angus Snack Wrap . 2010 : McDonald 's introduces Fruit & Maple Oatmeal to its menu . 2010 : Subway surpasses McDonald 's as the largest single - brand restaurant chain and the largest restaurant operator globally . 2011 : McDonald 's reintroduces the Asian salad . 2011 : McDonald 's makes a deal with the Marine Stewardship Council to certify the fish used for the Filet - O - Fish sold in Europe . 2012 : McDonald 's begins posting the calories count for items on the menus and menu boards in the drive - thru . 2013 : First McDonald 's burger restaurant franchise in Vietnam was awarded to the son in law of the Vietnamese prime minister . 2013 : McDonald 's Australia trials home delivery in selected areas of Sydney , with online ordering available through Menulog 2014 : ( October ) McDonald 's Australia trials custom made burgers with the choice of buns , cheese , sauces etc . This was launched at the Castle Hill Store in Sydney . 2015 : Steve Easterbrook succeeded the previous CEO Don Thompson who stepped down on 28 January . 2015 : United States roll - out of all - day breakfast ( breakfast menu available during store hours ) 2015 : The first McDonald 's Next store opened in Hong Kong . 2016 : McDonald 's withdraws the Step - It activity tracker , which is worn on the wrist , and was given away with Happy Meals to children in the US and Canada . There were fears that the devices caused skin irritation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hess , Alan ( March 1986 ) . `` The Origins of McDonald 's Golden Arches '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 45 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 67 . JSTOR 990129 . doi : 10.2307 / 990129 . Jump up ^ Skrabec , Quentin R. ; Skrabec Jr. , Quentin R. ( 2012 ) . The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Bryson , Bill ( 1994 ) . Made in America . p. 338 . Jump up ^ Hess , Alan . `` The oldest McDonald 's as Architecture '' . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald Brothers '' . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.daily-chronicle.com/2016/02/16/from-the-archives-dekalbs-first-mcdonalds/a192lnf/ Jump up ^ Smith , Craig S. ( November 7 , 2002 ) . `` North Sea Cod Crisis Brings Call for Nations to Act '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hepözden , Rosemary ( 2011 ) . O'Flaherty , Brian , ed . Golden Arches under Southern Skies : Celebrating 35 years of McDonald 's in New Zealand . in co-op with McDonald 's Restaurants ( NZ ) Ltd . Auckland : Renaissance Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9864521 - 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Your Hamburger , What 's Your Hurry ? : Fast food : A tiny prefabricated McDonald 's going up at the 32nd Street Naval Station will be missing something : seats . '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Symotiuk , Rose ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Shenzhen then and now : Dongmen '' . That 's Shenzhen . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Restaurant caters to Muslim customers . '' The Detroit News . September 28 , 2000 . Retrieved on July 5 , 2013 . `` A Dearborn McDonald 's has become the first McDonald 's restaurant in the state and the only McDonald 's east of the Mississippi to offer food acceptable to strict Muslim dietary laws . The McDonald 's at 14860 Michigan , east of Greenfield , now offers halal McNuggets . Halal is an Arabic word meaning lawful , or permitted . Halal meat is prepared according to the dictates of the Koran , much like kosher food . Muslims are ( ... ) '' Available from the archives of The Detroit News : Article ID det8723702 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Unveils Chicken McBites '' . Los Angeles Times . 2012 - 01 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : ( cite web title = McDonald 's franchisees say all - day breakfast launch a disaster url = http://klfy.com/2015/10/17/mcdonalds-franchisees-say-all-day-breakfast-launch-a-disaster/%7Cwebsite=KFLY%7Caccessdate=15 September 2017 ) ) Jump up ^ Little , Katie . `` McDonald 's all - day breakfast ? The wait is over for some '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul R. `` McDonald 's sales soar thanks to all day breakfast '' . CNBC . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Downey , CA - World 's Oldest Operating McDonald 's '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Macca 's opened in memory lane '' . The Australian Business Review . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ 1972 : Ray Kroc and the Fast Food Industry Jump up ^ `` A historic anniversary : 35 years since the opening of Britain 's first McDonald 's '' . Telegraph Blogs . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . McDonald 's . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sydney Morning Herald - Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years of Big Macs as McDonald 's marks Scottish anniversary '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh. 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's cumple 20 años de presencia en Chile '' . La Segunda. 16 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://app.McDonald's.com/countries/usa/whatsnew/pressrelease/2002/10112002/ Jump up ^ http://www.mcdepk.com/McDonald's3n1restaurant/index.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ McDougal , Paul ( 2006 - 10 - 16 ) . `` 8 Expensive IT Blunders '' . Information Week . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . ( Ambiguous , may be 8 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ Day , Sherri ( March 3 , 2003 ) . `` McDonald 's Strives to Regain Ground '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's on track for recovery '' . BBC News . January 26 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's CEO '' . Jump up ^ `` Big Mac 's Makeover : McDonald 's Turned Around '' . The Economist. 2004 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Former President and CEO Charlie Bell Dies of Cancer '' . McDonald 's Press Release . 2005 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . ( Ambiguous , may be 8 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Corporation Biographies : Jim Skinner '' . McDonald 's Corporation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Arndt , Michael ( 2004 - 11 - 23 ) . `` What McDonald 's Newest Cook Faces '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Life term for McDonald 's killing '' . BBC News . September 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ http://biz.yahoo.com/rb/060116/leisure_McDonald's.html?.v=1 Jump up ^ http://money.cnn.com/2006/01/16/news/companies/McDonald 's . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Subway Runs Past McDonald 's Chain '' . wsj.com . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Jolly , David ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` McDonald 's to market eco-friendly fish to Europeans '' . International Herald Tribune . Paris . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's to post calories for items on menu boards '' . USA Today . September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's to open its first location in Vietnam . '' Associated Press at Houston Chronicle . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved on July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's - North Parramatta '' . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Good Food -- McDonald 's home delivery takes off across Australia '' . Good Food . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Macleod , Duncan . `` McDonalds Create Your Taste in Learning Lab Restaurant '' . The Inspiration Room . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Steve Easterbrook Jump up ^ Don Thompson ( executive ) Jump up ^ Lezare , Lewis ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Inside McDonald 's marketing game plan for the all - day breakfast rollout -- part two '' . Chicago Business Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's drops wearable over claims it can cause rash '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) McDonald 's <Td_colspan="2"> History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. Turner Company Hamburger University Leaps and Bounds McBarge McCafé McDonald 's # 1 Store Museum McDonald 's ( Will Rogers Turnpike ) Oldest McDonald 's restaurant Rock N Roll McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House Charities Products Beef Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Deluxe line Kiwiburger Quarter Pounder ( McRoyal ) Chicken Chicken McNuggets McChicken Other Deli Choices Filet - O - Fish Georgie Pie Happy Meal McArabia McGriddles McMuffin McRib Premium line Shamrock Shake Former Arch Deluxe McAfrika Advertising Campaigns Changeables Global Gladiators Golden Arches Mac Tonight McDonaldland McDonald 's Monopoly McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure M.C. Kids McKids Ronald McDonald Teenie Beanies The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Sponsorships Kyle Larson ( NASCAR ) Jamie McMurray ( NASCAR ) Graham Rahal ( IndyCar Series ) McDonald 's All - American Game McDonald 's Championship McDonald 's Championship ( golf ) McDonald 's Cycle Center McDonald 's Gospelfest McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium Related Burger wars Donald Land Fast food advertising Mac and Me ( 1988 film ) McDonald 's sign ( Pine Bluff , Arkansas ) Supersize Branches Canada Israel New Zealand Criticism Fast Food Nation ( film ) McDonaldization McDonald 's Videogame McJob McRefugee McLibel Maxime , McDuff & McDo Super Size Me Do n't Eat This Book Legal cases Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Magee v. McDonald 's McDonald 's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Related McDelivery Big Mac Index Bill Elliott McDonald 's Young Entertainers McWords San Ysidro McDonald 's massacre `` Seriously McDonalds '' Sydney River McDonald 's murders Taiwan McDonald 's bombings Urban legends Boom , Like That The Founder ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_McDonald%27s&oldid=807345891 '' Categories : History of companies of the United States History of food and drink McDonald 's Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 11 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Early history of McDonald's
2. Expansion and growth in the 1960s and 1970s
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4. McDonald's success in the 1980s and 1990s
5. McDonald's international expansion and diversification |
9,136,861,260,218,762,000 | gloria we lied we can't go on | Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - wikipedia Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You `` I Love You Baby '' redirects here . For the film of that name , see I Love You Baby ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the 1967 US single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Frankie Valli <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Frankie Valli : Solo B - side `` The Trouble With Me '' Released May 1967 ( 1967 - 05 ) Format 7 '' Recorded April 1967 Genre Soft rock , soul Length 2 : 58 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Bob Crewe Bob Gaudio Producer ( s ) Bob Crewe <Th_colspan="2"> Frankie Valli singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Proud One '' ( 1966 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 1967 ) `` I Make a Fool of Myself '' ( 1967 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli . The song was among his biggest hits , earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week , stuck behind `` Windy '' by The Association . It was co-written by Bob Gaudio , a bandmate of Valli 's in The Four Seasons . It was Valli 's biggest solo hit until he hit # 1 in 1974 with `` My Eyes Adored You '' . `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' has had hundreds of cover versions , many of which have been on the charts in different countries . The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks , even being featured as part of the plot of some films , such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song . Its chorus has also become a popular football chant , with supporters of various teams inserting their club 's name or a popular player 's name into the beat ( for instance , A.S. Roma fans sing `` Francesco Totti , la la , la la la la ! '' ) . The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake - up song on the STS - 126 space shuttle mission , to celebrate the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson , one of the mission 's crew members . Contents 1 Credits 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable cover versions 3.1 1967 -- 1969 3.2 1970 -- 1989 3.3 1990 -- 1999 3.4 2000 -- 2009 3.5 2010 -- present 4 References 5 External links Credits ( edit ) The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio . Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio . The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue , with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone engineering . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 18 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box Notable cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years , in many countries , under both versions of the title . A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts : 1967 -- 1969 ( edit ) The Lettermen ( # 7 in 1967 , in a medley with `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' ) A version by Andy Williams made it to # 5 on the UK singles chart in 1968 . The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam . This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones 's Diary . In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song , as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen , which reached # 23 in the UK singles charts . Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him . Nancy Wilson ( # 52 in 1969 ) Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love . The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil , only released on the UK / European version of the album . 1970 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1970 , Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today . In 1972 , Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series , Dean Martin Presents : The Bobby Darin Amusement Company , and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back . In 1974 , Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon . In 1975 , Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show . Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976 . In 1978 actors Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter . Maureen McGovern ( # 27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979 ; # 5 Canadian AC in 1980 ) . In 1982 , San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands , Belgium , Spain and number four in the United Kingdom . This version was also successful in Japan , receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011 , and is also on games such as Just Dance 4 . In 1987 , Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album , Why . In 1989 , Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys . 1990 -- 1999 ( edit ) 1991 , onwards various versions from by disco singer Gloria Gaynor . 1991 , Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2 's `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which reached # 4 in the U.K. and # 72 in the U.S. 1992 , Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song ( including a rap segment by Darrell Bell ) , which peaked at # 5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts . 1993 , the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads ( 1993 ) . 1998 , Lauryn Hill ( # 35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and # 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and # 8 on the Australian Singles Charts ) . This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999 . 1999 , Heath Ledger sang the song in the film 10 Things I Hate About You . 1999 , Denise Richards sang the song in the film Drop Dead Gorgeous . 2000 -- 2009 ( edit ) 2000 , Japanese singer Ringo Sheena , for the single `` Tsumi to Batsu '' . 2000 , Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station . 2000 , Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous . 2001 , Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single . 2001 , British group Muse , for the single `` Dead Star '' / `` In Your World '' . 2002 , Japanese singer Tommy february6 , on her eponymous album . 2004 , Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song , `` No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú '' , which reached # 33 on the Latin charts . 2004 , Bad Manners , for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners 2005 , Jamie Kennedy , for The Son of the Mask . 2006 , Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties . 2007 , Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby . 2008 , John Barrowman recorded a cover for his album Music Music Music . 2008 , Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty . 2008 , Frankie Valli 's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake - up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson , in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS - 126 Space Shuttle mission . 2010 -- present ( edit ) In 2010 , A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist . In 2010 , Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True . In 2011 , Japanese R&B singer Misia , included a cover of the song as a B - side to her single `` Kioku '' . The song was later included on her cover album , Misia no Mori : Forest Covers . In 2011 , Taiwanese - American singer - songwriter Joanna Wang , included a cover of the song on her cover album , The Things We Do for Love . 2011 , Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed . The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed 's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign . In 2013 , South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ~ Girls&Peace ~ and 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace . In 2013 , the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy , and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother 's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album , Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2014 , John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli . He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005 . Jessie J recorded her version in 2016 , for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever . Valli 's version appears in two 2018 TV commercials , one for Applebee 's , and another for Heineken . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . 1967 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . The Billboard book of number 1 hits . p. 398 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , July 15 , 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Musicoutfitters.com '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Love , Andy by Andy Williams , album sleeve , 1967 . New York : Columbia Records CS 9566 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - lijst van week 24 , 1982 '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 74 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JAARLIJST 1992 '' . Members.chello.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Coneheads - Original Soundtrack Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic. 1993 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill Awards '' . AllMusic. 1975 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` MP3 file '' . Spaceflight.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Girls ' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour Set List . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Applebee 's 2 For $20 TV Commercial , ' I Love You , Baby ' Song by Frankie Valli '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heineken TV Commercial , ' Perfect Introduction ' Song By Frankie Valli '' . ispot.tv . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 16 . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database <Th_colspan="2"> Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers <Th_colspan="2"> The Four Seasons <Td_colspan="2"> Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach ... Hal David ... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits ( 1966 ) Lets Hang On ( 1966 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Silence Is Golden '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book : The Four Seasons <Th_colspan="2"> Jimmy Somerville <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Dare to Love Manage the Damage Home Again Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Nancy Wilson Albums Like in Love Something Wonderful The Swingin 's Mutual ! Nancy Wilson / Cannonball Adderley Broadway -- My Way Hollywood -- My Way Yesterday 's Love Songs / Today 's Blues Today , Tomorrow , Forever The Nancy Wilson Show ! Tender Loving Care Lush Life Welcome to My Love But Beautiful Love , Nancy A Nancy Wilson Christmas R.S.V.P. ( Rare Songs , Very Personal ) Turned to Blue Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` You 've Got Your Troubles '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` She Called Me Baby '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Related articles Discography Jazz Profiles <Th_colspan="2"> The Lettermen <Td_colspan="2"> Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie ? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&oldid=854689532 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1969 singles Songs written by Bob Crewe Songs written by Bob Gaudio Frankie Valli songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Jay and the Americans songs Andy Williams songs Lauryn Hill songs Barry Manilow songs The Lettermen songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Schlager songs Maureen McGovern songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in the Netherlands Song recordings produced by Bob Crewe 1967 songs Philips Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 03 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" - Frankie Valli's hit single
2. Cover versions of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
3. Popularity and success of the song
4. Use of the song in television, film, and sports
5. Notable artists who have covered the song |
4,896,797,303,514,297,000 | where does a dna strand begin to replicate itself | DNA replication - wikipedia DNA replication Jump to : navigation , search DNA replication : The double helix is un'zipped ' and unwound , then each separated strand ( turquoise ) acts as a template for replicating a new partner strand ( green ) . Nucleotides ( bases ) are matched to synthesize the new partner strands into two new double helices . In molecular biology , DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule . This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance . The cell possesses the distinctive property of division , which makes replication of DNA essential . DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands . During replication , these strands are separated . Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart , a process referred to as semiconservative replication . Cellular proofreading and error - checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication . In a cell , DNA replication begins at specific locations , or origins of replication , in the genome . Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands results in replication forks growing bi-directionally from the origin . A number of proteins are associated with the replication fork to help in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis . Most prominently , DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands by adding nucleotides that complement each ( template ) strand . DNA replication occurs during the S - stage of interphase . DNA replication can also be performed in vitro ( artificially , outside a cell ) . DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used to initiate DNA synthesis at known sequences in a template DNA molecule . The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , a common laboratory technique , cyclically applies such artificial synthesis to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA . Contents ( hide ) 1 DNA structures 2 DNA polymerase 3 Replication process 3.1 Initiation 3.2 Elongation 3.3 Replication fork 3.3. 1 Leading strand 3.3. 2 Lagging strand 3.3. 3 Dynamics at the replication fork 3.4 DNA replication proteins 3.5 Replication machinery 3.6 Termination 4 Regulation 4.1 Eukaryotes 4.1. 1 Replication focus 4.2 Bacteria 5 Polymerase chain reaction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References DNA structures ( edit ) DNA usually exists as a double - stranded structure , with both strands coiled together to form the characteristic double - helix . Each single strand of DNA is a chain of four types of nucleotides . Nucleotides in DNA contain a deoxyribose sugar , a phosphate , and a nucleobase . The four types of nucleotide correspond to the four nucleobases adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine , commonly abbreviated as A , C , G and T. Adenine and guanine are purine bases , while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines . These nucleotides form phosphodiester bonds , creating the phosphate - deoxyribose backbone of the DNA double helix with the nuclei bases pointing inward ( i.e. , toward the opposing strand ) . Nucleotides ( bases ) are matched between strands through hydrogen bonds to form base pairs . Adenine pairs with thymine ( two hydrogen bonds ) , and guanine pairs with cytosine ( stronger : three hydrogen bonds ) . DNA strands have a directionality , and the different ends of a single strand are called the `` 3 ' ( three - prime ) end '' and the `` 5 ' ( five - prime ) end '' . By convention , if the base sequence of a single strand of DNA is given , the left end of the sequence is the 5 ' end , while the right end of the sequence is the 3 ' end . The strands of the double helix are anti-parallel with one being 5 ' to 3 ' , and the opposite strand 3 ' to 5 ' . These terms refer to the carbon atom in deoxyribose to which the next phosphate in the chain attaches . Directionality has consequences in DNA synthesis , because DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3 ' end of a DNA strand . The pairing of complementary bases in DNA ( through hydrogen bonding ) means that the information contained within each strand is redundant . Phosphodiester ( intra-strand ) bonds are stronger than hydrogen ( inter-strand ) bonds . This allows the strands to be separated from one another . The nucleotides on a single strand can therefore be used to reconstruct nucleotides on a newly synthesized partner strand . DNA polymerase ( edit ) Main article : DNA polymerase DNA polymerases adds nucleotides to the 3 ' end of a strand of DNA . If a mismatch is accidentally incorporated , the polymerase is inhibited from further extension . Proofreading removes the mismatched nucleotide and extension continues . DNA polymerases are a family of enzymes that carry out all forms of DNA replication . DNA polymerases in general can not initiate synthesis of new strands , but can only extend an existing DNA or RNA strand paired with a template strand . To begin synthesis , a short fragment of RNA , called a primer , must be created and paired with the template DNA strand . DNA polymerase adds a new strand of DNA by extending the 3 ' end of an existing nucleotide chain , adding new nucleotides matched to the template strand one at a time via the creation of phosphodiester bonds . The energy for this process of DNA polymerization comes from hydrolysis of the high - energy phosphate ( phosphoanhydride ) bonds between the three phosphates attached to each unincorporated base . Free bases with their attached phosphate groups are called nucleotides ; in particular , bases with three attached phosphate groups are called nucleoside triphosphates . When a nucleotide is being added to a growing DNA strand , the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the proximal phosphate of the nucleotide to the growing chain is accompanied by hydrolysis of a high - energy phosphate bond with release of the two distal phosphates as a pyrophosphate . Enzymatic hydrolysis of the resulting pyrophosphate into inorganic phosphate consumes a second high - energy phosphate bond and renders the reaction effectively irreversible . In general , DNA polymerases are highly accurate , with an intrinsic error rate of less than one mistake for every 10 nucleotides added . In addition , some DNA polymerases also have proofreading ability ; they can remove nucleotides from the end of a growing strand in order to correct mismatched bases . Finally , post-replication mismatch repair mechanisms monitor the DNA for errors , being capable of distinguishing mismatches in the newly synthesized DNA strand from the original strand sequence . Together , these three discrimination steps enable replication fidelity of less than one mistake for every 10 nucleotides added . The rate of DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage - infected E. coli . During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 ° C , the rate was 749 nucleotides per second . The mutation rate per base pair per replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per 10 . Replication process ( edit ) Main articles : Prokaryotic DNA replication and Eukaryotic DNA replication DNA replication , like all biological polymerization processes , proceeds in three enzymatically catalyzed and coordinated steps : initiation , elongation and termination . Initiation ( edit ) Role of initiators for initiation of DNA replication . Formation of pre-replication complex . For a cell to divide , it must first replicate its DNA . This process is initiated at particular points in the DNA , known as `` origins '' , which are targeted by initiator proteins . In E. coli this protein is DnaA ; in yeast , this is the origin recognition complex . Sequences used by initiator proteins tend to be `` AT - rich '' ( rich in adenine and thymine bases ) , because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds ( rather than the three formed in a C-G pair ) and thus are easier to strand separate . Once the origin has been located , these initiators recruit other proteins and form the pre-replication complex , which unzips the double - stranded DNA . Elongation ( edit ) DNA polymerase has 5 ' - 3 ' activity . All known DNA replication systems require a free 3 ' hydroxyl group before synthesis can be initiated ( note : the DNA template is read in 3 ' to 5 ' direction whereas a new strand is synthesized in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction -- this is often confused ) . Four distinct mechanisms for DNA synthesis are recognized : All cellular life forms and many DNA viruses , phages and plasmids use a primase to synthesize a short RNA primer with a free 3 ' OH group which is subsequently elongated by a DNA polymerase . The retroelements ( including retroviruses ) employ a transfer RNA that primes DNA replication by providing a free 3 ′ OH that is used for elongation by the reverse transcriptase . In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages , the 3 ' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein ( the terminal protein ) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand . In the single stranded DNA viruses -- a group that includes the circoviruses , the geminiviruses , the parvoviruses and others -- and also the many phages and plasmids that use the rolling circle replication ( RCR ) mechanism , the RCR endonuclease creates a nick in the genome strand ( single stranded viruses ) or one of the DNA strands ( plasmids ) . The 5 ′ end of the nicked strand is transferred to a tyrosine residue on the nuclease and the free 3 ′ OH group is then used by the DNA polymerase to synthesize the new strand . The first is the best known of these mechanisms and is used by the cellular organisms . In this mechanism , once the two strands are separated , primase adds RNA primers to the template strands . The leading strand receives one RNA primer while the lagging strand receives several . The leading strand is continuously extended from the primer by a DNA polymerase with high processivity , while the lagging strand is extended discontinuously from each primer forming Okazaki fragments . RNase removes the primer RNA fragments , and a low processivity DNA polymerase distinct from the replicative polymerase enters to fill the gaps . When this is complete , a single nick on the leading strand and several nicks on the lagging strand can be found . Ligase works to fill these nicks in , thus completing the newly replicated DNA molecule . The primase used in this process differs significantly between bacteria and archaea / eukaryotes . Bacteria use a primase belonging to the DnaG protein superfamily which contains a catalytic domain of the TOPRIM fold type . The TOPRIM fold contains an α / β core with four conserved strands in a Rossmann - like topology . This structure is also found in the catalytic domains of topoisomerase Ia , topoisomerase II , the OLD - family nucleases and DNA repair proteins related to the RecR protein . The primase used by archaea and eukaryotes , in contrast , contains a highly derived version of the RNA recognition motif ( RRM ) . This primase is structurally similar to many viral RNA - dependent RNA polymerases , reverse transcriptases , cyclic nucleotide generating cyclases and DNA polymerases of the A / B / Y families that are involved in DNA replication and repair . In eukaryotic replication , the primase forms a complex with Pol α . Multiple DNA polymerases take on different roles in the DNA replication process . In E. coli , DNA Pol III is the polymerase enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication . It assembles into a replication complex at the replication fork that exhibits extremely high processivity , remaining intact for the entire replication cycle . In contrast , DNA Pol I is the enzyme responsible for replacing RNA primers with DNA . DNA Pol I has a 5 ' to 3 ' exonuclease activity in addition to its polymerase activity , and uses its exonuclease activity to degrade the RNA primers ahead of it as it extends the DNA strand behind it , in a process called nick translation . Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions . In eukaryotes , the low - processivity enzyme , Pol α , helps to initiate replication because it forms a complex with primase . In eukaryotes , leading strand synthesis is thought to be conducted by Pol ε ; however , this view has recently been challenged , suggesting a role for Pol δ . Primer removal is completed Pol δ while repair of DNA during replication is completed by Pol ε . As DNA synthesis continues , the original DNA strands continue to unwind on each side of the bubble , forming a replication fork with two prongs . In bacteria , which have a single origin of replication on their circular chromosome , this process creates a `` theta structure '' ( resembling the Greek letter theta : θ ) . In contrast , eukaryotes have longer linear chromosomes and initiate replication at multiple origins within these . Replication fork ( edit ) Scheme of the replication fork . a : template , b : leading strand , c : lagging strand , d : replication fork , e : primer , f : Okazaki fragments Many enzymes are involved in the DNA replication fork . The replication fork is a structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication . It is created by helicases , which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together . The resulting structure has two branching `` prongs '' , each one made up of a single strand of DNA . These two strands serve as the template for the leading and lagging strands , which will be created as DNA polymerase matches complementary nucleotides to the templates ; the templates may be properly referred to as the leading strand template and the lagging strand template . DNA is always synthesized in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction . Since the leading and lagging strand templates are oriented in opposite directions at the replication fork , a major issue is how to achieve synthesis of nascent ( new ) lagging strand DNA , whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork . Leading strand ( edit ) The leading strand is the strand of nascent DNA which is being synthesized in the same direction as the growing replication fork . A polymerase `` reads '' the leading strand template and adds complementary nucleotides to the nascent leading strand on a continuous basis . Lagging strand ( edit ) The lagging strand is the strand of nascent DNA whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork . Because of its orientation , replication of the lagging strand is more complicated as compared to that of the leading strand . As a consequence , the DNA polymerase on this strand is seen to `` lag behind '' the other strand . The lagging strand is synthesized in short , separated segments . On the lagging strand template , a primase `` reads '' the template DNA and initiates synthesis of a short complementary RNA primer . A DNA polymerase extends the primed segments , forming Okazaki fragments . The RNA primers are then removed and replaced with DNA , and the fragments of DNA are joined together by DNA ligase . Dynamics at the replication fork ( edit ) The assembled human DNA clamp , a trimer of the protein PCNA . As helicase unwinds DNA at the replication fork , the DNA ahead is forced to rotate . This process results in a build - up of twists in the DNA ahead . This build - up forms a torsional resistance that would eventually halt the progress of the replication fork . Topoisomerases are enzymes that temporarily break the strands of DNA , relieving the tension caused by unwinding the two strands of the DNA helix ; topoisomerases ( including DNA gyrase ) achieve this by adding negative supercoils to the DNA helix . Bare single - stranded DNA tends to fold back on itself forming secondary structures ; these structures can interfere with the movement of DNA polymerase . To prevent this , single - strand binding proteins bind to the DNA until a second strand is synthesized , preventing secondary structure formation . Clamp proteins form a sliding clamp around DNA , helping the DNA polymerase maintain contact with its template , thereby assisting with processivity . The inner face of the clamp enables DNA to be threaded through it . Once the polymerase reaches the end of the template or detects double - stranded DNA , the sliding clamp undergoes a conformational change that releases the DNA polymerase . Clamp - loading proteins are used to initially load the clamp , recognizing the junction between template and RNA primers . DNA replication proteins ( edit ) At the replication fork , many replication enzymes assemble on the DNA into a complex molecular machine called the replisome . The following is a list of major DNA replication enzymes that participate in the replisome : Enzyme Function in DNA replication DNA Helicase Also known as helix destabilizing enzyme . Helicase separates the two strands of DNA at the Replication Fork behind the topoisomerase . DNA Polymerase The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the addition of nucleotide substrates to DNA in the 5 ' to 3 ' direction during DNA replication . Also performs proof - reading and error correction . There exist many different types of DNA Polymerase , each of which perform different functions in different types of cells . DNA clamp A protein which prevents elongating DNA polymerases from dissociating from the DNA parent strand . Single - Strand Binding ( SSB ) Proteins Bind to ssDNA and prevent the DNA double helix from re-annealing after DNA helicase unwinds it , thus maintaining the strand separation , and facilitating the synthesis of the nascent strand . Topoisomerase Relaxes the DNA from its super-coiled nature . DNA Gyrase Relieves strain of unwinding by DNA helicase ; this is a specific type of topoisomerase DNA Ligase Re-anneals the semi-conservative strands and joins Okazaki Fragments of the lagging strand . Primase Provides a starting point of RNA ( or DNA ) for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new DNA strand . Telomerase Lengthens telomeric DNA by adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes . This allows germ cells and stem cells to avoid the Hayflick limit on cell division . Replication machinery ( edit ) Replication machineries consist of factors involved in DNA replication and appearing on template ssDNAs . Replication machineries include primosotors are replication enzymes ; DNA polymerase , DNA helicases , DNA clamps and DNA topoisomerases , and replication proteins ; e.g. single - stranded DNA binding proteins ( SSB ) . In the replication machineries these components coordinate . In most of the bacteria , all of the factors involved in DNA replication are located on replication forks and the complexes stay on the forks during DNA replication . These replication machineries are called replisomes or DNA replicase systems . These terms are generic terms for proteins located on replication forks . In eukaryotic and some bacterial cells the replisomes are not formed . Since replication machineries do not move relatively to template DNAs such as factories , they are called a replication factory . In an alternative figure , DNA factories are similar to projectors and DNAs are like as cinematic films passing constantly into the projectors . In the replication factory model , after both DNA helicases for leading strands and lagging strands are loaded on the template DNAs , the helicases run along the DNAs into each other . The helicases remain associated for the remainder of replication process . Peter Meister et al. observed directly replication sites in budding yeast by monitoring green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) - tagged DNA polymerases α . They detected DNA replication of pairs of the tagged loci spaced apart symmetrically from a replication origin and found that the distance between the pairs decreased markedly by time . This finding suggests that the mechanism of DNA replication goes with DNA factories . That is , couples of replication factories are loaded on replication origins and the factories associated with each other . Also , template DNAs move into the factories , which bring extrusion of the template ssDNAs and nascent DNAs . Meister 's finding is the first direct evidence of replication factory model . Subsequent research has shown that DNA helicases form dimers in many eukaryotic cells and bacterial replication machineries stay in single intranuclear location during DNA synthesis . The replication factories perform disentanglement of sister chromatids . The disentanglement is essential for distributing the chromatids into daughter cells after DNA replication . Because sister chromatids after DNA replication hold each other by Cohesin rings , there is the only chance for the disentanglement in DNA replication . Fixing of replication machineries as replication factories can improve the success rate of DNA replication . If replication forks move freely in chromosomes , catenation of nuclei is aggravated and impedes mitotic segregation . Termination ( edit ) Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome , so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome . Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes , DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes . Due to this problem , DNA is lost each replication cycle from the end of the chromosome . Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA close to the ends and help prevent loss of genes due to this shortening . Shortening of the telomeres is a normal process in somatic cells . This shortens the telomeres of the daughter DNA chromosome . As a result , cells can only divide a certain number of times before the DNA loss prevents further division . ( This is known as the Hayflick limit . ) Within the germ cell line , which passes DNA to the next generation , telomerase extends the repetitive sequences of the telomere region to prevent degradation . Telomerase can become mistakenly active in somatic cells , sometimes leading to cancer formation . Increased telomerase activity is one of the hallmarks of cancer . Termination requires that the progress of the DNA replication fork must stop or be blocked . Termination at a specific locus , when it occurs , involves the interaction between two components : ( 1 ) a termination site sequence in the DNA , and ( 2 ) a protein which binds to this sequence to physically stop DNA replication . In various bacterial species , this is named the DNA replication terminus site - binding protein , or Ter protein . Because bacteria have circular chromosomes , termination of replication occurs when the two replication forks meet each other on the opposite end of the parental chromosome . E. coli regulates this process through the use of termination sequences that , when bound by the Tus protein , enable only one direction of replication fork to pass through . As a result , the replication forks are constrained to always meet within the termination region of the chromosome . Regulation ( edit ) Main articles : Cell division and Cell cycle The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells . Eukaryotes ( edit ) Within eukaryotes , DNA replication is controlled within the context of the cell cycle . As the cell grows and divides , it progresses through stages in the cell cycle ; DNA replication takes place during the S phase ( synthesis phase ) . The progress of the eukaryotic cell through the cycle is controlled by cell cycle checkpoints . Progression through checkpoints is controlled through complex interactions between various proteins , including cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases . Unlike bacteria , eukaryotic DNA replicates in the confines of the nucleus . The G1 / S checkpoint ( or restriction checkpoint ) regulates whether eukaryotic cells enter the process of DNA replication and subsequent division . Cells that do not proceed through this checkpoint remain in the G0 stage and do not replicate their DNA . Replication of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes occurs independently of the cell cycle , through the process of D - loop replication . Replication focus ( edit ) In vertebrate cells , replication sites concentrate into positions called replication foci . Replication sites can be detected by immunostaining daughter strands and replication enzymes and monitoring GFP - tagged replication factors . By these methods it is found that replication foci of varying size and positions appear in S phase of cell division and their number per nucleus is far smaller than the number of genomic replication forks . P. Heun et al. ( 2001 ) tracked GFP - tagged replication foci in budding yeast cells and revealed that replication origins move constantly in G1 and S phase and the dynamics decreased significantly in S phase . Traditionally , replication sites were fixed on spatial structure of chromosomes by nuclear matrix or lamins . The Heun 's results denied the traditional concepts , budding yeasts do n't have lamins , and support that replication origins self - assemble and form replication foci . By firing of replication origins , controlled spatially and temporally , the formation of replication foci is regulated . D.A. Jackson et al. ( 1998 ) revealed that neighboring origins fire simultaneously in mammalian cells . Spatial juxtaposition of replication sites brings clustering of replication forks . The clustering do rescue of stalled replication forks and favors normal progress of replication forks . Progress of replication forks is inhibited by many factors ; collision with proteins or with complexes binding strongly on DNA , deficiency of dNTPs , nicks on template DNAs and so on . If replication forks stall and the remaining sequences from the stalled forks are not replicated , the daughter strands have nick obtained un-replicated sites . The un-replicated sites on one parent 's strand hold the other strand together but not daughter strands . Therefore , the resulting sister chromatids can not separate from each other and can not divide into 2 daughter cells . When neighboring origins fire and a fork from one origin is stalled , fork from other origin access on an opposite direction of the stalled fork and duplicate the un-replicated sites . As other mechanism of the rescue there is application of dormant replication origins that excess origins do n't fire in normal DNA replication . Bacteria ( edit ) Dam methylates adenine of GATC sites after replication . Most bacteria do not go through a well - defined cell cycle but instead continuously copy their DNA ; during rapid growth , this can result in the concurrent occurrence of multiple rounds of replication . In E. coli , the best - characterized bacteria , DNA replication is regulated through several mechanisms , including : the hemimethylation and sequestering of the origin sequence , the ratio of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) to adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , and the levels of protein DnaA . All these control the binding of initiator proteins to the origin sequences . Because E. coli methylates GATC DNA sequences , DNA synthesis results in hemimethylated sequences . This hemimethylated DNA is recognized by the protein SeqA , which binds and sequesters the origin sequence ; in addition , DnaA ( required for initiation of replication ) binds less well to hemimethylated DNA . As a result , newly replicated origins are prevented from immediately initiating another round of DNA replication . ATP builds up when the cell is in a rich medium , triggering DNA replication once the cell has reached a specific size . ATP competes with ADP to bind to DnaA , and the DnaA - ATP complex is able to initiate replication . A certain number of DnaA proteins are also required for DNA replication -- each time the origin is copied , the number of binding sites for DnaA doubles , requiring the synthesis of more DnaA to enable another initiation of replication . See also : Plasmid , Plasmid copy number , and Plasmid partition system Polymerase chain reaction ( edit ) Main article : Polymerase chain reaction Researchers commonly replicate DNA in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) . PCR uses a pair of primers to span a target region in template DNA , and then polymerizes partner strands in each direction from these primers using a thermostable DNA polymerase . Repeating this process through multiple cycles amplifies the targeted DNA region . At the start of each cycle , the mixture of template and primers is heated , separating the newly synthesized molecule and template . Then , as the mixture cools , both of these become templates for annealing of new primers , and the polymerase extends from these . As a result , the number of copies of the target region doubles each round , increasing exponentially . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA replication . Autopoiesis Data storage device Self - replication Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The energetics of this process may also help explain the directionality of synthesis -- if DNA were synthesized in the 3 ' to 5 ' direction , the energy for the process would come from the 5 ' end of the growing strand rather than from free nucleotides . The problem is that if the high energy triphosphates were on the growing strand and not on the free nucleotides , proof - reading by removing a mismatched terminal nucleotide would be problematic : Once a nucleotide is added , the triphosphate is lost and a single phosphate remains on the backbone between the new nucleotide and the rest of the strand . If the added nucleotide were mismatched , removal would result in a DNA strand terminated by a monophosphate at the end of the `` growing strand '' rather than a high energy triphosphate . So strand would be stuck and would n't be able to grow anymore . In actuality , the high energy triphosphates hydrolyzed at each step originate from the free nucleotides , not the polymerized strand , so this issue does not exist . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Imperfect DNA replication results in mutations . Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 27 : DNA Replication , Recombination , and Repair '' . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . External link in chapter = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . `` 5DNA Replication , Repair , and Recombination '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . External link in chapter = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 27 , Section 4 : DNA Replication of Both Strands Proceeds Rapidly from Specific Start Sites '' . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . External link in chapter = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alberts , B. , et al. , Molecular Biology of the Cell , Garland Science , 4th ed. , 2002 , pp. 238 -- 240 ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 Jump up ^ Allison , Lizabeth A. Fundamental Molecular Biology . Blackwell Publishing . 2007 . p. 112 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0379 - 4 Jump up ^ Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L , Clarke ND ( 2002 ) . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . Chapter 27 , Section 2 : DNA Polymerases Require a Template and a Primer ^ Jump up to : McCulloch , Scott D ; Kunkel , Thomas A ( January 2008 ) . `` The fidelity of DNA synthesis by eukaryotic replicative and translesion synthesis polymerases '' . Cell Research . 18 ( 1 ) : 148 -- 161 . doi : 10.1038 / cr. 2008.4 . PMC 3639319 . PMID 18166979 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , David ; Minner , Charles ; Bernstein , Harris ; Bernstein , Carol ( October 1976 ) . `` DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild - type phage T4 and a DNA - delay amber mutant '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 106 ( 4 ) : 963 -- 981 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 76 ) 90346 - 6 . PMID 789903 . Jump up ^ Drake JW ( 1970 ) The Molecular Basis of Mutation . Holden - Day , San Francisco ISBN 0816224501 ISBN 978 - 0816224500 Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Chapter 5 : DNA Replication Mechanisms Jump up ^ Weigel C , Schmidt A , Rückert B , Lurz R , Messer W ( November 1997 ) . `` DnaA protein binding to individual DnaA boxes in the Escherichia coli replication origin , oriC '' . The EMBO Journal . 16 ( 21 ) : 6574 -- 83 . doi : 10.1093 / emboj / 16.21. 6574 . PMC 1170261 . PMID 9351837 . Jump up ^ Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky LS , Matsudaira P , Baltimore D , Darnell J ( 2000 ) . Molecular Cell Biology . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3136 - 3 . 12.1 . General Features of Chromosomal Replication : Three Common Features of Replication Origins Jump up ^ Aravind , L. ; Leipe , D.D. ; Koonin , E.V. ( 1998 ) . `` Toprim -- a conserved catalytic domain in type IA and II topoisomerases , DnaG - type primases , OLD family nucleases and RecR proteins '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 26 ( 18 ) : 4205 -- 4213 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 26.18. 4205 . PMC 147817 . PMID 9722641 . Jump up ^ Frick , David ; Richardson , Charles ( July 2001 ) . `` DNA Primases '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 70 : 39 -- 80 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 70.1. 39 . PMID 11395402 . Jump up ^ Barry , Elizabeth R. ; Bell , Stephen D. ( 8 December 2006 ) . `` DNA Replication in the Archaea '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 70 ( 4 ) : 876 -- 887 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 00029 - 06 . PMC 1698513 . PMID 17158702 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stillman , Bruce ( July 2015 ) . `` Reconsidering DNA Polymerases at the Replication Fork in Eukaryotes '' . Molecular Cell. 59 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 141 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2015.07. 004 . PMC 4636199 . PMID 26186286 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Distinguishing the pathways of primer removal during Eukaryotic Okazaki fragment maturation Contributor Author Rossi , Marie Louise . Date Accessioned : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Date Available : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Date Issued : 2009 - 02 - 23T17 : 05 : 09Z . Identifier Uri : http://hdl.handle.net/1802/6537 . Description : Dr. Robert A. Bambara , Faculty Advisor . Thesis ( PhD ) -- School of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Rochester . UR only until January 2010 . UR only until January 2010 . Jump up ^ Huberman , Joel A. ; Riggs , Arthur D. ( March 1968 ) . `` On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 32 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 341 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 68 ) 90013 - 2 . PMID 5689363 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . DNA Replication Mechanisms : DNA Topoisomerases Prevent DNA Tangling During Replication Jump up ^ Reece , Richard J. ; Maxwell , Anthony ; Wang , James C. ( 26 September 2008 ) . `` DNA Gyrase : Structure and Function '' . Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 26 ( 3 - 4 ) : 335 -- 375 . doi : 10.3109 / 10409239109114072 . PMID 1657531 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . DNA Replication Mechanisms : Special Proteins Help to Open Up the DNA Double Helix in Front of the Replication Fork Jump up ^ Griffiths A.J.F. ; Wessler S.R. ; Lewontin R.C. ; Carroll S.B. ( 2008 ) . Introduction to Genetic Analysis . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 6887 - 9 . ( Chapter 7 : DNA : Structure and Replication . pg 283 -- 290 ) Jump up ^ `` Will the Hayflick limit keep us from living forever ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James D. Watson et al. ( 2008 ) , `` Molecular Biology of the gene '' , Pearson Education : 237 ^ Jump up to : Peter Meister , Angela Taddei1 , Susan M. Gasser ( June 2006 ) , `` In and out of the Replication Factory '' , Cell 125 ( 7 ) : 1233 -- 1235 Jump up ^ TA Brown ( 2002 ) . Genomes . BIOS Scientific Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85996 - 228 - 9 . 13.2. 3 . Termination of replication Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Intracellular Control of Cell - Cycle Events : S - Phase Cyclin - Cdk Complexes ( S - Cdks ) Initiate DNA Replication Once Per Cycle Jump up ^ Brown , TA ( 2002 ) . `` 13 '' . Genomes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Wiley - Liss . Jump up ^ Tobiason DM , Seifert HS ( 2006 ) . `` The Obligate Human Pathogen , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Is Polyploid '' . PLoS Biology . 4 ( 6 ) : e185 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0040185 . PMC 1470461 . PMID 16719561 . Jump up ^ Slater , Steven ; Wold , Sture ; Lu , Min ; Boye , Erik ; Skarstad , Kirsten ; Kleckner , Nancy ( September 1995 ) . `` E. coli SeqA protein binds oriC in two different methyl - modulated reactions appropriate to its roles in DNA replication initiation and origin sequestration '' . Cell. 82 ( 6 ) : 927 -- 936 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 95 ) 90272 - 4 . PMID 7553853 . Jump up ^ Saiki , Randall ; Gelfand , David H. ; Stoffel , Susanne ; Scharf , Stephen J. ; Higuchi , Russell ; Horn , Glenn T. ; Mullis , Kary B. ; Erlich , Henry A. ( 29 January 1988 ) . `` Primer - directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase '' . Science . 239 ( 4839 ) : 487 -- 491 . Bibcode : 1988Sci ... 239 ... 487S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2448875 . PMID 2448875 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) DNA replication ( comparing Prokaryotic to Eukaryotic ) Initiation Prokaryotic ( initiation ) Pre-replication complex dnaC Cdc6 Helicase dnaA dnaB T7 Primase dnaG Eukaryotic ( preparation in G1 phase ) Pre-replication complex Origin recognition complex ORC1 ORC2 ORC3 ORC4 ORC5 ORC6 Cdc6 Cdt1 Minichromosome maintenance MCM2 MCM3 MCM4 MCM5 MCM6 MCM7 Licensing factor Autonomously replicating sequence Single - strand binding protein SSBP2 SSBP3 SSBP4 RNase H RNASEH1 RNASEH2A Helicase : HFM1 Primase : PRIM1 PRIM2 Both Origin of replication / Ori / Replicon Replication fork Lagging and leading strands Okazaki fragments Primer Replication Prokaryotic ( elongation ) DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dnaC dnaE dnaH dnaN dnaQ dnaT dnaX holA holB holC holD holE Replisome DNA ligase DNA clamp Topoisomerase DNA gyrase Prokaryotic DNA polymerase : DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment Eukaryotic ( synthesis in S phase ) Replication factor C RFC1 Flap endonuclease FEN1 Topoisomerase Replication protein A RPA1 Eukaryotic DNA polymerase : alpha POLA1 POLA2 PRIM1 PRIM2 delta POLD1 POLD2 POLD3 POLD4 epsilon POLE POLE2 POLE3 POLE4 DNA clamp PCNA Control of chromosome duplication Both Movement : Processivity DNA ligase Termination Telomere : Telomerase TERT TERC DKC1 Molecular and cellular biology portal GND : 4153174 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_replication&oldid=812080617 '' Categories : DNA replication Senescence Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. DNA replication process
2. DNA polymerase and its role in replication
3. Leading and lagging strands in DNA replication
4. Replication fork and its dynamics
5. Replication machinery and enzymes involved |
-2,242,939,771,446,905,900 | the pledge for poorna swaraj was taken at the congress session of | Purna Swaraj - Wikipedia Purna Swaraj Jump to : navigation , search The flag adopted in 1931 and used by Provisional Government during the subsequent years of Second World War . The Purna Swaraj declaration , or Declaration of the Independence of India , was promulgated by the Indian National Congress on 19 December 1929 , resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj , or complete self - rule independent of the British Empire ( literally in Sanskrit , purna , `` complete , `` self , '' raj , `` rule , '' thus `` complete self - rule '' ) . The flag of India had been hoisted by Gandhi on 31 December 1929 , in Lahore , modern - day Pakistan . The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day . The flag of India was hoisted publicly across India by Congress volunteers , nationalists and the public . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Simon commission and the Nehru report 3 Dominion or republic ? 4 The declaration 5 Authorship 6 Legacy 7 References 8 Further reading Background ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Before 1930 , Indian political parties had openly embraced the goal of political independence from the United Kingdom . The All India Home Rule League had been advocating Home Rule for India : dominion status within the British Empire , as granted to Australia , Canada , the Irish Free State , Newfoundland , New Zealand , and South Africa . The All India Muslim League favoured dominion status as well , and opposed calls for outright Indian independence . The Indian Liberal Party , by far the most pro-British party , explicitly opposed India 's independence and even dominion status if it weakened India 's links with the British Empire . The Indian National Congress , the largest Indian political party of the time , was at the head of the national debate . Congress leader and famous poet Hasrat Mohani was the first activist to demand complete independence ( Poorna Swaraj ) from the British in 1921 from an All - India Congress Forum . Veteran Congress leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Aurobindo and Bipin Chandra Pal had also advocated explicit Indian independence from the Empire . Following the 1919 Amritsar Massacre , there was considerable public outrage against British rule . Europeans , ( civilians and officials ) were targets and victims of violence across India . In 1920 , Gandhi and the Congress committed themselves to Swaraj , described as political and spiritual independence . At the time , Gandhi described this as the basic demand of all Indians ; he specifically said that the question of whether India would remain within the Empire or leave it completely would be answered by the behaviour and response of the British . Between 1920 and 1922 , Mahatma Gandhi led the Non-Cooperation movement : nationwide civil disobedience to oppose the Rowlatt Acts and the exclusion of Indians from the government , and the denial of political and civil freedoms . Simon commission and the Nehru Report ( edit ) In 1928 , the British government further outraged people across India by appointing a seven - man committee led by Sir John Simon , it was an all - European commission Simon Commission to deliberate on constitutional and political reforms for India . Indian political parties were neither consulted nor asked to involve themselves in the process . Upon arrival in India , Chairman Sir John Simon and other commission members were met with angry public demonstrations , which followed them everywhere . The death of a prominent Indian leader , Lala Lajpat Rai , from severe beatings by British police officials further outraged the Indian public . The Congress appointed an all - Indian commission to propose constitutional reforms for India . Members of other Indian political parties joined the commission led by Congress President Motilal Nehru . The Nehru Report demanded that India be granted self - government under the dominion status within the Empire . While most other Indian political parties supported the Nehru commission 's work , it was opposed by the Indian Liberal Party and the All India Muslim League . The British ignored the commission , its report and refused to introduce political reform . Dominion or republic ? ( edit ) But the Nehru Report was also controversial within the Congress . Younger nationalist leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru demanded that the Congress resolve to make a complete and explicit break from all ties with the British . Jawaharlal Nehru had been influenced by the idea of Bhagat Singh ( `` total independence '' ) , which Singh had introduced a resolution demanding in 1927 , which was rejected because of Gandhi 's opposition . Now Bose and Nehru opposed dominion status , which would retain the Monarch of the United Kingdom as the constitutional head of state of India ( although in the separate capacity as King of India ) , and preserve political powers for the British Parliament in Indian constitutional affairs . They were supported in their stand by a large number of rank - and - file Congressmen . In December 1928 , Congress session was held in Kolkata and Mohandas Gandhi proposed a resolution that called for the British to grant dominion status to India within two years . After Some time Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reducing the time given from two years to one . Jawaharlal Nehru voted for the new resolution , while Subhash Bose told his supporters that he would not oppose the resolution , and abstained from voting himself . The All India Congress Committee voted 118 to 45 in its favour ( the 45 votes came from supporters of a complete break from the British ) . However , when Bose introduced an amendment during the open session of Congress that sought a complete break with the British , Gandhi admonished the move : You may take the name of independence on your lips but all your muttering will be an empty formula if there is no honour behind it . If you are not prepared to stand by your words , where will independence be ? The amendment was rejected , by 1350 to 973 , and the resolution was fully adopted . On 31 October 1929 , the Viceroy of India , Lord Irwin announced that the government would meet with Indian representatives in London for a Round Table Conference . To facilitate Indian participation , Irwin met with Mohandas Gandhi , Muhammad Ali Jinnah and out - going Congress President Motilal Nehru to discuss the meeting . Gandhi asked Irwin if the conference would proceed on the basis of dominion status and Irwin said he could not assure that , resulting in the end of the meeting . The declaration ( edit ) As a result of the denial of reforms and political rights , and the persistent ignorance of Indian political parties , the Indian National Congress grew increasingly cohesive -- unified in the desire to oust the British from India completely . A very large number of Congress volunteers and delegates , members of other political parties and an especially large public gathering attended the session convened in Lahore . Despite the bitterly cold weather , Pattabhi Sitaramayya records that : The heat of passion and excitement , the resentment at the failure of negotiation , the flushing of faces on hearing the war drums -- oh , it was all in marked contrast to the weather . Jawaharlal Nehru was elected President and veteran leaders like Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel returned to the Congress Working Committee . They approved a declaration of independence , which stated : The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses , and has ruined India economically , politically , culturally and spiritually ... Therefore ... India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence . At midnight on New Year 's Eve , President Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag of India upon the banks of the Ravi in Lahore , which later became part of Pakistan . A pledge of independence was read out , which included a readiness to withhold taxes . The massive gathering of public attending the ceremony were asked if they agreed with it , and the vast majority of people were witnessed to raise their hands in approval . One hundred seventy two Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment . The Declaration of Independence was officially promulgated on 26 January 1930 . Gandhi and other Indian leaders would immediately begin the planning of a massive national non-violence would encourage the common people not to attack Britishers even if they attacked them . Subsequently , the Salt Satyagraha was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi on 12 March 1930 and what followed gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and sparked off the nationwide Non Cooperation Movement . Authorship ( edit ) There is some dispute as to who drafted the text of the declaration . Gandhi directly claimed authorship in 1940 , while other sources either cite Nehru as a major editor or attribute it to Nehru outright . Legacy ( edit ) The Congress regularly observed 26 January as the Independence Day of India -- commemorating those who campaigned for Indian independence . In 1947 , the British agreed to transfer power and political finesse to India , and 15 August became the official Independence Day . However , the new Constitution of India , as drafted and approved by the Constituent Assembly , was mandated to take effect on 26 January 1950 , to commemorate the 1930 declaration . On that day in 1950 , India became a republic . 26 January is now celebrated as Republic Day of India every year . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rajmohan Gandhi , Patel : A Life , p. 171 , ASIN : B0006EYQ0A Jump up ^ D.G. Tendulkar , Mahatma , Bombay , 1951 , p. 441 ^ Jump up to : R. Gandhi , Patel : A Life , p. 185 Jump up ^ Pattabhi Sitaramayya , The History of the Congress , Allahabad , 1935 , p. 600 Jump up ^ `` Purna Swaraj : The Demand for Full Independence 26 January 1930 '' . India of the Past . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Parel , Anthony ( 2006 - 08 - 10 ) . Gandhi 's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony . Cambridge University Press . p. 53 . ISBN 9780521867153 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2002 - 11 - 28 ) . Gandhi 's Passion : The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 141 . ISBN 9780195156348 . Jump up ^ Möller , Ulrika ; Schierenbeck , Isabell ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) . Political Leadership , Nascent Statehood and Democracy : A Comparative Study . Routledge . p. 62 . ISBN 9781317673101 . Further reading ( edit ) Full text of the Declaration <Th_colspan="2"> Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. 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4,158,513,672,259,043,300 | where is let's make a deal filmed | Let 's Make a Deal - wikipedia Let 's Make a Deal Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Let 's Make a Deal <Td_colspan="2"> Also known as The All New Let 's Make a Deal ( 1984 -- 86 ) Genre Game show Created by Stefan Hatos Monty Hall Directed by Joe Behar ( 1963 -- 77 , 1984 -- 85 ) Geoff Theobald ( 1980 -- 81 ) Hank Behar ( 1985 -- 86 ) Barry Glazer ( 1990 -- 91 ) James Marcione ( 1990 -- 91 ) Morris Abraham ( 2003 ) Lenn Goodside ( 2009 -- present ) Presented by Monty Hall ( 1963 -- 86 , 1991 ) Bob Hilton ( 1990 ) Billy Bush ( 2003 ) Wayne Brady ( 2009 -- present ) Starring Assistant : Carol Merrill ( 1963 -- 77 ) Maggie Brown ( 1980 -- 81 ) Julie Hall ( 1980 -- 81 ) Karen LaPierre ( 1984 -- 86 ) Melanie Vincz ( 1984 -- 86 ) Diane Klimaszewski ( 1990 -- 91 ) Elaine Klimaszewski ( 1990 -- 91 ) Georgia Satelle ( 1990 -- 91 ) Alison Fiori ( 2009 -- 10 ) Tiffany Coyne ( 2010 -- present ) Danielle Demski ( 2013 -- 14 ) Narrated by Wendell Niles ( 1963 -- 64 ) Jay Stewart ( 1964 -- 77 ) Chuck Chandler ( 1980 -- 81 ) Brian Cummings ( 1984 -- 85 ) Dean Goss ( 1985 -- 86 ) Dean Miuccio ( 1990 -- 91 ) Vance DeGeneres ( 2003 ) Jonathan Mangum ( 2009 -- present ) Music by Sheldon Allman ( 1963 -- 77 , 1984 -- 86 ) Marilyn Hall ( 1963 -- 77 , 1984 -- 86 ) Michel Camilo for Score Productions , Inc. ( 1984 -- 86 ) Composer ( s ) Ivan Ditmars ( 1963 -- 76 ) Stan Worth ( 1976 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 ) Sheldon Allman ( 1976 -- 77 , 1984 -- 85 ) Todd Thicke ( 1985 -- 86 ) Jerry Ray ( 1990 -- 91 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes NBC / ABC ( 1963 -- 76 ) : ~ 3,200 Syndicated ( 1971 -- 77 ) : 234 Syndicated ( 1981 ) : 195 Syndicated ( 1984 -- 86 ) : 390 NBC ( 1990 -- 91 ) : 128 NBC ( 2003 ) : 3 CBS ( 2009 -- present ) : 1,500 + ( as of February 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Stefan Hatos ( 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 ) Dick Clark ( 1990 -- 91 ) Ron Greenberg ( 1990 -- 91 ) Monty Hall ( 2003 ) Sharon Hall ( 2003 ) David Garfinkle ( 2003 ) Jay Renfroe ( 2003 ) Jeff Mirkin ( 2003 ) Mike Richards ( 2009 -- present ) Producer ( s ) Stefan Hatos ( 1963 -- 77 ) Monty Hall ( 1980 -- 81 ) Ian MacClennan ( 1980 -- 81 ) Bob Synes ( 1984 -- 86 ) Alan Gilbert ( 1984 -- 86 ) Bruce Starin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Paul Pieratt ( 1990 -- 91 ) Ross Kaiman ( 2003 ) Gloria Fujita - O'Brien ( 2003 ) Location ( s ) NBC Studios , Burbank , California ( 1963 -- 68 , 1984 -- 85 , 2003 ) ABC Television Center , Hollywood , California ( 1968 -- 76 ) Las Vegas Hilton , Las Vegas , Nevada ( 1976 -- 77 ) Panorama Studios , Vancouver , British Columbia ( 1980 -- 81 ) Hollywood Center Studios , Hollywood ( 1985 -- 86 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Orlando , Florida ( 1990 -- 91 ) Tropicana Resort & Casino , Las Vegas ( 2009 -- 10 ) Sunset Bronson Studios , Hollywood ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Raleigh Studios Hollywood ( 2015 -- present ) Running time 22 -- 26 minutes ( 1963 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 , 1990 -- 91 ) 44 -- 52 minutes ( 2003 , 2009 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Stefan Hatos - Monty Hall Productions ( 1963 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 , 2009 -- present ) Catalena Productions ( 1980 -- 81 ) Dick Clark Productions ( 1990 -- 91 ) Ron Greenberg Productions ( 1990 -- 91 ) Monty Hall Enterprises , Inc. ( 2003 ) FremantleMedia North America ( 2009 -- present ) Distributor ABC Films / Worldvision Enterprises ( 1971 -- 77 ) Rhodes Productions ( 1980 -- 81 ) Telepictures Corporation ( 1984 -- 86 ) FremantleMedia Enterprises ( 2009 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC ( 1963 -- 68 , 1990 -- 91 , 2003 ) ABC ( 1968 -- 76 ) Syndicated ( 1971 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 86 ) CBS ( 2009 -- present ) Picture format SDTV ( 480i ) ( 1963 -- 2014 ) HDTV ( 1080i ) ( 2014 -- ) Original release December 30 , 1963 ( 1963 - 12 - 30 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Let 's Make a Deal is a television game show that originated in the United States in 1963 and has since been produced in many countries throughout the world . The program was created and produced by Stefan Hatos and Monty Hall , the latter serving as its host for many years . The format of Let 's Make a Deal involves selected members of the studio audience , referred to as `` traders , '' making deals with the host . In most cases , a trader will be offered something of value and given a choice of whether to keep it or exchange it for a different item . The program 's defining game mechanism is that the other item is hidden from the trader until that choice is made . The trader thus does not know if he or she is getting something of greater value or a prize that is referred to as a `` zonk , '' an item purposely chosen to be of little or no value to the trader . Let 's Make a Deal is also known for audience members who dress up in outrageous or crazy costumes in order to increase their chances of being selected as a trader . The most recent edition of Let 's Make a Deal has been airing on CBS since October 5 , 2009 , when it took over the spot on the network 's daytime schedule vacated by the long running soap opera Guiding Light . Wayne Brady is the host of the current series , with Jonathan Mangum as his announcer / assistant . Tiffany Coyne is the current model , joining in 2010 , with musician Cat Gray in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Broadcast history 2 Past personnel 2.1 Production locations 3 Format 3.1 Game play 3.2 Quickie Deals 3.3 Other deal formats 3.3. 1 Trading deals 3.3. 2 Games of chance 3.3. 3 Pricing games 3.3. 4 Quiz games 3.4 Big Deal 3.4. 1 Super Deal 3.4. 2 Mega-Deal week 3.4. 3 Mash - Up Week 4 Reception 5 Episode status 6 International versions 7 Merchandise 8 The Monty Hall Problem 9 References 10 External links Broadcast history ( edit ) Let 's Make a Deal first aired on NBC in 1963 as part of its daytime schedule . The show moved to ABC in 1968 , where it remained until 1976 ; and on two separate occasions the show was given a weekly nighttime spot on those networks . The first syndicated edition of Let 's Make a Deal premiered in 1971 . Distributed by ABC Films , and then by its successor Worldvision Enterprises once the fin - syn rules were enacted , the series ran until 1977 and aired weekly . A revival of the series based in Hall 's native Canada was launched in 1980 and aired in syndication on American and Canadian stations for one season . This series was produced by Catalena Productions and distributed in America by Rhodes Productions , Catalena 's partner company . In the fall of 1984 , the series returned for a third run in syndication as The All - New Let 's Make a Deal . Running for two seasons until 1986 , this series was distributed by Telepictures . NBC revived Let 's Make a Deal twice in a thirteen - year span . The first was a daytime series in 1990 that was the first to not be produced or hosted by Monty Hall . Instead , the show was a production of Ron Greenberg and Dick Clark , and featured Bob Hilton ( best known for announcing other game shows ) as host ( although Hall would eventually return as host for special episodes ) . A primetime edition was launched in 2003 but drew poor ratings and was cancelled after three of its intended five episodes had aired . This version had CNN reporter Billy Bush as host , and had a significantly larger budget . A partial remake called Big Deal , hosted by Mark DeCarlo , was broadcast on Fox in 1996 . In 1998 and 1999 , Buena Vista Television ( now Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ) was in talks with Stone - Stanley ( the producers of Big Deal ) to create a revival hosted by Gordon Elliott , but it was never picked up . The show was one of several used as part of the summer series Gameshow Marathon on CBS in 2006 , hosted by Ricki Lake . Alison Fiori models one of the CBS version 's zonk prizes , a live llama As noted above , CBS revived Let 's Make a Deal in 2009 . The revival premiered on October 5 , 2009 , and CBS airs the show daily at 10 : 00 am and 3 : 00 pm Eastern time ( 9 : 00 am and 2 : 00 pm in other time zones ) . Like the program that it replaced , the long - running soap opera Guiding Light , affiliates can choose to air it in either time slot ; most affiliates , however , prefer the early slot in order to pair the two CBS daytime game shows together . From September 20 to October 15 , 2010 , Let 's Make a Deal and The Price Is Right aired two episodes a day on alternating weeks . CBS did this to fill a gap between the final episode of As the World Turns , which ended a fifty - four year run on September 17 , 2010 , and the debut of The Talk . The double - run games aired at 2 : 00 pm Eastern . Although the current version of the show debuted in September 2009 , long after The Price Is Right ( which made the switch in September 2008 ) and the two Sony Pictures Television daytime dramas had made the switch to high definition , Let 's Make a Deal was , along with Big Brother , one of only two programs across the five major networks that was still being actively produced in standard definition . For the start of production for its 2014 -- 15 season in June 2014 , Let 's Make a Deal began being produced in high definition , with Big Brother 16 making the switch later in June . Let 's Make a Deal was the last remaining CBS program to make the switch by air date , with the first HD episode airing on September 22 , 2014 . Past personnel ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Monty Hall hosted the original daytime network series for its entire run ( with the exception of a short time in early 1972 when Hall fell ill and early television pioneer Dennis James substituted in his stead ) ; Hall also hosted its accompanying primetime and syndicated series as well as the two 1980s syndicated efforts , and he served as consultant for the current version until his death . Game show announcer Bob Hilton became the new host for the NBC 1990 series , however due to low ratings , Hilton was fired from the show and in October 1990 , Hall returned to the show ( but was announced as `` guest host '' ) and remained as host until the series was canceled in January 1991 . Access Hollywood host Billy Bush emceed the 2003 series , with Hall making a cameo appearance in one episode . Each Let 's Make a Deal announcer also served as a de facto assistant host , as many times the announcer would be called upon to carry props across the trading floor . The original announcer for the series was Wendell Niles , who was replaced by Jay Stewart in 1964 . Stewart remained with Let 's Make a Deal until the end of the syndicated series in 1977 . The 1980 Canadian - produced syndicated series was announced by Chuck Chandler . The 1984 syndicated series employed voice actor Brian Cummings in the announcer / assistant role for its first season , with disc jockey Dean Goss taking the position for the following season . The 1990 NBC revival series was announced by Dean Miuccio , with the 2003 edition featuring Vance DeGeneres in that role . The longest tenured prize model on Let 's Make a Deal was Carol Merrill , who stayed with the series from its debut until 1977 . The models on the 1980s series were Maggie Brown , Julie Hall ( 1980 ) , Karen LaPierre , and Melanie Vincz ( 1984 ) . For the 1990 series , the show featured Georgia Satelle and identical twins Elaine and Diane Klimaszewski , who later gained fame as the Coors Light Twins . Hall ( 2010 and 2013 ) and Merrill ( 2013 ) both appeared on the current Brady version , each making one - week appearances each . The 2013 celebration of the franchise 's 50th anniversary was Hall 's last official appearance on the show prior to his death , but Hall also appeared in 2017 CBS publicity shots with Brady as part of a CBS Daytime publicity photo celebrating the network 's daytime ratings . When the current version debuted in 2009 at Las Vegas , Alison Fiori was the show 's original model , lasting for much of the first season in Las Vegas before the show moved to Los Angeles . During the 2013 - 14 season , Danielle Demski was the show 's model for most of the season while Tiffany Coyne was on maternity leave . Production locations ( edit ) The original daytime series was recorded at NBC Studios in Burbank , California and then at ABC Television Center in Los Angeles once the program switched networks in 1968 . The weekly syndicated series also taped at ABC Television Center , doing so for its first five seasons . After ABC cancelled the daytime series in 1976 , production of the syndicated series ceased there as well and the sixth and final season was recorded in the ballroom of the Las Vegas Hilton hotel in Las Vegas , Nevada . The 1980 Canadian series taped at Panorama Studios in Vancouver , BC , which production company Catalena Productions used as its base of operations . The All - New Let 's Make a Deal taped its first season of episodes in Burbank at NBC Studios , then moved to Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood , California for the second and final season . The 1990 NBC daytime series was recorded at Disney - MGM Studios on the grounds of Walt Disney World in Orlando , Florida . The 2003 revival returned production to Burbank . The current edition of the series originally emanated from the Tropicana in Las Vegas . The show returned to Hollywood in 2010 , first at Sunset Bronson Studios and later at Raleigh Studios . Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Game play ( edit ) Jay Stewart and Monty Hall on the original version of the show Each episode of Let 's Make a Deal consists of several `` deals '' between the host and a member ( or members , generally a married couple ) of the audience , referred to as `` traders . '' Audience members are picked at the host 's whim as the show moves along , and couples are often selected to play together as traders . The deals are mini-games within the show that take several formats . In the simplest format , a trader is given a prize of medium value ( such as a television set or a few hundred dollars in cash ) , and the host offers them the opportunity to trade for another prize . However , the offered prize is unknown . It might be concealed on the stage behind one of three curtains , or behind `` boxes '' onstage ( large panels painted to look like boxes ) , within smaller boxes brought out to the audience , or occasionally in other formats . The initial prize given to the trader may also be concealed , such as in a box , wallet or purse , or the trader might be initially given a box , envelope or curtain . The format varies widely . Technically , traders are supposed to bring something to trade in , but this rule has seldom been enforced . On several occasions , a trader is actually asked to trade in an item such as their shoes or purse , only to receive the item back at the end of the deal as a `` prize '' . On at least one occasion , the purse was taken backstage and a high - valued prize was placed inside of it . Prizes generally are either a legitimate prize , such as a trip , electronics , furniture , appliances , or a car . Certain contestants also win cash , or a junked booby prize called the `` zonk '' ( e.g. , live animals , large amounts of food , fake money , fake trips , junked cars , etc. or something outlandish such as a giant article of clothing , a room full of junked furniture , etc . ) . Sometimes zonks are legitimate prizes but of a low value ( e.g. , Matchbox cars , wheelbarrows , T - shirts , groceries , etc . ) . On rare occasions , a trader appears to get zonked , but the zonk is a cover - up for a legitimate prize . Also on rare occasions , a contestant who is zonked is given an opportunity to play for the Big Deal of the Day ; usually , this happens only if there are very few or no big winners during the show . Though usually considered joke prizes , traders legally win the zonks . However , after the taping of the show , any trader who had been zonked is offered a consolation prize ( currently $100 ) instead of having to take home the actual zonk . This is partly because some of the zonks are impractical or physically impossible to receive or deliver to the traders ( such as live animals or the guy in an animal costume ) , or the props are owned by the studio . A disclaimer at the end of the credits of later 1970s episodes read `` Some traders accept reasonable duplicates of zonk prizes . '' Starting in the 2012 -- 13 season , CBS invited viewers to provide zonk ideas to producers . At the end of the season , the zonk declared the most creative was worth $2,500 to the winner , and other viewers ' zonk ideas were also used . For every viewer - developed zonk , the host announced the viewer who provided the zonk . The contest has been continued throughout the past several seasons after its 2012 introduction . Quickie deals ( edit ) As the end credits of the show roll , it is typical for the host to ask random members of the studio audience to participate in fast deals . In the current Wayne Brady version , these are often referred to as `` quickie deals '' , and are conducted by the host , announcer , and model each . CBS will post information on the show 's Twitter address ( @ LetsMakeADeal ) days before taping to encourage audience members to carry certain items in their pockets in order to win an additional $500 cash , when one of the hosts approaches them at the end of the show and asks to see such items . The deals are usually in the form of the following : Offering cash to a person for possessing a certain item . Paying a small cash amount for each instance of a certain item ( coins , paperclips , etc . ) that a person can produce . Offering cash for each instance of a particular digit in the serial number on a dollar bill , driver 's license , etc . Offering to pay the last check in the person 's checkbook , if they had one , up to a certain limit ( usually $500 or $1,000 ) . Offering cash to one person if they can correctly guess how much the Big Deal of the Day was worth exactly , or the name of the contestant who played for it . Offering cash to one person if they can correctly choose which one of two photos has appeared on the show 's Instagram account . Other Deal formats ( edit ) Deals were often more complicated than the basic format described above . Additionally , some deals took the form of games of chance , and others in the form of pricing games . Trading deals ( edit ) Choosing an envelope , purse , wallet , etc. , which conceal dollar bills . One of them conceals a pre-announced value ( usually $1 or $5 ) , which awards a car or trip . The other envelopes contain a larger amount of money as a consolation prize . The trader must decide whether to keep their choice or trade . In some playings it is possible for more than one trader to win the grand prize . Making decisions for another person , such as a spouse or a series of unrelated traders . Sometimes after several offers , the teams are broken up to make an individual decision . Being presented with a large grocery item ( e.g. , a box of candy bars ) -- almost always containing a hidden cash amount -- or a `` claim check '' at the start of the show . Throughout the show , the trader is given several chances to trade the item and / or give it to another trader in exchange for a different box or curtain . The final trader in possession of the item prior to the Big Deal is usually offered first choice of the three doors in exchange for giving up the item . The contents of the item are only revealed after the Big Deal is awarded ( or prior to the Big Deal if the last trader with the item elected to choose one of the three doors ) . A variation included a cash box with at various points the host inserting packets of money inside , with the trader allowed to give it to another trader in exchange for a curtain or box . As with the above deal , the host revealed the contents only after the last trader with the box goes for the Big Deal ( again , he / she is given first choice of the doors ) or after the Big Deal segment and before the closing credits . Games of chance ( edit ) A wide variety of chance - based games have been used on the show . Examples : Collecting a certain amount of money hidden inside wallets , envelopes , etc. , or by pressing unlabeled buttons on a cash register , in order to reach a pre-stated `` selling price '' for a larger prize , such as a car , trip or larger amount of cash . Typically , there may also be one or more zonk items hidden which end the game immediately if found . In the cash register game , if the zonk button -- the one that rings up `` No Sale '' -- is found , the trader was offered a chance to find the second `` No Sale '' sign to win the grand prize , otherwise the trader won whatever amount was rang up , often double the amount . In the current CBS version , a board with thirteen cash amounts and two zonks is used . Choosing one from among several items ( e.g. , one of three keys that unlocks a safe , one of three diamond rings that is genuine , one of three eggs that is raw , etc . ) in order to win money or a prize . Sometimes , two or perhaps all three of the items would pay off with the stated prize , especially if multiple traders played . Games involving a deck of cards in which a trader must find matching cards , draw cards that reach a cumulative total within a certain number of draws , draw a certain number of cards from a certain suit to win a designated prize ( with one suit always designated as going toward a `` zonk , '' which ends the game with nothing won ) , etc. to win a prize or additional money . Receiving clues about an unknown prize ( such as a partial spelling of the prize or clues in the form or rap , rhyme , etc . ) and deciding whether to take the unknown prize or a cash prize . Receiving money in the form of a long strip of bills dispensed one at a time from a machine . The trader can end the game at any time and keep the accumulated money , but he / she forfeits it if a blank sheet appears . Updated versions of the game involve an ATM . Depositing a card withdraws cash , but if the ATM displays `` overdrawn '' on the screen the trader loses everything . Being given a choice between a cash prize or one spin of a wheel that can award larger / smaller amounts , a zonk , or a car . Rolling dice to receive cash based upon the roll or achieving a cumulative score within a certain number of rolls to win a larger prize . Depending on the game , the trader is given the opportunity to stop the game at various points and take a `` sure thing '' deal or cash / prizes already accumulated or continue on and risk possibly losing . Pricing games ( edit ) Other deals related to pricing merchandise are featured in order to win a larger prize or cash amounts . Sometimes traders are required to price individual items ( either grocery products or smaller prizes generally valued less than $100 ) within a certain range to win successively larger prizes or a car . Other times traders must choose an item that a pre-announced price , order grocery items or small prizes from least to most expensive , or two items with prices that total a certain amount to win a larger prize . These games are not used on the CBS version because of their similarities to The Price is Right . Quiz games ( edit ) On the CBS version , due to the similarities of the pricing game concept with The Price is Right , quiz games are used instead . These deals involve products in the form of when they were introduced to the market , general knowledge quizzes , currency exchange rates ( at the time of taping ) , or knowledge of geography of trips to certain locales used as prizes . Big Deal ( edit ) The Big Deal serves as the final segment of the show and offers a chance at a significantly larger prize for a lucky trader . Before the round , the value of the day 's Big Deal is announced to the audience . The process for choosing traders was the same for every series through the 2003 NBC primetime series . Monty Hall ( or his successors ) would begin asking the day 's traders , usually starting with the highest winner , if they wanted to give back what they had managed to win earlier in the show for a chance to choose one of three numbered doors on the stage . The process continued until two traders agreed to play , and the biggest winner of the two got first choice of Door # 1 , Door # 2 , or Door # 3 . The other trader then chose from the remaining two doors . Since the 2009 series , the Big Deal has been played with just one trader . Each of the doors conceals either a prize package of some sort , or a cash award hidden inside a prop such as `` Monty 's Piggy Bank '' or the `` Let 's Make a Deal Vault . '' On occasion , a door containing an all - cash prize is opened before the traders make their choices , but the amount of the prize is not revealed . Most often , the value of the `` Low '' Door ( the lowest - valued door ) is less than the value of the player 's original winnings , while the `` Medium '' Door 's value is at least $1,000 more than the player 's traded winnings . When the Big Deal is not behind the selected door , one of the non-Big Deal doors is opened first , then the chosen door , with the Big Deal revealed last . If the Big Deal door IS selected , the other two doors are usually revealed first , although on rare occasions , the Big Deal door has been revealed second , after one of the other two doors ( usually the `` Medium '' door ) is revealed . The Big Deal prize is usually the most extravagant on each episode , and is often a car or a vacation with first - class accommodations . On occasion , the Big Deal consists of one of the all - cash prizes mentioned above ; at other times , a cash bonus is added to the prizes in the Big Deal to bring the total up to the announced value . On other occasions , the Big Deal is revealed to include `` Everything in the Big Deal '' , meaning the prizes behind all 3 doors are won if the player chose the Big Deal . The Big Deal is the one time in the show where a trader is guaranteed to not walk away with a Zonk . Super Deal ( edit ) During the 1975 -- 76 syndicated season , winners of the Big Deal were offered a chance to win the `` Super Deal '' . At this point , Big Deals were limited to a range of $8,000 to $10,000 . The trader could risk their Big Deal winnings on a shot at adding a $20,000 cash prize , which was hidden behind only one of three mini-doors onstage . The other two doors contained cash amounts of $1,000 or $2,000 ; however , the $1,000 value was later replaced with a `` mystery '' amount between $1,000 and $9,000 . A trader who decided to play risked their Big Deal winnings and selected one of the mini-doors . If the $20,000 prize was behind the door , the trader kept the Big Deal and added the $20,000 prize , for a potential maximum total of $30,000 . However , if a trader selected one of the other two doors , he or she forfeited the Big Deal prizes but kept the cash amount behind the door . The Super Deal was discontinued when the show permanently moved to Las Vegas for the final season ( 1976 -- 77 ) , and Big Deal values returned to the previous range of $10,000 to $15,000 . Since 2012 , the Super Deal is offered as a limited event ( usually for a week of shows promoted as `` Super Deal Week '' ) and is not played regularly . The show will designate one or two weeks of episodes , typically airing during a special event ( e.g. , the 500th episode , 50th anniversary of franchise , etc . ) , each season for the Super Deal . In this version of the Super Deal , the top cash prize is $50,000 while the other two cash prizes are $1,000 and $2,000 . In addition , instead of using mini-doors , the cash amounts are hidden in three envelopes labeled ruby , silver , and emerald . Mega-Deal week ( edit ) For season premiere weeks in 2015 and 2016 of the Brady version , Big Deal of the Day winners have an opportunity to win every non-zonk , non-cash prize from that day 's episode as a `` Mega-Deal '' . Prior to the start of the Big Deal , the contestant picked both a Big Deal curtain and one of seven Mega Deal cards ( reduced by one for each day that the Mega Deal was not won that week ) . Unlike the Super Deal , the contestant does not risk their winnings in the Mega Deal . Only if the contestant won the Big Deal would the contestant 's card be revealed . If the card was the Mega Deal , they won every non-zonk , non-cash prize on the show that day . Regardless , at the end of the Big Deal , whichever door was chosen was the contestant 's to keep . Mash - up week ( edit ) The week of May 9 , 2016 was designated Mash - Up Week . During each of the five broadcast days , Deal and The Price Is Right each featured one game from the other 's lineup . The games were slightly modified to reflect the nature of the shows on which they were played ; those on TPIR required contestants to price items , while those on Deal used random draws and the offer of cash / prize deals to stop a game early . Reception ( edit ) Upon the original Let 's Make a Deal 's debut , journalist Charles Witbeck was skeptical of the show 's chances of success , noting that the previous four NBC programs to compete with CBS 's Password had failed . Some critics described the show as `` mindless '' and `` demeaning to traders and audiences alike '' . By 1974 , however , the show had spent more than a decade at or near the top of daytime ratings , and became the highest - rated syndicated primetime program . At the time , the show held the world 's record for the longest waiting list for tickets in show - business history -- there were 350 seats available for each show , and a wait time of two - to - three years after requesting a ticket . In 2001 , Let 's Make a Deal was ranked as # 18 on TV Guide 's list of `` The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . In 2006 , GSN aired a series of specials counting down its own list of the `` 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' , on which Let 's Make a Deal was # 7 . In 2014 , the American series won a Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song for `` 30,000 Reasons to Love Me '' , composed by Cat Gray and sung by Wayne Brady . Episode status ( edit ) ABC Daytime : A clip from the ABC daytime premiere was used on Monty Hall 's `` Biography '' , which aired during Game Show Week on A&E . Another episode from 1969 was found , which features a gaffe that Hall himself rated as his most embarrassing moment on Let 's Make a Deal -- at the end of the show , he attempted to make a deal with a woman carrying a baby 's bottle . Noting that it had a removable rubber nipple , he offered the woman $100 if she could show him another nipple ( she did n't ) . Episodes substitute - hosted by Dennis James exist in his personal library ; a portion of one such episode is widely circulated as part of a pitch film for James 's version of The Price Is Right . ABC Nighttime / 1971 -- 77 Syndicated : Episodes have been seen on GSN in the past . The CBN Cable Network reran the syndicated series in the 1980s and its successor , The Family Channel , from June 7 , 1993 to March 29 , 1996 . The 1984 -- 86 syndicated version has been seen on GSN in the past . Reruns previously aired on the USA Network from December 29 , 1986 to December 30 , 1988 and The Family Channel from August 30 , 1993 to March 29 , 1996 . Buzzr began airing episodes from 1985 on June 1 , 2016 . The 1990s NBC version has not been seen since its cancellation . The 2003 NBC prime time version only aired three of the five episodes produced , with no rebroadcasts since . International versions ( edit ) RTL Group holds international ( and as of February 2009 , American ) rights to the show , and has licensed the show to 14 countries . Region or country Local name Host Network Dates Australia Let 's Make A Deal Mike Dyer John Laws Jimmy Hannan Garry Meadows Nine Network 1968 -- 69 1976 -- 77 Vince Sorrenti Network Ten 1990 -- 91 Brazil Topa um Acordo ? Rodrigo Faro Rede Record April 26 , 2014 -- December 2014 Canada ( in English ) Let 's Make A Deal Monty Hall Syndication 1980 -- 81 * Egypt لعبة الحياة -- ليتس ميك آي ديل Lebet el hayat Moutaz Al - Demirdash Al Hayat 1 2013 -- present France Le Bigdil Vincent Lagaf ' and Bill TF1 1998 -- 2004 Germany Geh aufs Ganze ! Jörg Draeger Elmar Hörig Sat. 1 ( 1992 -- 97 ) tm3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) kabel eins ( 1999 -- 2003 ) 1992 -- 2003 Greece Τo Μεyάλo Παζάρi To Megalo Pazari Andreas Mikroutsikos Mega Channel 1992 -- 93 Parta Ola Τα σουτιέν και ο Αντρέας -- Το πιο Μεγάλο Παζάρι Ta soutien kai o Antreas -- To pio Megalo Pazari Alpha TV 2006 -- 07 Hungary Zsákbamacska Rozsa Gyorgy MTV 1 1994 -- 98 India Khullja Sim Sim Aman Verma Hussain Kuwajerwala Star Plus BIG Magic 2001 -- 04 2012 -- 13 Indonesia Super Deal 2 Milyar Nico Siahaan Aditya Herpavi Rachman Indra Bekti and Indy Barends antv 2006 -- 07 April 29 , 2010 -- December 31 , 2010 July 25 , 2011 -- November 21 , 2011 Super Deal Uya Kuya 2014 -- 2015 Raffi Ahmad and Ruben Onsu 2016 Israel עשינו עסק Asinu eseq Avri Gilad Zvika Hadar Channel 2 1994 -- 95 Italy Facciamo un affare Iva Zanicchi Canale 5 1985 -- 86 Lebanon قصة كبيرة Ossa kbireh Michel Kazi Future TV 2002 Mexico Trato Hecho 1999 Poland Idź na całość Zygmunt Chajzer ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Krzysztof Tyniec ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Polsat 1997 -- 2001 Portugal Negócio Fechado Henrique Mendes SIC 1999 -- 2000 Romania Batem palma ! Dan Negru Antena 1 2002 -- 03 Spain Fem Un Pacte Joan Monleón Canal Nou Trato Hecho Bertín Osborne Antena 3 1998 -- 2000 2002 ¿ Hay Trato ? Carlos Sobera Turkey Seç Bakalım Erhan Yazıcıoğlu Kanal 6 ATV 1992 -- 95 1995 -- 98 United Kingdom Trick or Treat Mike Smith and Julian Clary ITV U.S. ( in English ) Let 's Make a Deal Monty Hall NBC 1963 -- 67 ABC Daytime 1968 -- 76 Primetime 1969 -- 71 Syndication 1971 -- 77 Syndication 1980 -- 81 * The All - New Let 's Make a Deal Syndication 1984 -- 86 Let 's Make a Deal Bob Hilton NBC 1990 -- 91 Big Deal Mark DeCarlo FOX Let 's Make a Deal Billy Bush NBC 2003 Wayne Brady CBS 2009 -- present U.S. ( in Spanish ) Trato Hecho Guillermo Huesca Univision January 10 , 2005 -- December 9 , 2005 Vietnam Ô cửa bí mật Trần Ngọc VTV3 January 6 , 2008 -- February 19 , 2012 * The 1980 -- 81 version aired in both the U.S. and Canada . Merchandise ( edit ) In 1964 , Milton Bradley released a home version of Let 's Make a Deal featuring gameplay somewhat different from the television show . In 1974 , Ideal Toys released an updated version of the game featuring Hall on the box cover , which was also given to all traders on the syndicated version in the 1974 -- 75 season . An electronic tabletop version by Tiger Electronics was released in 1998 . In the late summer of 2006 , an interactive DVD version of Let 's Make a Deal was released by Imagination Games , which also features classic clips from the Monty Hall years of the show . In 2010 , Pressman Toy Corporation released an updated version of the box game , with gameplay more similar to the 1974 version , featuring Brady on the box cover . Various U.S. lotteries have included instant lottery tickets based on Let 's Make a Deal . In 1999 , Shuffle Master teamed up with Bally 's to do a video slot machine game based on the show with the voice and likeness of Monty Hall . In 2004 , IGT ( International Gaming Technology ) did a new video slot game based on the show still featuring Monty Hall . In 2013 , Aristocrat Technology did an all - new video slot machine game based on the Wayne Brady version . The Monty Hall problem ( edit ) Main article : Monty Hall problem The Monty Hall Problem , also called the Monty Hall paradox , is a veridical paradox because the result appears impossible but is demonstrably true . The Monty Hall problem , in its usual interpretation , is mathematically equivalent to the earlier Three Prisoners problem , and both bear some similarity to the much older Bertrand 's box paradox . The problem examines the counterintuitive effect of switching one 's choice of doors , one of which hides a `` prize '' . The problem has been analyzed many times , in books , articles and online . In an interview with The New York Times reporter John Tierney in 1991 , Hall gave an explanation of the solution to that problem , stating that he played on the psychology of the trader , and why the solution did not apply to the case of the actual show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LetsMakeADeal.com -- Show Info '' . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Wearing costumes was the audience 's idea . To attract Monty 's attention , the traders got creative to out - do each other . Jump up ^ `` New Let 's Make a Deal gets Zonked '' . CNN . 2003 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Petrozzello , Donna ( 4 April 1999 ) . `` The secret words are : game show '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` Big Brother 16 Twist Revealed : The Show Will ( Finally ) Be Seen in HD '' . Vulture . New York . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LMAD 50th Anniversary '' . CBS . CBS . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Monty Hall '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Make a Deal '' . On Camera Audiences . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Witbeck , Charles ( 1964 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Two New Daytime Shows Aired '' . The Blade . The Toledo Blade Company : 10H . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monty Hall 's `` Let 's Make a Deal '' Most Successful Television Program `` . Boca Raton News . South Florida Media Company : 9B. 1974 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Buck , Jerry ( 1974 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Monty Hall Deals in Entertainment '' . St. Petersburg Times : 10D . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time slideshow '' . YouTube . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sesame Street , ' ' Ellen DeGeneres ' Lead Daytime Emmy Creative Arts Winners '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Let 's Make A Deal ' Host Monty Hall Shares His Most Embarrassing Moment ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis James '' ( PDF ) . Radical Software . 2 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 11 . Spring 1973 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- June 7 , 1993 Jump up ^ TV Guide -- March 23 -- 29 , 1996 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- December 29 , 1986 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- December 30 , 1988 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- August 30 , 1993 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- March 29 , 1996 Jump up ^ http://tv.r7.com/record-tv/hora-do-faro/videos/plateia-fantasiada-ganha-muitos-premios-no-topa-um-acordo-21022018 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKFsAIXTq1g Jump up ^ http://www.strategies.fr/etudes-tendances/dossiers/r1608/r1607W/le-bon-deal-du-bigdil.html Jump up ^ http://tvtotal.prosieben.de/videos/TV-total-Hilft--Geh-aufs-Ganze--/4562/ Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8lEylvynd8 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6f4M3i7PfIE Jump up ^ http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep68.htm Jump up ^ https://www.antvklik.com/hiburan/superdeal_2miliar.php Jump up ^ Oggi , 1985 Jump up ^ https://www.tvpolsat.info/news.php?readmore=8020 Jump up ^ http://sic.sapo.pt/video/2008-01-16-Negocio-fechado Jump up ^ http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/television/carlos-sobera-presentara-antena-3-hay-trato_89688.html Jump up ^ `` Let 's Make a Deal merchandise '' . Retrieved 4 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lovel , Jim ( 2002 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Agency to Put TV Classics onto State Lottery Tickets '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle ( American City Business Journals ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gruber , Gary R. ( 2010 ) . The World 's 200 Hardest Brain Teasers . Google Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 3857 - 4 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil . `` On `` Let 's Make a Deal , '' you pick Door # 1 . Monty opens Door # 2 -- no prize . Do you stay with Door # 1 or switch to # 3 ? `` . The Straight Dope . Retrieved 25 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Tierney , John ( July 21 , 1991 ) . `` Behind Monty Hall 's Doors : Puzzle , Debate and Answer ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Official website CBS 's website for the show Let 's Make A Deal at TV.com Let 's Make a Deal ( 1963 -- 77 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 1980 -- 81 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 1984 -- 86 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 1990 -- 91 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 2003 ) on IMDb Let 's Make a Deal ( 2009 -- present ) on IMDb Big Deal ( 1996 ) on IMDb Le Bigdil ( 1998 -- 2004 ) on IMDb Geh aufs Ganze ! ( 1992 -- 2003 ) on IMDb To megalo pazari ( 1992 -- 93 ) on IMDb Asinu Esek ( 1994 -- 96 ) on IMDb Negócio Fechado ( 1999 -- 2000 ) on IMDb Trato Hecho ( 1999 -- 2000 ) on IMDb CBC Television Archives profile of Monty Hall with behind - the - scenes footage of Let 's Make a Deal ( 1970 ) `` Geh Aufs Ganze ! '' the 1992 -- 2003 ( German version ) of `` Let 's Make A Deal '' courtesy of Grundy Light Entertainment description of `` Geh Aufs Ganze ! '' ( Original website ) Official site of Super Deal 2 Milyar ( 2010 ) via internet archive ) Article about the 2004 Spain version Monty Hall interview on TVParty.com Let 's Make a Deal Video Slots @ Bally Gaming Systems at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 17 , 2001 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) Living Biblically ( since 2018 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. 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Television Television series by FremantleMedia Television series by Dick Clark Productions American television series revived after cancellation English - language television programs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Articles with Spanish - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 16 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Let's Make a Deal game show
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2,564,610,926,375,275,000 | where is eurovision 2018 going to be held | Eurovision Song Contest 2018 - wikipedia Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Jump to : navigation , search `` Eurovision 2018 '' redirects here . For the Junior Contest , see Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> All Aboard ! <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Dates Semi-final 1 8 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) Semi-final 2 10 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) Final 12 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 12 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Host Venue Altice Arena , Lisbon , Portugal Presenter ( s ) Filomena Cautela Sílvia Alberto Daniela Ruah Catarina Furtado Executive supervisor Jon Ola Sand Executive producer João Nuno Nogueira Host broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal ( RTP ) Opening act Final : Fado performance by Mariza and Ana Moura , Flag parade introducing the 26 finalist countries with live music by scratching duo Beatbombers Interval act Final : `` Amar pelos dois '' and a new single performed by Salvador Sobral A duet between Salvador Sobral and Caetano Veloso Electronic music performance by Branko <Th_colspan="2"> Participants Number of entries 43 Debuting countries None Returning countries Russia Withdrawing countries None <Td_colspan="2"> Participation map ( hide ) Participating countries Countries that participated in the past but not in 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Vote Voting system Each country awards two sets of 12 , 10 , 8 -- 1 points to their 10 favourite songs : one from their professional jury and the other from televoting . <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2017 Eurovision Song Contest 2019 → The Eurovision Song Contest 2018 will be the 63rd edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest . It will take place for the first time in Portugal following the country 's first victory at the 2017 contest in Kiev , Ukraine with the song `` Amar pelos dois '' , performed by Salvador Sobral . The contest will be held at the Altice Arena in Lisbon and will consist of two semi-finals on 8 and 10 May and a final on 12 May 2018 . The three live shows will be hosted by Filomena Cautela , Sílvia Alberto , Daniela Ruah and Catarina Furtado . Forty - three countries will participate in the contest , equalling the record of the 2008 and 2011 editions . Russia will return after their absence from the previous edition , and for the first time since 2011 , no country will be withdrawing from the contest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 1.1 Bidding phase and host city selection 1.2 Venue 1.3 Other sites 2 Format 2.1 Visual design 2.2 Presenters 2.3 Semi-final allocation draw 2.4 Opening and interval acts 3 Participating countries 3.1 Returning artists 3.2 Semi-final 1 3.3 Semi-final 2 3.4 Final 4 Other countries 4.1 Active EBU members 4.2 Associate EBU members 4.3 Non-EBU members 5 Commentators and spokespersons 5.1 Spokespersons 5.2 Commentators 5.2. 1 Non-participating countries 6 Incidents 6.1 Belarusian song submission 7 Other awards 7.1 Marcel Bezençon Awards 7.2 OGAE 7.3 Barbara Dex Award 8 Official album 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Location Further information on the host country : Portugal The contest will take place for the first time in Portugal , following the country 's victory in the 2017 edition with the song `` Amar pelos dois '' , performed by Salvador Sobral . Bidding phase and host city selection Lisbon Guimarães Gondomar Santa Maria da Feira Braga Location of the host city ( blue ) and other candidate cities ( red ) On the day of the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 final , it was reported that Portuguese broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal ( RTP ) would accept the challenge of organising the 2018 contest in case of a victory . Following Sobral 's triumph , the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) 's Executive Supervisor for the Eurovision Song Contest , Jon Ola Sand , issued the hosting invitation to RTP during the winner 's press conference . The following day , the director - general of RTP , Nuno Artur Silva , confirmed that the broadcaster would organise the contest in 2018 and mentioned MEO Arena ( later renamed Altice Arena ) in Lisbon as a likely venue to host the contest . On 15 May 2017 , RTP appeared to have confirmed Lisbon as the host city , but clarified the following day that no final decision had been taken regarding both the host city and venue . The basic requirements to select a host city were set out in a document presented by the EBU to RTP following their win in Kiev : A suitable venue that can accommodate around 10,000 spectators . An international press centre for 1,500 journalists with adequate facilities for all the delegates . A good distribution of hotel rooms , at different price categories , able to accommodate at least 2,000 delegates , accredited journalists and spectators . An efficient transport infrastructure , including a nearby international airport with readily available connections with the city , venue and hotels . Besides Lisbon , other cities signalled their interest in bidding to host the 2018 contest : Braga , Espinho , Faro , Gondomar , Guimarães , and Santa Maria da Feira . The mayor of Porto , Rui Moreira , declared he would not be interested in `` spending millions of euros '' to host the contest , but he would support a bid from the Metropolitan Area of Porto ( Espinho , Gondomar and Santa Maria da Feira ) . On 13 June 2017 , RTP representatives met with the Eurovision Song Contest Reference Group at the EBU headquarters in Geneva . During the meeting , RTP officials attended a workshop covering several topics related with hosting the Eurovision Song Contest and learned from the experience of the Ukrainian broadcaster UA : PBC . They also had the opportunity to present their first plans for the 2018 contest , including multiple proposals for host city and venue . On 25 July 2017 , the EBU and RTP announced that Lisbon had been selected as the host city , overcoming confirmed bids from Braga , Gondomar , Guimarães and Santa Maria da Feira . In addition , RTP indicated the Parque das Nações , where Altice Arena is located , as the site for the shows . Key : Host venue City Venue Capacity Notes Braga Braga Exhibition Park 15,000 ( after renovation ) Agro-industrial park inaugurated in 1981 and further expanded in 1987 with a 6,500 m ( 70,000 sq ft ) exhibition hall able to hold 3,000 people , and in 1990 with a congress centre and auditorium for 1,200 people . Renovation works starting in 2017 and ending in the first trimester of 2018 would increase the exhibition hall capacity to 15,000 . Gondomar Multiusos de Gondomar Coração de Ouro 8,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 2007 , with a total capacity for 8,000 people ( 4,400 seats ) . Hosted the 2007 UEFA Futsal Championship final tournament . Guimarães Multiusos de Guimarães 10,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 2001 , with a total capacity for 10,000 people ( 3,000 seats ) . Selected by RTP to host the final of the national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 , the Festival da Canção , on 4 March 2018 . Lisbon Altice Arena 20,000 Multi-purpose indoor arena inaugurated in 1998 , it is the country 's largest indoor venue with a total capacity for 20,000 people . Hosted the Expo ' 98 , the 1999 FIBA Under - 19 World Championship , the 2000 ATP Finals , the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships , the 2003 World Men 's Handball Championship , the 2005 MTV Europe Music Awards , the UEFA Futsal Cup Final Four ( 2001 -- 02 , 2009 -- 10 and 2014 -- 15 ) , and since 2016 ( for a three - year period , renewable ) the Web Summit . Santa Maria da Feira Europarque 11,000 Largest convention centre in the Porto Metropolitan Area , inaugurated in 1995 . Hosted the European Council of June 2000 , the Festival da Canção final in 2001 , and the UEFA Euro 2004 final tournament draw . It was the option supported by the Metropolitan Council of Porto . Venue The venue of the contest , Altice Arena in Lisbon , Portugal The Altice Arena in Lisbon is a multi-purpose indoor arena built for the Expo ' 98 and has a capacity of 20,000 attendees , making it the largest indoor venue in Portugal and among the largest in Europe . It is located in the Parque das Nações ( Park of Nations ) riverside district in the northeast of Lisbon , which was completely renovated to host the 1998 world 's fair . It is connected by metro to the nearby international airport and by train ( Oriente Station ) to the rest of the country and Europe . Other sites Altice Arena Eurovision Village and EuroClub Airport Opening Ceremony Location of host venue ( red ) and other contest - related sites and events ( blue ) The Eurovision Village is the official Eurovision Song Contest fan and sponsors area during the event weeks , where it is possible to watch performances by artists and DJs , as well as the live shows broadcast from the main venue . It will be located in Lisbon 's downtown Praça do Comércio ( also called Terreiro do Paço ) , a large central square open to the Tagus river , and will open to the public on 4 May 2018 . The EuroClub is the venue for the official after - parties and private performances by contest participants . Unlike the Eurovision Village , access to the EuroClub is restricted to accredited fans , delegations and press . It will be located close to the Eurovision Village , and will run from 6 -- 12 May . The `` Blue Carpet '' event , where all the contestants and their delegations are presented before the press , fans and public , will take place on 6 May 2018 at the Museum of Art , Architecture and Technology ( MAAT ) in Lisbon 's Belém district . This will precede the official Opening Ceremony of the 2018 contest , which will take place at the nearby Electricity Museum . Format Visual design The twelve supplemental emblems for the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest . The theme for the contest , All Aboard ! , was unveiled on 7 November 2017 in a press conference held at the Lisbon Oceanarium . Its visual design features oceanic motifs that allude to Lisbon and Portugal 's location on the Atlantic coast and to the country 's seafaring history . Alongside the main emblem , which depicts a stylised seashell , twelve supplemental emblems were designed to symbolise different aspects of a marine ecosystem . The contest 's Executive Supervisor Jon Ola Sand remarked that the theme and logos `` resonate with Lisbon 's history and underscore Eurovision 's core values , including diversity , very well . The Ocean connects all of us and its variety can provide good inspiration for each of the participating broadcasters that we look forward to seeing in Lisbon next May . '' Presenters On 8 January 2018 , RTP and EBU announced that the contest would be hosted for the first time by four female presenters , consisting of RTP hosts Sílvia Alberto , Filomena Cautela and Catarina Furtado , together with actress Daniela Ruah . It will be the first time since 2015 that the contest does not feature a male presenter , and the second consecutive year that the presenters are all the same gender . Semi-final allocation draw The draw to determine the allocation of the participating countries into their respective semi-finals took place on 29 January 2018 at 13 : 00 CET , at Lisbon 's City Hall . The thirty - seven semi-finalists had been allocated into six pots , based on historical voting patterns as calculated by the contest 's official televoting partner Digame . Drawing from different pots helps to reduce the chance of so - called `` bloc voting '' and increase suspense in the semi-finals . The draw also determined which semi-final would be broadcast and voted by each of the six automatic finalist countries ( hosts Portugal and Big Five countries France , Germany , Italy , Spain and United Kingdom ) . The ceremony was hosted by contest presenters Sílvia Alberto and Filomena Cautela , and included the passing of a Eurovision insignia from Vitali Klitschko , the Mayor of Kiev ( host city of the previous contest ) , to Fernando Medina , the Mayor of Lisbon . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Pot 5 Pot 6 Albania Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Switzerland Denmark Finland Iceland Ireland Norway Sweden Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Russia Ukraine Bulgaria Cyprus Greece Hungary Moldova Romania Australia Austria Czech Republic Israel Malta San Marino Belgium Estonia Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Opening and interval acts RTP released the first details regarding the opening and interval acts for the final on 12 March 2018 . The opening act of the final will feature a duet performance by Portuguese fado singers Mariza and Ana Moura , which will precede a parade of flags introducing the finalist countries , with live music by Portuguese scratching duo Beatbombers . The interval acts in the final will include Salvador Sobral , who will perform `` Amar pelos dois '' and a new single , as well as a duet with Brazilian musician Caetano Veloso , and an electronic music performance by Branko . Participating countries Participating countries in the first semi-final Pre-qualified for the final but also voting in the first semi-final Participating countries in the second semi-final Pre-qualified for the final but also voting in the second semi-final The EBU announced on 7 November 2017 that forty - two countries would participate in the contest . Russia confirmed their return after withdrawing from the previous edition , while Macedonia 's participation was provisionally blocked by the EBU due to unpaid debts by its national broadcaster . However , ten days later , the EBU announced that Macedonia would be allowed to enter the contest , raising the number of participating countries to forty - three , the highest since the 2008 and 2011 editions . Returning artists The contest will feature two representatives who also previously performed as lead vocalists for the same countries . Alexander Rybak won for Norway in 2009 performing `` Fairytale '' and Waylon placed second for the Netherlands in 2014 as part of The Common Linnets performing `` Calm After the Storm '' . The contest will also feature Jessica Mauboy , representing Australia , after taking part in 2014 as the interval act for the second semi-final , performing `` Sea of Flags '' . In addition , the contest will feature four lead singers previously participating as backing vocalists , two of them for the same countries . Lea Sirk backed for Slovenia in 2014 and off - stage in 2016 , and Equinox member Vlado Mihailov backed for Bulgaria in 2017 . Cesár Sampson , representing Austria , backed for Bulgaria in 2016 ( also as a dancer ) and off - stage in 2017 . SuRie , representing United Kingdom , backed for Belgium in 2015 ( also as a dancer ) and was the musical director again for Belgium in 2017 . Semi-final 1 Nineteen countries will participate in the first semi-final . Portugal , Spain and the United Kingdom will vote in this semi-final . Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points 01 Azerbaijan Aisel `` X My Heart '' English 02 Iceland Ari Ólafsson `` Our Choice '' English 03 Albania Eugent Bushpepa `` Mall '' Albanian 04 Belgium Sennek `` A Matter of Time '' English 05 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' English 06 Lithuania Ieva Zasimauskaitė `` When We 're Old '' English , Lithuanian 07 Israel Netta `` Toy '' English 08 Belarus Alekseev `` Forever '' English 09 Estonia Elina Nechayeva `` La forza '' Italian 10 Bulgaria Equinox `` Bones '' English 11 Macedonia Eye Cue `` Lost and Found '' English 12 Croatia Franka `` Crazy '' English 13 Austria Cesár Sampson `` Nobody but You '' English 14 Greece Yianna Terzi `` Oniro mou '' ( Όνειρό μου ) Greek 15 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' English 16 Armenia Sevak Khanagyan `` Qami '' ( Քամի ) Armenian 17 Switzerland Zibbz `` Stones '' English 18 Ireland Ryan O'Shaughnessy `` Together '' English 19 Cyprus Eleni Foureira `` Fuego '' English 1. ^ A version with some lines in Lithuanian was sung in the national selection show and in pre-party held in Tel Aviv , but the official video and lyrics are entirely in English . It is unclear which version will be sung in the contest . 2. ^ Contains a sentence repeated twice in Hebrew . 3. ^ Although the lyrics are in English , the Spanish title ' Fuego ' is repeated throughout the song . Semi-final 2 Eighteen countries will participate in the second semi-final . France , Germany and Italy will vote in this semi-final . With the approval from the Reference Group , Italy will broadcast and vote in the second semi-final following a request from the broadcaster RAI , as the date of the first semi-final coincides with the scheduled final of the fifth season of The Voice of Italy . Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points 01 Norway Alexander Rybak `` That 's How You Write a Song '' English 02 Romania The Humans `` Goodbye '' English 03 Serbia Sanja Ilić & Balkanika `` Nova deca '' ( Нова деца ) Serbian 04 San Marino Jessika feat . Jenifer Brening `` Who We Are '' English 05 Denmark Rasmussen `` Higher Ground '' English 06 Russia Julia Samoylova `` I Wo n't Break '' English 07 Moldova DoReDos `` My Lucky Day '' English 08 Netherlands Waylon `` Outlaw in ' Em '' English 09 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' English 10 Georgia Iriao `` For You '' Georgian 11 Poland Gromee feat . Lukas Meijer `` Light Me Up '' English 12 Malta Christabelle `` Taboo '' English 13 Hungary AWS `` Viszlát nyár '' Hungarian 14 Latvia Laura Rizzotto `` Funny Girl '' English 15 Sweden Benjamin Ingrosso `` Dance You Off '' English 16 Montenegro Vanja Radovanović `` Inje '' Montenegrin 17 Slovenia Lea Sirk `` Hvala , ne ! '' Slovene 18 Ukraine Mélovin `` Under the Ladder '' English 4. ^ Contains some phrases in the Torlakian dialect . 5. ^ Contains a phrase repeated twice in Icelandic . 6. ^ Although the title is in English , the song itself is entirely in the Georgian language . Final Twenty - six countries will participate in the final , with all 43 participating countries eligible to vote . Draw Country Artist Song Language ( s ) Place Points 08 Portugal Cláudia Pascoal `` O jardim '' Portuguese France Madame Monsieur `` Mercy '' French Germany Michael Schulte `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' English Italy Ermal Meta & Fabrizio Moro `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' Italian Spain Amaia & Alfred `` Tu canción '' Spanish United Kingdom SuRie `` Storm '' English 7. ^ `` O jardim '' features uncredited vocals from Portuguese singer Isaura . Other countries Further information : List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Eligibility for participation in the Eurovision Song Contest requires a national broadcaster with active EBU membership , or a special invitation from the EBU as in the case of Australia . Active EBU members Andorra -- The Director General of Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra ( RTVA ) announced on 14 May 2017 that Andorra would not participate in the contest , due to financial difficulties and the restructuring of the company . Bosnia and Herzegovina -- On 18 September 2017 , BHRT confirmed that Bosnia and Herzegovina would not return to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2018 . Luxembourg -- Steve Schmit , the Director of Programming at the Luxembourgish broadcaster ( RTL ) , explained last year the reasons against participating in the Eurovision Song Contest . He also underlined that Luxembourg 's chance for success in the contest is limited : `` I believe that ( with ) the enlargement of Eurovision , the days ( of victory ) are gone . With the new voting system , it is very unlikely that Luxembourg is successful . Small countries are somewhat more troubled now '' . Luxembourg last participated in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1993 . Monaco -- On 31 August 2017 , Monegasque broadcaster TMC confirmed that Monaco would not participate in the 2018 contest . Slovakia -- Eríka Rusnáková , press spokesperson of the Slovak broadcaster Radio and Television of Slovakia ( RTVS ) , confirmed on 11 September 2017 to Czech Eurovision website Eurocontest.cz that the country would not participate in the 2018 contest . Turkey -- On 12 July 2017 , Sertab Erener , who won for Turkey in 2003 , announced on an Instagram live chat that Turkey would return and wished luck to the next representative . maNga , the 2010 Turkish representatives and Hadise , the 2009 Turkish Representative , also expressed their interests for Turkey returning to the contest . Despite these statements , on 7 August 2017 , the Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey , Bekir Bozdağ , issued a statement saying that there were no plans for a return . The same day , TRT confirmed their non-participation in the 2018 contest . Associate EBU members Kazakhstan -- Khabar Agency became an associate member of the EBU on 1 January 2016 , opening up the possibility of future participation . They broadcast all the shows in 2017 . Furthermore , the winner of the Turkvision Song Contest 2014 , Zhanar Dugalova , said she would be interested in representing Kazakhstan in the contest . However , on 25 September , Khabar Agency told Esctoday that : `` We have no information about Kazakshtan 's participation in Eurovison 2018 yet '' , maintaining the possibility of the country being invited by the EBU , as it is entirely at the EBU 's discretion to extend an invitation like in the case of Australia . The EBU however , chose not to invite Kazakhstan , as seen in the list of participants . On 22 December 2017 , it was claimed that Channel 31 had finalised negotiations with the EBU , allowing Kazakhstan to debut in 2019 , however , on 23 December 2017 , the EBU told Esctoday that : `` Channel 31 Kazakhstan has indeed expressed interest in becoming a Member of the EBU and hence participate in the Eurovision Song Contest . However , since Channel 31 is outside the European Broadcasting Area and is also not a member of the Council of Europe , it is not eligible to become an active Member of the EBU '' . Non-ebu members Kosovo -- Kosovar media reported that RTK was hopeful that they would debut in the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest in Portugal . In an article published by RTK the Director of Television at the Kosovar broadcaster stated that he had received the support of national broadcasters across the Balkans to participate in the competition . However , both Bosnia & Herzegovina and Serbia had opposed such participation . The EBU then sent a letter to RTK explaining that Kosovo can not participate in the ESC , because it is not a UN member and it is not a fully recognised state . Liechtenstein -- On 1 September 2017 , 1 FL TV , the national broadcaster of the Principality of Liechtenstein confirmed that the country will not debut at the upcoming Eurovision edition in Lisbon . However , on 4 November 2017 , 1 FL TV announced that they are planning a debut in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2019 . Commentators and spokespersons Spokespersons Cyprus -- Hovig ( Cypriot representative in 2017 ) Georgia -- Tamara Gachechiladze ( Georgian representative in 2017 ) Germany -- Barbara Schöneberger Israel -- Lucy Ayoub Spain -- Nieves Álvarez Sweden - Felix Sandman United Kingdom -- Mel Giedroyc Commentators Most countries will send commentators to Lisbon or comment from their own country , in order to add insight to the participants and , if necessary , the provision of voting information . Australia -- Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey ( SBS , all shows ) Austria -- Andi Knoll ( ORF eins , all shows ) Armenia -- TBA ( Armenia 1 and Public Radio of Armenia , all shows ) Azerbaijan -- TBA ( İTV , all shows ) Belarus -- TBA ( Belarus - 1 and Belarus 24 , all shows ) Belgium -- Dutch : Peter Van de Veire ( één , all shows ) ; French : Maureen Louys and Jean - Louis Lahaye ( La Une , all shows ) Bulgaria -- Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev ( BNT 1 , all shows ) Croatia -- TBA ( HRT 1 , all shows ) Cyprus -- Costas Constantinou and Vaso Kominou ( CyBC , all shows ) Czech Republic -- Libor Bouček ( ČT , all shows ) Denmark -- Ole Tøpholm ( DR 1 , all shows ) Finland -- Finnish : Mikko Silvennoinen ; Swedish : Johan Lindroos and Eva Frantz ( Yle TV2 , all shows ) France -- Christophe Willem and André Manoukian ( France 4 , semi-finals ) , Stéphane Bern , Christophe Willem and Alma ( France 2 , final ) Georgia -- Demetre Ergemlidze ( GPB First Channel , all shows ) Germany -- TBA ( One , semi-finals ) , Peter Urban ( Das Erste , final ) Greece -- Alexandros Lizardos and Daphne Skalioni ( ERT1 , ERT HD , ERT World , ERA 2 , Voice of Greece , all shows ) Hungary -- Krisztina Rátonyi and Freddie ( Duna , all shows ) Ireland -- Marty Whelan ( RTÉ 2 , semi-finals and RTÉ One , final ) Italy -- Carolina Di Domenico and Saverio Raimondo ( Rai 4 , semi-finals ) , Serena Rossi and Federico Russo ( Rai 1 , final ) , Carolina Di Domenico and Ema Stokholma ( Rai Radio 2 , final ) Latvia - Toms Grēviņš ( LTV , all shows ) Magnuss Eriņš ( final ) Macedonia -- Karolina Petkovska ( MRT , all shows ) Netherlands -- Cornald Maas and Jan Smit ( NPO 1 , all shows ) Poland -- TBA ( TVP , all shows ) Russia -- TBA ( Channel One , all shows ) Spain -- Tony Aguilar and Julia Varela ( La 1 , final ) Sweden -- Sanna Nielsen and Edward af Sillén ( SVT1 , all shows ) Switzerland -- German : Sven Epiney ( SRF zwei , semi-finals and SRF 1 , final ) Ukraine -- Serhiy Prytula ( STB , all shows ) , Timur Miroshnychenko and Tetyana Terekhova ( UA : PBC , all shows ) United Kingdom -- Scott Mills and Rylan Clark - Neal ( BBC Four , semi-finals ) , Graham Norton ( BBC One , final ) , Ken Bruce ( BBC Radio 2 , final ) Non-participating countries China -- TBA ( Hunan TV ) United States -- Ross Mathews ( Logo TV , final ) Incidents Belarusian Song submission On 10 January 2018 , it had emerged on Russian networking site VK that Ukrainian singer Alekseev had performed a Russian - language version of his EuroFest entry `` Forever '' ( as Navsegda ) in May 2017 in Stavropol -- before 1 September 2017 , the submission deadline set by the EBU , potentially violating the rules of the contest . Six artists threatened to withdraw from the selection if it were allowed to compete , with Sofi Lapina actually doing so . Alekseev was ultimately allowed to compete by BTRC following a melodic revamp of the song , and went on to win the selection , thus representing Belarus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 . However , on 23 February 2018 , it was reported that the EBU had given Alekseev permission to perform his original English - language version of the song at the contest , and he will opt to sing that version of the song in May . Few weeks after that announcement , on 28 March 2018 Alekseev premiered a new official version of his Eurovision entry with a lighter intro and additional choir at the end of the track . He also confirmed that this version will be the one performed in Lisbon . Other Awards The Marcel Bezençon Awards , the OGAE voting poll and the Barbara Dex Awards are awards that will be contested by the entries competing at the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 , in addition to the main winner 's trophy . Marcel Bezençon Awards Further information : Marcel Bezençon Awards The Marcel Bezençon Awards were first handed out during the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn , Estonia , honouring the best competing songs in the final . Founded by Christer Björkman ( Sweden 's representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 and the current Head of Delegation for Sweden ) and Richard Herrey ( a member of the Herreys and the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winner from Sweden ) , the awards are named after the creator of the annual competition , Marcel Bezençon . The awards are divided into three categories : Press Award , Artistic Award , and Composer Award . The winners are revealed shortly before the Eurovision final . OGAE Further information : OGAE Organisation Générale des Amateurs de l'Eurovision ( more commonly known as OGAE ) is an international organisation that was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna , Finland by Jari - Pekka Koikkalainen . The organisation consists of a network of over 40 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond , and is a non-governmental , non-political , and non-profit company . In what has become an annual tradition for the OGAE fan clubs , a voting poll will run prior to the main Eurovision Song Contest allowing members from over 40 clubs to vote for their favourite songs of the contest . Country Performer ( s ) Song OGAE result Israel Netta `` Toy '' 199 France Madame Monsieur `` Mercy '' 111 Finland Saara Aalto `` Monsters '' 89 Australia Jessica Mauboy `` We Got Love '' 80 Czech Republic Mikolas Josef `` Lie to Me '' 74 * Table reflects the 2018 voting results from 18 out of 44 OGAE clubs . Barbara Dex Award Further information : Barbara Dex Award The Barbara Dex Award is a fan award originally awarded by House of Eurovision from 1997 to 2016 , and since 2017 by songfestival.be . This is a humorous award given to the worst dressed artist each year in the contest , and was named after the Belgian artist , Barbara Dex , who came last in the 1993 , in which she wore her own self designed dress . Official album <Th_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Compilation album by Eurovision Song Contest Released 20 April 2018 Genre Pop Length 66 : 03 ( CD 1 ) 62 : 39 ( CD 2 ) Label Universal <Th_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest : Kyiv 2017 ( 2017 ) Eurovision Song Contest : Kyiv 2017 2017 Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 ( 2018 ) Eurovision Song Contest : Lisbon 2018 is the official compilation album of the contest , put together by the European Broadcasting Union and released by Universal Music Group digitally on 6 April 2018 and physically on 20 April 2018 . The album features all 43 participating entries , including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify for the grand final . <Th_colspan="4"> CD 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Mall '' ( Albania ) Eugent Bushpepa 3ː07 2 . `` Qami '' ( Armenia ) Sevak Khanagyan 2ː57 3 . `` We Got Love '' ( Australia ) Jessica Mauboy 3ː04 4 . `` Nobody but You '' ( Austria ) Cesár Sampson 3ː03 5 . `` X My Heart '' ( Azerbaijan ) Aisel 3ː01 6 . `` A Matter of Time '' ( Belgium ) Sennek 3ː00 7 . `` Bones '' ( Bulgaria ) Equinox 2ː59 8 . `` Forever '' ( Belarus ) Alekseev 3ː00 9 . `` Stones '' ( Switzerland ) Zibbz 2ː57 10 . `` Fuego '' ( Cyprus ) Eleni Foureira 3ː03 11 . `` Lie to Me '' ( Czech Republic ) Mikolas Josef 2ː50 12 . `` You Let Me Walk Alone '' ( Germany ) Michael Schulte 2ː57 13 . `` Higher Ground '' ( Denmark ) Rasmussen 3ː03 14 . `` Tu canción '' ( Spain ) Amaia and Alfred 2ː59 15 . `` La Forza '' ( Estonia ) Elina Nechayeva 3ː04 16 . `` Monsters '' ( Finland ) Saara Aalto 3ː00 17 . `` Mercy '' ( France ) Madame Monsieur 3ː02 18 . `` Storm '' ( United Kingdom ) SuRie 2ː57 19 . `` For You '' ( Georgia ) Iriao 2ː59 20 . `` Oniro mou '' ( Greece ) Yianna Terzi 3ː04 21 . `` Crazy '' ( Croatia ) Franka 3ː00 22 . `` Viszlát nyár '' ( Hungary ) AWS 2ː57 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 66ː03 <Th_colspan="4"> CD 2 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Together '' ( Ireland ) Ryan O'Shaughnessy 2ː54 2 . `` Our Choice '' ( Iceland ) Ari Ólafsson 2ː59 3 . `` Toy '' ( Israel ) Netta 3ː00 4 . `` Non mi avete fatto niente '' ( Italy ) Ermal Meta and Fabrizio Moro 3ː02 5 . `` When We 're Old '' ( Lithuania ) Ieva Zasimauskaitė 3ː00 6 . `` Funny Girl '' ( Latvia ) Laura Rizzotto 3ː03 7 . `` My Lucky Day '' ( Moldova ) DoReDos 3ː02 8 . `` Lost and Found '' ( Macedonia ) Eye Cue 3ː03 9 . `` Taboo '' ( Malta ) Christabelle 3ː01 10 . `` Inje '' ( Montenegro ) Vanja Radovanović 3ː00 11 . `` Outlaw in ' Em '' ( Netherlands ) Waylon 2ː54 12 . `` That 's How You Write a Song '' ( Norway ) Alexander Rybak 3ː00 13 . `` Light Me Up '' ( Poland ) Gromee and Lukas Meijer 3ː00 14 . `` O jardim '' ( Portugal ) Cláudia Pascoal 2ː38 15 . `` Goodbye '' ( Romania ) The Humans 2ː58 16 . `` I Wo n't Break '' ( Russia ) Julia Samoylova 2ː59 17 . `` Who We Are '' ( San Marino ) Jessika and Jenifer Brening 3ː00 18 . `` Nova deca '' ( Serbia ) Sanja Ilić and Balkanika 3ː07 19 . `` Hvala , ne ! '' ( Slovenia ) Lea Sirk 3ː00 20 . `` Dance You Off '' ( Sweden ) Benjamin Ingrosso 3ː00 21 . `` Under the Ladder '' ( Ukraine ) Mélovin 2ː59 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 62ː39 See also Eurovision Asia Song Contest 2018 Eurovision Young Musicians 2018 Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 References Jump up ^ Mikheev , Andy . `` ESCKAZ -- Eurovision 2018 -- Event page / Организация конкурса '' . esckaz.com . ESCKAZ . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lisbon revealed as Host City of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest ! '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Escudero , Victor M ; Jordan , Paul ; Kryvinchuk , Yulia ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Winner 's Press Conference with Portugal 's Salvador Sobral '' . eurovision.tv . European Broadcasting Union . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . 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External links Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Countries Finalists France Germany Italy Portugal Spain United Kingdom Semi-final 1 Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Finland Greece Iceland Ireland Israel Lithuania Macedonia Switzerland Semi-final 2 Australia Denmark Georgia Hungary Latvia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovenia Sweden Ukraine Artists Finalists Amaia & Alfred Cláudia Pascoal Ermal Meta & Fabrizio Moro Madame Monsieur Michael Schulte SuRie Semi-final 1 Aisel Alekseev Ari Ólafsson Cesár Sampson Eleni Foureira Elina Nechayeva Equinox Eugent Bushpepa Eye Cue Franka Gianna Terzi Ieva Zasimauskaitė Mikolas Josef Netta Barzilai Ryan O'Shaughnessy Saara Aalto Sennek Sevak Khanagyan Zibbz Semi-final 2 Alexander Rybak AWS Benjamin Ingrosso Christabelle DoReDos Gromee feat . Lukas Meijer Iriao Jessica Mauboy Jessika feat . 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-6,560,784,075,648,985,000 | where is if you are the one filmed | If You Are the One ( game show ) - wikipedia If You Are the One ( game show ) Jump to : navigation , search For the film of the same title , see If You Are the One . For the new version that started in May 2017 , see If You Are the One ( 2017 game show ) . <Th_colspan="2"> If You Are the One 非诚勿扰 <Td_colspan="2"> If You Are the One logo Also known as 缘 来 非诚勿扰 ( Yuan Lai Fēi Chéng Wù Rǎo ) Genre Dating Show Presented by Host : Meng Fei ( 孟 非 ) Male guest : Le Jia ( Jan 2010 -- Mar 2013 ) Zeng Zihang ( Apr 2013 - Jul 2013 ) Ning Caishen ( Jul 2013 -- Jun 2014 ) Tong Dawei ( Aug 2014 -- Oct 2014 ) Huang Lei ( Oct 2014 -- Mar 2015 , Aug 2015 -- Mar 2017 ) Liu Ye ( Apr 2015 -- May 2015 ) Lu Yi ( May 2015 -- Jul 2015 ) Female guest : Huang Han ( 27 Jun 2010 -- 19 Mar 2016 ) Huang Lan ( 26 Mar 2016 -- 25 Mar 2017 ) Country of origin People 's Republic of China Original language ( s ) Mandarin No. of episodes 616 ( original ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) JSBC Location ( s ) Nanjing , China Running time 90 minutes <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network JSBC : Jiangsu Television Picture format 720p Original release Original version January 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) -- March 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 25 ) 2017 revision May 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Followed by If You Are the One ( 2017 game show ) Related shows Chinese Dating with the Parents <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> http://fcwr.jstv.com/ Fei Cheng Wu Rao ( simplified Chinese : 非诚勿扰 ; traditional Chinese : 非誠勿擾 ; literally : `` Not Sincere , Do n't Disturb '' , known in English as If You Are the One ) is a Chinese dating game show hosted by Meng Fei . Loosely based on the Taken Out format , the show is produced by JSBC : Jiangsu Television and taped in Nanjing . It was first broadcast on January 15 , 2010 , and originally aired twice a week on Saturday and Sundays until December 2014 . From January 2015 to March 2017 , It aired on Saturday nights at 9 : 10 pm on Jiangsu TV . In 2013 , the show began broadcasting on SBS 2 ( now SBS Viceland ) in Australia , in an hour - long version with English subtitles provided by SBS . If You Are the One has been a ratings success in China and is now the highest - rated show for Jiangsu TV . Episodes are also widely distributed online . The show is viewed internationally over the internet and satellite television . The show 's popularity and social commentary has drawn attention of academics and foreign media , and after concerns from Chinese regulators in 2011 the show 's format was tweaked to de-emphasize factors such as financial wealth . After a short break from March 2017 to May 2017 , If You Are the One returned in a revised format . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Conception and popularity 1.2 Controversy and revisions 1.2. 1 2016 1.3 2017 revision 2 Premise 3 Songs featured on the show 4 Guests 4.1 Male guest 4.2 Female guest 4.3 Fill - in Male guests 5 International broadcast 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( Edit ) Conception and popularity ( Edit ) `` If You Are the One '' is currently the most - viewed dating show in the Chinese - speaking world . According to Beijing - based CSM Media Research , the audience ratings for Fei Cheng Wu Rao - which as of May 22 , 2013 had screened a total of 343 episodes - were 2.77 percent of television viewers , or 36 million , twice as many as the nearest competitor for that timeslot . The idea of the show was brought to Jiangsu Television by veteran television producer Wang Peijie , who worked in collaboration with Columbia University - educated Xing Wenning . The pair drew inspiration from the Taken Out format , however when the rights for that show were instead won by a rival network , If You Are the One was launched instead . Wang said that the show is a window into Chinese society at large , and that through it , `` you can tell what China is thinking about and chasing after . '' The show 's focus was intended to be young professionals . While most of the contestants are in their twenties , there have been instances of male contestants as old as 48 appearing on the show . If You Are the One experienced great popularity in its first broadcast because of its unique approach to dating and the conversations that are often humorous with friendly insults . The show sought to ' stretch the limits ' of what could be discussed on Chinese television . Unlike Taken Out , If You Are the One does not rely on audience participation , use of catchphrases and physical attractiveness among male contestants . Controversy and revisions ( Edit ) In the first half of 2010 , the show broke ratings records , with some 50 million watching every episode , an audience second only to the CCTV evening news broadcast Xinwen Lianbo . In the initial format of the show , the contestants reported things such as their annual earnings , their material possessions , etc . During this phase several contestants earned notoriety and became internet sensations . Female contestant Ma Nuo became a media interest after her controversial remarks to a male contestant that she would `` prefer to cry in a BMW '' than laugh riding on the back of a bicycle . One male contestant , a son of a businessman , was rejected by all 24 women on one episode for egregiously showing off his sports cars and bank statements instead of his life and interests . There have been three different male contestants who have lost the show in the beginning when the female contestants first study the male . Both controversial contestants were some of the most - talked - about people in Chinese entertainment . In addition , concerns were raised that some of the contestants on the show were not who they said they were , and that the TV station was ' planting ' contestants to make controversial remarks to increase ratings . Chinese authorities looked upon the show unfavourably , asserting that it was spreading the ' wrong values ' . State media editorialized against the show on television , in print , and online . Six months after the show first aired , officials from the State Administration of Radio , Film and Television stepped in to regulate the show . From that point forward , Fei Cheng Wu Rao was to curb mentions of financial wealth and sex , and a third host was added : a party school psychology teacher named Huang Han , who was seen to ' balance ' the show to make it more grounded and less controversial as well as adding more banter between the three hosts . A wholesale replacement of the contestant pool with more tame individuals followed . The revised program scrubbed contestant information such as bank account information and salaries etc . Also omitted is the ' final opinions ' on a departing male contestant from the women ; previously this part of the show was especially prone to pointed insults and ridicule . Moreover , the original reel of the show must undergo heavy editing before airing depending on length and number of contestants present . Despite the changed format , the show remains extremely popular . 2016 ( Edit ) In January 2016 , as a result of a Chinese judge ruling that the show 's name `` Fei Cheng Wu Rao '' infringed another individual 's copyright who owned the same name as the show , the producers temporarily changed the name of the show to `` Yuan Lai Fei Cheng Wu Rao '' ( although the English name seems to have stayed the same ) . Jiangsu Television station has promised to appeal the ruling . Between November 19 to December 10 , 2016 , a series of specials titled `` 1vs24 '' was aired where the roles of the genders were reversed with 24 Males taking to the podiums to face a single woman . The gameplay of the special episodes was the same as the normal episodes . Another series of 1vs24 specials was aired between March 4 to March 25 , 2017 . On December 31 , 2016 , the Guangdong High Court overturned the decision on appeal by ruling that `` Fei Cheng Wu Rao '' did not infringe on another individual 's copyrights and therefore the producers changed the name of the show back to `` Fei Cheng Wu Rao '' 2017 revision ( Edit ) Main article : If You Are the One ( 2017 game show ) On April 1 , 2017 . Jiangsu Television announced that the final episode of If You Are The One in the original format had aired on March 25 with the filming of shows suspended since January , announcing a temporary suspension of the show as it undergoes reformatting for a relaunch late in May . Meng Fei will continue as host of the revised format of the show . The revised version was first aired on May 13 , 2017 . Premise ( Edit ) Twenty - four women stand in an arc , each behind a podium with a light that they initially turn on . The women face a single man , who chooses one of them as his `` heartbeat girl '' ( simplified Chinese : 心动 女生 ) from sight alone before any conversation between the women and the single man has taken place . His choice of `` heartbeat girl '' is initially known only to himself and the host of the programme - although there has been one instance where this has been revealed soon after . The single man uses two or three video clips to reveal some personal information such as occupation , interests , love history and friends ' opinions . During each video clip , each of the women decides whether or not he is still `` date - worthy '' in her opinion by keeping her light on or turning it off . The contestants , psychologists and host frequently exchange banter with each other when video clips are n't being shown . If a girl does n't like the man , she will turn her light off ( followed by a sound cue ) . If , after all the videos have been played , there are more than two girls still with lights on , the man goes and turns off some of those lights , choosing only two of the remaining girls to come up on stage as finalists . After that , the identity of the man 's `` heartbeat girl '' is revealed . She too is invited onto the stage ( if not already there ) as a finalist . A new procedural option ( simplified Chinese : 爆 灯 ; literally : `` burst light '' ) , enabling a woman to signal a special interest in the man , was introduced to the programme in the episode broadcast on 20 October 2012 . It can be activated only once per round , and is heralded by a `` smashing '' sound cue , followed by a show of pulsating hearts , along with the number of the woman who `` burst the light '' , on display screens around the studio . It is essentially the opposite of turning the podium light off ; instead , a woman who `` bursts the light '' is choosing to signal her interest in the man demonstratively rather than just passively leaving her light on . If a woman has activated the `` burst light '' , her light can not be turned off ; instead , her light changes to a pulsating heart display , and she is guaranteed a place as a finalist at the end of the round . If a woman has activated the `` burst light '' , she is now invited onto the stage as a finalist . Thus , there can end up being two , three or four women on the stage as finalists . The man puts to the finalists a question that he chooses from a set menu of queries . Following that , he can put to the finalists an original question of his own . After that , if one of the finalists had `` burst the light '' , she is given an opportunity to explain her interest in the man and why she should be chosen . If the man elects to take one of the finalists who had shown interest in him ( i.e. , had n't turned her light off ) , he walks to her , takes her hand , and they depart for a presumed future date . The man may insist on his `` heartbeat girl '' even if she had turned her light off . In that case , the other finalists are dismissed back to their podiums , and the man is given an opportunity to win his `` heartbeat girl '' over . She may accept him as her date and depart with him , or reject him and return to her podium . Occasionally , a man elects to choose none of the finalists and to depart alone . The post-game interview appears with the man alone , or with him and his chosen girl if he is `` successful '' . Songs featured on the show ( Edit ) The introduction song when a male contestant enters the stage is Jean - Roch 's `` Can You Feel It '' ( Big Ali Edit ) . The girls make their entrance to Jessie J , Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj 's `` Bang Bang '' . Previous songs included : Avril Lavigne 's `` Girlfriend '' Madonna 's `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' If the male contestant has 0 / 24 lights left , Carl Orff 's `` O Fortuna - Carmina Burana '' is played . If the male contestant leaves without a date , Eason Chan 's ( 陈奕迅 ) `` Eliminate '' ( `` 淘汰 '' ) plays . Previous songs included : Fish Leong 's ( ' 可惜 不是 你 ' ) `` Sadly , it 's not you '' A-Lin 's ( ' 離開 的 時候 ' ) `` Time to leave '' When two finalist girls walk the catwalk , the song `` Gee '' by Korean girl group Girls ' Generation ( 소녀 시대 ) plays . When the burst light girl walks the catwalk , the song `` Hush '' by Korean girl group Miss A ( 미쓰 에이 ) plays . This was formerly `` I LOVE YOU '' by 2NE1 . If the favourite girl is not one of the two finalists , she will walk down the catwalk to a swing beat . If the two finalists are not chosen ( i.e. the contestant insists on the favorite girl ) , `` Real Man '' ( 大丈夫 ) by Taiwanese pop singer Jolin Tsai ( 蔡依林 ) plays . This was formerly `` Goodbye bye bye '' by Elva Hsiao ( 蕭亞軒 ) . A matched couple leave to the tune of `` You 're The Right One '' ( `` 你 是 对 的 人 '' ) by Lee Junho ( 이준호 ) featuring Qi Wei ( 戚薇 ) , or `` Finally waited for you '' ( `` 終於 等到 你 '' ) by Jane Zhang ( 張靚穎 ) . Previous songs included : `` Liang Shanbo and Juliet '' ( `` 梁山 伯 与 朱丽叶 '' ) by Genie Chuo ( 卓文萱 ) featuring Gary Cao ( 曹格 ) , `` Beautiful Love '' by Tanya Chua ( 蔡健雅 ) `` Romance '' by Jiang Yu Chen ( 江語晨 ) `` Everybody '' by Ingrid Michaelson The outro song with the credits is `` One Step Forward '' ( 往 前 一步 ) by Meng Fei . An alternative outro features the song Wo Zai Na Yi Jiao Luo Huan Guo Shang Feng '' ( 我 在 那 一 角落 患 过 伤风 ( 小说 音乐 ) ) by Fiona Fung . Guests ( edit ) If You Are The One has had many guests through its long history . They include : Male guest ( edit ) Le Jia ( From 15 Jan 2010 to 14 Oct 2012 and from 18 Nov 2012 to 31 Mar 2013 ) Zeng Zihang ( From 13 Apr 2013 to 13 Jul 2013 ) Ning Caishen ( From 14 July 2013 to 26 Jan 2014 , from 15 Feb 2014 to 1 Mar 2014 and from 9 Mar 2014 to 22 Jun 2014 ) Tong Dawei ( From 9 Aug 2014 to 24 Aug 2014 and from 13 Sep 2014 to 18 Oct 2014 ) Huang Lei ( From 19 Oct 2014 to 1 Nov 2014 , from 16 Nov 2014 to 28 Mar 2015 and from 1 Aug 2015 to 25 March 2017 ) Liu Ye ( From 4 Apr 2015 to 23 May 2015 , 8 episodes ) Lu Yi ( From 30 May 2015 to 25 Jul 2015 , 8 episodes ) Female guest ( edit ) Huang Han ( From 27 Jun 2010 to 19 Mar 2016 ) Huang Lan ( From 26 Mar 2016 to 25 March 2017 ) Fill - in Male guests ( edit ) Yu Zheng ( 6 & 7 April 2013 , 1 week ) Zhang Jiajia ( 2 & 8 Mar 2014 , 1 week ; 13 Jul 2014 to 3 Aug 2014 , 3 weeks ) Hawick Lau ( From 30 Aug 2014 to 7 Sep 2014 , 2 weeks ) Zhang Liang ( From 2 Nov 2014 to 15 Nov 2014 , 2 weeks ) International broadcast ( Edit ) Malaysia - NTV7 broadcast the programme from 6 : 30 to 8 : 00 on every Sunday under the English title , Perfect Match Australia - SBS Viceland broadcast the programme with reruns from 5 : 30 to 6 : 30 on weekday nights , and the new season episodes from 7 : 20 to 8 : 30 on Sunday nights under the title If You Are the One . See also ( edit ) `` I would rather cry in a BMW '' O Fortuna References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Li Jing ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Playing by the rules in the game of love '' . China Daily . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 ... the popular dating show If You Are the One ... Jump up ^ Wang , Fei . `` If you are the foreign one '' . Global Times . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Edward ( 31 December 2011 ) . `` China TV Grows Racy , and Gets a Chaperon '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Lin Qi ( 2010 - 04 - 24 ) . `` The Dating game by Jiangsu TV '' . China Daily . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 ... a jury of 24 single women question one guy , ... ^ Jump up to : Yang , Xiyun ( 18 July 2010 ) . `` China 's Censors Rein in ' Vulgar ' Reality TV Show '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ http://ent.sina.com.cn/z/v/2016-01-15/doc-ifxnqriy2944585.shtml Jump up ^ `` 《 缘 来 非诚勿扰 》 推出 '' 女 选 男 `` 特别 版 '' ( If You Are The One launches Female elect Male special edition ) . Xinhuanet.com ( in Chinese ) . Xinhua News Agency . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 反 转 ! 《 非诚勿扰 》 用 回 原名 '' ( Reverse ! `` You Are the One '' back to the original name ) . Sina ( in Chinese ) . Sina. 1 January 2017 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Heidi ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` The seven - year itch ? If You Are The One under `` overhaul reform '' `` . SBS Australia . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 《 非诚勿扰 》 停 播 了 新版 在 改 前景 未知 '' ( If You Are The One now off the air . ) . Sina ( in Chinese ) . Sina. 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . External links ( Edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Jiangsu Broadcasting Corporation ( JSBC ) Channels Jiangsu Television Jiangsu News Channel Jiangsu City Channel Jiangsu Arts Channel Jiangsu Films and Series Channel Jiangsu Educational Channel Youman Jiangsu Sports Channel JSBC International Jiangsu Mobile Channel Channel Dressy Jiangsu Preschool Channel Variety shows Fei Cheng Wu Rao Fei De Will Watch Raid the Cage Who 's Still Standing ? Win in China Celebrity Battle A Bright World The Exploration of The World Top Fly Real Hero The Brain Mask Singer Dramas The Road We Have Taken ( 2009 ) Brothers ' Happiness ( 2010 ) Naked Wedding ( 2011 ) Zhan Qi ( 2012 ) New Age of Love ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Are_the_One_(game_show)&oldid=835537229 '' Categories : Chinese game shows Dating and relationship reality television series 2010s Chinese television series 2010 Chinese television series debuts Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 08 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. If You Are the One (game show)
2. Chinese dating show
3. Meng Fei (host)
4. Controversy and revisions
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2,907,586,421,681,611,000 | what types of martial arts are in mma | Mixed Martial Arts - wikipedia Mixed Martial Arts Jump to : navigation , search For the fighting styles that combine arts , see hybrid martial arts . `` NHB '' redirects here . For other uses , see NHB ( disambiguation ) . `` MMA '' redirects here . For other uses , see MMA ( disambiguation ) . Mixed martial arts ( MMA ) <Td_colspan="2"> Junior dos Santos , in white shorts , and Shane Carwin , in black shorts , during an MMA fight at the main event of UFC 131 in Vancouver , British Columbia , on June 11 , 2011 . Highest governing body International Mixed Martial Arts Federation <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics Contact Yes ; full - contact Mixed gender Yes ; separate event Type Indoor Venue Fighting ring or cage <Th_colspan="2"> Presence Country or region Worldwide Olympic No -- not recognized by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) Mixed martial arts ( MMA ) is a full - contact combat sport that allows both striking and grappling , both standing and on the ground , using techniques from other combat sports and martial arts . The first documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993 . The term gained popularity when newfullcontact.com , then one of the largest websites covering the sport , hosted and republished the article . The question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate . During the early 20th century , various mixed - style contests took place throughout Japan , Taiwan and in the countries of the Four Asian Tigers . In 1980 CV Productions , Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States , named Tough Guy Contest , later renamed Battle of the Superfighters . The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania . However , in 1983 the Pennsylvania State Senate passed a bill prohibiting the sport . In 1993 the Gracie family brought Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu , developed in Brazil from the 1920s , to the United States by founding the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) MMA promotion company . Originally promoted as a competition to find the most effective martial arts for real unarmed combat , competitors from different fighting styles were pitted against one another in contests with relatively few rules . Later , individual fighters employed multiple martial arts into their style . MMA promoters were pressured to adopt additional rules to increase competitors ' safety , to comply with sport regulations and to broaden mainstream acceptance of the sport . Following these changes , the sport has seen increased popularity with a pay - per - view business that rivals boxing and professional wrestling . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Timeline of major events 2 Modern sport 2.1 Origin of ' MMA ' 2.2 Regulation 2.3 MMA organizations 2.3. 1 Promotions 2.3. 2 Gyms 2.3. 3 Media 2.4 Fighter development 3 Rules 3.1 Victory 3.2 Fighter ranking 3.3 Clothing 3.4 Fighting area 4 Common disciplines 4.1 Boxing 4.2 Muay Thai / Kickboxing 4.3 Brazilian jiu - jitsu 4.4 Judo 4.5 Wrestling 4.5. 1 Catch 4.6 Karate 4.7 Taekwondo 4.8 Capoeira 4.9 Wushu Sanshou / Sanda 5 Strategies 5.1 Sprawl - and - Brawl 5.2 Ground - and - pound 5.3 Submission - Seeking 5.4 Score oriented fighting 5.5 Clinch - Fighting 6 Women 's mixed martial arts 6.1 History 7 Amateur mixed martial arts 7.1 International Mixed Martial Arts Federation 7.2 World Mixed Martial Arts Association 7.2. 1 WMMAA Pan-American Division 8 Safety 8.1 Injury rates 8.2 Injury pattern 8.3 Mental health 8.4 Fatalities 9 Legality of professional competitions 9.1 Australia 9.2 Bahrain 9.3 Belgium 9.4 Brazil 9.5 Bulgaria 9.6 Cambodia 9.7 Canada 9.8 China 9.9 Denmark 9.10 France 9.11 India 9.12 Ireland 9.13 Japan 9.14 Malaysia 9.15 Norway 9.16 Pakistan 9.17 Portugal 9.18 Romania 9.19 Russia 9.20 Singapore 9.21 Sweden 9.22 South Africa 9.23 Taiwan 9.24 Thailand 9.25 United States 10 See also 11 References History ( edit ) The Pancrastinae : A Greek statue of the pancratium , an event showcased at the Roman Colosseum and used by Alexander the Great in battle . Even as late as the Early Middle Ages , statues were put up in Rome and other cities to honour remarkable pankratiasts of Rome . A scene of Ancient Greek pankratiasts fighting . Originally found on a Panathenaic amphora , Lamberg Collection . Over 6,000 years ago the earliest form of a mixed martial art was invented in ancient China by Han Chinese military generals and soldiers called Shuai jiao . It is an ancient style of Wrestling and Kung - Fu that incorporated grappling techniques that are the earliest ancient precursors of modern jujitsu and judo combined with kicking , punching , throwing , joint locks , finger locks , leg sweeps , leg locks and close range trapping techniques used by elite ancient Han Chinese military forces to kill enemy soldiers on the battlefield . In Ancient Greece there was a sport called pankration , which featured a combination of grappling and striking skills similar to those found in modern MMA . Pankration was formed by a combination of the already established wrestling and boxing traditions and , in Olympic terms , first featured in the 33rd Olympiad , 648 BC . All strikes and holds were allowed with the exception of biting and gouging , which were banned . Fighters , also known as pankratiasts , fought until a fighter submitted ; there were no rounds . According to E. Norman Gardiner , ' No branch of athletics was more popular than the pankration . ' From its origins in Ancient Greece , pankration was later passed on to the Romans . The mid-19th century saw the prominence of the new sport savate in the combat sports circle . At that time , French fighters wanted to test out the sport against the traditional combat styles of its time . In 1852 , a contest was held in France between French savateurs and English bare - knuckle boxers in which French fighter Rambaud alias la Resistance fought English fighter Dickinson and won using his kicks . However , the English team still won the four other match - ups during the contest . Since then other similar contest also occurred by the late 19th to mid-20th century between French Savateurs and other combat styles . Examples include a 1905 fight between a French savateur George Dubois and a judo practitioner Re-nierand which resulted in the latter winning by submission , as well as the highly publicized 1957 fight between French savateur and professional boxer Jacques Cayron and a young Japanese karateka named Mochizuki Hiroo which ended when Cayron knocked Hiroo out with a hook . No - holds - barred fighting reportedly took place in the late 1880s when wrestlers representing style of Catch wrestling and many others met in tournaments and music - hall challenge matches throughout Europe . In the USA , the first major encounter between a boxer and a wrestler in modern times took place in 1887 when John L. Sullivan , then heavyweight world boxing champion , entered the ring with his trainer , wrestling champion William Muldoon , and was slammed to the mat in two minutes . The next publicized encounter occurred in the late 1890s when future heavyweight boxing champion Bob Fitzsimmons took on European wrestling champion Ernest Roeber . In September 1901 , Frank `` Paddy '' Slavin , who had been a contender for Sullivan 's boxing title , knocked out future world wrestling champion Frank Gotch in Dawson City , Canada . The judo - practitioner Ren - nierand who gained fame after defeating George Dubois , would fight again in another similar contest against Ukrainian Catch wrestler Ivan Poddubny and lost . Another early example of mixed martial arts was Bartitsu , which Edward William Barton - Wright founded in London in 1899 . Combining catch wrestling , judo , boxing , savate , jujutsu and canne de combat ( French stick fighting ) , Bartitsu was the first martial art known to have combined Asian and European fighting styles , and which saw MMA - style contests throughout England , pitting European Catch wrestlers and Japanese Judoka champions against representatives of various European wrestling styles . The history of modern MMA competition can be traced to mixed style contests throughout Europe , Japan , and the Pacific Rim during the early 1900s ; In Japan these contests were known as merikan , from the Japanese slang for `` American ( fighting ) '' . Merikan contests were fought under a variety of rules , including points decision , best of three throws or knockdowns , and victory via knockout or submission . As the popularity of professional wrestling , which were contested under various Catch wrestling rules at the time , waned after World War I when the sport split into two genres : `` shoot '' , in which the fighters actually competed , and `` show '' , which evolved into modern professional wrestling . In 1936 , heavyweight boxing contender Kingfish Levinsky and veteran Catch wrestler Ray Steele competed in a mixed match , which Steele won in 35 seconds . In 1963 , a catch wrestler and judoka `` Judo '' Gene Lebell fought professional boxer Milo Savage in a no - holds - barred match . Lebell won by Harai Goshi to rear naked choke , leaving Savage unconscious . This was the first televised bout of mixed - style fighting in North America . The hometown crowd was so enraged that they began to boo and throw chairs at Lebell . During the late 1960s to early 1970s , the concept of combining the elements of multiple martial arts was popularized in the west by Bruce Lee via his system of Jeet Kune Do . Lee believed that `` the best fighter is not a Boxer , Karate or Judo man . The best fighter is someone who can adapt to any style , to be formless , to adopt an individual 's own style and not following the system of styles . '' In 2004 , UFC President Dana White would call Lee the `` father of mixed martial arts '' stating : `` If you look at the way Bruce Lee trained , the way he fought , and many of the things he wrote , he said the perfect style was no style . You take a little something from everything . You take the good things from every different discipline , use what works , and you throw the rest away '' . A contemporary of Bruce Lee , Wing Chun practitioner Wong Shun Leung , gained prominence fighting in over 60 - 100 illegal beimo fights against other Chinese martial artist of various styles . In his career , Wong also fought and won against Western fighters and other combat styles such as his match against a Russian boxer named Giko , his televised fight against a fencer , and his well - documented fight against Taiwanese Kung - Fu master Wu Ming Jeet . Like Bruce Lee , Wong also combined boxing and kickboxing into his kung fu . There were `` Karate vs. Muay Thai fights '' February 12 , 1963 . The three karate fighters from Oyama dojo ( kyokushin later ) went to the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Thailand , and fought against three Muay Thai fighters . The three kyokushin karate fighters ' names are Tadashi Nakamura , Kenji Kurosaki and Akio Fujihira ( also known as Noboru Osawa ) . The Muay Thai team were composed of only one authentic Thai fighter . Japan won by 2 -- 1 : Tadashi Nakamura and Akio Fujihira both KOed opponents by punch while Kenji Kurosaki , who fought the Thai , was KOed by elbow . This should be noted that the only Japanese loser Kenji Kurosaki was then a kyokushin instructor rather than a contender and temporarily designated as a substitute for the absent chosen fighter . On June of the same year , karateka and future kickboxer Tadashi Sawamura faced against top Thai fighter Samarn Sor Adisorn , in which Sawamura was knocked down 16 times and defeated . Sawamura would use what he learned in that fight to incorporate in the evolving kickboxing tournaments . Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki took place in Japan in 1976 . The classic match - up between professional boxer vs professional wrestler turned sour as both fighters refused to engage in the other 's style , and after a 15 - round stalemate , it was declared a draw . However Ali had sustained a substantial amount of damage to his legs , as Inoki slide - kicked him continuously for the duration of the bout , causing him to be hospitalized for the next three days . In 1988 Rick Roufus challenged Changpuek Kiatsongrit to a non-title Muay Thai vs. kickboxing super fight . Rick Roufus was at the time an undefeated Kickboxer and held both the KICK Super Middleweight World title and the PKC Middleweight U.S title . Changpuek Kiatsongrit was finding it increasingly difficult to get fights in Thailand as his weight ( 70 kg ) was not typical for Thailand , where competitive bouts at tend to be at the lower weights . Roufus knocked Changpuek down twice with punches in the first round , breaking Changpuek 's jaw , but lost by technical knockout in the fourth round due to the culmination of low kicks to the legs that he was unprepared for . This match was the first popular fight which showcased the power of such low kicks to a predominantly Western audience . Timeline of major events ( edit ) Ancient China , 6,000 + years ago -- Shuai jiao ( ancient Chinese Kung - Fu style ) Ancient Greece , 2,000 + years ago -- Pankration Late 19th century -- Hybrid martial arts Late 1880s -- Early NHB and Mixed Style contests 1899 -- Barton - Wright and Bartitsu Early 1900s -- Merikan contests 1920s -- Early vale tudo and Gracie Challenge 1960s and 1970s -- Bruce Lee and Jeet Kune Do 1970s -- Antonio Inoki and Ishu Kakutōgi Sen 1985 -- Shooto forms -- First professional Shooto event 1991 -- First Desafio ( BJJ vs. Luta Livre ) event 1993 -- Pancrase forms 1993 -- UFC forms Mid / Late 1990s -- International Vale Tudo 1997 -- 2007 -- PRIDE FC and UFC era 2000 -- New Jersey SACB develops Unified rules 2001 -- Zuffa buys UFC 2005 -- The Ultimate Fighter Debuts 2005 -- US Army begins sanctioning MMA 2006 -- UFC dominance and international growth 2006 -- Zuffa buys WFA and WEC 2006 -- UFC 66 generates over a million PPV buys 2007 -- Zuffa buys PRIDE FC 2008 -- EliteXC : Primetime gains 6.5 million peak viewers on CBS 2009 -- Strikeforce holds 1st major card with female main event 2011 -- WEC merged with UFC 2011 -- Zuffa buys Strikeforce 2011 -- UFC on Fox gains 8.8 million peak viewers on Fox 2016 -- WMG / IMG buys UFC for US $4 billion 2017 -- UFC Superstar Conor McGregor loses Boxing match ( TKO ) vs Floyd Mayweather under Queensbury Rules Modern sport ( edit ) The movement that led to the creation of the American and Japanese mixed martial arts scenes was rooted in two interconnected subcultures and two grappling styles , namely Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu and shoot wrestling . First were the vale tudo events in Brazil , followed by the Japanese shoot - style wrestling shows . Vale tudo began in the 1920s and became renowned with the `` Gracie challenge '' issued by Carlos Gracie and Hélio Gracie and upheld later on by descendants of the Gracie family. The `` Gracie Challenges '' were held in the garages and gyms of the Gracie family members . When the popularity grew , these types of mixed bouts were a staple attraction at the carnivals in Brazil . Early mixed - match martial arts professional wrestling bouts in Japan ( known as Ishu Kakutōgi Sen ( 異種 格闘技 戦 ) , literally `` heterogeneous combat sports bouts '' ) became popular with Antonio Inoki in the 1970s . Inoki was a disciple of Rikidōzan , but also of Karl Gotch who trained numerous Japanese wrestlers in catch wrestling . Regulated mixed martial arts competitions were first introduced in the United States by CV Productions , Inc ... Its first competition named Tough Guy Contest was held on March 20 , 1980 , New Kensington , Pennsylvania , Holiday Inn . During that year the company renamed the brand to Super Fighters and sanctioned ten regulated tournaments in Pennsylvania . In 1983 Pennsylvania State Senate passed a bill that specifically called for : `` Prohibiting Tough Guy contests or Battle of the Brawlers contests '' , and ended the sport . In 1993 the sport got reintroduced in the United States by the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . The sport gained international exposure and widespread publicity when jiu - jitsu fighter Royce Gracie won the first Ultimate Fighting Championship tournament , submitting three challengers in a total of just five minutes , sparking a revolution in martial arts . Japan had its own form of mixed martial arts discipline Shooto that evolved from shoot wrestling in 1985 , as well as the shoot wrestling derivative Pancrase founded as a promotion in 1993 . The first Vale Tudo Japan tournaments were held in 1994 and 1995 , both were won by Rickson Gracie . Around the same time , International Vale Tudo competition started to develop through ( World Vale Tudo Championship ( WVC ) , VTJ , IVC , UVF etc . ) . Interest in mixed martial arts as a sport resulted in the creation of the Pride Fighting Championships ( Pride ) in 1997 , where again Rickson participated and won . The sport reached a new peak of popularity in North America in the December 2006 rematch between then UFC light heavyweight champion Chuck Liddell and former champion Tito Ortiz , rivaling the PPV sales of some of the biggest boxing events of all time , and helping the UFC 's 2006 PPV gross surpass that of any promotion in PPV history . In 2007 , Zuffa LLC , the owners of the UFC MMA promotion , bought Japanese rival MMA brand Pride FC , merging the contracted fighters under one promotion and drawing comparisons to the consolidation that occurred in other sports , such as the AFL - NFL Merger in American football . Origin of ' MMA ' ( edit ) The first documented use of the name mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg , in 1993 . The term gained popularity when the website newfullcontact.com , then one of the biggest covering the sport , hosted and reprinted the article . The first use of the term by a promotion was in September 1995 by Rick Blume , president and CEO of Battlecade Extreme Fighting , just after UFC 7 . UFC official Jeff Blatnick was responsible for the Ultimate Fighting Championship officially adopting the name mixed martial arts . It was previously marketed as `` Ultimate Fighting '' and `` No Holds Barred ( NHB ) '' , until Blatnick and John McCarthy proposed the name ' MMA ' at the UFC 17 rules meeting in response to increased public criticism . The question of who actually coined the name is a question still in debate . Regulation ( edit ) The first state regulated MMA event was held in Biloxi , Mississippi on August 23 , 1996 with the sanctioning of IFC 's Mayhem in Mississippi show by the Mississippi Athletic Commission under William Lyons . The rules used were an adaptation of the kickboxing rules already accepted by most state athletic commissions . These modified kickboxing rules allowed for take downs and ground fighting and did away with rounds but did allow for fighters to be stood up by the referee and restarted if there was no action on the ground . These rules were the first in modern MMA to define fouls , fighting surfaces and the use of the cage . In March 1997 , the Iowa Athletic Commission officially sanctioned Battlecade Extreme Fighting under a modified form of its existing rules for Shootfighting . These rules created the 3 , 5 minute round , one - minute break format , and mandated shootfighting gloves as well as weight classes for the first time . Illegal blows were listed as groin strikes , head butting , biting , eye gouging , hair pulling , striking an opponent with an elbow while the opponent is on the mat , kidney strikes , and striking the back of the head with closed fist . Holding onto the ring or cage for any reason was defined as foul . While there are minor differences between these and the final Unified Rules , notably regarding elbow - strikes , the Iowa rules allowed mixed martial arts promoters to conduct essentially modern events legally , anywhere in the state . On March 28 , 1997 , Extreme Fighting 4 was held under these rules , making it the first show conducted under a version of the modern rules . In April 2000 , the California State Athletic Commission voted unanimously in favor of regulations that later became the foundation for the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . However , when the legislation was sent to the California capital in Sacramento for review , it was determined that the sport fell outside the jurisdiction of the CSAC , rendering the vote superfluous . On September 30 , 2000 , the New Jersey State Athletic Control Board ( NJSACB ) began to allow mixed martial arts promoters to conduct events in New Jersey . The first event was an IFC event titled Battleground 2000 held in Atlantic City . The intent was to allow the NJSACB to observe actual events and gather information to establish a comprehensive set of rules to effectively regulate the sport . On April 3 , 2001 , the NJSACB held a meeting to discuss the regulation of mixed martial arts events . This meeting attempted to unify the myriad rules and regulations which have been utilized by the different mixed martial arts organizations . At this meeting , the proposed uniform rules were agreed upon by the NJSACB , several other regulatory bodies , numerous promoters of mixed martial arts events and other interested parties in attendance . At the conclusion of the meeting , all parties in attendance were able to agree upon a uniform set of rules to govern the sport of mixed martial arts . The rules adopted by the NJSACB have become the de facto standard set of rules for professional mixed martial arts across North America . On July 30 , 2009 , a motion was made at the annual meeting of the Association of Boxing Commissions to adopt these rules as the `` Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts '' . The motion passed unanimously . In November 2005 the United States Army began to sanction mixed martial arts with the first annual Army Combatives Championships held by the US Army Combatives School . Canada formally decriminalized mixed martial arts with a vote on Bill S - 209 on June 5 , 2013 . The bill allows for provinces to have the power to create athletic commissions to regulate and sanction professional mixed martial arts bouts . MMA organizations ( edit ) Promotions ( edit ) According to MMA portal Tapology.com listings , there are hundreds of MMA promotions around the world producing MMA events . Since the UFC came to prominence in mainstream media in 2006 , and with their 2007 merger with Pride FC and following purchase of WEC and Strikeforce , no companies have presented significant competition , and the UFC has under contract almost all of the top ranked talent . On April 30 , 2011 , UFC 129 set a new North American MMA attendance record , drawing 55,724 at the Rogers Centre in Toronto ; the event also set a new MMA world record for the highest paid gate at $12,075,000 and is the highest gate in Toronto for any event . In 2011 , the UFC reached a multi-year deal with the Fox Sports network , a tremendous milestone in the organization , bringing the sport to mainstream media . The UFC also broadcasts their shows live to other networks around the world . Outside of the UFC , the current secondary major MMA promotions that also have on their roster at least 3 top 15 ranked fighters are : Bellator MMA . Based out of Newport Beach , California , United States . Broadcasts their fights locally on Spike TV and other networks around the world . ONE Championship . Based out of Kallang , Singapore . Broadcasts their fights locally on ESPN Star Sports and other networks around the world . Invicta FC ( all female MMA ) . Based out of Enka , North Carolina , United States . Broadcasts their fights on UFC Fight - Pass online subscription service . Though ranked # 20 promotion overall ; Japanese , all female MMA promotion JEWELS ( DEEP JEWELS ) which formed a strategic partnership to cross-promote with Invicta FC since 2012 , has many top ranked fighters in their female Atomweight division . Fighters usually get contracts in the above promotions including the UFC after competing successfully in other MMA organisations from around the world . Some MMA promotions tend to exist more to build up prospects while others have a good mix of prospect / veteran . Some exist only to be feeder leagues to the bigger promotions , others exist to try and be the best in the world . Some promotions only do 4 shows a year while others are doing them monthly . The top 50 regional MMA promotions in the world , compiled on Sherdog forum , have been evaluated by how much talent the promotion currently has , has had in the past , and how notable their fighting venues are while doing so . Popularity has some influence as well . ( updated November 2014 ) : 1 . Cage Warriors Fighting Championship ( CWFC ) . Based out of London , England , UK . Broadcasts their fights locally on Premier Sports and other networks around the world . 2 . M - 1 Global . Based out of St. Petersburg , Russia . Broadcasts their fights locally on Russia - 2 and on Fight Network internationally . 3 . Jungle Fight . Based out of Manaus , Brazil . Broadcasts their fights locally on SporTV and ESPN Deportes in the USA . 4 . Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki ( KSW ) . Based out of : Warsaw , Poland . Broadcasts their fights locally on Polsat Sport and on Fight Network internationally . 5 . Fight Nights ( Russia ) . Based out of Moscow , Russia . Broadcasts their fights locally on Russia - 2 and REN TV , and on UFC Fight - Pass online subscription service internationally . 6 . Resurrection Fighting Alliance ( RFA ) . Based out of Kearney , Nebraska , USA . Broadcasts their fights locally on AXS TV Fights . 7 . Legacy Fighting Championships ( LFC ) . Based out of Houston , Texas , USA . Broadcasts their fights locally on AXS TV Fights . 8 . Titan Fighting Championship . Based out of Kansas City , Kansas , USA . Broadcasts their fights locally on UFC Fight - Pass online subscription service . 9 . Shooto South America ( ShootoBrazil ) . Based out of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . Broadcasts internationally on UFC Fight - Pass online subscription service . 10 . British Association of Mixed Martial Arts ( BAMMA ) . Based out of London , England . Broadcasts their fights locally on Channel 5 ( UK ) and other networks around the world . 11 . Full Metal Dojo ( FMD ) . Based out of Bangkok , Thailand . Broadcasts their fights locally on True Visions and Fox Sports . See rest of list in main article . Gyms ( edit ) There are hundreds of MMA training facilities throughout the world . These are the current top 10 MMA Gyms in the world based on how many top 15 ranked UFC fighters they currently train . There are 160 fighters who train at over 80 different gyms at the top 15 rankings in the UFC 10 divisions . The rankings are based on a system where a champion earns their gym a score of 25 points . A # 1 contender is worth 15 points , a # 2 contender is worth 10 points with a decrease in ranking equaling a decrease of 1 point until the ranking reaches # 10 . From there , rankings 11 - 15 are each worth 1 point . ( updated July 2015 ) : 1 . Nova União located in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 2 . Jackson - Winkeljohn MMA located in Albuquerque , New Mexico 3 . American Kickboxing Academy ( AKA ) located in San Jose , California . 4 . Team Alpha Male located in Sacramento , California . 5 . American Top Team ( ATT ) located in Coconut Creek , Florida . 6 . Kings MMA located in Huntington Beach , California . 7 . Blackzilians located in Boca Raton , Florida . 8 . Serra - Longo located in Long Island , New York . 9 . Glendale Fighting Club located in Glendale , California . 10 . Black House ( Team Nogueira ) based out of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . 11 . Super 70 Fight Club ( Drake and Drew Sizzle ) based out of Fredericksburg , VA Media ( edit ) Web data traffic ranking leader Alexa Internet lists 50 online media outlets under its `` MMA news and media '' website category . As of October 17 , 2015 : the top 10 most popular websites covering the sport are : 1 . Sherdog.com 2 . MMAFighting.com ( SB Nation ) 3 . UFC.com 4 . MMAjunkie.com 5 . MMAMania.com ( SB Nation ) 6 . Bloodyelbow.com ( SB Nation ) 7 . Mixedmartialarts.com 8 . Espn.go.com/mma 9 . Foxsports.com/ufc 10 . MMAWeekly.com Fighter development ( edit ) As a result of an increased number of competitors , organized training camps , information sharing , and modern kinesiology , the understanding of the combat - effectiveness of various strategies has been greatly improved . UFC commentator Joe Rogan claimed that martial arts evolved more in the ten years following 1993 than in the preceding 700 years combined . `` During his reign atop the sport in the late 1990s he was the prototype -- he could strike with the best strikers ; he could grapple with the best grapplers ; his endurance was second to none . '' -- describing UFC champion Frank Shamrock 's early dominance The high profile of modern MMA promotions such as UFC and Pride has fostered an accelerated development of the sport . The early 1990s saw a wide variety of traditional styles competing in the sport . However , early competition saw varying levels of success among disparate styles . In the early 1990s , practitioners of grappling based styles such as Brazilian jiu - jitsu dominated competition in the United States . Practitioners of striking based arts such as boxing , kickboxing , and karate who were unfamiliar with submission grappling proved to be unprepared to deal with its submission techniques . As competitions became more and more common , those with a base in striking arts became more competitive as they cross trained in arts based around takedowns and submission holds . Likewise , those from the varying grappling styles added striking techniques to their arsenal . This increase of cross-training resulted in fighters becoming increasingly multidimensional and well - rounded in their skill - sets . The new hybridization of fighting styles can be seen in the technique of `` ground and pound '' developed by wrestling - based UFC pioneers such as Dan Severn , Don Frye and Mark Coleman . These wrestlers realized the need for the incorporation of strikes on the ground as well as on the feet , and incorporated ground striking into their grappling - based styles . Mark Coleman stated at UFC 14 that his strategy was to `` Ground him and pound him '' which may be the first televised use of the term . Since the late 1990s , both strikers and grapplers have been successful at MMA , though it is rare to see any fighter who is not schooled in both striking and grappling arts reach the highest levels of competition . The greatest MMA fighter of all time is considered by experts , fighters and fans to be either heavyweight Fedor Emelianenko or middleweight Anderson Silva . UFC color commentator Joe Rogan responded to a fan 's question : `` Joe , is Fedor the Greatest Of All Time ? It 's him or Anderson , and I could see the argument going either way honestly . Both guys have had truly magical moments in competition against some of the best in the world . '' Rules ( edit ) Main article : Mixed martial arts rules The rules for modern mixed martial arts competitions have changed significantly since the early days of vale tudo , Japanese shoot wrestling , and UFC 1 , and even more from the historic style of pankration . As the knowledge of fighting techniques spread among fighters and spectators , it became clear that the original minimalist rule systems needed to be amended . The main motivations for these rule changes were protection of the health of the fighters , the desire to shed the perception of `` barbarism and lawlessness '' , and to be recognized as a legitimate sport . The new rules included the introduction of weight classes ; as knowledge about submissions spread , differences in weight had become a significant factor . There are nine different weight classes in the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . These nine weight classes include flyweight ( up to 125 lb / 56.7 kg ) , bantamweight ( up to 135 lb / 61.2 kg ) , featherweight ( up to 145 lb / 65.8 kg ) , lightweight ( up to 155 lb / 70.3 kg ) , welterweight ( up to 170 lb / 77.1 kg ) , middleweight ( up to 185 lb / 83.9 kg ) , light heavyweight ( up to 205 lb / 93.0 kg ) , heavyweight ( up to 265 lb / 120.2 kg ) , and super heavyweight with no upper weight limit . Small , open - fingered gloves were introduced to protect fists , reduce the occurrence of cuts ( and stoppages due to cuts ) and encourage fighters to use their hands for striking to allow more captivating matches . Gloves were first made mandatory in Japan 's Shooto promotion and were later adopted by the UFC as it developed into a regulated sport . Most professional fights have the fighters wear 4 oz gloves , whereas some jurisdictions require amateurs to wear a slightly heavier 6 oz glove for more protection for the hands and wrists . Time limits were established to avoid long fights with little action where competitors conserved their strength . Matches without time limits also complicated the airing of live events . The time limits in most professional fights are three 5 minute rounds , and championship fights are normally five 5 minute rounds . Similar motivations produced the `` stand up '' rule , where the referee can stand fighters up if it is perceived that both are resting on the ground or not advancing toward a dominant position . In the U.S. , state athletic and boxing commissions have played a crucial role in the introduction of additional rules because they oversee MMA in a similar fashion to boxing . In Japan and most of Europe , there is no regulating authority over competitions , so these organizations have greater freedom in rule development and event structure . Previously , Japan - based organization Pride Fighting Championships held an opening 10 - minute round followed by two five - minute rounds . Stomps , soccer kicks and knees to the head of a grounded opponent are legal , but elbow strikes to the head are not . This rule set is more predominant in the Asian - based organizations as opposed to European and American rules . More recently , Singapore - based organization ONE Championship allows soccer kicks and knees to the head of a grounded opponent as well as elbow strikes to the head , but does not allow head stomps . Victory ( edit ) Victory in a match is normally gained either by the judges ' decision after an allotted amount of time has elapsed , a stoppage by the referee ( for example if a competitor can not defend himself intelligently ) or the fight doctor ( due to an injury ) , a submission , by a competitor 's cornerman throwing in the towel , or by knockout . Knockout ( KO ) : as soon as a fighter is unable to continue due to legal strikes , his opponent is declared the winner . As MMA rules allow submissions and ground and pound , the fight is stopped to prevent further injury to the fighter . Submission : a fighter may admit defeat during a match by : a tap on the opponent 's body or mat / floor a verbal submission Technical Submission : the referee stops the match when the fighter is caught in a submission hold and is in danger of being injured . Often it is when a fighter gets choked unconscious ; other times it is when a bone has been broken in a submission hold ( a broken arm due to a kimura , etc . ) Technical Knockout ( TKO ) : Referee stoppage : The ref may stop a match in progress if : a fighter becomes dominant to the point where the opponent can not intelligently defend himself and is taking excessive damage as a result a fighter appears to be losing consciousness as he / she is being struck a fighter appears to have a significant injury such as a cut or a broken bone Doctor Stoppage / Cut : the referee will call for a time out if a fighter 's ability to continue is in question as a result of apparent injuries , such as a large cut . The ring doctor will inspect the fighter and stop the match if the fighter is deemed unable to continue safely , rendering the opponent the winner . However , if the match is stopped as a result of an injury from illegal actions by the opponent , either a disqualification or no contest will be issued instead . Corner stoppage : a fighter 's corner men may announce defeat on the fighter 's behalf by throwing in the towel during the match in progress or between rounds . This is normally done when a fighter is being beaten to the point where it is dangerous and unnecessary to continue . In some cases , the fighter may be injured . Retirement : a fighter is so dazed or exhausted that he / she can not physically continue fighting . Usually occurs between rounds . Decision : if the match goes the distance , then the outcome of the bout is determined by three judges . The judging criteria are organization - specific . Forfeit : a fighter or his representative may forfeit a match prior to the beginning of the match , thereby losing the match . Disqualification : a `` warning '' will be given when a fighter commits a foul or illegal action or does not follow the referee 's instruction . Three warnings will result in a disqualification . Moreover , if a fighter is unable to continue due to a deliberate illegal technique from his opponent , the opponent will be disqualified . No Contest : in the event that both fighters commit a violation of the rules , or a fighter is unable to continue due to an injury from an accidental illegal technique , the match will be declared a `` No Contest '' except in the case of a technical decision in the unified rules . Technical decision : in the unified rules of MMA , if a fighter is unable to continue due to an accidental illegal technique late in the fight , a technical decision is rendered by the judges based on who is ahead on the judges ' scorecards at that time . In a three - round fight , two rounds must be completed for a technical decision to be awarded and in a five - round fight , three rounds must be completed . Fighter ranking ( edit ) See also : Sports rating system MMA fighters get ranked according to their performance and outcome of their fights and level of competition they faced . The most popular and used , ranking portals are : Fight Matrix : Ranks up to 250 - 500 fighters worldwide for every possible division male and female . Sherdog : Ranks top 10 fighters worldwide only for current available UFC divisions . Also used by ESPN . SB Nation : Ranks top 14 fighters worldwide only for male divisions . Also used by USA Today . MMAjunkie.com : Ranks top 10 fighters worldwide for current UFC available divisions . UFC : Ranks top 15 contenders , UFC signed fighters only , as per UFC divisions . ( For example : # 2 means the fighter is # 3 for the UFC , behind the Champion and the # 1 ) Tapology : Ranks top 10 fighters worldwide for every possible division . Sports Illustrated : Ranks top 10 fighters worldwide for current UFC available divisions . MMA Rising : Ranks top 10 fighters worldwide in every possible division . Notable for their Unified Women 's Mixed Martial Arts . Rankings MMA Weekly : Ranks top 10 male fighters worldwide in every possible division , and P4P for female fighters . Also used by Yahoo ! Sports . Bleacher Report : Ranks top 10 UFC fighters in each division . Fight ! Magazine : Ranks top 5 fighters and only in male divisions . Ranking MMA : Ranks top 20 male fighters worldwide in each division and also by promotions . Oddsshark.com : Ranks top 10 fighters worldwide in current UFC divisions . GroundandPound.de : Ranks top 10 European male fighters in all divisions . MMAViking : Ranks top 5 Scandinavian male fighters in all divisions and Scandinavian female pound for pound . Clothing ( edit ) Mixed martial arts promotions typically require that male fighters wear shorts in addition to being barechested , thus precluding the use of gi or fighting kimono to inhibit or assist submission holds . Male fighters are required by most athletic commissions to wear groin protectors underneath their trunks . Female fighters wear short shorts and sports bras or other similarly snug - fitting tops . Both male and female fighters are required to wear a mouthguard . The need for flexibility in the legs combined with durability prompted the creation of various fighting shorts brands , which then spawned a range of mixed martial arts clothing and casual wear available to the public . Fighting area ( edit ) According to the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts , an MMA competition or exhibition may be held in a ring or a fenced area . The fenced area can be round or have at least six sides . There are variations on the cage such as replacing the metal fencing with a net , or using a different shape for the area other than an octagon , as the term `` the Octagon '' is trademarked by the UFC ( though the 8 - sided shape itself is not trademarked ) . The fenced area is called a cage generically , or a hexagon , an octagon or an octagon cage , depending on the shape . Common disciplines ( edit ) Most ' traditional ' martial arts have a specific focus and these arts may be trained to improve in that area . Popular disciplines of each type include : Stand - up : Boxing , Kickboxing , Muay Thai , Karate , Taekwondo , Capoeira , Combat Sambo , Savate , and Wushu Sanshou are trained to improve stand - up striking . Clinch : Judo , Freestyle and Greco - Roman wrestling , JuJutsu , Ninjitsu , Sambo , and Wushu Sanshou are trained to improve clinching , takedowns and throws , while Muay Thai is trained to improve the striking aspect of the clinch . Ground : Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu , Judo , JuJutsu , Sambo , Catch wrestling , Luta Livre and submission grappling are trained to improve ground control and position , as well as to achieve submission holds , and defend against them . Most styles have been adapted from their traditional forms , such as boxing stances which lack effective counters to leg kicks and the Muay Thai stance which is poor for defending against takedowns due to the static nature , or Judo and Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu , techniques which must be adapted for No Gi competition . It is common for a fighter to train with multiple coaches of different styles or an organized fight team to improve various aspects of their game at once . Cardiovascular conditioning , speed drills , strength training and flexibility are also important aspects of a fighter 's training . Some schools advertise their styles as simply `` mixed martial arts '' , which has become a style in itself , but the training will still often be split into different sections . While mixed martial arts was initially practiced almost exclusively by competitive fighters , this is no longer the case . As the sport has become more mainstream and more widely taught , it has become accessible to wider range of practitioners of all ages . Proponents of this sort of training argue that it is safe for anyone , of any age , with varying levels of competitiveness and fitness . Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing Boxing is a combat form that is widely used in MMA and is one of the primary striking bases for many fighters . Boxing punches account for the vast majority of strikes during the stand up portion of a bout and also account for the largest number of significant strikes , knock downs and KOs in MMA matches . Several aspects of boxing are extremely valuable such as footwork , use of combinations , and defensive techniques like slips , stance ( to include chin protection and keeping hands up ) commonly known as Guard position , and head movement . Boxing based fighters have also been shown to throw and land a higher volume of strikes compared to other striking bases at a rate of 3.88 per minute with 9.64 per minute thrown ( compared to Muay Thai at 3.46 and 7.50 , respectively ) . Some fighters that are known for using boxing are Cain Velasquez , Nick Diaz , Junior dos Santos , B.J. Penn , Dan Hardy , Shane Carwin and Andrei Arlovski . Muay Thai / kickboxing ( edit ) Main articles : Muay Thai and Kickboxing Muay Thai or Thai Boxing and Kickboxing , along with boxing , are recognised as a foundation for striking in mixed martial arts and are both widely practiced and taught . Although both are almost identical they both have their different techniques . One of the primary benefits of training in Muay Thai for MMA is its versatility . Techniques include long , middle and short range with everything from kicks to clinch holds and throws . It originated in Thailand , and is known as the `` art of eight limbs '' which refers to the use of the legs , knees , elbows and fists . Whereas Kickboxing is a group of stand - up combat martial arts based on kicking and punching . The modern style was originated in Japan and is a branch off from Karate and Muay Thai . Notable fighters who use Muay Thai include current UFC women 's strawweight champion Joanna Jedrzejczyk and former UFC champions Anderson Silva and José Aldo . Brazilian jiu - jitsu ( edit ) Main article : Brazilian jiu - jitsu Brazilian jiu - jitsu ( BJJ ) and JuJutsu or Japanese jiu - jitsu ( JJJ ) came to international prominence in the martial arts community in the early 1990s , when Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu expert Royce Gracie won the first , second and fourth Ultimate Fighting Championships , which at the time were single elimination martial arts tournaments . Royce fought against often much larger opponents who were practicing other styles , including boxing , wrestling , ( including freestyle , Greco - Roman , and American folkstyle ) , shoot - fighting , karate and taekwondo . It has since become a staple art and key component for many MMA fighters . Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu and JuJutsu are largely credited for bringing widespread attention to the importance of ground fighting . Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu is primarily considered ground - based fighting style , with emphasis on positioning , chokes and joint locks . Whereas JJJ is almost the exact same as BJJ but it also uses a method of close combat . It ca n't fully be used to its potential as it also does work on fighting an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no weapon or only a short weapon . Current fighters who are known for their BJJ skills include Joe Lauzon , Fabricio Werdum , Rafael Dos Anjos and Damian Maia Judo ( edit ) Main article : Judo Using their knowledge of ne - waza / ground grappling and tachi - waza / standing - grappling , several judo practitioners have also competed in mixed martial arts matches . Anderson Silva , who is a top ranked fighter in the world maintains a black belt in judo , former Russian national judo championship Bronze medallist Fedor Emelianenko , famous UFC fighter Karo Parisyan , Jim Wallhead , Rick Hawn , Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou , Olympic medallists Hidehiko Yoshida ( Gold , 1992 ) , rising contender Dong Hyun Kim is a 4th degree judo black belt , and Ronda Rousey ( Bronze , 2008 ) now Strikeforce and one time Ultimate Fighting Championship Women 's Bantamweight Champion as well as Hector Lombard , who has been highly ranked in both middleweight and welterweight classes , is a fourth degree black belt in judo and former Olympic judo competitor . Current MMA practitioners who practice Judo include Ronda Rousey and Cub Swanson Paulo Filho , a former WEC middleweight champion has credited judo for his success in an interview . Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling Wrestling ( including freestyle , Greco - Roman , and American folkstyle ) gained tremendous respect due to its effectiveness in mixed martial arts competitions . It is widely studied by mixed martial artists and credited for conferring an emphasis on conditioning for explosive movement and stamina , both of which are critical in competitive mixed martial arts . It is known for excellent takedowns , particularly against the legs . Notable wrestlers in MMA include Chael Sonnen , Randy Couture , Brock Lesnar and Olympians Daniel Cormier and Dan Henderson . Catch ( edit ) The term no holds barred was used originally to describe the wrestling method prevalent in catch wrestling tournaments during the late 19th century wherein no wrestling holds were banned from the competition , regardless of how dangerous they might be . The term was applied to mixed martial arts matches , especially at the advent of the Ultimate Fighting Championship . Karate ( edit ) Main article : Karate Karate , especially Kyokushin and other full contact styles , has proven to be effective in the sport as it is one of the core foundations of kickboxing , and specializes in striking techniques . Various styles of karate are practiced by some MMA fighters , notably Chuck Liddell , Bas Rutten , Lyoto Machida , Stephen Thompson , John Makdessi , Uriah Hall , Ryan Jimmo , Georges St - Pierre , Kyoji Horiguchi , and Louis Gaudinot . Liddell is known to have an extensive striking background in Kenpō with Fabio Martella whereas Lyoto Machida practices Shotokan Ryu , and St - Pierre practices Kyokushin . Taekwondo ( edit ) Main article : Taekwondo Several accomplished MMA fighters have an extensive background in Taekwondo . Some of fighters that use TKD techniques in MMA are former UFC Lightweight Champion and WEC Lightweight Champion Anthony Pettis , who is 3rd dan black belt as well as an instructor , former UFC Middleweight Champion Anderson Silva , who is 5th dan black belt and still competes in TKD , . Anderson Silva in his instructional book admitted the influence of TKD in formation of his style in the beginning of his career . In each of my fights , I tried to utilize techniques from all the various styles I had studied . I threw Tae Kwon Do kicks . I threw Muay Thai knees and elbows , and I used my knowledge of Brazilian jiu - jitsu on the ground . Also Anthony Pettis has said that he is definitely a traditional martial artist first and a mixed martial artist second . as well as My style of attacking is different ( because of ) Taekwondo background . Capoeira ( edit ) Main article : Capoeira Capoeira came into UFC over more recent years used majorly as an attachement to Brazilian jiu - jitsu as they both originate from Brazil . Some certain fighters use this martial art as their main way of fighting but not fully as it does also majorly consist of music and dancing . But there have been many amazing knockouts with Capoeira with it being so impressive and quick . Conor McGregor and José Aldo were the two main fighters who helped Capoeira gain such attention . It is known for its quick and complex maneuvers , predominantly using power , speed , and leverage across a wide variety of kicks , spins and techniques . Wushu Sanshou / sanda ( edit ) Main article : Sanshou Wushu Sanshou and other Chinese martial arts have also been utilized in MMA by several fighters , being highly effective in competition thanks to its novel mixture of striking and stand up takedowns , achieved through a condensation of traditional Chinese Martial Arts techniques . Most prominent and chief amongst these fighters is Cung Le , who is most notable for his TKO and KO victories over former UFC champions Frank Shamrock ( in Strikeforce ) and Rich Franklin ( at UFC Macau ) . Other Wushu Sanshou based fighters who have entered MMA include KJ Noons , Pat Barry , Zhang Tiequan and Muslim Salihov . Fighters in the Ranik Ultimate Fighting Champion Federation also typically come from a Wushu , hence Wushu Sanshou background . Strategies ( edit ) The techniques utilized in mixed martial arts competition generally fall into two categories : striking techniques ( such as kicks , knees , punches and elbows ) and grappling techniques ( such as clinch holds , pinning holds , submission holds , sweeps , takedowns and throws ) . Today , mixed martial artists must cross-train in a variety of styles to counter their opponent 's strengths and remain effective in all the phases of combat . Sprawl - and - brawl ( edit ) Sprawl - and - Brawl is a stand - up fighting tactic that consists of effective stand - up striking , while avoiding ground fighting , typically by using sprawls to defend against takedowns . A Sprawl - and - Brawler is usually a boxer or kickboxer , Thai boxer or karate fighter who has trained in various styles of wrestling , judo , and / or sambo to avoid takedowns to keep the fight standing . This is a form which is heavily practiced in the amateur leagues . These fighters will often study submission wrestling to avoid being forced into submission should they find themselves on the ground . This style can be deceptively different from traditional kickboxing styles , since sprawl - and - brawlers must adapt their techniques to incorporate takedown and ground fighting defense . A few notable examples are Igor Vovchanchyn , Mirko Filipović , Chuck Liddell , Mark Hunt and more recently Junior dos Santos , Andrei Arlovski. and Joanna Jedrzejczyk . Ground - and - pound ( edit ) Ground - and - pound is a strategy consisting of taking an opponent to the ground using a takedown or throw , obtaining a top , or dominant grappling position , and then striking the opponent , primarily with fists , hammerfists , and elbows . Ground - and - pound is also used as a precursor to attempting submission holds . The style is used by fighters well - versed in submission defense and skilled at takedowns . They take the fight to the ground , maintain a grappling position , and strike until their opponent submits or is knocked out . Although not a traditional style of striking , the effectiveness and reliability of ground - and - pound has made it a popular tactic . It was first demonstrated as an effective technique by Mark Coleman , then popularized by fighters such as Chael Sonnen , Don Frye , Frank Trigg , Jon Jones , Cheick Kongo , Mark Kerr , Frank Shamrock , Tito Ortiz , Matt Hughes , and Chris Weidman . While most fighters utilize ground - and - pound statically , by way of holding their opponents down and mauling them with short strikes from the top position , a few fighters manage to utilize it dynamically by striking their opponents while changing positions , thus not allowing their opponents to settle once they take them down . Cain Velasquez is one of the most devastating ground strikers in MMA . He attacks his opponents on the ground while transitioning between positions . Whether he 's moving from mount to back mount or from turtle to side control , he is constantly landing shots . Fedor Emelianenko , considered the greatest master of ground - and - pound in MMA history , was the first to demonstrate this dynamic style of striking in transition . He was striking his opponents on the ground while passing guard or while his opponents were attempting to recover guard . In the year 2000 , MMA play - by - play commentator Stephen Quadros coined the popular phrase lay and pray . This refers to a situation where a wrestler or grappler keeps another fighter pinned or controlled on the mat to avoid a stand up , yet exhibiting little or no urgency to finish the grounded opponent with a knockout or a submission and basically stalling a decision for the majority or entirety of the fight , basically taking the opponent down , holding on tight , referee stands them back up , and repeat -- a sort of extreme form of defensive wrestling . The implication of `` lay and pray '' is that after the wrestler / grappler takes the striker down and lays on him to neutralize the opponent 's striking weapons , he prays that the referee does not return them to the standing position . This style is considered by many fans as the most boring style of fighting and is highly criticized for intentionally creating non-action , yet it is effective and some argue that lay - and - pray is justified and that it is the responsibility of the downed fighter to be able to protect himself from this legitimate fighting technique . Many consider Jon Fitch to be the poster boy for lay and pray . UFC Welterweight champion Georges St - Pierre has been criticized by fans for playing it safe and applying the lay and pray tactic in his fights and so has Bellator MMA Welterweight champion Ben Askren who justified applying lay and pray , explaining that champion fights are much harder because they are 5 rounds long compared to the usual 3 round fights . Submission - Seeking ( edit ) Submission - Seeking is a reference to the strategy of taking an opponent to the ground using a takedown or throw and then applying a submission hold , forcing the opponent to submit . While grapplers will often work to attain dominant position , some may be more comfortable fighting from other positions . If a grappler finds themselves unable to force a takedown , they may resort to pulling guard , whereby they physically pull their opponent into a dominant position on the ground . Submissions are an essential part of many disciplines , most notably Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu , catch wrestling , judo , Sambo , and shootwrestling . They were popularized in the early UFC events by Royce Gracie and Ken Shamrock . Score oriented Fighting ( edit ) Especially used by fighters with strong wrestling background facing a highly skilled BJJ opponent , or by wrestlers who prefer stand - up fights . Usually fighters who adopt this strategy use takedowns only for scoring , easily allowing the adversary to stand up and continue the fight . They also want to land clear strikes and control the octagon . In order to win the fight by decision all score oriented fighters have to master perfect MMA defense techniques and avoid takedowns . Clinch - Fighting ( edit ) Clinch - Fighting is a tactic consisting of using a clinch hold to prevent the opponent from moving away into more distant striking range , while also attempting takedowns and striking the opponent using knees , stomps , elbows , and punches . The clinch is often utilized by wrestlers and Judokas that have added components of the striking game ( typically boxing ) , and Muay Thai fighters . Wrestlers and Judoka may use clinch fighting as a way to neutralize the superior striking skills of a stand - up fighter or to prevent takedowns by a superior ground fighter . Ronda Rousey , with her Judo background , is considered a master at initiating throws from the clinch to set up armbars . The clinch or `` plum '' of a Muay Thai fighter is often used to improve the accuracy of knees and elbows by physically controlling the position of the opponent . Anderson Silva is well known for his devastating Muay Thai clinch . He defeated UFC middle weight champion Rich Franklin using the Muay Thai clinch and kneeing Franklin repeatedly to the body and face - breaking Franklin 's nose . In their rematch Silva repeated this and won again . Other fighters may use the clinch to push their opponent against the cage or ropes , where they can effectively control their opponent 's movement and restrict mobility while striking them with punches to the body or stomps also known as dirty boxing or `` Wall and Maul '' . Randy Couture used his Greco Roman wrestling background to popularize this style en route to six title reigns in the Ultimate Fighting Championship . In general , fighters who can not win fights through lightning offense , or are more suited to win fights in the later rounds or via decision are commonly known as grinders . Grinders aim to shut down their opponent 's game plan and chip away at them via clinching , smothering and ground - and - pound for most of the rounds . Prominent examples of grinders are Pat Healy , Rampage Jackson , and Chael Sonnen . Women 's Mixed Martial Arts ( edit ) Main article : Women 's mixed martial arts Ronda Rousey ; one of the top Bantamweight fighters While mixed martial arts is primarily a male dominated sport , it does have female athletes . Female competition in Japan includes promotions such as the all - female Valkyrie , and JEWELS ( formerly known as Smackgirl ) . However historically there has been only a select few major professional mixed martial arts organizations in the United States that invite women to compete . Among those are Strikeforce , Bellator Fighting Championships , the all female Invicta Fighting Championships , and the now defunct EliteXC . There has been a growing awareness of women in mixed martial arts due to popular female fighters and personalities such as Megumi Fujii , Miesha Tate , Cristiane `` Cyborg '' Santos , Ronda Rousey , Joanna Jędrzejczyk , Holly Holm and Gina Carano among others . Carano became known as `` the face of women 's MMA '' after appearing in a number of EliteXC events . This was furthered by her appearances on MGM Television 's 2008 revival of their game show American Gladiators . History ( edit ) In Japan , female competition has been documented since the mid-1990s . Influenced by female professional wrestling and kickboxing , the Smackgirl competition was formed in 2001 and became the only major all - female promotion in mixed martial arts . Other early successful Japanese female organizations included Ladies Legend Pro-Wrestling , ReMix ( a predecessor to Smackgirl ) , U-Top Tournament , K - Grace , and AX . Aside from all - female organizations , most major Japanese male dominated promotions have held select female competitions . These have included DEEP , MARS , Gladiator , HEAT , Cage Force , K - 1 , Sengoku , Shooto ( under the name G - Shooto ) , and Pancrase ( under the name Pancrase Athena ) . In the United States , prior to the success of The Ultimate Fighter reality show that launched mixed martial arts into the mainstream media , there was no major coverage of female competitions . Some early organizations who invited women to compete included , International Fighting Championships , SuperBrawl , King of the Cage , Rage in the Cage , Ring of Combat , Bas Rutten Invitational , and HOOKnSHOOT . From the mid-2000s , more coverage came when organizations such as Strikeforce , EliteXC , Bellator Fighting Championships , and Shark Fights invited women to compete . Outside Japan and the United States , female competition is almost exclusively found in minor local promotions . However , in Europe some major organizations have held select female competitions , including It 's Showtime , Shooto Europe , Cage Warriors , and M - 1 Global . Following Zuffa 's acquisition of Strikeforce in March 2011 , the UFC began promoting women 's fights . The notoriety of the female fights increased with Ronda Rousey 's rise to fame , but the league still struggles to find its brand with women fighters . Contract problems with athletes like Gina Carano have made it difficult to secure compelling female main events for the UFC . Controversy arose in 2013 , when CFA ( Championship Fighting Alliance ) fighter Fallon Fox came out as a transgender woman . The case became a centerpiece of debates concerning whether it was fair to have a transsexual woman compete against one born of the female sex in a contact sport . Neither the UFC nor Invicta FC say they will allow her to fight , and then - UFC Bantamweight champion Ronda Rousey says she will not fight her . Amateur Mixed Martial Arts ( edit ) Amateur Mixed Martial Arts is the amateur version of the Mixed Martial Arts in which participants engage largely or entirely without remuneration . Under the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation ( IMMAF ) and the World Mixed Martial Arts Association ( WMMAA ) , it is practiced within a safe and regulated environment which relies on a fair and objective scoring system and competition procedures similar to those in force in the professional Mixed Martial Arts rules . Amateur MMA is practiced with board shorts and with approved protection gear that includes shin protectors , and amateur MMA gloves . International Mixed Martial Arts Federation ( edit ) Main article : International Mixed Martial Arts Federation On February 29 , 2012 , the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation ( IMMAF ) was set up to bring international structure , development and support to mixed martial arts worldwide . IMMAF launched with support of market leader , the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . The IMMAF is a non-profit , democratic federation organized according to international federation standards to ensure that MMA as a sport is allowed the same recognition , representation and rights as all other major sports . The IMMAF is registered under Swedish law and is founded on democratic principles , as outlined in their statutes . As of March 2015 , there are 39 total members from 38 countries , which come from Austria , Bahrain , Belgium , Brazil , Bulgaria , Cameroon , Canada , Czech Republic , Denmark , El Salvador , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Iceland , India , Ireland ( Northern Ireland ) , Italy , Jordan , Lebanon , Lithuania , Malaysia , Nepal , The Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Pakistan , Paraguay , Poland , Portugal , Romania , The Seychelles , South Africa , Sweden , Switzerland , Tajikistan , Ukraine , the United Kingdom , and the United States of America . The IMMAF held its first Amateur World Championships in Las Vegas , USA , from June 30 to July 6 , 2014 . World Mixed Martial Arts Association ( edit ) World Mixed Martial Arts Association ( WMMAA ) was founded in 2012 in Monaco by M - 1 Global commercial promoters and is under the leadership of CEO Vadim Finkelstein and Fedor Emelianenko . The World MMA Association is an organization that manages and develops mixed martial arts , it establishes rules and procedures and hosts MMA competitions . World MMA Association includes national MMA organizations , representing the sport and registered in accordance with national laws . As of December 2013 WMMAA has 38 member states under its umbrella : Afghanistan , Albania , Armenia , Austria , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Belgium , Bulgaria , Canada , Croatia , Colombia , Czech Republic , France , Guatemala , Georgia , Greece , India , Iran , Italy , Kazakhstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Macedonia , Moldova , Monaco , Mongolia , the Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Senegal , Serbia , Slovakia , South Korea , Spain , Switzerland , Tajikistan , Trinidad and Tobago , Turkey , Ukraine , Uzbekistan , Venezuela . On October 20 , 2013 the first World MMA Championship was held in Saint Petersburg , Russia . WMMAA Pan-American division ( edit ) On July 4 , 2014 The WMMAC - The World MMA Council merged with the WMMAA and as a result the first ever Pan-American Division for the World MMA Association was created under the leadership of business magnate Tomas Yu , during the 2014 WMMAA Congress that was held in Amsterdam , Netherlands . Safety ( edit ) A ring - side doctor attends to a fighter following a loss . Mixed Martial Arts competitions have changed dramatically since the first Ultimate Fighting Championship in 1993 , specifically with the inception of the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . A paucity of data on injuries that occur in MMA and the resulting concerns and controversy with regard to MMA 's safety remain . A recent systematic review concluded that the injury incidence rate in MMA appears to be greater than in most , if not all , other popular and commonly practised combat sports . Injury rates ( edit ) In a recent meta - analysis of the available injury data in MMA , the injury incidence rate was estimated to be 228.7 injuries per 1000 athlete - exposures ( one athlete - exposure is defined as one athlete participating in a single fight ) . The estimated injury incidence rate in MMA is greater than in other full - contact combat sports such as judo ( 44.0 injuries per 1000 athlete - exposures ) , taekwondo ( 79.4 injuries per 1000 athlete - exposures ) , amateur boxing ( 77.7 injuries per 1000 athlete - exposures ) , and professional boxing ( 118.0 - 250.6 injuries per 1000 athlete - exposures ) . Injury pattern ( edit ) In general , the injury pattern in MMA is very similar to that in professional boxing but unlike that found in other combat sports such as judo and taekwondo . The most commonly injured body region is the head ( 66.8 % to 78.0 % of reported injuries ) followed by the wrist / hand ( 6.0 % to 12.0 % of reported injuries ) , while the most frequent types of injury were laceration ( 36.7 % to 59.4 % of reported injuries ) , fracture ( 7.4 % to 43.3 % of reported injuries ) , and concussion ( 3.8 % to 20.4 % of reported injuries ) . Mental Health ( edit ) In preliminary results reported in April 2012 as part of an ongoing study of a 109 professional boxers and MMA fighters being conducted by Dr. Charles Bernick and his colleagues at Cleveland Clinic 's Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health , fighters with more than six years of ring experience were observed to have reductions in size in their hippocampus and thalamus whereas fighters with more than twelve years of ring experience were observed to have both reductions in size and symptoms such as memory loss ( the hippocampus and thalamus deal with memory and alertness ) . Dr. Bernick speculates that the cumulative damage over time from lesser blows may eventually prove an even more important topic of study than that of infrequent concussions . Fatalities ( edit ) Main article : Fatalities in mixed martial arts contests There have been seven known deaths in MMA to date . There were no documented cases of deaths after a sanctioned MMA event prior to 2007 . In the period of 2007 to 2010 , there were two fatalities in mixed martial arts matches . The first was the death of Sam Vasquez on November 30 , 2007 . Vasquez collapsed shortly after being knocked out by Vince Libardi in the third round of an October 20 , 2007 fight at the Toyota Center in Houston , Texas . Vasquez had two separate surgeries to remove blood clots from his brain , and shortly after the second operation suffered a devastating stroke and never regained consciousness . The second death stemming from a sanctioned mixed martial arts contest occurred in South Carolina on June 28 , 2010 , when 30 - year - old Michael Kirkham was knocked out and never regained consciousness . He was pronounced dead two days after the fight . Legality of professional competitions ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) MMA in Australia is sanctioned in all States and Territories of Australia by various combat sports authorities / organizations . There is debate about the use of the cage , which was banned in Victoria in 2007 and then relegalized in 2015 . The cage was banned in Western Australia in March , 2013 . Bahrain ( edit ) MMA is legalized in Bahrain . Bahrain National MMA Federation ( BNMMAF ) has been set up under the patronage of Sheikh Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa and the jurisdiction of the Sports Minister Sheikh Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa . The development of MMA in the nation is convened through KHK MMA , which also owns Brave Combat Federation which is the largest Mixed Martial Arts promotion in the Middle East . Bahrain will be hosting World MMA Amateurs Championship 2017 supported by International Mixed Martial Arts Federation . Belgium ( edit ) MMA is tolerated in Belgium but not supported . In May 2012 the Belgian MMA Federation ( BMMAF ) was accepted by the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation as its third member , after several years of carrying out many of the tasks of a national federation under the former name of the Belgian Shooto and MMA Federation . Active in developing MMA in Belgium from 2005 , the group later redefined their activities to include MMA in order to be able to use a cage . Registered as federation in Belgium in 2006 , the former Belgian Shooto and MMA Federation organized more than 1500 MMA bouts ( Amateur , B class and A class ) , and built a structure for the sport nationally that included insurance , rules and regulation , experience levels for fighters and technical seminars . The BMMAF has continued its activities as part of the wider MMA community under IMMAF . Brazil ( edit ) January 17 , 2013 saw the announcement that the Brazilian MMA Athletic Commission , or Comissao Atletica Brasileira de MMA ( CABMMA ) , had joined the International MMA Federation . The CABMMA represents state federations across Brazil and is spearheaded by lawyers Giovanni Biscardi and Rafael Favettia , a former Executive Secretary of the Minister of Justice and Interim Minister of Justice . The CABMMA supervised its first event with `` UFC on FX 7 '' on 19 January 2013 at Ibirapuera Gymnasium in São Paulo . The CABMMA first hit international sports headlines when it suspended fighter Rousimar Palhares for prolonging a submission on opponent Mike Pierce , despite him tapping several times , during UFC Fight Night 29 in Barueri , Brazil on 9th Oct 2013 . The CABMMA was called to preside over another controversy to involve a Brazilian competitor , when Vitor Belfort 's use of Testosterone Replacement Therapy came to light over UFC on FX 8 ( May 18 , 2013 ) Bulgaria ( edit ) Appearing on professional basis around 2008 -- 2009 , MMA is a new sport in Bulgaria and growing rapidly . With a strong wrestling and boxing culture in the region , general interest in the sport is huge . However , it remains unregulated . The Bulgarian Federation for Mixed Martial Arts was elected as the national federation representing the Republic of Bulgaria under the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation in October 2014 ; and like all IMMAF members , is a non-profit , democratic organization . Established in November 2013 by 10 MMA clubs , the organization is headed by UFC competitor Stanislav Nedkov . The federation 's registration to the Ministry of Justice was approved in June 2014 and its application for formal recognition by the Ministry of Sport is in its advanced stages . Cambodia ( edit ) In January 2013 , the Cambodian Mixed Martial Arts Association was created under the Cambodian Martial Arts Federation . At this time there are no MMA events organized with the CMMAA approval . Television channel MYTV holds its KWC promotion under the sanctioning of the Cambodian Boxing Federation , responsible for sanctioning all boxing and Kun Khmer events in the country , in direct contrast to the situation in neighbouring Thailand . Canada ( edit ) For many years , professional MMA competitions were illegal in Canada . Section 83 ( 2 ) of the Canadian Criminal Code deemed that only boxing matches where only fists are used are considered legal . However most provinces regulated it by a provincial athletic commission ( skirting S. 83 ( 2 ) by classifying MMA as `` mixed boxing '' ) , such as the provinces of Manitoba , Ontario , Nova Scotia , Quebec , and Northwest Territories . The legality of MMA in the provinces of Alberta , British Columbia , and New Brunswick varies depending on the municipality . Professional MMA competitions remain illegal in the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador , Prince Edward Island , Saskatchewan , Yukon , and Nunavut because it is not regulated by an athletic commission . Canada formally decriminalized mixed martial arts with a vote on Bill S - 209 on June 5 , 2013 . The bill formally gives provinces the power to create athletic commissions to regulate and sanction professional mixed martial arts bouts . Bill S - 209 does not in and of itself make MMA legal across Canada ; it allows provinces to make it legal on a province by province basis . China ( edit ) In 2011 , the Ranik Ultimate Fighting Federation ( RUFF ) hosted the first MMA event in Shanghai sanctioned by China 's governing body for combat sports , the Wushu Sports Management Center of the General Administration of Sport in China . RUFF formally crowned the first Chinese national MMA champions in 2013 with each champion receiving 1,000,000 RMB in prize money . Other MMA promotions in China includes Real Fight Championship , which has produced 3 events in Henan and Beijing . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , Mixed Martial Arts may be practised but is not an official or legally regulated sport . On November 11 , 2012 the voluntary Danish Mixed Martial Arts Federation held its first official general assembly in Odense , Denmark . There the DMMAF was officially founded and a board was elected headed up by President Claus Larsen . The Federation was publicly launched on Friday November 24 , inviting Danish MMA organizations , gyms and academies to sign up as members . The DMMAF is working towards recognition under the Danish Sports Federation , Dansk Idræts Forbund . On November 25 the DMMAF 's application to the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation was approved . France ( edit ) There remains political opposition to MMA in France and full contact MMA competition is banned . All bouts on French soil recorded as Mixed Martial Arts are in fact held under Pancrase Rules and other variants ( Pankration , Kempo , Pankido ) . These bouts involve no striking on the ground as it is illegal in the country . The Commission National de Mixed Martial Arts ( CNMMA ) was founded as a non-profit organization for the development of MMA in 2009 . The CNMMA had worked over four years to put an educational structure in place , including a technical system for the safe progression from grass - roots level , all the way up to the top professional level . Comprising 11 regional leagues working under regional technical advisers and teams , the CNMMA joined the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation ( IMMAF ) in March 2013 as The Commission Française de Mixed Martial Arts ( CFMMA ) . In 2012 , CFMMA president Bertrand Amoussou ascended to the position of President of the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation . India ( edit ) Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports ( India ) have not recognized Mixed Martial Arts as a sport in India . Hence conducting Mixed Martial Arts events are not covered as sports but as unsanctioned events or street fighting . There had been allegations from MMA fighters about lack of insurance , medical facilities and financial benefits . Ireland ( edit ) The Irish Martial Arts Commission recognised by the Irish Sports Council does not include MMA among its recognised martial arts . The Department of Transport , Tourism and Sport does not recognise MMA as a sport . UFC Fight Night 46 , featuring Conor McGregor , was held in Dublin in 2014 . Mixed Martial Arts Federation Ireland ( MMAFI ) , intended as a federation for amateur MMA clubs , gained observer status at IMMAF in June 2012 . MMAFI had a meeting in March 2013 with the Northern Ireland sports minister , Carál Ní Chuilín about the prospect of getting recognition from Sport Northern Ireland . Japan ( edit ) MMA competition has been legal in Japan since at least the mid-1980s , when Pancrase fights began to be held . There are several MMA - related organizations , including RIZIN FF , DEEP , Pancrase , Shooto and ZST . Malaysia ( edit ) In July 2013 the Malaysia Mixed Martial Arts Association ( MASMMAA ) was formally announced as the official national governing body for MMA in Malaysia , ahead of its formation in December 2013 . MASMMAA is registered under the Malaysian Sports Development Act 1997 and recognized by the Commissioner of Sports , under the auspices of the office of the Youth & Sports Ministry . The federation comprises representatives of ten states out of fourteen in Malaysia . MASMMAA became affiliated to the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation in April 2014 . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , sports that involve knock - outs as a means of securing victory or points are illegal , including MMA and boxing . Norwegian MMA fighters must therefore travel abroad to compete . The Norwegian MMA Federation ( NMMAF ) was elected as a full member of the International MMA Federation ( IMMAF ) on 22 April 2012 , representing 49 member gyms across Norway . In 2012 the `` Merkekamper '' concept was introduced by the NMMAF , with government sanctioning , that enables member MMA gyms to hold events with sparring matches , but governed by strict rules concerning how hard a fighter is permitted to strike . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , Mixed Martial Arts Pakistan organizes MMA events , the organization was founded in 2007 by veteran Pakistani MMA fighter Bashir Ahmad for promotion of MMA in Pakistan . Bashir Ahmad came to Pakistan in 2007 and that is when MMA in Pakistan was born and ever since that day Bashir gave all he got to promote Mixed Martial Arts in Pakistan Portugal ( edit ) The FMMAP is recognized by the Portuguese government as a non-profit sports federation and oversees Amateur MMA competition and coaching nationally . Based in Vila do Conde , the Federação de Mixed Martial Arts de Portugal ( FMMAP ) was founded as a collaborative effort between 6 existing non-profit organizations in 2012 , as Portugal 's first dedicated MMA Federation . This is in line with government requirements of all sport federations in Portugal that they consist of at least 3 associated , non-profit groups . The composite FMMAP organisations are all involved in the coaching and promoting of MMA with a shared goal for the Amateur sport , but come from various martial arts that include Karate , Kickboxing , Muay Thai , Pankration Athlima , Mixed Martial Arts , Jeet Kune Do , Freestyle martial arts , Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu and Wrestling . Affiliated groups at launch were AAMU - Associação Artes Marciais , Associação de Artes Marciais e Desportos de Combate ( Açores ) , Associação Areagon ( Chaves City ) , Associação Mirandelense de Artes Orientais ( Mirandela City ) , Associação Portuguesa de Ciências de Combate / JKD Unlimited Portugal ( Lisbon City ) , KMD MMA system ( Porto City ) , Barcelos Gym ( Barcelos City ) . The FMMAP is affiliated to the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation ( IMMAF ) . Romania ( edit ) The Romanian Mixed Martial Arts Federation ( RMMAF ) was established in 2012 as a legal non-profit federation under the Ministry of Youth and Sport in Romania . The Federation was formed by the board of MMA organization AGON backed by a broad representation of the Romanian MMA community including around 20 pure MMA clubs and non-profit MMA organizations around the country . Based in Bucharest , Romania AGON club was founded in its present legal form in June 2012 following a long period of time of acting under different other organisations , and Gheorghe Stanciu was elected as its president . AGON 's members brought long experience in the management of sports organizations , with Mr Mihail Mihailovici having previously founded the Kyolusing BudoKai organization in Romania under the IKO , organising national and international competitions over 5 years and working with the government as a recognised sports body . The RMMAF is affiliated to the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation ( IMMAF ) . Russia ( edit ) In September 2012 , MMA was given ' National Sport ' status in Russia , and on the same day fighter and M - 1 Global promoter Fedor Emelianenko was appointed to the role of Russian MMA Union president . Singapore ( edit ) The MMA program at Singapore is licensed by the Cantonment Police Division . Sweden ( edit ) MMA competition is legal and under the purview of the Swedish Mixed Martial Arts Federation ( SMMAF ) which was formed in 2007 and began overseeing MMA events and governing the sport as a whole in 2008 . In 2009 the SMMAF was accepted into the Association of Swedish Budo and Martial Arts Federation , thus granting MMA `` national sport '' status and making its approved clubs eligible for partial government subsidization . On April 30 , 2011 , the SMMAF sanctioned the first event under its purview to utilize the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . The Swedish Mixed Martial Arts Federation governs the sport of MMA in Sweden as a member affiliated to the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation . The SMMAF hit the headlines when it withdrew Swedish headliner , Alexander Gustafsson , from competing at UFC on FUEL 9 in Sweden ( April 6 , 2013 ) , due to a facial laceration . South Africa ( edit ) MMA competition is legal and under the purview of the Professional Mixed Martial Arts Council or PROMMA Africa ; which was formed in 2010 with its main purpose to regulate MMA at larger MMA promotions such as EFC Worldwide ( Formerly known as EFC Africa ) . PROMMA Africa began overseeing Rise of the Warrior MMA events in 2010 . In 2012 the PROMMA Africa Council was accepted into the Mixed Martial Arts Association of South Africa ( MASA ) thus granting MMA `` national sport '' status . In addition to EFC Africa , there are other leagues such as Dragon Legends MMA . Taiwan ( edit ) MMA is officially sanctioned by the government and sports authorities of Taiwan and numerous Taiwanese MMA fighters are currently training and competing on the international level , with a few of them in the UFC and other MMA organizations . Many major international MMA fights are held at stadiums in Taiwan every year . Additionally , many martial arts schools and gyms in Taiwan provide professional level MMA training . Thailand ( edit ) In 2012 , the Sports Authority of Thailand banned competitions . It has been speculated that the Muay Thai industry played a factor in the Sports Authority of Thailand ( SAT ) 's final decision , as MMA could potentially take away business from Muay Thai , from fighters to profit . SAT Deputy Governor Sakol Wannapong has said `` Organizing a MMA event here would hurt the image of Muay Thai , if you want to do this kind of business , you should do it in another country . Organizing MMA here could mislead the public into believing that Muay Thai is brutal . '' Jussi Saloranta , the owner of Thailand 's only MMA promotion , DARE Fight Sports , revealed that his lawyers found that the ban was actually premature , and that from a legal standpoint , there is no law banning mixed martial arts in the country , and that the SAT 's ban was more of a scare tactic . Because of this DARE continue to showcase events while informing fans only at the last minute through texts on the day of the event , and presenting the videos on YouTube as The Most Dangerous Gameshow . Saloranta has also helped set up the MMA Association of Thailand , in the hopes of reaching a compromise with SAT and regulating mixed martial arts in Thailand . On September 12 , 2013 , DARE Fight Sports released a statement announcing SAT had removed the ban on MMA and would henceforth sanction the sport in Thailand . Dare Fight Sports is currently the only MMA organization in Thailand to be officially sanctioned and publicized by the tourism authority of Thailand but there is now also an ever - growing set of new MMA organizations appearing around the country . United States ( edit ) In the United States , professional MMA is overseen by the Association of Boxing Commissions . According to the Associations of Boxing Commissions , professional MMA competitions are allowed in all states . Alaska has no boxing or athletic commission . Montana has a state athletic commission although it does n't regulate MMA . However , MMA is legal in both states . West Virginia became the 44th state to regulate mixed martial arts on March 24 , 2011 . On March 8 , 2012 , Wyoming became the 45th state to regulate MMA . On May 4 , 2012 , it was announced that Vermont had become the 46th state to regulate MMA . Legislation allowing MMA in Connecticut came into effect on October 1 , 2013 , making it the 47th state to regulate the sport . On March 22 , 2016 , the New York State Assembly voted to lift the State 's 1997 ban on MMA and on April 14 , 2016 Governor Cuomo signed the bill legalizing and regulating the sport into law . See also ( edit ) MMA portal Martial arts portal Hybrid martial arts List of current mixed martial arts champions List of female mixed martial artists List of male mixed martial artists List of Mixed Martial Artists with the most sanctioned fights Mixed martial arts clothing Shoot fighting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Howard ( November 15 , 1993 ) . `` ' Ultimate ' Fight Lives Up to Name '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full Contact ! presents - A UFC 1 Article . '' . Archived from the original on 3 February 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Kirik Jenness ( 2012 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Did LA reporter coin the term Mixed Martial Arts ? 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Jump up ^ `` Jeff Blatnick 's funeral and how the term MMA came to be '' . MMA Fighting . 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ NO HOLDS BARRED : The complete history of Mixed Martial Arts in America by Clyde Gentry Jump up ^ Eddie Goldman . `` EXTREME FIGHTING 4 RULES MEETING GOES ON AS PLANNED '' . Archived from the original on 1998 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 74 : Professional Shoot Fighting '' ( PDF ) . Legis.iowa.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gross , Josh ( 2005 - 02 - 22 ) . `` MMA Vote Takes Place Today in California '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mixed Martial arts Unified Rules of Conduct '' . New Jersey State Athletic Control Board . September 5 , 2002 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` SUMMARY REPORT Discussion and Review of UNIFIED RULES OF MIXED MARTIAL ARTS '' . ABCBoxing.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Army Embraces MMA for Inaugural Combatives Tournament '' . Sherdog.com. 2005 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Members of Parliament Vote to Give MMA Legal Framework in Canada ! '' . TopMMANews.com. 2013 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` MMA Promotions Index '' . Tapology.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` UFC 's Dana White Talks Competition '' . BloodyElbow.com. 2011 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Current MMA Rankings '' . Fightmatrix.com. 2015 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` UFC 129 Officially Breaks Live Gate , Attendance Records '' . Sherdog.com. 2011 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Mike ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) . `` UFC 129 Does Big Business , Georges St. Pierre Is Huge in Canada '' . BloodyElbow.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` UFC Announces TV Deal with Fox '' . 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Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Michael ( July 29 , 2015 ) UFC Gyms fight camp rankings , SB Nation ( BloodyElbow.com ) retrieved September 22 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Alexa - Top Sites by Category : Sports / Martial Arts / Submission Fighting and MMA / News and Media '' . alexa.com . Jump up ^ UFC 40 : Vendetta ( PPV ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Television production ) . Zuffa ( November 22 , 2002 ) . Event occurs at 1 : 00 into Chuck Liddell vs. Renato Sobral . `` The evolution of martial arts since 1993 , since the UFC came around , martial arts have evolved more than they have in the last 700 years . We know exactly now what works in a real live situation with two warriors fighting . For a long time that was just speculation . '' -- Joe Rogan Jump up ^ Sloan , Mike ( June 22 , 2007 ) . `` No Win Situation is Must Win for Shamrock '' . Sherdog , ESPN . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rousseau , Robert . `` A History and Style Guide of MMA '' . About.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . 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What 's actually interesting is that when you run down their records the two are even closer than you might think . '' , Sports Illustrated , Retrieved May 17 , 2014 ( December 31 , 2013 ) , Anderson Silva vs Fedor Emelianenko : Debating MMA 's Greatest of All Time `` I think to be honest we 've kind of come to the crux of why it 's so difficult to choose between Anderson and Fedor as the GOAT . It really does just come down to where you put the most value . '' , bloodyelbow.com , Retrieved May 17 , 2014 ( January 3 , 2014 ) , Fedor Emelianenko vs. Anderson Silva : Comparing and Contrasting 2 Legends , `` What we can agree on is that both of these men changed the game . In a sport where everyone loses , these men beat the best of the best and held off the inevitable for the longest . Few men in any field can lay claim to such accomplishment and influence over their own sport . That is something to be applauded , examined and appreciated -- not bickered over . '' , Bleacher report , Retrieved May 17 , 2014 ( January 2 , 2014 ) , BE 's Baddest MMA Greatest of All Time Tournament Winner : Fedor Emelianenko , ( Fan opinion pole ) , bloodyelbow.com , Retrieved May 17 , 2014 ( September 4 , 2012 ) , Fedor Emelianenko Voted The Greatest Fighter Of All Time By Brazilian Fans , ( Fan opinion poll ) , bloodyelbow.com , Retrieved May 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` MMA 's worldwide leader in UFC news , gear and events '' . Mixedmartialarts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Krauss , Erich ( 1 December 2004 ) . Warriors of the Ultimate Fighting Championship . U.S. : Citadel Press Inc. , . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2657 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` PRIDE Rules '' . PRIDE FC Official Website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` RULES '' . ONE Official Website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Current Best Pound - for - Pound MMA Fighters '' . Tapology MMA Rankings . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jeff Wagenheim . `` Jon Jones 's suspension means Ronda Rousey is No. 1 in pound for pound rankings - MMA - SI.com '' . SI.com . Jump up ^ `` Fighter Rankings For June 1 , 2014 '' . MMARising.com. 2014 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ McKinley Noble . `` Bellator '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` The attitude of erasure - An op - ed on WMMA rankings by Fallon Fox '' . Bloody Elbow . Jump up ^ `` MMAWeekly World Top 10 MMA Rankings '' . MMAWeekly.com. 2010 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` MMA Rankings '' . FIGHT ! Magazine . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings Archives '' . Ranking MMA . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` GroundandPound . Kampfsportnews . MMA , Thaiboxen , Kickboxen , Boxen , Grappling '' . groundandpound.de . Jump up ^ `` MMA Viking 's Official Nordic Rankings -- March Update '' . Nordic MMA Everyday at MMA Viking . Jump up ^ `` Rules and Regulations - Unified Rules and Other MMA Regulations '' . 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Jump up ^ `` The Gentle Way : Strikeforce Champion Ronda Rousey and the Birth of a Judo Star '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Judo `` The Gentle Way '' : Why Judo Is so Underrated in MMA Today `` . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Gentle Way Part II : Olympians Ronda Rousey and Rick Hawn Adapt to MMA '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` entrevista a paulo filho ( interview with Paulo Filho ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . youtube.com . Jump up ^ Catch : the hold not taken documentary DVD 2005 Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.co.uk/mma/story/_/id/18015888/stephen-thompson-champion-karate-hopes-become-ufc-welterweight-champion-ufc-209 Jump up ^ `` Technique Talk : Stephen Thompson Retrofits Karate for MMA '' . MMA Fighting . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( 2009 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Contender Shores Up Karate 's Reputation Among U.F.C. Fans '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lyoto Machida and the Revenge of Karate '' . Sherdog . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Liddell - Biography and Profile of Chuck Liddell '' . Martialarts.about.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jack Slack ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Lyoto Machida : Old - School Karate '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wickert , Marc . `` Montreal 's MMA Warrior . '' . Knucklepit.com . Archived from the original on 13 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Taekwondo in MMA - Cage tactics - Fight ! Australia magazine '' . Insidemma.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 Minutes With Anthony Pettis '' . FIGHT ! Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Taekwondo Salto open 2010 - anderson silva final - 87kg ( Professor Agnaldo Martins ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Anderson Silva ; Erich Krauss ; Glen Cordoza ( 17 November 2008 ) . The Mixed Martial Arts Instruction Manual : Striking . Victory Belt Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9815044 - 1 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Realer Sports w / Rosenberg : UFC Champ Anthony Pettis '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Zhang hoping to lead Chinese wave into MMA '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Snowden ; Kendall Shields ( 1 November 2010 ) . The MMA Encyclopedia . ECW Press . p. 961 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55490 - 844 - 8 . Jump up ^ UFC 160 Judo Chop : The Best and Worst of Junior Dos Santos `` ... Cigano 's sprawl and brawl is a true throwback to the early days of MMA , when men like Chuck Liddell , Wanderlei Silva , Rampage Jackson , and Mirko Cro Cop ... '' . Bloodyelbow.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruebusch , Connor ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` UFC 185 Judo Chop - Joanna Jedrzejczyk : Payback and Fighting Dirty '' . SB Nation ( BloodyElbow.com ) . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UFC 10 : Birth of ground ' n ' pound is also well known for his ground and pound , as is Fedor Emelianenko . '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Andrew Richardson . `` UFC 160 complete fighter breakdown , Cain Velasquez edition '' . MMAmania.com . Jump up ^ OBI , NEDU ( December 12 , 2011 ) . UFC 140 Results : Tito Ortiz and the 5 Best Ground - and - Pound Artists Eve `` ... '' The Emperor , '' fallen though he might be of late , takes the No. 1 spot as the greatest ground - and - pound artist in MMA history ... `` . bleacher Report . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slack , Jack ( June 04 , 2012 ) . Analyzing Fedor : Revolutionizing Ground And Pound `` ... What Fedor will always be remembered for by fans who saw him compete in his prime , however , was his revolutionizing of ground and pound ... '' . bloodyelbow.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Correspondent ( 2008 - 11 - 22 ) . `` The Ultimate Takedown Championship ? Ways to End Lay and Pray '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Featured Columnist ( 2010 - 11 - 02 ) . `` MMA : The Falsities of Lay and Pray '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Analyst ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) . `` '' How I Mastered the Art of Lay - and - Pray '' by Jake Shields `` . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Judges need to punish lay - and - pray tactics - Hardy UFC News '' . ESPN.co.uk. 2010 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Contributor ( 2011 - 07 - 22 ) . `` UFC and Jon Fitch : 5 Reasons Why the Jon Fitch Issue Is the Most Toxic in MMA '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Rashad Evans Follows Georges St Pierre Down the Boring Road to Victory '' . Bloody Elbow . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ I Do n't Really Care Being Called Lay & Pray - Ben Askren on YouTube Jump up ^ `` UFC Fighting Styles '' . Zewkey.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` FCF - Mixed Martial Arts Council UFC Rules update 6 / 99 '' . Fcfighter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Marrocco , Steven ( Feb 22 , 2013 ) . UFC 157 preview : How can Liz Carmouche beat heavy favorite Ronda Rousey ? Archived 2013 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . `` ... While Rousey is generally a master at initiating throws from the clinch to set up armbars ... '' . MMAjunkie.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slack , Jack ( March 29 , 2013 ) . Best of the Best : Anderson Silva 's Muay Thai Clinch Work `` ... This is truly the difference between fighters who flail to grab a hold of their opponents head and try to knee , and someone like Silva who will set up his grips scientifically ... '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sllack , Jack ( January 04 , 2013 ) . Randy Couture Judo Chop : Boxing into the Clinch `` ... The first major exponent of Greco - Roman wrestling in MMA , Randy Couture remains one of the few fighters to make full use of opportunities to clinch and the damage which can be done to the opponent from there ... '' . bloodyelbow.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Khabib Nurmagomedov vs. Pat Healy set for UFC 165 in Toronto '' . MMAmania.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fowlkes , Ben ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` UFC Fight Night : Sonnen submits Rua in first round '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Sherdog.com ( 2008 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Valkyrie Takes Flight Nov. 8 '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bleacher Report '' . Bleacher Report . 2010 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fowlkes , Ben . `` Zuffa - Strikeforce Deal Could Mean Uncertain Future for Women 's MMA '' . MMA Fighting . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` canada.com - Blogs '' . Communities.canada.com. 2012 - 11 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Is This the End of Women 's MMA ? '' . Bleacher Report . 2009 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tomas Rios Ronda Rousey , Bro Queen : Why Is The UFC So Stupid About Women ? , Deadspin , 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dana White calls Gina Carano ' the hardest human being we 've ever dealt with ' '' . MMAfighting.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sean Gregory , Should A Former Man Be Able To Fight Women ? , Time magazine , 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Brynn Tannehill , Fallon Fox and the Legacy of Satchel Paige , Huffington Post , 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` worldmmacouncil.org '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules IMMAF -- International Mixed Martial Arts Federation '' . Immaf.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` International MMA Federation founded '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UFC Supports Creation of International MMA Federation '' . UFC . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UFC backs creation of International Mixed Martial Arts Federation ( IMMAF ) '' . MMAmania.com . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMMAF Statutes 29 February 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Immaf.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Members '' . IMMAF - International Mixed Martial Arts Federation . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` IMMAF Launches World Championships '' . Reuters. 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` IMMAF World Championships : Las Vegas 2014 '' . Immaf.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` First Amateur MMA World Championships To Be Held in the USA '' . MMA Platinum Gloves . Jump up ^ `` Ошибка : обслуживание сайта было приостановлено '' . Wmmaa.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . 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Levy ( 2005 ) . `` Injury risk in professional boxing '' . South Med J. 98 : 994 -- 998 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. smj. 0000182498.19288. e2 . Jump up ^ Zazryn , T.R. ; C.F. Finch ; P. McCrory ( 2003 ) . `` A 16 year study of injuries to professional boxers in the state of Victoria , Australia '' . Br J Sports Med. 37 : 321 -- 324 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsm. 37.4. 321 . Jump up ^ Zazryn , T.R. ; P. Cameron ; P. McCrory ( 2006 ) . `` A prospective cohort study of injury in amateur and professional boxing '' . Br J Sports Med. 40 : 670 -- 674 . doi : 10.1136 / bjsm. 2006.025924 . Jump up ^ Zazryn , T.R. ; P. McCrory ; P. Cameron ( 2006 ) . `` Injury rates and risk factors in competitive professional boxing '' . Clin J Sports Med. 19 : 20 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Study of Fighters Shows Brain Changes Are Seen Before Symptoms , The New York Times , TIMOTHY PRATT , April 24 , 2012 . ' ... This is part of the Professional Fighters Brain Health Study , now a year old ... Dr. Bernick will present these findings on Wednesday in New Orleans at the American Academy of Neurology 's annual meeting ... Though Dr. Bernick intends to continue his study of boxers for at least five years , he said the preliminary findings were worth the attention of the neurology association 's annual meeting , as `` nobody has the numbers we do . '' ... ' Jump up ^ `` A Third Fatality for Modern Mixed Martial Arts Martial History Magazine '' . Martialhistory.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Sievert , Steve ( 2007 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Mixed Martial Arts Notebook : Vasquez in toughest fight '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update : Sam Vasquez Dead at 35 '' . Sherdog.com. 2007 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Fighter Dies in South Carolina After First Pro Bout '' . Sherdog.com . June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria needs the ' cage ' to lure UFC '' . 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Savage , Alison ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` MMA cage fighting : Victorian Government to lift ban on octagon '' . ABC.net.au . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Duane Finley ( 2015 - 08 - 20 ) . `` The Fighting Life : The Rise of MMA in Bahrain '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Brave To Host 9 Events in Middle East in 2017 ; UAE to Have An Edition in March '' . ArabsMMA. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bahrain News Agency Bahrain to host World MMA Amateurs Championship2017 '' . Bna.bh . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived November 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Application for IMMAF membership documentation Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived April 30 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian MMA Athletic Commission joins IMMAF regulatory group '' . MMAjunkie . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Establishes New MMA Regulatory Commission , Joins IMMAF '' . 411MANIA.com. 2013 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` UFC on FX 7 - Belfort vs. Bisping '' . Sherdog.com. 2013 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian commission suspends Rousimar Palhares for 120 days '' . MMA Fighting . Jump up ^ `` CABMMA suspends Rousimar Palhares 120 days following UFC Fight Night 29 '' . MMAjunkie . Jump up ^ `` Brazil medical commissioner defends Belfort 's TRT - Fighters Only '' . Jump up ^ Paul Quigley . `` Bulgaria joins the IMMAF - Fighters Only '' . Jump up ^ `` IMMAF WELCOMES THE BULGARIAN FEDERATION OF MMA '' . Sherdog . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Code '' . Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dave Deibert , Postmedia News , March 20 , 2012 . Bill introduced to legalize mixed martial arts in Canada Archived from the original Archived July 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Magraken , Erik . `` Now That We 're Done Celebrating Bill S - 209 , Time to Get To Work '' . CanadianMMALawBlog.com . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario joins list of provinces to allow mixed martial arts '' . Shaw Communications Inc . August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mixed Martial Arts Regulation in North America '' ( PDF ) . January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` States for Kickboxing or MMA '' . International Sport Combat Federation . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RUFF new combat sport to contend with China 's traditional martial arts '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` DMMA - Danish Mixed Martial Arts Federation '' . Dmmaf.dk . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kyle Symes . `` France 's Sports Ministry Says Non Merci to UFC , Upholds Ban on MMA '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` - THE LEGALIZATION OF MMA IN FRANCE - MMAWeekly.com '' . MMAWeekly.com . Jump up ^ `` Despite UFC Lobbying Efforts , France Upholds Ban on Mixed Martial Arts - MMAWeekly.com '' . MMAWeekly.com . Jump up ^ `` Google Translate '' . Jump up ^ `` 100 % FIGHT '' . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : `` Commission nationale de Mixed Martials Arts '' . Website - Modern . Jump up ^ `` French MMA commission joins International Mixed Martial Arts Federation '' . MMAjunkie . Jump up ^ `` 411MANIA - French MMA Commission Joins International Mixed Martial Arts Federation '' . French MMA Commission Joins International Mixed Martial Arts Federation . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ 06 Jul 2014 , 01 : 36 IST ( 2014 - 07 - 06 ) . `` The devil in disguise : Exposing the truth about MMA in India '' . Sportskeeda.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` IMAC Structure '' . Irish Martial Arts Commission . 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Martial Arts '' . Governing Bodies : NGB Sports Investment . Irish Sports Council . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Senator backtracks on call to ban Conor McGregor 's Dublin title fight after fan outcry '' . Independent.ie . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish federation gets full political support '' . IMMAF. 18 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MMA Promotions and Organizations List - Pro and Small MMA Styles , History , Strategies , and Facts '' . Mmawild.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ED が もっとも かかり やすい 生活 習慣 病 とい われる 理由 '' . Hero-s.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` IMMAF Regulation Around The World : Update '' . MMA Uncaged . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived July 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Press Release From MASMMAA '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Knockouts Are n't Allowed in Norwegian MMA '' . Fightland . Jump up ^ `` Nordic MMA Overview '' . Nordic MMA Everyday at MMA Viking . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Archived February 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Archived December 6 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` NMMAF Merkekamper '' . Jump up ^ NMMAF Merkekamper 6 : Invasjon fra Nord : Robertsen vs Davila on YouTube Jump up ^ `` FMMAP - Federação de Mixed Martial Arts de Portugal '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Archived June 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IMMAF member application document Jump up ^ `` RMMAF - Zi importanta pentru comunitatea de MMA din Romania - RMMAF '' . RMMAF . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Archived February 17 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IMMAF member documentation Jump up ^ `` RMMAF a definitivat lotul Romaniei pentru Mondialele din Las Vegas '' . www.natiuneamma.ro . Jump up ^ `` Fedor Emelianenko Now President Of Russian MMA Union '' . Fightline.com . Jump up ^ Leidecker , Tim ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` European Throwdown : Notes From Iberia to Siberia '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Leary , Ryan ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sweden Closer to Hosting UFC '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Leary , Ryan . `` Bright Lights in Sweden 's Dark November '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Leary , Ryan ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Unified Rules Adopted for Superior Challenge 7 '' . Sherdog.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International MMA Federation launches in Sweden , expected to receive UFC backing '' . MMAjunkie . Jump up ^ `` Swedish MMA Federation rules Alexander Gustafsson medically unfit for UFC on FUEL 9 main event '' . MMA Fighting . Jump up ^ `` SMMAF rules against Alexander Gustafsson ; ' Mauler ' medically unfit to compete at UFC on FUEL TV 9 '' . MMAmania.com . Jump up ^ `` Bleacher Report '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` SMMAF issues statement on Alexander Gustafsson 's removal from UFC on Fuel 9 '' . Bloody Elbow . Jump up ^ `` UMF Muaythai & Dragon Legends MMA ' Underground ' Fight Night '' , My City by Night , Cape Town , 10 May 2012 . Retrieved on 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Kittipong Thongsombat ( 2012 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Thailand bans mixed martial arts '' . Bangkok Post . p . S6 . SAT officials met this week to discuss whether holding an MMA event was lawful or not following a request from a private company and they finally agreed that under the 1999 boxing law , it is unlawful to stage an MMA event in Thailand . `` Organising a MMA event here would hurt the image of Muay Thai , '' Sakol Wannapong said . Jump up ^ `` THAILAND GOVERNMENT BANS MMA '' . FightersOnlyMag.com . September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legal grey : DARE Championship defying Thailand 's ban on MMA '' . mmafighting.com . September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Universalcombatnews.com '' . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MMA organizations and upcoming MMA event news in Thailand '' . Combat 360X Muay Thai and MMA Camp Khao Lak . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Boxing - Association of Boxing Commissions - United States - Canada - Puerto Rico - US Virgin Islands '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` West Virginia becomes 45th state to regulate mixed martial arts '' . MMAJunkie.com. 2011 - 03 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming becomes state No. 46 to regulate MMA '' . MMAJunkie.com. 2012 - 03 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont becomes state No. 46 to regulate MMA '' . MMAJunkie.com. 2012 - 05 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Conn. gov signs bill legalizing mixed martial arts '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 11 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NY clears way to allowing professional mixed martial arts - Yahoo Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com. 2016 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Jason ( 14 April 2016 ) . `` Governor Cuomo signs NY MMA Bill into law ; UFC announces event at MSG November 12th '' . MMAPayout.com . 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3,564,234,523,063,984,000 | all the things you are charlie parker album | All the Things you are - wikipedia All the Things you are `` All the Things You Are '' is a song composed by Jerome Kern with lyrics written by Oscar Hammerstein II . The song was written for the musical Very Warm for May ( 1939 ) , introduced by Hiram Sherman , Frances Mercer , Hollace Shaw , and Ralph Stuart . It later appeared in the film Broadway Rhythm ( 1944 ) and was performed during the opening credits and as a recurring theme for the romantic comedy A Letter for Evie ( 1945 ) . The song ranked in the top five of the Record Buying Guide of Billboard , a pre-retail listing which surveyed primarily the jukebox industry . Recordings by Tommy Dorsey , Artie Shaw , and Frankie Masters propelled the song during its initial popularity . Contents 1 Form and harmony 2 Notable recordings 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Form and harmony ( edit ) Its verse is rarely sung now , but the main chorus has become a favorite with singers and jazz musicians . The chorus is a 36 - measure AA BA form that features two twists on the usual 32 - bar AABA song - form : A transposes the initial A section down a fourth , while the final A section adds an extra four bars . Play the initial A section chords <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Note : The harmonic analysis demonstrates a functional chord progression utilizing the `` circle of fifths . '' This type of progression generally relies on the roots of the chords being a 4th apart . When you take the main key of measures 1 to 5 as A flat major , then the chords can be considered as vi - ii - V - I - IV in A flat major . ( Fmi7 is the sixth degree in A flat ; Bbmi7 is second degree in A flat , etc . ) Using a delay cycle , Db being the tri-tone substitution for G7 , the last 3 bars of the A section modulates to the key of C major temporarily . The chords of the A section precisely echo those of the initial eight measure A section , except the roots of each chord in the initial A section are lowered ( transposed down ) by a perfect 4th interval . So Fmi7 in A becomes Cmi7 in A , Bbmi7 becomes Fmi7 , Eb7 becomes Bb7 , etc . In the same vein , the melody sung over A is identical to the A section melody except every pitch of every melody note is also lowered by a perfect 4th interval . Play the transposed A section chords <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Play the B section chord sequence <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The bridge of this piece , section B , is another example of a functional chord progression in the keys of G major and E Major . In bars 1 - 4 of this section , it is a simple ii - V - I progression . Using a common chord substitution the F # o chord in measure 5 functions as viio in the key of G major and iio in the key of E minor . Then using simple modal mixture , the B7 chord is used to bridge us from E minor to E major in bar 7 . ( Note : although we never see a E minor chord in the composition during this section , it is important to note the relationship of the F # o chord to E major . Without the technique of modal mixture , the use of major tonalities and minor tonalities simultaneously , E minor & E major , the F# would have been simply minor and introduced an additional pitch , C# to the harmony . ) The first 5 measures of A are identical to the initial 8 measure long A and A sections . In the 6th measure , A takes a new path that does not come to an end until the 12 measure of the section . Play the chords of the lengthened A section <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The modulations in this song are very unusual for a pop song of the period , and present challenges to a singer or improviser , including a semitone modulation that ends each A section ( these modulations start with measure 6 in the A and A sections and measure 9 of the A section ) , and a striking use of enharmonic substitution at the turnaround of the B section ( last two measures of the B Section ) , where the G# melody note over a E major chord turns into an A-flat over the F minor 7th of measure 1 of section A . The result is a tune that in the space of every chorus manages to include at least one chord built on every note of the Western 12 - tone scale -- a fact that was celebrated in jazz pianist Alex von Schlippenbach 's serialist reimagining of it on his album Twelve Tone Tales . Because of its combination of a strong melody and challenging but logical chord structure , `` All the Things You Are '' has become a popular jazz standard , and its changes have been used for such contrafact tunes as `` Bird of Paradise '' by Charlie Parker , `` Prince Albert '' by Kenny Dorham and `` Boston Bernie '' by Dexter Gordon . ( Lee Konitz 's `` Thingin ' '' even introduces a further harmonic twist by transposing the chords of the second half of the tune by a tritone . ) The beboppers introduced two favourite devices into performances of this tune , which are still sometimes encountered in performance : one is a brief introduction and conclusion that parodies Rachmaninoff 's prelude op . 3 no. 2 ; the other is an interpolation of the donkey 's song from Ferde Grofe 's Grand Canyon Suite . The verses start off with these lines : Time and again I 've longed for adventure Something to make my heart beat the faster What did I long for , I never really knew Charlie Parker was quoted as saying this song had his favorite lyrics . He used to call it `` YATAG '' which is an acronym for the lines `` you are the angel glow '' in the `` B '' part of the tune . ( Ethan Iverson tipped his hat to this phrase by calling his drastic reworking of the tune 's chords `` Neon '' . ) Notable recordings ( edit ) Tommy Dorsey ( 1939 ) Artie Shaw with Helen Forrest ( 1939 ) Dizzy Gillespie with Charlie Parker ( 1945 ) Frank Sinatra , The Columbia Years 1943 - 1952 : The Complete Recordings ( 1944 ) Jo Stafford ( 1946 ) Mario Lanza ( 1951 ) Gerry Mulligan , Chet Baker - Complete Original Quartet recordings ( 1952 -- 53 ) Chet Baker - Chet Baker Quartet featuring Russ Freeman ( 1953 ) Lee Konitz - Lee Konitz Plays with the Gerry Mulligan Quartet ( 1953 ) Charlie Parker , Dizzy Gillespie , Bud Powell , Charles Mingus and Max Roach - Jazz at Massey Hall ( 1953 ) Lionel Hampton - Jam Session in Paris ( Emarcy , 1955 ) Charles Mingus - Mingus at the Bohemia ( 1955 ) Hampton Hawes - The Trio ( 1956 ) Phineas Newborn Jr . - Here Is Phineas ( 1956 ) Johnny Griffin with John Coltrane and Lee Morgan , - A Blowing Session ( 1957 ) Carmen McRae - Carmen for Cool Ones ( Decca , 1957 ) Ernie Henry - Last Chorus ( Riverside , 1957 ) Stan Getz - The Soft Swing ( Verve , 1957 ) Gerry Mulligan - Reunion with Chet Baker ( 1957 ) bonus track on CD Keely Smith - I Wish You Love ( 1957 ) Ahmad Jamal - Complete Live at the Pershing Lounge ( 1958 ) James Moody - Last Train from Overbrook ( Argo , 1958 ) Baden Powell - Apresentando Baden Powell e Seu Violão ( 1959 ) Margaret Whiting - Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook ( 1960 ) Ella Fitzgerald - Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook ( 1961 ) Stan Kenton - The Romantic Approach ( Capitol , 1961 ) Don Byas - A Tribute to Cannonball ( Columbia , 1961 ) Tony Bennett - Live at Carnegie Hall ( 1962 ) Paul Desmond - Two of a Mind ( 1962 ) Sonny Rollins and Coleman Hawkins , Sonny Meets Hawk ! ( 1963 ) Bill Evans Trio - At Shelly 's Manne - Hole ( 1963 ) Bill Evans - The Solo Sessions , Vol. 2 ( 1992 ) Elvira Ríos - La emocional Elvira Ríos ( 1963 ) Booker Ervin - The Song Book ( Prestige , 1964 ) Serge Gainsbourg , Elek Bacsik , Michel Gaudry - All the Things You Are ( 1964 ) Denny Zeitlin - Cathexis ( 1964 ) Jimmy Heath - On the Trail ( 1964 ) Earl Grant - Spotlight on Earl Grant ( 1965 ) Jack Jones - Dear Heart ( 1965 ) Barbra Streisand - Simply Streisand ( 1967 ) Thelonious Monk with Charlie Rouse - Live at the It Club ( Columbia , 1968 ) Clifford Brown - The Clifford Brown Sextet in Paris ( 1970 ) Singers Unlimited - A Cappella ( 1972 ) Michael Jackson - Music & Me ( 1973 ) Joe Pass - Virtuoso ( 1973 ) Nino Bravo - Mi tierra ( 1973 ) Dave Brubeck - All the Things We Are ( 1974 ) Sonny Criss - Out of Nowhere ( Muse , 1975 ) Miles Davis - Tadd Dameron Quintet in Paris -- Festival International du Jazz , May 1949 ( 1977 ) Gerry Mulligan - Mullenium ( 1977 ) Art Pepper - Art Pepper with Duke Jordan in Copenhagen 1981 ( Galaxy ) Woody Shaw with Bobby Hutcherson - Night Music ( 1982 ) Keith Jarrett - Standards Vol. 1 ( 1983 ) - Larry Coryell - Shining Hour ( 1989 ) John Scofield - Flat Out ( 1989 ) Paul Motian with Bill Frisell and Joe Lovano - On Broadway Volume 2 ( 1989 ) Pat Metheny - Question and Answer ( 1989 ) Gonzalo Rubalcaba with Charlie Haden and Paul Motian - Discovery ( 1990 ) Ken Tamplin - Tamplin and Friends - An Axe to Grind ( 1990 ) Judy Kaye w / John McGlinn - Broadway Showstoppers ( 1993 ) Eliane Elias - Solos and Duets ( 1994 ) Anthony Warlow - Midnight Dreaming ( 1994 ) Phil Woods - Alto Summit ( 1995 ) Walter Norris - From Another Star ( 1998 ) Brad Mehldau , Art of the Trio 4 : Back at the Vanguard ( 1999 ) Will Young - Mrs. Henderson Presents ( 2005 ) David Becker & Joe Diorio - The Color of Sound ( 2005 ) Clare Fischer - Introspectivo ( 2005 ) Sarah Vaughan with Count Basie - Send in the Clowns ( 1980 ) Paquito D'Rivera - Manhattan Burn ( 1987 ) Stan Kenton - Mellophonium Magic ( 1989 ) Tony Bennett and Bill Charlap - The Silver Lining : The Songs of Jerome Kern ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) List of 1930s jazz standards Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jerome Kern '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame Jump up ^ Paymer , Marvin E. ; Post , Don E. ( 1999 ) . Sentimental Journey : Intimate Portraits of America 's Great Popular Songs , 1920 - 1945 . Noble House Publishers . p. 369 . ISBN 9781881907091 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All the Things You Are ( 1939 ) '' . Jazz Standards ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Ted ( 2012 ) . The Jazz Standards . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 993739 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gerry Mulligan : Mullenium . AllMusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Shining Hour overview '' . Allmusic.com . External links ( edit ) Lyrics `` All the Things You Are '' at jazzstandards.com `` All the Things You Are '' for Jazz Guitar Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_the_Things_You_Are&oldid=853767937 '' Categories : 1939 songs Songs from musicals Songs with music by Jerome Kern Songs with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II 1930s jazz standards Jazz compositions in A-flat major Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2010 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Italiano Polski Português Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 21 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "All the Things You Are" - song by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II
2. Musical Very Warm for May (1939)
3. Recordings by Tommy Dorsey, Artie Shaw, and Frankie Masters
4. Chord progression and harmony in the song
5. Jazz standard and its use in contrafact tunes |
-8,747,931,100,713,762,000 | can you have a skunk as a pet in ohio | Skunks as pets - wikipedia Skunks as pets Jump to : navigation , search This article is written like a manual or guidebook . Please help rewrite this article from a descriptive , neutral point of view , and remove advice or instruction . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A pet skunk Although capable of living indoors with humans similarly to cats or dogs , pet skunks are relatively rare , partly due to restrictive laws and the complexity of their care . Pet skunks are mainly kept in the United States , Canada , Germany , the Netherlands , Poland and Italy . In the United States , pet skunks can be purchased from licensed animal shelters , non-profit skunk educational organizations such as the American Domestic Skunk Association , Inc. , or breeders with a permit from the U.S. Department of Agriculture 's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service . Baby skunk availability peaks during springtime , immediately following the skunk mating season . Some large fur farms sell surplus skunks to pet stores . Skunks are probably best known for their ability to spray foul - smelling fluid as a defense against predators . Most wild skunks spray only when injured or attacked , as a defense mechanism . The mercaptan - emitting scent glands are usually removed in pet skunks at about four weeks of age . Since 2006 , this removal practice has been illegal in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Temperament 3 Skunk care 3.1 Handling skunks 3.2 Housebreaking 3.3 Diet 3.4 Veterinary care 3.5 General considerations 4 Rabies 5 Legality 5.1 United Kingdom 5.2 Canada 5.3 Poland 5.4 United States 6 Politics 7 Organizations 8 References History ( edit ) Skunks are native to the Americas and are first noted in historical accounts of Christopher Columbus . Skunks were reportedly kept as pets by some Native American nations . Farmers valued domesticated skunks for their ability to kill rodents and other pests . Skunk pelts were also used for coats and frequently passed off as marten fur . Before the 1950s , they were sold under ambiguous names such as `` American sable '' and `` Alaskan sable '' . The courts finally ruled that the customer must be informed of any purchase that contained skunk parts . The skunk fur market subsequently collapsed . Since then , skunks have been mainly bred as pets . In the 20th century , most U.S. states outlawed the keeping of wild animals as part of their efforts to stem the spread of rabies . Only about one - third of states continued to allow domestic skunks . In the 1990s , skunk enthusiasts began establishing mailing lists and organized for skunk law reform . In the 2000s , similar initiatives took place in Canada . Temperament ( edit ) Skunks are sensitive , intelligent animals , and like all intelligent animals , temperament varies with each individual . Skunks tend to be highly curious and will open cupboards that are left unlocked . Some owners have noticed skunks smelling something that was spilled on the carpet long ago , and attempting to dig to find out what is buried there . Like ferrets , their curiosity can lead them into danger , especially if they crawl inside reclining chairs or other machinery . Skunk care ( edit ) Handling skunks ( edit ) Skunk enthusiast Jane Bone writes : The more you handle your baby skunk , the more docile it will be when it grows up . The more you hold and talk to a baby skunk , the more love will come your way from this skunk as it grows . More homes have been cleaned , meals prepared or football games watched with a baby skunk snuggled inside a T - shirt tucked into a waistband than you could ever imagine . Being this close to you , the baby skunk will learn that it is great to be part of your family as you protect it and calm it down , feeling warm and wonderful all over that you are its new Mom or Dad ! To play with a baby pet skunk , it is possible to get on one 's hands and knees , and playfully tap the floor with the fingers of one hand , while moving the hand toward the skunk . They quickly get the idea , and will respond with a sort of cat - like rearing up and coming down on their front feet . However , as they make their move , they will be looking you straight in the eyes , while aiming , with tail raised high , their potent `` weapon '' directly at your eyes simultaneously . ( They do the same in the wild when threatened ; baby skunks are trained in this manner by their mothers . ) It is better to avoid playing rough with baby skunks , or they may become aggressive and uncooperative as they get older . Bare hands can be used for loving and cuddling the skunk , but a stuffed toy or hand puppet should be used when playing with them due to their sharp teeth and extremely long fangs . As with all animals , spanking or hitting a skunk is not recommended , since it will cause them to become vengeful or hand - shy . Discipline should be in the tone and volume of voice . A squirt of water from a spray bottle may be helpful . Housebreaking ( edit ) Most skunks can be housebroken by corner training . After they choose a corner , a litter pan with unscented litter can be placed there . If the skunk misses the litter pan , after cleanup , the area should be saturated with plain white vinegar to remove the scent , so that they will not return to that spot . After the skunk 's toilet has been established , it can be moved about four inches a day to a different location . The skunk may or may not follow . If it does n't , it may be necessary to give in , let the skunk have that corner , and block the view with a chair or bookcase placed in the corner or some other decorative idea . For covered cat litter boxes , it will probably be necessary to cut a larger opening for the skunk . With any litter pan , bear in mind that regular cleaning is necessary since skunks will avoid a dirty bathroom . Letting skunks outside by themselves is risky since , like ferrets , they lack a homing instinct and can easily get lost . Descented skunks lack their most powerful defense against predators such as coyotes and foxes . Their nearsightedness also makes them susceptible to becoming roadkill . Diet ( edit ) Skunks need a wider variety of food than most pets . They tend to have a voracious appetite , making obesity a common problem . It is important not to overfeed them . Some types of food , such as chocolate , are known to be harmful to almost all animals . The topic of what to feed skunks is very controversial , according to Owners of Pet Skunks . Mary Kaye Ashley 's book , A Comprehensive Guide to Raising a Pet Skunk , recommends a ratio of 50 percent vegetables , 40 percent Skunkie Delight , and 10 percent other whole foods . Skunkie Delight is a homemade blend of a cooked grain ( millet , oats , barley , or brown rice ) , raw ground turkey , eggs , vegetable oil , and a variety of vitamin and mineral powders . Jane Bone 's Skunk Stuff describes a diet of vegetables , fruits , dairy , yogurt , vitamins and minerals , fiber , carbohydrates , and eggs . Skunk Haven disagrees with this diet , and recommends their own sample diet . Skunk expert Mary Kaye Ashley , as well as the American Domestic Skunk Association , Inc. also disagree with this diet . Eugie and Matthew Foster have tried a lacto - ovum vegetarian diet with good results , with rice and beans with yogurt , cottage cheese , the occasional boiled egg , and unsalted peanuts for protein needs , and including nutritional yeast , cold - pressed safflower oil , and various vitamin supplements ( including taurine and D ) in addition to vegetables and fruit . Lynnda Butler , president of Florida Skunks as Pets , believes a small amount of sugar can be beneficial for skunks and recommends an eighth of a graham cracker or vanilla wafer a day . Others ( e.g. Skunk Haven ) eschew feeding skunks processed sugar altogether , citing the risk of diabetes . Skunk expert Mary Kaye Ashley , as well as the American Domestic Skunk Association , also strongly disagree with the feeding of any form of processed sugar products . Per Ms. Ashley , natural sugars ( such as a small amount of fruit ) can be included in the diet several times a week provided that the skunk does not suffer from hypoglycemia or diabetes . The choice of diet is ultimately up to the skunk owner . Skunks generally do not drink a great deal of water , but clean water should always be available . Veterinary care ( edit ) Baby skunks from the pet store generally have not had any medical treatment other than scent gland removal , and will require spaying or neutering , shots , and worming . They will need to be tested for coccidia and other protozoa as well as parasites . Skunks also need to have regular yearly checkups . Dr. Frank Krupka and Skunk Haven have developed a blood panel to show if supplements or changes in diet are needed , and recommend a blood panel as part of a yearly check up . Veterinary understanding of skunks is rather limited , since scientists have not conducted as much research on skunks as they have on more common pets . Skunks do not always respond to medicines the same way as cats or dogs . As a result , there is considerable disagreement about how best to treat them . Some veterinarians say they are related to hamsters and treat them as such . However , hamsters are from the Rodent order while Skunks are in the family Mephitidae of the order Carnivora . This is the same order as cats , dogs , and ferrets . There are several different pet skunk organizations giving out conflicting advice on skunk care . Particularly in the medical realm , it is wise to consult multiple sources rather than rely on any one source of information from the Internet . Spaying / neutering : Males should be neutered between 3 and 4 months of age . Females should be spayed between 4 and 6 months of age . Vaccinations : Most skunk organizations recommend Purevax Distemper and Rabies vaccinations . Only distemper has been shown to cause disease or illness in skunks . Other vaccinations created for dogs and cats are modified live vaccinations and may cause actual illness in skunks . Declawing : Skunks should not be declawed , since they use their claws to handle food . Instead , their claws should be trimmed occasionally . Skunks have `` digging '' claws like dogs , as opposed to gripping claws like cats . Roundworms : Many skunks have died from roundworms . Baylisascaris columnaris is the species that infests skunks most commonly . Baylisascaris eggs can remain viable in the environment for many years , despite hot or freezing weather or certain harsh chemicals . Skunks can be infested with roundworms for several weeks before eggs begin to be shed in feces . It is common for new skunks to have roundworms , which may be too early in development to be detected by fecal tests . Skunk experts agree that all new skunks need to be treated for roundworms , and that more than one treatment is needed . Diagnostic Parasitologist Matt Bolek recommends that `` A deworming program should probably start at 7 - 8 weeks of age and deworm biweekly for 3 - 4 treatments '' . The frequency with which adults need to be treated for roundworms is controversial : Skunk Haven as well as skunk expert Mary Kaye Ashley and ADSA , Inc. recommend : `` After the first series of wormings , you should worm every 4 - 6 months '' . Owners of Pet Skunks recommends `` over the counter worm medication given every couple of months and a yearly stool sample check at the vet '' . Skunk expert Jane Bone recommends that all skunks be wormed once a month . However this information is dated and is no longer believe to be the best method of controlling parasites in skunks . Deworming should be done as needed and not on a routine basis due to certain parasites and worms becoming resistant to the dewormers . The consensus is that Evict or Nemex 2 are good over-the - counter wormers for skunks . A veterinarian may have more powerful wormers . Safe , natural alternatives include seeds from cantaloupe , fig juice or cloves , according to Jane Bone . General considerations ( edit ) Overall , caring for skunks is more complicated and challenging than raising other pets due to their relative uncommonness . The difficulty in finding a veterinarian with experience treating skunks , the conflicting advice offered by different pet skunk organizations , and the scarcity of scientific knowledge about skunk physiology make it necessary for many skunk owners to fend for themselves . In addition , some skunks - especially those that were mistreated - may bite , refuse to use a litter box , or exhibit other negative behaviors , according to Jane Bone and Skunk Haven . According to James Furniss , a good skunk owner needs to be a do - it - yourselfer and willing to put in a lot of effort . There are , however , relocation options if a pet skunk does not work out , including skunk shelters . Rabies ( edit ) Skunks and other mammals can contract rabies by being bitten by an infected animal or eating the carcass of an infected animal . Although it is quite rare for domesticated skunks to get rabies , there have been many unfortunate cases in which an uninfected pet skunk bit a person , and then was euthanized by animal control personnel so that its brain cells could be tested for rabies . In the United States , there is no government - approved rabies vaccine or quarantine period for skunks . In Canada , Imrab 3 was used in a study for off - label use as a skunk rabies vaccine and to date it is not approved for skunk use . If a skunk nips or bites , and the owner can produce proof of vaccination , a 2 - week quarantine is required , according to Vivianne Chernoff of Skunks as Pets Canada . Many countries , such as Japan , require all newly imported skunks to be quarantined . In 2003 , The Guardian reported that the UK lacks quarantine kennels licensed to hold skunks . Legality ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United Kingdom ( edit ) It is currently legal to keep skunks as pets in Britain without a license . With the exception of keepers who intend to house skunks in property owned by their local authority and therefore may be required to seek permission , there is no restriction on a persons ability to keep a skunk as a domestic pet in the UK . In the United Kingdom , the practice of removing healthy scent glands is considered unethical by the regulatory body responsible for veterinary education and clinical standards . Since the introduction of the Animal Welfare Act 2006 ( England and Wales ) and Animal Health and Welfare Act 2006 ( Scotland ) , it is an offence to perform any procedure which involves the removal of skunks ' scent glands unless for the purpose of its medical treatment . This has not prevented skunks from becoming more popular as pets in the UK , according to reports in a number of national newspapers . In April 2007 the Daily Mail reported that skunks were becoming an increasingly popular pet , with breeders estimating that around 2000 skunks were being housed as domestic pets . Legality of skunk ownership in the United Kingdom Country Legality Legislature United Kingdom Legal to own and breed without license or permit ( may be subject to transport restrictions ) Canada ( edit ) Canadian pet skunks must be purchased from a USDA - certified breeder in the United States . An import permit is required from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency to bring the skunk into the country . The skunk must be spayed or neutered , and receive a microchip implant or tattoo . A vet check fee must also be paid . It is illegal to keep striped skunks as pets in Canada . Poland ( edit ) Polish law considers skunks as normal pets , like as cats and dogs . There are n't any specific regulations and there is no requirement to register skunks . There are a few breeders from whom skunks are available . Prices are vary from around € 150 to € 400 , ( 600 - 1600 Polish zloty ) . United States ( edit ) American laws on skunk ownership vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction . Most states prohibit keeping skunks as pets . American skunk dealers earning more than $500 a year on the skunk trade are regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( USDA / APHIS ) , which has established three classes of licensed skunk dealers . A class A license allows one to breed skunks ; a class B license allows one to sell skunks ; and a class C license allows one to display them to the public . Skunk regulations can change from time to time , so prospective skunk owners may want to check with the Fish and Game Commission or Department of Conservation and Natural Resources in their state . Legality of skunk ownership in the United States State Legality Statute Alabama Legal , if bred in state Alaska Illegal Arkansas Illegal 15.18 Arizona Illegal California Illegal Colorado Illegal Connecticut Illegal Delaware Illegal Florida Legal , with permit Georgia Illegal Hawaii Illegal Idaho Illegal Illinois Illegal Indiana Legal , with permit Iowa Legal Kansas Illegal Kentucky Legal in some counties Louisiana Illegal Maine Illegal Maryland Illegal § 10 - 621 ( b ) ( 1 ) Massachusetts Illegal ( September 2006 ) Michigan Legal with permit ; outside cage must be built ; must be bred in state . Minnesota Illegal Mississippi Illegal Missouri Illegal Montana Illegal Nebraska Illegal Nevada Illegal New Hampshire Legal , with permit New Jersey Legal , with permit . New Mexico Legal , with permit New York Legal with permit , in some areas only . North Carolina Illegal North Dakota Illegal Ohio Legal , with permit Oklahoma Legal , but must have import permit and health certificate . Oregon Legal , if bought outside of the state , with import permit and health certificate . Illegal to sell or trade skunks . Pennsylvania Legal , with permit Rhode Island Illegal South Carolina Permit now required ; currently owned are legal , but no more will be permitted . Illegal to buy or sell skunks . South Dakota Legal without permit ; only one skunk per person . Tennessee Illegal TC 70 - 4 - 208 Texas Illegal Utah Illegal R657 - 3 Vermont Illegal Virginia Illegal . Washington Illegal West Virginia Legal , with permit Wisconsin Legal , with permit Wyoming Legal ( classified as predatory animals ; as such may be kept as pets with no license required ) Washington , D.C. Illegal Politics ( edit ) Several activists are seeking legalization of pet skunks in the jurisdictions where they are currently banned . Their activities have included supporting bills and testifying before legislative panels . In 2001 , Del . George W. Owings III introduced a bill in the Maryland legislature to legalize pet skunks in that state . Several officials spoke in opposition to the measure before the Environmental Matters committee . Mike Slattery , testifying on behalf of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources , criticized the idea , saying it would encourage `` Bambi syndrome '' , the tendency to domesticate wild animals . State health officials pointed out that the bill , HB 91 , required rabies vaccinations when there is no federally approved rabies vaccine for skunks . Rabies has , in fact , been a key issue in skunk - related legislative debates . Since wild skunks account for the second - largest number of rabies cases in wildlife in the US , many legislators have been reluctant to allow domestic skunks without an appropriate vaccine on the market . In addition to the problems at the state level , federal organizations set the policy for dealing with accidental skunk bites , which currently requires euthanizing the animal so rabies tests can be performed . In February 1990 , a rabies vaccine called Imrab 3 was approved for ferrets . Many skunk advocates believe the vaccine would also be effective for skunks , and are pushing to have it tested for this use . They also favor clinical tests to determine the appropriate quarantine / observation period in case of a skunk bite . This would provide a way to test skunks without the need for euthanasia . According to Aspen Skunk Rabies Research , part of the reason this research has n't been done yet is the high cost of these clinical trials , which would be difficult for drug companies to recoup . In the early 2000s , People for Domestic Skunks gathered more than 4,000 signatures for its Nationwide Domestic Skunk Petition . According to Aspen Skunk Rabies Research , Inc. , the effectiveness of petitions is limited by the fact that many important decisions are made by national organizations . The National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians ' annual Rabies Compendium sets the procedures for what to do if a skunk bites someone . In Canada , Mike Freeman of Freeman 's Exotic Skunks was ordered in 1999 by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources to destroy his entire stock of 100 adult and 700 baby skunks . Although the agency had approved his farm in 1997 , the 1998 Fish and Wildlife Act outlawed breeding . Natural Resources Minister John Snobelen ultimately gave him six months to sell or give away the animals in the U.S. , saying , `` No one wants to see these animals euthanized and that wo n't have to happen '' . Skunks as Pets Canada leader Vivianne Chernoff and other activists subsequently persuaded the Canadian Food Inspection Agency to legalize importation of pen - bred skunks . Although NRC does not recognize the CFIA laws , the CFIA assured Chernoff that NRC can not confiscate a micro-chipped skunk whose legality is documented with import papers and a health certificate . In 2004 , Canadian activists were working on having a tear duct rabies test legalized for skunks . In the United Kingdom , the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons recommended in 1987 that elective skunk scent gland removal be classified as an unacceptable procedure : The discharge of anal sac contents as a result of fear or other stress is normal , and the removal of normally functioning sacs is not an acceptable procedure . Infection or other pathological conditions can result in recurring or chronic discharge or in fistula and sinus formation . Removal in such circumstances is an acceptable therapeutic measure . Anal sacs are sometimes removed from animals such as the skunk and fox in order to make them more acceptable as domestic animals . The Working Party does not accept that this is an ethical procedure and considers that anal sacs should not be removed for other than therapeutic reasons . Organizations ( edit ) Pet skunk organizations can be a source of useful advice for skunk owners . Some organizations also hold annual skunk shows . Prizes are awarded in categories such as Prettiest Tail , Friendliest , Most Talented , etc . The American Domestic Skunk Association provides the following services to all skunk owners , prospective owners , and interested parties : Education for Skunk Owners & the General Public 24 - Hour Phone & Web Support Skunk Kitten Adoptions Rescue , Rehabilitation & Adoption Skunk Shows & Events Newsletters & Skunk Care Guide Research Program Owners of Pet Skunks is a non-profit organization whose mission is to better the lives of captive - bred skunks . OOPS has an annual picnic and publishes a quarterly newsletter containing informative articles about skunks , human interest stories , puzzles , information on skunk related laws , and regional and national events . Skunk Haven Skunk Rescue , Shelter , and Education , Inc. is based in Ohio and provides the following services : For emergencies , staff are on call 24 / 7 by phone and / or via the Internet . An international network of people helping with rescues . Teaching new owners about diet , health , and behaviors of their pet skunk . Also assisting prospective owners to determine if a skunk is a viable pet to fit their lifestyle phone or email , and also through our Yahoo skunk list , SkunkInfo . The shelter has Federal USDA / APHIS and State permits to accept surrendered pet skunks into the shelter and to perform adoptions nationally . Also , these permits allow SkunkHaven to perform exhibition and education programs . Skunk Haven will provide free Skunk Care brochures to any public or private source upon request . Skunk Haven has set blood normals for skunks and has current ongoing collective data being performed by a licensed veterinarian . Skunk Haven also maintains a regularly updated list of legal states . The homebase of Skunk Haven , in North Ridgeville , OH , is the home of SkunkFest . SkunkFest is held each year on the second Saturday in September . The organization has a newsletter called SkunkNews and a Yahoo discussion list . The homebase is also licensed for rehab / release of wild skunks . Skunks as Pets has chapters in Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Minnesota , North Dakota , Mississippi , New Jersey , Ohio , Oregon , Texas , Canada , and Germany . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vintage Fashion Guild - Fur Resource Jump up ^ `` Skunks As Pets '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ SkunkStuff Warnings Jump up ^ SkunkStuff Jump up ^ SkunkStuff Handing Baby Jump up ^ SkunkStuff Jump up ^ SkunkStuff Jump up ^ Skunk Haven& # 8482 : Pet Skunks Jump up ^ Mammals '' Ferrets '' Skunk - Striped Main Page Jump up ^ Domestic Skunks - The Odd Pet Directory ^ Jump up to : Owners Of Pet Skunks : Pet Care Instructions Jump up ^ Skunkie Delight Jump up ^ SkunkStuff Jump up ^ Skunk Haven& # 8482 : Nutrition and Diet Jump up ^ Domesticated Skunks 101 ( Exotic Pet Care ) ^ Jump up to : Skunk Haven& # 8482 : Veterinary Care ( pg. 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Information on Parasites in Skunks '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Skunk Haven& # 8482 : Your New Skunk Jump up ^ SkunkStuff Jump up ^ Welcome to Skunk Haven& # 8482 Jump up ^ Canada Rabies Study Archived 25 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Detention Period of Dogs , Cats , Raccoons , Foxes and Skunks In accordance with the Rabies Prevention Law '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2006 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Infectious disease time - bomb Archived 21 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrews , Emily ( 10 April 2011 ) . `` Heaven - scent : Why skunks are becoming the latest must - have pet '' . The Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wildlife in Captivity - Natural Resources Management Division - Ontario Government , Ministry of Natural Resources '' . Mnr.gov.on.ca. 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ APHIS News Archived 24 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Game and Fish Commission Code Archived 20 September 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Deborah Cipriani and Kevin Wilson . `` Skunk Haven TM : State Laws / Skunk Ownership '' . Skunkhaven.net . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dept. of Natural Resources Laws Related to Native Wildlife Jump up ^ Statute 25 - 236 Archived 14 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Administrative Regulations 301 2 : 081 ( 6 ) ( 2 ) ( g ) Jump up ^ Maryland Code Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Statute 145.365 Jump up ^ Wildlife Code 3 CSR 10 - 9 Archived 4 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Montana code 50 - 23 - 101 Archived 25 November 2003 at the Wayback Machine . and 50 - 23 - 102 Archived 12 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Statute 37 - 477 ( 2 ) Archived 2 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Health Requirements Governing the Admission of Animals Archived 8 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Administrative Code FIS 804.02 , 804.04 Jump up ^ Health Requirements Governing the Admission of Animals Archived 12 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/captive_faq.htm Jump up ^ Administrative Code 7.4. 2.12 Jump up ^ Administrative Code 52B. 0212 ( a ) ( 1 ) Archived 22 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ State Board of Animal Health Animal Importation Requirements Jump up ^ Code of Laws Title 47 Chapter 5 Archived 25 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . and Title 50 Chapter 16 Section 50 - 16 - 20 Archived 26 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tennessee Code 70 - 4 - 208 Jump up ^ UT Admin Code R657 - 3 Jump up ^ Virginia Administrative Code 4 15 - 20 - 50 and 4 15 - 30 - 10 . See Legality of pet skunks in Virginia Jump up ^ Administrative Code 246 - 100 - 197 ( 5 ) ( a ) ( b ) Jump up ^ Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 169 and Dept. of Natural Resources Chapter NR 16 Jump up ^ Statute 23 - 1 - 101 Archived 12 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Capital News Service wire feed Jump up ^ Statewide Online Telephone Directory Individual Detail Listing Archived 21 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ AnimalForum.com : history of domestic ferrets Archived 4 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Aspen Skunk Rabies Research , Inc Jump up ^ Petition Jump up ^ FAQs Jump up ^ `` SK : Only Canadian Skunk Breeder will be out of Business '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ RCVS Online / k . Mutilations report Archived 16 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.skunks.org/ Jump up ^ Owners Of Pet Skunks : Helping Skunks & their Owners Jump up ^ Skunk Haven& # 8482 : State Laws / Skunk Ownership Jump up ^ SkunkInfo : SkunkInfo Jump up ^ SkunkStuff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skunks_as_pets&oldid=798855477 '' Categories : Mammals as pets Skunks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2016 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Use dmy dates from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 06 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Pet skunk care
2. Skunk behavior and temperament
3. Skunk diet and nutrition
4. Legality of owning skunks as pets
5. Skunk health and veterinary care |
-7,192,995,120,034,447,000 | william blake holy thursday songs of innocence and experience | Holy Thursday ( Songs of Innocence ) - wikipedia Holy Thursday ( Songs of Innocence ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Copy AA of `` Holy Thursday '' , printed in 1826 . This copy is currently held by The Fitzwilliam Museum . Holy Thursday is a poem by William Blake , from his 1789 book of poems Songs of Innocence . ( There is also a Holy Thursday poem in Songs of Experience , which contrasts with this song . ) The poem depicts a ceremony held on Ascension Day , which in England was then called Holy Thursday , a name now generally applied to what is also called Maundy Thursday : six thousand orphans of London 's charity schools , scrubbed clean and dressed in the coats of distinctive colours , are marched two by two to Saint Paul 's Cathedral , under the control of their beadles , and sing in the cathedral . The children in their colourful dresses are compared to flowers and their procession toward the church as a river . Their singing on the day that commemorated the Ascension of Jesus is depicted as raising them above their old , lifeless guardians , who remain at a lower level . The bleak reality of the orphans ' lives is depicted in the contrasting poem , Holy Thursday ( Songs of Experience ) . The poem ( edit ) ' Twas on a Holy Thursday , their innocent faces clean , The children walking two and two , in red and blue and green , Grey headed beadles walk 'd before , with wands as white as snow , Till into the high dome of Paul 's they like Thames ' waters flow . Oh what a multitude they seem 'd , these flowers of London town ! Seated in companies they sit with radiance all their own . The hum of multitudes was there , but multitudes of lambs , Thousands of little boys and girls raising their innocent hands . Now like a mighty wind they raise to heaven the voice of song , Or like harmonious thunderings the seats of Heaven among . Beneath them sit the aged men , wise guardians of the poor ; Then cherish pity , lest you drive an angel from your door . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morris Eaves , Robert N. Essick , and Joseph Viscomi ( eds . ) . `` Songs of Innocence and of Experience , copy AA , object 19 ( Bentley 19 , Erdman 19 , Keynes 19 ) `` HOLY THURSDAY '' `` . William Blake Archive . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : TATE : `` Songs of Innocence : Holy Thursday '' Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries Jump up ^ The Book of Common Prayer 1816 Jump up ^ Collins English Dictionary Jump up ^ Naser Emdad , `` Transformation of Blake in ' Holy Thursday ' : From a Spiritual Prophet to a Social Reformer '' in ASA University Review , Vol. 6 No. 2 , July -- December , 2012 Jump up ^ David Fairer , `` Experience Reading Innocence : Contextualizing Blake 's Holy Thursday '' in Eighteenth - Century Studies , Volume 35 , Number 4 , Summer 2002 , pp. 535 - 562 Jump up ^ Songs of Innocence `` Holy Thursday ( I ) '' Synopsis and commentary Jump up ^ GradeSaver : `` Songs of Innocence and of Experience Summary and Analysis '' External links ( edit ) A comparison of extant copies of the original hand painted copies of `` Holy Thursday '' available from the William Blake Archive <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) William Blake <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Literary works <Td_colspan="2"> Early writings Poetical Sketches An Island in the Moon All Religions are One There is No Natural Religion Songs of Innocence and of Experience Songs of Innocence The Shepherd The Ecchoing Green The Lamb The Little Black Boy The Blossom The Chimney Sweeper The Little Boy Lost The Little Boy Found Laughing Song A Cradle Song The Divine Image Holy Thursday Night Spring Nurse 's Song Infant Joy A Dream On Another 's Sorrow Songs of Experience Introduction Earth 's Answer The Clod and the Pebble Holy Thursday The Little Girl Lost The Little Girl Found The Chimney Sweeper Nurse 's Song The Sick Rose The Fly The Angel The Tyger My Pretty Rose Tree Ah ! Sun - flower The Lilly The Garden of Love The Little Vagabond London The Human Abstract Infant Sorrow A Poison Tree A Little Boy Lost A Little Girl Lost To Tirzah The School Boy The Voice of the Ancient Bard A Divine Image ( found only in Copy BB ) Prophetic books The continental prophecies America a Prophecy Europe a Prophecy The Song of Los Other Tiriel The Book of Thel The Marriage of Heaven and Hell The French Revolution Visions of the Daughters of Albion The Book of Urizen The Book of Ahania The Book of Los The Four Zoas Milton Jerusalem The Emanation of the Giant Albion The Pickering Manuscript `` Auguries of Innocence '' `` The Mental Traveller '' The Rossetti Manuscript `` Never seek to tell thy love '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Mythology <Td_colspan="2"> Ahania Albion Beulah Bromion Enion Enitharmon Fuzon Golgonooza Grodna Har Leutha Los Luvah Orc Palamabron Spectre Tharmas Thiriel Tiriel Urizen Urthona Utha Vala <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Art <Td_colspan="2"> Paintings and prints Relief etching Engravings for Original Stories from Real Life The Ancient of Days The Night of Enitharmon 's Joy Newton Nebuchadnezzar Illustrations for Night - Thoughts Illustrations of The Grave The Four and Twenty Elders Casting their Crowns before the Divine Throne Illustrations of Paradise Lost A Vision of the Last Judgement Descriptive Catalogue The Great Red Dragon Paintings Pity The Ghost of a Flea Agony in the Garden Illustrations of On the Morning of Christ 's Nativity The Wood of the Self - Murderers : The Harpies and the Suicides Illustrations of the Book of Job Sketches Visionary Heads The Ancients Edward Calvert John Linnell Samuel Palmer George Richmond Arthur Tatham Frederick Tatham Related Catherine Blake ( wife ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Criticism and scholarship <Td_colspan="2"> Scholars and critics Peter Ackroyd Donald Ault Harold Bloom Nancy Bogen Jacob Bronowski S. Foster Damon David V. Erdman Northrop Frye Alexander Gilchrist Geoffrey Keynes Alicia Ostriker Kathleen Raine E.P. Thompson W.B. Yeats Scholarly works Life of William Blake Fearful Symmetry Blake : Prophet Against Empire Witness Against the Beast Archives and Collections William Blake Archive Musical Serenade for Tenor , Horn and Strings ( 1943 ) Ten Blake Songs ( 1958 ) Songs and Proverbs of William Blake ( 1965 ) The Lamb ( 1982 ) Related Blake ( 1983 ) In Lambeth ( 1989 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Thursday_(Songs_of_Innocence)&oldid=784082950 '' Categories : Songs of Innocence and of Experience 1789 poems Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Wikisource Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2017 , at 10 : 49 . About Wikipedia | 1. Holy Thursday poem by William Blake
2. Songs of Innocence
3. Ceremony on Ascension Day
4. Orphans of London's charity schools
5. Comparison with Holy Thursday poem in Songs of Experience |
-6,289,725,733,623,218,000 | meaning of the poem upon the burning of our house | Verses upon the burning of our house - wikipedia Verses upon the burning of our house Jump to : navigation , search Verses upon the Burning of our House ( full title : Here follow some verses upon the burning of our house , July 10 , 1666 ) is a poem by Anne Bradstreet . She wrote it to express the traumatic loss of her home and most of her material . However , she expands the understanding that God had taken them away in order for her family to live a more pious life . She feels guilty that she is hurt from losing earthly possessions . It is against her belief that she should feel this way ; showing she is a sinner . Her deep puritan beliefs brought her to accept that the loss of material was a spiritually necessary occurrence . She reminds herself that her future , and anything that has value , lies in heaven . Though she feels guilty , she knows that she is one of the fortunate ones who have salvation regardless ; God gives it to his followers , and will help them fight their sin on this earth . The burning of her house was to fight her family 's sins of material idols . The poem has a couplet - based rhyme scheme . It has many lines with an inverted syntax , making lines sound `` odd '' . The poem ( edit ) In silent night when rest I took , For sorrow near I did not look , I wakened was with thundering noise And piteous shrieks of dreadful voice . That fearful sound of `` Fire '' and `` Fire , '' Let no man know , is my desire . I , starting up , the light did spy , And to my God my heart did cry To strengthen me in my distress , And not to leave me succourless . Then coming out , behold a space The flame consume my dwelling place . And when I could no longer look , I blest His name that gave and took , That laid my goods now in the dust ; Yea , so it was , and so ' twas just . It was His own ; it was not mine . Far be it that I should repine . He might of all justly bereft , But yet sufficient for us left . When by the ruins oft I passed My sorrowing eyes aside did cast And here and there the places spy Where oft I sat and long did lie . Here stood that trunk , and there that chest ; There lay that store I counted best , My pleasant things in ashes lie , And them behold no more shall I . Under thy roof no guest shall sit , Nor at thy table eat a bit ; No pleasant tale shall e'er be told , Nor things recounted done of old ; No candle e'er shall shine in thee , Nor bridegroom 's voice e'er heard shall be . In silence ever shall thou lie . Adieu , Adieu , all 's vanity . Then straight I ' gin my heart to chide : And did thy wealth on earth abide ? Didst fix thy hope on mouldring dust ? The arm of flesh didst make thy trust ? Raise up thy thoughts above the sky That dunghill mists away may fly . Thou hast a house on high erect ; Framed by that mighty Architect , With glory richly furnished Stands permanent though this be fled . It 's purchased , and paid for , too , By him who hath enough to do - A price so vast as is unknown , Yet , by His gift , is made thine own . There 's wealth enough ; I need no more . Farewell , my pelf ; farewell , my store ; The world no longer let me love . My hope and treasure lie above . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edwin Monroe Bacon . The interpretation of the poem has been linked to Antinomianism and the Anne Hutchinson Her father , Thomas Dudley 's involvement played a pivotal role in the development of the early Bostonian church . Literary pilgrimages in New England to the homes of famous makers of American literature and among their haunts and the scenes of their writings . Silver , Burdett & Company , 1902 . Pages 24 - 27 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Verses upon the Burning of our House Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verses_upon_the_Burning_of_our_House&oldid=803616363 '' Categories : 17th - century poems Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 16 : 13 . About Wikipedia | 1. Anne Bradstreet's poem
2. Loss of home and material possessions
3. Puritan beliefs and spirituality
4. Guilt and acceptance of the loss
5. Themes of salvation and sin |
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