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-6,859,996,635,798,244,000 | there was separation of church and state in the massachusetts bay colony | Separation of church and state in the United States - Wikipedia Separation of church and state in the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` Separation of church and state '' is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' The phrase `` separation between church & state '' is generally traced to a January 1 , 1802 letter by Thomas Jefferson , addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut , and published in a Massachusetts newspaper . Jefferson wrote , `` `` I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ' make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , ' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . '' '' Jefferson was echoing the language of the founder of the first Baptist church in America , Roger Williams who had written in 1644 , `` `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world . '' '' Article Six of the United States Constitution also specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the ( First ) Amendment . '' In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , Justice Hugo Black wrote : `` In the words of Thomas Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state . '' In contrast to separationism , the Supreme Court of the United States in Zorach v. Clauson upheld accommodationism , holding that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . As such , the Court has not always interpreted the constitutional principle as absolute , and the proper extent of separation between government and religion in the U.S. remains an ongoing subject of impassioned debate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Former state churches in British North America 1.1. 1 Catholic colonies 1.1. 2 Protestant colonies 1.1. 3 Colonies with no established church 1.1. 4 Tabular summary 1.2 Colonial support for separation 1.3 Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' 1.4 Patrick Henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut 1.5 Test acts 2 The U.S. Constitution 2.1 Article 6 2.2 The First Amendment 2.3 The 14th Amendment 2.4 The `` Separation '' principle and the Supreme Court 3 The Treaty of Tripoli 4 Interpretive controversies 4.1 Politics and religion in the United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links 8.1 American court battles over separation 8.2 Other Early history ( edit ) Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely , particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany . They included nonconformists like the Puritans , who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England . Despite a common background , the groups ' views on religious toleration were mixed . While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies , others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches . The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship , though enforcement was sparse . Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons : the established Church was responsible for poverty relief , putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage . This , along with many other statements should be footnoted , as it seems more like an opinion than a fact . Former state churches in British North America ( edit ) Catholic colonies ( edit ) When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 , the Catholic Church remained under toleration , but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities . The Colony of Maryland was founded by a charter granted in 1632 to George Calvert , secretary of state to Charles I , and his son Cecil , both recent converts to Catholicism . Under their leadership many English Catholic gentry families settled in Maryland . However , the colonial government was officially neutral in religious affairs , granting toleration to all Christian groups and enjoining them to avoid actions which antagonized the others . On several occasions low - church dissenters led insurrections which temporarily overthrew the Calvert rule . In 1689 , when William and Mary came to the English throne , they acceded to demands to revoke the original royal charter . In 1701 the Church of England was proclaimed , and in the course of the eighteenth century Maryland Catholics were first barred from public office , then disenfranchised , although not all of the laws passed against them ( notably laws restricting property rights and imposing penalties for sending children to be educated in foreign Catholic institutions ) were enforced , and some Catholics even continued to hold public office . Spanish Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 , the British divided Florida into two colonies . Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents . Protestant colonies ( edit ) The colony of Plymouth was founded by Pilgrims , English Dissenters or Separatists , Calvinists . The colonies of Massachusetts Bay , New Haven , and New Hampshire were founded by Puritan , Calvinist , Protestants . New Netherland was founded by Dutch Reformed Calvinists . The colonies of New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were officially Church of England . Colonies with no established church ( edit ) The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers , but the colony never had an established church . West Jersey , also founded by Quakers , prohibited any establishment . Delaware Colony The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , founded by religious dissenters , is widely regarded as the first polity to grant religious freedom to all its citizens . Tabular summary ( edit ) Colony Denomination Disestablished Connecticut Congregational 1818 Georgia Church of England 1789 Maryland Catholic / Church of England 1701 / 1776 Massachusetts Congregational 1780 ( in 1833 state funding suspended ) New Brunswick Church of England New Hampshire Congregational 1790 Newfoundland Church of England North Carolina Church of England 1776 Nova Scotia Church of England 1850 Prince Edward Island Church of England South Carolina Church of England 1790 Canada West Church of England 1854 West Florida Church of England N / A East Florida Church of England N / A Virginia Church of England 1786 West Indies Church of England 1868 ^ Note 1 : In several colonies , the establishment ceased to exist in practice at the Revolution , about 1776 ; this is the date of permanent legal abolition . ^ Note 2 : in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows : `` Article IV . Section 10 . No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do . No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . '' ^ Note 3 : From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church , and permitted each church to tax its members , but forbade any law requiring that it be of any particular denomination . This was objected to , as in practice establishing the Congregational Church , the majority denomination , and was abolished in 1833 . ^ Note 4 : Until 1877 the New Hampshire Constitution required members of the State legislature to be of the Protestant religion . ^ Note 5 : The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church , but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office . From 1835 to 1876 it allowed only Christians ( including Catholics ) to hold public office . Article VI , Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office . Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins , when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections . ^ Note 6 : Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England was policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule . ^ Note 7 : In Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended the American Revolutionary War , the British ceded both East and West Florida back to Spain ( see Spanish Florida ) . ^ Note 8 : Tithes for the support of the Anglican Church in Virginia were suspended in 1776 , and never restored . 1786 is the date of the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom , which prohibited any coercion to support any religious body . Colonial support for separation ( edit ) The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . '' The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant . Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony , in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic . The signers indicated their `` desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged , neither to condemn least we be condemned , but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master . '' Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted . However , John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home . Bowne was arrested , jailed , and sent to the Netherlands for trial ; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne . New York Historical Society President and Columbia University Professor of History Kenneth T. Jackson describes the Flushing Remonstrance as `` the first thing that we have in writing in the United States where a group of citizens attests on paper and over their signature the right of the people to follow their own conscience with regard to God - and the inability of government , or the illegality of government , to interfere with that . '' Given the wide diversity of opinion on Christian theological matters in the newly independent American States , the Constitutional Convention believed a government sanctioned ( established ) religion would disrupt rather than bind the newly formed union together . George Washington wrote a letter in 1790 to the country 's first Jewish congregation , the Touro Synagogue in Newport , Rhode Island to state : Allowing rights and immunities of citizenship . It is now no more that toleration is spoken of , as if it were by the indulgence of one class of people , that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights . For happily the Government of the United States , which gives to bigotry no sanction , to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens , in giving it on all occasions their effectual support . There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level . In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? '' He also observed that when `` church and state are separate , the effects are happy , and they do not at all interfere with each other : but where they have been confounded together , no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued . '' Thomas Jefferson 's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786 , five years before the Bill of Rights . Most Anglican ministers , and many Anglicans , were Loyalists . The Anglican establishment , where it had existed , largely ceased to function during the American Revolution , though the new States did not formally abolish and replace it until some years after the Revolution . Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' ( edit ) The phrase `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government , in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his god , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , and not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their `` legislature '' should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , '' thus building a wall of separation between church and State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . Jefferson 's letter was in reply to a letter that he had received from the Danbury Baptist Association dated October 7 , 1801 . In an 1808 letter to Virginia Baptists , Jefferson used the same theme : We have solved , by fair experiment , the great and interesting question whether freedom of religion is compatible with order in government and obedience to the laws . And we have experienced the quiet as well as the comfort which results from leaving every one to profess freely and openly those principles of religion which are the inductions of his own reason and the serious convictions of his own inquiries . Jefferson and James Madison 's conceptions of separation have long been debated . Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency , though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia . Madison issued four religious proclamations while President , but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment . On the other hand , both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol . Years before the ratification of the Constitution , Madison contended `` Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large , still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body . '' After retiring from the presidency , Madison wrote of `` total separation of the church from the state . '' `` `` Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States , '' Madison wrote , and he declared , `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States . '' In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded , `` We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts . do better without Kings & Nobles than with them . The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity , without than with the aid of Govt . '' Madison 's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States , as well as the Federal Government , from an establishment of religion , but the House did not pass them . Jefferson 's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity , but this was a caricature . In setting up the University of Virginia , Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own , though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity , arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . Some have argued that this arrangement was `` fully compatible with Jefferson 's views on the separation of church and state ; '' however , others point to Jefferson 's support for a scheme in which students at the university would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation . Still other scholars , such as Mark David Hall , attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion . Writing for the majority , Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that `` Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion , but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Considering this , the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional . Patrick henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut ( edit ) Jefferson and Madison 's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century . Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it . Similarly , the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that `` no subject shall be hurt , molested , or restrained , in his person , liberty , or estate , for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ... provided he doth not disturb the public peace , or obstruct others in their religious worship , '' ( Article II ) but also that : the people of this commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require , and the legislature shall , from time to time , authorize and require , the several towns , parishes , precincts , and other bodies politic , or religious societies , to make suitable provision , at their own expense , for the institution of the public worship of God , and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety , religion and morality , in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily . And the people of this commonwealth have also a right to , and do , invest their legislature with authority to enjoin upon all the subjects an attendance upon the instructions of the public teachers aforesaid , at stated times and seasons , if there be any on whose instructions they can conscientiously and conveniently attend . ( Article III ) Since , in practice , this meant that the decision of who was taxable for a particular religion rested in the hands of the selectmen , usually Congregationalists , this system was open to abuse . It was abolished in 1833 . The intervening period is sometimes referred to as an `` establishment of religion '' in Massachusetts . The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church , but this was more often Dutch Reformed , Quaker or Presbyterian , than Anglican . Some chose to support more than one church . He also ordained that the tax - payers were free , having paid his local tax , to choose their own church . The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience , and the Duke , as an openly divine - right Catholic , was no friend of Anglicanism . The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698 , though Anglicanism was more popular in New York . Connecticut had a real establishment of religion . Its citizens did not adopt a constitution at the Revolution , but rather amended their Charter to remove all references to the British Government . As a result , the Congregational Church continued to be established , and Yale College , at that time a Congregational institution , received grants from the State until Connecticut adopted a constitution in 1818 partly because of this issue . Test acts ( edit ) The absence of an establishment of religion did not necessarily imply that all men were free to hold office . Most colonies had a Test Act , and several states retained them for a short time . This stood in contrast to the Federal Constitution , which explicitly prohibits the employment of any religious test for Federal office , and which through the Fourteenth Amendment later extended this prohibition to the States . For example , the New Jersey Constitution of 1776 provides liberty of conscience in much the same language as Massachusetts ( similarly forbidding payment of `` taxes , tithes or other payments '' contrary to conscience ) . It then provides : That there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this Province , in preference to another ; and that no Protestant inhabitant of this Colony shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right , merely on account of his religious principles ; but that all persons , professing a belief in the faith of any Protestant sect , who shall demean themselves peaceably under the government , as hereby established , shall be capable of being elected into any office of profit or trust , or being a member of either branch of the Legislature , and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity , enjoyed by others their fellow subjects . This would permit a Test Act , but did not require one . The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers . The Province of West Jersey had declared , in 1681 , that there should be no religious test for office . An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope , which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution . That law was replaced by 1799 . The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 provided : And each member , before he takes his seat , shall make and subscribe the following declaration , viz : I do believe in one God , the creator and governor of the universe , the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked . And I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine inspiration . And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this State . Again , it provided in general that all tax - paying freemen and their sons shall be able to vote , and that no `` man , who acknowledges the being of a God , be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen , on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of religious worship . '' The U.S. Constitution ( edit ) Article 6 ( edit ) Article Six of the United States Constitution provides that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights , this was the only mention of religion in the Constitution . The First Amendment ( edit ) The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine . Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America 's doctrine for church - state separation : no coercion in religious matters , no expectation to support a religion against one 's will , and religious liberty encompasses all religions . In sum , citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith , any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary , and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism . The First Congress ' deliberations show that its understanding of the separation of church and state differed sharply from that of their contemporaries in Europe . As 19th century Union Theological Seminary historian Philip Schaff observed : The American separation of church and state rests upon respect for the church ; the ( European anticlerical ) separation , on indifference and hatred of the church , and of religion itself ... . The constitution did not create a nation , nor its religion and institutions . It found them already existing , and was framed for the purpose of protecting them under a republican form of government , in a rule of the people , by the people , and for the people . An August 15 , 1789 entry in Madison 's papers indicates he intended for the establishment clause to prevent the government imposition of religious beliefs on individuals . The entry says : `` Mr. Madison said he apprehended the meaning of the words to be , that Congress should not establish a religion , and enforce the legal observation of it by law , nor compel men to worship God in any manner contrary to their conscience ... '' Some legal scholars , such as John Baker of LSU , theorize that Madison 's initial proposed language -- that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a `` national religion '' -- was rejected by the House , in favor of the more general `` religion '' in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists . To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists , the very word `` national '' was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown . During the debate over the establishment clause , Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison 's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government ( in which the states retained their individual sovereignty ) , which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate . Following the argument between Madison and Gerry , Rep. Samuel Livermore of New Hampshire proposed language stating that , `` Congress shall make no laws touching religion or the rights of conscience . '' This raised an uproar from members , such as Rep. Benjamin Huntingdon of Connecticut and Rep. Peter Sylvester of New York , who worried the language could be used to harm religious practice . Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion . Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions . However , the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment . The Senate went through several more narrowly targeted versions before reaching the contemporary language . One version read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one religious sect or society in preference to others , nor shall freedom of conscience be infringed , '' while another read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one particular religious denomination in preference to others . '' Ultimately , the Senate rejected the more narrowly targeted language . At the time of the passage of the Bill of Rights , many states acted in ways that would now be held unconstitutional . All of the early official state churches were disestablished by 1833 ( Massachusetts ) , including the Congregationalist establishment in Connecticut . It is commonly accepted that , under the doctrine of Incorporation -- which uses the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to hold the Bill of Rights applicable to the states -- these state churches could not be reestablished today . Yet the provisions of state constitutions protected religious liberty , particularly the so - called freedom on conscience . During the nineteenth century ( and before the incorporation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution through the Fourteenth Amendment ) , litigants turned to these provisions to challenge Sunday laws ( blue laws ) , bible - reading in schools , and other ostensibly religious regulations . The 14th Amendment ( edit ) See also : Cantwell v. Connecticut The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( Amendment XIV ) is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves . It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others . The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states . While it has not been fully implemented , the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure , through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause , the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states . The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has affected the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments . Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments . A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) . The `` separation '' principle and the Supreme Court ( edit ) Jefferson 's concept of `` separation of church and state '' first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) . In that case , the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US , determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom , `` The word ' religion ' is not defined in the Constitution . We must go elsewhere , therefore , to ascertain its meaning , and nowhere more appropriately , we think , than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted . '' The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson . Quoting the `` separation '' paragraph from Jefferson 's letter to the Danbury Baptists , the court concluded that , `` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure , it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . '' The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools . This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state , having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature . Citing Jefferson , the court concluded that `` The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state . That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . '' While the decision ( with four dissents ) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion ( by Justice Hugo Black ) and the dissenting opinions ( by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson ) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall . Rutledge , on behalf of the four dissenting justices , took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case : `` Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia 's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment , now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth . '' Writing separately , Justice Jackson argued that `` ( T ) here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation . In fact , the undertones of the opinion , advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State , seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters . '' In 1962 , the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools . In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) , the Court , by a vote of 6 - 1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation . ( The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court 's decision consisted of : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . Amen . '' ) As the Court stated : The petitioners contend , among other things , that the state laws requiring or permitting use of the Regents ' prayer must be struck down as a violation of the Establishment Clause because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of a governmental program to further religious beliefs . For this reason , petitioners argue , the State 's use of the Regents ' prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of separation between Church and State . We agree with that contention , since we think that the constitutional prohibition against laws respecting an establishment of religion must at least mean that , in this country , it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government . The court noted that it `` is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America . '' The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . '' In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds . The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . The overriding fact is that Arkansas ' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine ; that is , with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group . '' The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion , and that `` ( T ) he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them . '' Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Those who would renegotiate the boundaries between church and state must therefore answer a difficult question : Why would we trade a system that has served us so well for one that has served others so poorly ? Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her opinion on the 2005 Ten Commandments ruling . In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause . The court 's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable , '' the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a `` wall , '' is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Subsequent to this decision , the Supreme Court has applied a three - pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause , known as the `` Lemon Test '' . First , the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose . Second , the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion . Third , the statute or policy must not result in an `` excessive entanglement '' of government with religion . ( The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools , and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church 's religious mission , thus the policy involved the state in an `` excessive entanglement '' with religion . ) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause . In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . '' In reaction to the case , Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge , and condemning the panel 's ruling . The case was appealed to the Supreme Court , where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004 , solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue . Rather , a five - justice majority held that Newdow , a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter , lacked standing to sue . When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and Evolution equal time in the classroom , the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion , and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education . ( See also : Creation and evolution in public education ) The display of the Ten Commandments as part of courthouse displays was considered in a group of cases decided in summer of 2005 , including McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky and Van Orden v. Perry . While parties on both sides hoped for a reformulation or clarification of the Lemon test , the two rulings ended with narrow 5 -- 4 and opposing decisions , with Justice Stephen Breyer the swing vote . On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display ( educating the public on American legal traditions ) was secular in nature . In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed . In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway , 12 - 696 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings , which are allowed , must allow various faiths to lead prayer , or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian . On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 - 4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers . Madalyn Murray O'Hair's 1963 lawsuit led to an end of mandatory prayer in public schools after the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional . The treaty of Tripoli ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Tripoli In 1797 , the United States Senate ratified a treaty with Tripoli that stated in Article 11 : As the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws , religion , or tranquillity , of Mussulmen ; and , as the said States never entered into any war , or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation , it is declared by the parties , that no pretext arising from religious opinions , shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries . Interpretive controversies ( edit ) Main article : Accommodationism Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment . Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified . These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers . Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts , and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence , which references the idea of a `` Creator '' and `` Nature 's God '' , though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a `` Creator '' or `` Nature 's God . '' These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification , to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent . The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized . Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern , progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution . Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause , but also by legal precedence , making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era , and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution . Ten commandments monument at a Minnesota courthouse . The `` religious test '' clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones , career civil servants as well as political appointees . Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution . Seven states , however , have language included in their Bill of Rights , Declaration of Rights , or in the body of their constitutions that require state office - holders to have particular religious beliefs , though some of these have been successfully challenged in court . These states are Texas , Massachusetts , Maryland , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , and Tennessee . The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments . ( Tennessee Constitution Article IX , Section 2 is one such example . ) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words `` so help me God . '' In some cases these beliefs ( or oaths ) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court . At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable . While sometimes questioned as possible violations of separation , the appointment of official chaplains for government functions , voluntary prayer meetings at the Department of Justice outside of duty hours , voluntary prayer at meals in U.S. armed forces , inclusion of the ( optional ) phrase `` so help me God '' in the oaths for many elected offices , FBI agents , etc. , have been held not to violate the First Amendment , since they fall within the realm of free exercise of religion . Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches , the tax - free status of church property , the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday , etc. , have also been questioned , but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society . The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature . A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion . Jeffries and Ryan ( 2001 ) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court . The central point , they argue , was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools , followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education . Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions -- that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious -- make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause . Jeffries and Ryan argue that no - aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion . Most important was `` the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life , '' which sought to confine religion to a private sphere . Further , the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants ( and most Jews ) , who opposed aid to religious schools , which were mostly Catholic at the time . After 1980 , however , anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants , and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed . While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state , much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position . As a consequence , strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths , even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics . Critics of the modern concept of the `` separation of church and state '' argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it . Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism . Briefs before the Supreme Court , including by the U.S. government , have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state ( Blaine Amendments ) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism . J. Brent Walker , Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee , responded to Hamburger 's claims noting ; `` The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle . Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture . Of course , separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on - campus released time in the public schools . But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry '' Steven Waldman notes that ; `` The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson , not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart . '' `` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners , '' writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . `` New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state . '' Politics and religion in the United States ( edit ) Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States , this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States . He used the term `` Civil Religion '' to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States . His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ' God ' at all ? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension . '' Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state -- no state - run or state - established church -- is good for both the church and the state , allowing a variety of religions to flourish . Speaking at the Toronto - based Center for New Religions , Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a `` remarkable religiosity '' in the United States that is n't present in other industrialized nations . Wood believes that the U.S. operates on `` a sort of civic religion , '' which includes a generally shared belief in a creator who `` expects better of us . '' Beyond that , individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience . He calls this approach the `` genius of religious sentiment in the United States . '' See also ( edit ) Americans United for Separation of Church and State American Civil Liberties Union American Humanist Association Anti-clericalism Ban on Sharia law Ceremonial deism Christian amendment Christian Left Christian Right Freedom From Religion Foundation Freedom of religion in the United States Interfaith Alliance Johnson Amendment Mount Soledad cross controversy Pledge of Allegiance Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance Public menorah Separation of church and state Sharia State religion United States religious history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists : The Final Letter , as Sent . The Library of Congress Information Bulletin : June 1998 . Lib. of Cong. , June 1998 . Web . Aug 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jefferson 's Danbury letter has been cited favorably by the Supreme Court several times . Jump up ^ Wald , Kenneth D. ; Calhoun - Brown , Allison ( 16 August 2010 ) . Religion and Politics in the United States . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 80 -- 85 . ISBN 9781442201538 . The clarion call for accommodation was sounded by Justice William O. Douglas in 1952 : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being ... The accommodationist perspective emphasizes rather that the First Amendment was clearly not intended to be antireligious -- indeed , as already suggested , it was drafted precisely to protect the various religious practices of the states , including preferential establishments in some of them . Accomodationists therefore reinterpret the First Amendment to make of religious liberty a positive right , the exercise of which is to be encouraged by the government . By the same token , they believe that the First Amendment excludes only the direct establishment of , or preferential treatment for , a particular religion . Indeed , government should facilitate the practice of religion by both individuals and collectivities as essential to the common good . This position is very different from that of the separationists and leads to markedly different contemporary policies and practices . In addition , as the point of departure for historical interpretation , it focuses attention upon the residual religious quality of this founding period , which was hardly secularist . The same Congress that proposed the First Amendment was opened with prayer and named a chaplain . Indeed , most of the early presidents declared occasional days of thanksgiving -- and even of humiliation . Provision was made for support of religion in western lands . And , in time , the resources of religious groups were utilized in making government policy for relations with Native Americans . In sum , accommodationists consider that the operative ideal of the early republic was a nonpreferentialist posture of support for religion on the part of the government . In turn , that seems to point toward a modern ideal of accommodation of government to religin in ways that secure the greater common civil good as well as serve the spiritual ends of numbers of citizens . Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962 . Much more recently , in 1952 , speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 313 , the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments , saying : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being . Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case , supra , mentioned many of these evidences of religion , and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... ( P ) rayers in our legislative halls ; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive ; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday ; `` So help me God '' in our courtroom oaths -- these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws , our public rituals , our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session : `` God save the United States and this Honorable Court '' ( 312 -- 313 ) . To this list may be added tax exemption of churches , chaplaincies in the armed forces , the `` Pray for Peace '' postmark , the widespread observance of Christmas holidays , and , in classrooms , singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God , and the words `` in God is our trust '' as found in the National Anthem , and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 , 1954 , to include the words `` under God '' . Jump up ^ See Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 , 673 ( 1984 ) ( `` The concept of a ' wall ' of separation is a useful figure of speech probably deriving from views of Thomas Jefferson ... ( b ) ut the metaphor itself is not a wholly accurate description of the practical aspects of the relationship that in fact exists between church and state . '' ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist , 413 U.S. 756 , 760 ( 1973 ) ( `` Yet , despite Madison 's admonition and the ' sweep of the absolute prohibitions ' of the Clauses , this Nation 's history has not been one of entirely sanitized separation between Church and State . It has never been thought either possible or desirable to enforce a regime of total separation . '' ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 312 ( U.S. 1952 ) ( `` The First Amendment , however , does not say that in every and all respects there shall be a separation of Church and State . '' ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ( `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . '' ) Jump up ^ The Cousins ' Wars , Kevin Phillips , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Rights of the People : Individual freedom and the Bill of Rights '' . US State Department . December 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Article VI of the North Carolina state constitution Jump up ^ `` Remonstrance of the Inhabitants of the Town of Flushing to Governor Stuyvesant '' , Dec 27 , 1657 . Jump up ^ `` Drawing the Line Between Church and State '' , CBS News , Dec 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . `` To Bigotry No Sanction '' . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Cotton 's Letter Lately Printed , Examined and Answered , '' The Complete Writings of Roger Williams , Volume 1 , page 108 ( 1644 ) . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2005 ) . Divided by God . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , p. 24 ( `` Williams 's metaphor was rediscovered by Isaac Backus , a New England Baptist of Jefferson 's generation , who believed , like Williams , that an established church -- which he considered to exist in the Massachusetts of his day -- would never protect religious dissenters like himself and must be opposed in order to keep religion pure . '' ) Jump up ^ To Messrs. Nehemiah Dodge and Others , a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association , in the State of Connecticut . January 1 , 1802 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Danbury Baptist Association 's letter to Thomas Jefferson , October 7 , 1801 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia ( Virginia State Library , 1928 ) , Vol. II , pp. 64 -- 66 , November 11 , 1779 . Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) ( Souter , J. , concurring ) ( `` President Jefferson , for example , steadfastly refused to issue Thanksgiving proclamations of any kind , in part because he thought they violated the Religion Clauses . '' ) Jump up ^ James D. Richardson , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents ( Washington : Bureau of National Literature , 1897 ) , Vol. II , pp. 498 , 517 -- 518 , 543 , 545 -- 546 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's veto messages Jump up ^ Religion and the Founding of the American Republic ; Library of Congress exhibit website . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 Jump up ^ James Madison , Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments Jump up ^ ( March 2 , 1819 letter to Robert Walsh ) , Lambert , Frank ( 2003 ) . `` The founding fathers and the place of religion in America '' . Princeton University Press : 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 08829 - 7 . Jump up ^ James Madison . `` Monopolies Perpetuities Corporations -- Ecclesiastical Endowments '' . constitution.org . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 1811 letter to Baptist Churches ) Jump up ^ Madison 's letter to Edward Livingston , July 10 , 1822 Jump up ^ See Morison and Commager , vol I Jump up ^ Jefferson 's letter to Thomas Cooper , November 2 , 1822 Jump up ^ Dumas Malone , Jefferson and His Times , 6 , 393 Jump up ^ Ashley M. Bell , `` God Save this Honorable Court '' : How Current Establishment Clause Jurisprudence can be Reconciled with the Secularization of Historical Religious Expressions , 50 Am. U.L. Rev. 1273 , 1282 n. 49 ( 2001 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Hall , Mark David . `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases . '' Oregon Law Review 85 ( 2006 ) , 563 -- 614 Jump up ^ Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) Jump up ^ The Story of New Jersey ; ed. , William Starr Myers ( 1945 ) Vol. II , chapter 4 Jump up ^ Article XIX , italics added . Jump up ^ Paschal , George ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) ( 1868 ) . The Constitution of the United States Defined and Carefully Annotated . W.H. & O.H. Morrison Law Booksellers . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Boston , Rob ( 2012 ) . `` A Delicate Balance '' . Conscience. 33 ( 2 ) : 12 -- 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Founders ' Constitution Volume 5 , Amendment I ( Religion ) , Document 53 . The University of Chicago Press . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Forgotten Purposes of the First Amendment Religion Clauses Gary D. Glenn . The Review of Politics , Vol. 49 , No. 3 ( Summer , 1987 ) , pp. 340 -- 367 . Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) . Jump up ^ REYNOLDS v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) 98 U.S. 145 Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ EPPERSON v. ARKANSAS , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Sandra Day O'Connor ( June 27 , 2005 ) . `` McCreary County vs. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell university Law Department . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 , 612 -- 613 , 91 S. Ct. 2105 , 2111 , 29 L. Ed. 2d 745 ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Senate Pledges Allegiance Under God . Fox News , Thursday , June 27 , 2002 Jump up ^ 482 U.S. 578 ( Text of opinion in Edwards v. Aguillard from Findlaw.com ) Jump up ^ `` US federal court rejects separation of church and state '' . Catholic World News . 2005 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Onell R. Soto , City has 90 days to remove Mt . Soledad cross , The San Diego Union - Tribune , May 4 , 2006 , p . A1 . Jump up ^ June , Daniel , `` Supreme Court to Hear Case About Public Prayers '' Jump up ^ Lauren Markoe And Cathy Lynn Grossman ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court approves sectarian prayer at public meetings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article : Treaty of Tripoli Jump up ^ Ed Whelan , This Week in Liberal Judicial Activism -- Week of February 5 , National Review Online . February 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Thomas White ( 2007 ) . First Freedom : The Baptist Perspective on Religious Liberty . B&H Publishing Group . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4387 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Religious discrimination in state constitutions '' . ReligiousTolerance.org . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio and The Rev. Matthew Peterson v. Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board , 243 F. 3d 289 ( 6th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ LOCKE V. DAVEY 540 U.S. 712 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Book Review : Separation of Church and State Jump up ^ The Framers and the Faithful : How modern evangelicals are ignoring their own history . By Steven Waldman Jump up ^ Bellah , Robert Neelly ( Winter 1967 ) . `` Civil Religion in America '' . Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 96 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . From the issue entitled Religion in America . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Molly ( June 15 , 2009 ) , `` U.S. is a model of how variety of religions can flourish '' , Deseret News Bibliography ( edit ) Barry McGowan , How to Separate Church & State : A Manual from the Trenches Hufton Mueller , LLC , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 63802 - 7 Philip Hamburger , Separation of Church and State Harvard University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00734 - 4 OCLC : 48958015 Marci A. Hamilton , God vs. the Gavel : Religion and the Rule of Law , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 85304 - 4 Mark DeWolfe Howe . The Garden and the Wilderness : Religion and Government in American Constitutional History ( U. of Chicago Press , 1965 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach . Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State ( New York University Press , 2003 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 ) John C. Jeffries Jr. and James E. Ryan , `` A Political History of the Establishment Clause , '' 100 Michigan Law Rev. ( 2001 ) online version Mark David Hall , `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases , '' 85 Oregon Law Review ( 2006 ) , 563 - 614 . http://www.law.uoregon.edu/org/olr/archives/85/852hall.pdf Isaac Kramnick and R. Laurence Moore , The Godless Constitution : The Case Against Religious Correctness ( Norton , 1996 ) Philip B. Kurland , ed. , Church and State : The Supreme Court and the First Amendment ( U. of Chicago Press , 1975 ) Adam M. Samaha ; `` Separation of Church and State . '' Constitutional Commentary. 19 # 3 2002 . pp 713 +. online version Anson P. Stokes and Leo Pfeffer , Church and State in the United States ( reprint , 1964 ) Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Separation of church and state in the United States American Court battles over separation ( edit ) 1947 , first case concerning separation of church and state ; supporting bussing for children to private religious schools and declaring that states were required to provide the same guarantees of religious freedom as the federal government 1948 , banning religious instruction in public schools 1952 , allowing religious instruction off school property during regular school hours 1962 , banning teacher - led prayer from public schools 1963 , banning Bible - reading and the recital of the Lord 's Prayer in public schools 1973 , allowing state funding for textbooks and teachers ' salaries in religious schools ; creating the Lemon test 1987 , declared the Creation Act invalid , which had mandated the teaching of Creation if Evolution was taught 1989 , banning religious displays depicting only one religion 1992 , banning prayers given by clergy as a part of an official public school graduation ceremony . Other ( edit ) `` Rights of the People - The Roots of Religious Liberty '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . `` Rights of the People - Religious liberty in the Modern era '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Christian Science Monitor analysis of George Washington 's letter and its implications `` The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause '' by Noah Feldman , Asst . Professor of Law , New York University , 2002 . Royal C. Gilkey , `` The Problem of Church and State in Terms of the Nonestablishment and Free Exercise of Religion '' , William & Mary Law Review , Vol. 9 , Issue I , 1967 , 149 - 165 Robert Struble Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights : To Restore America the Beautiful under God and the Written Constitution , 2007 -- 08 edition . Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty Separation of Church and State Misunderstanding Jefferson 's `` wall of separation '' metaphor ' A Wall of Separation ' : FBI Helps Restore Jefferson 's Obliterated Draft , Library of Congress information Bulletin , June 1998 -- Vol. 57 , No. 6 , by James H. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Separation of church and state
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-8,880,260,038,245,734,000 | who is the old man in the walking dead | List of the Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters - wikipedia List of the Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters Jump to : navigation , search From left to right : Andrew Lincoln ( Rick ) , Greg Nicotero ( producer ) , Norman Reedus ( Daryl ) , Melissa McBride ( Carol ) , Lennie James ( Morgan ) , Chandler Riggs ( Carl ) , Danai Gurira ( Michonne ) , Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( Negan ) , Lauren Cohan ( Maggie ) , Alanna Masterson ( Tara ) , and Seth Gilliam ( Gabriel ) on a panel for the series at the San Diego Comic - Con on July 21 , 2017 . The following is a list of characters from The Walking Dead television series based on the eponymous comic book series . Although some characters appear in both the television and comic series , the continuity of the television series is not shared with the original comic book series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Notes 1.3 Recurring cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Rick Grimes 2.2 Shane Walsh 2.3 Lori Grimes 2.4 Carl Grimes 2.5 Morgan Jones 2.6 Dale Horvath 2.7 Glenn Rhee 2.8 Andrea 2.9 Merle Dixon 2.10 Carol Peletier 2.11 Daryl Dixon 2.12 Maggie Greene 2.13 Hershel Greene 2.14 Beth Greene 2.15 Michonne 2.16 The Governor 2.17 Tyreese Williams 2.18 Sasha Williams 2.19 Bob Stookey 2.20 Tara Chambler 2.21 Abraham Ford 2.22 Eugene Porter 2.23 Rosita Espinosa 2.24 Gareth 2.25 Gabriel Stokes 2.26 Aaron 2.27 Deanna Monroe 2.28 Jessie Anderson 2.29 Enid 2.30 Spencer Monroe 2.31 Dwight 2.32 Jesus 2.33 Gregory 2.34 Simon 2.35 Negan 2.36 Ezekiel 2.37 Jadis 3 Supporting characters 3.1 Atlanta survivors 3.2 Hershel 's farm 3.3 Dave and Tony 's group 3.4 Prison survivors 3.5 Woodbury survivors 3.5. 1 Soldiers 3.5. 2 Civilians 3.6 Prison newcomers 3.7 Chambler Family 3.8 Martinez 's group 3.9 The Claimers 3.10 Terminus 3.11 The Hunters 3.12 Grady Memorial Hospital 3.13 Alexandria Safe - Zone 3.14 The Wolves 3.15 Hilltop Colony 3.16 The Sanctuary 3.16. 1 Civilians 3.16. 2 Saviors 3.17 The Kingdom 3.18 Oceanside 3.19 The Scavengers 3.20 Miscellaneous survivors 4 Notes 5 References Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Actor Character <Th_colspan="8"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 Lincoln , Andrew Andrew Lincoln Grimes , Rick Rick Grimes <Td_colspan="8"> Main Bernthal , Jon Jon Bernthal Walsh , Shane Shane Walsh <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> Special Guest <Td_colspan="6"> Callies , Sarah Wayne Sarah Wayne Callies Grimes , Lori Lori Grimes <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> Holden , Laurie Laurie Holden , Andrea Andrea <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> DeMunn , Jeffrey Jeffrey DeMunn Horvath , Dale Dale Horvath <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="6"> Yeun , Steven Steven Yeun Rhee , Glenn Glenn Rhee <Td_colspan="7"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> Riggs , Chandler Chandler Riggs Grimes , Carl Carl Grimes <Td_colspan="8"> Main Reedus , Norman Norman Reedus Dixon , Daryl Daryl Dixon Recurring <Td_colspan="7"> Main McBride , Melissa Melissa McBride Peletier , Carol Carol Peletier <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="5"> Main Rooker , Michael Michael Rooker Dixon , Merle Merle Dixon <Td_colspan="2"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> James , Lennie Lennie James Jones , Morgan Morgan Jones Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Special Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Main Cohan , Lauren Lauren Cohan Greene , Maggie Maggie Greene <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Main Wilson , Scott Scott Wilson Greene , Hershel Hershel Greene <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="5"> Kinney , Emily Emily Kinney Greene , Beth Beth Greene <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="3"> Gurira , Danai Danai Gurira Michonne <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> ( Stand - in ) <Td_colspan="6"> Main Morrissey , David David Morrissey The Governor <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> Special Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Coleman , Chad Chad Coleman Tyreese Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="1"> Main <Td_colspan="3"> Martin - Green , Sonequa Sonequa Martin - Green Sasha Williams <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="2"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> Gilliard Jr. , Lawrence Lawrence Gilliard Jr . Stookey , Bob Bob Stookey <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="3"> Masterson , Alanna Alanna Masterson Chambler , Tara Tara Chambler <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="2"> Main Cudlitz , Michael Michael Cudlitz Ford , Abraham Abraham Ford <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="1"> McDermitt , Josh Josh McDermitt Porter , Eugene Eugene Porter <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="2"> Main Serratos , Christian Christian Serratos Espinosa , Rosita Rosita Espinosa <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="2"> Main West , Andrew J. Andrew J. West Gareth <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="3"> Gilliam , Seth Seth Gilliam Gabriel Stokes <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="1"> Main Marquand , Ross Ross Marquand Aaron <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="1"> Main Feldshuh , Tovah Tovah Feldshuh Monroe , Deanna Deanna Monroe <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="2"> Breckenridge , Alexandra Alexandra Breckenridge Anderson , Jessie Jessie Anderson <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="2"> Nichols , Austin Austin Nichols Spencer Monroe <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring <Td_colspan="1"> Katelyn Nacon Enid <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Also Starring Amelio , Austin Austin Amelio Dwight <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring Payne , Tom Tom Payne Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring Berkeley , Xander Xander Berkeley Gregory <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring Morgan , Jeffrey Dean Jeffrey Dean Morgan Negan <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Special Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Main Ogg , Steven Steven Ogg Simon <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Also Starring Khary Payton Ezekiel <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Also Starring Pollyanna McIntosh Jadis <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Also Starring Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steven Yeun is credited as a series regular for the first episode of season 7 . Jump up ^ Michael Cudlitz is credited as a series regular for the first episode of season 7 . Jump up ^ Khary Payton is credited as a series regular for the episodes he appeared in for season 7 . Recurring cast ( edit ) Actor Character <Th_colspan="8"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 Emma Bell Amy <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="5"> Andrew Rothenberg Jim <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="5"> IronE Singleton Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Juan Pareja Morales <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest Jeryl Prescott Sales Jacqui <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="5"> Adam Minarovich Ed Peletier <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="6"> Madison Lintz Sophia Peletier <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Viviana Chavez Miranda Morales <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="7"> Maddie Lomax Eliza Morales <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="7"> Noah Lomax Louis Morales <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="7"> Pruitt Taylor Vince Otis <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Jane McNeill Patricia <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Amber Chaney Annette Greene <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Michael Zegen Randall Culver <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> James Allen McCune Jimmy <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> Brandon Fobbs Terry <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="4"> Aldis Hodge Mike <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="4"> Lew Temple Axel <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Markice Moore Andrew <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Lawrence Kao Tim <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Alexa Nikolas Haley <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Dallas Roberts Milton Mamet <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Tyler Chase Ben <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Vincent M. Ward Oscar <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Daniel Thomas May Allen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="4"> Travis Love Shumpert <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="4"> Jose Pablo Cantillo Caesar Martinez <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="4"> Melissa Ponzio Karen <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Various Judith Grimes <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring Vincent Martella Patrick <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Kennedy Brice Molly <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Audrey Marie Anderson Lilly Chambler <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Meyrick Murphy Meghan Chambler <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Marcus Hester Len <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Keith Brooks Dan <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> J.D. Evermore Harley <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Eric Mendenhall Billy <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Sunkrish Bala Dr. Caleb Subramanian <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Luke Donaldson Luke <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Sherry Richards Jeanette <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Jeff Kober Joe <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Davi Jay Tony <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Brandon Carroll David <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Kerry Condon Clara <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Juliana Harkavy Alisha <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Denise Crosby Mary <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Brighton Sharbino Lizzie Samuels <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Special Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Kyla Kenedy Mika Samuels <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Special Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Tyler James Williams Noah <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Chris Coy Martin <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Ricky Wayne O'Donnell <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Christine Woods Dawn Lerner <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Erik Jensen Dr. Steven Edwards <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Teri Wyble Amanda Shepherd <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Steve Coulter Reg Monroe <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Daniel Bonjour Aiden Monroe <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Corey Brill Pete Anderson <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> April Billingsley Theresa <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Tiffany Morgan Erin <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Major Dodson Sam Anderson <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Austin Abrams Ron Anderson <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Michael Traynor Nicholas <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Jason Douglas Tobin <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring Ann Mahoney Olivia <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Jordan Woods - Robinson Eric Raleigh <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring Dahlia Legault Francine <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest Mandi Christine Kerr Barbara <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring David Marshall Silverman Kent <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Ted Huckabee Bruce <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Guest Benedict Samuel Owen <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Merritt Wever Dr. Denise Cloyd <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Jay Huguley David <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Corey Hawkins Heath <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Kenric Green Scott <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring Vanessa Cloke Anna <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Daniel Newman Daniel <Td_colspan="5"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Christine Evangelista Sherry <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Peter Zimmerman Eduardo <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring James Chen Kal <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring R. Keith Harris Dr. Harlan Carson <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> Guest <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring Elizabeth Ludlow Arat <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Lindsley Register Laura <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Mike Seal Gary <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Jayson Warner Smith Gavin <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Joshua Mikel Jared <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Logan Miller Benjamin <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Cooper Andrews Jerry <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Kerry Cahill Dianne <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Carlos Navarro Alvaro <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Karl Makinen Richard <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring <Td_colspan="1"> Avi Nash Siddiq <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring Traci Dinwiddie Regina <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring Callan McAuliffe Alden <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="1"> Recurring Main characters ( edit ) Rick Grimes ( edit ) Further information : Rick Grimes Andrew Lincoln Rick Grimes , portrayed by Andrew Lincoln , is a former sheriff 's deputy from a small Georgia town . He is often described as an everyman -- smart , calm , just , and a good friend , husband and father , but with his own set of flaws . Rick is a natural leader even when he might doubt himself , but these doubts contribute to the ups and downs his character experiences throughout the series . His overwhelming need to do the right thing and protect those who ca n't protect themselves may pull him away from his family , causing tension within his marriage with Lori and his relationship with his son , Carl . Acting as a sheriff 's deputy , Rick was shot in the line of duty shortly before the events of the apocalypse began . He finds himself waking up from a coma to a deserted hospital , unbelievable carnage , and his family home deserted . He eventually makes his way to Atlanta and then to the survivors ' camp where his family is taking shelter , and quickly becomes the leader of those survivors . In his quest to lead them to safety , his son Carl is shot in a hunting accident , which brings the group to the Greene farm . While he is still optimistic about the general goodwill of other survivors when the group arrives at the farm , he is shaken by the circumstances which force them to leave , becoming a much darker , warier version of himself . Focused on protecting his family , he leads the group to the prison and clears it for occupation . While there are threats and incidents at the prison , including the death of Rick 's wife Lori and the delusions Rick 's grief causes , Rick and his group transform it into a relatively safe and productive community until they are forced out permanently by the Governor and his forces . Rick subsequently travels with Carl , not knowing if the other survivors , including his daughter Judith , are alive or dead . After almost being killed for meat by the cannibalistic inhabitants of Terminus , Rick 's group is reunited and begins to travel toward Washington , D.C. Rick and his group are on the verge of starvation when they are invited to join the Alexandria Safe Zone , and Rick becomes the leader there following the death of Deanna Monroe . Just as he has begun to regain hope for a future for his friends and children , he and the Alexandrians are thrown into a lethal conflict with the Saviors . After losing two of his closest allies , Rick is at his lowest , but eventually accepts his responsibility to work with his new allies and make a plan to bring down the Saviors . Shane Walsh ( edit ) Further information : Shane Walsh ( The Walking Dead ) Jon Bernthal Shane Walsh , portrayed by Jon Bernthal , is a former sheriff 's deputy from a small Georgia town . He was Rick 's partner in the sheriff 's department and his best friend since high school . Until Rick 's arrival , Shane led the group of Atlanta survivors . Shane harbors feelings for Lori , and after the start of the apocalypse , when Lori believes Rick is dead , Shane starts a sexual relationship with her . When Rick finds them , Shane relinquishes the leadership position to Rick , while trying to hide his resentment towards Rick and his relationship with Lori . During season two , Shane gradually becomes more unhinged and shows bouts of irrational violence and bloodlust after allowing another survivor to die in an act of self - preservation . Shane eventually lures Rick away from the group to kill him , but Rick kills him first . Shane 's reanimation after being stabbed was the first concrete indication to the survivors that it did n't matter how someone died : they would still come back as a walker . While Rick claims Lori 's baby as his daughter , it is strongly implied that Judith is Shane 's biological child . Lori Grimes ( edit ) Further information : Lori Grimes Sarah Wayne Callies Lori Grimes , portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies , is Rick 's wife , and Carl and Judith 's mother . Believing Rick to be dead , she begins a relationship with Shane , but is loyal to Rick once he returns , and she pushes Shane away from her and Carl , of whom she is fiercely protective . In the second season , she discovers she is pregnant , but is unsure who the father is . She attempts to comfort Shane so he will feel accepted in their group , but she is cautious about his reckless actions , and ultimately warns Rick that Shane is dangerous . At the same time , she is disturbed by her husband 's gradual change in this more savage environment , and is shocked after learning he killed Shane . From their escape from the farm till their endeavor to take up residence at the prison , Lori becomes increasingly estranged from Rick and Carl , which she blames on herself . She becomes worried about her baby 's survival , and when she goes into labor following a walker attack , Lori convinces Maggie to give her a C - section , despite the fact that it will prove fatal for her . Lori dies giving birth , and Carl is forced to shoot her to prevent reanimation . Carl Grimes ( edit ) Further information : Carl Grimes Chandler Riggs Carl Grimes , portrayed by Chandler Riggs , is the son of Rick and Lori , and Judith 's older brother . Confronted with the harsh realities of his new world , he quickly learns to defend himself and even rescues Rick from a reanimated Shane . In the prison , when his mother dies during childbirth , he shoots her in the head to prevent her from turning . The ease with which he shoots a member of The Governor 's militia troubles Rick , leading him to give up his authority over the group and teaching Carl to farm , renouncing violence . When The Governor attacks for the final time , he and Carl are separated from the rest of the group . With Rick severely injured and unconscious , Carl reveals his anger towards his father for failing to protect the group and his mother . He raids neighboring houses for supplies , but is nearly overcome by a walker . He returns to the house and reveals he still depends on his father , and ca n't bear to bring himself to shoot Rick if he does turn . Rick eventually recovers and they are reunited with Michonne , but are driven from the house by the Claimers . They later meet the Claimers again on the road , where one of the members nearly rapes Carl . After overcoming them with Daryl 's help , they travel to Terminus and are captured . After the band of survivors reunites at Terminus , Carl devotes himself to caring for Judith . When he arrives at Alexandria , he is initially awkward with the other teenagers , but befriends Enid , a girl who was outside for a long time also , they spend time together in the woods running from walkers . During the attack of the zombies on Alexandria , Carl gets shot in his right eye by a stray bullet shot by Ron . Carl is saved by Denise , but loses his eye and faces a long recovery , during which he grows darker and more fierce . Negan calls him a future `` serial killer '' in the season six finale , which could imply how seriously dangerous Carl may become . Carl , along with Glenn , Rosita , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Eugene and Aaron , are forced to kneel before Negan . In the season seven premiere , Negan begins to force Rick to cut Carl 's arm off , but changes his mind once he sees Rick is broken . Carl later sneaks into the Sanctuary against his father 's orders to try to kill Negan . While this proves unsuccessful , it does lead Negan to take an unlikely interest in Carl . Carl continues to work in and around Alexandria to try to defeat the Saviors , but begins to believe that Rick is wrong to want to completely destroy them , and wants to go back to welcoming other survivors and working together toward a better future . It is revealed in the season eight midseason finale that is trying to help a stranger named Siddiq and bring to Alexandria Safe - Zone , Carl has been bitten on the abdomen by a walker . He dies by shooting himself after . Morgan Jones ( edit ) Further information : Morgan Jones ( The Walking Dead ) Lennie James Morgan Jones , portrayed by Lennie James , is a survivor staying in Rick Grimes ' hometown with his son , Duane . Initially , he suffers from the loss of his wife Jenny at the start of the apocalypse , unwilling to move on while her reanimated body roamed the town . He helps Rick recover after he wakes from his coma , and promises to contact him over radio as Rick continued towards Atlanta . Later , Morgan could not take action to prevent walker Jenny from biting Duane , and he becomes obsessed with clearing walkers from the town . Rick meets him again while scavenging for supplies , and asks him to join them , but Morgan refuses . After he accidentally burned down his home in a fit , Morgan takes to following Rick and eventually encounters a former prison psychologist named Eastman , who helps Morgan find inner peace through the use of aikido . This not only gives Morgan a new mode of self - defense , but also imparts a new dedication to respecting the value of human life . Morgan follows Rick 's group from Terminus to Alexandria , where he finds their violent ways , particularly of Carol 's , distressing and tries to help show them a better way to deal with the humans that want to harm them . After being asked to locate a missing Carol and becoming a part of the Kingdom , Morgan finally comes to the realization that you have to kill sometimes , and kills Richard in a rage . Morgan helps in the fight against the Saviors and Scavengers , but the violence and the familiar feeling of instability become too much for him , and he once again leaves to be on his own Dale Horvath ( edit ) Further information : Dale Horvath Jeffrey DeMunn Dale Horvath , portrayed by Jeffrey DeMunn , is an older man and former car salesman . His age , calm affect , worldly experience , and RV provide the nucleus around which the small community of survivors has formed . He is wise , and the respected elder of the group . He is also rather feisty and not afraid to speak his mind or call others out for mistakes in judgment . Dale manages to talk Andrea out of a suicide attempt by putting himself at risk , as well . Dale becomes wary of Shane , after witnessing that Shane contemplated assassinating Rick beforehand as well as guessing that Shane killed Otis while retrieving medical supplies for Carl . Dale becomes upset at the group when they decide to kill Randall to avoid any risks he might have posed and argues for sparing his life , leading to the execution being postponed . Dale is killed by a walker , who was accidentally lured by Carl earlier that day . Dale 's death causes the group to reevaluate their unity and allow Randall to live . Glenn Rhee ( edit ) Further information : Glenn Rhee Steven Yeun Glenn Rhee , portrayed by Steven Yeun , is a former pizza delivery boy from Atlanta . He is keenly aware of the extreme danger of his missions on behalf of the group , but because of his loyalty to the group he is willing to take the risks . His knowledge of every shortcut in Atlanta proves extremely useful , and he is an excellent scavenger . Glenn thinks well on his feet and shows great compassion and humanity . He develops a passionate relationship with Maggie while living on the Greene farm and later marries her while they are living in the prison . He becomes more confident and displays more courage and ingenuity , as well as leadership qualities later . After being infected with the illness spreading in the prison , he recovers through Hershel and Bob 's care . When The Governor attacks the prison , he is unable to find Maggie and goes on a search for her with Tara Chambler . The two encounter Abraham Ford , Eugene Porter and Rosita Espinosa , who plan to bring Eugene to Washington , D.C. to find a cure for the apocalypse . After reuniting with his wife , they journey on their mission to D.C. , although Eugene eventually reveals he was a fraud hoping for protection . After his half - sister - in - law , Beth 's death , he moves forward with plans to find a safe haven for the group and continues to comfort Maggie in her loss . Glenn continues to be the voice of reason after Beth 's death , and moral support for the group . When they arrive at Alexandria , he is assigned to be one of the runners , and he and fellow runner Nicholas become rivals . After Nicholas causes the death of one of the other runners , their feud eventually culminates in Nicholas trying to shoot Glenn , and the two of them getting in a fight . Glenn is unable to kill Nicholas , and the two form a fragile peace . Glenn is seemingly killed when Nicholas commits suicide and the two fall into a hoard of walkers , but he was able to use Nicholas 's body as a shield and escape under a nearby dumpster . When he arrives back home , he learns that Maggie is expecting their first child . Glenn is part of the raid on the Savior outpost and is forced to kill his first living human , which he finds very difficult . When Maggie experiences complications in her pregnancy , Glenn is captured and , along with Rosita , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Eugene and Aaron , is forced to kneel before Negan as punishment for the raid . Negan 's wrath lands on Abraham , and Daryl 's reaction to Abraham 's death causes Negan to additionally bludgeon Glenn to death . His remains are taken by Maggie and Sasha to the Hilltop , where he and Abraham are buried together . Andrea ( edit ) Further information : Andrea ( The Walking Dead ) Laurie Holden Andrea , portrayed by Laurie Holden , is a former civil rights attorney who is extremely protective of her younger sister , Amy . Following Amy 's death , she considers suicide , but decides to remain with the group . With the others , they find a farm owned by Hershel Greene . At the farm , she continued to confide and seek comfort in Dale , and gained survivalist skills through Shane . After escaping Hershel 's overrun farm , she is rescued by Michonne and is brought by Merle to Woodbury , where she begins a romantic relationship with The Governor . She is eventually caught in the crossfire between Rick and The Governor , and attempts to mend relations , but later turns on The Governor after learning that he intends to attack the prison . She is captured by The Governor and left in a room with a dying Milton , who bites her before she is able to free herself . She is discovered by Michonne , Rick , and the others , and makes amends before taking her own life . Merle Dixon ( edit ) Further information : Merle Dixon Michael Rooker Merle Dixon , portrayed by Michael Rooker , is Daryl Dixon 's older brother . A racist and misogynist , Merle grew up in an abusive household . His first meeting with Rick quickly escalates to conflict and Merle is subdued and handcuffed to a pipe , but the keys are lost . The group has to leave him there , but Rick leads a rescue party only to find that Merle has cut himself free and disappeared . Merle returns in `` Walk with Me , '' alive , one - handed , and residing at Woodbury , a thriving settlement run by the malicious Governor , where Merle serves as his lieutenant and enforcer . He escapes Woodbury with Daryl , but struggles to integrate into the prison . He attempts to secure peace with The Governor by kidnapping Michonne , but relents and lets her go before returning to Woodbury and luring a pack of zombies to attack in an attempt to assassinate The Governor . He fails and is killed and left to reanimate . He is later discovered by Daryl , who kills him . Carol Peletier ( edit ) Further information : Carol Peletier Melissa McBride Carol Peletier , portrayed by Melissa McBride , is Sophia 's protective mother and Ed 's abused wife . Before the outbreak , she was a meek housewife , and in the beginning of the apocalypse she often depended on others for survival and appeared weak , despite showing compassion and kindness to others , particularly Daryl , and putting the good of the group ahead of her own needs . After Sophia 's death , Carol gradually undergoes a transformation from a former victim of domestic abuse to a hardened and pragmatic warrior . She manages to survive under difficult circumstances , and soon begins sharing her survival tactics with others . Her story time program at the prison is revealed as a cover for teaching a group of young children self - defense and a weapons training course . When the father of two children , Lizzie and Mika , dies following a walker attack , she becomes their adoptive mother by the father 's wishes . Carol begins taking bold risks in order to survive , especially during the epidemic that breaks out , killing the severely ill Karen and David mercifully to prevent any others from dying . After Tyreese 's devastated reaction at losing Karen , Rick banishes Carol from the prison with a car and some supplies . When she sees smoke from the prison 's destruction , she heads back and encounters Tyreese traveling with Lizzie , Mika , and Rick and Lori 's infant daughter Judith . Carol is further hardened when she is forced to kill Lizzie , who has murdered her sister Mika to convince Carol and Tyreese that turning into a walker is just a change , not death . Carol eventually confesses Tyreese that she was responsible for Karen and David 's deaths and Tyreese forgives her . With Judith , the two move towards Terminus only to discover its true nature . Carol successfully destroys Terminus and saves her friends . Rick asks her to rejoin the group and she accepts . She joins Daryl on a rescue mission for Beth in Atlanta , but Beth is killed , leaving Carol devastated . Carol arrives with the group at Alexandria and pretends to be a weak housewife so that the Alexandrians underestimate her , particularly so that she can steal guns from the armory . Young Sam Anderson takes a liking to her despite her efforts to get rid of him , and their odd friendship is what brings to light the abuse Sam , his mother , and his brother face at the hands of his father . Carol believes that the Alexandrians are weak and that they may need to take the settlement for themselves , but after reflecting on her views with Morgan , Carol realizes she had killed about twenty - five people since the beginning of the apocalypse and becomes distraught . She leaves Alexandria and , along with Morgan , discovers the Kingdom . At the Kingdom she is able to receive medical treatment from multiple gunshot wounds . After learning of the deaths of Glenn and Abraham , Carol joins the fight against the Saviors . Daryl Dixon ( edit ) Further information : Daryl Dixon Norman Reedus Daryl Dixon , portrayed by Norman Reedus , is Merle 's younger brother . A Southern redneck with a tough background , Daryl is a survivalist and member of the Atlanta band , who quickly becomes one of Rick 's closest confidantes and a leader within the group , a role he is not entirely comfortable with . He develops a close relationship with Carol Peletier in the second season after spending a large amount of time searching for her missing daughter Sophia . Following Shane 's death , Daryl becomes Rick 's right - hand man . After the fall of the prison , he escapes with Beth , who is later kidnapped while he fights off a group of walkers . He joins a nomadic group ( the Claimers ) before turning on them to save Rick , Carl , and Michonne . In season five , he goes with Carol to Atlanta in an attempt to rescue Beth , but is forced to return with Noah when Carol is also taken to Grady Memorial Hospital . He returns with the group to break Beth and Carol out and is clearly devastated at Beth 's death . He becomes more distant . Once the group arrives at Alexandria , Daryl has a hard time acclimating but befriends recruiter Aaron and eventually becomes a recruiter himself . Daryl and Aaron later discover Morgan in the woods and bring him to Alexandria . After an enormous herd of walkers is discovered near Alexandria , Daryl 's role is to drive them away along with Sasha and Abraham . Daryl is driven away from Sasha and Abraham and has a small encounter with three strangers ; Dwight , Sherry , and Tina . He is captured by them , who believe him to be a Savior . After Tina is killed , Dwight and Sherry steal Daryl 's crossbow and motorcycle . Daryl is later found attempting to rescue Glenn and Michonne , who have been captured by Saviors . He is caught by Dwight , and shot near the shoulder . Daryl , along with Glenn , Rosita , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Aaron , and Eugene are forced to kneel before Negan . Daryl is one of the members of the group forced to kneel for Negan during his infamous `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' speech . After the death of Abraham at Negans hands , Daryl becomes outraged when Negan forces a terrified Rosita to look at the remains of Abraham on his bat , Lucille . Daryl lashes out at Negan in retaliation and punches him . Much to Daryl 's horror , this causes Negan to further punish the group , responding to this outburst by killing Glenn . Negan takes Daryl back to the Sanctuary as prisoner , where he is tortured physically and psychologically in attempts to convince Daryl to join the Saviors . In `` Hearts Still Beating , '' Sherry helps Daryl escape from the Sanctuary . He is hidden among the allied groups to avoid being caught , and is an integral part of the All Out War against the Saviors . Maggie Greene ( edit ) Further information : Maggie Greene Lauren Cohan Maggie Greene , portrayed by Lauren Cohan , is Hershel 's daughter and Beth 's elder half - sister . A tomboy at heart , she scavenges supplies from the local town . She develops strong feelings for Glenn , impressed by his bravery and loyalty to the group . After the fall of the farm , she settles 8 months later at the prison with the rest of the group . She and Glenn are later captured and interrogated by Merle and The Governor , who forces her to undress and threatens her with rape to intimidate Glenn into giving up information . After a rescue mission , she continues to be proactive in defending the prison during The Governor 's attacks , killing several snipers and soldiers to protect the prison survivors . She soon marries Glenn . When Glenn is infected by the deadly influenza virus that has spread across the prison and her father risks exposure by caring for the sick , she is angry and frustrated but is able to help when she rushes in to rescue her father and husband from the reanimated infected that overrun the quarantine zone . The Governor returns to the prison and Maggie witnesses her father 's execution in horror . She defends the prison against The Governor 's militia before escaping the overrun compound with Sasha and Bob , unsure if Glenn and her sister are alive or not . Deciding that Glenn is alive , Maggie searches for and finds him , and joins the mission to D.C. for a cure . She receives news that her sister is still alive , only to be left heartbroken once she arrives too late to meet her , as Beth has just died . Maggie becomes depressed after her sister 's death , but begins to recover before the group arrived at Alexandria . Once in Alexandria , Maggie acts as Deanna 's assistant . She tries to persuade Deanna not to exile Rick and also prevents Sasha from killing Gabriel . Maggie later discovers she is pregnant and worries with the possibility of Glenn 's death . When they reunite , she joins the group to go to the Hilltop Colony where she negotiates a deal with Gregory for half of their supplies . When Rick initiates a plan to take out the Saviors , Maggie and Carol are captured by a female group of Saviors and Maggie is forced to kill them , as well as some others , to protect herself and the baby . She forms a maternal bond with Enid . When Enid gives Maggie a haircut , she collapses on the floor in pain and she is taken with a group to reach the Hilltop to see a doctor . Maggie , along with Glenn , Rosita , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Eugene and Aaron , is forced to kneel before Negan before they can reach the Hilltop . Maggie is forced to watch as Negan kills Glenn as punishment for Daryl 's strike . A devastated Maggie tells Rick to prepare to fight Negan as she attempts to collect Glenn 's body . Glenn 's death ultimately helps Maggie grow stronger . Maggie moves to the Hilltop for medical treatment along with Sasha and Enid , and eventually takes leadership over Gregory . Hershel Greene ( edit ) Further information : Hershel Greene Scott Wilson Hershel Greene , portrayed by Scott Wilson , is a veterinarian and farmer , who is also a religious man and former alcoholic . He allows Rick and his group to remain at the farm while Carl recuperates after being shot , but hides from them that he is keeping walkers in his barn , merely believing them to be sick and not dead . When Shane opens the barn and the group kills everyone inside , his worldview is shattered , but he develops a close friendship with Rick and often acts as a voice of wisdom . When the group attempts to clear the prison , he is bitten and Rick cuts off his leg to prevent him from turning into a walker . Hershel becomes a member of the leading council of the prison and counsels the group to work to rebuild a society which can forgive the past wrongs of its members . When the prison becomes infected with the flu , he works as a medic and provides natural remedies to help ease the symptoms of his patients until a cure can be found . He is later taken hostage by The Governor , but is proud to hear Rick offer forgiveness and coexistence to The Governor and his group . The Governor refuses and executes Hershel before attacking the prison . Beth Greene ( edit ) Further information : Beth Greene Emily Kinney Beth Greene , portrayed by Emily Kinney , is Hershel 's younger daughter and Maggie 's younger half - sister . She sinks into a deep depression after watching her mother , half - brother , and neighbors , who had become walkers and were being housed in her father 's barn , get shot by Rick 's group , and unsuccessfully attempts suicide . She recovers and survives the fall of the farm before traveling with the group to the prison . She is often seen helping take care of Judith . When the prison becomes infected with the flu , she is put in charge of isolating the group 's children to protect them from the deadly virus . She witnesses her father 's death at the hands of The Governor and escapes the fall of the prison with Daryl . When they become separated during a walker attack , she is kidnapped . She reappears in season five at Grady Memorial Hospital , where she wakes up and discovers that she is being held in the hospital by a group of corrupt police officers . She regularly tries to fight against their strict regime , killing one officer and helping another patient , Noah , escape , but she is kept alive by the officer in charge , Dawn Lerner . As a result of an exchange plan negotiated by Rick to rescue Beth , she is returned to Rick 's group , but Rick refuses to let Lerner take back Noah . Beth stabs Dawn with hidden scissors , but Dawn 's instinctive reflexes cause her to fire a single bullet through Beth 's head , killing her instantly and unexpectedly . Michonne ( edit ) Further information : Michonne Danai Gurira Michonne , portrayed by Danai Gurira , is a resourceful and self - sufficient katana - wielding survivor . Her past , revealed slowly over the series , shows she had survived the initial apocalypse with her three - year - old son Andre , her boyfriend Mike , and their friend Terry . Mike , Terry , and Andre had been attacked by walkers while she was on a supply run , and she blamed Andre 's death on Mike and Terry . She used the reanimated Mike and Terry walkers as a means to disguise her scent among walker hordes . She saves Andrea after the group ran off from Hershel 's farm , and becomes her friend . When they are brought to Woodbury , Michonne is highly distrustful of The Governor and leaves the community to warn Andrea 's friends after witnessing Glenn and Maggie being captured . When Rick 's group attacks Woodbury , Michonne joins in and gets in a fight with The Governor , destroying one of his eyes . Michonne becomes a pivot in the conflict between Rick 's group and The Governor . Later , when Rick 's group is forced to flee the prison after The Governor 's attack , Michonne meets up with Rick and Carl , and the three become closer . As the story progresses , Michonne becomes the voice of reason for Rick , reminding him not to take risks . By the time the group has worked their way to Alexandria , Rick and Michonne have started a relationship with each other . Michonne is attacked by a member of the Scavengers and is almost killed . The Governor ( edit ) Further information : The Governor ( The Walking Dead ) David Morrissey The Governor ( real name , Phillip Blake ) , portrayed by David Morrissey , is the leader of the fortified town of Woodbury . He is a charismatic man , who is nevertheless power - mad and willing to kill anyone to secure the supplies needed to strengthen the town . When Merle rescues Andrea and Michonne , he quickly develops a romantic relationship with Andrea , but Michonne remains skeptical . When she leaves , he orders Merle to track her and kill her , but she escapes . Merle instead returns with Glenn and Maggie , who are tortured . When Rick leads a rescue party , Michonne steals away to kill The Governor only to find a room full of heads in fish tanks and his reanimated daughter , who she kills . This enrages The Governor and in the ensuing fight he loses his eye . He resolves to take the prison using walkers as a weapon and eventually leading a militia . When they are routed , he murders most of the militia before being abandoned by his remaining lieutenants . He wanders alone before meeting Lilly and Tara using the pseudonym `` Brian Heriot . '' He eventually meets up with a larger group and takes it over , murdering its leader and blaming the prison group . He takes Hershel and Michonne hostage and leads his new group to attack the prison , demanding that Rick and his group abandon the prison . He refuses a gesture of cohabitation before murdering Hershel and triggering a battle . Rick and The Governor brawl , with The Governor gaining the upper hand before being impaled by Michonne , and shot and killed by Lilly . Tyreese Williams ( edit ) Further information : Tyreese Chad L. Coleman Tyreese Williams , portrayed by Chad L. Coleman , is the leader of a group from Jacksonville , Florida , which includes his sister Sasha as well as Allen 's family . After unsuccessfully trying to seek refuge at the prison due to Rick 's hallucinations , Tyreese and the others find their way to Woodbury . Tyreese and Sasha become guards at Woodbury 's walls , but he becomes wary of The Governor 's intentions . When the assault on the prison is declared , Tyreese and Sasha stay behind to protect the innocent civilians . Eventually , Rick 's group return to reveal The Governor massacred his entire army , except for lone survivor , Karen . Six months later , Karen and Tyreese form a relationship at the prison and he becomes proactive in supply runs with Daryl , Michonne , Bob , and Sasha . During the flu epidemic that breaks out at the prison , Karen is secretly killed and burned by Carol to prevent the disease from spreading . Furious , he commands Rick to investigate the murders , and attacks Daryl and Rick out of frustration . He helps find medicine for the sick inmates before The Governor returns when their numbers are down . Tyreese fights The Governor 's militia along with Rick 's group and manages to escape with Rick 's infant daughter , Judith , and Lizzie and Mika . They encounter Carol on the road , but Tyreese is unaware of her responsibility for Karen 's death . Lizzie 's psychotic behavior becomes a threat to Tyreese , Carol , and Judith when she murders her sister , forcing Carol to put her down . Carol then admits to killing Karen to prevent people from dying . Tyreese forgives her , but remains haunted by the situation at the grove where they stayed . Soon , he appears psychologically and emotionally damaged , refusing to kill and trying to teach others about mercy . After reuniting with the group , Sasha is alarmed by his behavior , but seeks his comfort in her own loss . After proposing a mission to save Beth that fails when Beth is killed , the group goes to Noah 's home town of Richmond , Virginia for possible sanctuary . Tyreese , however , is bitten in one of the overrun homes , and accepts his fate while hallucinating previously deceased group members , making the choice to let go of his guilt for their losses . The group tries to save him by amputating his arm , but he dies anyway . Sasha Williams ( edit ) Further information : Sasha Williams ( The Walking Dead ) Sonequa Martin - Green Sasha Williams , portrayed by Sonequa Martin - Green , is a former firefighter from Jacksonville , Florida . She travels to Georgia with a group run by her older brother , Tyreese , in search of a safe haven . After passing on the prison , Sasha , her brother Tyreese , Allen , and Ben are welcomed into Woodbury where she protects the walls as a guard . She proves to be a great shot , much better than Tyreese , and decides to stay behind with the people of Woodbury at the walls to protect them instead of joining their army 's attack on the prison . They let Rick 's group in after Karen explains The Governor 's onslaught on his men . Sasha , along with Tyreese , Karen , and other citizens of Woodbury , is taken in by the prison group . At the prison , she is appointed to the prison council , and participates as co-leader on the majority of the supply runs that the prison organizes . She becomes infected by a deadly virus circulating the prison and is forced into quarantine . Hershel keeps her safe in a locked cell block when some infected reanimate as walkers . She is treated by Bob , one of the new prison inhabitants , who gives her medicine . She participates in the battle between her group and The Governor , and escapes the prison with Bob and Maggie . The three later discover the inhabitants in the prison bus have died and reanimated , and Sasha helps put down her undead former comrades . She eventually starts a romantic relationship with Bob , and she is devastated when he dies . This leads her to become a colder , more hardened individual , and her reclusiveness and recklessness only increase when Tyreese dies . Once at Alexandria she becomes a lookout and at one point disappears for a day , hunting walkers in the woods , before Michonne and Rosita find her and convince her to come home . She seeks help from Gabriel , who denies her , and she attempts to beat him but is stopped by Maggie . Sasha begins a romantic relationship with Abraham . Sasha , along with Glenn , Rosita , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Carl , Eugene and Aaron , is forced to kneel before Negan . Sasha moves to the Hilltop with Maggie and Enid after Abraham 's death as Maggie 's protector . Sasha and Rosita decide they are tired of waiting for Rick to attack the Saviors and decide to go themselves . After their plans are compromised , Sasha locks Rosita out of the Sanctuary , saving Rosita 's life . Sasha is captured by Negan and put in a cell . When she asks him , Eugene gives Sasha the cyanide tablet he had made so she can determine her own fate . Sasha is put in a casket to travel back to Alexandria as a trade , but she poisons herself on the way there . When Negan opens the casket to prove to Rick she is still safe , a zombified Sasha emerges and tries to attack Negan , leading to the All Out War between the groups . Maggie and Jesus find zombified Sasha and put her down . Bob Stookey ( edit ) Further information : Bob Stookey Lawrence Gilliard Jr . Bob Stookey , portrayed by Lawrence Gilliard Jr. , is a former army medic . He joins the prison community a week before the fourth season opener , `` 30 Days Without an Accident , '' when Daryl found him surviving on his own . Bob maintains a confident face to prove his worth to the group , but struggles with alcoholism and his troubled past . When a deadly influenza virus affects the prison inhabitants , Bob joins Daryl 's group to retrieve medicine at a college . Bob then talks to Daryl about being the last survivor of two different groups , and admits responsibility for the death of another member of their group during a supply run when his temptation for alcohol resulted in an attack by walkers , although he is quickly forgiven by Daryl . At the college , Bob retrieves a bottle of alcohol , which is later discovered by Daryl , who loses trust in Bob . When they return to the prison , Bob creates vaccinations to help cure the infected . Bob participates in the battle against The Governor . He is injured but he manages to escape the prison with Sasha and Maggie . After being treated by Sasha , he joins them in their quest to find the prison bus . The three discover the inhabitants in the prison bus have died and reanimated , and Bob helps to put them down . He eventually starts a romantic relationship with Sasha . Later , after the group reunites and escapes Terminus , he joins Rick , Michonne , Sasha , and Father Stokes on a supply run into the nearest town 's food bank in `` Strangers . '' It is eventually revealed that , during a scuffle between Bob and a walker beneath the sewage water in the food bank 's basement , he sustained a bite to his right shoulder , but kept it a secret from everyone else . Later that night , he leaves the church to put himself down , only to be kidnapped by the Hunters . Though he is initially horrified that they are eating his leg , he laughs and taunts them , saying that he is `` tainted meat . '' In response , the Hunters savagely beat him and leave him outside the church , where he is found by the group . He dies the next morning , after the group has already killed the Hunters , and Tyreese stabs him in the head to put him down . Tara Chambler ( edit ) Further information : Tara Chambler Alanna Masterson Tara Chambler , portrayed by Alanna Masterson , is a former police academy student , who holes up in an apartment complex with her remaining family -- her sister Lilly , her dying father David , and her niece Meghan . They welcome The Governor into their apartment and Tara comes to trust him and follows him as he leads them to join a larger group after her father 's death . As he leads an attack on the prison , she refuses to fight when confronted with The Governor 's true nature . Glenn discovers a catatonic Tara in the aftermath of the battle , having lost her sister ( who killed The Governor out of vengeance ) , her niece , and her girlfriend Alisha . She agrees to stay with him until he finds Maggie . They later meet Abraham Ford , Dr. Eugene Porter , and Rosita Espinosa , who are on a mission to find a cure for the virus in Washington , D.C. She travels with them and they eventually find Maggie , Bob and Sasha before finding Terminus and being captured and imprisoned by cannibals . The group escapes as the compound is overrun and Tara is formally accepted as a member of the group by Rick , who tells her that he knows she did n't want to be a part of the assault . She accompanies group members to D.C. and develops a strong friendship with Eugene , giving him a chance to prove himself and be accepted like she was . Upon discovering his mission was a lie , she is silent , but later explains to Eugene that he needs to pull his weight within the group . The band of survivors regroup and head to Noah 's community in Virginia , suffering several losses in the process before being recruited to a safe zone outside of D.C. called Alexandria . Tara , Noah , and Glenn become supply runners . During one run , Tara is severely injured and knocked unconscious as Noah is killed . Tara later wakes up in a medical room as Rosita watches over her . She soon begins a relationship with Denise Cloyd , the local doctor for Alexandria . She is part of Rick 's plan to kill the Saviors at the outpost . After this , she joins Heath on a two - week supply run . While she is gone , Denise is killed by Dwight . Tara and Heath are separated after Tara falls off of a bridge . An unconscious Tara is discovered by the Oceanside community ; Tara is able to escape Oceanside but promises she would n't tell anyone of their whereabouts . She eventually breaks this promise when Negan takes Alexandria 's guns . Tara leads Rick , Daryl , Carl , Michonne , Aaron , Gabriel , Jesus , Enid , Tobin , Eric , Scott , & Francine to Oceanside to take their guns . When Rosita brings Dwight back to Alexandria , Tara repeatedly tells Daryl to kill him . When Daryl does n't know that Tara is seemingly angry at him . Abraham Ford ( edit ) Further information : Abraham Ford Michael Cudlitz Sergeant Abraham Ford , portrayed by Michael Cudlitz , is a survivor and former member of the military . Before meeting Eugene , he had a family , who ran away after seeing him kill a group that threatened their safety . After his family was killed , Abraham attempted suicide , but Eugene arrived at the same moment , stopping him from doing so . His mission has become attempting to deliver Eugene to Washington , D.C. , believing he has the answer to the cause and cure of the zombie plague . Upon discovering that Eugene was lying , he nearly beats Eugene to death . His actions cause friction with the others , but he remains with the group nonetheless . He becomes part of Alexandria 's construction crew and upon Tobin 's recommendation becomes their leader after saving Francine from walkers . Abraham 's friendship with Eugene is later repaired after intervention from Rosita . He had been in a relationship with Rosita while they traveled with Eugene , Glenn and Tara , but he ended it at Alexandria . He takes a liking to Sasha from being on some runs with her as a partner , and they become lovers ... Abraham , along with Glenn , Rosita , Daryl , Michonne , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Eugene and Aaron , is forced to kneel before Negan . After Negan plays `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' with the group , he lands on Abraham , who flashes Sasha a peace sign before accepting his death at Negan 's hands . Eugene Porter ( edit ) Further information : Eugene Porter Josh McDermitt Dr. Eugene Porter , portrayed by Josh McDermitt , is a survivor of the apocalypse and a member of Abraham Ford 's survivor group and later a minor antagonist after he unwillingly begins working for the Saviors . He comes across as timid and socially awkward . Initially when encountered by Rick 's group , he appears to be a scientist that knows of a cure to the outbreak located in Washington , D.C. , with Abraham and Rosita assisting him . Later , Eugene is forced to reveal that he lied to Abraham to gain his protection back when they first met , leading Abraham to punch him unconscious and creating a rift in their friendship . When the group makes it to Alexandria , Eugene assists the community with his technical knowledge to repair their solar power system . This helps to boost his confidence to learn how to defend himself , reconcile his friendship with Abraham , and help the community find a way to make more bullets . When Negan discovers that Eugene makes bullets , Eugene is taken to work for the Saviors . Although Eugene accepts the offer to become one of the Saviors , he still helps Sasha kill herself but lies about it to Negan . He is an important player for the Saviors in the All Out War arc , but is tormented with conflicting loyalties , especially after he discovers that Dwight is playing both sides . Rosita Espinosa ( edit ) Further information : Rosita Espinosa Christian Serratos Rosita Espinosa , portrayed by Christian Serratos , is a survivor of the apocalypse and a member of Abraham Ford 's survivor group , with whom she is in a relationship . When their truck breaks down on the way to D.C. she and the others journey with Glenn and Tara towards Terminus , ultimately leading to her capture there . She escapes with the group and goes with them from Georgia to Alexandria , forming a close relationship with fellow survivors Glenn Rhee and Tara Chambler before becoming fully accepted into their group . Upon arriving at Alexandria , Rosita is made a medical assistant . Along with Michonne , she tries to bring Sasha back to Alexandria after she goes missing , and takes close care of Tara after her injury while simultaneously trying to mend Abraham 's and Eugene 's friendship . She is with Tara when she wakes up in the season five finale . In `` Not Tomorrow Yet , '' Rosita is heartbroken after Abraham breaks up with her . She then begins a relationship with Spencer . Rosita , along with Glenn , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Eugene and Aaron , is forced to kneel before Negan . Furious about Abraham and Glenn 's death , Rosita has Eugene make her a bullet to kill Negan . Negan kills Spencer which triggers Rosita to shoot at him , but she hits Lucille . She is tackled by Arat , who scars her face . Rosita becomes increasingly angry with the Saviors . She finds Sasha at Hilltop and the two go on a mission to the Sanctuary to kill Negan . During their run , Rosita reveals to Sasha that she learned everything she knows from everyone she met after the apocalypse . Later , when breaking into the Sanctuary , Eugene refuses her help and will not join them and escape . Sasha locks Rosita out of the Sanctuary , telling her that is is n't her time to die . Rosita then runs into Dwight , who she brings back to Alexandria . During the battle at Alexandria , Rosita is shot and is rushed to the infirmary by Tara . Gareth ( edit ) Further information : Gareth ( The Walking Dead ) Andrew J. West Gareth , portrayed by Andrew J. West , is the leader of a supposed safe zone , Terminus , which he runs along with his younger brother , Alex , and his mother , Mary . He explains that Terminus initially was a safe and welcoming place , a sanctuary for all who wanted to come in , before a group of marauders took over and began ruthlessly beating and raping the other survivors . Gareth and his family had to take Terminus back by force , and decided that from then on , they would run Terminus in a similarly brutal manner by capturing , killing , and eating all those who were lured in by the various signs posted in the area . Just before Gareth and his butchers can kill Rick , Daryl , Glenn , and Bob , Carol begins her siege on Terminus by blowing up the propane tank outside , blasting open the fences and allowing the walkers to flow in . Though Terminus is destroyed and a majority of the survivors , including Alex and Mary , are killed , Gareth manages to survive and escape , along with five others , and become known as The Hunters . Later the Hunters kidnap Bob and eat one of his legs , but when he reveals that he is infected , they savagely beat him and leave him outside Father Stokes 's church , where Rick 's group has taken residence . They then attempt to lead a siege against the church in `` Four Walls and a Roof , '' only to be outsmarted and overpowered by Rick , Abraham , Michonne , Glenn , Maggie and Tara . Although Gareth initially pleads for his life , Rick refuses and kills him with a red - handled machete . Gabriel Stokes ( edit ) Further information : Gabriel Stokes ( The Walking Dead ) Seth Gilliam Gabriel Stokes , portrayed by Seth Gilliam , is a priest at a small parish church outside Atlanta . He is an extremely nervous man , who is not used to the hazards of the outside world , having been mostly sheltered inside his church after the outbreak began , living off of stored food from the nearby town 's food drive . He also struggles with how his religious beliefs fit within this new world . He is introduced when Rick 's group rescues him from walkers while he was out foraging , and he offers them shelter in his church . Rick discovers Gabriel had locked his congregation out of the church at the start of the outbreak , an action he remains remorseful for . He joins Rick 's group as the church is overrun , though detests the use of violence . When they arrive at the relative safety of Alexandria , he attempts to convince Deanna that Rick 's group is Satan in disguise , but eventually apologizes to all for sowing seeds of distrust . He becomes a useful member of Alexandria , both a man of the cloth as well as a protector on the community 's walls . Tamiel from the Scavengers kidnaps Gabriel . Rick , Michonne , Rosita , Tara , and Aaron find Gabriel with the Scavengers , which leads to the Alexandrians ' deal to exchange guns for an alliance . This alliance proves unfaithful , and Gabriel is involved in the war against the Saviors . As he tries to help save Gregory during the attack on the Sanctuary , Gabriel ends up sheltering in the same storage room where Negan himself is hiding . Though Negan helps him escape from the walker horde , Gabriel becomes a prisoner of the Saviors , and contracts a deadly infection that requires medial attention . Aaron ( edit ) Further information : Aaron ( The Walking Dead ) Ross Marquand Aaron , portrayed by Ross Marquand , is a recruiter for the Alexandria Safe Zone community , and generally has a cheerful , outgoing personality . Prior to formally meeting Rick 's group of survivors , he followed them around to evaluate them as candidates for membership in Alexandria , and eventually extends an invitation to Rick . The group , after some deliberation , accepts . Once the group is accustomed to Alexandria , Aaron invites Daryl to help assist him in recruiting other survivors . During once such excursion , Aaron and Daryl are lured into a walker trap set up by the Wolves . Morgan helps them to escape , though Aaron loses his kit of recruiting materials . Later , when the Wolves launch a full - out attack on Alexandria , Aaron finds that they had used his recruiting materials to locate Alexandria and plan the attack , causing him to feel guilty over the deaths of several Alexandrians . His guilt inspires him to take part in more of the fighting that follows , which leads to conflict with his husband , Eric , who worries for his safety . Aaron , along with Glenn , Daryl , Michonne , Abraham , Maggie , Rick , Sasha , Carl , Eugene and Rosita , is forced to kneel before Negan , and watches in horror as Negan brutally murders Abraham and Glenn . He helps Rick carry back Abraham and Glenn 's bodies after their deaths . He and Eric make amends and both fight against the Saviors , which leads to Eric 's death . Deanna Monroe ( edit ) Further information : Deanna Monroe Tovah Feldshuh Deanna Monroe , portrayed by Tovah Feldshuh , is a former Congresswoman and the leader of the Alexandria Safe Zone . She is based on the character of Douglas Monroe from the comic books . When Rick 's group arrives in Alexandria , she interviews each member and records their testimonies , believing that the tapes would be important artifacts when Alexandria rekindled civilization . Deanna is very good at reading people , and she eventually finds an ideal job for each of them to contribute in the community . Deanna is the mother of Aiden and Spencer and wife to Reg . She had to deal with the loss of her son , Aiden , who died on a run for supplies and later Reg , who was accidentally killed by Pete , their medical adviser , and these losses change her views on how Alexandria has to be run ... She wanted to expand Alexandria wider and gave her plans to Rick . When the herd of walkers break into Alexandria in `` Start to Finish '' she is bitten , and she tells Michonne she will kill herself when the time is right . Due to Carl and Ron fighting , the walkers end up invading the house they were in , and Deanna sends them away without her . Once the walkers reach upstairs , instead of killing herself she takes out several walkers before being consumed . She is later put down by Spencer and Michonne , then buried in the woods outside Alexandria . Jessie Anderson ( edit ) Further information : Jessie Anderson ( The Walking Dead ) Alexandra Breckenridge Jessie Anderson , portrayed by Alexandra Breckenridge , is an Alexandria resident , married to Pete and mother of Ron and Sam . She mentions to Rick she is a former stylist and gives him a haircut , where it is apparent the two have romantic chemistry . It comes to light that Jessie is abused by Pete and Rick intervenes , which leads to a fight between the two men . After Rick executes Pete for killing Reg , Jessie decides to step up in the community and learns to shoot . When the Wolves attack , Jessie is tackled by one of their women and stabs her repeatedly . She then tries to convince the other Alexandrians that they can be brave and accept the harsh realities outside the walls , and begins a relationship with Rick . When the herd breaks into Alexandria , her son Sam panics during the escape attempt and is devoured in front of her . In shock , Jessie freezes and the walkers begin to rip at her , but she is still gripping tightly onto Carl 's hand . Rick is forced to chop her hand off so she does n't pull Carl into the herd with her . She and her sons are buried together in Alexandria once the herd is destroyed . Enid ( edit ) Katelyn Nacon Enid , portrayed by Katelyn Nacon , is an Alexandria resident . She is first introduced to Carl sitting on a bed with a book while Ron and Mikey show Carl their video games . She often sneaks out of the safe zone . Eventually , Carl follows her out , but she sneaks back in away from him . Ron explains to Carl that she arrived alone and that it took her a while to speak to the other kids . Carl continues to follow her outside , which she quickly realizes . Despite her uneasiness with him stalking her , she lets him accompany her as she keeps up the survival skills she used to travel before she arrived in Alexandria . Carl also seems to have developed a crush on Enid , but appears too timid to pursue it , given his resistance to even hold her hand for more than one second . Enid finally tells Carl that she is the last survivor of her family ; they were attacked and only she came out safe , traveling alone until she came across Alexandria . She helps Maggie during her pregnancy and wanted to go on the trip to the Hilltop Colony , but Carl traps her in a cupboard in fear of losing her . After learning of the deaths of Glenn and Abraham , Enid travels to the Hilltop with Carl . She and Carl share their first kiss and Enid begs Carl to not travel to the Sanctuary , but he does n't give in . When at the Oceanside , Enid asks Carl what it 's like to kill somebody , anticipating she will have to do it soon . In the Season 7 finale , Enid arrives at Alexandria with Maggie , Jesus , and the other Hilltop residents to join the battle against the Scavengers and the Saviors . Spencer Monroe ( edit ) Austin Nichols Spencer Monroe , portrayed by Austin Nichols , is the son of Deanna and Reg , and the older brother of Aiden . He is distrustful of the Rick and his group even after his parents accept them and shows disregard for the society 's regulations , especially when it comes to firearm possession and food rationing . He becomes a sniper in the bell tower with Sasha , in whom he takes an interest . When the herd came upon Alexandria , he almost died attempting to climb across a wire to reach a car and lead the herd of walkers away . Saving him almost cost Tara 's life . After the events of the herd attack , he sneaks out of Alexandria to go put down his reanimated mother . Michonne follows him and then allows him to do what he wanted . In `` Twice as Far , '' he awakens from sleeping with Rosita . He later asks her for a date , which she reluctantly agrees to . Spencer blames Rick for the deaths of Abraham and Glenn and even challenges Rick once after his return , but it was n't received constructively . He tried to prove himself to the Saviors by going out alone to collect supplies , but when he reveals to Negan his desire to overthrow Rick , Negan notices how cowardly Spencer truly is . Negan doubts that Spencer has any `` guts '' and slashes him across the stomach , allowing his intestines to spill out before he dies , in front of the whole community . He is left to reanimate and Rick puts him down . Dwight ( edit ) Further information : Dwight ( The Walking Dead ) Austin Amelio Dwight , portrayed by Austin Amelio , is a ruthless but reluctant member of the Saviors who forms a hostile rivalry with Daryl . He first appears in `` Always Accountable '' with his wife Sherry and his sister - in - law Tina . The three of them come across Daryl in the woods and take him captive , mistaking him for a Savior coming to bring them back . Although Daryl offers to help them , they steal his motorcycle and crossbow and go back to the Sanctuary . Dwight appears later with half of his face melted and attempts to kill Daryl , but ends up shooting Denise in the eye with Daryl 's crossbow . Dwight and his crew have Eugene hostage , but Eugene creates a distraction by biting Dwight in the testicles , allowing Abraham to begin firing on them . Dwight and his men retreat . After Denise 's death , Daryl goes out to hunt for Dwight for vengeance . Michonne , Rosita , and Glenn follow him to lead him back , but Rosita agrees with him that they should bring down Dwight . Michonne and Glenn head back but are captured by Dwight 's men . Rosita and Daryl are also found by Dwight , who then shoots Daryl . Dwight stands forward when they ambush Rick 's group , taking an interest in Daryl 's gear , especially his vest , motorcycle , and crossbow . After Negan takes Daryl captive , Dwight uses Daryl 's motorcycle to get around . Dwight is sent to convince a renegade Savior to return to the fold , but he refuses . Dwight shoots him out of desperation . It is revealed the burn mark on his face came from Negan . After their failed escape attempt Sherry became one of Negan 's wives to save them both , but Dwight and Sherry were caught illicitly seeing each other , which is punishable by a red hot iron to the face . Rosita comes across Dwight and brings him to Alexandria , where he is confronted by Daryl , Rick , Tara , Michonne , and Jesus . He tells them that he wants to join them as a double agent to take down Negan . Tara wants Daryl to kill him for killing Denise , but the Alexandrians decide they need Dwight as an ally . Dwight continues to honor their new alliance as the All Out War begins , sending secret messages and internally sabotaging the Savior 's plans . Jesus ( edit ) Further information : Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Tom Payne Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , portrayed by Tom Payne , is a friend of Rick 's group and a member of the Hilltop Colony . He first met Daryl and Rick while they were on a run and stole their truck full of food . Then he fought with Daryl and Rick , who knocked him unconscious and brought him to Alexandria instead of leaving him to die . Jesus introduces them to the Hilltop in order for the two communities to become trading partners , and assists them in rescuing Craig and taking out one of the Saviors ' outposts . When Maggie and Sasha make it to the Hilltop after Glenn and Abraham are killed , he is very welcoming ; he constantly tries to convince Gregory of their usefulness . After the Saviors come to collect supplies , Gregory tells Jesus to follow them and find their location . He sneaks into the back of one of their supply trucks where he finds that Carl had the same idea . After infiltrating the Sanctuary , he runs into a freshly - escaped Daryl and helps him get to the Hilltop to reunite with Rick and Alexandrians . Gregory ( edit ) Further information : Gregory ( The Walking Dead ) Xander Berkeley Gregory , portrayed by Xander Berkeley , is the leader of the Hilltop Colony . He accepted the deal from the Saviors and later tried to break that deal with Rick 's help . He was stabbed by Ethan under Negan 's orders but he survived . He is seen by everyone as a great coward . Reluctantly , he ends up taking in Sasha and Maggie after Negan 's ambush . He never calls Maggie by the correct name and scoffs at the idea that Maggie and Sasha could be useful . He almost gave up their hiding space to Simon in `` Go Getters , '' but Jesus , not trusting him to honor their agreement , had moved the women elsewhere . In `` Rock in the Road , '' Gregory refuses to assist Rick in the oncoming fight against the Saviors and is greatly criticized by the combined communities . He is visiting the Sanctuary to prove his loyalty when the combined Alexandrian forces attack and only narrowly escapes when Gabriel stops to help him . When he gets back to the Hilltop , Maggie throws him in the pen with the Savior hostages . Simon ( edit ) Steven Ogg Main article : Simon ( The Walking Dead ) Simon ( also known as Lead Savior in his first appearance ) , portrayed by Steven Ogg , is a psychopath high - ranking member of the Saviors who serves as Negan 's right - hand man . He is first encountered in the season six finale as a roadblock to Rick 's group . He talks to Rick , musing on how that day is someone 's `` last day on earth . '' He reappears at the end of the episode and announces to Rick 's group that this is their destination . He has Dwight get Daryl , Glenn , Michonne and Rosita out of the truck , and later calls for Negan to face the fearful Alexandrians , which brings the Alexandrians under Negan 's rule . Simon is the deputy in charge of relations with the Hilltop Colony and comes to remind Gregory of their agreement and how important it is for the Hilltop to keep up its end of the bargain . In the end of the seventh season Simon accompanies Negan to intimidate the Alexandrians without realizing that the community allied with Hilltop and the Kingdom . This battle is a hard blow to the Saviors , who then flee . Simon is one of Negan 's deputies during the upcoming war with the allied survivors . In the episode `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Simon tries to capture Maggie without knowing of the surprise that this one will take . When The Scavengers form an alliance with Rick , Simon goes to The Scavengers and kills them all except for Jadis , making it clear that he is opposed to Negan 's order , creating a rift with the leader of the Saviors . Simon believes that the rebellion of Alexandria , The Kingdom and Hilltop are a potential threat to them since their choice is to seek other communities to subjugate but Negan does not agree as his order is to maintain a balance without causing too much collateral damage . When Negan decides to attack Hilltop using weapons tainted with walker blood to leave a `` warning '' , Rick notices Negan 's car and attacks the leader of the Saviors , isolating him from the others . The Saviors , including Simon and Dwight , believed that Negan was dead , and Simon immediately proclaims himself as the new leader of The Saviors . Upon Negan 's return , Simon plans a coup with Dwight and other members of the Savior 's . Dwight betrays Simon and Began walks in on their meeting . Simon challenges Negan to a fight for control of the Savior 's which Negan acceots , and wins , strangling Simon to death and turns into the walker . Negan ( edit ) Further information : Negan Jeffrey Dean Morgan Negan , portrayed by Jeffrey Dean Morgan , is a totalitarian and manipulative dictator who made his first appearance in the season six finale . He is the psychopathic and merciless leader of a vast organization of hostile survivors called the Saviors that he rules with tyranny . His group coerces other survivors to give the Saviors their possessions and supplies by the threat of force and intimidation . When Rick 's group attempt to take Maggie to the Hilltop Colony for medical assistance , the Saviors capture them all . Negan demands that Alexandria will turn over half its supplies to him from now on , and reinforces his mandate by beating to a bloody pulp Abraham and Glenn with his barbed wire - studded baseball bat , Lucille . Negan finds his way to Alexandria , where he meets the rest of the group and , as promised , takes half of all of their supplies , furniture , and weapons . At the Sanctuary , one of his standard punishments is using a hot iron to melt the face of anyone who sleeps with any of his wives , which is how Dwight 's face became scarred . When Carl sneaks into the Sanctuary and guns down Negan 's men , he takes Carl and shows him around before trying to intimidate him by making him sing a song and reveal his empty eye socket . He then returns to Alexandria with Carl to wait for Rick . In the meantime , he is taken on a tour and enjoys a meal with Carl , Olivia , and Judith . Before Rick returns , Spencer tries to ingratiate himself with Negan by offering him a drink and playing pool with him . However , when Spencer reveals his desire for Rick to be deposed , Negan suggests that he `` has no guts '' for not killing Rick himself and just taking over . He then guts Spencer and Rosita to attempts to shoot him . Rosita misses and shoots Lucille instead . Furious not only at Lucille 's marring but also at the presence of a bullet in Alexandria , Negan demands that Rosita tell him who made it . When Rosita refuses , Negan tells one of his soldiers to pick someone to shoot ; she turns and shoots Olivia through the head . Eugene confesses to manufacturing the bullets and Negan orders him to be taken . Negan leaves when Rick gets back , stating that he helped him and cleared up his mess . After Sasha is captured , Negan takes her as a show of goodwill to the Alexandrians even though he has allied with the Scavengers to double - cross them . He is taken by surprise to see that Rick formed alliances with the Kingdom and Hilltop and the communities had formed a militia . Their arrivals force Negan and his henchmen to retreat . In the season eight premiere Rick and his soldiers go to the Sanctuary to tell Negan that they will not submit to his tyranny and that , if the Saviors will cease their terror , they can all continue in peace . Negan rejects Rick 's offer and fighting begins . In the episode `` The Big Scary U '' he confesses to Gabriel the past of his deceased wife Lucille and his inability to put her down after her reanimation . Ezekiel ( edit ) Further information : King Ezekiel Khary Payton King Ezekiel , portrayed by Khary Payton , is the leader of a community known as the Kingdom . A former actor and zookeeper , Ezekiel created his persona as a king alongside a pet Bengal tiger he rescued from the zoo , Shiva . When Carol is taken to the Kingdom , she and Ezekiel form a tentative friendship . When the Saviors escalate their harassment of the Kingdom , Ezekiel begins to realize that their relatively peaceful lifestyle can not continue and accepts the invitations of Jesus , Morgan , and Rick to band together and fight the Saviors . He maintains his kingly persona as he leads his troops into the battle where they kill a large number of Saviors and believe themselves to be victorious . Not long afterward , they come into the line of fire of Savior snipers who kill all of Ezekiel 's fighters except for Jerry and Carol and wound Ezekiel himself . As they try to escape the compound , Shiva finds them threatened by walkers and sacrifices herself to save Ezekiel . Only then does his facade break down . When he returns to the Kingdom , devastated , he retreats to his rooms and will see no one . He only reappears when the Saviors come to remove everyone from the Sanctuary , sacrificing himself as a distraction so his people could escape and padlocking the gates so the Saviors could not overrun their home . Jadis ( edit ) Jadis , portrayed by Pollyanna McIntosh , is the oddly - spoken and enigmatic leader of the Scavengers . She is calm and collected , but also very cunning and sly . Her group kidnapped Gabriel and then ambushed Rick 's team as they searched for him . When asked by Rick to join forces to defeat the Saviors , Jadis is reluctant but takes it into consideration after being told that they could gain more supplies . Jadis tells Rick he needs to prove his worth and she pushes him down a trash heap into a pit of trash and metal . After watching Rick kill a heavily armored walker , she tells him that she and her people will help him , but that they need a lot of guns . When Rick 's group delivers 63 guns to her , she tells him that it is not enough , claiming they need nearly twice as many guns . Rick and Jadis renegotiate and agree that he will keep 20 of the guns while he searches for more . He finds the needed guns at Oceanside , seemingly clinching the Scavengers ' support . The day of the battle , she crudely propositions Rick upon arrival at Alexandria . Together , the Scavengers and the Alexandrians wire up bombs at the gates ready for the enemy . When the explosion fails as Negan and his men wait by the gates , Jadis pulls a gun on Rick and the Scavengers follow suit with the rest of the Alexandrians . She reveals that she told Negan of Rick 's plan and was offered a `` better deal '' by the Saviors . When the Saviors get distracted by the re-animated Sasha , Rick attempts to make another deal with her , but Jadis refuses and shoots him in the abdomen ; she pushes him off the platform . During the battle , she flees with her group through smoke bombs . After the war between the Saviors and the banded survivors has begun , Rick again attempts to get Jadis on his side . She imprisons him in a shipping container , only releasing him to fight with another armed walker . He decapitates the walker and disarms her men , giving her new terms which she appears to accept . In the episode `` The Key '' Jadis captures Negan at gunpoint , in trying to take justice for the death of his camp at the hands of Simon . Jadis seeing the sincerity of Negan she decides to let him go . Supporting characters ( edit ) Atlanta survivors ( edit ) Emma Bell Amy , portrayed by Emma Bell , is Andrea 's younger sister . When the dead begin to rise , Amy and Andrea joined the survivor group existing on the outer limits of the overrun city of Atlanta . She decided to stay at the camp whilst Andrea was still in Atlanta . She and her sister spent most of the time fishing for the group . In `` Vatos , '' the night before her birthday , Amy is bitten by a walker in the opening stages of a walker swarm 's attack on the exposed camp and dies in Andrea 's arms . Andrea is distraught after Amy 's death and wants to stay in the CDC and die , but Dale convinces Andrea not to . IronE Singleton Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas , portrayed by IronE Singleton , is a muscular and well - intentioned man , who becomes extremely loyal to Rick . He is part of the group Rick meets in the Atlanta department store , and after Rick subdues Merle he accidentally drops the key to the handcuffs down a drainpipe leaving Merle trapped on the rooftop . T - Dog , Glenn , Rick , and Daryl go back to save Merle , but find them he cut his own hand off to free himself . T - Dog later cuts himself on an abandoned car on the highway and develops blood poisoning . He travels with the group to Hershel 's farm and survives its destruction before traveling to the prison . He helps clear the prison but is bitten while securing the gate . He later sacrifices himself to save Carol during a walker attack . Jacqui , portrayed by Jeryl Prescott Sales , is a member of the Atlanta survivors . She is aware that Carol 's husband physically abused her and confronted him about it ; she also helped Jim to die peacefully . She accompanies the band to the Atlanta Centers for Disease Control . At first , she believes the CDC will have a cure and save them , and she despairs with the rest of the group when they learn that there is no cure . She elects to remain behind with Dr. Jenner when the CDC self - destructs , holding his hand when the building explodes . Jim , portrayed by Andrew Rothenberg , was a member of the Atlanta survivor group . He is the only left survivor of his family and believed that everyone else is going to die as he tried to dig up graves . During a walker attack on the group , Jim is bitten but says nothing until Jacqui finds out . Jim suffers the effects of the infection for days before asking to be abandoned on the road to the CDC in order to rejoin his family . The Morales Family , portrayed by Juan Pareja , Viviana Chavez , Maddie Lomax and Noah Lomax , consists of the husband ( Juan Pareja ) , who goes by his last name , his wife Miranda ( Viviana Chavez ) , and their two young children , Eliza ( Maddie Lomax ) and Louis ( Noah Lomax ) . After the survivors decide to go to the CDC , the Morales ' decide to try their luck locating relatives in Birmingham , Alabama . Their fate was unknown for many years until in season 8 's `` The Damned '' when Rick encounters the husband in a Savior outpost where he has become a high - ranking Savior lieutenant . Morales reveals that his family never reached Birmingham and he went insane after losing his wife and children before joining the Saviors . During the standoff between Rick and Morales in `` Monsters , '' Morales is killed by Daryl Dixon with a crossbow bolt to the head despite Rick 's attempts to stop him . The death of Morales and his family leaves Rick , Carl , Daryl and Carol as the only surviving members of the Atlanta camp . Ed Peletier , portrayed by Adam Minarovich , is Carol 's husband and Sophia 's father . He is lazy , abusive , mean - spirited and sexist . After Ed slaps his wife in front of other survivors , Shane beats Ed badly , threatening to kill him the next time he sees Ed lay his hands on his family or anyone else again . Due to his injuries , Ed remains in his tent and becomes the first victim of a subsequent walker attack , when he unknowingly opens the tent to a walker outside ( see `` Vatos '' ) . Madison Lintz Sophia Peletier , portrayed by Madison Lintz , is Carol and Ed Peletier 's 12 - year - old daughter . Sophia and her mother are shown to be closer to the Grimes family after Ed is killed by a walker , and both Sophia and her mother become more outspoken and happy following Ed 's demise . In the season two premiere , walkers chase Sophia into the woods , and she becomes detached from the group . The group searches for her , but in `` Pretty Much Dead Already , '' it is revealed that Sophia became a walker and was being kept in Hershel 's barn . Rick remorsefully shoots her , and she is buried at the farm . Hershel 's farm ( edit ) Otis , portrayed by Pruitt Taylor Vince , is Hershel Greene 's ranch hand and Patricia 's husband . In the season two premiere , he accidentally shoots and wounds Carl while hunting deer , and Otis leads Rick and Shane to Hershel 's farm to get help . Guilt - ridden over Carl 's wounding , he volunteers to go with Shane to the local high school to get the medical supplies needed to save Carl 's life . Both Otis and Shane are injured while fleeing a large herd of walkers . When they run low on ammunition and seem in danger of being overtaken , Shane shoots Otis in the leg , leaving him to be devoured so that Shane can escape . Jimmy , portrayed by James Allen McCune , is Beth 's 17 - year - old boyfriend , who resides at the Greene farm . He is shown to be eager to have a gun and attempts to get one from Rick without Hershel 's permission . He successfully rescues Rick and Carl from the barn when walkers overrun the farm , but is killed and devoured slowly when walkers overrun the RV ( `` Beside the Dying Fire '' ) . Patricia , portrayed by Jane McNeill , is a middle - aged woman , who resides at the Greene farm along with her husband Otis . She has some limited medical skills , suggesting she was Hershel 's veterinary technician , as she can administer I.V. 's , stitch superficial wounds , and prepare for surgeries , though not perform them herself . She is a quiet , but helpful individual , and is shown to be greatly concerned with Otis ' well - being . Patricia is deeply distraught over Otis ' death . After his funeral , she befriends Lori and Carol , though she exhibits depressed behavior . She is killed by walkers ( `` Beside the Dying Fire '' ) while attempting to escape the farm . Patricia is one of the names Carl suggests for Judith . Dave and Tony 's group ( edit ) Michael Zegen Randall Culver , portrayed by Michael Zegen , is a young member of Dave and Tony 's group . He attended the same high school as Maggie Greene and recently lost his mother ( presumably when the apocalypse broke out ) . When he impales his leg on a fence , Rick , Glenn , and Hershel rescue him , despite his having shot at them ( `` Nebraska '' ) . When they realize Randall 's group may be dangerous , Rick and Shane disagree about whether to keep him alive or kill him . Shane ultimately brings Randall out into the woods and snaps his neck . Glenn and Daryl later discover Randall as a walker , and Glenn impales him through the head with a machete . Michael Raymond - James Dave and Tony , portrayed by Michael Raymond - James and Aaron Munoz , are from Pennsylvania and are with a group of 30 armed men . They encounter Rick , Hershel , and Glenn in a bar ( `` Nebraska '' ) . During a conversation , Dave mentions that Tony went `` to college '' for two years . Tony then walks over to a corner and urinates on the floor . After Rick refuses them safe harbor at the farm , Dave reaches for his handgun , giving away an ambush . After Rick kills Dave in self - defense , he spins around and shoots Tony in the right shoulder and stomach , before Tony can fire the shotgun he has raised . As Tony slumps against the wall , Rick kills him by shooting him in the head . Rick then takes Tony 's shotgun and some shells from his pocket , while Glenn takes Dave 's handgun . Rick , Hershel , and Glenn leave Dave and Tony 's corpses in the bar when they flee the town . Nate , portrayed by Phillip DeVona , is a member of Dave and Tony 's group , who waits outside the bar in his car during the shootout . As walkers approach and Sean is killed , Nate drives off , leaving Randall behind . Sean , portrayed by Keedar Whittle , is a survivor from Dave and Tony 's group . During the shootout , Hershel shoots him in the chest . He survives , only to be devoured by walkers attracted by the sounds of gunshots . Prison survivors ( edit ) Five inmates in the prison survived the apocalypse , locked up in the canteen for ten months . Until released from the canteen by Rick 's group , they were unaware of the walker plague that wiped out a large percentage of the population . Rick tells them they can live in a separate cellblock . Although two of them ultimately join Rick 's group , they all eventually die . Andrew , portrayed by Markice Moore , is a character from the comics ; he is an inmate - survivor at the prison and Tomas ' right - hand man . When Rick kills Tomas , Andrew attacks Rick , after which Andrew flees and ends up in a courtyard , surrounded by walkers , where Rick locks him in . However , Andrew was shown ( `` Killer Within '' ) to have survived , and he attempts to sabotage the prison , which leads to the deaths of Lori and T - Dog . Andrew eventually gets into a confrontation with Rick , successfully disarming him . Andrew orders Oscar to shoot Rick , but Oscar instead shoots Andrew dead . Lew Temple Axel , portrayed by Lew Temple , a character from the comics , Axel is an inmate - survivor at the prison , who was jailed for armed robbery . He initially leads others to believe he was in for a narcotics conviction . He appears to be much kinder than his fellow inmates and tends to calm things down . After Tomas ' attempt at killing Rick , he and Oscar are accused of collaborating with Tomas and Andrew to kill Rick and his group . After Rick 's group dispatches with Tomas and Andrew , Rick 's group holds Axel and Oscar at gunpoint . After Axel begs for mercy and pleads that he and Oscar were not in on Tomas ' plan , Rick decides to spare him and Oscar and allow them to live in another cellblock . Axel later pleads with Rick to let him and Oscar join Rick 's group , but his request is denied . After helping the group clear out walkers that Andrew induced to invade the prison , Axel and Oscar are finally accepted into the group . Axel becomes close friends with Carol ; as he amuses her with tales about his previous life , he is unexpectedly shot in the head by The Governor , in the opening volley of The Governor 's attack on the prison . Carol uses Axel 's body as a shield from the assault . In a later episode , Daryl tells Andrea that everybody liked Axel and he was part of the group . Axel was the last surviving prison inmate . Theodus Crane Big Tiny , portrayed by Theodus Crane , is a large inmate - survivor in the prison . He is the muscle of the group , but appears to be gentler and more reasonable than some other group members ( such as Tomas and Andrew ) . While clearing out the cellblock , he disobeys Rick 's admonition to stick together , and a walker scratches his shoulder blade . While trying to convince the others the scratch has no effect on him , Tomas unexpectedly and brutally smashes his head repeatedly with a blunt instrument , killing him , much to the others ' horror . Vincent M. Ward Oscar , portrayed by Vincent M. Ward , is an inmate - survivor at the prison , who was jailed for breaking and entering . He refuses to beg for his life after being accused of associating with Tomas and tells Rick he can shoot him and Axel if he wants . Rick spares Oscar and allows him and Axel to move to a separate cellblock . After being denied entry into Rick 's group , and before Andrew induces a walker invasion , Oscar decides to leave the prison . He gains Rick 's trust after shooting Andrew , who was trying to kill Rick , and then giving Rick the gun . Oscar soon becomes a vital member of the group and demonstrates proficiency in killing walkers , as well as a fondness for bedroom slippers . During the rescue mission to save Glenn and Maggie , Oscar is shot and killed by a Woodbury soldier , while helping Maggie over the blockade wall . Tomas , portrayed by Nick Gomez , is the leader of the five inmate - survivors at the prison and is feared by the others . He is the only prisoner , who appears to be violent and hostile towards the new group ; he claims the prison belongs to him and orders Rick 's group to leave . He and Rick eventually strike an agreement that Rick 's group will help them clear another cellblock to live in , in exchange for half of the pantry 's stores of food . Tomas first proves he is untrustworthy when he later tries , unsuccessfully , to renege on that deal . While clearing out walkers , Tomas violently kills Big Tiny after Tiny is injured by a walker , and Tomas shows no remorse . Tomas then makes two attempts on Rick 's life , forcing Rick to kill him . Woodbury survivors ( edit ) Woodbury is a town in Georgia , of which a few streets have been walled off to keep the town operating . It is led by Philip Blake , who has adopted the nickname `` The Governor '' from the townspeople . Woodbury had a population of close to eighty people at the time of Andrea and Michonne 's arrival , but due to various factors ( such as the prison group 's attack on the town and The Governor 's slaughter of nearly his entire army ) , the population dwindles dramatically throughout season three . Robert Kirkman later confirmed that any and all Woodbury characters , who were not brought to the prison are deceased . The remaining population of Woodbury at the Prison Community dwindles further throughout season four as a result of the spreading of the flu . As of the episode `` Inmates , '' nearly every resident of Woodbury is confirmed to be deceased , as the bus is apparently overwhelmed and everyone on board becomes zombified ( and later put down by Maggie Greene , Bob Stookey , and Sasha ) . It has been confirmed that any other Woodbury resident ( except Jeanette ) not seen dying either on the bus or at the prison is deceased nonetheless . Thus , the entire population of Woodbury is confirmed to be dead . Soldiers ( edit ) Crowley , portrayed by Arthur Bridgers , is one of The Governor 's enforcers . In `` Hounded , '' after Michonne leaves Woodbury , Merle leads a team to track her down and kill her , and Michonne decapitates him . Merle then has Gargulio put Crowley down before he turns . Gargulio , portrayed by Dave Davis , is a new soldier to the Woodbury army , tasked with participating with Merle 's posse to track down and kill Michonne after she leaves Woodbury . Merle forces Gargulio to shoot Crowley in the head , to prevent him from reanimating . Merle shoots Gargulio dead for disagreeing with Merle 's plan to give up on finding Michonne , but to tell The Governor they killed her . Haley , portrayed by Alexa Nikolas. is one of The Governor 's enforcers tasked with protecting Woodbury 's wall . She teaches Andrea how to use a bow and arrows , and tells Andrea she had to kill her father and brother when they turned . She gets angry when Andrea crosses the wall ( breaking The Governor 's rules ) and at Andrea 's delight in killing a `` biter . '' Maggie shoots and kills Haley when Maggie and Rick storm Woodbury to save the Dixon brothers . Melissa Ponzio Karen , portrayed by Melissa Ponzio , is one of The Governor 's enforcers tasked with protecting Woodbury 's wall . She is seen trying to leave Woodbury when conditions worsen , and she becomes angry when Noah is forced to join Woodbury 's army . She is among The Governor 's soldiers , who attack and fail to take over the prison . When the army rebels against returning to the prison , The Governor shoots all of them , except his top henchmen ( Martinez and Shumpert ) , and Karen , who hides under a body and survives . She is found hiding in a truck by Rick , Michonne , and Daryl , and is among the Woodbury citizens , who are taken to the prison . By the time season four begins , she has started a relationship with Tyreese . When an influenza outbreak spreads throughout the prison , Karen begins to get sick and is quarantined until she gets better . However , Carol kills Karen and burns her body in an attempt to keep the virus from spreading . Jose Pablo Cantillo Caesar Martinez , portrayed by Jose Pablo Cantillo . is one of The Governor 's enforcers ; he becomes The Governor 's most trusted enforcer after Merle defects . Martinez is a sharpshooter , who favors a baseball bat ; he is also shown wearing a baseball jersey bearing the number 23 . He reveals to Daryl that walkers killed his wife and children when the apocalypse began . Merle , who acts as Martinez 's sparring partner in Woodbury 's gladiator - style tournaments , refers to him both as `` Brownie '' and as `` Bro '' in the same conversation because Merle was a redneck and junkie ( `` Say the Word '' ) . Martinez assists in all of The Governor 's attacks against the prison , although he is shocked when The Governor massacres his own army ( `` Welcome to the Tombs '' ) . Because Martinez and Shumpert did n't disobey him in that episode , The Governor spares them , and together , the three depart . In `` Live Bait , '' which reveals what occurred to the trio after The Governor slaughtered the Woodbury army , Martinez puts down a walker , who approaches The Governor and seems to have fallen into in an indifferent stupor . The next morning , The Governor awakens to find Martinez and Shumpert have abandoned him to fend for himself . Martinez and The Governor reunite when Martinez finds him in the pit trap . As revealed in `` Dead Weight , '' Martinez has established himself as the leader of his group , with seconds - in - commands Pete and Mitch Dolgen . Martinez is comforted by The Governor 's having apparently changed his ways ( evidenced by his having started over with a new family ) . While playing golf with The Governor , Martinez reveals that Shumpert had died and admits to his worries about keeping the group safe . After Martinez proposes sharing leadership with him , The Governor strikes him down and feeds him to a pit of walkers . Noah , portrayed by Parker Wierling , is one of The Governor 's enforcers ; he is an adolescent , who has severe asthma . The Governor enrolls Noah in his army despite his youth and infirmity . Karen and Andrea try to stop this from happening , but fail . It is not made clear whether or not Noah is among The Governor 's army that attacks the prison . In an interview with MTV , Melissa Ponzio ( Karen ) confirmed that Noah is not Karen 's son ( as some viewers believed ) and that The Governor killed him off - screen . Paul , portrayed by E. Roger Mitchell , is one of The Governor 's enforcers tasked with protecting the wall . He tries to break out of Woodbury when conditions worsen . He is among The Governor 's men , who attack the prison and retreat when Rick 's group overwhelms them . The Governor shoots and kills Paul when Paul protests against returning to attack the prison . Shumpert ( also known as `` The Bowman '' ) , portrayed by Travis Love , is one of The Governor 's enforcers . Like Daryl , his weapon of choice is a crossbow ( hence , some fans who do n't know his name sometimes refer to Shumpert as `` The Bowman '' or `` Bowman '' ) , although ( also like Daryl ) he is a marksman . Shumpert participates in The Governor 's attacks on the prison . When the second attack ends in failure , and the army decides not to return to the prison , The Governor guns down the Woodbury soldiers , sparing only his allies Shumpert and Martinez , although the two are visibly stunned by the slaughter . The three then drive off together . Shumpert and Martinez make camp with The Governor , then abandon him and form a group of their own . When The Governor joins Martinez 's group , Martinez discloses to him that Shumpert had become depressed and reckless following the massacre , and was bitten by a walker , forcing Martinez to put him down . Tim , portrayed by Lawrence Kao , is one of The Governor 's enforcers . Despite Tim 's youth , The Governor had trained him to kill both the undead and the living . He also rakes The Governor 's lawn and referees Woodbury 's gladiator tournament . In `` Hounded , '' after Michonne leaves Woodbury , Merle leads a team to find her . However , she gets the drop on them and fatally stabs Tim in the chest . Merle later prevents Tim from becoming a walker by stabbing him in the brain . Jody , portrayed by Tanner Holland , is one of the Woodbury citizens , who participate in the attack on the prison , but are defeated . He however is not killed by The Governor in the shootout . Jody gets separated from everyone else and instead finds Carl , Hershel , Beth , and Judith . Carl shoots him dead after Jody moves towards them and tries to hand them his weapon after he was told to drop it . Civilians ( edit ) Penny Blake , portrayed by Kylie Szymanski , is The Governor 's zombified daughter , whom he has kept locked in a closet in his house . He feeds her fresh meat and tenderly grooms her . Michonne finds her in a cage and lets her out , but is shocked when pulling the bag off Penny 's head reveals she is a walker . The Governor pleads with Michonne not to harm Penny , but Michonne kills her anyway , thus sending The Governor into a rage . Eileen , portrayed by Meaghan Caddy , is a Woodbury resident , who is pregnant . She has her baby sometime before the events of `` Welcome to the Tombs . '' Mr. Jacobson , portrayed by Randy Woods , is a Woodbury resident often seen around the town . Following the disbanding of Woodbury , he and the other remaining Woodbury residents are taken by Rick 's group on a bus to the prison . About seven months afterward , an influenza outbreak sweeps through the prison community , and Mr. Jacobson becomes infected . He loses his battle with the flu and is put down in private by Glenn after reanimating ( so as to not dishearten the other sick community residents in quarantine ) . Jeanette , portrayed by Sherry Richards , is a newcomer to the prison community , who was brought there along with the other remaining residents of Woodbury . Carol brings her with the other sick residents of the community to Cell Block A to be quarantined . Jeanette insists that she is not sick and her allergies are only acting up , but Carol does not believe her , and makes her enter anyway . She is probably treated when Daryl 's group returns with medicine . Jeanette is among the prison inhabitants , who escape the prison on the bus when The Governor attacks the compound . As of the episode `` Too Far Gone , '' Jeanette is the only named Woodbury character , who is confirmed alive . Quite possibly Jeanette died on the bus after the attack walkers . However , when Maggie , Sasha and Bob come across the bus , Jeanette is not seen as a zombie or corpse . Milton Mamet , portrayed by Dallas Roberts , is a scientist , who serves as one of The Governor 's right - hand men . He knew Phillip Blake before Phillip became `` The Governor , '' and thus had a long - term relationship with him . Although Milton has allied himself with The Governor , he seems to disagree with The Governor 's violent and unethical methods . He studies the decapitated bodies of Michonne 's pair of walkers and researches the possibility of appealing to Michael Coleman 's humanity , after Coleman dies and reanimates . Milton later helps Andrea escape to go try to make peace with Rick , and accompanies The Governor to the peace meeting with Rick . He expresses misgivings about The Governor 's methods when he learns The Governor plans to kill everyone at the prison except for Michonne . He later tells Andrea to escape and , it is implied , he burns the captured walkers The Governor planned to use against the prison group . The Governor realizes that Milton revealed his plan to Andrea , and this causes a rift in Milton and The Governor 's relationship . When Milton challenges The Governor to give up the war and forego avenging Michonne 's vanquishing of zombified Penny , The Governor restrains and badly beats Milton for his betrayal . He then tasks Milton to kill Andrea , but Milton instead attacks The Governor , who then stabs Milton , mortally wounding him . The Governor locks Milton in the torture chamber with Andrea , deciding to let the reanimated Milton eat her . However , Milton attempts to assist Andrea by planting a pair of pliers within her reach with which to free herself and stab the zombified Milton in the head . Andrea fails to free herself in time , and a zombified Milton bites her before she puts him down . Rick 's group later finds his body with a bitten , but alive , Andrea . Ms. McLeod , portrayed by Lucie O'Ferrall , is an elderly Woodbury resident , who is too arthritic to join The Governor 's army . She is seen getting off the bus at the prison and is not seen after `` Welcome to the Tombs . '' Ms. McLeod is seen running down the stairs in `` Infected . '' She is quarantined in death row and gets killed when the sick people start to reanimate as walkers . Rowan , portrayed by Lindsay Abernathy , is a Woodbury resident , who guides newcomers Andrea and Michonne around the town after they 've recovered from being on the road , and she defends The Governor 's enforcers when Andrea complains about seeing a walker `` strung up like a Christmas ornament . '' Rowan is shown to have a sexual relationship with The Governor . She gets killed when Rick and Maggie attack Woodbury at the arena . Dr. Stevens , portrayed by Donzaleigh Abernathy , is Woodbury 's physician . She cares for Andrea , Michonne , and Welles after The Governor has brought them in , for the Woodbury victims injured in the battle with Rick 's group , and for The Governor after his fight with Michonne . Prison newcomers ( edit ) After The Governor executes most of the able - bodied Woodbury residents , who had been members of his army , only the children and elderly townspeople remain at Woodbury ( under the watchful eye of Tyreese and Sasha ) . After Andrea 's suicide due to being bitten , Rick and his group return to the prison with the remaining Woodbury survivors ( including Tyreese , Sasha , Karen , Eryn , Jeanette , and Ms. McLeod ) , swelling the prison 's population from the original ten to around 30 . Six to seven months afterwards , numerous other survivors have joined the prison community , from various locations and backgrounds . Some of those people are Ryan Samuels , Mika Samuels , Patrick , Zach , Lizzie Samuels , Luke , Owen , Molly , Julio , and Charlie . The compound is initially peaceful and thriving , until a flu epidemic spreads throughout the community and infects numerous residents , killing many of those stricken . However , when the scouting group returns with medicine , the issue is resolved . Shortly afterwards , The Governor returns with a militia and executes the captive Hershel , igniting a firefight between the two groups . This battle leads to the fall of the prison community after The Governor tears down the fences . As a result of the flu and The Governor 's assault , the numbers dwindle significantly . The escaping newcomers are found dead on the public transport bus for the prison , while five other newcomers remain alive . Lizzie and Mika are later killed , as well as Bob and lastly Tyreese . Sasha is only prison newcomer still alive . David , portrayed by Brandon Carroll , is a newcomer to the prison community , who Karen in `` Infected '' says is from `` the Decatur group . '' In `` 30 Days Without an Accident , '' he is seen alongside Karen , killing walkers behind the prison fence . In `` Infected , '' David falls ill during the flu outbreak at the prison and is quarantined along with others ( such as Karen ) in Cell Block A . The next morning , Tyreese discovers that at some point David and Karen were killed by an unknown individual and their bodies dragged out to the courtyard and burned . It is later revealed that it was Carol , who killed them in order to prevent the disease from spreading further and to put them out of their misery . Tyreese later buries David and Karen next to one another . Julio , portrayed by Santiago Cirlio , is a newcomer to the prison community and a mechanic . He falls ill and is placed in quarantine in Cell Block A. Twice he observes the chaos in Cell Block A as Hershel attempts to deal with it . He attempts to escape the prison on the bus , but he is killed right behind Glenn and Maggie , when The Governor 's militia attacks the prison . Luke , portrayed by Luke Donaldson , is a young resident of the prison community and is seen attending Carol 's storytime sessions ( which are later revealed to be covert self - defense classes for the children ) . Daryl saves him from an advancing walker during the breach on Cell Block D. When The Governor attacks the prison , he escapes with the children and Tyreese . Beth and Daryl later discover bodies being eaten . They assume it 's Luke and Molly 's by seeing Luke 's shoe next to the pile , though they could be alive . Molly , portrayed by Kennedy Brice , is a young survivor , who joins the prison community . She attends Carol 's storytime session , which is a covert lesson on self - defense for the children . Karen saves Molly during the walker breach in Cell Block D. When The Governor attacks the prison , Molly escapes with the children and Tyreese . Beth and Daryl later discover two bodies being devoured by a group of walkers , assuming it is Luke and Molly 's by seeing Luke 's shoe , though they could be alive . Vincent Martella Patrick , portrayed by Vincent Martella , is a new arrival in the prison community . He is around Carl 's age and is one of his close friends . Patrick asks to be excused during Carol 's storytime session , on the grounds that he is suddenly not feeling well . He dies abruptly later that night and reanimates . A reanimated Patrick bites a sleeping survivor in his cell , which causes the latter to reanimate and ultimately brings about a full - scale attack on Cell Block D. Daryl puts Patrick down once the attack subsides . Patrick is responsible for the deaths of Greg , Eryn , Owen , Ryan , Mr. Jacobson , Ms. McLeod and many others of whom he got sick . Brighton Sharbino Lizzie Samuels , portrayed by Brighton Sharbino , is Ryan 's daughter and Mika 's sister . She was first seen with other children naming zombies , and later at storytime . During the outbreak her father is bitten , and before dying he asks Carol to look after his daughters . Lizzie expresses intentions to stab his corpse in the head to prevent renanimation , but is emotionally unable to . Carol later tells her she is weak and needs to toughen up . Lizzie later gets the flu and is forced into quarantine . Carol is disturbed by Lizzie 's apparently personal connection with walkers . When some infected residents succumb to the virus and reanimate , Lizzie rescues Glenn from a walker by leading it away . After being treated with medicine , she plays with Glenn 's blood . When The Governor attacks the prison , she convinces the other children to help in the battle . She and Mika rescue Tyreese from two of The Governor 's soldiers , after which she escapes with the children and Tyreese . Lizzie , Mika , Tyreese , and Judith get separated from Molly and Luke . Lizzie also is very sure Sasha is dead . She also shows a disliking towards Tyreese . After Lizzie kills Mika , Carol and Tyreese realize that she is too psychotic to be kept around & had to be executed in order for Judith to be safe , so Carol leads her out to the fields to look at the flowers , and as Lizzie tried to apologize for having threatened Carol and Tyreese , Carol executed her . Kyla Kenedy Mika Samuels , portrayed by Kyla Kenedy , is Ryan 's daughter and Lizzie 's sister . She is seen naming the walkers and later at storytime . She loses her father during the outbreak and tries to calm Lizzie when Lizzie panics after being unable to stab her bitten father 's corpse in the head to prevent reanimation . She and Lizzie become the adoptive daughters of Carol Peletier , as per their father 's last wish . When The Governor attacks the prison , Mika and Lizzie rescue Tyreese from two soldiers . She escapes with the children and Tyreese . It is revealed that Mika , Lizzie , Tyreese , and Judith have been separated from Luke and Molly . Mika appears to be saddened by this . Lizzie , believing she will come back , kills Mika , and planned to kill Judith until Tyreese and Carol intervened . Ryan Samuels , portrayed by Victor McCay , is a newcomer to the prison community . He is present with his daughters Lizzie and Mika , and is seen in the library when Carol is conducting storytime with the children . During the outbreak in `` Infected , '' a walker bites him . Carol tries to amputate his arm , but realizes he is bitten in other , inoperable areas , too . Before he dies , Ryan asks Carol to take care of his daughters . When Lizzie is emotionally unable to carry out her desire to be the one to stab Ryan 's corpse in the head to prevent reanimation , Carol puts him down . Sunkrish Bala Dr. Caleb Subramanian , portrayed by Sunkrish Bala , is a newcomer to the prison community . Not much is known about him , besides the fact that he is a physician , and he and Hershel seem to be friends . After the breach on Cell Block D dies down , Dr. Subramanian assesses what may have caused the outbreak and what steps the group should take to prevent another such disaster . `` Dr. S '' later comes down with the flu and tells Sasha they have to warn the healthy members of the prison community that the virus is spreading . His condition seriously and quickly deteriorates , although he reveals that he has brought several guns in case of another outbreak . He later succumbs to the sickness after Hershel gives him a checkup . Dr. S later reanimates , and Hershel remorsefully puts him down through Dr. S 's locked cell door , after snapping the walker 's arm . Hershel later returns to Dr. S 's cell and mourns his friend . Kyle Gallner Zach , portrayed by Kyle Gallner , is a member of a surviving group of college students , who join the prison community . He then begins a relationship with Beth . Zach accompanies Daryl , Michonne , Glenn , Tyreese , Sasha , and Bob on a supply run , where he is ultimately killed by a pair of walkers . Beth reacts calmly to the news of Zach 's death , much to Daryl 's surprise . Later , Daryl uses Zach 's high - powered car to take himself , Bob , Michonne , and Tyreese on a run to a veterinary college to get medicine that might save the flu - stricken prison group members . Chambler family ( edit ) After wandering on his own for six to seven months alone , following the fall of Woodbury and the defections of Martinez and Shumpert , The Governor encounters the Chambler Family holed up in their apartment building . The surviving Chamblers later set off with The Governor ( who has said his name is `` Brian Hariot '' ) to seek shelter elsewhere following the death of David , but The Governor 's actions lead to Lilly and Meghan 's deaths . David Chambler , portrayed by Danny Vinson , is Lilly and Tara 's father and Meghan 's grandfather . He and Meghan frequently play board games with each other so that Meghan can be preoccupied and distracted from the frightening world around her . David has stage - 4 lung cancer and is rapidly approaching his moment of death . Knowing this , Lilly sends The Governor ( `` Brian '' ) to a nearby assisted living facility to obtain oxygen tanks to help keep David alive for as long as possible , even if for just a few more hours . Early the next day , David succumbs to his cancer and dies . After he has lain lifeless in bed for several hours , his family and ( `` Brian '' ) enter his bedroom to say goodbye to him . David then suddenly reanimates and grabs Tara . He almost bites her , but `` Brian '' smashes David 's head several times with one of his oxygen tanks , until he finally succumbs . The family is disoriented by this incident , but each of them later recovers . Later , `` Brian '' and Lilly bury David in a small field behind the apartment complex , and the four of them depart in search of other shelter . Audrey Marie Anderson Lilly Chambler , portrayed by Audrey Marie Anderson , is David 's daughter , Meghan 's mother , and Tara 's sister . She is initially somewhat hostile towards The Governor ( `` Brian '' ) and reluctantly allows him to take refuge in her family 's building . She slowly comes to trust him , especially after he risks going to a walker - overrun assisted living facility to retrieve oxygen tanks for David , who is suffering from stage - 4 lung cancer and will soon die ( which she knows will be especially devastating to Meghan ) . When `` Brian '' kills the reanimated David , Lilly appears to be upset for a brief while , but soon comes to terms with what happened . After David 's burial , the four of them depart in search of other shelter . They spend the night sleeping in a catering truck , and Lilly and `` Brian '' lay awake talking to each other . Slowly , they then begin to have sex . When the truck fails to start , the group abandons it and wanders on the road , until a swarm of walkers forces them to flee . They arrive at an open field , only to be stopped once again , when `` Brian '' and Meghan fall into a pitfall trap containing several walkers , all of which `` Brian '' kills before they can do any harm . Lilly and her family join Martinez 's group . She is initially against The Governor 's attacking the prison , but he assures her that she and Meghan will be safe . She and her daughter are left near a river ; however , Meghan is bitten by a walker and dies . Lilly brings Meghan 's corpse to the prison , where she witnesses The Governor decapitate Hershel and shoot Meghan in the head . After the battle ends , a bitter Lilly walks up to the dying Governor and shoots him in the head . Tara later mentions to Glenn that she witnessed Lilly become overwhelmed by walkers following the assault on the prison . She was eaten by walkers Meghan Chambler , portrayed by Meyrick Murphy , is the young daughter of Lilly , the niece of Tara , and the granddaughter of David . She frequently plays board games with David in order to escape what is happening around her . She and The Governor ( `` Brian '' ) bond while playing chess , and she asks about his eye patch . ( Albeit somewhat vaguely ) `` Brian '' tells Meghan the story of how he had tried to protect Penny , but was ultimately unable to save her . The close bond between Meghan and `` Brian '' is briefly broken after `` Brian '' kills the undead David , who had died hours before of stage - 4 lung cancer . She , Lilly , Tara , and `` Brian '' leave the apartment after David 's burial , and Meghan continues to isolate herself from `` Brian . '' However , her trust in him is regained after he saves her from a swarm of walkers that forces the group to flee . While running with Meghan in his arms , `` Brian '' falls into a pitfall trap full of walkers . `` Brian '' successfully kills all of them , while Meghan cowers in a corner , holding her doll , and `` Brian '' promises Meghan that he will never let anything happen to her . She is bitten by a walker in `` Too Far Gone '' and dies , after which The Governor shoots her in the head . Martinez 's group ( edit ) Alisha , portrayed by Juliana Harkavy , is a former Army Reserve member , who is recruited by Martinez 's group sometime in the six - to seven - month timespan between seasons three and four . She strikes up a friendship with Tara , which quickly becomes a full - on romantic relationship . The two remain inseparable once they begin dating ; Alisha even flees with Tara , her family , and The Governor after The Governor 's insistence that he and the Chamblers leave the camp . However , after encountering a roadblock consisting of walkers stuck waist - deep in mud , The Governor returns the group to Martinez 's camp . Alisha participates in `` Brian 's '' attack on the prison ( `` Too Far Gone '' ) , but is later shot between the eyes by Lizzie Samuels . Her death , along with Lilly 's and Meghan 's , sends Tara into a state of depression for a long time . Mitch Dolgen , portrayed by Kirk Acevedo , is a member of Martinez 's group , who with his brother Pete is second in command after Martinez . Mitch , like his brother , was in the army when the walker outbreak occurred ; Mitch was a tank specialist , who said he left the army base in his tank . In `` Dead Weight , '' while on a supply run with Pete and The Governor ( then known as `` Brian '' ) , Mitch wants to raid another camp they encounter , but his brother disagrees . After `` Brian '' kills Martinez and Pete , he enters Mitch 's trailer at gunpoint , advises that he killed Pete and explains why , and convinces Mitch to follow his lead which Mitch , though resentful of `` Brian '' killing his brother , sees his point and accepts . Mitch participates in `` Brian 's '' attack on the prison ( `` Too Far Gone '' ) , operating a tank and destroying much of the prison . Daryl is able to reach the tank and drops a grenade down the barrel of the tank 's main gun , forcing Mitch to escape before the grenade blows up the tank . Mitch turns around , exhausted and defeated , and Daryl shoots and kills him with his crossbow . Enver Gjokaj Pete Dolgen , portrayed by Enver Gjokaj , is Mitch 's brother and a member of Martinez 's group . After Martinez 's death at the hands of The Governor ( now known as `` Brian '' ) , Pete steps up as the group 's de facto leader ( which causes unrest amongst many members of the camp ) . While on a supply run with Mitch and `` Brian , '' Pete thwarts Mitch 's desire to raid a camp they encounter in the woods , as Pete is unwilling to rob the group and prefers to find supplies another way . Unwilling to follow a leader , who is unwilling to do whatever 's necessary for the group to `` survive , '' `` Brian '' murders Pete by stabbing him in Pete 's trailer . He then dumps the body in the nearby lake . Brian later returns to find Pete 's undead body submerged and anchored at the bottom of the lake . The Claimers ( edit ) A dangerous group of heavily armed men , who raid homes searching for supplies and weapons . The group first appeared in `` Claimed . '' Billy , portrayed by Eric Mendenhall , is a member of the Claimers , he is killed by Daryl during their fight with Rick 's group . Dan , portrayed by Keith Brooks , is a member of the Claimers whom , during the assault on Rick 's group , grabs Carl with the intention of raping him . He is the last - surviving Claimer , and following the killing of the rest of the Claimers , he is stabbed to death by Rick in retribution for his attempted rape of Carl . Harley , portrayed by J.D. Evermore , is a member of the Claimers , who is shot dead by Michonne after the deaths of Joe and Tony . Jeff Kober Joe , portrayed by Jeff Kober , is the leader of the Claimers , first seen by Rick on the porch of the house that they were raiding in `` Claimed . '' He later appears in `` Alone , '' when his group finds Daryl exhausted on the road after he is separated from Beth . Despite a close encounter with Daryl punching Joe and almost shooting him , Joe is impressed by Daryl 's use of a crossbow and decides to recruit him . Joe 's group eventually catches Rick , Michonne and Carl , with the intent to avenge Lou 's death . During the ensuing fight , Rick kills Joe by ripping his jugular out with his teeth . Len , portrayed by Marcus Hester , first appears when the Claimers raids a large house where Rick is hiding . Rick is forced to hide under the bed he was sleeping on . Another member of the group , Tony , chooses to sleep on the bed , leaving Rick trapped . Len enters the room and wakes up Tony . He demands that he be given the bed , but when Tony refuses and says it 's claimed , Len knocks him out of the bed and strangles him into unconsciousness before taking the bed for himself . After framing Daryl for stealing his half of a rabbit , leading the group to question his honesty , Len is severely beaten before being killed by an unspecified member of the group . His bloodied corpse , with an arrow in his forehead , is discovered outside by Daryl as they leave the warehouse they had spent the night in . Lou , portrayed by Scott Dale , is a slightly overweight member of the Claimers , who is discovered in the bathroom by Rick after he escapes from hiding under the bed . In order to stay hidden and undetected by the other members of the group , Rick quickly fights Lou and begins strangling him . Although Lou attempts to grab a pair of scissors on the nearby counter to stab Rick with , Rick ultimately strangles him to death before escaping out the window . Shortly afterward , Lou 's reanimation provides a distraction for Joe and the other members as Rick escapes and regroups with Carl and Michonne , who were just outside the house . Lou 's death is the primary reason that Joe and his group are actively pursuing Rick , tracking him along the train tracks to Terminus . Tony , portrayed by Davi Jay , is the member of the Claimers that is responsible for Rick becoming trapped , when he takes a nap on the bed that Rick is hiding under . When Len comes into the room and tries to take the bed , Tony says that it 's claimed , prompting Len to knock him to the floor . While he is being strangled into unconsciousness , he sees Rick under the bed , but is unable to warn Len before he passes out . During the fight between Joe 's group and Rick 's group , Tony is shot dead by Michonne after being distracted by Rick killing Joe . Terminus ( edit ) Terminus is a sanctuary that is first mentioned in the last half of season four over a radio broadcast heard by Daryl , Bob , Michonne , and Tyreese while driving in Zach 's car . After the fall of the prison , the small factions of prison residents , who survive the assault find the signs directing survivors towards Terminus , and each group slowly begins to make its way there . The exact location of Terminus is finally revealed in `` Us , '' where it appears to be a relatively vibrant , well - secured settlement , but in actuality hides a dark and brutal secret . After Terminus is destroyed by Carol 's siege in `` No Sanctuary , '' only six residents of survive and escape , becoming known as The Hunters . Alex , portrayed by Tate Ellington , is the brother of Gareth and shows Rick 's group around Terminus . He is held hostage after Rick becomes suspicious about the clothes the residents are wearing . He tries to reason with Rick and the others to let him go , but is accidentally shot shortly after by Mary as she tried to kill Rick . Denise Crosby Mary , portrayed by Denise Crosby , is the mother of Gareth and Alex , who greets Glenn , Maggie , Sasha , Bob , Tara , Abraham , Eugene and Rosita when they arrive at Terminus . After Carol attacks Terminus to rescue Rick 's group , she encounters Mary . Carol holds Mary at gunpoint , demanding to know where the group is holding Rick and the others . Mary explains that Terminus originally was a sanctuary , but it became a place where they would lure people to take their possessions and ultimately , eat them . Carol shoots her in the leg and allows a group of walkers to devour the crippled Mary . In `` Coda , '' Father Stokes discovers Mary 's Bible at the Hunters ' campsite outside the elementary school , with the inscription `` Mary B . '' on the first page . The Hunters ( edit ) After Carol destroys Terminus , their leader , Gareth , began to harass the group Rick to find them , in order to take revenge . Albert , portrayed by Benjamin Papac , is one of the Hunters , who is killed in the church when he and Mike are immediately shot through the head . Martin , portrayed by Chris Coy , is one of the few survivors of Terminus after it is destroyed by Carol 's siege . He is first discovered by Carol and Tyreese while he is alone on a scouting mission , and they overhear him talking on the radio about the hostages that Terminus has just taken . When they realize that he has kidnapped Michonne and Carl , they take him hostage in a small , abandoned cabin . While Carol leaves to attack Terminus , Tyreese stays with Judith to watch over a restrained Martin . During his captivity , Martin continues to lecture Tyreese about how the idea of `` good vs. evil '' means nothing in this world , and that if people like Tyreese try to be nice , they will not survive . Later , as the cabin is overrun by walkers and Tyreese is keeping watch , Martin breaks free and grabs Judith , ordering Tyreese outside . However , Tyreese overpowers the walkers , breaks back inside , and knocks Martin unconscious , refusing to kill him . Martin then reappears with Gareth and 4 other Terminus survivors after they kidnap Bob , and then sneak into the church to kill the members of Rick 's group . When Rick and the others ambush them , Martin is the last to drop his weapon after Gareth orders him to surrender . Martin is then stabbed to death by Sasha when Gareth and the others are slaughtered by Rick 's group . Later , when Tyreese is dying of a walker bite , Martin is the first person to appear to Tyreese as a hallucination , where he mockingly tells Tyreese that he will die because he still tried to be a `` good guy , '' and that many of the recent failures were because of his refusal to kill Martin . Mike , portrayed by Chris Burns , is one of the Hunters , who is killed in the church when he and Albert are immediately shot through the head . Theresa , portrayed by April Billingsley , is one of the Hunters , who is killed in their attempted siege on the church when Michonne bashes her skull in with the butt of her rifle . Greg , portrayed by Travis Young , is one of the Hunters , who is killed in the church when Abraham bludgeons him to death with the butt of his rifle . Grady Memorial hospital ( edit ) Grady Memorial Hospital , first appearing in `` Slabtown , '' is revealed to be the home of a sheltered group of survivors , who believe that military assistance will eventually come to them after a certain period of time . The hospital is run under a strict authoritarian regime by a group of corrupt police officers . Dr. Steven Edwards , portrayed by Erik Jensen , is the hospital 's sole doctor , who has a polite , but nervous demeanor to him . He noticeably disapproves of the harsh methods by which Officers Lerner and Gorman run the hospital , but despite his objections , his position is valued by the officers as the only medical professional on hand . He initially cares for Beth as she recovers and does his best to protect her from the officers , saying that he refuses to leave because , as ruthless as the officers are , it is still better inside the hospital than out in the real world . However , Beth grows suspicious of him when he tells her to give the drug Clozapine to Gavin Trevitt , a patient , who is also a doctor , as the drug ends up killing him . Although Dr. Edwards insists that he actually said Clonazepam , Beth is certain that he told her the name of the wrong drug on purpose . She accuses him of having the other doctor poisoned in order to retain his valued status as the only doctor , which he denies . He later helps Beth save Carol 's life by telling her which medication she will need to give Carol . After the deaths of Beth and Lerner , Edwards offers to let Rick 's group stay at the hospital , but Rick refuses . Officer Gorman , portrayed by Cullen Moss , is Officer Lerner 's second - in - command , and one of the officers , who saved Beth . Although he appears to have a more polite demeanor during his initial introduction , Beth quickly discovers that his idea of being repaid for his services is sexual relations with the female patients , as he has already apparently raped Joan . He makes similar advances towards Beth , finally catching her alone in Lerner 's office where , unbeknownst to him , Joan has committed suicide and is about to turn . There , he finally begins to force himself on Beth , attempting to blackmail her with her attempt to steal a key from Lerner 's office , and just as he moves in , Beth hits him in the back of the head with a glass bottle . When he falls to the floor , the reanimated Joan instantly crawls onto him and kills him by biting his neck while Beth escapes . Keisha Castle - Hughes Joan , portrayed by Keisha Castle - Hughes , is female patient , who attempts to escape the hospital , only to be bitten in the arm by a walker . When she is brought back inside by Officer Lerner , Lerner demands that Dr. Edwards save her by amputating her arm with a metal wire . Joan refuses to be rescued and demands that they let her die , but Lerner , with Beth 's reluctant help , manages to restrain her long enough for Dr. Edwards to amputate the arm . Later , while Beth is cleaning Joan 's room , Joan tells her more about the dark secrets behind the leadership of the hospital , including Officer Gorman 's treatment of female patients . Later , as Beth breaks into Lerner 's office to find the key to the elevator shaft , she discovers that Joan has also already broken in and committed suicide by reopening the amputation wound . Beth uses Joan 's death to her advantage by allowing the reanimated Joan to kill Officer Gorman . Maximiliano Hernández Sergeant Bob Lamson , portrayed by Maximiliano Hernández , is one of the two officers , who is captured by Noah 's trap , along with Officer Shepherd . He comes forward and tries to convince Rick and the group that he is the best one to talk to Officer Lerner when they make the hostage exchange , saying he has known her for eight years . Later , as they prepare to leave for the exchange , he reveals that his name is Bob , noticeably startling Sasha , who was left to watch him . While alone with her , he explains how he is alive because another officer was sent out to respond to a call that he should have taken , and that officer is now a walker in the parking lot . Sasha offers to put the walker down for him in order to alleviate his guilt , but just as she prepares to take the shot , Lamson knocks her unconscious and flees the building . However , he does n't get far before Rick runs him down in a police car and shoots him in the head . Officer Dawn Lerner , portrayed by Christine Woods , is the strict leader of the hospital , enforcing the rules with her group of fellow officers ( who are the only occupants of the hospital to possess weapons ) . She believes that everyone must contribute to `` the greater good '' and keep the hospital operation running long enough for the military to come save them , and often uses this mentality as a form of guilt in order to persuade those that they capture into doing work for the hospital once they recover . Though she is aware of Gorman 's treatment of female patients , she does little to stop it . Lerner also treats the patients cruelly herself , repeatedly taking out her anger on Beth by striking her for the slightest mistakes or misunderstandings . Despite Beth 's attempts to convince her that help will never come , Lerner refuses to believe it and insists that things will get better eventually , and it is far better to live under her rule than in the wilderness outside . Though she is furious at Beth for ( as Lerner believes ) killing Gorman and Joan as well as aiding Noah in his escape , she still refuses to kill or exile Beth , as she needs the extra help around the hospital . Though she tries to develop a bond with Beth , Beth is ultimately convinced that Lerner will never change , and her vision of a better future clouds her reasonable judgment . In the prisoner exchange at the end of `` Coda , '' when Beth stabs Lerner in the shoulder with a pair of scissors , Lerner reacts impulsively in a moment of shock and her gun discharges , firing a single bullet directly through Beth 's head and killing her instantly . Although Lerner pleads for mercy , Daryl shoots her directly in the forehead immediately afterward . Officer Licari , portrayed by Christopher Matthew Cook , is one of the police officers working at the hospital under Officer Lerner . When Officers Lamson and Shepherd are tricked by Rick 's group , Licari arrives in his car and saves them , providing cover when Rick 's group opens fire . They drive away and seemingly escape , but the car gets stuck on several walker corpses in the street , and the three officers flee . Licari reemerges when Daryl inspects a nearby trailer , and after a brief fist fight , Rick appears and holds him at gunpoint , taking him hostage as well . Licari and Shepherd are eventually returned to the hospital , and continue to live there after Lerner 's death . Tyler James Williams Noah , portrayed by Tyler James Williams is a young male patient at the hospital , who often works as a janitor . He tells Beth that both he and his father were discovered by the group while the two of them were being surround by walkers , and their rescuers said that they could only save one of them . For this reason alone , Noah displays strong distaste for the officers almost immediately , saying that with their weapons and manpower , they likely could have saved his father as well . When Beth accidentally kills Dr. Gavin Trevitt by giving him the wrong medication , Noah takes the blame by saying that while he was cleaning , he knocked over a ventilation system and caused Trevitt to flatline . For this , Officers Dawn Lerner and Gorman take him out into the hall and beat him . Beth later apologizes , only for Noah to insist that he 's fine and has been through worse . Nevertheless , Beth decides to form a plan for her and Noah to escape . They use the elevator shaft , which has served as a body disposal chute , and with a long chord of sheets tied together , they both make it down , although Noah loses his grip and falls , spraining one ankle . They both manage to make it outside , where Beth fends off several walkers with a handgun . Although Beth is stopped and restrained by the officers , Noah manages to make it to the outer gate and slips through , running off after he and Beth exchange a final glance . Noah later encounters Daryl Dixon and Carol Peletier and learns of their connection to Beth , but Carol is caught and Daryl takes Noah back to the church to take the rest of the group back to Atlanta to get Beth and Carol back . However , Beth is killed by Dawn and Rick allows Noah to stay with the group . In `` Spend , '' Noah is killed by walkers during a botched mission to scavenge parts to repair Alexandria 's solar power system . Officer O'Donnell , portrayed by Ricky Wayne , is an officer working at the hospital under Officer Lerner . He is the one whom Carol and Daryl follow in `` Consumed , '' though they eventually lose his trail when their car runs out of gas . Nevertheless , their tailing him eventually results in them discovering the group of survivors at the hospital , as well as the fact that they have Beth . In `` Coda , '' he stands up to Lerner and accuses her of cracking under the pressure of leadership , claiming that she is no longer fit to run the hospital . Although she pulls her gun on him , he manages to disarm her , and they fight in the hallway before Beth pushes him into the elevator shaft to his death . Percy , portrayed by Marc Gowan , is an elderly patient at the hospital . When Beth needs to secretly steal the proper medications to give to Carol , she bribes Percy with a handful of strawberries , and he distracts the nearest officers by faking a breathing problem . Once Beth acquires the medicine and leaves , he suddenly says that he feels fine . In the next episode , he is seen being berated by Officer O'Donnell for apparently failing to properly fix a hole in the officer 's shirt , and O'Donnell shoves him to the ground in anger . Officer Amanda Shepherd , portrayed by Teri Wyble , is one of the two officers , who is captured by Noah 's trap , along with Sergeant Lamson . After being taken hostage , she tries to convince Rick and the group that Officer Lerner ca n't be negotiated with , and the hostage swap that they are planning will result in all of their deaths . She explains by saying that there has been a feeling of unrest among the other officers at the hospital , and that they desire to overthrow Lerner , and Lerner is aware of these sentiments . Shepherd and Licari are eventually returned to the hospital , and continue to live there after Lerner 's death . Alexandria safe - zone ( edit ) The Alexandria Safe - Zone is located near Alexandria , Virginia , and is a suburban community protected by large walls . It is a self - powered community , with solar panels to help power the homes and water system . When Rick 's group is invited to join Alexandria , they find that the Alexandrians have sheltered themselves from the real world outside their gates , leading to strive between the two groups . Pete Anderson , portrayed by Corey Brill , is briefly seen smoking on his porch outside in the night when Rick passes by . He mentions to him that his wife ( Jessie ) cut his hair and welcomes him to Alexandria . He is also the father of Ron and Sam . At the town meeting concerning Rick 's fate after he threatened them with a gun , a drunken Pete shows up to confront Rick while wielding a katana stolen from Michonne , accidentally slashing Reg 's throat when he attempts to push him away to avoid another conflict . A mourning Deanna gives Rick the go - ahead to execute Pete , whom he shoots while Abraham has him pinned to the ground . Ron Anderson , portrayed by Austin Abrams , introduces Carl to Mikey and Enid , who are playing video games and explains that he can play with them . He is the brother to Sam and son of Jessie and Pete . He is also Enid 's boyfriend . Ron develops a bitter relationship with Rick and Carl , due to Rick executing his father under Deanna 's orders and Carl 's budding relationship with Enid . After Jessie and Sam are killed during the walker invasion of Alexandria , Ron tries to shoot Rick only to be killed by Michonne . However , his gun goes off as he falls , destroying Carl 's right eye . Sam Anderson , portrayed by Major Dodson , is very briefly seen playing with his mother ( Jessie ) and brother ( Ron ) in a distance , whilst Rick is worrying about Carl and Judith . Sam catches Carol stealing weapons from the pantry and she threatens him to keep it a secret . Despite the threat and Carol 's continuing harsh words to keep him at arm 's length Sam forms an attachment to Carol , doing favors for her , but also asks for a gun leading Carol to learn of his father 's abusive relationship with his mother . When Rick and Pete fight in the streets Sam runs to Carol for protection rather than Jessie , and subsequently Jessie is heartbroken when she learns that Sam wanted a gun to protect her . During the walker invasion of Alexandria , he refuses to leave his mother 's side , but is traumatized to see a young boy as a walker . While stunned , Sam is devoured by walkers . Eric Raleigh , portrayed by Jordan Woods - Robinson , is Aaron 's boyfriend and a recruiter for Alexandria . He works as his back - up . During the war against The Saviors , he bleeds to death following a bullet would from one of Negan 's henchman . Mikey , portrayed by Elijah Marcano , is seen playing video games with Ron and Enid and offers Carl to join . Aiden Monroe , portrayed by Daniel Bonjour , is the egotistical younger son of Deanna and Reg . He takes Glenn , Tara and Noah out the safe - zone with Nicholas . Aiden almost gets Tara killed on the run and Glenn punches him afterwards . Deanna thanks Glenn for knocking Aiden `` on his ass . '' He is later killed after being eaten by walkers following an incident which left him impaled in a warehouse . Reg Monroe , portrayed by Steve Coulter , is Deanna 's husband and the architect , who designed the walls that keep the community safe from walkers . At the town meeting concerning Rick 's fate after he threatened them with a gun , a drunken Pete shows up to confront Rick while wielding Michonne 's katana , accidentally slashing Reg 's throat when he attempts to push him away to avoid another conflict . Deanna gets her revenge for Reg 's death by giving Rick the go - ahead to execute Pete , who he shoots without any hesitation . Michael Traynor Nicholas , portrayed by Michael Traynor , greets the group as they enter and asks them to hand over their weapons . He joins Aiden when he takes Glenn , Tara and Noah out to attack some zombies . He goes with Rick 's group to lure a herd of walkers away from Alexandria , which results in his death . Olivia , portrayed by Ann Mahoney , takes the group 's weapons in a tray to keep watch over them . She often works in the pantry and armory of Alexandria . She is one of the first residents of Alexandria to emerge and help fight off the walker invasion , inspired by Rick taking a stand . Olivia is randomly shot in the face and killed by Arat , one of Negan 's soldiers , to punish the Alexandrians for Rosita 's attempt to shoot Negan . Tobin , portrayed by Jason Douglas , works on the construction site alongside Abraham , Francine , and a few other Alexandrians . He later has a brief relationship with Carol Peletier . During the Saviors attack on the Hilltop led by Simon , Tobin is injured by Derek who is then killed by Carol . Though Tobin 's wound is not fatal due to Siddiq treating him on the battlefield , the Saviors had coated their weapons in walker guts . As a result , Tobin died the following night and reanimated . After finding the zombified Tobin attacking Bertie , Carol stabbed him in the head . Erin , portrayed by Tiffany Morgan , is a resident of Alexandria , who was killed in the Wolves attack . Shelly Neudermeyer , portrayed by Susie Spear Purcell , is a resident of Alexandria , who desperately wanted a pasta maker . Carol confronted her about smoking in the house and she was later killed in the Wolves attack . Sturgess , portrayed by Jonathan Kleitman , is a resident of Alexandria , when the walkers attack the group , Sturgess tries to fight them off and accidentally shoots Scott in the leg , while a walker grabs him . After being saved , Sturgess panics and runs away from the scene , abandoning the group , Shortly after having abandoned the group , he is found in a nearby town being devoured by several walkers . Barbara , portrayed by Mandi Christine Kerr , is a resident of Alexandria . Kent , portrayed by David Marshall Silverman , is a resident of Alexandria . Bruce , portrayed by Ted Huckabee , works on the construction site alongside Abraham , Tobin , and a few other Alexandrians . During the Savior attack on the Hilltop led by Simon , Bruce suffers an arm wound from one of the Saviors ' tainted weapons . Unlike most of those infected , Bruce does not die and reanimate during the night , but is left near death from the infection . After realizing what 's happening to him , Bruce requests that one of the group standing nearby kill him as he ca n't do it himself . Francine , portrayed by Dahlia Legault , works on the construction site alongside Abraham , Tobin , and a few other Alexandrians . Killed by shot in the chest by an unnamed Savior . Corey Hawkins Heath , portrayed by Corey Hawkins , is a supply runner for Alexandria and the leader of his supply group . Scott , portrayed by Kenric Green , is a supply runner , who is part of Heath 's team . Annie , portrayed by Beth Keener , is a supply runner , who is part of Heath 's team . She dies while on a supply run in `` Thank You '' after twisting her ankle , then falling , yelling to the others to keep going without her . She is then devoured by walkers . Holly , portrayed by Laura Beamer , is a resident of Alexandria , works as a guardian and Noah 's friend . She is killed in the Wolves attack . David , portrayed by Jay Huguley , is a supply runner , who appears in `` Thank You . '' He is with Rick 's group , who are still attempting to find the source of a loud horn . He is bitten on the back by a walker , but continues to fight , saying that he wishes to return to Alexandria to say goodbye to his wife . He writes her a love letter , which he tries to persuade Michonne to give to her . Michonne refuses and gives it back , writing on her arm : `` You 're getting home . '' David is later killed while trying to escape a large herd of walkers , in front of the rest of the horrified remaining survivors . Ethan Embry Carter , portrayed by Ethan Embry , is a resident of the Alexandria Safe - Zone . Carter is also a part of the construction crew alongside Abraham Ford , Bruce , Francine , Tommy , and Tobin . Merritt Wever Dr. Denise Cloyd , portrayed by Merritt Wever , is a psychiatrist . She lost her nerve to be a surgeon in Medical School , but now that Pet , the group 's previous surgeon , is dead . Denise is forced to become the group 's doctor and surgeon , at the urging of Eugene , who tells her `` You do n't want to be a coward . I know . '' She finally agrees to operate on a dying Holly , but can not save her . When Scott is put into Denise 's care , she tells Tara he will most likely die , but Tara tells her not to be afraid . After Tara leaves , Denise manages to stabilize Scott 's infection . Shortly there after , she finds Tara and , much to Tara 's surprise , kisses her . During the walker herd overrunning Alexandria , she is taken hostage at gunpoint by the Alpha Wolf and used so that he can escape his prison cell while Carol and Morgan are both unconscious , leaving Tara , Rosita and Eugene to watch on helplessly . The Alpha Wolf later tells her that he was n't always the way he was and had changed into the person he is now . He shows signs of changing for the good , saving Denise 's life from a walker attack that left him bitten . Though Denise offered to treat the man as a result , Carol shot him and he was devoured by walkers , telling Denise to run as he did so . Returning to her infirmary , Denise finds that Carl Grimes has been shot through the eye and saves his life at the cost of his eye . When Rick and Daryl are going to leave for a run , Denise asks Daryl to get some orange soda for Tara , who is going on a two - week supply run with Heath , Daryl agrees . Later , Rick and Daryl bring an unconscious Jesus to Denise so she can check him out . After Jesus escapes , Denise notifies Abraham . Before the group head to the Hilltop Colony , Denise bakes Daryl an oak cake , which he is reluctant to take , and he hopes it tastes better than it looks . Denise is seen present at the meeting in the church , listening to Rick 's speech about the danger of the Saviors . When Rick asked if anyone objected to the idea of attacking the Saviors , Denise remained silent . Later , when Denise is talking to Tara , Tara tells Denise she loves her . Tara tells Denise she does n't have to reply though and Denise says she will after Tara returns from her two - week supply run with Heath . Tara suggests that Denise come along on to the Saviors compound and then she can come on the run immediately after . Denise says she wants to go , but ca n't as she 's the only doctor Alexandria has . Tara understands and the two kiss . Some time later , Denise convinces Daryl and Rosita to go on a scavenging run to an apothecary , which she believes is stocked up with medication and drugs . After successfully looting the place , they started for home , during which time Denise has a close encounter with a walker to get a can of soda for Tara . After Daryl and Rosita scold her for taking an unnecessary risk , Denise begins to lecture them on how she was trying to confront her fears and become strong as them . As she speaks , she gets shot by an arrow through the right eye by Dwight , killing her . Dwight later reveals she was not the one he was aiming for . The Wolves ( edit ) The Wolves are a group of deranged people , who destroy camps and shelters , killing everyone . They are marked with a `` W '' with blood on their foreheads -- the sign of a wolf . They steal the belongings of their victims , often dismembering their bodies , and cutting the `` W '' sign onto these victims ' foreheads with knives . They usually leave their victims to become walkers . Owen ( also known as `` W Man '' or `` Alpha Wolf '' ) , portrayed by Benedict Samuel , has a psychotic and greedy personality . For example , he wanted `` every last drop '' of Morgan 's drink and all of his supplies . He also appears to be a remorseless , cold blooded murderer , slitting a man 's throat with no hesitation or emotion . He hides in a home and attacks Morgan in an attempt to kill him when he enters , only to be knocked unconscious and held as a prisoner in Alexandria unbeknownst to the other Alexandrians as Morgan wants to change him for the better the way Eastman did for him . He threatens that if he does n't die from the deep gash on his side , he will kill Morgan and everyone there . During the walkers overrunning Alexandria , Carol and Morgan feud over what to do with him and get into a physical altercation , with him knocking Morgan unconscious shortly after Morgan knocks Carol out with a slam to the ground . He takes Denise as a hostage to escape at gunpoint as Rosita , Tara and Eugene watch helplessly . He later admits to Denise that he was n't always the man he is and had become what he was over time . He saves Denise 's life during the walker attack on Alexandria , but is bitten . Denise says that if he watches her back , she 'll get him to the infirmary to amputate his arm and save his life . On the way there , Carol sees him with Denise and shoots him . He tackles a walker and yells for Denise to run as he goes down . During the final battle , the zombified Wolf is encountered by Morgan , who puts him down for good with his staff . Edward , portrayed by Jesse C. Boyd , first appears when the leader of his gang gives him a signal to kill Morgan Jones from behind using his blade . He misses Morgan and gets knocked out after the two brawl . He is later put inside of a car . This man and his group attack Alexandria . During the attack , he recognizes Morgan and he and four of his companions surround him and attempt to kill him . Morgan manages to fend them off with his quarterstaff and tells them that there are guns in the safe - zone and that they will all be killed if they stay . Morgan also tells them if they choose to continue living this life , they will die . He then tell the Wolves to leave and never come back . This wolf says that he and his group did n't choose this life , and he and his companions flee the safe - zone . Before leaving , he steals a gun from a slain survivor . He is later killed along with the remaining four Wolves by Rick Grimes when they ambush him while he is parked roadside in an RV . Aphid , portrayed by Duke Jackson , is among the Wolves , who invade the Alexandria Safe - Zone . He is killed by Carol Peletier , who steals his clothing and writes a `` W '' on her head in blood to use as a disguise . Hilltop Colony ( edit ) The Hilltop Colony is a small group of survivors that have fortified the area around a large mansion atop a hill , near Alexandria . Dr. Harlan Carson , portrayed by R. Keith Harris , is a doctor at the Hilltop Colony . He was saved by Glenn from walkers , and did an ultrasound for Maggie 's baby and provided her with prenatal vitamins . He is taken by Simon to replace Dr. Emmett Carson , his brother , who Negan killed after Dwight framed him . Ethan , portrayed by Justin Kucsulain , stabs Gregory to save his brother from Negan . When Rick tried to stop him , he attacked Rick and Rick ended up killing him . Andy , portrayed by Jeremy Palko , is a member of the Hilltop Colony . He was killed in an attack on an outpost of the Saviors . Craig , portrayed by Myke Holmes , is a member of the Hilltop Colony . Crystal , portrayed by Kimberly Leemans , is a member of the Hilltop Colony . Bertie , portrayed by Karen Ceesay , is a member of the Hilltop Colony . Kal , portrayed by James Chen , is a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Eduardo , portrayed by Peter Zimmerman , is a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Wesley , portrayed by Ilan Srulovicz , He is a supply runner for the Hilltop Colony . Killed by a Savior with a tainted weapon and succumbed to walker infection , shortly after he revives as a walker and Daryl Dixon ends his zombification . Freddie , portrayed by Brett Gentile , He is a supply runner for the Hilltop Colony . Killed by shot multiple times on an outpost of the Saviors . The Sanctuary ( edit ) The Sanctuary is a community of a massive group , some that reside are civilians that work for the community but in majority is conformed by bandits called `` The Saviors , '' a group of pirates , gangsters and motorcyclists , who plunder people on the road around the Washington area . They are a subgroup under Negan . Civilians ( edit ) Sherry , portrayed by Christine Evangelista , is Dwight 's wife , first encountered by Daryl in the burnt forest with Dwight and her sister Tina . They are on the run from The Saviors , after stealing insulin for Tina . Daryl attempts to help them , though after Tina 's death , Sherry and Dwight steal Daryl 's motorcycle and crossbow and abandon him . It is later revealed that as punishment for stealing and fleeing from The Sanctuary , Dwight took an iron to the face and Sherry agreed to be one of Negan 's wives in order to save Dwight 's life . Sherry encounters Daryl in The Sanctuary after his capture , and is remorseful for stealing from him previously . Offscreen , Sherry frees Daryl from The Sanctuary and also escapes herself . Negan recruits Dwight to go and bring her back . Dwight travels to their old home , where they planned to meet up if things went bad , and finds a note from Sherry ( along with her wedding rings ) , in which she admits to freeing Daryl and apologises for forcing Dwight into Negan 's world . Her current whereabouts are unknown . Tina , portrayed by Liz E. Morgan , is Sherry 's sister . She is killed by walkers . Amber , portrayed by Autumn Dial , is a Mark 's ex-girlfriend and one of Negan 's wives . Tanya , portrayed by Chloe Aktas , is one of Negan 's wives . Frankie , portrayed by Elyse Dufour , is one of Negan 's wives . Gordon , portrayed by Michael Scialabba , is an ex-member of the Saviors . He is killed by Dwight with a shot to the back to end his misery . Dr. Emmett Carson , portrayed by Tim Parati , is the Doctor of the Saviors . Killed by Negan , when Dwight sets Dr. Carson up by planting Sherry 's letter to his office , Negan accuses Dr. Carson of helping Daryl escape in order to impress Sherry and throws him face - first into the furnace , burning him to death . Saviors ( edit ) Bud , portrayed by Christopher Berry , is the leader of a motorcycle gang . He tells Daryl , Abraham and Sasha that their truck , weapons , and all other supplies now belong to his leader , Negan . Shortly after , he and his entire group are blown up with a rocket launcher by Daryl Dixon . Alicia Witt Paula , portrayed by Alicia Witt , is first heard talking to Rick over a walkie - talkie telling him she only wants to talk . When he denies her , she reveals she has Carol and Maggie held captive . Paula brings them back to their compound where they tie and gag them . Paula is the counterpart to Carol . When Carol and Maggie escape from the compound , Carol threatens to kill Paula , but wo n't despite Maggie telling her to do so . Instead she shoves her into a pole whereupon she is devoured by a walker and killed by Maggie after she turns . Roman , portrayed by Stuart Greer , is with the group of Saviors on the road , who stop Carol in the middle of the road , and try to subjugate her , but she opens fire , killing several , in addition mortally wounding fellow Savior Jiro and himself . When Roman is about to kill Carol , Morgan aims his gun at him , and gives him a chance to leave , but he declines . And when he is about to kill Carol , Morgan does n't hesitate to shoot , killing him and saving Carol from certain death . Primo , portrayed by Jimmy Gonzales , is a member of Negan 's group . He attempts escape with Daryl 's renovated motorcycle , stolen from him by Dwight in `` Always Accountable . '' He 's shot in the head by Rick Grimes after he claims to be Negan . Donnie , portrayed by Rus Blackwell. is a member of Negan 's group . Donnie ambushes Carol and Maggie , who are guarding the perimeter of the Saviors ' compound . Carol shoots him in the arm , but spares his life . His arm is wrapped and is instructed not to remove it . When Maggie removes Donnie 's tourniquet to let him bleed out , she realizes he 's already dead . He later reanimates and infects Molly , but she stabs him in the head . Molly , portrayed by Jill Jane Clements , is an older savior . She is a chain smoker and has a bad cough . When Molly enters the room Carol was held in to check up on her , she is surprised and bitten in the arm by a zombified Donnie , who reanimated after bleeding to death . Maggie then attacks Molly from behind , takes her gun and uses it to bash in Molly 's head . Jiro , portrayed by Rich Ceraulo , first appearing in `` East , '' is a member of the Saviors . He speaks for a pick - up truck of Saviors and tries to capture Carol , who begins to fire on them . Carol kills most of them , but Jiro dodges the rain of bulletfire . He is discovered by Carol and is shot , later coup - de-grâce stabbed in the head by Rick . Michelle , portrayed by Jeananne Goossen , is member of the Saviors , who take captive Maggie and Carol . She is the counterpart to Maggie . Her boyfriend was blown up by Daryl and she stole gas to go find him , but was caught and her finger got chopped off as a punishment . She reveals she had a baby , but it died . When Michelle begins hearing gunshots coming from inside the compound , she runs out to investigate , but gets shot in the head by Carol . Cam , portrayed by Matt Lowe , is a member of the Saviors , he is hunting for Dwight , Honey and Tina . While in hiding , Daryl Dixon rustles some branches and distracts Cam , causing him to get bitten on the forearm by a walker pinned against the tree . Wade , the party leader , immediately uses a belt for a tourniquet and hacks off Cam 's forearm without hesitation . Gavin , portrayed by Jayson Smith Warner , is main top lieutenant and the leader of a small group of Saviors in charge of collecting weekly offerings from the Kingdom . When Gavin and the Saviors attack the kingdom , they take Ezekiel captive , but Morgan and Carol rescue him by trapping Gavin and killing several of his men . Benjamin 's vengeful brother Henry appears and spears Gavin through his throat . Jared , portrayed by Joshua Mikel , is a member of the Saviors , he works for Gavin . This one causes the death to Benjamin when it shoots in the legs which causes that the Kingdom rises against Negan . He is captured by Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia and taken as a prisoner to the Hilltop colony . When the Saviors attack Hilltop he takes the opportunity to escape with other Saviors . Later , Jared and his company take Morgan and Rick as hostages but are released due to Rick 's deception claiming help against a swarm of walkers that invaded their refuge . Shortly after Morgan and Rick manage to kill the other men , Morgan fights with Jared and ends up caging him in with a multitude of walkers who end up devouring him . Arat , portrayed by Elizabeth Ludlow , is a female member of the Saviors , commissioned for confiscating supplies , weapons , and furniture of Alexandria , under Negan 's orders . Joseph `` Fat Joey '' , portrayed by Joshua Hoover , is a member of the Saviors . He is ordered to watch Daryl by Negan and is killed by Daryl when he escapes the Sanctuary . David , portrayed by Martinez , is a member of Negan 's group . He is killed by Negan when attempts to rape Sasha . Gary , portrayed by Mike Seal , is a Savior , who raids Alexandria for supplies , weapons , and furniture . As Negan and Rick walk around , Gary approaches Negan with the video camera that Deanna used to interview Rick and the other new arrivals . Mark , portrayed by Griffin Freeman , is a member of the Saviors and Amber 's ex-boyfriend . When he tried to escape with Amber , Negan punishes him by burning his face . Laura , portrayed by Lindsley Register , is a female member of the Saviors and she is the current lieutenant and second - in - command since `` Worth '' . Isabelle , portrayed by Aerli Austen , is a member of Negan 's group , when she was driving a pick - up truck by herself she notices a line of zombie corpses in the road . As she gets out to investigate , she is captured by Michonne . She is later shot in the head by Michonne . Roy , portrayed by Brian Stapf , is a member of the Saviors , killed by zombificated Sasha biting him in the face . Traci Dinwiddie Regina , portrayed by Traci Dinwiddie , is a female member of the Saviors and a top lieutenant high - ranking . Mara , portrayed by Lindsey Garrett , is a girl savior lieutenant , killed by the Militia when they killed several Saviors and allowed them to reanimate to use as additional troops . Morales , portrayed by Juan Pareja , Already mentioned above as a member of the Atlanta survivors , Morales is currently a member of the Saviors featured in the episode `` The Damned '' Morales holds Rick gunpoint at a Savior outpost and greets him . Rick recognizes him and reminds him he knew him in Atlanta . Morales responds that that was a long time ago and reveals that he has called the Saviors to come back . Killed by Daryl Dixon when he was trying to kill Rick . Callan McAuliffe Alden , portrayed by Callan McAuliffe is a member of The Saviors who watches over the satellite post , when the Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia and the Militia take him by surprise he surrenders along with Jared and other Saviors . Seeing the courage of Hilltop , he and other Saviors decide to join the ranks of Maggie . Todd , portrayed by Lee Norris , is a member of The Saviors , killed by Daryl Dixon shot in the head with the use of his crossbow . Gunther portrayed by Whitmer Thomas , is a member of the Saviors , appears in the episode `` Some Guy '' assassinating to Alvaro with a gunshot and taking Ezekiel hostage . When he was about to kill Ezekiel , Jerry cut him in half with the ax , saving his leader from certain death . Yago portrayed by Charles Halford , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , manages Gavin 's weapons base . He is captured by Rick and Daryl during a chase , and stabbed by Rick during a chase . Later , Rick avoids his reanimation . The Kingdom ( edit ) Benjamin , portrayed by Logan Miller , is a young soldier from the Kingdom . Jared shoots him in the leg which causes it to bleed out and he later dies . Morgan avoided his zombification . Richard , portrayed by Karl Makinen , is a soldier from the Kingdom . He hates the Saviors and wants to get rid of them . He is killed by Morgan after he betrayed the Kingdom . Jerry , portrayed by Cooper Andrews , is a member of the Kingdom and Ezekiel 's steward . Diane , portrayed by Kerry Cahill , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers , is an expert in the use of the bow and arrow . Daniel , portrayed by Daniel Newman , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers. he is massacred together with other soldiers in a surprise way by a savior using a machine gun , Later he revives and Alvaro avoids his zombification . Alvaro , portrayed by Carlos Navarro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . is killed by a savior ( Gunther ) who takes hostage to King . Henry , portrayed by Macsen Lintz , a resident of the Kingdom and fate Benjamin 's younger brother . Kevin , portrayed by Jason Burkey , a resident of the Kingdom . Nabila , portrayed by Nadine Marissa , a gardener of the Kingdom . Shiva is a Bengal tiger and the loyal mascot of the King Ezekiel . She is trained to attack those hostile to the Kingdom , including Saviors and zombies alike . She sacrifices herself to a horde of walkers to allow Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol escape following a bloody conflict with the Saviors . In production , there is no actual tiger . In most cases , she is added in as CGI in post-production . Where Shiva is shown interacting with other characters such as pouncing a character , this is done by an actor wearing a full blue body - suit to mimic the tiger 's actions , and using chroma - key effects in post-production to add the tiger 's body . Oceanside ( edit ) Natania , portrayed by Deborah May , is the leader of Oceanside . Aaron and Enid set out to Oceanside to recruit their assistance in the upcoming war but Natania is shot in self - defense by Enid when she attacks Aaron later that night . Cyndie , portrayed by Sydney Park , is a member of Oceanside and Natania 's maternal granddaughter , who forms a friendship with Tara . Rachel , portrayed by Mimi Kirkland , is an aggressive young member of Oceanside , who does not support Tara . Beatrice , portrayed by Briana Venskus , is a top member of Oceanside . Kathy , portrayed by Nicole Barré , is a top member of Oceanside . The Scavengers ( edit ) The Scavengers are a large group that first appears in `` Rock in the Road . '' They live in a junkyard and are led by a woman named Jadis . In the season seven finale , they betray Rick , and reveal their service and loyalty to Negan . Tamiel , portrayed by Sabrina Gennarino , is a member of the Scavengers and the right - hand of Jadis . Brion , portrayed by Thomas Francis Murphy , is a lieutenant member of the Scavengers . Winslow , portrayed by Gino Crognale , is a zombificated member of the Scavengers , nothing is known about Winslow 's life prior to the outbreak . At some point in the apocalypse , Winslow was living in the Junkyard community , however , he later died of unknown causes . The residents of the Junkyard community did not put him down , but instead , covered him in armor and spikes . Winslow is first seen behind Rick , covered in armor and spikes after he is pushed into a pit . Rick is frightened by him . As Winslow comes closer , Rick tries to push him away , having one of his spikes go through his hand in the process . Winslow proceeds to come closer to Rick again , Rick kicks him away , cutting himself again . Rick then uses the wall of garbage to slow Winslow down . Winslow is buried in garbage and Rick decapitates him . Farron , portrayed by Anja Asktin , is a member of the Scavengers . When she and Michonne take sniper positions atop a townhouse as they prepare to battle the Saviors . When Michonne realizes the Scavengers betrayed Alexandria , she turns around to find Farron pointing her weapon at her . As a gun fight breaks out in the streets below , Farron and Michonne engage in a scuffle . As Farron bashes Michonne 's head into the ground , Michonne grabs a piece of a broken flower pot and stabs Farron . However , Farron still manages to overcome Michonne , attempting to throw her over the balcony . With all of her might , Michonne is able to overpower Farron and send her over the balcony to her death . Her mangled body is observed in the streets as Rick and Carl search for Michonne . Miscellaneous survivors ( edit ) Judith Grimes is Lori 's baby and Carl 's sister . She was conceived with Shane sometime in season one and born in season three ( `` Killer Within '' ) . Maggie delivers her via a crude C - section , using Carl 's knife ; Lori dies during childbirth . Daryl nicknames the baby `` Lil ' Asskicker '' and Rick allows Carl to name her after his third grade teacher , Judith Mueller . Judith 's fate is seemingly unknown following The Governor 's final assault on the prison . Rick and Carl find Judith 's empty car seat , stained heavily with blood , and presume her to be dead . However , it is revealed that Tyreese had rescued Judith before escaping from the prison with Lizzie and Mika ; the three are walking through a forest , with Tyreese holding Judith in his arms , before they reunite with Carol . Brina Palencia Ana , portrayed by Brina Palencia , is a survivor encountered by Rick and Carol while on a supply run . Ana , who has a limp , is holed up in a house with her boyfriend , Sam . She and Sam were separated from the refugee group they were with and left on their own for days . Rick gets to know them and decides they are worthy of joining the prison community . After Carol tends to Sam 's wounds , Sam and Ana volunteer to help forage for supplies . Carol agrees , but Rick is reluctant , noting they seem ill - equipped to protect themselves . However , Rick reluctantly complies with the group consensus , gives them guns , and tells them to meet back at the house in two hours . Rick and Carol later discover Ana 's tattooed leg amputated , and then some distance away her deceased body being devoured by walkers , with Sam nowhere to be found . Leon Basset , portrayed by Linds Edwards , is a deputy sheriff at the King County Police Department , who along with his partner Lambert Kendell , works with Rick and Shane . During the car chase in the pilot episode , Leon , along with Rick , Shane , and Lambert , prepare for gunfire . It is shown that Leon is new to firearms , as Rick instructs him how to use one in the field , and that post-apocalypse , Leon becomes a walker and is put down by Rick outside the station house before Rick leaves for Atlanta . Eastman , portrayed by John Carroll Lynch , is encountered when Morgan Jones leaves Kings county . He is a psychologist , who used to analyze prisoners . He eventually rehabilitates Morgan teaching him how a life is precious thus cementing Morgan 's return to sanity . Felipe , portrayed by Noel Gugliemi , is a tough guy associate of Guillermo 's and the grandson of `` Abuela '' ( played by Gina Morelli ) . He is actually a nurse practitioner at the retirement home , who decides to stay behind with the rest of the `` Vatos '' and help the elderly . Guillermo , portrayed by Neil Brown Jr. , his associate Felipe , and others protect a nursing home full of the elderly after it gets mostly abandoned . They come into conflict with Rick Grimes and his group when they fight over the weapons Rick dropped in downtown Atlanta . A deleted scene from the season two premiere reveals that most , if not all , of the nursing home survivors were killed execution style ( hinting at the handiwork of humans ) and not by walkers . Noah Emmerich Dr. Edwin Jenner , portrayed by Noah Emmerich , is the last surviving staff pathologist at the Atlanta CDC . Working with surviving samples of infected tissue , he attempts to create a possible cure , but repeatedly fails . When the Grimes group arrives at the CDC looking for help or survivors , he hesitates to assist and only allows them in once the walkers have them surrounded . He reveals that his wife succumbed to the disease and provided his few tissue samples ; he later accidentally destroys them due to fatigue . Despairing , he attempts to lock the group in the CDC building , which is programmed to self - destruct when its fuel runs out . However , he relents and allows them to flee shortly before the building is destroyed . He and Jacqui elect to die in the explosion . Before parting ways with Rick for the last time , Jenner whispers to him ( as revealed in the season two finale ) that everyone carries the infection and will reanimate after expiring , no matter how they die . Duane Jones , portrayed by Adrian Kali Turner , is Morgan Jones ' son . In the pilot episode , he finds Rick Grimes and knocks him out , mistaking him for a walker . Duane stays with his father when Rick offers to take them to Atlanta . When Rick encounters Morgan again in season three , Morgan explains that Duane was killed by his undead mother . `` Duane Jones '' also happens to be the name of the late actor , who starred as the heroic protagonist `` Ben '' in the original zombie movie Night of the Living Dead ( 1968 ) . Whether or not Duane was put down by Morgan upon reanimating is unknown ; it remains ambiguous whether Morgan put him down or allowed him to `` survive '' as a walker , like his mother . Lambert Kendal , portrayed by Jim Coleman , is a deputy sheriff working at the King County Sheriff 's Department , along with his partner Leon Basset and co-workers Rick and Shane . He is seen during the car chase with Rick , Shane , and Leon in the pilot episode . Robin Lord Taylor Sam , portrayed by Robin Lord Taylor , is a survivor encountered by Rick and Carol on a supply run , holed up in the bathroom of an abandoned house with his girlfriend , Ana . They had come from a refugee center , became separated from their group , and were left out on their own for days . After Carol tends to Sam 's dislocated arm and other wounds , Sam and Ana volunteer to help forage for supplies . Carol agrees , but Rick is reluctant , noting the pair seems ill - equipped to protect themselves . However , Rick reluctantly complies with the group consensus ; he gives them guns and gives Sam his watch so Sam can know when two hours have passed so they can meet back at the house . Rick and Carol later discover Ana 's deceased body being devoured by walkers , with Sam nowhere to be found . It is later revealed that Sam had been captured at Terminus , where he gets hit in the head with a baseball bat and then gets his throat slit to be bled out in a trough along with three other captives . Lieutenant Welles , portrayed by Julio Cedillo , is a National Guard pilot . After his helicopter crashes , he is the only survivor . The Governor finds Lieutenant Welles and brings him to Woodbury , where he has Dr. Stevens care for him . After discovering the whereabouts of Welles ' men , The Governor takes his own enforcers and kills the soldiers , appropriating their food , supplies , and equipment . He later puts Lt. Welles ' severed head in an aquarium , alongside other heads in his collection . It is unclear whether or not Welles ' head was among those damaged in The Governor 's struggle with Michonne . Jayne Atkinson Siddiq , portrayed by Avi Nash , Siddiq debuts in the first episode of season 8 , he is first seen surrendering to Carl and tells him that he has n't ate in a few days . When Carl suddenly points a gun at Siddiq , he tries to calm Carl down and then Rick comes and fires a few warning shots which makes Siddiq run away . Later , Carl returns and leaves two cans of food with a note saying : `` Sorry . '' Siddiq watches Carl from the bushes as he walks away . Georgie , portrayed by Jayne Atkinson , appears for the first time in the episode `` The Key '' . Georgie is a leader of a mysterious humanitarian group who helps Maggie with supplies and food in exchange for some vinyl records . She also gives Maggie a book that would help her build the new civilization . Notes ( edit ) The Walking Dead comic book and the television series , based on it , are regarded as separate continuities . Therefore , regardless of any possible similarities between the two mediums , characters and events appearing in one have no effect on the continuity of the other . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` the Walking Dead Cast : Rick Grimes '' . amctv.com . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan McKee . `` Top 10 : Everyman Heroes -- No. 9 Rick Grimes -- The Walking Dead '' . Askmen.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott Tipton ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Talking about walking '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2012 : ' The Walking Dead 's ' Jon Bernthal on Killing Characters , Challenging Scenes and the Ending Nobody Saw '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Sarah Wayne Callies Joins ' Walking Dead ' '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Chandler Riggs on Carl 's Eye - Opening Shocker '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Lennie James Previews a ' Thorny Path ' For Morgan and Carol '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Mile 's Jeffrey DeMunn Joins The Walking Dead '' . CBR.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Yeun Interview THE WALKING DEAD '' . Collider . December 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laurie Holden Interview THE WALKING DEAD '' . Collider . December 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Rooker interview ( Merle Dixon on `` The Walking Dead '' ) -- The Desk of Brian `` . deskofbrian.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' Dissection : Melissa McBride Talks Carol 's Devastating Decision '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Norman Reedus Reveals What 's Next For Daryl -- And It 's Not Good '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Scene That Made Lauren Cohan Want To Leave the Show - CINEMABLEND '' . CINEMABLEND . January 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' cast expands by two '' . Digital Spy . June 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leon , Melissa ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Exit Interview : The Walking Dead 's Beth Tells All '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead 's ' Danai Gurira Excited to Embody Badass Michonne '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Governor : David Morrissey '' . TheWrap . February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Chad Coleman on Tyreese : ' It 's Going to be a Fun Ride ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' star Sonequa Martin - Green explains how they hid her pregnancy on the show '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' : Lawrence Gilliard Jr. on how he landed the part of Bob Stookey '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' Q&A : Alanna Masterson Talks Tara '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Michael Cudlitz : Abraham Is `` Very Damaged at This Point '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Josh McDermitt Talks Season 6 Of ' The Walking Dead ' '' . International Business Times . October 6 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' Q&A : Christian Serratos Talks Rosita , Season 5 Finale '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Andrew J. West Wanted Gareth to `` Ride Off Into the Sunset '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Q&A -- Seth Gilliam ( Father Gabriel ) - news_detail FX '' . www.fxtv.com.au . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' star Ross Marquand talks about the show 's first gay male relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Q&A : Tovah Feldshuh On Playing Alexandria Leader Deanna Monroe and Rick 's Big Shave '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Latest Victim on `` Devastating '' Exit -- and Pitch to Stay `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Katelyn Nacon on Working With Steven Yeun : ' It Felt Very Natural ' '' . TheWrap . November 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Danai Gurira , Melissa McBride , and Austin Nichols Q&A - THE HORROR ENTERTAINMENT MAGAZINE '' . THE HORROR ENTERTAINMENT MAGAZINE . October 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Confirms the Identity of Sunday 's Mystery Character '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes 4 to Series Regular for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto V 's Steven Ogg Talks About His Role on The Walking Dead '' . The Walking Dead . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Walking Dead Casts Major Comics Villain Negan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead Casts Major Comics King Ezekiel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Adds Frozen Star Emma Bell to its Cast - Dread Central '' . Dread Central . June 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE WALKING DEAD IronE Singleton Interview '' . Collider . November 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive EW Portraits of Deceased ' Walking Dead ' Characters '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A -- Andrew Rothenberg ( Jim ) '' . AMC . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Lintz reflects working on `` The Walking Dead '' `` . mediamikes.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick , Andy ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Walking Dead 's Michael Zegen Eulogizes ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' casts two more '' . Digital Spy . January 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The term `` college '' is sometimes used as a euphemism for prison ( e.g. , in The Sopranos season four , episode seven : `` Watching Too Much Television '' ) Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' : Lew Temple talks about Axel shocker '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' Beefs Up Cast For Season 4 '' . The Huffington Post . April 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : The Walking Dead 's Jose Pablo Cantillo '' . Undead Walking . July 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking Dead ' Postmortem : Dallas Roberts on Milton 's Twisted Fate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Vincent Martella , aka Patrick from The Walking Dead '' . pastemagazine.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview -- Brighton Sharbino of The Walking Dead '' . crypticrock.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Q&A with The Walking Dead Season 4 's Kyla Kenedy - Daily Dead '' . Daily Dead . February 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Minutes with The Walking Dead 's Sunkrish Bala - The Aerogram '' . The Aerogram . October 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team , myFanbase . `` Veronica Mars - Interviews : Exclusive interview with Kyle Gallner - myFanbase '' . www.myfanbase.de . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 4 : What If Lilly Had Survived ? Audrey Marie Anderson Says ... Wetpaint , Inc '' . Wetpaint , Inc . August 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 4 : Jeff Kober Talks Joe 's `` Very Special Death '' Wetpaint , Inc `` . Wetpaint , Inc . May 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Erik Jensen Talks The Walking Dead , the Conflicted Dr. Edwards , Geeking Out , and Guinea Pigs ( EXCLUSIVE Interview ) TV Geek Talk '' . tvgeektalk.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the new ' Walking Dead ' cop from hell , who claims she is a ' hero ' '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler James Williams On Noah 's ' The Walking Dead ' Shocker '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 6 : Major Dodson Talks Sam 's Special Relationship With Carol ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . iDigitalTimes.com . November 12 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta actor Steve Coulter ( Reg ) talks about ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Insidious ' roles Radio and TV Talk '' . radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead 's Michael Traynor Reacts to His Character 's Death '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview With The Walking Dead 's Ann Mahoney Walker Culture '' . Walker Culture . October 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : ' Walking Dead ' Books ' Straight Outta Compton ' Star as Key Comic Character ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Walking Dead ' season premiere : Ethan Embry on Carter 's big moment '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead 's Merritt Wever Opens Up About Denise 's Big Day Out and That Heartbreaking Twist '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead showrunner Scott M. Gimple on that big death and even bigger injury '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Leah . `` The Saviors In ' The Walking Dead ' Season 7 May Not All Like Negan , Christine Evangelista Teases '' . bustle.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Witt on playing the latest ' Walking Dead ' villain , and how her last scene was supposed to go '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Morales returns to The Walking Dead become a Savior '' . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : You Wo n't Believe What Shiva Looks Like IRL '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story star appears on The Walking Dead '' . Undead Walking . November 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kevin Fitzpatrick ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Season 2 Deleted Scene That Would Have Changed Everything '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Lord Taylor On His ' Walking Dead ' Cameo , Penguin 's Interesting Relationship With His ' Gotham ' Mom '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Horror fiction portal Television portal <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Walking Dead <Td_colspan="2"> Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video Games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead - The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series <Td_colspan="2"> Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Tobin Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)_characters&oldid=835708696 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of horror television characters The Walking Dead characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 09 : 11 . 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-2,681,173,143,464,984,600 | how to write a letter to the president of mexico | President of Mexico - wikipedia President of Mexico This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> President of the United Mexican States Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the Federal Government of Mexico <Td_colspan="2"> Mexican Presidential Standard <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Enrique Peña Nieto since December 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Executive branch of the Mexican Government Office of the President of Mexico Residence Los Pinos Seat Mexico City Appointer Federal Electoral Tribunal Term length Six years ( sexenio ) Single term Constituting instrument Constitution of Mexico Inaugural holder Guadalupe Victoria Formation October 10 , 1824 Salary MXN $208,570.92 per month , before taxes . Website en.presidencia.gob.mx The President of Mexico ( Spanish : Presidente de México ) , officially known as the President of the United Mexican States ( Spanish : Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos ) , is the head of state and government of Mexico . Under the Constitution , the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces . The current President is Enrique Peña Nieto , who took office on December 1 , 2012 . Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the presidential election on July 1 , 2018 to become President - elect . Currently , the office of the President is considered to be revolutionary , in that the powers of office are derived from the Revolutionary Constitution of 1917 . Another legacy of the Revolution is its ban on re-election . Mexican presidents are limited to a single six - year term , called a sexenio . No one who has held the post , even on a caretaker basis , is allowed to run or serve again . The constitution and the office of the President closely follow the presidential system of government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Requirements to hold office 2 Presidential elections 2.1 President - elect 3 Presidential powers 4 Oath of office 5 Presidential sash and flag 6 Presidential residence 7 Succession 8 Living former Presidents 9 List of Presidents of Mexico 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Requirements to hold office ( edit ) Chapter III of Title III of the Constitution deals with the executive branch of government and sets forth the powers of the president , as well as the qualifications for the office . He is vested with the `` supreme executive power of the Union '' . To be eligible to serve as president , Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met : Be a natural - born citizen of Mexico ( `` mexicano por nacimiento '' ) able to exercise full citizenship rights , with at least one parent who is a natural - born citizen of Mexico . Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty ( 20 ) years . Be thirty - five years of age or older at the time of the election . Be a resident of Mexico for the entire year prior to the election ( although absences of 30 days or fewer are explicitly stated not to interrupt residency ) . Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination . Not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election . Not be a secretary of state or under - secretary of state , attorney general , governor of a State , or head of the government of Mexico City , unless `` separated from the post '' ( resigned or been granted permanent leave of absence ) at least six months prior to the election . Not have been president already , even in a provisional capacity ( see Succession below ) . The ban on any sort of presidential re-election dates back to the aftermath of the Porfiriato and the end of the Mexican Revolution . It is so entrenched in Mexican politics that it has remained in place even as it was relaxed for other offices . In 2014 , the constitution was amended to allow Deputies and Senators to run for a second consecutive term . Previously , Deputies and Senators were barred from successive re-election . However , the president remained barred from re-election , even if it is nonsuccessive . Presidential elections ( edit ) The presidential term was set at four years from 1821 to 1928 , and has been set at six years since 1928 . The president is elected by direct , popular , universal suffrage . Whoever wins a simple plurality of the national vote is elected ; there is no runoff election . The most recent former President , Felipe Calderón , won with 36.38 % of the votes in the 2006 general election , finishing only 0.56 percent above his nearest rival , Andrés Manuel López Obrador ( who contested the official results ) . Former President Vicente Fox was elected with a plurality of 43 % of the popular vote , Ernesto Zedillo won 48 % of the vote , and his predecessor Carlos Salinas won with a majority of 50 % . The current president , Enrique Peña Nieto won 38 % of the popular vote . The history of Mexico has not been a peaceful one . After the fall of dictator Porfirio Díaz in 1910 because of the Mexican Revolution , there was no stable government until 1929 , when all the revolutionary leaders united in one political party : the National Revolutionary Party , which later changed its name to the Party of the Mexican Revolution , and is now the Institutional Revolutionary Party ( Spanish : Partido Revolucionario Institucional ) . From then until 1988 , the PRI ruled Mexico as a virtual one - party state . Toward the end of his term , the incumbent president in consultation with party leaders , selected the PRI 's candidate in the next election in a procedure known as `` the tap of the finger '' ( Spanish : el dedazo ) . Until 1988 , the PRI 's candidate was virtually assured of election , winning by margins well over 70 percent of the vote -- results that were usually obtained by massive electoral fraud . In 1988 , however , the PRI ruptured and the dissidents formed the National Democratic Front with rival center - left parties ( now the PRD ) . Discontent with the PRI , and the popularity of the Front 's candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas led to worries that PRI candidate Carlos Salinas de Gortari would not come close to a majority , and might actually be defeated . While the votes were being counted , the tabulation system mysteriously shut down . The government declared Salinas the winner , leading to stronger than ever allegations of electoral fraud . The PRI enacted a strict internal discipline and government presence in the country , and electoral fraud became common . After the country regained its peace , this pattern of fraud continued , with the opposition losing every election until the later part of the 20th century . The first presidential election broadly considered legitimate was the one held in 1994 , when the PRI 's Ernesto Zedillo took office , and in his term several reforms were enacted to ensure fairness and transparency in elections . Partly as a consequence of these reforms , the 1997 federal congressional election saw the first opposition Chamber of Deputies ever , and the 2000 elections saw Vicente Fox of a PAN / PVEM alliance become the first opposition candidate to win an election since 1911 . This historical defeat was accepted on election night by the PRI in the voice of President Zedillo ; while this calmed fears of violence , it also fueled questions about the role of the president in the electoral process and to whom the responsibility of conceding defeat should fall in a democratic election . The role of unions in the new balance of power and future elections is documented in works like historian Enrique Krauze 's Analysis of the Corporative System . President - elect ( edit ) After the presidential election , political parties may issue challenges to the election . These challenges are heard by the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Power ; after it has heard and ruled on them , the Tribunal must either declare the election invalid , or certify the results of the elections in accordance to their rulings . Once the Tribunal declares the election valid , it issues a `` Certificate of Majority '' ( Constancia de Mayoría ) to the candidate who obtained a plurality . That candidate then becomes President - elect . The final decision is made in September , two months after the election is carried out . Presidential powers ( edit ) Mexico This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Mexico Constitution Law ( show ) Constitution ( history ) Human rights LGBT rights Law Abortion Labor Nationality Capital punishment Life imprisonment Gun politics Executive ( show ) President ( list ) Enrique Peña Nieto Federal government Cabinet Legislative ( show ) Congress ( current ) Senate Chamber of Deputies Federal electoral districts Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of Justice Federal Electoral Tribunal Administrative divisions ( show ) States Governors Municipalities Elections ( show ) Recent major elections General : 2006 2012 2018 Legislative : 2003 2009 2015 Gubernatorial : 2010 Federal Electoral Institute Political parties ( show ) Institutional Revolutionary National Action Democratic Revolution Labor Party National Regeneration Ecologist Green Citizens ' Movement New Alliance Foreign relations Other countries Atlas The 1917 Constitution borrowed heavily from the Constitution of the United States , providing for a clear separation of powers while giving the president wider powers than his American counterpart . However , this has only recently become the case in practice . For the first 71 years after the enactment of the 1917 Constitution , the president exercised nearly absolute control over the country . Much of this power came from the de facto monopoly status of the PRI . As mentioned above , he effectively chose his successor as president by personally nominating the PRI 's candidate in the next election . In addition , the unwritten rules of the PRI allowed him to designate party officials and candidates all the way down to the local level . He thus had an important ( but not exclusive ) influence over the political life of the country ( part of his power had to be shared with unions and other groups , but as an individual he had no peers ) . This , and his constitutional powers , made some political commentators describe the president as a six - year dictator , and to call this system an `` imperial presidency '' . The situation remained largely unchanged until the early 1980s , when a grave economic crisis created discomfort both in the population and inside the party , and the president 's power was no longer absolute but still impressive . An important characteristic of this system is that the new president was effectively chosen by the old one ( since the PRI candidate was assured of election ) but once he assumed power , the old one lost all power and influence ( `` no reelection '' is a cornerstone of Mexican politics ) . In fact , tradition called for the incumbent president to fade into the background during the campaign to elect his successor . This renewed command helped maintain party discipline and avoided the stagnation associated with a single man holding power for decades , prompting Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa to call Mexico 's political system `` the perfect dictatorship '' , since the president 's powers were cloaked by democratic practice . With the democratic reforms of recent years and fairer elections , the president 's powers have been limited in fact as well as in name . Vargas Llosa , during the Fox administration , called this new system `` The Imperfect Democracy '' . The current rights and powers of the president of Mexico are established , limited and enumerated by Article 89 of the Constitution which include the following : Promulgate and execute the laws enacted by the Congress , providing in the administrative sphere to its exact observance ; Appoint and remove freely the Secretaries of State , remove the ambassadors , consuls general and senior employees of the Treasury , appoint and remove freely all other employees of the Union whose appointment or removal is not otherwise in the Constitution or in laws ; Appoint , with Senate approval , ambassadors , consuls general , superior employees of the Treasury and members of collegial bodies of regulation in telecommunications , energy and economic competition ; Appoint , with the approval of the Senate , the colonels and other senior officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force ; Preserve national security , under the terms of the respective law , and have all of the permanent Armed Forces i.e. Army , Navy and Air Force for internal security and external defense of the Federation ; Having the National Guard to the same objects , in the terms that prevents Section IV of Article 76 ; Declare war on behalf of the United Mexican States with consent from the Congress of the Union ; Intervene in the appointment of the Attorney General of the Republic and delete it , in terms of the provisions of Article 102 , Section A , of this Constitution ; Conduct foreign policy and conclude international treaties and finish , denounce , suspend , modify , amend , remove reservations and issuing interpretative statements thereon , and submitting to the approval of the Senate . In conducting such a policy , the Chief Executive shall observe the following normative principles : self - determination of peoples ; nonintervention ; the peaceful settlement of disputes ; the prohibition of the threat or use of force in international relations ; the legal equality of States ; international cooperation for development ; respect , protection and promotion of human rights and the struggle for international peace and security ; Convene Congress into special session , when agreed by the Standing Committee ; Provide the judiciary the aid they need for the expeditious exercise of its functions ; Enable all classes of ports , establish maritime and border customs and designate their location ; Grant , according to law , pardons to criminals convicted of crimes jurisdiction of the federal courts ; Grant exclusive privileges for a limited time , in accordance with the respective law , to discoverers , inventors or perfectors in any branch of industry ; When the Senate is not in session , the President of the Republic may make appointments mentioned in sections III , IV and IX , with the approval of the Standing Committee ; At any time , opt for a coalition government with one or more of the political parties represented in Congress . To submit to the Senate , the three candidates for the appointment of judges of the Supreme Court and submit their resignations to the approval of licenses and Senate itself ; Objecting the appointment of commissioners body that sets the guarantor Article 6 . of this Constitution made by the Senate , under the terms established in this Constitution and the law ; The others expressly conferred by this Constitution . A decree is a legislative instrument that has an expiration date and that is issued by one of the three branches of government . Congress may issue decrees , and the President may issue decrees as well . However , they have all the power of laws , but can not be changed except by the power that issued them . Decrees are very limited in their extent . One such decree is the federal budget , which is issued by Congress . The president 's office may suggest a budget , but at the end of the day , it is Congress that decrees how to collect taxes and how to spend them . A Supreme Court ruling on Vicente Fox 's veto of the 2004 budget suggests that the President may have the right to veto decrees from Congress . Since 1997 , the Congress has been plural , usually with opposition parties having a majority . Major reforms ( tax , energy ) have to pass by Congress , and the ruling President usually found his efforts blocked : the PRI 's Zedillo by opposing PAN / PRD congressmen , and later the PAN 's Fox by the PRI and PRD . The PAN would push the reforms it denied to the PRI and vice versa . This situation , novel in a country where Congress was + 90 % dominated by the president 's party for most of the century , has led to a legal analysis of the president 's power . Formerly almost a dictator ( because of PRI 's party discipline ) , the current times show the president 's power as somewhat limited . In 2004 , President Fox threatened to veto the budget approved by Congress , claiming the budget overstepped his authority to lead the country , only to learn no branch of government had the power to veto a decree issued by another branch of government ( although a different , non jurisprudence - setting ruling stated he could return the budget with observations ) . Oath of office ( edit ) Upon taking office , the President raises his / her right arm to shoulder - level and takes the following oath : Protesto guardar y hacer guardar la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y las leyes que de ella emanen , y desempeñar leal y patrióticamente el cargo de Presidente de la República que el pueblo me ha conferido , mirando en todo por el bien y prosperidad de la Unión ; y si así no lo hiciere que la Nación me lo demande . Translation : I affirm to follow and uphold the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States and the laws that emanate from it , and to perform the office of President of the Republic which the people have conferred upon me with loyalty and patriotism , in all actions looking after the good and prosperity of the Union ; and if I do not fulfill these obligations , may the Nation demand it of me . Presidential sash and flag ( edit ) Ensign of the President , for use aboard naval vessels The Mexican Presidential sash has the colors of the Mexican flag in three bands of equal width , with red on top , white in the center , and green on the bottom , worn from right shoulder to left waist ; it also includes the National Seal , in gold thread , to be worn chest - high . During the swearing - in ceremony of a newly elected President , the outgoing President turns in the sash to the current President of Congress , who in turn gives it to the new President after the latter has sworn the oath of office . The sash is the symbol of the Executive Federal Power , and may only be worn by the current President . According to Article 35 of the Law on the National Arms , Flag , and Anthem , the President must wear the sash at the swearing - in ceremony , when he makes his annual State of the Union report to Congress , during the commemoration of the Grito de Dolores on September 15 of each year , and when he receives the diplomatic credentials of accredited foreign ambassadors and ministers . He is also expected to wear it `` in those official ceremonies of greatest solemnity '' . The sash is worn from right shoulder to left hip , and should be worn underneath the coat except during the swearing - in ceremony , when both the out - going and incoming president wear it over their coat ( Article 36 ) . In addition to the Presidential Sash , each president receives a Presidential Flag ; the flag has imprinted the words Estados Unidos Mexicanos in golden letters and the national coat of arms also in gold . Presidential residence ( edit ) The President 's official residence and main workplace is Los Pinos , located inside the Bosque de Chapultepec ( Chapultepec Park ) . The President has the right to use this residence for the six - year term of office . The National Palace , a building facing the Mexico City Zócalo , is officially the seat of the Executive Power , but is used only for ceremonies or national holidays such as Independence Day or Revolution Day . Some areas of the historic building are open to the public , and others hold some government offices . The President also has the use of Chapultepec Castle , formerly an Imperial palace of the Second Mexican Empire , and afterwards the official residence of Mexican Presidents until the Presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas . Succession ( edit ) Article 84 of the Mexican Constitution states that `` in case of absolute absence of a President '' the following should happen : Until Congress names a Substitute or Interim President , the Secretary of the Interior ( Secretario de Gobernación ) assumes executive powers provisionally ( Presidente Provisional ) , but can not make changes to the cabinet without advice and consent from the Senate . He must also provide an official report of his actions within ten days of leaving the post . Congress must elect an Interim or Substitute President within 60 days of the original absence . The Secretary of the Interior is not required to meet all requirements for the Presidency ; specifically , he is not required to meet the age or residency requirements , nor the requirement to not hold certain government positions ( Secretary of state , under - secretary of state , etc . ) If Congress is not in session , then the Permanent Commission calls Congress to an extraordinary session , at which point the process continues as below . If the absence ( death , impeachment , etc . ) should occur in the first two years of the term , Congress ( if in session , or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission ) must elect , by a majority of votes in a secret ballot with a quorum of at least two - thirds of its members , an Interim President ( Presidente Interino ) . Congress must also call for elections in no less than 14 months and no more than 18 months after the absence of the President occurs ; the person who wins those elections will be President for the remainder of the original six - year presidential term . If the absence should occur in the last four years of the term , Congress ( if in session , or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission ) will select a Substitute President ( Presidente Substituto ) by a majority of votes in a secret ballot as above . The Substitute President will be President of the United Mexican States until the end of the original six - year presidential term , at which point regular elections are held . No person who has already served as President , whether elected , Provisional , Interim , or Substitute , can be designated as Provisional , Interim , or Substitute President . The designation of the Secretary of the Interior as the immediate successor dates to August 2012 , when the changes to the Constitution were published in the Official Diary . The succession provisions have come into play only twice since the current constitution was enacted . In 1928 , after the assassination of president - elect Álvaro Obregón , Congress appointed Emilio Portes Gil as Interim President ; Portes Gil served in the position for 14 months while new elections were called . Pascual Ortiz Rubio was elected President in the special elections that followed in 1930 , but he resigned in 1932 . Abelardo L. Rodríguez was then appointed Interim President to fill out the remainder of Ortiz Rubio 's term ( under current law Rodríguez would be Substitute President , but at the time there was no distinction between Interim , Substitute , and Provisional Presidents ) . Living former presidents ( edit ) There are five living former presidents . The most recent former president to die was Miguel de la Madrid ( 1982 -- 1988 ) , on 1 April 2012 . Luis Echeverría ( 1970 -- 1976 ) ( 1922 - 01 - 17 ) January 17 , 1922 ( age 96 ) Carlos Salinas de Gortari ( 1988 -- 1994 ) ( 1948 - 04 - 03 ) April 3 , 1948 ( age 70 ) Ernesto Zedillo ( 1994 -- 2000 ) ( 1951 - 12 - 27 ) December 27 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Vicente Fox ( 2000 -- 2006 ) ( 1942 - 07 - 02 ) July 2 , 1942 ( age 76 ) Felipe Calderón ( 2006 -- 2012 ) ( 1962 - 08 - 18 ) August 18 , 1962 ( age 55 ) Former presidents of Mexico continue to carry the title `` President '' until death but are rarely referred by it ; they are commonly called ex-Presidents . They are also given protection by the Estado Mayor Presidencial . Former presidents are also given a lifelong pension , which they can refuse , as in the case of Ernesto Zedillo . Contrary to what happens in many other countries , former presidents of Mexico do not continue to be important national figures once out of office , and usually lead a discreet life . This is partly because they do not want to interfere with the government of the new president and partly because they may not have a good public image . This tradition can be traced back to the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas . Former president Plutarco Elías Calles had personally selected Cárdenas as his successor , and had hoped to control things from behind the scenes as he had for the last five years . However , when Cárdenas showed he was going to rule in fact as well as in name , Calles publicly criticized him , prompting Cárdenas to have Calles escorted out of the country by military police . Cárdenas himself remained silent on the policies of his successor Manuel Ávila Camacho , establishing a tradition that former presidents do not interfere with their successors . For example , Ernesto Zedillo holds important offices in the United Nations and in the private sector , but outside of Mexico . It is speculated he lives in a self - imposed exile to avoid the hatred of some of his fellow members of the PRI for having acknowledged the PRI 's defeat in the 2000 presidential election . Carlos Salinas also lived in a self - imposed exile in Ireland , but returned to Mexico . He campaigned intensely to have his brother , Raúl Salinas , freed after he was jailed in the early days of Zedillo 's term , accused of drug trafficking and planning the assassination of José Francisco Ruiz Massieu . Carlos Salinas also wrote a book on neo-liberal Mexico , secured a position with the Dow Jones Company in the United States , and worked as a professor at several prestigious universities in that country . Felipe Calderón was given a contract to work as a professor for Harvard University in 2013 , but he returned to Mexico in 2014 . It was rumored that he would look after the then newly created Humanist Party ; this fact was eventually denied by his wife . Along with Felipe Calderón , two other surviving former presidents , Luis Echeverría and Vicente Fox , still live in Mexico . On June 30 , 2006 , Echeverría was placed under house arrest under charges of genocide for his role as Secretary of the Interior during the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre . The house arrest was lifted in 2009 . List of Presidents of Mexico ( edit ) Main article : List of heads of state of Mexico See also ( edit ) Mexico portal List of Tenochtitlan rulers Emperor of Mexico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ At an exchange rate of 17.95 pesos to one dollar , approximately $11,619 per month ; the salary after taxes is listed as MXN $147,651.22 ( US $11,391.99 ) . `` Portal de Obligaciones de Transparencia '' . 2012 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Article 80 , Constitution of Mexico . `` Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Cámara de Diputados . p. 55 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Enrique Pena Nieto wins Mexican presidential election '' . The Daily Telegraph ( London ) . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Buckman , Robert T. ( 2007 ) . The World Today Series : Latin America 2007 . Harpers Ferry , West Virginia : Stryker - Post Publications . ISBN 1 - 887985 - 84 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Branch . Retrieved 20 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Calderón regresa a México para `` supervisar '' al Partido Humanista `` . SDP Noticias . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Calderón regresó a México , confirma su esposa '' . Proceso . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Echeverría , bajo prisión preventiva domiciliaria - El Universal - México '' . El Universal . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 19 . External links ( edit ) President of México - Official government website <Th_colspan="3"> Presidents of Mexico <Td_colspan="2"> Guadalupe Victoria Vicente Guerrero José María Bocanegra Pedro Vélez Anastasio Bustamante Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Valentín Gómez Farías Antonio López de Santa Anna Miguel Barragán José Justo Corro Nicolás Bravo Francisco Javier Echeverría Valentín Canalizo José Joaquín de Herrera Mariano Paredes José Mariano Salas Pedro María de Anaya Manuel de la Peña Mariano Arista Juan Bautista Ceballos Manuel María Lombardini Martín Carrera Rómulo Díaz Juan Álvarez Hurtado Ignacio Comonfort Félix María Zuloaga Manuel Robles Pezuela Miguel Miramón José Ignacio Pavón Benito Juárez Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada José María Iglesias Juan N. Méndez Porfirio Díaz Manuel González Flores Francisco León de la Barra Francisco I. Madero Pedro Lascuráin Victoriano Huerta Francisco S. 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-4,207,868,324,148,179,000 | where did the word cold turkey originated from | Cold turkey - wikipedia Cold turkey Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cold turkey ( disambiguation ) . `` Cold turkey '' refers to the abrupt cessation of a substance dependence and the resulting unpleasant experience , as opposed to gradually easing the process through reduction over time or by using replacement medication . The term comes from the piloerection or `` goose bumps '' that occurs with abrupt withdrawal from opioids , which resembles the skin of a plucked refrigerated turkey . Sudden withdrawal from drugs such as alcohol , benzodiazepines , and barbiturates can be extremely dangerous , leading to potentially fatal seizures . For long - term alcoholics , going cold turkey can cause life - threatening delirium tremens , rendering this an inappropriate method for breaking an alcohol addiction . In the case of opioid withdrawal , going `` cold turkey '' is extremely unpleasant but less dangerous . Life - threatening issues are unlikely unless one has a pre-existing medical condition . Smoking cessation methods advanced by J. Wayne McFarland and Elman J. Folkenburg ( an M.D. and a pastor who wrote their Five Day Plan ca . 1959 ) , Joel Spitzer and John R. Polito ( smoking cessation educators ) and Allen Carr ( who founded Easyway during the early 1980s ) are cold turkey plans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 In popular culture 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Music 2.4 Video games 3 See also 4 References Etymology ( edit ) An early printed use of the term from 1920 : Some addicts voluntarily stop taking opiates and `` suffer it out '' as they express it without medical assistance , a process which in their slang is called taking `` cold turkey '' ... Another early printed use of the term in the media to refer to drug withdrawal occurred in the Daily Colonist in British Columbia in 1921 : Perhaps the most pitiful figures who have appeared before Dr. Carleton Simon ... are those who voluntarily surrender themselves . When they go before him , that are given what is called the ' cold turkey ' treatment . The phrase `` taking cold turkey '' has also been reported during the 1920s as slang for pleading guilty . The term is later seen in the 1947 novel I , The Jury ' by Mickey Spillane : Included was a medical record from the hospital when he had made her go cold turkey , which is dope - addict talk for an all - out cure . On February 26 , 1951 Time magazine article `` High & Light '' used the phrase , stating : There is one dimly hopeful side to the teenage dope problem . Unlike older people , few teenagers appear to take to drugs because of psychological troubles ; youngsters usually start using narcotics either out of ignorance or the same reckless impulses which lead them to race hot rods . Though they are easier to wean , however , there are almost no facilities for taking care of them . On New York City 's Rikers Island , youngsters have to endure the horrors of a sudden `` cold turkey '' cure or get none at all . Once released , many go right back to drugs again . In early drug slang , the term `` going cold turkey '' was referred to suddenly and totally stopping drugs . The term is now used in general slang with the broader meaning of stopping any habit or practice suddenly . There are several explanations of the phrase 's origin : The `` goose bumps '' ( piloerection ) that occurs with sudden discontinuation in persons dependent on opioids , frequently persons addicted to heroin . Similarly the term `` kick the habit '' alludes to the muscle spasms that also occur . A narrowing of the meaning `` suddenly or without preparation '' , from cold turkey being a dish that requires little preparation ; originally used for heroin addicts . From the American phrase talk turkey meaning `` to speak bluntly with little preparation '' . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) Instances of the phrase 's use in popular culture include : Film ( edit ) Norman Lear 's 1971 movie Cold Turkey , about a small town that gives up smoking to win $25,000,000 French Connection II ( 1975 ) had Gene Hackman 's NYCPD Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle lead character suffering this after the drug ring he was pursuing captured him and forced heroin on him while keeping him prisoner . In Trainspotting ( 1996 ) , Renton goes cold turkey after overdosing on heroin . Television ( edit ) Kojak episode `` Sweeter Than Life '' has one of the title character 's cousins going through cold turkey ( 1975 ) Hollyoaks `` Episode 4429 '' sees cold turkey as the only plot with character Ste Hay ( 2016 ) Wentworth episode `` Smitten '' sees character Allie Novak going through cold turkey . ( 2016 ) Music ( edit ) John Lennon 's song `` Cold Turkey '' ( 1969 ) , about giving up heroin Green Day 's song `` Hitchin ' A Ride '' ( 1997 ) , main singer says `` cold turkey 's getting stale '' , in a hidden reference to the state Cage 's song `` This Place '' ( 2013 ) , wherein he sings : `` I ca n't believe I made it out with so little damage / Back then I thought cold turkey was a fuckin ' sandwich '' Video games ( edit ) Fallout 2 ( post-apocalyptic cRPG , 1998 ) : Myron mentions going cold turkey as the only cure for Jet addiction . See also ( edit ) Look up cold turkey in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Smoking cessation Drug withdrawal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hales , Robert E. ; Yudofsky , Stuart C. ; Roberts , Laura Weiss ( 2014 ) . The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry , Sixth Edition . American Psychiatric Publishing . p. 779 . ISBN 9781585624447 . ^ Jump up to : Ghodse , Hamid ( 2010 ) . Ghodse 's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour : A Guide to Treatment . Cambridge University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 9781139485678 . Jump up ^ Hughes , John R. ( 2009 ) . `` Alcohol withdrawal seizures '' . Epilepsy & Behavior . 15 ( 2 ) : 92 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yebeh. 2009.02. 037 . PMID 19249388 . Jump up ^ Opiate withdrawal . Medline Plus -- NIH . Jump up ^ `` New book details history of LLU bringing ' Health to the People ' '' . Loma Linda University . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McFarland , J. Wayne ; Folkenberg , Elman J. ( 1964 ) . `` The Five - Day Plan to Quit Smoking '' ( PDF ) . University Health Services , University of Wisconsin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WhyQuit '' . WhyQuit . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Carr Worldwide '' . Allen Carr . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Narcotic Drug Problem Arthur D. Greenfield . December 1920 . Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Health in the City of New York , Volume 10 Jump up ^ Movers and Shakers : A Chronology of Words that Shaped Our Age , by John Ayto Jump up ^ Statistical Report . New York ( N.Y. ) . Police Dept . Page 192 . 1924 . Jump up ^ Cold turkey Definition.net . Jump up ^ `` Cold turkey '' in the Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` cold turkey '' definition , Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Green Day Song Hitchin ' A Ride & common sense Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_turkey&oldid=835299118 '' Categories : Drug rehabilitation Substance dependence Slang Hidden categories : Articles with trivia sections from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی עברית Latina Nederlands Polski Svenska West - Vlams 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Substance dependence and withdrawal
2. Cold turkey method
3. Opioid withdrawal symptoms
4. Alcohol addiction and delirium tremens
5. Smoking cessation methods |
5,800,880,427,637,596,000 | game of thrones season 8 is the last season | Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones ( season 8 ) Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network HBO <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 7 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Game of Thrones episodes The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was confirmed by HBO in July 2016 . Unlike the first six seasons that all consisted of ten episodes , and the seventh which consisted of seven episodes , the eighth season will consist of only six episodes . Like the previous season , it will largely consist of original content currently not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , and will instead adapt material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series , The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring . The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . Filming for the eighth season officially began on October 23 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting cast 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Episodes 3.5 Music 4 References 5 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 68 TBA David Nutter Dave Hill TBA TBD 69 TBA David Nutter Bryan Cogman TBA TBD 70 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss TBA TBD 71 TBA David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss TBA TBD 72 5 TBA Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss TBA TBD 73 6 TBA David Benioff & D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss TBA TBD Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Supporting cast ( edit ) Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Marc Rissmann as Harry Strickland Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season . The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017 . Miguel Sapochnik , who previously directed `` The Gift '' and `` Hardhome '' on season 5 , as well as `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' on season 6 will return as director . He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter , who had directed two episodes on seasons two , three and five . The final episode of the show will be directed by Benioff and Weiss , who have previously directed one episode each . At the show 's SXSW panel on March 12 , 2017 , Benioff and Weiss announced the writers for the show to be Dave Hill ( episode 1 ) and Bryan Cogman ( episode 2 ) . The showrunners will then divide up the screenplay for the remaining four episodes amongst themselves . Writing ( edit ) Writing for the eighth season started with a 140 - page outline . Benioff said that the divvying up process and who should write what section became more difficult , being that `` this would be the last time that we would be doing this . '' Filming ( edit ) In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , HBO programming president Casey Bloys said that the final season could air in 2018 or later in 2019 , adding that they have to figure out the production schedule for this `` extremely cinematic '' finale season first . Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film , the final season would be `` six one - hour movies '' on television . He continued , `` The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so , than film . What they 're doing is monumental . '' Filming officially began on October 23 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) In an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , it was said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said , `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed in July 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes , and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason . Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show , saying , `` From the beginning we 've wanted to tell a 70 - hour movie . It will turn out to be a 73 - hour movie , but it 's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning , middle and now we 're coming to the end . It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way , I 'm very happy we 've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to . '' Music ( edit ) Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Confirms ' Game of Thrones ' Will End With Eighth Season '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 : Directors revealed for all episodes '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' DP Fabian Wagner on Zack Snyder 's Cut , Superman 's Black Suit & ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Collider . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Biz ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The final season of ' Game of Thrones ' will only be six episodes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . Winteriscoming.net . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate In Season 8 '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . Making Off Game of Thrones . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , John ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` There 's a new tag team in town . 💪 Hope you enjoyed season 7 . Thanks for watching and we 'll be back . The wait starts now . 😊 # gameofthrones # GOT '' . Instagram . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . HuffPost . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Rory McCann Says He 's Already Training For Cleganebowl '' . HuffPost . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con Stockholm 2017 - Iain Glen Q&A '' . Youtube . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Night 's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8 , confirms Lord Commander actor '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medeiros , Madison ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Attention Cleganebowl Fans : The Hound & The Mountain Are Already Bashing Each Other IRL '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 casting announcement debunks fan theory '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 8 : Everything We Know About the Final Season '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Ashley ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Missed From Game of Thrones at SXSW 2017 '' . Making Game of Thrones . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd , James Hibberd ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO clarifies prequels , final seasons plan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway as cast members spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones producers confirm final season only 6 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire <Td_colspan="2"> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Game of Thrones episodes <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_8)&oldid=818086866 '' Categories : Game of Thrones Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Français Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 13 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Game of Thrones season 8
2. Final season of Game of Thrones
3. Number of episodes in season 8
4. Cast of Game of Thrones season 8
5. Production and filming of season 8 |
3,158,783,960,270,289,000 | which state in us has the largest population | List of U.S. States and territories by population - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by population Jump to : navigation , search Map of each state 's population as of 2013 As of April 1 , 2010 , the date of the 2010 United States Census , the nine most populous U.S. states contain slightly more than half of the total population . The 25 least populous states contain less than one - sixth of the total population . California , the most populous state , contains more people than the 21 least populous states combined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Electoral apportionment 3 State information 4 Summary of population by region 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Methodology ( edit ) Map of population change in U.S. states from April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 The United States Census counts most persons residing in the United States including citizens , non-citizen permanent residents , and non-citizen long - term visitors . Civilian and military federal employees serving abroad and their dependents are counted in their home state . Electoral apportionment ( edit ) Based on data from the decennial census , each state is allocated a proportion of the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives , although each state is guaranteed a minimum of one seat , regardless of population . This apportionment is based on the proportion of each state 's population to that of the Fifty States together ( without regard to the populations of the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or other U.S. dependencies ) . The Electoral College is the body that , every four years , elects the President and Vice President of the United States . Each state 's representation in the Electoral College is equal to that state 's total number of members in both houses of the United States Congress . The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution effectively grants the District of Columbia , which is separate from any state , three votes . More precisely , the district gets as many votes in the Electoral College as it would have if it were a state , with the caveat that the district can have no more votes than the least populous state ( which is currently Wyoming ) . Currently , this caveat is a moot point since the District would only be entitled to one Representative if it were a state , and is more populous than only two of the seven states with a single member in the House since 2013 . Since the Constitution guarantees every state at least one Representative and guarantees every state two Senators , it effectively guarantees every state ( and , since the ratification of the 23rd Amendment , the District of Columbia ) at least three electoral votes . Thus , the total representation in the College is 538 members ( equal to 100 senators plus 435 representatives , plus 3 members for the District of Columbia ) . The eleven most populous states , representing 56 % of the population , currently have a majority of the Electoral College votes , enough to elect the president . These eleven states have not voted for the same candidate in any presidential election since 1984 . State information ( edit ) Rank in the fifty states , 2016 Rank in all states & territories , 2010 State or territory Population estimate , July 1 , 2016 Census population , April 1 , 2010 Total seats in House of Representatives , 2013 -- 2023 Estimated pop . per House seat , 2016 Census pop . per House seat , 2010 Percent of total U.S. pop. , 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 California 39,250,017 37,254,503 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 738,581 702,905 12.15 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Texas 27,862,596 25,146,105 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 763,031 698,487 8.62 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Florida 20,612,439 18,804,623 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 750,788 696,345 6.38 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 New York 19,745,289 19,378,087 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 733,177 717,707 6.11 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Illinois 12,801,539 12,831,549 align = cen 714,444 712,813 3.96 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Pennsylvania 12,784,227 12,702,887 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 711,250 705,688 3.96 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ohio 11,614,373 11,536,725 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 725,839 721,032 3.59 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Georgia 10,310,371 9,688,681 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 729,633 691,975 3.19 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 North Carolina 10,146,788 9,535,692 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 772,523 733,498 3.14 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Michigan 9,928,300 9,884,129 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 708,755 705,974 3.07 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New Jersey 8,944,469 8,791,936 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 746,501 732,658 2.77 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Virginia 8,411,808 8,001,045 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 762,090 727,366 2.60 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Washington 7,288,000 6,724,543 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 717,035 672,454 2.26 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Arizona 6,931,071 6,392,307 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 758,674 710,224 2.15 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Massachusetts 6,811,779 6,547,817 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 754,936 727,514 2.11 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Tennessee 6,651,194 6,346,275 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 733,367 705,123 2.06 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Indiana 6,633,053 6,484,229 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 735,520 720,422 2.05 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Missouri 6,093,000 5,988,927 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 760,459 748,615 1.89 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Maryland 6,016,447 5,773,785 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 750,800 721,694 1.86 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Wisconsin 5,778,708 5,687,289 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 721,417 710,873 1.79 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Colorado 5,540,545 5,029,324 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 779,511 720,704 1.72 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Minnesota 5,519,952 5,303,925 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 686,199 662,991 1.71 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 South Carolina 4,961,119 4,625,401 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 699,449 660,766 1.54 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Alabama 4,863,300 4,780,127 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 694,140 682,819 1.51 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Louisiana 4,681,666 4,533,479 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 778,454 755,562 1.45 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Kentucky 4,436,974 4,339,349 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 737,515 723,228 1.37 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Oregon 4,093,465 3,831,073 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 805,795 766,215 1.27 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Oklahoma 3,923,561 3,751,616 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 782,268 750,270 1.21 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Connecticut 3,576,452 3,574,118 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 718,177 714,819 1.11 % 7001710000000000000 ♠ -- 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Puerto Rico 3,411,307 3,726,157 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 1.06 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Iowa 3,134,693 3,046,869 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 780,975 761,589 0.97 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Utah 3,051,217 2,763,888 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 748,083 690,221 0.94 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Mississippi 2,988,726 2,968,103 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 748,083 741,824 0.93 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Arkansas 2,988,248 2,915,958 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 744,551 728,980 0.93 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Nevada 2,940,058 2,700,691 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 722,711 675,110 0.91 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Kansas 2,907,289 2,853,132 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 727,910 713,280 0.90 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 New Mexico 2,081,015 2,059,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 695,036 686,393 0.64 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Nebraska 1,907,116 1,826,341 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 632,063 608,780 0.59 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 West Virginia 1,831,102 1,853,011 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 614,709 617,665 0.57 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Idaho 1,683,140 1,567,652 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 827,465 783,791 0.52 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Hawaii 1,428,557 1,360,301 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 715,802 680,151 0.44 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 New Hampshire 1,334,795 1,316,466 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 665,304 658,235 0.41 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Maine 1,331,479 1,328,361 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 664,664 664,181 0.41 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Rhode Island 1,056,426 1,052,931 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 528,149 526,284 0.33 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Montana 1,042,520 989,417 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,032,949 989,415 0.32 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Delaware 952,065 897,936 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 952,065 897,934 0.30 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 South Dakota 865,454 814,191 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 858,469 814,180 0.27 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 North Dakota 757,952 672,591 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 756,927 672,591 0.24 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Alaska 741,894 710,249 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 741,894 710,231 0.23 % 7001610000000000000 ♠ -- 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 District of Columbia 681,170 601,767 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.21 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Vermont 624,594 625,745 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 626,042 625,741 0.19 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Wyoming 585,501 563,767 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 586,107 563,626 0.18 % 7001720000000000000 ♠ -- 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Guam 161,785 159,358 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.06 % 7001730000000000000 ♠ -- 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 U.S. Virgin Islands 103,574 106,405 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.04 % 7001740000000000000 ♠ -- 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 American Samoa 54,343 55,519 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.01 % 7001750000000000000 ♠ -- 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Northern Mariana Islands 52,344 53,883 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.00 % 7001760000000000000 ♠ -- 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Wake Island 188 382 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001780000000000000 ♠ -- 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Johnston Atoll 40 1,100 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001790000000000000 ♠ -- 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Midway Atoll 75 2,220 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001800000000000000 ♠ -- 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Palmyra Atoll 20 n / a 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001810000000000000 ♠ -- 7001810000000000000 ♠ -- Contiguous United States 320,975,339 306,687,555 432 ( + 1 non-voting ) -- -- 98.18 % 7001820000000000000 ♠ -- 7001820000000000000 ♠ -- The fifty states 322,464,620 308,156,338 435 737,348 708,376 98.48 % 7001830000000000000 ♠ -- 7001830000000000000 ♠ -- Fifty states + D.C. 323,145,790 308,758,105 435 ( + 1 non-voting ) -- -- 98.67 % 7001840000000000000 ♠ -- 7001840000000000000 ♠ -- Total U.S. territory 326,929,143 312,913,872 435 ( + 6 non-voting ) -- -- 100.00 % Jump up ^ Because of rounding of the individual percentages , the entries in this column may not sum to 100 % . Summary of population by region ( edit ) Legend Division totals -- 9 divisions for 50 states and D.C. Region totals -- 4 regions ( 2 or 3 divisions each ) Individual territories Total U.S. Territories 50 States + District of Columbia Divisions & regions as defined by U.S. Census Bureau Last col . shows larger region which contains entity in col. 1 Population of states , territories , divisions and regions State / Territory / Division / Region Rank 2013 population Rank population Rank 2000 population Rank 2000 - change Geographic sort 21 ! Massachusetts 14 ! 14 28 ! 6,692,824 14 ! 14 28 ! 6,547,629 13 ! 13 27 ! 6,349,097 43 ! 43 56 ! 3.1 % 01 ! NEng 07 ! Connecticut 29 ! 29 44 ! 3,596,080 29 ! 29 45 ! 3,574,097 29 ! 29 45 ! 3,405,565 35 ! 35 45 ! 4.9 % 02 ! NEng 19 ! Maine 41 ! 41 56 ! 1,328,302 41 ! 41 57 ! 1,328,361 40 ! 40 56 ! 1,274,923 39 ! 39 49 ! 4.2 % 03 ! NEng 29 ! New Hampshire 42 ! 42 57 ! 1,323,459 42 ! 42 58 ! 1,316,470 41 ! 41 57 ! 1,235,786 32 ! 32 41 ! 6.5 % 04 ! NEng 39 ! Rhode Island 43 ! 43 58 ! 1,051,511 43 ! 43 59 ! 1,052,567 43 ! 43 59 ! 1,048,319 49 ! 49 65 ! 0.4 % 05 ! NEng 45 ! Vermont 49 ! 49 65 ! 626,630 49 ! 49 65 ! 625,741 49 ! 49 65 ! 608,827 44 ! 44 60 ! 2.8 % 06 ! NEng 55 ! New England 59 ! 9 18 ! 14,618,806 59 ! 9 18 ! 14,444,865 59 ! 9 18 ! 13,922,517 57 ! 7 52 ! 3.8 % 07 ! NEast 32 ! New York 03 ! 3 15 ! 19,651,127 03 ! 3 15 ! 19,378,102 03 ! 3 14 ! 18,976,457 46 ! 46 62 ! 2.1 % 08 ! MAtl 38 ! Pennsylvania 06 ! 6 20 ! 12,773,801 06 ! 6 20 ! 12,702,379 06 ! 6 20 ! 12,281,054 41 ! 41 53 ! 3.4 % 09 ! MAtl 30 ! New Jersey 11 ! 11 25 ! 8,899,339 11 ! 11 25 ! 8,791,894 09 ! 9 23 ! 8,414,350 37 ! 37 47 ! 4.5 % 10 ! MAtl 53 ! Mid-Atlantic 54 ! 4 09 ! 41,324,267 54 ! 4 09 ! 40,872,375 54 ! 4 09 ! 39,671,861 58 ! 8 57 ! 3.0 % 11 ! NEast 61 ! Northeast 63 ! 4 06 ! 55,943,073 63 ! 4 06 ! 55,317,240 63 ! 4 05 ! 53,594,378 63 ! 4 55 ! 3.2 % 12 ! USA 09 ! Florida 04 ! 4 16 ! 19,552,860 04 ! 4 16 ! 18,801,310 04 ! 4 17 ! 15,982,378 08 ! 8 09 ! 17.6 % 13 ! SAtl 10 ! Georgia 08 ! 8 22 ! 9,992,167 09 ! 9 23 ! 9,687,653 10 ! 10 24 ! 8,186,453 07 ! 7 08 ! 18.3 % 14 ! SAtl 33 ! North Carolina 10 ! 10 24 ! 9,848,060 10 ! 10 24 ! 9,535,483 11 ! 11 25 ! 8,049,313 06 ! 6 07 ! 18.5 % 15 ! SAtl 46 ! Virginia 12 ! 12 26 ! 8,260,405 12 ! 12 26 ! 8,001,024 12 ! 12 26 ! 7,078,515 16 ! 16 21 ! 13.0 % 16 ! SAtl 20 ! Maryland 19 ! 19 33 ! 5,928,814 19 ! 19 33 ! 5,773,552 19 ! 19 33 ! 5,296,486 23 ! 23 30 ! 9.0 % 17 ! SAtl 40 ! South Carolina 24 ! 24 38 ! 4,774,839 24 ! 24 38 ! 4,625,364 26 ! 26 41 ! 4,012,012 10 ! 10 13 ! 15.3 % 18 ! SAtl 48 ! West Virginia 38 ! 38 53 ! 1,854,304 37 ! 37 53 ! 1,852,994 37 ! 37 53 ! 1,808,344 45 ! 45 61 ! 2.5 % 19 ! SAtl 08 ! Delaware 45 ! 45 60 ! 925,749 45 ! 45 61 ! 897,934 45 ! 45 61 ! 783,600 11 ! 11 14 ! 14.6 % 20 ! SAtl 64 ! District of Columbia 64 ! -- 64 ! 646,449 64 ! -- 66 ! 601,723 64 ! -- 66 ! 572,059 64 ! -- 44 ! 5.2 % 21 ! SAtl 57 ! South Atlantic 51 ! 1 05 ! 61,783,647 51 ! 1 05 ! 59,777,037 51 ! 1 06 ! 51,769,160 53 ! 3 12 ! 15.5 % 22 ! South 42 ! Tennessee 17 ! 17 31 ! 6,495,978 17 ! 17 31 ! 6,346,105 16 ! 16 30 ! 5,689,283 19 ! 19 24 ! 11.5 % 23 ! ESC 01 ! Alabama 23 ! 23 37 ! 4,833,722 23 ! 23 37 ! 4,779,736 23 ! 23 37 ! 4,447,100 27 ! 27 35 ! 7.5 % 24 ! ESC 17 ! Kentucky 26 ! 26 40 ! 4,395,295 26 ! 26 40 ! 4,339,367 25 ! 25 40 ! 4,041,769 28 ! 28 36 ! 7.4 % 25 ! ESC 24 ! Mississippi 31 ! 31 46 ! 2,991,207 31 ! 31 47 ! 2,967,297 31 ! 31 47 ! 2,844,658 38 ! 38 48 ! 4.3 % 26 ! ESC 52 ! East South Central 58 ! 8 17 ! 18,716,202 58 ! 8 17 ! 18,432,505 58 ! 8 16 ! 17,022,810 55 ! 5 32 ! 8.3 % 27 ! South 43 ! Texas 02 ! 2 12 ! 26,448,193 02 ! 2 12 ! 25,145,561 02 ! 2 12 ! 20,851,820 05 ! 5 06 ! 20.6 % 28 ! WSC 18 ! Louisiana 25 ! 25 39 ! 4,625,470 25 ! 25 39 ! 4,533,372 22 ! 22 36 ! 4,468,976 48 ! 48 64 ! 1.4 % 29 ! WSC 36 ! Oklahoma 28 ! 28 42 ! 3,850,568 28 ! 28 43 ! 3,751,351 27 ! 27 43 ! 3,450,654 24 ! 24 31 ! 8.7 % 30 ! WSC 04 ! Arkansas 32 ! 32 47 ! 2,959,373 32 ! 32 48 ! 2,915,918 33 ! 33 49 ! 2,673,400 22 ! 22 29 ! 9.1 % 31 ! WSC 59 ! West South Central 55 ! 5 11 ! 37,883,604 55 ! 5 11 ! 36,346,202 55 ! 5 11 ! 31,444,850 52 ! 2 11 ! 15.6 % 32 ! South 62 ! South 60 ! 1 02 ! 118,383,453 60 ! 1 02 ! 114,555,744 60 ! 1 02 ! 100,236,820 60 ! 1 15 ! 14.3 % 33 ! USA 13 ! Illinois 05 ! 5 19 ! 12,882,135 05 ! 5 19 ! 12,830,632 05 ! 5 19 ! 12,419,293 42 ! 42 54 ! 3.3 % 34 ! ENC 35 ! Ohio 07 ! 7 21 ! 11,570,808 07 ! 7 21 ! 11,536,504 07 ! 7 21 ! 11,353,140 47 ! 47 63 ! 1.6 % 35 ! ENC 22 ! Michigan 09 ! 9 23 ! 9,895,622 08 ! 8 22 ! 9,883,640 08 ! 8 22 ! 9,938,444 50 ! 50 66 ! - 0.6 % 36 ! ENC 14 ! Indiana 16 ! 16 30 ! 6,570,902 15 ! 15 29 ! 6,483,802 14 ! 14 28 ! 6,080,485 31 ! 31 39 ! 6.6 % 37 ! ENC 49 ! Wisconsin 20 ! 20 34 ! 5,742,713 20 ! 20 34 ! 5,686,986 18 ! 18 32 ! 5,363,675 34 ! 34 43 ! 6.0 % 38 ! ENC 51 ! East North Central 53 ! 3 08 ! 46,662,180 53 ! 3 08 ! 46,421,564 52 ! 2 07 ! 45,155,037 59 ! 9 59 ! 2.8 % 39 ! MWest 25 ! Missouri 18 ! 18 32 ! 6,044,171 18 ! 18 32 ! 5,988,927 17 ! 17 31 ! 5,595,211 29 ! 29 37 ! 7.0 % 40 ! WNC 23 ! Minnesota 21 ! 21 35 ! 5,420,380 21 ! 21 35 ! 5,303,925 21 ! 21 35 ! 4,919,479 26 ! 26 34 ! 7.8 % 41 ! WNC 15 ! Iowa 30 ! 30 45 ! 3,090,416 30 ! 30 46 ! 3,046,355 30 ! 30 46 ! 2,926,324 40 ! 40 50 ! 4.1 % 42 ! WNC 16 ! Kansas 34 ! 34 49 ! 2,893,957 33 ! 33 49 ! 2,853,118 32 ! 32 48 ! 2,688,418 33 ! 33 42 ! 6.1 % 43 ! WNC 27 ! Nebraska 37 ! 37 52 ! 1,868,516 38 ! 38 54 ! 1,826,341 38 ! 38 54 ! 1,711,263 30 ! 30 38 ! 6.7 % 44 ! WNC 41 ! South Dakota 46 ! 46 61 ! 844,877 46 ! 46 62 ! 814,180 46 ! 46 62 ! 754,844 25 ! 25 33 ! 7.9 % 45 ! WNC 34 ! North Dakota 48 ! 48 63 ! 723,393 48 ! 48 64 ! 672,591 47 ! 47 63 ! 642,200 36 ! 36 46 ! 4.7 % 46 ! WNC 58 ! West North Central 57 ! 7 14 ! 20,885,710 57 ! 7 14 ! 20,505,437 56 ! 6 13 ! 19,237,739 56 ! 6 40 ! 6.6 % 47 ! MWest 60 ! Midwest 62 ! 3 04 ! 67,547,890 62 ! 3 04 ! 66,927,001 61 ! 2 03 ! 64,392,776 62 ! 3 51 ! 3.9 % 48 ! USA 03 ! Arizona 15 ! 15 29 ! 6,626,624 16 ! 16 30 ! 6,392,017 20 ! 20 34 ! 5,130,632 02 ! 2 02 ! 24.6 % 49 ! Mtn 06 ! Colorado 22 ! 22 36 ! 5,268,367 22 ! 22 36 ! 5,029,196 24 ! 24 38 ! 4,301,261 09 ! 9 10 ! 16.9 % 50 ! Mtn 44 ! Utah 33 ! 33 48 ! 2,900,872 34 ! 34 50 ! 2,763,885 34 ! 34 50 ! 2,233,169 03 ! 3 03 ! 23.8 % 51 ! Mtn 28 ! Nevada 35 ! 35 50 ! 2,790,136 35 ! 35 51 ! 2,700,551 35 ! 35 51 ! 1,998,257 01 ! 1 01 ! 35.1 % 52 ! Mtn 31 ! New Mexico 36 ! 36 51 ! 2,085,287 36 ! 36 52 ! 2,059,179 36 ! 36 52 ! 1,819,046 15 ! 15 20 ! 13.2 % 53 ! Mtn 12 ! Idaho 39 ! 39 54 ! 1,612,136 39 ! 39 55 ! 1,567,582 39 ! 39 55 ! 1,293,953 04 ! 4 05 ! 21.1 % 54 ! Mtn 26 ! Montana 44 ! 44 59 ! 1,015,165 44 ! 44 60 ! 989,415 44 ! 44 60 ! 902,195 21 ! 21 28 ! 9.7 % 55 ! Mtn 50 ! Wyoming 50 ! 50 66 ! 582,658 50 ! 50 67 ! 563,626 50 ! 50 67 ! 493,782 12 ! 12 16 ! 14.1 % 56 ! Mtn 54 ! Mountain 56 ! 6 13 ! 22,881,245 56 ! 6 13 ! 22,065,451 57 ! 7 15 ! 18,172,295 51 ! 1 04 ! 21.4 % 57 ! West 05 ! California 01 ! 1 10 ! 38,332,521 01 ! 1 10 ! 37,253,956 01 ! 1 10 ! 33,871,648 20 ! 20 26 ! 10.0 % 58 ! Pac 47 ! Washington 13 ! 13 27 ! 6,971,406 13 ! 13 27 ! 6,724,540 15 ! 15 29 ! 5,894,121 13 ! 13 17 ! 14.1 % 59 ! Pac 37 ! Oregon 27 ! 27 41 ! 3,930,065 27 ! 27 42 ! 3,831,074 28 ! 28 44 ! 3,421,399 18 ! 18 23 ! 12.0 % 60 ! Pac 11 ! Hawaii 40 ! 40 55 ! 1,404,054 40 ! 40 56 ! 1,360,301 42 ! 42 58 ! 1,211,537 17 ! 17 22 ! 12.3 % 61 ! Pac 02 ! Alaska 47 ! 47 62 ! 735,132 47 ! 47 63 ! 710,231 48 ! 48 64 ! 626,932 14 ! 14 19 ! 13.3 % 62 ! Pac 56 ! Pacific 52 ! 2 07 ! 51,373,178 52 ! 2 07 ! 49,880,102 53 ! 3 08 ! 45,025,637 54 ! 4 25 ! 10.8 % 63 ! West 63 ! West 61 ! 2 03 ! 74,254,423 61 ! 2 03 ! 71,945,553 62 ! 3 04 ! 63,197,932 61 ! 2 18 ! 13.8 % 64 ! USA 65 ! 50 states and D.C. 65 ! -- 01 ! 316,128,839 65 ! -- 01 ! 308,745,538 65 ! -- 01 ! 281,421,906 65 ! -- 27 ! 9.7 % 65 ! NAmer 69 ! Puerto Rico 66 ! 1 43 ! 3,615,086 66 ! 1 44 ! 3,725,789 66 ! 1 42 ! 3,808,610 68 ! 3 68 ! - 2.2 % 66 ! Terr . 67 ! Guam 67 ! 2 68 ! -- 67 ! 2 68 ! 159,358 67 ! 2 68 ! 154,805 66 ! 1 58 ! 2.9 % 67 ! Terr . 70 ! U.S. Virgin Islands 68 ! 3 69 ! -- 68 ! 3 69 ! 106,405 68 ! 3 69 ! 108,612 67 ! 2 67 ! - 2.0 % 68 ! Terr . 66 ! American Samoa 69 ! 4 70 ! -- 69 ! 4 70 ! 55,519 70 ! 5 71 ! 57,291 69 ! 4 70 ! - 3.1 % 69 ! Terr . 68 ! Northern Mariana Islands 70 ! 5 71 ! -- 70 ! 5 71 ! 53,883 69 ! 4 70 ! 69,221 70 ! 5 71 ! - 22.2 % 70 ! Terr . 71 ! Total Territories 71 ! -- 67 ! -- 71 ! -- 41 ! 4,100,954 71 ! -- 39 ! 4,198,539 71 ! -- 69 ! - 2.3 % 71 ! USA See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States List of United States cities by population List of U.S. states by African - American population List of U.S. states by historical population ( tables of state populations since 1790 ) List of U.S. states by population density List of U.S. states by population growth rate List of U.S. states and territories by area List of U.S. states by vehicles per capita List of U.S. states by religiosity United States References ( edit ) General `` National Totals : Vintage 2015 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . `` 2010 Resident Population Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . `` 2010 Apportionment Population '' , U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 `` 2009 Census estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Statistical Abstract of the United States , 1995 , U.S. Census Bureau , Section 29 : Outlying Areas , Table No. 1347 . Land Area and Population Characteristics , by ( Outlying ) Area : 1990 ( page 828 ) . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 Specific Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Does the Census Bureau collect data on the number of unauthorized migrants ? '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Will 2010 Census apportionment population counts also include any Americans overseas ? '' . U. S Census Bureau . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Register . `` A Procedural Guide to the Electoral College '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' ( XLSX ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 02 . 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8,870,527,982,362,910,000 | why do we need to find alternative sources of energy | Alternative energy - wikipedia Alternative energy Offshore wind turbines near Copenhagen , Denmark Alternative energy is any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel . These alternatives are intended to address concerns about fossil fuels , such as its high carbon dioxide emissions , an important factor in global warming . Marine energy , hydroelectric , wind , geothermal and solar power are all alternative sources of energy . The nature of what constitutes an alternative energy source has changed considerably over time , as have controversies regarding energy use . Because of the variety of energy choices and differing goals of their advocates , defining some energy types as `` alternative '' is considered very controversial . Contents 1 Definitions 2 History 2.1 Coal as an alternative to wood 2.2 Petroleum as an alternative to whale oil 2.3 Ethanol as an alternative to fossil fuels 2.4 Coal gasification as an alternative to petroleum 3 Existing types of alternative energy 4 Enabling technologies 5 Renewable energy vs non-renewable energy 5.1 Ecologically friendly alternatives 6 Relatively new concepts for alternative energy 6.1 Carbon - neutral and negative fuels 6.2 Algae fuel 6.3 Biomass briquettes 6.3. 1 Biogas digestion 6.4 Biological hydrogen production 6.5 Hydroelectricity 6.6 Offshore wind 6.7 Marine and hydrokinetic energy 6.8 Nuclear power 6.8. 1 Thorium nuclear power 7 Investing in alternative energy 7.1 Alternative energy in transportation 8 Making alternative energy mainstream 9 Research 9.1 Mechanical energy 9.2 Solar 9.3 Wind 9.4 Biomass 9.5 Ethanol biofuels 9.6 Other biofuels 9.7 Geothermal 9.8 Hydrogen 10 Disadvantages 11 Disadvantages 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading Definitions ( edit ) Source Definition Oxford Dictionary Energy fueled into ways that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment . Princeton WordNet Energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment . Responding to Climate Change 2007 Energy derived from nontraditional sources ( e.g. , compressed natural gas , solar , hydroelectric , wind ) . Natural Resources Defense Council Energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound , such as solar or wind energy ( as opposed to fossil fuels ) . Materials Management Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels . Typically used interchangeably for renewable energy . Examples include : wind , solar , biomass , wave and tidal energy . Torridge District Council Energy generated from alternatives to fossil fuels . Need not be renewable . History ( edit ) Historians of economies have examined the key transitions to alternative energies and regard the transitions as pivotal in bringing about significant economic change . Prior to the shift to an alternative energy , supplies of the dominant energy type became erratic , accompanied by rapid increases in energy prices . Coal as an alternative to wood ( edit ) In the late medieval period , coal was the new alternative fuel to save the society from overuse of the dominant fuel , wood . The deforestation had resulted in shortage of wood , at that time soft coal appeared as a savior . Historian Norman F. Cantor describes how : Europeans had lived in the midst of vast forests throughout the earlier medieval centuries . After 1250 they became so skilled at deforestation that by 1500 AD they were running short of wood for heating and cooking ... By 1500 Europe was on the edge of a fuel and nutritional disaster , ( from ) which it was saved in the sixteenth century only by the burning of soft coal and the cultivation of potatoes and maize . Petroleum as an alternative to whale oil ( edit ) Whale oil was the dominant form of lubrication and fuel for lamps in the early 19th century , but the depletion of the whale stocks by mid century caused whale oil prices to skyrocket setting the stage for the adoption of petroleum which was first commercialized in Pennsylvania in 1859 . Ethanol as an alternative to fossil fuels ( edit ) Main article : Ethanol fuel In 1917 , Alexander Graham Bell advocated ethanol from corn , wheat and other foods as an alternative to coal and oil , stating that the world was in measurable distance of depleting these fuels . For Bell , the problem requiring an alternative was lack of renewability of orthodox energy sources . Since the 1970s , Brazil has had an ethanol fuel program which has allowed the country to become the world 's second largest producer of ethanol ( after the United States ) and the world 's largest exporter . Brazil 's ethanol fuel program uses modern equipment and cheap sugar cane as feedstock , and the residual cane - waste ( bagasse ) is used to process heat and power . There are no longer light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline . By the end of 2008 there were 35,000 filling stations throughout Brazil with at least one ethanol pump . Cellulosic ethanol can be produced from a diverse array of feedstocks , and involves the use of the whole crop . This new approach should increase yields and reduce the carbon footprint because the amount of energy - intensive fertilizers and fungicides will remain the same , for a higher output of usable material . As of 2008 , there are nine commercial cellulosic ethanol plants which are either operating , or under construction , in the United States . Second - generation biofuels technologies are able to manufacture biofuels from inedible biomass and could hence prevent conversion of food into fuel . '' As of July 2010 , there is one commercial second - generation ( 2G ) ethanol plant Inbicon Biomass Refinery , which is operating in Denmark . Coal gasification as an alternative to petroleum ( edit ) In the 1970s , President Jimmy Carter 's administration advocated coal gasification as an alternative to expensive imported oil . The program , including the Synthetic Fuels Corporation was scrapped when petroleum prices plummeted in the 1980s . The carbon footprint and environmental impact of coal gasification are both very high . Existing types of alternative energy ( edit ) Hydro electricity captures energy from falling water . Nuclear energy uses nuclear fission to release energy stored in the atomic bonds of heavy elements . Wind energy is the generation of electricity from wind , commonly by using propeller - like turbines . Solar energy is the use of energy from the sun . Heat from the sun can be used for solar thermal applications or light can be converted into electricity via photovoltaic devices . Geothermal energy is the use of the earth 's internal heat to boil water for heating buildings or generating electricity . Biofuel and ethanol are plant - derived gasoline substitutes for powering vehicles . Hydrogen can be used as a carrier of energy , produced by various technologies such as cracking of hydrocarbons or water electrolysis . Enabling technologies ( edit ) Ice storage air conditioning and thermal storage heaters are methods of shifting consumption to use low cost off - peak electricity . When compared to resistance heating , heat pumps conserve electrical power ( or in rare cases mechanical or thermal power ) by collecting heat from a cool source such as a body of water , the ground or the air . Thermal storage technologies allow heat or cold to be stored for periods of time ranging from diurnal to interseasonal , and can involve storage of sensible energy ( i.e. by changing the temperature of a medium ) or latent energy ( e.g. through phase changes of a medium ( i.e. changes from solid to liquid or vice versa ) , such as between water and slush or ice ) . Energy sources can be natural ( via solar - thermal collectors , or dry cooling towers used to collect winter 's cold ) , waste energy ( such as from HVAC equipment , industrial processes or power plants ) , or surplus energy ( such as seasonally from hydropower projects or intermittently from wind farms ) . The Drake Landing Solar Community ( Alberta , Canada ) is illustrative . Borehole thermal energy storage allows the community to get 97 % of its year - round heat from solar collectors on the garage roofs . The storages can be insulated tanks , borehole clusters in substrates ranging from gravel to bedrock , deep aquifers , or shallow pits that are lined and insulated . Some applications require inclusion of a heat pump . Renewable energy vs non-renewable energy ( edit ) Main article : Renewable energy Renewable energy is generated from natural resources -- such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides and geothermal heat -- which are renewable ( naturally replenished ) . When comparing the processes for producing energy , there remain several fundamental differences between renewable energy and fossil fuels . The process of producing oil , coal , or natural gas fuel is a difficult and demanding process that requires a great deal of complex equipment , physical and chemical processes . On the other hand , alternative energy can be widely produced with basic equipment and natural processes . Wood , the most renewable and available alternative fuel , emits the same amount of carbon when burned as would be emitted if it degraded naturally . Nuclear power is an alternative to fossil fuels that is non-renewable , like fossil fuels , nuclear ones are a finite resource . Ecologically friendly alternatives ( edit ) A renewable energy source such as biomass is sometimes regarded as a good alternative to providing heat and electricity with fossil fuels . Biofuels are not inherently ecologically friendly for this purpose , while burning biomass is carbon - neutral , air pollution is still produced . For example , the Netherlands , once leader in use of palm oil as a biofuel , has suspended all subsidies for palm oil due to the scientific evidence that their use `` may sometimes create more environmental harm than fossil fuels '' . The Netherlands government and environmental groups are trying to trace the origins of imported palm oil , to certify which operations produce the oil in a responsible manner . Regarding biofuels from foodstuffs , the realization that converting the entire grain harvest of the US would only produce 16 % of its auto fuel needs , and the decimation of Brazil 's CO absorbing tropical rain forests to make way for biofuel production has made it clear that placing energy markets in competition with food markets results in higher food prices and insignificant or negative impact on energy issues such as global warming or dependence on foreign energy . Recently , alternatives to such undesirable sustainable fuels are being sought , such as commercially viable sources of cellulosic ethanol . Relatively New concepts for alternative energy ( edit ) Carbon - neutral and negative fuels ( edit ) Main articles : Carbon - neutral fuel and Methanol economy Carbon - neutral fuels are synthetic fuels ( including methane , gasoline , diesel fuel , jet fuel or ammonia ) produced by hydrogenating waste carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue - gas emissions , recovered from automotive exhaust gas , or derived from carbonic acid in seawater . Commercial fuel synthesis companies suggest they can produce synthetic fuels for less than petroleum fuels when oil costs more than $55 per barrel . Renewable methanol ( RM ) is a fuel produced from hydrogen and carbon dioxide by catalytic hydrogenation where the hydrogen has been obtained from water electrolysis . It can be blended into transportation fuel or processed as a chemical feedstock . The George Olah carbon dioxide recycling plant operated by Carbon Recycling International in Grindavík , Iceland has been producing 2 million liters of methanol transportation fuel per year from flue exhaust of the Svartsengi Power Station since 2011 . It has the capacity to produce 5 million liters per year . A 250 kilowatt methane synthesis plant was constructed by the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research ( ZSW ) at Baden - Württemberg and the Fraunhofer Society in Germany and began operating in 2010 . It is being upgraded to 10 megawatts , scheduled for completion in autumn , 2012 . Audi has constructed a carbon - neutral liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) plant in Werlte , Germany . The plant is intended to produce transportation fuel to offset LNG used in their A3 Sportback g - tron automobiles , and can keep 2,800 metric tons of CO out of the environment per year at its initial capacity . Other commercial developments are taking place in Columbia , South Carolina , Camarillo , California , and Darlington , England . Part of a series about Environmental economics Concepts Green accounting Green economy Green trading Eco commerce Green job Environmental enterprise Fiscal environmentalism Environmental finance Renewable energy Policies Sustainable tourism Ecotax Environmental tariff Net metering Environmental pricing reform Pigovian tax Dynamics Renewable energy commercialization Marginal abatement cost Green paradox Green politics Pollution haven hypothesis Carbon related Low - carbon economy Carbon neutral fuel Carbon neutrality Carbon pricing Emissions trading Carbon credit Carbon offset Carbon emission trading Personal carbon trading Carbon tax Carbon finance Feed - in tariff Carbon diet Food miles 2000 - watt society Carbon footprint Such fuels are considered carbon - neutral because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases . To the extent that synthetic fuels displace fossil fuels , or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid , and their combustion is subject to carbon capture at the flue or exhaust pipe , they result in negative carbon dioxide emission and net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere , and thus constitute a form of greenhouse gas remediation . Such renewable fuels alleviate the costs and dependency issues of imported fossil fuels without requiring either electrification of the vehicle fleet or conversion to hydrogen or other fuels , enabling continued compatible and affordable vehicles . Carbon - neutral fuels offer relatively low cost energy storage , alleviating the problems of wind and solar intermittency , and they enable distribution of wind , water , and solar power through existing natural gas pipelines . Nighttime wind power is considered the most economical form of electrical power with which to synthesize fuel , because the load curve for electricity peaks sharply during the day , but wind tends to blow slightly more at night than during the day , so , the price of nighttime wind power is often much less expensive than any alternative . Germany has built a 250 kilowatt synthetic methane plant which they are scaling up to 10 megawatts . Algae fuel ( edit ) Algae fuel is a biofuel which is derived from algae . During photosynthesis , algae and other photosynthetic organisms capture carbon dioxide and sunlight and convert it into oxygen and biomass . This is usually done by placing the algae between two panes of glass . The algae creates three forms of energy fuel : heat ( from its growth cycle ) , biofuel ( the natural `` oil '' derived from the algae ) , and biomass ( from the algae itself , as it is harvested upon maturity ) . The heat can be used to power building systems ( such as heat process water ) or to produce energy . Biofuel is oil extracted from the algae upon maturity , and used to create energy similar to the use of biodiesel . The biomass is the matter left over after extracting the oil and water , and can be harvested to produce combustible methane for energy production , similar to the warmth felt in a compost pile or the methane collected from biodegradable materials in a landfill . Additionally , the benefits of algae biofuel are that it can be produced industrially , as well as vertically ( i.e. as a building facade ) , thereby obviating the use of arable land and food crops ( such as soy , palm , and canola ) . Biomass briquettes ( edit ) Biomass briquettes are being developed in the developing world as an alternative to charcoal . The technique involves the conversion of almost any plant matter into compressed briquettes that typically have about 70 % the calorific value of charcoal . There are relatively few examples of large scale briquette production . One exception is in North Kivu , in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo , where forest clearance for charcoal production is considered to be the biggest threat to Mountain Gorilla habitat . The staff of Virunga National Park have successfully trained and equipped over 3500 people to produce biomass briquettes , thereby replacing charcoal produced illegally inside the national park , and creating significant employment for people living in extreme poverty in conflict affected areas . Biogas digestion ( edit ) Biogas digestion harnesses the methane gas that is released when organic waste breaks down in an anaerobic environment . This gas can be retrieved from landfill sites or sewage systems . The gas can be used as a fuel for heat or , more commonly , electricity generation . The methane gas that is collected and refined can be used as an energy source for various products . Biological hydrogen production ( edit ) Hydrogen gas is a completely clean burning fuel ; its only by - product is water . It also contains relatively high amount of energy compared with other fuels due to its chemical structure . 2H + O → 2H O + High Energy High Energy + 2H O → 2H + O This requires a high - energy input , making commercial hydrogen very inefficient . Use of a biological vector as a means to split water , and therefore produce hydrogen gas , would allow for the only energy input to be solar radiation . Biological vectors can include bacteria or more commonly algae . This process is known as biological hydrogen production . It requires the use of single celled organisms to create hydrogen gas through fermentation . Without the presence of oxygen , also known as an anaerobic environment , regular cellular respiration can not take place and a process known as fermentation takes over . A major by - product of this process is hydrogen gas . If this could be implemented on a large scale , then sunlight , nutrients and water could create hydrogen gas to be used as a dense source of energy . Large - scale production has proven difficult . Not until 1999 , was it even possible to induce these anaerobic conditions by sulfur deprivation . Since the fermentation process is an evolutionary back up , turned on during stress , the cells would die after a few days . In 2000 , a two - stage process was developed to take the cells in and out of anaerobic conditions and therefore keep them alive . For the last ten years , finding a way to do this on a large - scale has been the main goal of research . Careful work is being done to ensure an efficient process before large - scale production , however once a mechanism is developed , this type of production could solve our energy needs . Hydroelectricity ( edit ) Main article : Hydroelectricity Hydroelectricity provided 75 % of the worlds renewable electricity in 2013 . Much of the electricity used today is a result of the heyday of conventional hydroelectric development between 1960 and 1980 , which has virtually ceased in Europe and North America due to environmental concerns . Globally there is a trend towards more hydroelectricity . From 2004 to 2014 the installed capacity rose from 715 to 1,055 GW . A popular alternative to the large dams of the past is run - of - the - river where there is no water stored behind a dam and generation usually varies with seasonal rainfall . Using run - of - the - river in wet seasons and solar in dry seasons can balance seasonal variations for both . Another move away from large dams is small hydro , these tend to be situated high up on tributaries , rather than on main rivers in valley bottoms . Offshore wind ( edit ) Offshore wind farms are similar to land - based wind farms , but are located on the ocean . Offshore wind farms can be placed in water up to 40 metres ( 130 ft ) deep , whereas floating wind turbines can float in water up to 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) deep . The advantage of having a floating wind farm is to be able to harness the winds from the open ocean . Without any obstructions such as hills , trees and buildings , winds from the open ocean can reach up to speeds twice as fast as coastal areas . Significant generation of offshore wind energy already contributes to electricity needs in Europe and Asia and now the first offshore wind farms are under development in U.S. waters . While the offshore wind industry has grown dramatically over the last several decades , especially in Europe , there is still uncertainty associated with how the construction and operation of these wind farms affect marine animals and the marine environment . Traditional offshore wind turbines are attached to the seabed in shallower waters within the nearshore marine environment . As offshore wind technologies become more advanced , floating structures have begun to be used in deeper waters where more wind resources exist . Marine and Hydrokinetic energy ( edit ) Marine and Hydrokinetic ( MHK ) or marine energy development includes projects using the following devices : Wave power is the transport of energy by wind waves , and the capture of that energy to do useful work -- for example , electricity generation or pumping water into reservoirs . A machine able to exploit significant waves in open coastal areas is generally known as a wave energy converter . Tidal power turbines are placed in coastal and estuarine areas and daily flows are quite predictable . In - stream turbines in fast - moving rivers Ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents Ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters . Nuclear power ( edit ) In the year 2015 ten new reactors came online and 67 more were under construction including the first eight new Generation III+ AP1000 reactors in the US and China and the first four new Generation III EPR reactors in Finland , France and China . Reactors are also under construction in Belarus , Brazil , India , Iran , Japan , Pakistan , Russia , Slovakia , South Korea , Turkey , Ukraine and United Arab Emirates . Thorium nuclear power ( edit ) Early thorium - based ( MSR ) nuclear reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the 1960s Main article : Thorium fuel cycle Further information on power production see : Thorium - based nuclear power Thorium is a fissionable material for possible future use in a thorium - based reactor . Proponents of thorium reactors claims several potential advantages over a uranium fuel cycle , such as thorium 's greater abundance , better resistance to nuclear weapons proliferation , and reduced plutonium and actinide production . Thorium reactors can be modified to produce Uranium - 233 , which can then be processed into highly enriched uranium , which has been tested in low yield weapons , and is unproven on a commercial scale . Investing in alternative energy ( edit ) As an emerging economic sector , there are limited stock market investment opportunities in alternative energy available to the general public . The public can buy shares of alternative energy companies from various stock markets , with wildly volatile returns . The recent IPO of SolarCity demonstrates the nascent nature of this sector - within a few weeks , it already had achieved the second highest market cap within the alternative energy sector . Investors can also choose to invest in ETFs ( exchange - traded funds ) that track an alternative energy index , such as the WilderHill New Energy Index . Additionally , there are a number of mutual funds , such as Calvert 's Global Alternative Energy Mutual Fund that are a bit more proactive in choosing the selected investments . Recently , Mosaic Inc. launched an online platform allowing residents of California and New York to invest directly in solar . Investing in solar projects had previously been limited to accredited investors , or a small number of willing banks . Over the last three years publicly traded alternative energy companies have been very volatile , with some 2007 returns in excess of 100 % , some 2008 returns down 90 % or more , and peak - to - trough returns in 2009 again over 100 % . In general there are three sub-segments of `` alternative '' energy investment : solar energy , wind energy and hybrid electric vehicles . Alternative energy sources which are renewable and have lower carbon emissions than fossil fuels are hydropower , wind energy , solar energy , geothermal energy , and bio fuels . Each of these four segments involve very different technologies and investment concerns . For example , photovoltaic solar energy is based on semiconductor processing and accordingly , benefits from steep cost reductions similar to those realized in the microprocessor industry ( i.e. , driven by larger scale , higher module efficiency , and improving processing technologies ) . PV solar energy is perhaps the only energy technology whose electricity generation cost could be reduced by half or more over the next five years . Better and more efficient manufacturing process and new technology such as advanced thin film solar cell is a good example of that helps to reduce industry cost . The economics of solar PV electricity are highly dependent on silicon pricing and even companies whose technologies are based on other materials ( e.g. , First Solar ) are impacted by the balance of supply and demand in the silicon market . In addition , because some companies sell completed solar cells on the open market ( e.g. , Q - Cells ) , this creates a low barrier to entry for companies that want to manufacture solar modules , which in turn can create an irrational pricing environment . In contrast , because wind power has been harnessed for over 100 years , its underlying technology is relatively stable . Its economics are largely determined by siting ( e.g. , how hard the wind blows and the grid investment requirements ) and the prices of steel ( the largest component of a wind turbine ) and select composites ( used for the blades ) . Because current wind turbines are often in excess of 100 meters high , logistics and a global manufacturing platform are major sources of competitive advantage . These issues and others were explored in a research report by Sanford Bernstein . Alternative energy in transportation ( edit ) Due to steadily rising gas prices in 2008 with the US national average price per gallon of regular unleaded gas rising above $4.00 at one point , there has been a steady movement towards developing higher fuel efficiency and more alternative fuel vehicles for consumers . In response , many smaller companies have rapidly increased research and development into radically different ways of powering consumer vehicles . Hybrid and battery electric vehicles are commercially available and are gaining wider industry and consumer acceptance worldwide . For example , Nissan USA introduced the world 's first mass - production electric vehicle , the Nissan Leaf . A plug - in hybrid car , the Chevrolet Volt also has been produced , using an electric motor to drive the wheels , and a small four - cylinder engine to generate additional electricity . Making alternative energy mainstream ( edit ) Before alternative energy becomes mainstream there are a few crucial obstacles that it must overcome . First there must be increased understanding of how alternative energies are beneficial ; secondly the availability components for these systems must increase ; and lastly the pay - back period must be decreased . For example , electric vehicles ( EV ) and plug - in hybrid electric vehicles ( PHEV ) are on the rise . The continue adoption of these vehicles depend on investment in public charging infrastructure , as well as implementing much more alternative energy for future transportation . Research ( edit ) There are numerous organizations within the academic , federal , and commercial sectors conducting large scale advanced research in the field of alternative energy . This research spans several areas of focus across the alternative energy spectrum . Most of the research is targeted at improving efficiency and increasing overall energy yields . In the US , multiple federally supported research organizations have focused on alternative energy in recent years . Two of the most prominent of these labs are Sandia National Laboratories and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ) , both of which are funded by the United States Department of Energy and supported by various corporate partners . Sandia has a total budget of $2.4 billion while NREL has a budget of $375 million . With the increasing consumption levels of energy , it is projected that the levels would increase by 21 % in 2030 . The cost of the renewables was relatively cheaper at $2.5 m / MW as compared to the non-renewables & 2.7 m / MW . Evidently , the use of renewable energy is a cost effective method of obtaining energy . Additionally , their use also dispenses with the trade - off that has existed between environmental conservation and economic growth . Mechanical energy ( edit ) Mechanical energy associated with human activities such as blood circulation , respiration , walking , typing and running , is ubiquitous but usually wasted . It has attracted tremendous attention from researchers around the globe to find methods to scavenge such mechanical energies . The best solution currently is to use piezoelectric materials , which can generate flow of electrons when deformed . Various devices using piezoelectric materials have been built to scavenge mechanical energy . Considering that the piezoelectric constant of the material plays a critical role in the overall performance of a piezoelectric device , one critical research direction to improve device efficiency is to find new material of large piezoelectric response . Lead Magnesium Niobate - Lead Titanate ( PMN - PT ) is a next - generation piezoelectric material with super high piezoelectric constant when ideal composition and orientation are obtained . In 2012 , PMN - PT Nanowires with a very high piezoelectric constant were fabricated by a hydro - thermal approach and then assembled into an energy - harvesting device . The record - high piezoelectric constant was further improved by the fabrication of a single - crystal PMN - PT nanobelt , which was then used as the essential building block for a piezoelectric nanogenerator . Solar ( edit ) Main article : Solar energy Solar energy can be used for heating , cooling or electrical power generation using the sun . Solar heat has long been employed in passively and actively heated buildings , as well as district heating systems . Examples of the latter are the Drake Landing Solar Community is Alberta , Canada , and numerous district systems in Denmark and Germany . In Europe , there are two programs for the application of solar heat : the Solar District Heating ( SDH ) and the International Energy Agency 's Solar Heating and Cooling ( SHC ) program . The obstacles preventing the large - scale implementation of solar powered energy generation is the inefficiency of current solar technology and the cost . Currently , photovoltaic ( PV ) panels only have the ability to convert around 16 % of the sunlight that hits them into electricity . Both Sandia National Laboratories and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ) , have heavily funded solar research programs . The NREL solar program has a budget of around $75 million and develops research projects in the areas of photovoltaic ( PV ) technology , solar thermal energy , and solar radiation . The budget for Sandia 's solar division is unknown , however it accounts for a significant percentage of the laboratory 's $2.4 billion budget . Several academic programs have focused on solar research in recent years . The Solar Energy Research Center ( SERC ) at University of North Carolina ( UNC ) has the sole purpose of developing a cost - effective solar technology . In 2008 , researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) developed a method to store solar energy by using it to produce hydrogen fuel from water . Such research is targeted at addressing the obstacle that solar development faces of storing energy for use during nighttime hours when the sun is not shining . The Zhangebei National Wind and Solar Energy Storage and Transmission Demonstration Project northwest of Beijing , uses batteries to store 71 MWh , integrating wind and solar energy on the grid with frequency and voltage regulation . In February 2012 , North Carolina - based Semprius Inc. , a solar development company backed by German corporation Siemens , announced that they had developed the world 's most efficient solar panel . The company claims that the prototype converts 33.9 % of the sunlight that hits it to electricity , more than double the previous high - end conversion rate . Wind ( edit ) Main article : Wind power Wind energy research dates back several decades to the 1970s when NASA developed an analytical model to predict wind turbine power generation during high winds . Today , both Sandia National Laboratories and National Renewable Energy Laboratory have programs dedicated to wind research . Sandia 's laboratory focuses on the advancement of materials , aerodynamics , and sensors . The NREL wind projects are centered on improving wind plant power production , reducing their capital costs , and making wind energy more cost effective overall . The Field Laboratory for Optimized Wind Energy ( FLOWE ) at Caltech was established to research alternative approaches to wind energy farming technology practices that have the potential to reduce the cost , size , and environmental impact of wind energy production . Renewable energies such as wind , solar , biomass and geothermal combined , supplied 1.3 % of global final energy consumption in 2013 . Biomass ( edit ) Main articles : Biomass and Biogas Sugarcane plantation to produce ethanol in Brazil A CHP power station using wood to supplies 30,000 households in France Biomass can be regarded as `` biological material '' derived from living , or recently living organisms . It most often refers to plants or plant - derived materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass . As an energy source , biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat , or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel . Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into : thermal , chemical , and biochemical methods . Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today ; examples include forest residues ( such as dead trees , branches and tree stumps ) , yard clippings , wood chips and even municipal solid waste . In the second sense , biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals , including biofuels . Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants , including miscanthus , switchgrass , hemp , corn , poplar , willow , sorghum , sugarcane , bamboo , and a variety of tree species , ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm ( palm oil ) . Biomass , biogas and biofuels are burned to produce heat / power and in doing so harm the environment . Pollutants such as sulphurous oxides ( SO ) , nitrous oxides ( NO ) , and particulate matter ( PM ) are produced from this combustion . The World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution , and biomass combustion is a major contributor of it . The use of biomas is carbon neutral over time , but is otherwise similar to burning fossil fuels . Ethanol biofuels ( edit ) Main article : Ethanol biofuels As the primary source of biofuels in North America , many organizations are conducting research in the area of ethanol production . On the Federal level , the USDA conducts a large amount of research regarding ethanol production in the United States . Much of this research is targeted toward the effect of ethanol production on domestic food markets . The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has conducted various ethanol research projects , mainly in the area of cellulosic ethanol . Cellulosic ethanol has many benefits over traditional corn based - ethanol . It does not take away or directly conflict with the food supply because it is produced from wood , grasses , or non-edible parts of plants . Moreover , some studies have shown cellulosic ethanol to be more cost effective and economically sustainable than corn - based ethanol . Sandia National Laboratories conducts in - house cellulosic ethanol research and is also a member of the Joint BioEnergy Institute ( JBEI ) , a research institute founded by the United States Department of Energy with the goal of developing cellulosic biofuels . Other biofuels ( edit ) Main article : Biofuel From 1978 to 1996 , the National Renewable Energy Laboratory experimented with using algae as a biofuels source in the `` Aquatic Species Program . '' A self - published article by Michael Briggs , at the University of New Hampshire Biofuels Group , offers estimates for the realistic replacement of all motor vehicle fuel with biofuels by utilizing algae that have a natural oil content greater than 50 % , which Briggs suggests can be grown on algae ponds at wastewater treatment plants . This oil - rich algae can then be extracted from the system and processed into biofuels , with the dried remainder further reprocessed to create ethanol . The production of algae to harvest oil for biofuels has not yet been undertaken on a commercial scale , but feasibility studies have been conducted to arrive at the above yield estimate . In addition to its projected high yield , algaculture -- unlike food crop - based biofuels -- does not entail a decrease in food production , since it requires neither farmland nor fresh water . Many companies are pursuing algae bio-reactors for various purposes , including scaling up biofuels production to commercial levels . Several groups in various sectors are conducting research on Jatropha curcas , a poisonous shrub - like tree that produces seeds considered by many to be a viable source of biofuels feedstock oil . Much of this research focuses on improving the overall per acre oil yield of Jatropha through advancements in genetics , soil science , and horticultural practices . SG Biofuels , a San Diego - based Jatropha developer , has used molecular breeding and biotechnology to produce elite hybrid seeds of Jatropha that show significant yield improvements over first generation varieties . The Center for Sustainable Energy Farming ( CfSEF ) is a Los Angeles - based non-profit research organization dedicated to Jatropha research in the areas of plant science , agronomy , and horticulture . Successful exploration of these disciplines is projected to increase Jatropha farm production yields by 200 - 300 % in the next ten years . Geothermal ( edit ) Main article : Geothermal electricity Geothermal energy is produced by tapping into the heat within the earths crust . It is considered sustainable because that thermal energy is constantly replenished . However , the science of geothermal energy generation is still young and developing economic viability . Several entities , such as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories are conducting research toward the goal of establishing a proven science around geothermal energy . The International Centre for Geothermal Research ( IGC ) , a German geosciences research organization , is largely focused on geothermal energy development research . Hydrogen ( edit ) Main article : Hydrogen fuel Over $1 billion has been spent on the research and development of hydrogen fuel in the United States . Both the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories have departments dedicated to hydrogen research . Much of this work centers on hydrogen storage and fuel cell technologies Disadvantages ( edit ) Further information : Renewable energy debate , Disadvantages of hydroelectricity , Tidal power § Tidal power issues , and Issues relating to biofuels The generation of alternative energy on the scale needed to replace fossil energy , in an effort to reverse global climate change , is likely to have significant negative environmental impacts . For example , biomass energy generation would have to increase 7-fold to supply current primary energy demand , and up to 40-fold by 2100 given economic and energy growth projections . Humans already appropriate 30 to 40 % of all photosynthetically fixed carbon worldwide , indicating that expansion of additional biomass harvesting is likely to stress ecosystems , in some cases precipitating collapse and extinction of animal species that have been deprived of vital food sources . The total amount of energy capture by vegetation in the United States each year is around 58 quads ( 61.5 EJ ) , about half of which is already harvested as agricultural crops and forest products . The remaining biomass is needed to maintain ecosystem functions and diversity . Since annual energy use in the United States is ca . 100 quads , biomass energy could supply only a very small fraction . To supply the current worldwide energy demand solely with biomass would require more than 10 % of the Earth 's land surface , which is comparable to the area use for all of world agriculture ( i.e. , ca . 1500 million hectares ) , indicating that further expansion of biomass energy generation will be difficult without precipitating an ethical conflict , given current world hunger statistics , over growing plants for biofuel versus food . Given environmental concerns ( e.g. , fish migration , destruction of sensitive aquatic ecosystems , etc . ) about building new dams to capture hydroelectric energy , further expansion of conventional hydropower in the United States is unlikely . Windpower , if deployed on the large scale necessary to substitute fossil energy , is likely to face public resistance . If 100 % of U.S. energy demand were to be supplied by wind power , about 80 million hectares ( i.e. , more than 40 % of all available farmland in the United States ) would have to be covered with wind turbines ( 50m hub height and 250 to 500 m apart ) . It is therefore not surprising that the major environmental impact of wind power is related to land use and less to wildlife ( birds , bats , etc . ) mortality . Unless only a relatively small fraction of electricity is generated by wind turbines in remote locations , it is unlikely that the public will tolerate large windfarms given concerns about blade noise and aesthetics . Biofuels are different from fossil fuels in regard to net greenhouse gases but are similar to fossil fuels in that biofuels contribute to air pollution . Burning produces airborne carbon particulates , carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides . Disadvantages ( edit ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Renewable alternative forms of energy have faced opposition from multiple groups , including conservatives and liberals . Around twelve states have passed proposals written to inhibit the alternative energy movement . Kansas lawmakers struck down a bill to phase out renewable energy mandates but face the possibility of the bill reappearing . The opposition cites the potentially high cost of branching out to these alternatives in order to support the continuation and reliance on fossil fuels . Ohio 's mandate to phase in alternative energy faces opposition who believe higher electricity prices will result , while supporters fear the loss of economic development and jobs that alternative energy could bring . With nuclear meltdowns in Chernobyl and Fukushima , nuclear power presents a constant danger and is more unlikely to be a popular alternative source . The costs of maintaining nuclear facilities , the potential risk of meltdowns , and the cost of cleaning up meltdowns are cited as reasons behind the movement away from the use of nuclear energy . In some countries nuclear power plants can not compete with fossil fuels currently due to the latter 's lower price and availability . Nuclear power plants also face competition from the increasing renewable energy subsidies . Solar panels are an icon of the ' green power ' movement , however the process of manufacturing the quartz based panels can be detrimental to the environment . Raw quartz ( silica ) is used to create solar cells must be mined using harsh chemicals that harm the surrounding environment , as well as those working in the mines . Silicosis is a form of lung disease that is caused by the inhalation of crystalline silica dust resulting in nodule lesions in the lungs . The silica must be cultivated into metallurgical - grade silicon , the process requiring a massive amount of energy as the quartz is placed into electric arc furnaces . The metallurgical grade silica must be processed into polysilicon . This process also produces tetrachloride , a toxic substance that , if not disposed of correctly , can be harmful to the surrounding environment . Hydrochloric acid is formed when tetrachloride interacts with water , lowering water and soil pH . Incidents of tetrachloride spills are common in China , as the production of solar panels has shifted from Europe and the United States to Asian countries within the early 2000s . Because of such , the villagers of Gaolong are unable to leave their homes due to air and soil becoming toxic . This was due to Luoyang Zhongui High - Technology Co. repeatedly dumped tetrachloride in a nearby field for almost a year . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alternative energy Sustainable energy Low - carbon power Alternative energy indexes Energy conservation Energy development Fuel cell Fischer - Tropsch process for synthetic fuel Harvesting lightning energy Hydrogen economy Renewable energy commercialization Fossil - fuel phase - out Greasestock Natural Bridges National Monument Solar Power System The Center , New Mexico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zehner , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . 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( 2007 ) . `` Social acceptance of renewable energy innovations -- an introduction to the concept '' . Energy Policy . 35 : 2683 -- 2691 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2006.12. 001 . Jump up ^ http://www.who.int/indoorair/interventions/antiguamod21.pdf ^ Jump up to : Cardwell , Diane . `` A Pushback on Green Power '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Eduardo . `` How Renewable Energy is Blowing Climate Change Efforts off Course '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon '' . Jump up ^ Eunjung Cha , Ariana ( March 9 , 2008 ) . `` Solar Energy Firms Leave Waste Behind in China '' . The Washington Post . Further reading ( edit ) Armstrong , Robert C. , Catherine Wolfram , Robert Gross , Nathan S. Lewis , and M.V. Ramana et al . The Frontiers of Energy , Nature Energy , Vol 1 , 11 January 2016 . NREL Publication Database - a list of publications from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Unintended Consequences of Green Technologies - a concise University of California , Berkeley summary of the unintended consequences of alternative energy technologies `` A Skeptic Looks at Alternative Energy , '' by Vaclav Smil , IEEE Spectrum , July 2012 `` Rethinking the world 's power : alternative energy sources '' by Wilson da Silva , Cosmos , April 2012 Tethys - an online knowledge management system that provides the marine and hydrokinetic ( MHK ) and offshore wind ( OSW ) energy communities with access to information and scientific literature on environmental effects of MHK and OSW developments GA Mansoori , N Enayati , LB Agyarko ( 2016 ) , Energy : Sources , Utilization , Legislation , Sustainability , Illinois as Model State , World Sci. Pub. 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5,856,412,701,631,480,000 | who used the new technology of flash photography to expose the poverty and misery | Jacob Riis - wikipedia Jacob Riis Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Jacob Riis <Td_colspan="2"> Jacob Riis in 1906 ( 1849 - 05 - 03 ) May 3 , 1849 Ribe , Denmark May 26 , 1914 ( 1914 - 05 - 26 ) ( aged 65 ) Barre , Massachusetts , US Nationality American Known for Social reform , journalism , photography Jacob August Riis ( May 3 , 1849 -- May 26 , 1914 ) was a Danish - American social reformer , `` muckraking '' journalist and social documentary photographer . He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City ; those impoverished New Yorkers were the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography . He endorsed the implementation of `` model tenements '' in New York with the help of humanitarian Lawrence Veiller . Additionally , as one of the most famous proponents of the newly practicable casual photography , he is considered one of the fathers of photography due to his very early adoption of flash in photography . While living in New York , Riis experienced poverty and became a police reporter writing about the quality of life in the slums . He attempted to alleviate the bad living conditions of poor people by exposing their living conditions to the middle and upper classes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Migration to the United States 1.3 Early journalism 1.4 Years at the Tribune 1.5 Photography 1.6 Public speaking 1.7 Books 1.8 Theodore Roosevelt 1.9 Public works 1.10 Later life 2 Social attitudes 3 Criticism 4 Writings 4.1 Books 4.2 Other 5 Memorials 5.1 Veneration 6 References 7 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Born in Ribe , Denmark , Jacob Riis was the third of the 15 children ( one of whom , an orphaned niece , was fostered ) of Niels Edward Riis , a schoolteacher and writer for the local Ribe newspaper , and Carolina Riis ( née Bendsine Lundholm ) , a homemaker . Among the 15 , only Jacob , one sister , and the foster sister survived into the twentieth century . Riis was influenced by his father , whose school Riis delighted in disrupting . His father persuaded him to read ( and improve his English via ) Charles Dickens 's magazine All the Year Round and the novels of James Fenimore Cooper . Jacob had a happy childhood , but the experienced tragedy at the age of eleven when his brother Theodore , a year younger , drowned . He never forgot his mother 's grief . At age eleven or twelve , he donated all the money he had and gave it to a poor Ribe family living in a squalid house if they cleaned it . The tenants took the money and obliged ; when he told his mother , she went to help . Though his father had hoped that Jacob would have a literary career , Jacob wanted to be a carpenter . When he was 16 , he became fond of Elisabeth Gjørtz , the 12 - year - old adopted daughter of the owner of the company for which he worked as an apprentice carpenter . The father disapproved of the boy 's blundering attentions , and Riis was forced to complete his carpentry apprenticeship in Copenhagen . Riis returned to Ribe in 1868 at age 19 . Discouraged by poor job availability in the region and Gjørtz 's disfavor of his marriage proposal , Riis decided to emigrate to the United States . Migration to the United States ( edit ) Riis immigrated to America in 1870 , when he was 21 years old , seeking employment as a carpenter . He first traveled in a small boat from Copenhagen to Glasgow , where on May 18 he boarded the steamer Iowa , traveling in steerage . He carried $40 donated by friends ( he had paid $50 for the passage himself ) ; a gold locket with a strand of Elisabeth 's hair , presented by her mother ; and letters of introduction to the Danish Consul , Mr. Goodall ( later president of the American Bank Note Company ) , a friend of the family since his rescue from a shipwreck at Ribe . Riis disembarked in New York on June 5 , on that day spending half of the $40 his friends had given him on a revolver for defense against human or animal predators . When Riis arrived in New York City , he was one of a large number of migrants and immigrants , seeking prosperity in a more industrialized environment , who came to urban areas during the years after the American Civil War . Twenty - four million people relocated to urban areas , causing their population to increase eightfold . The demographics of American urban areas became significantly more heterogeneous as many immigrants arrived , creating ethnic enclaves often more populous than many of the cities of their homelands . `` In the 1880s 334,000 people were crammed into a single square mile of the Lower East Side , making it the most densely populated place on earth . They were packed into filthy , disease - ridden tenements , 10 or 15 to a room , and the well - off knew nothing about them and cared less . '' After five days , during which he used almost all his money , Riis found work as a carpenter at Brady 's Bend Iron Works on the Allegheny River above Pittsburgh . After a few days of that , he began mining for increased pay but quickly resumed carpentry . Learning on July 19 , 1870 , that France had declared war on Germany , he expected that Denmark would join France to avenge the Prussian seizure of Schleswig , and determined to fight for France . He returned to New York , and , having pawned most of his possessions and without money , attempted to enlist at the French consulate , but was told that there was no plan to send a volunteer army from America . Pawning his revolver , he walked out of New York until he collapsed from exhaustion ; on waking , he walked to Fordham College where a Catholic priest served him breakfast . After a brief period of farm working and odd jobs at Mount Vernon , New York , Riis returned to New York , where he read in the newspaper New York Sun that the newspaper was recruiting soldiers for the war . Riis rushed there to enlist , but the editor ( whom he later realized was Charles Anderson Dana ) claimed or affected ignorance but offered the famished Riis a dollar for breakfast ; Riis indignantly refused . Riis was destitute , at one time sleeping on a tombstone and surviving on windfall apples . Still , he found work at a brickyard at Little Washington in New Jersey , and was there for six weeks until he heard that a group of volunteers was going to the war . Thereupon he left for New York . On arrival , Riis found that the rumor was true but that he had arrived too late . He pleaded with the French consul , who expelled him . He made various other attempts to enlist , none successful . As autumn began , Riis was destitute , without a job . He survived on scavenged food and handouts from Delmonico 's Restaurant and slept in public areas or in a foul - smelling police lodging - house . At one time Riis 's only companion was a stray dog . One morning he awoke in a lodging - house to find that his gold locket ( with its strand of Elisabeth 's hair ) had been stolen . He complained to the sergeant , who became enraged and expelled him . Riis was devastated . The story became a favorite of Riis 's . One of his personal victories , he later confessed , was not using his eventual fame to ruin the career of the offending officer . Disgusted , he left New York , buying a passage on a ferry with the silk handkerchief that was his last possession . By doing odd jobs and stowing away on freight trains , Riis eventually reached Philadelphia , where he appealed to the Danish Consul , Ferdinand Myhlertz , for help and was cared for two weeks by the Consul and his wife . Myhlertz sent Riis , now dressed properly in a suit , to the home of an old classmate in Jamestown . Riis worked as a carpenter in Scandinavian communities in the western part of the state , also working a variety of other jobs . He achieved sufficient financial stability to find the time to experiment as a writer , in both Danish and English , although his attempt to get a job at a Buffalo , New York newspaper was unsuccessful , and magazines rejected his submissions . Riis was in much demand as a carpenter , a major reason being the low prices he charged . However , his employers exploited his efficiency and low prices , and Riis returned to New York City . He was most successful as a salesman , particularly of flatirons and fluting irons , becoming promoted to the sales representative of them for Illinois . However , in Chicago he was cheated of both his money and his stock and had to return to an earlier base in Pittsburgh . There he found that his subordinates he had left to sell in Pennsylvania had cheated him in the same manner . He again had little money , and while bedridden with a fever learned from a letter that Elisabeth , the former object of his affection , was engaged to a cavalry officer . Riis then returned to New York by selling flatirons along the way . Early journalism ( edit ) Riis noticed an advertisement by a Long Island newspaper for an editor , applied for and was appointed city editor . He quickly realized why the job had been available : the editor in chief was dishonest and indebted . Riis left in two weeks . Again unemployed , Riis returned to the Five Points neighborhood . He was sitting outside the Cooper Union one day when the principal of the school where he had earlier learned telegraphy happened to notice him . He said that if Riis had nothing better to do , then the New York News Association was looking for a trainee . After one more night and a hurried wash in a horse trough , Riis went for an interview . Despite his disheveled appearance , he was sent for a test assignment : to observe and write about a luncheon at the Astor House . Riis covered the event competently and got the job . Riis was able to write about both the rich and live in impoverished immigrant communities . He did his job well and was able to become editor of a weekly newspaper , the News . However , this newspaper , the periodical of a political group , soon became bankrupt . Simultaneously , and unusually , Riis got a letter from home which related that both his older brothers , an aunt , and Elisabeth Gjørtz 's fiancé had died . Riis wrote to Elisabeth to propose , and with $75 of his savings and promissory notes , he bought the News company . Riis worked hard at his newspaper and soon paid his debts . Newly independent , he was able to target the politicians who had previously been his employers . Meanwhile , he received a provisional acceptance from Elisabeth , who asked him to come to Denmark for her , saying `` We will strive together for all that is noble and good '' . Conveniently , the politicians offered to buy back the newspaper for five times the price Riis had paid ; he was thus able to arrive in Denmark with a substantial amount of money . After some months in Denmark , the newly married couple arrived in New York . Riis worked briefly as editor of a south Brooklyn newspaper , the Brooklyn News . To supplement his income , he used a `` magic lantern '' projector to advertise in Brooklyn , projecting either onto a sheet hung between two trees or onto a screen behind a window . The novelty was a success , and Riis and a friend relocated to upstate New York and Pennsylvania as itinerant advertisers . However , this enterprise ended when the pair became involved in an armed dispute between striking railroad workers and the police . Riis quickly returned to New York City . Years at the Tribune ( edit ) A neighbor of Riis , who was the city editor of the New - York Tribune , recommended Riis for a short - term contract . Riis did well and was offered the job of police reporter . He was based in a press office across from police headquarters on Mulberry Street . `` Nicknamed ' Death 's Thoroughfare ' '' , Riis 's biographer Alexander Alland writes , `` It was here , where the street crooks its elbow at the Five Points , that the streets and numerous alleys radiated in all directions , forming the foul core of the New York slums . '' During these stints as a police reporter , Riis worked the most crime - ridden and impoverished slums of the city . Through his own experiences in the poorhouses , and witnessing the conditions of the poor in the city slums , he decided to make a difference for them . Working night - shift duty in the immigrant communities of Manhattan 's Lower East Side , Riis developed a tersely melodramatic writing style and he became one of the earliest reformist journalists . Photography ( edit ) Bandit 's Roost ( 1888 ) by Jacob Riis , from How the Other Half Lives . This image is Bandit 's Roost at 591⁄2 Mulberry Street , considered the most crime - ridden , dangerous part of New York City . Riis had for some time been wondering how to show the squalor of which he wrote more vividly than his words could express . He tried sketching , but was incompetent at this . Camera lenses of the 1880s were slow as was the emulsion of photographic plates ; photography thus did not seem to be of any use for reporting about conditions of life in dark interiors . In early 1887 , however , Riis was startled to read that `` away had been discovered to take pictures by flashlight . The darkest corner might be photographed that way . '' The German innovation , by Adolf Miethe and Johannes Gaedicke , flash powder was a mixture of magnesium with potassium chlorate and some antimony sulfide for added stability ; the powder was used in a pistol - like device that fired cartridges . This was the introduction of flash photography . Recognizing the potential of the flash , Riis informed a friend , Dr. John Nagle , chief of the Bureau of Vital Statistics in the City Health Department who was also a keen amateur photographer . Nagle found two more photographer friends , Henry Piffard and Richard Hoe Lawrence , and the four of them began to photograph the slums . Their first report was published in the New York newspaper The Sun on February 12 , 1888 ; it was an unsigned article by Riis which described its author as `` an energetic gentleman , who combines in his person , though not in practice , the two dignities of deacon in a Long Island church and a police reporter in New York '' . The `` pictures of Gotham 's crime and misery by night and day '' are described as `` a foundation for a lecture called ' The Other Half : How It Lives and Dies in New York . ' to give at church and Sunday school exhibitions , and the like . '' The article was illustrated by twelve line drawings based on the photographs . Riis and his photographers were among the first Americans to use flash photography . Pistol lamps were dangerous and looked threatening , and would soon be replaced by another method for which Riis lit magnesium powder on a frying pan . The process involved removing the lens cap , igniting the flash powder and replacing the lens cap ; the time is taken to ignite the flash powder sometimes allowed a visible image blurring created by the flash . Riis 's first team soon tired of the late hours , and Riis had to find other help . Both his assistants were lazy and one was dishonest , selling plates for which Riis had paid . Riis sued him in court successfully . Nagle suggested that Riis should become self - sufficient , so in January 1888 Riis paid $25 for a 4 × 5 box camera , plate holders , a tripod and equipment for developing and printing . He took the equipment to the potter 's field cemetery on Hart Island to practice , making two exposures . The result was seriously overexposed but successful . For some three years , Riis combined his own photographs with others commissioned of professionals , donations by amateurs and purchased lantern slides , all of which formed the basis for his photographic archive . Because so much of the work was done at night , he was able to photograph the worst elements of the New York slums , the dark streets , tenement apartments , and `` stale - beer '' dives , and documented the hardships faced by the poor and criminal , especially in the vicinity of notorious Mulberry Street . Public speaking ( edit ) Riis accumulated a supply of photography and attempted to submit illustrated essays to magazines . But when an editor at Harper 's New Monthly Magazine said that he liked the photographs but not the writing , and would find another writer , Riis was despondent about magazine publication and instead thought of speaking directly to the public . This was not easy . The obvious venue would be a church , but several churches -- including Riis 's own -- demurred , fearing either that the talks would offend the churchgoers ' sensibilities or that they would offend rich and powerful landlords . However , Adolph Schauffler ( of the City Mission Society ) and Josiah Strong arranged to sponsor Riis 's lecture at the Broadway Tabernacle church . Lacking money , Riis partnered with W. L. Craig , a Health Department clerk . Riis and Craig 's lectures , illustrated with lantern slides , made little money for the pair , but they both greatly increased the number of people exposed to what Riis had to say and also enabled him to meet people who had the power to affect change , notably Charles Henry Parkhurst and an editor of Scribner 's Magazine , who invited him to submit an illustrated article . Books ( edit ) An eighteen - page article by Riis , How the Other Half Lives , appeared in the Christmas 1889 edition of Scribner 's Magazine . It included nineteen of his photographs rendered as line drawings . Its publication brought an invitation to expand the material into an entire book . Riis had already been thinking of writing a book and began writing it during nights . ( Days were for reporting for the New York Sun , evenings for public speaking . ) How the Other Half Lives , subtitled `` Studies Among the Tenements of New York '' , was published in 1890 . The book reused the eighteen line drawings that had appeared in the Scribner 's article and also seventeen reproductions using the halftone method , and thus `` ( representing ) the first extensive use of halftone photographic reproductions in a book '' . ( The magazine Sun and Shade had done the same for a year or so beginning 1888 . ) How the Other Half Lives sold well and was much quoted . Reviews were generally good , although some reviewers criticized it for oversimplifying and exaggerating . Riis attributed the success to a popular interest in social amelioration stimulated by William Booth 's In Darkest England and the Way Out , and also to Ward McAllister 's Society as I Have Found It , a portrait of the moneyed class . The book encouraged imitations such as Darkness and Daylight ; or , Lights and Shadows of New York Life ( 1892 ) , which somehow appropriated Riis 's own photographs . Children of the Poor ( 1892 ) was a sequel in which Riis wrote of particular children that he had encountered . The Making of an American ( 1901 ) , an autobiography , follows Riis 's early life in Denmark and his struggles as an immigrant in the United States . The book also describes how Riis became a reporter and how his work in immigrant enclaves kindled his desire for social reforms . Riis organized his autobiography chronologically , but each chapter illustrates a broader theme that America is a land of opportunity for those who are bold enough to take chances on their future . The autobiography is mostly straightforward , but Riis is not sure if his past should be told as a `` love story '' , `` if I am , to tell the truth ... I do n't see how it can be helped . '' Although much of it is biographical , Riis also lays out his opinions about how immigrants like himself can succeed in the United States . Chapter 7 is distinct because Riis 's wife , Elizabeth , describes her life in Denmark before she married Riis . Whereas How the Other Half Lives , and some of Riis 's other books received praise from critics , he received a mixed reception for his autobiography . A New York Times reviewer dismissed it as a vanity project written for `` close and intimate friends . '' He admired Riis 's `` dogged pluck , '' and `` indomitable optimism , '' but dismissed an `` almost colossal egotism - made up of equal parts of vanity and conceit '' as a major characteristic of the author . The reviewer anticipated the book would be `` eagerly read by that large majority who have a craving and perennial interest in the personal and emotional incidents '' within Riis 's life . Riis anticipated such a critique , `` I have never been able to satisfactorily explain the great run ' How The Other Half Lives ' had ... like Topsy , it grew . '' Other newspapers , such as the New York Tribune , published kinder reviews . Two years later , another reviewer reported that Riis 's story was widely reprinted and dubbed him as one of the `` best - known authors and ... one of the most popular lecturers in the United States . '' The value of Riis 's autobiography lies in the description of his origins as a social reformer . His early experiences in Ribe gave Riis a yardstick with which to measure tenement dwellers ' quality of life . The account of the development of his powers of observation through his experiences as a poor immigrant lent authenticity to his news articles and larger works . Its themes of self - sufficiency , perseverance , and material success are prime examples of an archetype that successful Europeans like Riis used to demonstrate the exceptional opportunities that seem to exist only in the United States . In spite of its triumphalist outlook , The Making of an American remains useful as a source for students of immigration history and sociology who want to learn more about the author of How The Other Half Lives and the social reform movement that he helped to define . Theodore Roosevelt ( edit ) Riis walks the beat in New York City behind his friend and fellow reformer , NYC Police Commissioner , Theodore Roosevelt ( 1894 -- Illustration from Riis 's autobiography ) Theodore Roosevelt introduced himself to Riis , offering to help his efforts somehow . Upon his 1895 appointment to the presidency of the Board of Commissioners of the New York City Police Department , Roosevelt asked Riis to show him nighttime police work . During their first tour , the pair found that nine out of ten patrolmen were missing . Riis wrote about this for the next day 's newspaper , and for the rest of Roosevelt 's term the force was more attentive . Roosevelt closed the police - managed lodging rooms in which Riis had suffered during his first years in New York . After reading the exposés , Roosevelt was so deeply affected by Riis 's sense of justice that he befriended Riis for life , later remarking , `` Jacob Riis , whom I am tempted to call the best American I ever knew , although he was already a young man when he came hither from Denmark '' . After Roosevelt became president , he wrote a tribute to Riis that started : `` Recently a man , well qualified to pass judgment , alluded to Mr. Jacob A. Riis as `` the most useful citizen of New York '' . Those fellow citizens of Mr. Riis who best know his work will be most apt to agree with this statement . The countless evils which lurk in the dark corners of our civic institutions , which stalk abroad in the slums , and have their permanent abode in the crowded tenement houses , have met in Mr. Riis the most formidable opponent ever encountered by them in New York City . '' For his part , Riis wrote a campaign biography of Roosevelt that praised him . Public works ( edit ) A particularly important effort by Riis was his exposure of the condition of New York 's water supply . His five - column story `` Some Things We Drink , '' in the 21 August 1891 edition of the New York Evening Sun , included six photographs ( later lost ) . Riis wrote : `` I took my camera and went up in the watershed photographing my evidence wherever I found it . Populous towns sewered directly into our drinking water . I went to the doctors and asked how many days a vigorous cholera bacillus may live and multiply in running water . About seven , said they . My case was made . '' The story resulted in the purchase by New York City of areas around the New Croton Reservoir , and may well have saved New Yorkers from an epidemic of cholera . Riis tried hard to have the slums around Five Points demolished and replaced with a park . His writings resulted in the Drexel Committee investigation of unsafe tenements ; this resulted in the Small Park Act of 1887 . Riis was not invited to the eventual opening of the park on 15 June 1897 , but went all the same , together with Lincoln Steffens . In the last speech , the street cleaning commissioner credited Riis for the park and led the public in giving him three cheers of `` Hooray , Jacob Riis ! '' Other parks also were created , and Riis was popularly credited with them as well . Later life ( edit ) Riis wrote his autobiography , The Making of an American , in 1901 . His daughter , Clara C. Riis , married Dr. William Clarence Fiske . His son , John Riis ( 1882 -- 1946 ) , served in Gifford Pinchot 's new United States Forest Service from 1907 to 1913 as a ranger and forest supervisor on national forests in Utah , California and Oregon . He chronicled his time in the Forest Service in his 1937 book , Ranger Trails . Another son , Edward V. Riis , was appointed US Director of Public Information in Copenhagen toward the end of World War I ; he is known to have spoken publicly against antisemitism . A third son , Roger Williams Riis ( 1894 -- 1953 ) , was also a reporter and activist . In 1905 , Jacob Riis 's wife Elisabeth became ill and died . Riis remarried in 1907 , and with his new wife , Mary Phillips , relocated to a farm in Barre , Massachusetts . Riis died at the farm on May 26 , 1914 . His second wife lived until 1967 , continuing work on the farm , working on Wall Street and teaching classes at Columbia University . Riis 's grave is marked by an unmarked granite boulder in Riverside Cemetery , in Barre , Massachusetts . Social attitudes ( edit ) Riis 's concern for the poor and destitute often caused people to assume he disliked the rich . However , Riis showed no sign of discomfort among the affluent , often asking them for their support . Although seldom involved with party politics , Riis was sufficiently disgusted by the corruption of Tammany Hall to change from being an endorser of the Democratic Party to endorse the Republican Party . The period just before the Spanish -- American War was difficult for Riis . He was approached by liberals who suspected that protests of alleged Spanish mistreatment of the Cubans was merely a ruse intended to provide a pretext for US expansionism ; perhaps to avoid offending his friend Roosevelt , Riis refused the offer of good payment to investigate this and made nationalist statements . Riis emphatically supported the spread of wealth to lower classes through improved social programs and philanthropy , but his personal opinion of the natural causes for poor immigrants ' situations tended to display the trappings of a racist ideology . Several chapters of How the Other Half Lives for example , open with Riis ' observations of the economic and social situations of different ethnic and racial groups via indictments of their perceived natural flaws ; often prejudices that may well have been informed by scientific racism . Criticism ( edit ) Riis 's sincerity for social reform has seldom been questioned , but critics have questioned his right to interfere with the lives and choices of others . His audience comprised middle - class reformers , and critics say that he had no love for the traditional lifestyles of the people he portrayed . Stange ( 1989 ) argues that Riis `` recoiled from workers and working - class culture '' and appealed primarily to the anxieties and fears of his middle - class audience . Swienty ( 2008 ) says , `` Riis was quite impatient with most of his fellow immigrants ; he was quick to judge and condemn those who failed to assimilate , and he did not refrain from expressing his contempt . '' Gurock ( 1981 ) says Riis was insensitive to the needs and fears of East European Jewish immigrants who flooded into New York at this time . Economist Thomas Sowell ( 2001 ) argues that immigrants during Riis 's time were typically willing to live in cramped , unpleasant circumstances as a deliberate short - term strategy that allowed them to save more than half their earnings to help family members come to America , with every intention of relocating to more comfortable lodgings eventually . Many tenement renters physically resisted the well - intentioned relocation efforts of reformers like Riis , states Sowell , because other lodgings were too costly to allow for the high rate of savings possible in the tenements . Moreover , according to Sowell , Riis 's own personal experiences were the rule rather than the exception during his era : like most immigrants and low - income persons , he lived in the tenements only temporarily before gradually earning more income and relocating to different lodgings . Riis 's depictions of various ethnic groups can be harsh . In Riis 's books , according to some historians , `` The Jews are nervous and inquisitive , the Orientals are sinister , the Italians are unsanitary . '' Riis was also criticized for his depiction of African Americans . He was said to portray them as falsely happy with their lives in the `` slums '' of New York City . This criticism did n't come until much later after Riis had died . His writing was overlooked because his photography was so revolutionary in his early books . Writings ( edit ) Books ( edit ) How the Other Half Lives : Studies among the Tenements of New York . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . 1890 . The Children of the Poor . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . 1892 . Nibsy 's Christmas . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . 1893 . Out of Mulberry Street : Stories of Tenement Life in New York City . New York : Century . 1896 . A Ten Years ' War : An Account of the Battle with the Slum in New York . New York : Houghton Mifflin. 1900 . The Making of an American . New York : Macmillan . 1901 . The Battle with the Slum . New York : Houghton , Mifflin. 1901 . Children of the Tenements . New York : Houghton , Mifflin. 1903 . The Peril and the Preservation of the Home : Being the William L. Bull Lectures for the Year 1903 . Philadelphia : George W. Jacobs . 1903 . Is There a Santa Claus ? . New York : Macmillan . 1904 . Theodore Roosevelt , the Citizen . New York : Outlook . 1904 . The Old Town . New York : Macmillan . 1909 . Hero Tales of the Far North . New York : Macmillan . 1910 . Neighbors : Life Stories of the Other Half . New York : Macmillan . 1914 . Christmas Stories . An anthology of fiction for younger readers . New York : Macmillan . 1923 . Other ( edit ) `` How We Found Our Farm '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . 23 : 475 -- 479 . February 1912 . Memorials ( edit ) Jacob Riis Park , on Rockaway Peninsula in the Gateway National Recreation Area , Queens Jacob Riis Triangle , in Richmond Hill , Queens Jacob Riis Playground , at Babbage and 116 Streets , 85 Ave , Queens P.S. 126 The Jacob Riis Community School , on Catherine Street in New York City , is a public PK - 5 school From 1915 until 2002 , Jacob Riis Public School on South Throop Street in Chicago was a high school operated by the Chicago School Board . Jacob Riis Settlement House , a multi-service community - based organization , is in the Queensbridge Houses , in Long Island City , Queens , NY . Jacob Riis Houses of NYCHA at Avenue D ( Manhattan ) Jacob Riis Park Historic District is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 . Riis Park on Chicago 's Northwest Side in the Galewood - Montclare neighborhood . Veneration ( edit ) Riis is honored together with Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church ( USA ) on July 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pascal , pp. 10 -- 11 ; Ware , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Ware , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Pascal , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ware , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Pascal , pp. 12 -- 14 ; Ware , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Ware , p. 9 Alland , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Pascal , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Yochelson and Czitrom , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Alland , p. 17 ; Ware pp. 14 , 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : James Davidson and Mark Lytle , `` The Mirror with a Memory , '' After the Fact : The Art of Historical Detection 4th ed . ( New York : McGraw Hill , 2000 ; ISBN 0 - 07 - 229426 - 4 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Hughes , American Visions ^ Jump up to : Alland , p. 19 ; Ware , pp. 19 -- 21 . Ware says he went not to the consulate but instead found a reception for `` a Frenchmen 's Society '' , where he exhausted his hosts ' patience and from which he was expelled . Jump up ^ Ware , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Ware , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Riis , The Making of an American ( 1904 ed . ) , pp. 72 -- 74 . Jump up ^ `` Vice Which Is Unchecked '' , New York Tribune ( date unidentified , but the second half of this is reprinted in Alland , pp. 32 -- 33 ) ; as an anecdote told to Theodore Roosevelt , see Alland , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Riis , The Making of an American ( 1904 ed . ) , pp. 231 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Ware , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Ware , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 20 ; Ware , p. 26 Jump up ^ Ware , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Alland , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Alland , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Alland , pp. 23 -- 24 ; Elisabeth quoted in Riis , The Making of an American ( 1904 ed . ) , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Alland , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Riis , The Making of an American ( 1904 ed . ) , pp. 266 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 26 ; quotation from Riis , The Making of an American ( 1904 ed . ) , p. 267 . Jump up ^ S.F. Spira , The History of Photography as Seen through the Spira Collection ( New York : Aperture , 2001 ; ISBN 0 - 89381 - 953 - 0 ) , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Alland , pp. 26 -- 27 ; this reproduces the New York Sun article , `` Flashes from the slums : Pictures taken in dark places by the lighting process : Some of the results of a journey through the city with an instantaneous camera -- The poor , the idle and the vicious . '' Jump up ^ , Chris Howes , `` Flash Photography '' , Oxford Companion to the Photograph , ed . Robin Lenman ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 866271 - 8 ) , pp. 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Riis , The Making of an American ( 1904 ed . ) , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Alland , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Alland , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Alland , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Martin Parr and Gerry Badger , The Photobook : A History vol. 1 ( London : Phaidon , 2004 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 4285 - 1 ) , 53 . Jump up ^ Alland , pp. 30 -- 31 ( although Alland misattributes In Darkest England to Charles Booth ) . ^ Jump up to : Alland , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Helen . Darkness and Daylight . archive.org . p. xii . Jump up ^ `` Jacob A. Riis '' . New York Times . December 19 , 1903 . Jump up ^ Riis , Jacob ( 1970 ) . The Making of an American ( Revised ed . ) . London : MacMillan . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Riis 's Autobiography '' . New York Times . December 7 , 1901 . Jump up ^ Riis . The Making of an American . p. 199 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob A. Riis , The Story of His Americanization '' . New York Tribune . January 31 , 1902 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob A. Riis '' . New York Times . December 19 , 1903 . ^ Jump up to : Alland , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt , Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( BiblioBazaar , 2007 ; ISBN 1 - 4346 - 0319 - 9 ) , p. 66 ( Here at Google Books ) ; an earlier edition also at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt , `` Reform through Social Work : Some Forces that Tell for Decency in New York City '' , McClure 's Magazine , March 1901 . Reprinted in Judith Mitchell Buddenbaum and Debra L. Mason , eds. , Readings on Religion as News ( Ames : Iowa State University Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 8138 - 2926 - 7 ) , p. 187 . Available online at Google Books ( which inexplicably claims publication by Wiley - Blackwell ) . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 34 , in which the passage by Riis ( its own source unidentified ) appears ; Ware pp. 82 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 35 Jump up ^ `` A day 's weddings '' ( PDF ) , New York Times June 2 , 1900 . Accessed 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Danes welcome Riis : Glad he has come to represent our information bureau '' ( PDF ) , New York Times September 21 , 1918 ; `` O'Malley puts punch in synagogue drive '' , Brooklyn Daily Eagle , December 9 , 1919 ( page scan , PDF ) . Both accessed 2009 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob A. Riis Papers : A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress . 2007 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger William Riis Papers : A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress . 2007 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger William Riis and the `` Battle of the Slums '' `` . WNYC . January 8 , 1950 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Francesca Pitaro , `` Guide to the Jacob Riis Papers '' ( Manuscripts and Archives Division , New York Public Library , 1985 ; available as a PDF file here Archived 2006 - 10 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Riis ( 1849 - 1914 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . Jump up ^ Alland , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Maren Stange , `` Jacob Riis and Urban Visual Culture , '' Journal of Urban History , May 1989 , Vol. 15 Issue 3 , pp. 274 -- 303 , quote on p 278 Jump up ^ Tom Swienty , The other half : the life of Jacob Riis and the world of immigrant ( 2008 ) p. 157 Jump up ^ Jeffrey S. Gurock , `` Jacob A. Riis : Christian Friend or Missionary Foe ? Two Jewish Views , '' American Jewish History , Sept 1981 , Vol. 71 Issue 1 , pp. 29 -- 47 Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell , The Quest for Cosmic Justice ( Simon and Schuster , 2001 ) , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 1507 - 9 , pp. 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Stange , pp. 2 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Dowling , p. 111 , quoting Ronald Sanders . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Riis Triangle '' , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation , 2001 . Accessed 13 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Riis Playground '' , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation , n.d. Accessed 13 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` P.S. 126 The Jacob Riis Community School Archived 2009 - 01 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Insideschools.org . Accessed 11 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Riis Public School Archived 2009 - 02 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Preservation Chicago . Accessed 11 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Settlement Houses Archived 2009 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . '' at www.riissettlement.org . Accessed 11 August 2009 . Alland , Alexander . Jacob A. Riis : Photographer and Citizen . Millerton , N.Y. : Aperture , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 89381 - 527 - 6 Buk - Swienty , Tom . The Other Half : The Life of Jacob Riis and the World of Immigrant America ( 2008 ) 331 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06023 - 2 Dowling , Robert M. Slumming in New York : From the Waterfront to Mythic Harlem . University of Illinois Press , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07632 - X Pascal , Janet B. Jacob Riis : Reporter and Reformer . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514527 - 5 issuu.com & Romero Escrivá , Rebeca . Las dos mitades de Jacob Riis . Un estudio comparativo de su obra literaria y fotográfica . La Laguna ( Tenerife ) : Cuadernos de Bellas Artes , volumes 28 and 29 . Sociedad Latina de Comunicación Social , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 15698 - 47 - 0 ( vol . I ) / ISBN 978 - 84 - 15698 - 49 - 4 ( vol. II ) . The two volumes are freely open access Romero Escrivá , Rebeca . `` Literatura y fotografía : las dos mitades de Jacob Riis '' . In Archivos de la Filmoteca . Revista de estudios históricos sobre la imagen , n . 67 , April 2011 , pp. 170 -- 193 . ISSN 0214 - 6606 . Available online here . Romero Escrivá , Rebeca . `` Riis , Capa , Rosenthal . Traducciones cinematográficas de la fotografía '' . In L'Atalante . Revista de estudios cinematográficos , n . 8 , July 2009 , pp. 124 -- 133 . ISSN 1885 - 3730 . Available online here . Stange , Maren . Symbols of Ideal Life : Social Documentary Photography in America , 1890 -- 1915 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1989 . Stange , Maren , `` Jacob Riis and Urban Visual Culture , '' Journal of Urban History , May 1989 , Vol. 15 Issue 3 , pp. 274 -- 303 Stein , Sally : Making Connections with the Camera . Photography and Social Mobility in the Career of Jacob Riis. , in : Afterimage , Nr. 10 , May 1983 , pp. 9 -- 16 . Swienty , Tom . The other half : the life of Jacob Riis and the world of immigrant America ( 2008 ) p. 157 Ware , Louise . Jacob A. Riis : Police Reporter , Reformer , Useful Citizen . New York : Appleton - Century , 1938 . Also available online at archive.org . Yochelson , Bonnie and Czitrom , Daniel , Rediscovering Jacob Riis : Exposure Journalism and Photography in Turn - of - the - Century New York . New York : New Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 199 - 0 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacob Riis . Wikisource has original works written by or about : Jacob Riis Works by Jacob Riis at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Jacob Riis at Internet Archive Works by Jacob Riis at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Jacob Riis photographs from the Museum of the City of New York Jacob Riis International Center of Photography Jacob Riis page from the Open Collections Program at Harvard University . Immigration to the United States , 1789 -- 1930 collection . `` Jacob A. Riis 's New York '' . New York Times . February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Davis , Kay . `` Documenting ' the Other Half ' : The Social Reform Photography of Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine '' Collection of Photographs by Jacob Riis Text and images from Riis ' book How the Other Half Lives Romero Escrivá , Rebeca . Las dos mitades de Jacob Riis . Un estudio comparativo de su obra literaria y fotográfica , volumes 28 and 29 available online . Flash Forward : How the flashbulb changed the face of urban poverty , article on Riis . Jacob Riis at Find a Grave VIAF : 56682145 LCCN : n80038476 ISNI : 0000 0001 0904 0023 GND : 11931889X SELIBR : 303234 SUDOC : 067232469 BNF : cb123379582 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90193005 ULAN : 500063987 NLA : 36332147 RKD : 377587 SNAC : w63w067b PIC : 2976 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Riis&oldid=832257437 '' Categories : American biographers American memoirists American photojournalists Portrait photographers Photographers from New York ( state ) American people of Danish descent 1849 births 1914 deaths American male journalists American journalists Danish emigrants to the United States Anglican saints Five Points , Manhattan Progressive Era in the United States Social documentary photographers People from Ribe Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 20 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Jacob Riis - Danish-American social reformer and journalist
2. Photography - Riis's use of flash photography to document the living conditions of the poor in New York City
3. Social reform - Riis's efforts to improve the lives of impoverished New Yorkers through his writings and photography
4. Tenements - Riis's advocacy for the implementation of "model tenements" in New York City
5. Poverty - Riis's experiences |
-1,948,431,452,317,028,000 | what type of beer is michelob amber bock | Anheuser - Busch brands - wikipedia Anheuser - Busch brands Anheuser - Busch , a wholly owned subsidiary of Anheuser - Busch InBev SA / NV , is the largest brewing company in the United States , with a market share of 45 percent in 2016 . The company operates 12 breweries in the United States and nearly 20 in other countries , which increased recently since Anheuser - Busch InBev SA / NV acquired SABMiller . Brands include Budweiser , Busch , Michelob , Bud Light , and Natural Light . Contents ( hide ) 1 Budweiser 1.1 Bud Light 1.2 Bud Light Platinum 1.3 Bud Light Apple 1.4 Bud Light Lime 1.5 Bud Light Lime - A-Ritas 1.6 Budweiser Select 1.6. 1 Budweiser Select 55 1.7 Budweiser 66 1.8 Budweiser 1933 Repeal Reserve 1.9 Bud Ice 1.10 Bud Extra 1.11 Budweiser / Bud Light Chelada 1.12 Budweiser Prohibition Brew 1.13 Budweiser NA 1.14 Discontinued 1.14. 1 Budweiser American Ale 1.14. 2 Budweiser Brew Masters ' Private Reserve 1.14. 3 Bud Dry 1.14. 4 Bud Ice Light 1.14. 5 Bud Light Golden Wheat 1.14. 6 Bud Silver 2 Michelob 2.1 Brand variation 2.2 Marketing 3 Rolling Rock 4 Busch 5 Shock Top 6 Natural 7 Johnny Appleseed 8 LandShark Lager 9 Craft Ownership 9.1 Goose Island Brewery 9.2 Blue Point 9.3 10 Barrel 9.4 Elysian Brewing Company 9.5 Golden Road Brewing 9.6 Four Peaks Brewery 9.7 Breckenridge Brewery 9.8 Devils Backbone Brewing Company 9.9 Karbach Brewing Company 9.10 Wicked Weed Brewing 10 Malt liquors 10.1 King Cobra 10.2 Hurricane 10.3 Spykes 11 Others 12 Minority ownership brands 13 Craft beer distribution alliances 14 References 15 External links Budweiser ( edit ) Main article : Budweiser Budweiser is a 5.0 % ABV Adjunct pale lager introduced in 1876 by Adolphus Busch and has become one of the best selling beers in the United States . It is made with up to 30 % rice in addition to hops and barley malt . Budweiser is produced in various breweries located around the United States and the rest of the world . It is a filtered beer available in draught and packaged forms . Lower strength versions are distributed in regions with restrictive alcohol laws . Bud Light ( edit ) Introduced in 1982 as Budweiser Light , Budweiser 's flagship light beer with 4.2 % ABV and 110 calories per 12 US fl oz ( 355 mL ) serving ( 1,300 kJ / L ) . From 1993 to 1998 , Bud Light aired 30 - second commercials featuring Rob and Laura from the CBS series The Dick Van Dyke Show . Bud Light Platinum ( edit ) A slightly sweeter , higher alcohol version of Bud Light launched in early 2012 , with 6 % ABV . This product is noted for being packaged in a new translucent blue glass bottle . Bud Light Platinum has 137 calories per 12 ounce serving , 8 fewer than a regular Budweiser . Bud Light Apple ( edit ) Bud Light with apple flavor added . It has 151 calories per 355 ml serving . Released in 2015 with 4.2 % ABV . Bud Light Lime ( edit ) Bud Light with lime flavor added . It has 116 calories per 12 US fl oz serving ( 1,370 kJ / L ) . Released in May 2008 with 4.2 % alcohol content , the same alcohol content as Bud Light . Bud Light Lime - a-Ritas ( edit ) Since April 2012 , AB has released a line of 8 % alcohol by volume ( 6 % ABV in Canada ) flavored malt beverages titled `` Bud Light Lime Ritas , '' with its flagship flavor being the `` Lime - a-Rita , '' a lime flavored beverage . The drinks are available in a twenty - five ounce can , as well as a twelve - pack of eight ounce cans . Since then , AB has released the strawberry - flavored `` Straw - Ber - Rita , '' the mango flavored `` Mang - o - Rita , '' and the raspberry flavored `` Raz - Ber - Rita . '' For the winter 2013 season , AB released the cranberry - flavored `` Cran - Brrr - Rita '' as well , and wound up extending it through January and February 2014 due to strong sales . After the release of the `` Mang - o - Rita '' and `` Raz - Ber - Rita , '' A-B released an eighteen - pack case containing six `` Lime - a-Ritas , '' four `` Straw - Ber - Ritas , '' four `` Mang - o - Ritas , '' and four `` Raz - Ber - Ritas . '' In August 2014 , A-B released a new fall seasonal extension for their `` Rita '' line , `` Apple - Ahh - Rita , '' an apple - flavored margarita sold until October 2014 . In February 2015 , A-B released a new summer seasonal extension for their `` Rita '' line , `` Lemon - Ade - Rita , '' a lemonade flavored margarita . In summer 2016 , A-B released the newest `` rita '' flavor of their line named `` Water - melon - rita '' , a watermelon flavored margarita . A-B also released the `` Grape - Ahh - Rita , '' a grape flavored margarita . In fall 2016 , A-B released the new `` Cherry - Ahh - Rita , '' a cherry - flavored margarita . In summer 2017 , A-B released the new `` Peach - A-Rita , '' a peach - flavored margarita . A-B also released the new `` Orange - A-Rita , '' an orange - flavored margarita but only available in MI , OH , TX , FL , and GA . The `` Grape - Ahh - Rita '' was also renamed `` Grape - A-Rita '' In summer 2017 , A-B introduced `` Splash by Lime - A-Rita , '' a line of lighter their Lime - A-Ritas with less alcohol , calories , and carbs available in three flavors ; the existing `` Straw - Ber - Rita '' and the two new flavors `` Pine - Apple - Rita '' and `` Coco - Nut - Rita . '' Budweiser Select ( edit ) Budweiser Select , or Bud Select , is a light pale lager that contains 4.3 % ABV and 99 calories per 12 US fl oz serving ( 1,170 kJ / L ) . Anheuser - Busch has aggressively promoted Budweiser Select . Its slogan was `` The Real Deal '' . The company hired Jay - Z as a spokesman for the brand . Budweiser Select 55 ( edit ) A version of Budweiser Select that contains 55 calories per 12 US fl oz serving ( 650 kJ / L ) is `` a direct counterstrike to Miller 's MGD 64 '' according to Anheuser - Busch officials . Budweiser currently claims that it is the lightest beer in the world . The food energy in both Miller 's MGD 64 and Budweiser 's Select 55 have been reduced simply by lowering the fermentables content . MGD 64 has only 2.8 % alcohol content and some Select 55 states `` alcohol content not more than 3.2 % by weight / 4 % by volume '' , possibly to allow its sale in areas where that is the limit . The actual alcohol content of `` 55 '' is reported to be 2.4 % ABV ; by comparison , most American lagers have around 5 % . Budweiser 66 ( edit ) Budweiser Brew No. 66 is a 4 % alcohol by volume lager that is brewed and distributed in the United Kingdom by InBev UK Limited . Launched in July 2010 , Budweiser 66 has 84 Calories in a 300 ml serving ( just over 10 oz ) . Budweiser 1933 repeal Reserve ( edit ) A 6 % ABV amber lager style introduced in November 2017 , inspired by a pre-prohibition recipe . Bud Ice ( edit ) Introduced in October 1993 as `` Ice by Budweiser '' , it has more alcohol ( 5.5 % ABV ) than Budweiser . It is best known for an advertising campaign that involved a malevolent penguin that stalked Bud Ice drinkers and stole their beer , announcing its presence by singing the `` doo - be-doo - be-doo '' phrase from `` Strangers in the Night '' . Bud extra ( edit ) A beer with caffeine , ginseng , guarana and alcohol . It contains 6.6 % ABV . It was marketed as a caffeinated malt beverage , similar to Sparks . On June 26 , 2008 , Anheuser - Busch announced that it would remove caffeine and guarana from the beverage in response to concerns that the product was being marketed to consumers under the age of 21 . Budweiser / Bud Light chelada ( edit ) A blend of Budweiser or Bud Light and Clamato . This beverage became available nationally in late 2007 . Budweiser prohibition brew ( edit ) A non-alcoholic beer introduced into the Canadian market in 2016 . It is anticipated to be available in the United States soon . In 2015 , AB InBev committed to ensuring that low - alcohol and nonalcoholic beers would represent at least 20 % of its global beer volume by 2025 . Budweiser NA ( edit ) Non-alcoholic version of Budweiser developed for the Middle Eastern market . Also available in Green Apple and Tropical Fruits versions . Discontinued ( edit ) Budweiser American Ale ( edit ) Budweiser American Ale debuted in September 2008 . The beer claims to offer complex taste without much bitterness . American Ale has a distinctive hoppier flavor than other Anheuser - Busch beers , in an attempt to capture some of the American craft beer market , although most American craft beers are hoppier . American Ale is the first beer under the Budweiser name that is brewed with a top fermenting yeast . The beer 's darker color is a departure from the other Budweiser brands . Production was discontinued prior to 2015 . Budweiser brew Masters ' Private Reserve ( edit ) Budweiser Brew Masters ' Private Reserve is an all - malt lager with a honey color and robust taste . It is based on a `` Budweiser brewmaster holiday tradition of collecting the richest part of the batch which is tapped to the brew kettles to toast the holiday season . '' Bud Dry ( edit ) Bud Dry was introduced nationally in the U.S. in April 1990 with the slogan of `` Why ask why ? Try Bud Dry . '' It was originally successful in test markets and was expected to be a popular beer with the rise in light lager popularity . Dry beer is a form of pale lager where the sugars are more fully fermented to give a less sweet beer . It is also known as the Diät - Pils style . However , after the introduction of Bud Ice in 1994 , Bud Dry was not heavily marketed . Production was discontinued in December 2010 . Bud Ice Light ( edit ) Bud Ice Light contains 5.0 % ABV and 115 calories per 12 US fl oz serving ( 1,360 kJ / L ) . It undergoes fractional freezing , which Bud Light does not undergo . It was discontinued in 2010 . Bud Light Golden Wheat ( edit ) On October 5 , 2009 , Budweiser officially released Bud Light Golden Wheat , a response to the increase in the amount of wheat beers produced from craft brewers around the country . This beer had 118 calories per 12 US fl oz serving ( 1,390 kJ / L ) , 8.3 grams of carbohydrates and 4.1 % alcohol by volume . It was an American Hefeweizen which is based on the classic German Hefeweizen style . Production was discontinued in 2012 . Bud Silver ( edit ) An attempt to appeal to the tastes of beer drinkers in the United Kingdom , this specially brewed beer contained 4.2 % alcohol by volume . It was discontinued in 2006 after it failed to meet sales expectations . Michelob ( edit ) Michelob Ultra on a supermarket shelf Michelob is a 4.7 % ABV pale lager developed by Adolphus Busch in 1896 as a `` draught beer for connoisseurs '' . In 1961 , Anheuser - Busch produced a pasteurized version of Michelob which allowed legal shipment of the beer across state lines . Bottled beer began to be shipped soon after , and the brand was introduced in cans in 1966 . Bottled Michelob was originally sold in a uniquely shaped bottle named the teardrop bottle because it resembled a water droplet . The teardrop bottle was awarded a medal from the Institute of Design in 1962 . Five years later the bottle was redesigned for efficiency in the production line . This bottle was used until 2002 when it was dropped in favor of a traditional bottle . The teardrop bottle was used again from January 2007 to October 2008 . Brand variation ( edit ) The company introduced Michelob Light in 1978 . Michelob Classic Dark was made available in 1981 in kegs , with a bottled version following three years later . In 1991 , Michelob Golden Draft was introduced to compete against Miller Genuine Draft in the Midwest . 1997 saw the introduction of several specialty beers under the Michelob marquee . These include : Michelob Honey Lager Michelob Pale Ale Michelob Marzen Michelob Pumpkin Spice Ale Michelob Winter 's Bourbon Cask Ale AmberBock is a 5.1 % ABV amber lager which uses roasted black barley malt in the ingredients , and which received a World Beer Cup Bronze Medal in 1998 . From the beginning , the specialty beers have had a very limited distribution . The chief outlet has been through a `` holiday sampler pack '' produced during the Christmas holiday season . Other specialty beers that are no longer in production include Michelob Hefeweizen and Michelob Black & Tan . Some ( notably Michelob AmberBock ) have subsequently gone into larger production , while others have not . The brewery continues to experiment with specialty beers -- in 2005 an oak - aged vanilla beer was sold under the Michelob logo , available in single pints . In 2006 Michelob added a chocolate beer to the oak - aged vanilla Celebrate holiday season beer released a year earlier . Michelob also brewed Michelob Bavarian Style Wheat and Michelob Porter for its `` holiday sampler pack '' . In 2007 , Michelob launched its Seasonal Specialty Line . These include : Michelob Bavarian Wheat ( summer ) Michelob Marzen ( fall ) Michelob Porter ( winter ) Michelob Pale Ale ( spring ) The early 21st century saw in the U.S. a demand for diet beer similar to that of the early 1970s , and in 2002 the Michelob line responded with the introduction of Michelob Ultra , advertised as being low in carbohydrates . Later Michelob Ultra Amber , a darker , more flavorful beer , was added to this sub-line . According to a report by Beer Marketer 's Insights and published by USA Today on December 9 , 2013 , sales of Michelob Light declined by nearly 70 % between 2007 and 2012 . The article listed Michelob Light as one of `` nine beers many Americans no longer drink . '' Michelob 5 % alcohol ; Michelob Golden Draft 4.7 % alcohol ; Michelob Golden Draft Light 4.3 % alcohol ; Michelob Ultra 4.2 % alcohol ; Michelob Ultra Amber 4.0 % alcohol ; Michelob : ULTRA Lime Cactus A fruit - infused light pilsner with natural lime flavor and a floral essence derived from the cactus ; Michelob : ULTRA Pomegranate Raspberry A pilsner with a berry aroma , raspberry flavor , and a hint of pomegranate ; Michelob : ULTRA Tuscan Orange Grapefruit A pilsner with fresh juicy orange notes and a slight pink - grapefruit finish . All fruit flavors have the following nutrition content : 107 calories , 6.0 g carbs , 0.5 g protein and 0.0 g fat , per 12 oz bottle . Marketing ( edit ) Advertisements for Michelob Ultra feature people engaged in sporting activities . The Michelob ULTRA Open at Kingsmill and Michelob Ultra Futures Players Championship , were sponsored by Michelob Ultra . Michelob Ultra serves as a presenting sponsor of the Tour of Missouri bicycle race and sponsors the King of the Mountains jersey . Michelob also sponsors the Rugby Super League , and many of its teams have shirt sponsorships with its AmberBock brand . PGA Tour player Sergio García is sponsored by Michelob . Lance Armstrong signed on October 6 , 2009 a three - year agreement to become Michelob Ultra 's new spokesperson and ambassador , but was dropped by the company in 2012 after being accused of using performance - enhancing drugs . Michelob sponsored several episodes of the Diggnation podcast . The hosts , Kevin Rose and Alex Albrecht , sampled the beer during the show and several episodes included interviews with the company 's head brew - master to discuss the different products that can be found in the sampler packs . Also , an episode of the show was filmed inside the Michelob brewery . Michelob is most notably famous for its late - 1980s TV commercials that used the slogan , `` The night belongs to Michelob '' , which centered on its `` night '' theme and used songs that had the word `` night '' or a form of the word `` night '' in its title , including `` Move Better in the Night '' by Roger Daltrey , `` Tonight , Tonight , Tonight '' by Genesis , `` Do n't You Know What the Night Can Do ? '' by Steve Winwood and a new recording of `` After Midnight '' by Eric Clapton . In the 1980s and 1990s , Michelob used the slogan `` Some days are better than others '' . Rolling Rock ( edit ) Main article : Rolling Rock Rolling Rock is a 4.5 % ABV pale lager launched in 1939 by the Latrobe Brewing Company . In May , 2006 , Anheuser - Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brand from InBev for $82 million and began brewing Rolling Rock at its Newark facility in mid July , 2006 . Other pale lagers marketed under the Rolling Rock brand name are Rock Green Light , 3.7 % ABV , and Rock Light , 3.5 % ; the company also produces a 5 % ABV amber lager , Rolling Rock Red . Ingredients are pale barley malt , rice , corn and hops . Busch ( edit ) Busch Beer , a 4.3 % ABV economy brand pale lager was introduced in 1955 as Busch Bavarian Beer ; the brand name was changed in 1979 to Busch Beer . Other beers marketed under the Busch brand name are Busch Light , a 4.1 % pale lager introduced in 1989 , Busch Ice , a 5.9 % ice beer introduced in 1995 , and Busch NA , a non-alcoholic brew . Ingredients are a mix of American - grown and imported hops and a combination of malt and corn . At a slightly lower price point than flagship brand Budweiser , it serves as Anheuser - Busch 's second most popular brand . Shock Top ( edit ) Shock Top Shock Top is a 5.2 % ABV Belgian - style wheat ale introduced under the name Spring Heat Spiced Wheat brewed in Fort Collins , Colorado as a seasonal beer in 2006 , then all year from 2007 . The beer is brewed with wheat malt , two - row barley , orange , lemon , lime peel , coriander and Cascade and Willamette hops . Entering as the Spring Heat Spiced Wheat , Shock Top Belgian White won gold and bronze medals in the Belgian Wit ( White ) category at the 2006 and 2007 North American Beer Awards , earning the reputation as America 's Beer respectively . The brand now includes some seasonals and specialties that have replaced the Michelob Seasonals . Such varieties include Shock Top Pumpkin Wheat , Shock Top Raspberry Wheat , Shock Top Wheat IPA , Shock Top Lemon Shandy , Shock Top Honeycrisp Apple Wheat , Shock Top Chocolate Wheat , Ginger Wheat , Pretzel Wheat and Shock Top End of the World Midnight Wheat . It competes directly with the MillerCoors brand Blue Moon . Natural ( edit ) Natural Light is an economy brand 4.2 % ABV reduced - calorie pale lager introduced in 1977 . The brand was originally called Anheuser - Busch Natural Light . In 2008 The Wall Street Journal listed it as the fifth largest selling beer in the U.S. Natural Ice is an economy brand 5.9 % ABV ice beer , introduced in 1995 . Nearly two decades after the introduction of Natural Ice , a malt liquor , Natty Daddy ( 8 % and 5.9 ABV ) , was added to the market in 2012 . Johnny Appleseed ( edit ) Johnny Appleseed is a 5.5 % ABV cider produced by Anheuser - Busch subsidiary Brokenstraw Beverage LLC and introduced in April 2014 . Brokenstraw Beverage was created by Anheuser - Busch in 2014 as a corporate identity to manufacture and distribute Johnny Appleseed out of their Baldwinsville , N.Y. brewery . Landshark lager ( edit ) Land Shark Lager can be consumed with lime . LandShark Lager , brewed in Jacksonville , Florida , is a 4.6 % ABV island - style lager launched in 2006 as the house lager for `` Jimmy Buffett 's Margaritaville '' restaurant chain , to compete with Grupo Modelo 's Corona . Under a sponsorship deal , Dolphin Stadium , home of the Miami Dolphins , Florida Marlins and the Miami Hurricanes , was renamed `` Land Shark Stadium '' for the 2009 football season . The contract ended in early 2010 , and the stadium has been renamed `` Sun Life Stadium '' as of January 18 , 2010 , in time for both the 2010 NFL Pro Bowl and Super Bowl XLIV . The stadium was renamed Hard Rock Stadium in 2016 . LandShark also has Bar & Grill locations in Pensacola , Florida , Myrtle Beach , South Carolina , Atlantic City , New Jersey , and Biloxi , Mississippi . The name is derived from the Jimmy Buffett song `` Fins '' , where men in a beach town trying to woo a vacationing woman are referred to as `` sharks that can swim on the land '' . Craft ownership ( edit ) Goose Island brewery ( edit ) Main article : Goose Island Brewery Goose Island started in 1988 as a brewpub in Chicago , and opened a separate bottling plant there in 1995 . The brewery and its beers were purchased by Anheuser - Busch InBev in 2011 . The Chicago brewery continues to produce and sell small batch beers while their national offerings are made in bulk at various Anheuser - Busch facilities . Blue Point ( edit ) Main article : Blue Point Brewing Company On February 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Blue Point Brewing Company was being sold to Anheuser - Busch InBev for nearly $24 million . As of the time of sale , the brewery will continue to operate in its Patchogue , New York , location . 10 Barrel ( edit ) in November 2014 , it was reported that 10 Barrel Brewing , with brewpubs in Bend , Oregon , and Boise , Idaho , would be acquired by Anheuser - Busch . This was the second small brewing company acquired by the company in that calendar year . Elysian Brewing company ( edit ) Main article : Elysian Brewing Company Elysian was founded in Seattle , Washington , in 1995 by Dave Buhler , Joe Bisacca , and Dick Cantwell . On January 23 , 2015 , it was announced that Elysian would be sold to Anheuser - Busch in a deal expected to close within three months . Golden Road Brewing ( edit ) The purchase of Golden Road Brewery in Los Angeles was announced on September 23 , 2015 . Four Peaks brewery ( edit ) Main article : Four Peaks Brewery Four Peaks announced on December 18 , 2015 , that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit . Breckenridge brewery ( edit ) Main article : Breckenridge Brewery Several days after acquiring the Four Peaks brand and assets , InBev announced the purchase of Breckenridge Brewery , with brewpubs based in Colorado . Devils Backbone Brewing company ( edit ) Main article : Devils Backbone Brewing Company Devils Backbone announced on April 12 , 2016 , that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit . Karbach Brewing company ( edit ) Main article : Karbach Brewing Company Karbach Brewing Company announced on November 3 , 2016 , that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit . Wicked Weed Brewing ( edit ) Main article : Wicked Weed Brewing Wicked Weed Brewing announced on May 3 , 2017 , that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit . Malt liquors ( edit ) King Cobra ( edit ) King Cobra logo King Cobra is a 6 % alcohol by volume malt liquor introduced in 1984 . It is brewed with a warmer fermentation than used for the company 's pale lagers , and the ingredients include barley malt and corn . Shortly after its launch , King Cobra was supported by an advertising campaign featuring actor , martial artist , and former American football player Fred Williamson and the tag - line `` Do n't let the smooth taste fool you ! '' Hurricane ( edit ) Hurricane Hurricane High Gravity Lager is an 8.1 % alcohol malt liquor beverage available primarily in the United States . It is available in 40 ounce bottles , as well as 12 , 16 , 24 , and 25 ounce cans . Recently , Hurricane High Gravity 8.1 % has gone from a Black Label to a Silver Label in all of its serving sizes . Hurricane also comes in a lower alcohol content just called Hurricane malt liquor usually sold in a 40 - ounce bottle Emina with an ABV of 5.9 % . Spykes ( edit ) The company introduced a flavored 12 % ABV malt liquor under the name Spykes in 2007 . It was sold in colorful , 2 - ounce bottles . Available flavors included mango , lime , melon and chocolate . It was withdrawn in the same year after criticism from alcohol industry watchdog groups that it was being marketed to underage customers , and the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau found that the labeling of Spykes was illegal . Others ( edit ) Tequiza was a 4.5 % ABV fruit flavored pale lager introduced in 1998 in limited markets in the USA , then withdrawn in January 2009 . Tequiza Extra , with more Tequila flavor and less lime , was test - marketed in 2000 Green Valley Brewing Company , has a craft beer appearance ; `` Anheuser - Busch '' does not appear on labels of its products . O'Doul's , introduced in 1990 , it is a low - alcohol beer of less than 0.5 % ABV . O'Doul's Amber , introduced in 1997 . Redbridge , a gluten - free beer made from sorghum . Tilt , a line of fruit flavored malt beverages . Wild Blue Lager , a strong lager with blueberries . Ziegenbock , sold in Texas and nearby states . Minority ownership brands ( edit ) As of January 2013 , Anheuser - Busch InBev had 32.2 % ownership in the Craft Brew Alliance , a beer brewing company that is composed of several beer and cider brands . Redhook Ale Brewery founded by Gordon Bowker and Paul Shipman in 1981 in Seattle , Washington ; Widmer Brothers Brewery founded by brothers Kurt and Rob Widmer in 1984 in Portland , Oregon ; Kona Brewing Company founded by father and son team Cameron Healy and Spoon Khalsa in 1994 in Kona , Hawaii ; Omission Beer developed internally in 2012 in Portland , Oregon ; and Square Mile Cider , launched in 2013 Craft beer distribution alliances ( edit ) Beers made by smaller `` craft '' breweries which are co-distributed with A-B brands by select distributors : Fordham Brewing Company Old Dominion Brewing Company References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Trefis Team . `` The Year That Was : Anheuser - Busch InBev '' . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . However , the brewer 's market share continues to drop in the country due to a declining demand for domestic beer -- a category AB InBev dominates with products such as Bud Light and Budweiser . The brewer 's share dropped to 45 % from 47.6 % in less than a year in the U.S. beer market . Jump up ^ Brown , Lisa ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` A-B InBev finalizes $100 B billion acquisition of SABMiller , creating world 's largest beer company '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch reports rise in Q1 sales , slight drop in profit '' . St. Louis Business Journal . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Protz , R. , The Complete Guide to World Beer ( 2004 ) , ISBN 1 - 84442 - 865 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Most Comprehensive Guide to Beer Calories and ABV '' . www.efficientdrinker.com . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Beer Store Rita Listing '' . The Beer Store . Jump up ^ `` A-B 's Cran - Brrr - Rita extended through January '' . STL Today . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser Select '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AB InBev unveils new Bud 66 , the iPhone of lagers '' . thegrocer.co.uk . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apply for a Trademark . Search a Trademark '' . trademarkia.com . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lowdown : Budweiser Brews Non-Alcoholic Version '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser is launching a new beer that 's missing the one thing that consumers love '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Rings in the Holiday Season with Limited - Edition Beers '' . October 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Dry is rolled out nationally '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , E.J. ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Why Bud Light Killed Golden Wheat and Created Platinum and Lime - A-Rita '' . Crain Communications . Advertising Age . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Rosie ( 17 May 2007 ) . `` www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/General-News/Bud-Silver-bites-the-bullet '' . William Reed Business Media Ltd . Morning Adviser . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michelob - Crafting a better beer '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Frohlich , Thomas , C. ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Nine beers many Americans no longer drink '' . USA Today . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch follows Nike in dropping Armstrong sponsorship '' . Reuters. 2012 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ David Kesmodel ( 13 April 2009 ) . `` Anheuser Explores Sale of Struggling Rolling Rock '' . WSJ . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch - History '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Beer at beer collections '' . www.beercollections.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Shock Top Belgian White from Anheuser - Busch InBev - Ratebeer '' . www.ratebeer.com . Archived from the original on 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser-Busch.com - Homepage '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kesmodel , David ; Vranica , Suzanne ( 11 August 2009 ) . `` Anheuser Refreshes Bud Light Campaign '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch 's new hard apple cider to be made exclusively at Baldwinsville brewery '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` -- Land Shark Lager - Age Gate -- '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Land Shark Lager -- News '' . landsharklager.com . Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Miami park reverts to Dolphin Stadium '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Dawn ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Jimmy Buffett eatery to land in Myrtle Beach '' . The Sun News . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) . `` It 's Official : Jimmy Buffett 's Margaritaville is headed to Resorts Atlantic City '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Noel , Josh ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Goose Island Beer to Be Available in All 50 States '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Furnari , Chris . `` Anheuser - Busch InBev to Acquire Blue Point Brewing '' . Brewbound . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( 6 November 2014 ) . `` Anheuser - Busch swallows up another craft brewer '' . Time Warner . CNN . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Garnick , Coral , Seattle 's Elysian Brewing Sold to Anheuser - Busch , Seattle Times , January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Verive , John ( 23 September 2015 ) . `` Anheuser - Busch buys L.A. craft beer favorite Golden Road Brewing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Welcomes Four Peaks Brewing Company to The High End Business Unit '' . Anheuser - Busch InBev . Jump up ^ Wallace , Alicia ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Breckenridge Brewery sold to giant Anheuser - Busch 's `` High End '' `` . Digital First Media . The Denver Post . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch to acquire Devils Backbone Brewing Co '' . All About Beer Magazine . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karbach Brewing Co. to Partner with Anheuser - Busch and The High End '' . Jump up ^ `` Wicked Weed Brewing acquired by Anheuser - Busch '' . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Companies '' . www.anheuser-busch.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hot melon in your Budweiser ? - Business - US business - Food Inc . - NBC News '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A booze buzz for teenyboppers ? '' , March 30 , 2007 , MSNBC.com Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch 's `` Spykes '' Labels Illegal , Group Says `` . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Pulls `` Spykes '' - CBS News `` . www.cbsnews.com . May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tequiza '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ CRAFT BREW ALLIANCE , INC . ANNUAL REPORT For the Fiscal Year Ended : December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.anheuserbusch.com Anheuser Busch Alcohol Percentages. 2010 18 Oct . External links ( edit ) Anheuser - Busch website <Th_colspan="2"> hide Anheuser - Busch InBev Corporate directors Carlos Brito , CEO August Busch IV Arnoud de Pret Roose de Calesberg Philippe de Spoelberch Jorge Paulo Lemann Subsidiaries Anheuser - Busch , Inc ( Manufacturers Railway ) AmBev InBev Grupo Modelo SABMiller St. Louis Refrigerated Car Co . Equity investments Craft Brew Alliance ( 32.2 % ) Redhook Widmer Bros . Kona Brewing Global and multi-country brands Beck 's Budweiser Castle Lager Cerveza Corona Hoegaarden Leffe Stella Artois Local brands 10 Barrel Brewing Antarctica Bass Belle - Vue Blue Point Boddingtons Brewery Brahma beer Breckenridge Brewery Busch Beer Camden Town Diebels Diekirch Dommelsch Dutch Gold Elysian Franziskaner Four Peaks Guaraná Antarctica Harbin Brewery Hasseröder Hertog Jan Jupiler Karbach King Cobra Kokanee Labatt Lakeport Löwenbräu Lucky Michelob Mousel Natural Oranjeboom Quilmes Rolling Rock Skol Spaten St. Pauli Girl <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anheuser-Busch_brands&oldid=842316522 '' Categories : Anheuser - Busch beer brands Anheuser - Busch InBev brands Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Anheuser-Busch brands
2. Budweiser and Bud Light
3. Michelob and Michelob Ultra
4. Craft beer ownership
5. Specialty beers and discontinued brands |
5,501,783,571,740,183,000 | who is the main model for victoria's secret | List of Victoria 's Secret models - wikipedia List of Victoria 's Secret models Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of current and former Victoria 's Secret Angels and fashion models who have walked in the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show from 1995 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Victoria 's Secret Angels 2 Victoria 's Secret models 2.1 Models who walked the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show 2.2 Other models 3 References 4 External links Victoria 's Secret Angels ( edit ) Adriana Lima Tyra Banks Doutzen Kroes The current Victoria 's Secret Angels are marked in bold in the table below : Victoria 's Secret models ( edit ) Models who walked the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show ( edit ) Isabeli Fontana Naomi Campbell Hana Soukupová Natasha Poly Angela Lindvall Ana Beatriz Barros Abbey Lee Kershaw Jessica Stam Maryna Linchuk Toni Garrn Lily Donaldson Joan Smalls Liu Wen Constance Jablonski Devon Windsor Magdalena Frackowiak The following is the list of models who have walked in the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Shows between 1995 and 2017 . It does not include the Victoria 's Secret Angels listed above : Victoria Secret Angel Age Nationality Contract Shows walked Walks summary Aldridge ! Lily Aldridge 31 USA 2010 -- present 8 2009 -- present Ambrosio ! Alessandra Ambrosio 36 BRA 2004 -- present 16 2000 -- present Banks ! Tyra Banks 43 USA 1997 -- 2005 9 1996 -- 2005 Bündchen ! Gisele Bündchen 37 BRA 2000 -- 07 7 1999 -- 2006 Casta ! Laetitia Casta 39 FRA 1998 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 Christensen ! Helena Christensen 48 DEN 1997 -- 98 1997 -- 1998 Ebanks ! Selita Ebanks 34 CAY 2005 -- 08 6 2005 -- 2010 Ellingson ! Lindsay Ellingson 32 USA 2011 -- 14 8 2007 -- 2014 Goulart ! Izabel Goulart 33 BRA 2005 -- 08 12 2005 -- 2016 Grigorieva ! Kate Grigorieva 28 RUS 2015 -- 16 2014 -- present Heatherton ! Erin Heatherton 28 USA 2010 -- 13 6 2008 -- 2013 Hill ! Taylor Marie Hill 21 USA 2015 -- present 2014 -- present Hosk ! Elsa Hosk 28 SWE 2015 -- present 6 2011 -- present Hunt ! Martha Hunt 28 USA 2015 -- present 2013 -- present Huntington - Whiteley ! Rosie Huntington - Whiteley 30 GBR 2010 -- 11 5 2006 -- 2010 Iman ! Chanel Iman 26 USA 2010 -- 12 2009 -- 2011 Jagaciak ! Monika Jagaciak 23 POL 2015 -- 16 2013 -- 2015 Kerr ! Miranda Kerr 34 AUS 2007 -- 12 6 2006 -- 2009 ; 2011 -- 2012 Kloss ! Karlie Kloss 25 USA 2013 -- 15 5 2011 -- 2014 ; 2017 Klum ! Heidi Klum 44 GER 1999 -- 2010 11 1997 -- 2005 ; 2007 -- 2009 Kroes ! Doutzen Kroes 32 NED 2008 -- 14 8 2005 -- 2006 ; 2008 -- 2009 ; 2011 -- 2014 Kurková ! Karolína Kurková 33 CZE 2005 -- 09 9 2000 -- 2008 ; 2010 Lima ! Adriana Lima 36 BRA 2000 -- present 16 1999 -- 2008 ; 2010 -- present Maxwell ! Stella Maxwell 27 NZL 2015 -- present 2014 -- present Miller ! Marisa Miller 39 USA 2007 -- 10 2007 -- 2009 Mulder ! Karen Mulder 47 NED 1996 -- 2000 5 1996 -- 2000 North ! Chandra North 44 USA 1998 1997 -- 1998 Peštová ! Daniela Peštová 47 CZE 1997 -- 2001 1998 -- 2001 Prinsloo ! Behati Prinsloo 28 NAM 2009 -- present 9 2007 -- 2015 ; 2018 -- present Ribeiro ! Lais Ribeiro 27 BRA 2015 -- present 6 2010 -- 2011 ; 2013 -- present Rivero ! Inés Rivero 42 ARG 1998 -- 99 1998 -- 2001 Sampaio ! Sara Sampaio 26 POR 2015 -- present 2013 -- present Seymour ! Stephanie Seymour 49 USA 1997 -- 2000 6 1995 -- 2000 Skriver ! Josephine Skriver 24 DEN 2016 -- present 2013 -- present Strijd ! Romee Strijd 22 NED 2015 -- present 2014 -- present Swanepoel ! Candice Swanepoel 29 RSA 2010 -- present 9 2007 -- 2015 ; 2017 -- present Tookes ! Jasmine Tookes 26 USA 2015 -- present 5 2012 -- present Victoria Secret Model Nationality Shows walked Walks summary Kershaw ! Abbey Lee Kershaw AUS 2008 - 2009 Curtiss ! Aiden Curtiss USA 2017 Nasenyana ! Ajuma Nasenyana KEN 2006 Arrington ! Alanna Arrington USA 2016 -- present Morais ! Alécia Morais CPV 2017 Wek ! Alek Wek SUD 2001 Graham ! Alexina Graham GBR 2017 Estevao ! Amilna Estevao ANG 2017 Niaria ! Aminata Niaria SEN 2009 Barros ! Ana Beatriz Barros BRA 6 2002 - 2003 , 2005 - 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 Michels ! Ana Cláudia Michels BRA 1999 - 2000 Hickmann ! Ana Hickmann BRA 2002 Mali ! Anais Mali FRA 2011 Kuznetsova ! Anastasia Kuznetsova RUS 2009 Muise ! Andi Muise CAN 2005 -- 2007 Lindvall ! Angela Lindvall USA 6 2000 , 2003 , 2005 - 2008 Boss ! Angelica Boss RUS 1998 Kallio ! Angelika Kallio FIN 1995 Rubik ! Anja Rubik POL 2009 -- 2011 Jagodzińska ! Anna Jagodzińska POL 2009 Vyalitsyna ! Anne Vyalitsyna RUS 2008 , 2010 - 2011 Morton ! Annie Morton USA 1998 Lepere ! Anouck Lepere BEL 2001 Sosa ! Arlenis Sosa DOM 2008 Muñoz ! Astrid Muñoz PUR 1998 Marnay ! Audrey Marnay FRA 2001 Claudel ! Aurélie Claudel FRA 2000 - 2001 Fialho ! Barbara Fialho BRA 6 2012 -- present Palvin ! Barbara Palvin HUN 2012 Hadid ! Bella Hadid USA 2016 -- present Peele ! Beverly Peele USA 1995 - 1996 Balti ! Bianca Balti ITA 2005 Padilla ! Blanca Padilla ESP 2014 , 2017 Heinen ! Bregje Heinen NED 2011 - 2012 , 2014 Hall ! Bridget Hall USA 1998 , 2001 - 2002 Malcolm ! Bridget Malcolm AUS 2015 - 2016 Perry ! Brooke Perry USA 2016 Lirio ! Bruna Lirio BRA 2015 , 2017 Balfe ! Caitriona Balfe IRL 2002 Rowe ! Camille Rowe USA 2016 Russell ! Cameron Russell USA 2011 - 2012 Delevingne ! Cara Delevingne GBR 2012 - 2013 Kass ! Carmen Kass EST 5 1999 - 2000 , 2002 - 2003 , 2008 Nielsen ! Caroline Brasch Nielsen DEN 2011 , 2013 Ribeiro ! Caroline Ribeiro BRA 2000 -- 2002 Trentini ! Caroline Trentini BRA 2005 - 2006 , 2009 Winberg ! Caroline Winberg SWE 7 2005 -- 2011 Salmon ! Carrie Salmon CAN 1996 -- 1998 McCord ! Catherine McCord USA 1995 - 1996 Saint Louis Augustin ! Chrystéle Saint Louis Augustin FRA 1998 Bruna ! Cindy Bruna FRA 5 2013 -- present Alonso ! Clara Alonso ESP 2008 Schiffer ! Claudia Schiffer GER 1997 Jablonski ! Constance Jablonski FRA 6 2010 -- 2015 Braga ! Daniela Braga BRA 2014 -- present Angell ! Danita Angell USA 2000 Khlystun ! Daria Khlystun UKR 2017 Miller ! Deanna Miller USA 2003 Windsor ! Devon Windsor USA 5 2013 -- present Driegen ! Dewi Driegen NED 2002 - 2003 Mészáros ! Diána Mészáros HUN 2001 Jörgensen ! Dorothea Barth Jörgensen SWE 2009 , 2012 Vilkevičiūtė ! Edita Vilkevičiūtė LTU 2008 -- 2010 Crombez ! Élise Crombez BEL 2006 - 2007 Benítez ! Elsa Benítez MEX 1997 - 1999 Taylor ! Elyse Taylor AUS 2009 de Paula ! Emanuela de Paula BRA 2008 , 2010 - 2011 Heming ! Emma Heming GBR 2001 Mihalik ! Enikő Mihalik HUN 2009 , 2014 Wasson ! Erin Wasson USA 2007 Chen ! Estelle Chen FRA 2017 Cañadas ! Esther Cañadas ESP 1997 Silva ! Eugenia Silva ESP 1998 - 1999 Volodina ! Eugenia Volodina RUS 2002 - 2003 , 2005 , 2007 Herzigová ! Eva Herzigová CZE 1999 -- 2001 Semprebom ! Fabiana Semprebom BRA Tavares ! Fernanda Tavares BRA 5 2000 - 2003 , 2005 de Oliveira ! Flávia de Oliveira BRA 5 2006 - 2008 , 2010 - 2011 Lucini ! Flávia Lucini BRA 2015 - 2016 Rayder ! Frankie Rayder USA 1999 - 2000 , 2002 - 2003 van der Wal ! Frederique van der Wal NED 1995 -- 1997 Aasen ! Frida Aasen NOR 2017 Gustavsson ! Frida Gustavsson SWE 2012 Elliott ! Gail Elliott GBR 1995 Fowler ! Georgia Fowler NZL 2016 -- present Robertson ! Georgianna Robertson JAM 1997 Hadid ! Gigi Hadid USA 2015 -- present Oliveira ! Gizele Oliveira BRA 2017 Bol ! Grace Bol SUD 2017 Elizabeth ! Grace Elizabeth USA 2016 -- present Mahary ! Grace Mahary CAN 2014 Carvalho ! Gracie Carvalho BRA 2010 , 2015 Soukupová ! Hana Soukupová CZE 2006 - 2007 Cohen ! Haylynn Cohen USA 2000 Marks ! Heather Marks CAN 2006 Payne ! Heather Payne CAN 1998 Barquilla ! Helena Barquilla ESP 1995 Guérin ! Héloïse Guérin FRA Paul ! Herieth Paul TAN 2016 -- present Rhoda ! Hilary Rhoda USA 2012 - 2013 Leonard ! Hollyanne Leonard CAN 1999 Lagūna ! Ieva Lagūna LAT 2011 -- 2014 Savits ! Inga Savits EST 2002 Seynhaeve ! Ingrid Seynhaeve BEL 1995 , 1997 , 2000 Butāne ! Ingūna Butāne LAT 2005 , 2007 - 2008 Hammam ! Imaan Hammam NED 2014 Bondarenko ! Irina Bondarenko RUS 1998 Sharipova ! Irina Sharipova RUS 2014 , 2017 Shayk ! Irina Shayk RUS 2016 Fontana ! Isabeli Fontana BRA 8 2003 , 2005 , 2007 - 2010 , 2012 , 2014 Jablonski ! Jacquelyn Jablonski USA 6 2010 -- 2015 Wheeler ! Jacquetta Wheeler GBR 2003 King ! Jaime King USA 1998 - 1999 Darley ! Jamie Lee Darley USA 2009 Diolne ! Janiece Dilone USA 2016 -- present Chiminazzo ! Jeísa Chiminazzo BRA 2006 Clarke ! Jessica Clarke NZL 2011 Hart ! Jessica Hart AUS 2012 - 2013 Stam ! Jessica Stam CAN 2006 - 2007 , 2010 White ! Jessica White USA 2007 Smalls ! Joan Smalls PUR 6 2011 -- 2016 Dunn ! Jourdan Dunn GBR 2012 -- 2014 Phillips ! Jourdana Phillips USA 2016 -- present Belyakova ! Julia Belyakova RUS 2017 Stegner ! Julia Stegner GER 7 2005 -- 2011 Elson ! Karen Elson GBR 2001 Pedaru ! Karmen Pedaru EST 2011 Struss ! Kasia Struss POL 2013 - 2014 Wile ! Katie Wile USA 2007 Zingarevich ! Katsia Zingarevich BLR Shchekina ! Katya Shchekina RUS 2006 Lindgard ! Keke Lindgard USA 2016 Gale ! Kelly Gale SWE 2013 - 2014 , 2016 -- present Jenner ! Kendall Jenner USA 2015 - 2016 Claussen ! Keri Claussen USA 1995 , 1997 - 1998 Kabukuru ! Kiara Kabukuru UGA 1999 Hume ! Kirsty Hume GBR 1999 Bisutti ! Kylie Bisutti USA 2009 Oliveira ! Lais Oliveira BRA 2016 Fox ! Lameka Fox USA 2016 -- present Stone ! Lara Stone NED 2008 Nda ! Leila Nda BEL 2015 , 2017 Bishop ! Leilani Bishop USA 1995 - 1996 , 1999 Anderson ! Leomie Anderson GBR 2015 -- present Birkheuer ! Letícia Birkheuer BRA 2002 - 2003 Donaldson ! Lily Donaldson GBR 7 2010 -- 2016 Frimodt ! Lindsay Frimodt USA 2002 - 2003 Wen ! Liu Wen CHN 6 2009 - 2012 , 2016 -- present Kebede ! Liya Kebede ETH 2002 - 2003 Grothe ! Luma Grothe BRA 2016 Scott ! Lyndsey Scott USA 2009 Frackowiak ! Magdalena Frackowiak POL 5 2010 , 2012 - 2015 Wróbel ! Magdalena Wróbel POL 1995 Laine ! Maggie Laine USA 2016 -- present Rizer ! Maggie Rizer USA 2001 Firth ! Malaika Firth KEN 2013 Bittar ! Marcelle Bittar BRA 2003 Svegzdaite ! Margarita Svegzdaite LTU 2003 Borges ! Maria Borges ANG 5 2013 -- present Vujović ! Marija Vujović MNE 2005 , 2007 Streck ! Martha Streck BRA Linchuk ! Maryna Linchuk BLR 5 2008 - 2011 , 2013 Welzen ! Maud Welzen NED 2012 , 2014 - 2015 Nicholas ! Mayowa Nicholas NGR 2017 Puleri ! Megan Puleri USA 2015 Williams ! Megan Williams GBR 2016 -- present Kocianova ! Michaela Kocianova SVK 2007 Alves ! Michelle Alves BRA 2002 - 2003 Xi ! Ming Xi CHN 5 2013 -- present Andén ! Mini Andén SWE 2000 - 2001 , 2003 Sims ! Molly Sims USA 2001 Dubled ! Morgane Dubled FRA 2005 -- 2008 Dunkle ! Myka Dunkle USA 1998 Leopold ! Nadine Leopold AUT 2017 Strittmatter ! Nadine Strittmatter SWI 2002 Campbell ! Naomi Campbell GBR 6 1996 - 1998 , 2002 - 2003 , 2005 Adcock ! Natane Adcock USA 1995 , 1998 - 1999 Poly ! Natasha Poly RUS 2005 - 2006 Lenoir ! Noémie Lenoir FRA 2007 - 2008 Onweagba ! Oluchi Onweagba NGR 6 2000 , 2002 - 2003 , 2005 - 2007 Mota ! Omahyra Mota DOM 2001 Hoarau ! Pauline Hoarau FRA 2015 Hilbert ! Rachel Hilbert USA 2015 - 2016 Zimmermann ! Raquel Zimmermann BRA 2002 , 2005 - 2006 Romijn ! Rebecca Romijn USA 1997 - 1998 Ebergenyi ! Reka Ebergenyi HUN 2002 Durham ! Rhea Durham USA 2000 - 2001 Rasmussen ! Rie Rasmussen DEN 2001 de Kok ! Roosmarijn de Kok NED 2017 Mohan ! Saira Mohan CAN Bermannelli ! Samile Bermannelli BRA 2017 Vloet ! Sanne Vloet NED 2015 -- present Stephens ! Sarah Stephens AUS 2008 Lopez ! Sessilee Lopez USA 2008 - 2009 Shaik ! Shanina Shaik AUS 2011 - 2012 , 2014 - 2015 Click ! Shannan Click USA 2008 -- 2011 Diniz ! Sharam Diniz POR 2012 , 2015 Pei ! Shu Pei CHN 2012 Agren ! Sigrid Agren FRA 2013 - 2014 He ! Sui He CHN 7 2011 -- present Kovylina ! Tatiana Kovylina RUS 2005 , 2009 Garrn ! Toni Garrn GER 2011 -- 2013 Helfer ! Tricia Helfer CAN 1997 - 1998 Goff ! Trish Goff USA 1999 -- 2001 Raut ! Ujjwala Raut IND 2002 - 2003 Mazza ! Valeria Mazza ARG 1998 Garduno ! Valerie Jean Garduno USA 1995 Kaufman ! Valery Kaufman RUS 2015 - 2016 Moody ! Vanessa Moody USA 2017 Kirsebom ! Vendela Kirsebom NOR 1997 Webb ! Veronica Webb USA 1995 - 1996 Lee ! Victoria Lee AUS 2017 Sidorkina ! Vita Sidorkina RUS 2015 Ju ! Xiao Wen Ju CHN 2016 -- present Xie ! Xin Xie CHN 2017 Ghauri ! Yasmeen Ghauri CAN 1996 - 1997 Sturm ! Yfke Sturm NED 2002 , 2005 Lambert ! Yumi Lambert BEL 2014 - 2015 Tibby ! Zuri Tibby USA 2016 -- present Other models ( edit ) The following models posed for Victoria 's Secret but did not walk the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show : Victoria Secret Model Nationality Michael ! Ali Michael USA Pouliot ! Anais Pouliot CAN Leuenberger ! Anja Leuenberger SUI Selezneva ! Anna Selezneva RUS Refaeli ! Bar Refaeli ISR ! Barbara di Creddo BRA Gittens ! Bianca Gittens CAN Decker ! Brenda Maria Gonzalez USA Decker ! Brooklyn Decker USA Morrone ! Camila Morrone ARG Carter ! Chase Carter BHS Mello ! Cindy Mello BRA Dicker ! Cintia Dicker BRA Evans ! Danielle Evans USA Lopez ! Daniela Lopez COL Kim ! Daul Kim KOR Irwin ! Elaine Irwin USA Rattigan ! Ella Rattigan USA Macpherson ! Elle Macpherson AUS DiDonato ! Emily DiDonato USA Davis ! Geena Davis USA Lapiņa ! Ginta Lapiņa LVA Jeter ! 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Sasha Pivovarova RUS Ledard ! Shakara Ledard BHS Hansen ! Solveig Mørk Hansen DEN Sonya Gorelova ! Sonya Gorelova UKR Ahrens ! Sophia Ahrens GER Helene ! Summer Helene USA Zavialova ! Tatiana Zavialova RUS Patitz ! Tatjana Patitz GER Lourenco ! Teresa Lourenco TTO Vařeková ! Veronika Vařeková CZE Roslyakova ! Vlada Roslyakova RUS Deli ! Xenia Deli MDA Villaret ! Yada Villaret FRA Khmidan ! Yara Khmidan UKR Barnard ! 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3,821,462,726,154,294,000 | when did the blair witch project come out | The Blair Witch Project - Wikipedia The Blair Witch Project Not to be confused with Bell Witch : The Movie . <Th_colspan="2"> The Blair Witch Project <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Daniel Myrick Eduardo Sánchez Produced by Robin Cowie Gregg Hale Written by Daniel Myrick Eduardo Sánchez Starring Heather Donahue Michael C. Williams Joshua Leonard Music by Antonio Cora Cinematography Neal Fredericks Edited by Daniel Myrick Eduardo Sánchez Production company Haxan Films Distributed by Artisan Entertainment Release date January 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 25 ) ( Sundance ) July 14 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 81 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60,000 Box office $248.6 million The Blair Witch Project is a 1999 American supernatural horror film written , directed and edited by Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sánchez . It tells the fictional story of three student filmmakers -- Heather Donahue , Michael C. Williams and Joshua Leonard -- who hike in the Black Hills near Burkittsville , Maryland in 1994 to film a documentary about a local legend known as the Blair Witch . The three disappear but their video and sound equipment , along with most of the footage they shot , is discovered a year later ; the `` recovered footage '' is the film the viewer is watching . Myrick and Sánchez conceived of a fictional legend of the Blair Witch in 1993 . They developed a thirty - five page screenplay with the dialogue to be improvised . A casting call advertisement in Backstage magazine was prepared by the directors and Donahue , Williams and Leonard were cast . The film entered production in October 1997 , with the principal photography taking place in Maryland for eight days overseen by cinematographer Neal Fredericks . About twenty hours of footage was shot and was edited down to eighty - two minutes . The Blair Witch Project premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 25 , 1999 , during which a promotional marketing campaign listed the actors as either `` missing '' or `` deceased '' . Owing to its successful run at Sundance , Artisan Entertainment bought the film 's distribution rights for $1.1 million , and had a North American release on July 14 , 1999 before expanding to a wider release starting on July 30 . While critical reception was mostly positive , audience reception was split . Nevertheless , the film was widely regarded to have popularized the found footage technique , later employed by similarly successful films such as Paranormal Activity and Cloverfield . A sleeper hit , The Blair Witch Project grossed nearly $250 million worldwide on a modest budget of $60,000 , making it one of the most successful independent films of all time . The film spawned two sequels -- Book of Shadows and Blair Witch -- released in October 2000 and September 2016 , respectively . The Blair Witch franchise has expanded to include novels , dossiers , comic books and additional merchandise . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Pre-production 2.3 Filming 2.4 Post-production 3 Marketing 3.1 Fictional legend 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical run 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 4.4 Accolades 5 Legacy 5.1 Media tie - ins 5.1. 1 Books 5.1. 2 Comic books 5.1. 3 Video games 5.1. 4 Documentary 6 Sequels 7 Television 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In October 1994 , film students Heather , Mike and Josh set out to produce a documentary about the fabled Blair Witch . They travel to Burkittsville , Maryland , and interview residents about the legend . Locals tell them of Rustin Parr , a hermit who lived in the woods and kidnapped eight children in the 1940s . After spending the night at a motel , the students explore the woods in north Burkittsville to research the legend . Along the way they meet two fishermen , one of whom warns them that the woods are haunted . He also tells them of a young girl named Robin Weaver , who went missing in 1888 ; when she returned three days later , she talked about `` an old woman whose feet never touched the ground . '' His companion , however , is skeptical of the story . The students hike to Coffin Rock , where five men were found ritualistically murdered in the 19th century , their bodies later disappearing . The group camps for the night . They move deeper into the woods the next day and locate what appears to be an old cemetery with seven small cairns and set up camp nearby . That night , they hear the sound of twigs snapping from all directions but assume the noises are from animals or locals . The following day , they attempt to hike back to the car but are unable to find it before dark and make camp . They again hear twigs snapping at night but fail to find the source of the noises . At morning , they find that three cairns have been built around their tent during the night , which unnerves them . As they continue , Heather realizes her map is missing and Mike later reveals he kicked it into a creek the previous day out of frustration , which prompts Heather and Josh to attack him in a rage . They realize they are now lost and decide simply to head south . They eventually reach a section where they discover a multitude of humanoid stick figures suspended from trees . They again hear sounds that night , including those of children laughing , among other strange noises . After an unknown force shakes the tent , they flee in panic and hide in the woods until dawn . Upon returning to their tent , they find that their possessions have been rifled through , and Josh 's equipment is covered with slime . As they continue , they come across a log on a river identical to one they crossed earlier . They realize they have walked in a circle , despite having traveled south all day , and once again make camp . Josh suffers a breakdown while holding the camera , taunting Heather for their circumstances and her constant recording of the events . Josh has disappeared the next morning and Heather and Mike try in vain to find him before slowly moving on . That night , they hear Josh 's agonized screams in the darkness but are unable to locate him . Mike and Heather theorize that Josh 's screams are a fabrication by the witch to draw them out of their tent . The next day , outside her tent , Heather discovers a bundle of sticks tied with a piece of fabric from Josh 's shirt . As she searches through it , she finds blood - soaked scraps of Josh 's shirt as well as teeth , hair and what appears to be a piece of his tongue . Although distraught by the discovery , she chooses not to tell Mike . That night , Heather records herself apologizing to her family and to Mike 's and Josh 's families , taking full responsibility for their predicament . They again hear Josh 's agonized cries for help and follow them to a derelict , abandoned house containing symbols and children 's bloody hand - prints on the walls . Mike races upstairs to find Josh while Heather follows . Mike says he hears Josh in the basement . He runs downstairs while a hysterical Heather struggles to keep up . Upon reaching the basement , an unseen force attacks Mike , causing him to drop the camera and go silent . Heather enters the basement screaming , and her camera captures Mike facing a corner . Something unseen attacks Heather , causing her to drop her camera and go silent as well . The footage continues for another moment and ends . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Development of The Blair Witch Project began in 1993 . While film students at the University of Central Florida , Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sánchez came across the idea for the film after realizing that they found documentaries on paranormal phenomena scarier than traditional horror films . The two decided to create a film that combined the styles of both . In an effort to produce the project , they , along with Gregg Hale , Robin Cowie and Michael Monello started Haxan Films , a production company whose namesake is Benjamin Christensen 's 1922 silent documentary horror film Häxan ( English : Witchcraft Through the Ages ) . In developing the mythology behind the film , the creators used many inspirations . For instance , several character names are near - anagrams : Elly Kedward ( The Blair Witch ) is Edward Kelley , a 16th - century mystic , and Rustin Parr , the fictional 1940s child - murderer , began as an anagram for Rasputin . Viewers are told that the Blair Witch is , according to legend , the ghost of Elly Kedward , a woman banished from the Blair Township ( latter - day Burkittsville ) for witchcraft in 1785 . The directors incorporated that part of the legend , along with allusions to the Salem witch trials and Arthur Miller 's 1953 play The Crucible , to play on the themes of injustice done on those who were called witches . The directors cited influences such as the television series In Search of ... , and horror documentary films Chariots of the Gods and The Legend of Boggy Creek . Other influences included commercially successful horror films such as The Shining , Alien , and The Omen . Jaws was an influence as well , presumably because the witch was hidden from the viewer for the entirety of the film , forcing suspense from the unknown . Pre-production ( edit ) Joshua Leonard played a fictionalized version of himself in the film . Pre-production began on October 5 , 1997 . In talks with investors , the directors presented an eight - minute documentary along with newspapers and news footage . The documentary was also aired on the defunct television series Split Screen hosted by John Pierson . The script began with a thirty - five page outline , with the dialogue to be improvised . Accordingly , the directors advertised in Backstage magazine for actors with strong improvisational abilities . There was a very informal improvisational audition process to narrow the pool of 2,000 actors . According to Heather Donahue , auditions for the film were held at Musical Theater Works in New York City , and ads were placed in the weekly Backstage for an open audition . The advertisement noted a `` completely improvised feature film '' shot in a `` wooded location '' . Donahue described the audition as Myrick and Sánchez posing her the question : `` You 've served seven years of a nine year sentence . Why should we let you out on parole ? '' to which Donahue was required to improvise a response . Joshua Leonard , also in response to audition calls through Backstage , claimed he was cast in the film due to his knowledge of how to run a camera , as there was not an omniscient camera filming the scenes . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on October 23 , 1997 and lasted eight days . Most of the film was shot in Seneca Creek State Park in Montgomery County , Maryland , although a few scenes were filmed in the real town of Burkittsville . Some of the townspeople interviewed in the film were not actors , and some were planted actors , unknown to the main cast . Donahue had never operated a camera before and spent two days in a `` crash course '' . Donahue said she modeled her character after a director she had once worked with , citing the character 's `` self - assuredness '' when everything went as planned , and confusion during crisis . During filming , the actors were equipped with CP - 16 film and Hi8 video cameras provided by cinematographer Neal Fredericks , and given clues as to their next location through messages hidden inside 35 mm film cans left in milk crates found with Global Positioning Satellite systems . They were given individual instructions that they would use to help improvise the action of the day . Teeth were obtained from a Maryland dentist for use as human remains in the film . Influenced by producer Gregg Hale 's memories of his military training , in which `` enemy soldiers '' would hunt a trainee through wild terrain for three days , the directors moved the characters a long way during the day , harassing them by night and depriving them of food . The final scenes were filmed at the historic Griggs House , a 200 - year - old building located in the Patapsco Valley State Park near Granite , Maryland . In late November 1999 , the house was reportedly being flocked by fans of the film who took chunks from it as souvenirs , causing the township to order it to be demolished the following month . Filming concluded on October 31 , Halloween . Post-production ( edit ) After filming , twenty hours of raw footage was recorded which had to be cut down to two - and - a-half hours ; the editing process took more than eight months . The directors screened the first cut in small film festivals in order to get feedback and make changes that would ensure that it appealed to as large an audience as possible . Originally , it was hoped that the film would make it on to cable television , and the directors did not anticipate wide release . The final version was submitted to Sundance Film Festival . After becoming a surprise hit at Sundance , during its midnight premiere on January 25 , 1999 , Artisan Entertainment bought the distribution rights for $1.1 million . Prior to that , Artisan had wanted to change the film 's original ending -- in which Donahue screams in terror and finds Michael C. Williams facing a corner in the basement before being knocked over -- as the test audience were somewhat puzzled even though they admitted being scared with it . The directors and Williams traveled back to Maryland and four alternate endings were shot , one of which employed gory elements . Ultimately , they decided to keep the original , with Myrick explaining , `` What makes us fearful is something that 's out of the ordinary , unexplained . The first ending kept the audience off balance ; it challenged our real world conventions and that 's what really made it scary . '' A list of production budget figures have circulated over the years , appearing as low as $20,000 . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Sánchez revealed that when principal photography first wrapped , approximately $20,000 to $25,000 had been spent . Richard Corliss of Time magazine reported a $35,000 estimated budget . Other figures list a final budget ranging between $500,000 and $750,000 . By September 2016 , The Blair Witch Project has been officially budgeted at $60,000 . Marketing ( edit ) A missing person poster showing Heather Donahue ( left ) , Joshua Leonard ( middle ) , and Michael C. Williams ( right ) as part of the film 's marketing campaign tactic to portray its events as real The Blair Witch Project is thought to be the first widely released film marketed primarily by the Internet . The film 's official website featured faux police reports as well as `` newsreel - style '' interviews . These augmented the film 's found footage device to spark debates across the Internet over whether the film was a real - life documentary or a work of fiction . During screenings , the filmmakers made advertising efforts to promulgate the events in the film as factual , including the distribution of flyers at festivals such as Sundance , asking viewers to come forward with any information about the `` missing '' students . The campaign tactic was that viewers were being told , through missing persons posters , that the characters were missing while researching in the woods for the mythical Blair Witch . The IMDb page also listed the actors as `` missing , presumed dead '' in the first year of the film 's availability . The film 's website contains materials of actors posing as police and investigators giving testimony about their casework , and shared childhood photos of the actors to add a sense of realism . USA Today has opined that The Blair Witch Project was the first film to go viral despite having been produced before many of the technologies that facilitate such phenomena existed . Fictional legend ( edit ) The backstory for the film is a legend fabricated by Sánchez and Myrick which is detailed in the Curse of the Blair Witch , a mockumentary broadcast on the SciFi Channel in 1999 prior to the release of The Blair Witch Project . Sánchez and Myrick also maintain a website which adds further details to the legend . The legend describes the killings and disappearances of some of the residents of Blair , Maryland ( a fictitious town on the site of Burkittsville , Maryland ) from the 18th to 20th centuries . Residents blamed these occurrences on the ghost of Elly Kedward , a Blair resident accused of practicing witchcraft in 1785 and sentenced to death by exposure . The Curse of the Blair Witch presents the legend as real , complete with manufactured newspaper articles , newsreels , television news reports , and staged interviews . Release ( edit ) Theatrical run ( edit ) The Blair Witch Project premiered on January 25 , 1999 at the Sundance Film Festival , and had a limited release on July 14 before going wide on July 30 after months of publicity , including a campaign by the studio to use the Internet and suggest that the film was `` a record of real events '' . The distribution strategy for the film was created and implemented by Artisan studio executive Steven Rothenberg . The film earned $1,512,054 in its limited release opening weekend . The film went on to gross $29,207,381 from 1,101 locations and placed at number two in the United States box office third opening weekend , surpassing the science fiction horror film Deep Blue Sea which cleared $19,107,643 weekend gross . The film secured its second place in its fourth weekend , behind another horror film The Sixth Sense , which cleared $26,681,262 . The film descended at number three in its fifth weekend , at number five in its sixth weekend , and number eight in its seventh and eighth weekend during Labor Day . The film dropped out of the top - ten list in its tenth weekend until its last screening in 107 theaters in its seventeenth weekend , grossing $28,866 and placing in number sixty - three . By the end of its theatrical run , the film grossed $140,539,099 in the US and Canada in its total screening and produced $108,100,000 in other territories , having an overall gross of $248,639,099 ( over 4,000 times its original budget ) . The Blair Witch Project was the tenth highest - grossing film in the US in 1999 , and has since earned the reputation of becoming a sleeper hit . Because the filming was done by the actors using hand - held cameras , much of the footage is shaky , especially the final sequence in which a character is running down a set of stairs with the camera . Some audience members experienced motion sickness and even vomited as a result . Critical reception ( edit ) `` At a time when digital techniques can show us almost anything , The Blair Witch Project is a reminder that what really scares us is the stuff we ca n't see . The noise in the dark is almost always scarier than what makes the noise in the dark . '' -- Roger Ebert , writing for the Chicago Sun - Times The Blair Witch Project drew very good reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 86 % based on 154 critics , and an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Full of creepy campfire scares , mock - doc The Blair Witch Project keeps audiences in the dark about its titular villain -- thus proving that imagination can be as scary as anything onscreen . '' Metacritic gives a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 based on 33 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Audience reception to the film , though , were ambivalent , with CinemaScore giving it an average grade of `` C + '' on a scale ranging from A+ to F based on audiences polled during opening weekend . The film 's found footage technique received near - universal praise by many and , though not the first to employ it , has been declared a milestone in film history due to its critical and box office success . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film a total of four stars , and called it `` an extraordinarily effective horror film '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it `` a groundbreaker in fright that reinvents scary for the new millennium '' . Todd McCarthy of Variety said , `` An intensely imaginative piece of conceptual filmmaking that also delivers the goods as a dread - drenched horror movie , The Blair Witch Project puts a clever modern twist on the universal fear of the dark and things that go bump in the night . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave a grade of `` B '' , saying , `` As a horror picture , the film may not be much more than a cheeky game , a novelty with the cool , blurry look of an avant - garde artifact . But as a manifestation of multimedia synergy , it 's pretty spooky . '' Some critics were displeased with the film . Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer deemed it `` overrated , '' as well as a rendition of `` the ultimate triumph of the Sundance scam : Make a heartless home movie , get enough critics to blurb in near unison ' scary , ' and watch the suckers flock to be fleeced '' . A critic from The Christian Science Monitor said that while the film 's concept and scares were innovative , he felt it could have just been shot `` as a 30 - minute short ... since its shaky camera work and fuzzy images get monotonous after a while , and there 's not much room for character development within the very limited plot . '' R.L. Schaffer of IGN scored it two out of ten , and described it as `` boring -- really boring '' , and `` a Z - grade , low - rent horror outing with no real scares into a genuine big - budget spectacle '' . Home Media ( edit ) The DVD for The Blair Witch Project was released on October 26 , 1999 by Artisan , presented in a 1.33 : 1 windowboxed aspect ratio and Dolby Digital 2.0 audio . Special features include the documentary Curse of the Blair Witch , a five - minute Newly Discovered Footage , audio commentary , production notes , and cast and crew biographies . The audio commentary presents directors Daniel Myrick , Eduardo Sánchez , and producers Rob Cowie , Mike Monello and Gregg Hale , in which they discuss the film 's production . The Curse of the Blair Witch feature provides an in - depth look inside the creation of the film . The film 's Blu - ray version was released on October 5 , 2010 by Lionsgate . Best Buy and Lionsgate had an exclusive release of the Blu - ray made available on August 29 , 2010 . Accolades ( edit ) The 20th Golden Raspberry Awards gave Heather Donahue their Worst Actress award , and nominated producers Robin Cowie and Gregg Hale for the Worst Picture award . At the Stinkers Bad Movie Awards , the film won the Biggest Disappointment category and received three nominations : Worst Picture ( Cowie and Hale ) , Worst Actress ( Donahue ) , and Worst Screen Debut ( Heather , Michael , Josh , the Stick People and the world 's longest running batteries ) . At the 1st Golden Trailer Awards , it received a nomination for Most Original Trailer and won two categories : Best Horror / Thriller and Best Voice Over . The Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award awarded The Blair Witch Project its Best Film . Legacy ( edit ) Since its release , The Blair Witch Project has been widely regarded by many as an influence to an array of subsequent films similarly using the found footage concept and the conventions the film established . These include Paranormal Activity and REC ( 2007 ) , Cloverfield ( 2008 ) , The Last Exorcism and Trollhunter ( 2010 ) , Chronicle , Project X , V / H / S , and End of Watch ( 2012 ) , and The Den ( 2013 ) . Some critics have also noted the film as being strikingly similar to Cannibal Holocaust ( 1980 ) , and The Last Broadcast ( 1998 ) in terms of basic plot premise and narrative style . Although Cannibal Holocaust director Ruggero Deodato has acknowledged the similarities of The Blair Witch Project to his film , he criticized the publicity that it received for being an original production ; advertisements for The Blair Witch Project also promoted the idea that the footage is genuine . Despite initial reports that The Last Broadcast creators -- Stefan Avalos and Lance Weiler -- had alleged that The Blair Witch Project was a complete rip - off of their work and would sue Haxan Films for copyright infringement , they repudiated these allegations . One of the creators told IndieWire in 1999 , `` If somebody enjoys The Blair Witch Project there is a chance they will enjoy our film , and we hope they will check it out . '' Film critic Michael Dodd has argued that the film is an embodiment of horror `` modernizing its ability to be all - encompassing in expressing the fears of American society '' , acknowledging its status as the archetypal modern found footage feature , he noted that `` In an age where anyone can film whatever they like , horror need n't be a cinematic expression of what terrifies the cinema - goer , it can simply be the medium through which terrors captured by the average American can be showcased '' . In 2008 , The Blair Witch Project was ranked by Entertainment Weekly as number ninety - nine on their list of 100 Best Films from 1983 to 2008 . In 2006 , the Chicago Film Critics Association ranked it as number twelve on their list of Top 100 Scariest Movies . It was ranked number fifty on Filmcritic.com 's list of 50 Best Movie Endings of All Time . In 2016 , it was ranked by IGN as number twenty - one on their list of Top 25 Horror Movies of All Time , number sixteen on Cosmopolitan 's 25 Scariest Movies of All Time , and number three on The Hollywood Reporter 's 10 Scariest Movies of All Time . In 2013 , the film also made the top - ten list of The Hollywood Reporter 's highest - grossing independent films of all time , ranking number six . Director Eli Roth has cited the film as a source of inspiration to promote his 2002 horror film Cabin Fever through the Internet . The Blair Witch Project was among the films included in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die . Media tie - ins ( edit ) Main article : Blair Witch Books ( edit ) In September 1999 , D. A. Stern compiled The Blair Witch Project : A Dossier . Perpetuating the film 's `` true story '' angle , the dossier consisted of fabricated police reports , pictures , interviews , and newspaper articles presenting the film 's premise as fact , as well as further elaboration on the Elly Kedward and Rustin Parr legends ( an additional `` dossier '' was created for Blair Witch 2 ) . Stern wrote the 2000 novel Blair Witch : The Secret Confessions of Rustin Parr , and revisited the franchise with the novel Blair Witch : Graveyard Shift , featuring all original characters and plot . A series of eight young adult books entitled The Blair Witch Files were released by Random subsidiary Bantam from 2000 to 2001 . The books center on Cade Merill , a fictional cousin of Heather Donahue , who investigates phenomena related to the Blair Witch in attempt to discover what really happened to Heather , Mike , and Josh . Comic books ( edit ) In July 1999 , Oni Press released a one - shot comic promoting the film , titled The Blair Witch Project # 1 . Written and illustrated by Cece Malvey , the comic was released in conjunction of the film . In October 2000 , coinciding with the release of Book of Shadows : Blair Witch 2 , Image Comics released a one - shot called Blair Witch : Dark Testaments , drawn by Charlie Adlard . Video games ( edit ) In 2000 , Gathering of Developers released a trilogy of computer games based on the film , which greatly expanded on the myths first suggested in the film . The graphics engine and characters were all derived from the producer 's earlier game Nocturne . The first volume , Rustin Parr , received the most praise , ranging from moderate to positive , with critics commending its storyline , graphics and atmosphere ; some reviewers even claimed that the game was scarier than the film . The following volumes , The Legend of Coffin Rock and The Elly Kedward Tale , were less well received , with PC Gamer saying that Volume 2 's `` only saving grace was its cheap price '' , and calling Volume 3 `` amazingly mediocre '' . Documentary ( edit ) The Woods Movie ( 2015 ) is a feature - length documentary exploring the production of The Blair Witch Project . For this documentary , director Russ Gomm interviewed the original film 's producer , Gregg Hale , and directors Eduardo Sánchez and Daniel Myrick . Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Book of Shadows : Blair Witch 2 and Blair Witch ( film ) A sequel entitled Book of Shadows was released on October 27 , 2000 ; it was poorly received by most critics . A third installment announced that same year did not materialize . On July 22 , 2016 , a surprise trailer for Blair Witch was revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con . The film was originally marketed as The Woods so as to be an exclusive surprise announcement for those in attendance at the convention . The film , distributed by Lionsgate , was slated for a September 16 release and stars James Allen McCune as the brother of the original film 's Heather Donahue . Directed by Adam Wingard , Blair Witch is a direct sequel to The Blair Witch Project , and does not acknowledge the events of Book of Shadows : Blair Witch 2 . However , Wingard has said that although his version does not reference any of the events that transpired in Book of Shadows , the film does not necessarily discredit the existence of Book of Shadows : Blair Witch 2 . In September 2016 , screenwriter Simon Barrett explained that in writing the new film , he only considered material that was produced with the involvement of the original film 's creative team ( directors Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sánchez , producer Gregg Hale , and production designer Ben Rock ) to be `` canon '' , and that he did not take any material produced without their direct involvement -- such as the first sequel Book of Shadows or The Blair Witch Files , a series of young adult novels -- into consideration when writing the new sequel . Television ( edit ) In October 2017 , co-director Eduardo Sánchez revealed that he and the rest of the film 's creative team are developing a Blair Witch television series , though he clarified that any decisions would ultimately be up to Lionsgate now that they own the rights to it . In February 2018 , it was announced that the series will be released on the studio 's new subsidiary , Studio L , which specializes in digital releases . 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Official website The Blair Witch Project on IMDb The Blair Witch Project at AllMovie <Th_colspan="2"> Blair Witch Films The Blair Witch Project Book of Shadows : Blair Witch 2 Blair Witch Related articles Griggs House Burkittsville Video game series The Bogus Witch Project <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Eduardo Sánchez <Td_colspan="2"> The Blair Witch Project ( 1999 ) Altered ( 2006 ) Seventh Moon ( 2008 ) Lovely Molly ( 2012 ) V / H / S / 2 ( `` A Ride in the Park '' segment - 2013 ) Exists ( 2014 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Daniel Myrick <Td_colspan="2"> The Blair Witch Project ( 1999 ) The Strand ( 2006 ) ( web TV ) Believers ( 2007 ) Solstice ( 2008 ) The Objective ( 2008 ) Under The Bed ( TBC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blair_Witch_Project&oldid=854696498 '' Categories : 1999 films English - language films 1999 hoaxes 1999 horror films American films American horror films American independent films Artisan Entertainment films Blair Witch ( franchise ) Camcorder films Cultural depictions of people Directorial debut films Films about film directors and producers Films set in 1994 Films set in forests Films set in Maryland Films shot from the first - person perspective Films shot in Maryland Found footage films Mockumentary films Paranormal hoaxes Psychological horror films Supernatural horror films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 04 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Blair Witch Project
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-9,047,470,737,336,913,000 | days go by and still i dream of you | Days Go By ( Dirty Vegas song ) - wikipedia Days Go By ( Dirty Vegas song ) Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 34 ° 01 ′ 06 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 43 '' W / 34.018291 ° N 118.145361 ° W / 34.018291 ; - 118.145361 <Th_colspan="2"> `` Days Go By '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Dirty Vegas <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Dirty Vegas Released 23 April 2002 Format 12 inch , vinyl Recorded Genre House Length 7 : 07 ( album version ) 3 : 33 ( single edit ) Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Victoria Horn Steve Smith <Th_colspan="2"> Dirty Vegas singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Days Go By '' ( 2002 ) `` Ghosts '' ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Days Go By '' ( 2001 ) `` Ghosts '' ( 2002 ) `` Days Go By '' is a song by the British electronic band Dirty Vegas from their eponymous album . The song was originally released in 2001 in the UK , where it initially peaked at number 27 . It became a radio hit in the summer 2002 , peaking at number 14 in the United States , and received the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording . It also re-entered and peaked at number 16 in Dirty Vegas ' home country of the United Kingdom . `` Days Go By '' received significant public exposure in a commercial for the 2003 Mitsubishi Eclipse . The album artwork is done by American artist Richard Phillips . Fall Out Boy sampled `` Days Go By '' in their 2007 hit `` This Ai n't a Scene , It 's an Arms Race '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Release and commercial performance 3 Official versions 4 Appearances in popular culture 5 Charts 6 References 7 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song is unusual in that it largely consists of two dancers representing one character performing a routine of popping , locking , the robot and breakdancing . The performance occurs in front of Chroni 's Famous Sandwich Shop in East Los Angeles , California , and tells the story of a dancer who shows up once a year and dances all day from sunrise to sunset . He dances in hopes of bringing back a lost love , who left him because he could n't stop dancing . ( The video even halts abruptly while some of the bystanders interject what they think happened to the aforementioned love . ) The young dancer in the video is Garland Spencer . The older dancer is Byron McIntyre . The clue that both men represent the same character at different ages is provided by the dancer 's shoes . The older dancer wears high - top Converse sneakers ( `` Chuck Taylor All - Stars '' or `` Chucks '' ) that are faded , scuffed , and one shoe is actually taped to hold it together ; whereas the young dancer wears a clean , bright - orange version of the same sneakers . According to the video 's story , the man 's lost love purchased the original sneakers for him as a gift , and now he wears them as part of his annual dance ritual . The sneakers match the style and attire of the young dancer in his sweatsuit ( presumably in the 1980s ) , but pose a striking contrast for the older dancer who is otherwised attired in a suit , tie , and suspenders . There are two versions of the music video ; one has three of the onlookers observing from the restaurant while the other replaces those shots with shots of the same onlookers in a silver Mitsubishi Eclipse sitting at a stoplight . In addition to the replaced shots , the Eclipse version of the video includes footage of the approach to and departure from the stoplight . The implication in the Eclipse version is that the onlookers within the automobile arrived at the stoplight in the morning and remained in that same spot watching the dance ritual all day , before leaving the stoplight at sunset . Release and commercial performance ( edit ) A Mitsubishi executive saw the music video for `` Days Go By '' in a hotel room , and personally tracked the group down to procure rights to feature the song in an advertisement . The song was licensed to be used in the Mitsubishi ad , which began airing in early 2002 . A New York radio station began playing the song , which was subsequently released to rhythmic and Top 40 radio stations in Spring of 2002 . American brand awareness for Mitsubishi went from 44 % to 60 % following the use of the song in the commercial . Official versions ( edit ) `` Days Go By '' ( album version ) -- 7 : 07 `` Days Go By '' ( single edit ) -- 3 : 41 `` Days Go By '' ( acoustic ) -- 2 : 43 `` Days Go By '' ( acoustic remix version ) -- 3 : 33 `` Days Go By '' ( full vocal mix ) -- 8 : 08 `` Days Go By '' ( instrumental dub ) -- 6 : 06 Appearances in popular culture ( edit ) The song was used in a promo for the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards . It parodied the music video and showed the host , Jimmy Fallon as the only dancer in the video . The song was featured in a commercial for the 2003 Mitsubishi Eclipse . In the commercial , a man ( Kelvin Parker ) is driving the Eclipse while a woman ( Dusty Paik ) dances to the beat of the song in the passenger seat . The Eclipse commercial was in turn parodied by a skit on Chappelle 's Show in which Dave Chappelle is driving a car and the woman is dancing in the passenger seat . Dave says , `` What the fuck are you doing ? '' ( due to the weird moves she is making ) and then leaves her by the side of the road . He then puts on some hip - hop music and a black woman sits in the passenger seat and starts dancing . Although this is a parody of the Eclipse commercial , the car actually used in the commercial was Dave 's own Nissan 350Z . The song is featured in the rhythm game DDRMAX Dance Dance Revolution 6thMix . This song also appears in the game Dance Central for the Kinect peripheral on the Xbox 360 . The routine performed is similar to the one in the music video . This song inspired the stage dance sequence in the song `` O Pardesi '' from the film Dev D . This song was also included in Grand Theft Auto V on the radio station Non Stop Pop FM , exclusive to those who bought the game on eighth generation consoles . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 14 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 27 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 97 United Kingdom ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot Dance Play US Billboard Hot 100 14 Preceded by Janet Jackson for `` All for You '' Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording 2003 Succeeded by Kylie Minogue for `` Come into My World '' Preceded by `` Soak Up the Sun '' by Sheryl Crow Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single 8 June 2002 Succeeded by `` Hella Good '' by No Doubt References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dirty Vegas - Days Go By '' . Allmusic . ^ Jump up to : `` Dirty Vegas UK Singles Chart History '' . Official Charts . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Days Go By '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Days Go By by Dirty Vegas ( overview ) '' . Who Sampled . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey . `` DAYS GO BY , AND STILL YOU CAN 'T GET DIRTY VEGAS OUT OF YOUR HEAD '' . MTV . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Paoletta , Michael . `` Billboard June 1 , 2002 ( page 44 ) '' . Google Books . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Frieser , Mark . `` Sync Exchange Podcast # 4 : Dirty Vegas Co-Founder / Vocalist Steven Smith '' . Sync Summit . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Dirty Vegas -- Days Go By '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . ^ Jump up to : `` Dirty Vegas - Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Search for Irish peaks Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Dirty Vegas -- Days Go By '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Dirty Vegas -- Days Go By '' . Swiss Singles Chart . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Dirty Vegas <Td_colspan="2"> Steve Smith Paul Harris Ben Harris Studio albums Dirty Vegas One Electric Love Singles `` Days Go By '' `` Ghosts '' `` Walk into the Sun '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Days_Go_By_(Dirty_Vegas_song)&oldid=829714140 '' Categories : Dirty Vegas songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles 2001 singles 2002 singles Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording Songs written by Victoria Horn UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles 2001 songs 2002 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 09 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "Days Go By" - Dirty Vegas song
2. Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording
3. Music video featuring dancers in East Los Angeles
4. Commercial for the 2003 Mitsubishi Eclipse
5. Chart performance and commercial success of the song |
1,182,554,213,531,883,000 | harry potter and the philosopher's stone producers | Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) - Wikipedia Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . It includes attribution to IMDb , which may not be a reliable source for information . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone <Td_colspan="2"> British theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Columbus Produced by David Heyman Screenplay by Steve Kloves Based on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson John Cleese Robbie Coltrane Warwick Davis Richard Griffiths Richard Harris Ian Hart John Hurt Alan Rickman Fiona Shaw Maggie Smith Julie Walters Music by John Williams Cinematography John Seale Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Production companies Heyday Films 1492 Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 4 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 04 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 16 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 16 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 152 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $125 million Box office $974.8 million Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( released in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) is a 2001 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film is the first instalment in the long - running Harry Potter film series , and was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . Its story follows Harry Potter 's first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his education . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger . Warner Bros. bought the film rights to the book in 1999 for a reported £ 1 million ( $1.275 million ) . Production began in the United Kingdom in 2000 , with Chris Columbus being chosen to create the film from a short list of directors that included Steven Spielberg and Rob Reiner . Rowling insisted that the entire cast be British or Irish , and the film was shot at Leavesden Film Studios and historic buildings around the United Kingdom . The film was released in theatres in the United Kingdom and the United States on 16 November 2001 . It became a critical and commercial success , grossing $974.8 million at the box office worldwide . The highest - grossing film of 2001 , it is the 35th highest - grossing of all - time ( 2nd at the time of its release ) and the second most successful instalment of the Harry Potter series behind Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . The film was nominated for many awards , including Academy Awards for Best Original Score , Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design . It was followed by seven sequels , beginning with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets in 2002 and ending with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in 2011 , nearly ten years after the first film 's release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design and special effects 3.4 Music 4 Differences from the book 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Albus Dumbledore , Minerva McGonagall , and Rubeus Hagrid , professors of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , deliver an orphaned infant named Harry Potter to his only remaining relatives , the Dursleys . Ten years later , Harry has been battling a disjointed life with the Dursleys , inadvertently causing an accident during a family outing , and begins receiving unsolicited letters by owls . Finally , Hagrid re-appears and Harry learns he is actually a wizard , and has been accepted into Hogwarts , against the Dursleys ' wishes . After taking Harry to Diagon Alley to buy his supplies for Hogwarts including a uniform , a wand and a pet owl named Hedwig ( as a birthday present ) , Hagrid informs him of his past ; Harry is the orphaned son of two wizards who met their demise at the hands of Lord Voldemort , a malevolent , all - powerful wizard , by a Killing Curse , with Harry being the only survivor in the chaos thus , leading to his fame in the wizarding world as `` The Boy Who Lived '' . Harry is then taken to King 's Cross station to board a train to the school . While on the train , Harry meets Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . He also encounters Draco Malfoy , a spoiled child from a wealthy wizarding family , who eventually becomes Harry 's biggest rival . At school , the students assemble in the Great Hall , where Harry and all the other first - year students are sorted by The Sorting Hat between four houses : Gryffindor , Hufflepuff , Ravenclaw , and Slytherin . Harry is placed into Gryffindor alongside Ron and Hermione . At Hogwarts , Harry begins learning wizardry and discovers more about his past and his parents . Harry is also recruited for Gryffindor 's Quidditch team as a Seeker , which is rare for first - year students . While exploring the school one night , Harry and his friends discover a giant three - headed dog named Fluffy in a restricted area of the school . They later find out Fluffy is guarding the Philosopher 's Stone , an item that can be used to grant its owner immortality . Harry suspects that potions teacher Severus Snape is trying to obtain the stone in order to return Voldemort to physical form . The children learn from Hagrid that Fluffy will fall asleep if played with music . Harry , Ron , and Hermione decide to try and find the stone before Snape does , but discover that Fluffy is already asleep . They get past Fluffy and faced a series of safeguards , which include surviving a deadly plant known as Devil 's Snare , a room filled with aggressive flying keys , and a dangerous life - sized game of chess . After getting past the tasks , Harry discovers that it was Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Professor Quirrell who was trying to claim the stone , and that Snape was protecting Harry all along . Quirrell removes his turban and reveals a weak Voldemort to be living on the back of his head . Through an enchantment placed by Professor Dumbledore , Harry finds himself in possession of the stone . Voldemort attempts to convince Harry to give him the stone by promising to bring his parents back from the dead . When Harry refuses , Quirrell attacks , but Harry 's touch burns Quirrell 's skin and reduces him to dust , killing him . When Harry gets back up , Voldemort 's spirit rises from Quirrell 's ashes and passes through Harry , knocking him unconscious . Harry wakes up in the school 's hospital wing with Dumbledore at his side . Dumbledore explains that the stone has been destroyed and that Ron and Hermione are both fine . Dumbledore also reveals how Harry was able to defeat Quirrell ; when Harry 's mother died to save him , her death gave Harry a love - based protection against Voldemort . Harry , Ron , and Hermione are rewarded with house points for their heroic performances , tying them for first place with Slytherin . However , Neville Longbottom is awarded 10 points for attempting to stop his friends , giving Gryffindor enough points to win the House Cup . Harry returns home for the summer , happy to finally have a real home in Hogwarts . Cast ( edit ) Further information : List of Harry Potter cast members Rowling insisted that the cast be kept British . Susie Figgis was appointed as casting director , working with both Columbus and Rowling in auditioning the lead roles of Harry , Ron and Hermione . Open casting calls were held for the main three roles , with only British children being considered . The principal auditions took place in three parts , with those auditioning having to read a page from the novel , then to improvise a scene of the students ' arrival at Hogwarts , and finally to read several pages from the script in front of Columbus . Scenes from Columbus ' script for the 1985 film Young Sherlock Holmes were also used in auditions . On 11 July 2000 , Figgis left the production , complaining that Columbus did not consider any of the thousands of children they had auditioned `` worthy '' . On 8 August 2000 , the virtually unknown Daniel Radcliffe and newcomers Rupert Grint and Emma Watson were selected to play Harry Potter , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , respectively . Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter , an 11 - year - old British orphan raised by his unwelcoming aunt and uncle , who learns of his own fame as a wizard known to have survived his parents ' murder at the hands of the psychopathic dark wizard Lord Voldemort as an infant when he is accepted to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Columbus had wanted Radcliffe for the role since he saw him in the BBC 's production of David Copperfield , before the open casting sessions had taken place , but had been told by Figgis that Radcliffe 's protective parents would not allow their son to take the part . Columbus explained that his persistence in giving Radcliffe the role was responsible for Figgis ' resignation . Radcliffe was asked to audition in 2000 , when Heyman and Kloves met him and his parents at a production of Stones in His Pockets in London . Heyman and Columbus successfully managed to convince Radcliffe 's parents that their son would be protected from media intrusion , and they agreed to let him play Harry . Rowling approved of Radcliffe 's casting , stating that `` having seen ( his ) screen test I do n't think Chris Columbus could have found a better Harry . '' Radcliffe was reportedly paid £ 1 million for the film , although he felt the fee was `` not that important '' . William Moseley , who was later cast as Peter Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia series , also auditioned for the role . Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley , Harry 's best friend at Hogwarts . He decided he would be perfect for the part `` because ( he has got ) ginger hair , '' and was a fan of the series . Having seen a Newsround report about the open casting he sent in a video of himself rapping about how he wished to receive the part . His attempt was successful as the casting team asked for a meeting with him . Emma Watson as Hermione Granger , Harry 's other best friend and the trio 's brains . Watson 's Oxford theatre teacher passed her name on to the casting agents and she had to do over five interviews before she got the part . Watson took her audition seriously , but `` never really thought ( she ) had any chance of getting the role . '' The producers were impressed by Watson 's self - confidence and she outperformed the thousands of other girls who had applied . Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , the trio 's enemy . John Cleese as Nearly Headless Nick , the ghost of Hogwarts ' Gryffindor House . Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , a half - giant and Hogwarts ' Groundskeeper . Coltrane was one of the two actors Rowling wanted most , along with Smith as McGonagall . Coltrane , who was already a fan of the books , prepared for the role by discussing Hagrid 's past and future with Rowling . According to Figgis , Robin Williams was interested in participating in the film , but was turned down for the Hagrid role because of the `` strictly British or Irish only '' rule which Columbus was determined to maintain . Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , the Charms Master and head of Hogwarts ' Ravenclaw House . Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Harry 's Muggle ( non-magical ) uncle . Ian McNeice was considered for the role of Vernon . Richard Harris as Albus Dumbledore , Hogwarts ' Headmaster and one of the most famous and powerful wizards of all time . Harris initially rejected the role , only to reverse his decision after his granddaughter stated she would never speak to him again if he did not take it . Ian Hart as Quirinus Quirrell , the slightly nervous Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts , and also Lord Voldemort 's voice . David Thewlis auditioned for the part ; he would later be cast as Remus Lupin in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . John Hurt as Mr. Ollivander , the owner of Ollivanders , a highly regarded wandmaker . Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , the Potions Master and head of Hogwarts ' Slytherin House . Tim Roth was the original choice for the role , but he turned it down for Planet of the Apes . Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Harry 's Muggle aunt . Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall , the Deputy Headmistress , head of Gryffindor and transfiguration teacher at Hogwarts. Smith was one of the two actors Rowling wanted most , along with Coltrane as Hagrid . Julie Walters as Molly Weasley , Ron 's caring mother . She shows Harry how to get to Platform 9 ⁄ . Before Walters was cast , American actress Rosie O'Donnell held talks with Columbus about playing Mrs. Weasley . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In 1997 , producer David Heyman searched for a children 's book that could be adapted into a well - received film . He had planned to produce Diana Wynne Jones ' novel The Ogre Downstairs , but his plans fell through . His staff at Heyday Films then suggested Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , which his assistant believed was `` a cool idea . '' Heyman pitched the idea to Warner Bros. and in 1999 , Rowling sold the company the rights to the first four Harry Potter books for a reported £ 1 million ( US $1,982,900 ) . A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she `` did n't want to give them control over the rest of the story '' by selling the rights to the characters , which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author - written sequels . Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the film , he declined the offer . Spielberg reportedly wanted the adaptation to be an animated film , with American actor Haley Joel Osment to provide Harry Potter 's voice , or a film that incorporated elements from subsequent books as well . Spielberg contended that , in his opinion , it was like `` shooting ducks in a barrel . It 's just a slam dunk . It 's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts . There 's no challenge . '' Rowling maintains that she had no role in choosing directors for the films and that `` ( a ) nyone who thinks I could ( or would ) have ' veto - ed ' ( sic ) him ( Spielberg ) needs their Quick - Quotes Quill serviced . '' Heyman recalled that Spielberg decided to direct A.I. Artificial Intelligence instead . After Spielberg left , talks began with other directors , including : Chris Columbus , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , Mike Newell , Alan Parker , Wolfgang Petersen , Rob Reiner , Ivan Reitman , Tim Robbins , Brad Silberling , M. Night Shyamalan and Peter Weir . Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000 , and the choice was narrowed down to Silberling , Columbus , Parker and Gilliam . Rowling 's first choice director was Terry Gilliam , but Warner Bros. chose Columbus , citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire as influences for their decision . Columbus pitched his vision of the film for two hours , stating that he wanted the Muggle scenes `` to be bleak and dreary '' but those set in the wizarding world `` to be steeped in color , mood , and detail . '' He took inspiration from David Lean 's adaptations of Great Expectations ( 1946 ) and Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) , wishing to use `` that sort of darkness , that sort of edge , that quality to the cinematography , '' taking the colour designs from Oliver ! and The Godfather . `` Harry Potter is the kind of timeless literary achievement that comes around once in a lifetime . Since the books have generated such a passionate following across the world , it was important to us to find a director that has an affinity for both children and magic . I ca n't think of anyone more ideally suited for this job than Chris . '' -- Lorenzo di Bonaventura Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay . He described adapting the book as `` tough '' , as it did not `` lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books . '' Kloves often received synopses of books proposed as film adaptations from Warner Bros. , which he `` almost never read '' , but Harry Potter jumped out at him . He went out and bought the book , and became an instant fan of the series . When speaking to Warner Bros. , he stated that the film had to be British , and had to be true to the characters . Kloves was nervous when he first met Rowling as he did not want her to think he was going to `` ( destroy ) her baby . '' Rowling admitted that she `` was really ready to hate this Steve Kloves , '' but recalled her initial meeting with him : `` The first time I met him , he said to me , ' You know who my favourite character is ? ' And I thought , You 're gon na say Ron . I know you 're gon na say Ron . But he said ' Hermione . ' And I just kind of melted . '' Rowling received a large amount of creative control , an arrangement that Columbus did not mind . Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the film over 4 July 2001 weekend , making for such a short production window that several proposed directors pulled themselves out of the running . Due to time constraints , the date was put back to 16 November 2001 . Filming ( edit ) Alnwick Castle was used as a principal filming location for Hogwarts . Two British film industry officials requested that the film be shot in the United Kingdom , offering their assistance in securing filming locations , the use of Leavesden Film Studios , as well as changing the UK 's child labour laws ( adding a small number of working hours per week and making the timing of on - set classes more flexible ) . Warner Bros. accepted their proposal . Filming began on 29 September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and concluded on 23 March 2001 , with final work being done in July . Principal photography took place on 2 October 2000 at North Yorkshire 's Goathland railway station . Canterbury Cathedral and Scotland 's Inverailort Castle were both touted as possible locations for Hogwarts ; Canterbury rejected Warner Bros. proposal due to concerns about the film 's `` pagan '' theme . Alnwick Castle and Gloucester Cathedral were eventually selected as the principal locations for Hogwarts , with some scenes also being filmed at Harrow School . Other Hogwarts scenes were filmed in Durham Cathedral over a two - week period ; these included shots of the corridors and some classroom scenes . Oxford University 's Divinity School served as the Hogwarts Hospital Wing , and Duke Humfrey 's Library , part of the Bodleian , was used as the Hogwarts Library . Filming for Privet Drive took place on Picket Post Close in Bracknell , Berkshire . Filming in the street took two days instead of the planned single day , so payments to the street 's residents were correspondingly increased . For all the subsequent film 's scenes set in Privet Drive , filming took place on a constructed set in Leavesden Film Studios , which proved to have been cheaper than filming on location . London 's Australia House was selected as the location for Gringotts Wizarding Bank , while Christ Church , Oxford was the location for the Hogwarts trophy room . London Zoo was used as the location for the scene in which Harry accidentally sets a snake on Dudley , with King 's Cross Station also being used as the book specifies . The store in London used as the exterior of The Leaky Cauldron . Because the American title was different , all scenes that mention the philosopher 's stone by name had to be re-shot , once with the actors saying `` philosopher 's '' and once with `` sorcerer 's '' . The children filmed for four hours and then did three hours of schoolwork . They developed a liking for fake facial injuries from the makeup staff . Radcliffe was initially meant to wear green contact lenses as his eyes are blue , and not green like Harry 's , but the lenses gave Radcliffe extreme irritation . Upon consultation with Rowling , it was agreed that Harry could have blue eyes . Design and special effects ( edit ) Judianna Makovsky designed the costumes . She re-designed the Quidditch robes , having initially planned to use those shown on the cover of the American book , but deemed them `` a mess . '' Instead , she dressed the Quidditch players in `` preppie sweaters , 19th century fencing breeches and arm guards . '' Production designer Stuart Craig built the sets at Leavesden Studios , including Hogwarts Great Hall , basing it on many English cathedrals . Although originally asked to use an existing old street to film the Diagon Alley scenes , Craig decided to build his own set , comprising Tudor , Georgian and Queen Anne architecture . Columbus originally planned to use both animatronics and CGI animation to create the magical creatures , including Fluffy . Nick Dudman , who worked on Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , was given the task of creating the needed prosthetics , with Jim Henson 's Creature Shop providing creature effects . John Coppinger stated that the magical creatures that needed to be created had to be designed multiple times . The film features nearly 600 special effects shots , involving numerous companies . Industrial Light & Magic created Lord Voldemort 's face on the back of Quirrell , Rhythm & Hues animated Norbert ( Hagrid 's baby dragon ) ; and Sony Pictures Imageworks produced the Quidditch scenes . Music ( edit ) John Williams Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( soundtrack ) John Williams was selected to compose the score . Williams composed the score at his homes in Los Angeles and Tanglewood before recording it in London in August 2001 . One of the main themes is entitled `` Hedwig 's Theme '' ; Williams retained it for his finished score as `` everyone seemed to like it '' and therefore it was a recurring theme throughout the Harry Potter movies . Differences from the book ( edit ) Columbus repeatedly checked with Rowling to make sure he was getting minor details correct . Kloves described the film as being `` really faithful '' to the book . He added dialogue , of which Rowling approved . One of the lines originally included had to be removed after Rowling told him that it would directly contradict an event in the then - unreleased fifth Harry Potter novel Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Several minor characters have been removed from the film version , most prominent among them the spectral History of Magic teacher , Professor Binns , and Peeves the poltergeist . The book 's first chapter is from the viewpoint of Vernon and Petunia Dursley the day before they are given Harry to look after , highlighting how non-magical people react to magic . The film removes this , beginning with Professor Dumbledore , Professor McGonagall and Hagrid leaving Harry with the Dursleys ( although McGonagall tells Dumbledore how she had been watching the Dursleys all day ) . Harry 's less than pleasant times at Mrs. Figg 's are cut from the film while the boa constrictor from Brazil in the zoo becomes a Burmese Python in the film . Some conflicts , such as Harry and Draco 's encounter with each other in Madam Malkin 's robe shop and midnight duel , are not in the film . Some of Nicolas Flamel 's role is changed or cut altogether . Norbert is mentioned to have been taken away by Dumbledore in the film ; whilst the book sees Harry and Hermione have to take him by hand to Charlie Weasley 's friends . Rowling described the scene as `` the one part of the book that she felt ( could easily ) be changed '' . As such , the reason for the detention in the Forbidden Forest was changed : In the novel , Harry and Hermione are put in detention for being caught by Filch when leaving the Astronomy Tower after hours , Neville and Malfoy are given detention when caught in the corridor by Professor McGonagall . In the film , Harry , Hermione and Ron receive detention after Malfoy catches them in Hagrid 's hut after hours ( Malfoy however , is given detention for being out of bed after hours ) . Firenze the centaur , who is described in the book as being palomino with light blonde hair , is shown to be dark in the film . The Quidditch pitch is altered from a traditional stadium to an open field circled by spectator towers . Distribution ( edit ) American theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan , displaying the Sorcerer 's Stone title Marketing ( edit ) The first teaser poster was released on 1 December 2000 . The first teaser trailer was released via satellite on 2 March 2001 and debuted in cinemas with the release of See Spot Run . The soundtrack was released on 30 October 2001 in a CD format . A video game based on the film was released on 15 November 2001 by Electronic Arts for several consoles . A port for the game , for the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox was released in 2003 . Mattel won the rights to produce toys based on the film , to be sold exclusively through Warner Brothers ' stores . Hasbro also produced products , including confectionery items based on those from the series . Warner Bros. signed a deal worth US $150 million with Coca - Cola to promote the film , and Lego produced a series of sets based on buildings and scenes from the film , as well as a Lego Creator video game . Home media ( edit ) Warner Bros. first released the film on VHS and DVD on 11 February 2002 in the E3 UK 11 May 2002 in the UK and 28 May 2002 in the US . The VHS and DVD ( The Special Edition ) was re-released in 7 May 2004 An Ultimate Edition was later released exclusively in the US that included a Blu - ray and DVD . The release contains an extended version of the film , with many of the deleted scenes edited back in ; additionally , the set includes the existing special features disc , Radcliffe 's , Grint 's , and Watson 's first screen tests , a feature - length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 1 : The Magic Begins , and a 48 - page hardcover booklet . The extended version has a running time of about 159 minutes , which has previously been shown during certain television airings . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film had its world premiere on 4 November 2001 , in London 's Leicester Square , with the cinema arranged to resemble Hogwarts School . The film was greatly received at the box office . In the United States , it made $32.3 million on its opening day , breaking the single day record previously held by Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . On the second day of release , the film 's gross increased to $33.5 million , breaking the record for biggest single day again . In total , it made $90.3 million during its first weekend , breaking the record for highest - opening weekend of all time that was previously held by The Lost World : Jurassic Park . It held the record until the following May when Spider - Man made $114.8 million in its opening weekend . The film held onto the No. 1 spot at the box - office for three consecutive weekends . The film also had the highest grossing 5 - day ( Wednesday - Sunday ) Thanksgiving weekend record of $82.4 million , holding the title for twelve years until both The Hunger Games : Catching Fire and Frozen surpassed it with $110.1 million and $94 million respectively . Similar results were achieved across the world . In the United Kingdom , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone broke the record for the highest - opening weekend ever , both including and excluding previews , making £ 16.3 million with and £ 9.8 million without previews . The film went on to make £ 66.1 million in the UK alone , making it the country 's second highest - grossing film of all - time ( after Titanic ) , until it was surpassed by Mamma Mia ! . In total , the film earned $974.8 million at the worldwide box office , $317.6 million of that in the US and $657.2 million elsewhere , which made it the second highest - grossing film in history at the time , as well as the year 's highest - grossing film . As of 2018 , it is the unadjusted thirty - fourth highest - grossing film of all - time and the second highest - grossing Harry Potter film to date after Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , which grossed more than $1 billion worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 55.9 million tickets in the US . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 80 % based on 194 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone adapts its source material faithfully while condensing the novel 's overstuffed narrative into an involving -- and often downright exciting -- big - screen magical caper . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 64 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On CinemaScore , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert called Philosopher 's Stone `` a classic , '' giving the film four out of four stars , and particularly praising the Quidditch scenes ' visual effects . Praise was echoed by both The Telegraph and Empire reviewers , with Alan Morrison of the latter naming it the film 's `` stand - out sequence '' . Brian Linder of IGN.com also gave the film a positive review , but concluded that it `` is n't perfect , but for me it 's a nice supplement to a book series that I love '' . Although criticising the final half - hour , Jeanne Aufmuth of Palo Alto Online stated that the film would `` enchant even the most cynical of moviegoers . '' USA Today reviewer Claudia Puig gave the film three out of four stars , especially praising the set design and Robbie Coltrane 's portrayal of Hagrid , but criticised John Williams ' score and concluded `` ultimately many of the book 's readers may wish for a more magical incarnation . '' The sets , design , cinematography , effects and principal cast were all given praise from Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter , although he deemed John Williams ' score `` a great clanging , banging music box that simply will not shut up . '' Todd McCarthy of Variety compared the film positively with Gone with the Wind and put `` The script is faithful , the actors are just right , the sets , costumes , makeup and effects match and sometimes exceed anything one could imagine . '' Jonathan Foreman of the New York Post recalled that the film was `` remarkably faithful , '' to its literary counterpart as well as a `` consistently entertaining if overlong adaptation . '' Richard Corliss of Time magazine , considered the film a `` by the numbers adaptation , '' criticising the pace and the `` charisma - free '' lead actors . CNN 's Paul Tatara found that Columbus and Kloves `` are so careful to avoid offending anyone by excising a passage from the book , the so - called narrative is more like a jamboree inside Rowling 's head . '' Nathaniel Rogers of The Film Experience gave the film a negative review and wrote : `` Harry Potter and the Sorceror 's Stone is as bland as movies can get . '' Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine wished that the film had been directed by Tim Burton , finding the cinematography `` bland and muggy , '' and the majority of the film a `` solidly dull celebration of dribbling goo . '' Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times was highly negative about the film , saying `` ( the film ) is like a theme park that 's a few years past its prime ; the rides clatter and groan with metal fatigue every time they take a curve . '' He also said it suffered from `` a lack of imagination '' and wooden characters , adding , `` The Sorting Hat has more personality than anything else in the movie . '' Accolades ( edit ) The film received three Academy Award nominations : Best Art Direction , Best Costume Design , and Best Original Score for John Williams . The film was also nominated for seven BAFTA Awards . These were Best British Film , Best Supporting Actor for Robbie Coltrane , as well as the awards for Best Costume Design , Production Design , Makeup and Hair , Sound and Visual Effects . The film won a Saturn Award for its costumes , and was nominated for eight more awards . It won other awards from the Casting Society of America and the Costume Designers Guild . It was nominated for the AFI Film Award for its special effects , and the Art Directors Guild Award for its production design . It received the Broadcast Film Critics Award for Best Live Action Family Film and was nominated for Best Child Performance ( for Daniel Radcliffe ) and Best Composer ( John Williams ) . In 2005 the American Film Institute nominated the film for AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores . show List of awards and nominations Award Category Recipient ( s ) Outcome Ref . 74th Academy Awards Best Costume Design Judianna Mokovsky Nominated Achievement in Art Direction Stuart Craig Best Original Score John Williams Amanda Awards Best Foreign Feature Film American Film Institute Awards 2001 Best Digital Effects Artist Robert Legato , Nick Davis , Roger Guyett Art Directors Guild Award Excellence in Production Design for a Period or Fantasy Film Stuart Craig , John King , Neil Lamont , Andrew Ackland - Snow , Peter Francis , Michael Lamont , Simon Lamont , Steve Lawrence , Lucinda Thomson , Stephen Morahan , Dominic Masters , Gary Tomkins Awards of the Japanese Academy Outstanding Foreign Language Film Artios Award Feature Film -- Comedy Jane Jenkins , Janet Hirshenson Won Bogey Awards Bogey Award in Titanium 55th British Academy Film Awards Best British Film Nominated Best Supporting Actor Robbie Coltrane Best Costume Design Judianna Makovsky Best Production Design Stuart Craig Best Makeup & Hair Nick Dudman , Eithne Fennel , Amanda Knight Best Sound Best Visual Effects Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Family Film ( Live Action ) Won Best Child Performance Daniel Radcliffe Nominated Best Composer John Williams Broadcast Music Incorporated Film & TV Awards BMI Film Music Award Won Costume Designers Guild Award Excellence in Fantasy Costume Design Judianna Makovsky Eddie Awards Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic Richard Francis - Bruce Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Best Debut Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson Evening Standard British Film Awards Technical Achievement Award Stuart Craig Won Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing -- Foreign Film Eddy Joseph , Martin Cantwell , Nick Lowe , Colin Ritchie , Peter Holt Nominated 45th Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media John Williams Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation 2002 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie 2002 MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Male Performance Daniel Radcliffe Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Family Film Won Best Newcomer Daniel Radcliffe Nominated Best Youth Performance Emma Watson Best Costume Design Judianna Makovsky Best Original Score John Williams Best Production Design Stuart Craig Best Visual Effects Robert Legato , Nick Davis , John Richardson , Roger Guyett 13th Producers Guild of America Awards Producer of the Year Award in Theatrical Motion Pictures David Heyman Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Best Film Editing Richard Francis - Bruce Best Art Direction Stuard Craig Best Visual Effects Robert Legato , Nick Davis , Roger Guyett , John Richardson Outstanding New Talent Special Achievement Award Rupert Grint Won 28th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Director Chris Columbus Best Supporting Actor Robbie Coltrane Best Supporting Actress Maggie Smith Best Performance by a Younger Actor Daniel Radcliffe Best Performance by a Younger Actress Emma Watson Best Costumes Judianna Makovsky Won Best Make - Up Nick Dudman , Mark Coulier , John Lambert Nominated Best Special Effects Robert Legato , Nick Davis , Roger Guyett , John Richardson Sierra Awards Best Family Film Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature Film -- Drama Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actress Emma Watson ( tied with Scarlett Johansson ) Won Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actor Tom Felton Nominated Best Ensemble in a Feature Film Most Promising Young Newcomer Rupert Grint Won See also ( edit ) Book : Harry Potter Harry Potter portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Previous Sierra Award Winners -- 2001 '' . Las Vegas Film Critics Society . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 TEEN CHOICE AWARDS '' . The Oklahoman. 18 August 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 23rd Annual Young Artist Awards 2002 '' . Young Artist Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) Official website Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone on IMDb Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone at Box Office Mojo Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone at Rotten Tomatoes Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Chris Columbus Directed Adventures in Babysitting ( 1987 ) Heartbreak Hotel ( 1988 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Only the Lonely ( 1991 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) Nine Months ( 1995 ) Stepmom ( 1998 ) Bicentennial Man ( 1999 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Rent ( 2005 ) I Love You , Beth Cooper ( 2009 ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Produced only Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) Monkeybone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) I Kill Giants ( 2017 ) Written only Reckless ( 1984 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1989 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Television Galaxy High ( 1986 , wrote ) See also 1492 Pictures House of Secrets <Th_colspan="2"> Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also Wizarding World <Th_colspan="2"> Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Harry Potter : Hogwarts Mystery Harry Potter : Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Portkey Games <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Family Film <Td_colspan="2"> Anastasia ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) October Sky ( 1999 ) My Dog Skip ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) BNF : cb144497637 ( data ) GND : 4666251 - 0 LCCN : no2001089351 SUDOC : 168972425 VIAF : 180913113 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)&oldid=846179843 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films American films American fantasy adventure films British films British fantasy adventure films Films directed by Chris Columbus Films scored by John Williams Films set in London Films set in England Films set in Scotland Films using computer - generated imagery High fantasy films IMAX films Warner Bros. films 1492 Pictures films Films produced by David Heyman Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Use British English from October 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 22 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
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3. J.K. Rowling
4. Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry
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6,700,671,826,410,109,000 | what is our most common use of fish myoglobin | Myoglobin - wikipedia Myoglobin Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="4"> MB <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="4"> Available structures PDB <Td_colspan="2"> Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) List of PDB id codes <Td_colspan="2"> 3RGK <Th_colspan="4"> Identifiers Aliases <Td_colspan="3"> MB , PVALB , myoglobgin , myoglobin , Myoglobin External IDs <Td_colspan="3"> OMIM : 160000 MGI : 96922 HomoloGene : 3916 GeneCards : MB <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="4"> ( hide ) Gene location ( Human ) <Td_colspan="4"> Chr . <Td_colspan="3"> Chromosome 22 ( human ) <Td_colspan="4"> Band 22q12. 3 Start 35,606,764 bp End 35,637,951 bp <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="4"> ( show ) Gene location ( Mouse ) <Td_colspan="4"> Chr . <Td_colspan="3"> Chromosome 15 ( mouse ) <Td_colspan="4"> Band 15 D3 15 36.36 cM Start 77,015,489 bp End 77,050,670 bp <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="4"> ( hide ) RNA expression pattern <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> More reference expression data <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="4"> ( show ) Gene ontology Molecular function oxygen binding heme binding metal ion binding oxygen transporter activity Cellular component extracellular exosome cytosol Biological process response to hormone heart development slow - twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction response to hypoxia enucleate erythrocyte differentiation response to hydrogen peroxide brown fat cell differentiation oxygen transport transport <Td_colspan="4"> Sources : Amigo / QuickGO <Th_colspan="4"> Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez <Th_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> 4151 <Th_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> 17189 Ensembl <Th_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> ENSG00000198125 <Th_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> ENSMUSG00000018893 UniProt <Th_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> P02144 <Th_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> P04247 RefSeq ( mRNA ) <Th_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> NM_005368 NM_203377 NM_203378 <Th_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> NM_001164047 NM_001164048 NM_013593 RefSeq ( protein ) <Th_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> NP_005359 NP_976311 NP_976312 <Th_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> NP_001157519 NP_001157520 NP_038621 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 22 : 35.61 -- 35.64 Mb Chr 22 : 77.02 -- 77.05 Mb PubMed search <Td_colspan="4"> Wikidata <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> View / Edit Human <Td_colspan="2"> View / Edit Mouse Myoglobin ( symbol Mb or MB ) is an iron - and oxygen - binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals . It is related to hemoglobin , which is the iron - and oxygen - binding protein in blood , specifically in the red blood cells . In humans , myoglobin is only found in the bloodstream after muscle injury . It is an abnormal finding , and can be diagnostically relevant when found in blood . Myoglobin is the primary oxygen - carrying pigment of muscle tissues . High concentrations of myoglobin in muscle cells allow organisms to hold their breath for a longer period of time . Diving mammals such as whales and seals have muscles with particularly high abundance of myoglobin . Myoglobin is found in Type I muscle , Type II A and Type II B , but most texts consider myoglobin not to be found in smooth muscle . Myoglobin was the first protein to have its three - dimensional structure revealed by X-ray crystallography . This achievement was reported in 1958 by John Kendrew and associates . For this discovery , John Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Max Perutz . Despite being one of the most studied proteins in biology , its physiological function is not yet conclusively established : mice genetically engineered to lack myoglobin can be viable and fertile but show many cellular and physiological adaptations to overcome the loss . Through observing these changes in myoglobin - deplete mice , it is hypothesised that myoglobin function relates to increased oxygen transport to muscle , oxygen storage and as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species . In humans myoglobin is encoded by the MB gene . Hemoglobin can take the forms of oxyhemoglobin ( HbO ) , carboxyhemoglobin ( HbCO ) , and methemoglobin ( met - Hb ) ; similarly , myoglobin can take the forms of oxymyoglobin ( MbO ) , carboxymyoglobin ( MbCO ) , and metmyoglobin ( met - Mb ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Differences from hemoglobin 2 Meat color 3 Role in disease 4 Structure and bonding 5 Synthetic analogues 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Differences from hemoglobin ( edit ) Like hemoglobin , myoglobin is a cytoplasmic protein that binds oxygen on a heme group . It harbors only one heme group , whereas hemoglobin has four . Although its heme group is identical to those in Hb , Mb has a higher affinity for oxygen than does hemoglobin . This difference is related to its different role : whereas hemoglobin transports oxygen , myoglobin 's function is to store oxygen . Meat color ( edit ) Myoglobin contains hemes , pigments responsible for the colour of red meat . The colour that meat takes is partly determined by the degree of oxidation of the myoglobin . In fresh meat the iron atom is in the ferrous ( + 2 ) oxidation state bound to an oxygen molecule ( O ) . Meat cooked well done is brown because the iron atom is now in the ferric ( + 3 ) oxidation state , having lost an electron . If meat has been exposed to nitrites , it will remain pink because the iron atom is bound to NO , nitric oxide ( true of , e.g. , corned beef or cured hams ) . Grilled meats can also take on a pink `` smoke ring '' that comes from the iron binding to a molecule of carbon monoxide . Raw meat packed in a carbon monoxide atmosphere also shows this same pink `` smoke ring '' due to the same principles . Notably , the surface of this raw meat also displays the pink color , which is usually associated in consumers ' minds with fresh meat . This artificially induced pink color can persist , reportedly up to one year . Hormel and Cargill are both reported to use this meat - packing process , and meat treated this way has been in the consumer market since 2003 . Role in disease ( edit ) Myoglobin is released from damaged muscle tissue ( rhabdomyolysis ) , which has very high concentrations of myoglobin . The released myoglobin is filtered by the kidneys but is toxic to the renal tubular epithelium and so may cause acute kidney injury . It is not the myoglobin itself that is toxic ( it is a protoxin ) but the ferrihemate portion that is dissociated from myoglobin in acidic environments ( e.g. , acidic urine , lysosomes ) . Myoglobin is a sensitive marker for muscle injury , making it a potential marker for heart attack in patients with chest pain . However , elevated myoglobin has low specificity for acute myocardial infarction ( AMI ) and thus CK - MB , cardiac Troponin , ECG , and clinical signs should be taken into account to make the diagnosis . Structure and bonding ( edit ) Molecular orbital description of Fe - O interaction in myoglobin . Myoglobin belongs to the globin superfamily of proteins , and as with other globins , consists of eight alpha helices connected by loops . Human globin contains 154 amino acids . Myoglobin contains a porphyrin ring with an iron at its center . A proximal histidine group ( His - 93 ) is attached directly to iron , and a distal histidine group ( His - 64 ) hovers near the opposite face . The distal imidazole is not bonded to the iron but is available to interact with the substrate O . This interaction encourages the binding of O , but not carbon monoxide ( CO ) , which still binds about 240 × more strongly than O . The binding of O causes substantial structural change at the Fe center , which shrinks in radius and moves into the center of N4 pocket . O - binding induces `` spin - pairing '' : the five - coordinate ferrous deoxy form is high spin and the six coordinate oxy form is low spin and diamagnetic . This is an image of an oxygenated myoglobin molecule . The image shows the structural change when oxygen is bound to the iron atom of the heme prosthetic group . The oxygen atoms are colored in green , the iron atom is colored in red , and the heme group is colored in blue . Synthetic analogues ( edit ) Many models of myoglobin have been synthesized as part of a broad interest in transition metal dioxygen complexes . A well known example is the picket fence porphyrin , which consists of a ferrous complex of a sterically bulky derivative of tetraphenylporphyrin . In the presence of an imidazole ligand , this ferrous complex reversibly binds O . The O substrate adopts a bent geometry , occupying the sixth position of the iron center . A key property of this model is the slow formation of the μ - oxo dimer , which is an inactive diferric state . In nature , such deactivation pathways are suppressed by protein matrix that prevents close approach of the Fe - porphyrin assemblies . A picket - fence porphyrin complex of Fe , with axial coordination sites occupied by methylimidazole ( green ) and dioxygen . The R groups flank the O - binding site . See also ( edit ) Cytoglobin Hemoglobin Hemoprotein Neuroglobin Phytoglobin Myoglobinuria - The presence of myoglobin in the urine Ischemia - reperfusion injury of the appendicular musculoskeletal system References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000198125 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000018893 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . ^ Jump up to : Nelson DL , Cox MM ( 2000 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Worth Publishers . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 6203 - X . ( Google books link is the 2008 edition ) Jump up ^ Ordway GA , Garry DJ ( Sep 2004 ) . `` Myoglobin : an essential hemoprotein in striated muscle '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 207 ( Pt 20 ) : 3441 -- 6 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 01172 . PMID 15339940 . Jump up ^ ( U.S. ) National Science Foundation : Protein Data Bank Chronology ( Jan. 21 , 2004 ) . Retrieved 3.17. 2010 Jump up ^ Kendrew JC , Bodo G , Dintzis HM , Parrish RG , Wyckoff H , Phillips DC ( Mar 1958 ) . `` A three - dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by x-ray analysis '' . Nature . 181 ( 4610 ) : 662 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1958Natur. 181 ... 662K . doi : 10.1038 / 181662a0 . PMID 13517261 . Jump up ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962 Jump up ^ Garry DJ , Kanatous SB , Mammen PP ( 2007 ) . `` Molecular insights into the functional role of myoglobin '' . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . 618 : 181 -- 93 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 75434 - 5_14 . PMID 18269197 . Jump up ^ Akaboshi E ( 1985 ) . `` Cloning of the human myoglobin gene '' . Gene . 33 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 1119 ( 85 ) 90231 - 8 . PMID 2989088 . Jump up ^ McGee H ( 2004 ) . On Food and Cooking : The Science and Lore of the Kitchen . New York : Scribner . p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80001 - 2 . Jump up ^ Fraqueza MJ , Barreto AS ( Sep 2011 ) . `` Gas mixtures approach to improve turkey meat shelf life under modified atmosphere packaging : the effect of carbon monoxide '' . Poultry Science . 90 ( 9 ) : 2076 -- 84 . doi : 10.3382 / ps. 2011 - 01366 . PMID 21844276 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2007 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Meat companies defend use of carbon monoxide '' . Business . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Jump up ^ Naka T , Jones D , Baldwin I , Fealy N , Bates S , Goehl H , Morgera S , Neumayer HH , Bellomo R ( Apr 2005 ) . `` Myoglobin clearance by super high - flux hemofiltration in a case of severe rhabdomyolysis : a case report '' . Critical Care . 9 ( 2 ) : R90 -- 5 . doi : 10.1186 / cc3034 . PMC 1175920 . PMID 15774055 . Jump up ^ Weber M , Rau M , Madlener K , Elsaesser A , Bankovic D , Mitrovic V , Hamm C ( Nov 2005 ) . `` Diagnostic utility of new immunoassays for the cardiac markers cTnI , myoglobin and CK - MB mass '' . Clinical Biochemistry . 38 ( 11 ) : 1027 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clinbiochem. 2005.07. 011 . PMID 16125162 . Jump up ^ Drago RS ( 1980 ) . `` Free radical reactions of transition metal systems '' . Coordination Chemistry Reviews . 32 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 110 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 8545 ( 00 ) 80372 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Universal protein resource accession number P02144 at UniProt . Jump up ^ Collman JP , Brauman JI , Halbert TR , Suslick KS ( Oct 1976 ) . `` Nature of O2 and CO binding to metalloporphyrins and heme proteins '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 73 ( 10 ) : 3333 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1976PNAS ... 73.3333 C . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 73.10. 3333 . PMC 431107 . PMID 1068445 . Jump up ^ Lippard SJ , Berg JM ( 1994 ) . Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry . Mill Valley , CA : University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 73 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Collman JP , Boulatov R , Sunderland CJ , Fu L ( Feb 2004 ) . `` Functional analogues of cytochrome c oxidase , myoglobin , and hemoglobin '' . Chemical Reviews . 104 ( 2 ) : 561 -- 88 . doi : 10.1021 / cr0206059 . PMID 14871135 . Reeder BJ , Svistunenko DA , Cooper CE , Wilson MT ( Dec 2004 ) . `` The radical and redox chemistry of myoglobin and hemoglobin : from in vitro studies to human pathology '' . Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 6 ( 6 ) : 954 -- 66 . doi : 10.1089 / ars. 2004.6. 954 . PMID 15548893 . Schlieper G , Kim JH , Molojavyi A , Jacoby C , Laussmann T , Flögel U , Gödecke A , Schrader J ( Apr 2004 ) . `` Adaptation of the myoglobin knockout mouse to hypoxic stress '' . American Journal of Physiology . Regulatory , Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 286 ( 4 ) : R786 -- 92 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpregu. 00043.2003 . PMID 14656764 . Takano T ( Mar 1977 ) . `` Structure of myoglobin refined at 2 - 0 A resolution . II . Structure of deoxymyoglobin from sperm whale '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 110 ( 3 ) : 569 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 2836 ( 77 ) 80112 - 5 . PMID 845960 . Roy A , Sen S , Chakraborti AS ( Feb 2004 ) . `` In vitro nonenzymatic glycation enhances the role of myoglobin as a source of oxidative stress '' . Free Radical Research . 38 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 46 . doi : 10.1080 / 10715160310001638038 . PMID 15104207 . Stewart JM , Blakely JA , Karpowicz PA , Kalanxhi E , Thatcher BJ , Martin BM ( Mar 2004 ) . `` Unusually weak oxygen binding , physical properties , partial sequence , autoxidation rate and a potential phosphorylation site of beluga whale ( Delphinapterus leucas ) myoglobin '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 137 ( 3 ) : 401 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cbpc. 2004.01. 007 . PMID 15050527 . Wu G , Wainwright LM , Poole RK ( 2003 ) . `` Microbial globins '' . Advances in Microbial Physiology . Advances in Microbial Physiology. 47 : 255 -- 310 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 2911 ( 03 ) 47005 - 7 . ISBN 9780120277476 . PMID 14560666 . Mirceta S , Signore AV , Burns JM , Cossins AR , Campbell KL , Berenbrink M ( Jun 2013 ) . `` Evolution of mammalian diving capacity traced by myoglobin net surface charge '' . Science . 340 ( 6138 ) : 1234192 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1234192 . PMID 23766330 ... Also see Proteopedia article about this finding External links ( edit ) Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man ( OMIM ) 160000 human genetics The Myoglobin Protein Protein Database featured molecule Which Cut Is Older ? ( It 's a Trick Question ) New York Times , February 21 , 2006 article regarding meat industry use of carbon monoxide to keep meat looking red . Stores React to Meat Reports New York Times , March 1 , 2006 article on the use of carbon monoxide to make meat appear fresh . <Th_colspan="2"> PDB gallery <Td_colspan="2"> 1m6c : V68N MYOGLOBIN WITH CO 1m6m : V68N MET MYOGLOBIN 1mdn : WILD TYPE MYOGLOBIN WITH CO 1mnh : INTERACTIONS AMONG RESIDUES CD3 , E7 , E10 AND E11 IN MYOGLOBINS : ATTEMPTS TO SIMULATE THE O2 AND CO BINDING PROPERTIES OF APLYSIA MYOGLOBIN 1mni : ALTERATION OF AXIAL COORDINATION BY PROTEIN ENGINEERING IN MYOGLOBIN . BIS - IMIDAZOLE LIGATION IN THE HIS64 -- > VAL ( SLASH ) VAL68 -- > HIS DOUBLE MUTANT 1mnj : INTERACTIONS AMONG RESIDUES CD3 , E7 , E10 AND E11 IN MYOGLOBINS : ATTEMPTS TO SIMULATE THE O2 AND CO BINDING PROPERTIES OF APLYSIA MYOGLOBIN 1mnk : INTERACTIONS AMONG RESIDUES CD3 , E7 , E10 AND E11 IN MYOGLOBINS : ATTEMPTS TO SIMULATE THE O2 AND CO BINDING PROPERTIES OF APLYSIA MYOGLOBIN 1mno : V68N MYOGLOBIN OXY FORM 1mwc : WILD TYPE MYOGLOBIN WITH CO 1mwd : WILD TYPE DEOXY MYOGLOBIN 1myg : HIGH RESOLUTION X-RAY STRUCTURES OF PIG METMYOGLOBIN AND TWO CD3 MUTANTS MB ( LYS45 - > ARG ) AND MB ( LYS45 - > SER ) 1myh : HIGH RESOLUTION X-RAY STRUCTURES OF PIG METMYOGLOBIN AND TWO CD3 MUTANTS MB ( LYS45 - > ARG ) AND MB ( LYS45 - > SER ) 1myi : HIGH RESOLUTION X-RAY STRUCTURES OF PIG METMYOGLOBIN AND TWO CD3 MUTANTS MB ( LYS45 - > ARG ) AND MB ( LYS45 - > SER ) 1myj : DISTAL POLARITY IN LIGAND BINDING TO MYOGLOBIN : STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A THREONINE68 ( E11 ) MUTANT 1pmb : THE DETERMINATION OF THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT PIG MYOGLOBIN BY MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT AND ITS REFINEMENT 1yca : DISTAL POCKET POLARITY IN LIGAND BINDING TO MYOGLOBIN : DEOXY AND CARBONMONOXY FORMS OF A THREONINE68 ( E11 ) MUTANT INVESTIGATED BY X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 1ycb : DISTAL POCKET POLARITY IN LIGAND BINDING TO MYOGLOBIN : DEOXY AND CARBONMONOXY FORMS OF A THREONINE68 ( E11 ) MUTANT INVESTIGATED BY X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 2mm1 : X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A RECOMBINANT HUMAN MYOGLOBIN MUTANT AT 2.8 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION <Th_colspan="2"> Proteins : hemeproteins Globins Hemoglobin Subunits Alpha locus on 16 : α HBA1 HBA2 ζ HBZ θ HBQ1 μ HBM Beta locus on 11 : β HBB δ HBD γ HBG1 HBG2 ε HBE1 Tetramers stages of development : Embryonic HbE Gower 1 ( ζ ε ) HbE Gower 2 ( α ε ) HbE Portland I ( ζ γ ) HbE Portland II ( ζ β ) Fetal HbF / Fetal ( α γ ) HbA ( α β ) Adult HbA ( α β ) HbA ( α δ ) HbF / Fetal ( α γ ) pathology : HbH ( β ) Barts ( γ ) HbS ( α β ) HbC ( α β ) HbE ( α β ) Compounds Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin / Deoxyhemoglobin Sulfhemoglobin Other human Glycated hemoglobin Methemoglobin Nonhuman Chlorocruorin Erythrocruorin Other human : Myoglobin Metmyoglobin Neuroglobin Cytoglobin plant : Leghemoglobin Other Cytochrome Cytochrome b Cytochrome P450 Hemocyanin Methemalbumin <Td_colspan="2"> see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins <Th_colspan="2"> Common for blood tests ( CPT 82000 -- 84999 ) Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Renal function Creatinine Urea BUN - to - creatinine ratio Plasma osmolality Serum osmolal gap Acid - base Anion gap Arterial blood gas Base excess Bicarbonate CO content Iron tests Ferritin Serum iron Transferrin saturation Total iron - binding capacity Transferrin Transferrin receptor Hormones ACTH stimulation test Thyroid function tests Thyroid - stimulating hormone Metabolism Blood lipids Cardiovascular Cardiac marker Troponin test CPK - MB test Lactate dehydrogenase Myoglobin Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB Liver function tests Proteins Human serum albumin Serum total protein ALP transaminases ALT AST AST / ALT ratio Bilirubin Unconjugated Conjugated Pancreas Amylase Lipase Pancreatic lipase NDL : 00567709 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myoglobin&oldid=824882063 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 22 Hemoproteins Human proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 02 : 36 . About Wikipedia | 1. Myoglobin structure and function
2. Oxygen binding and transport in myoglobin
3. Role of myoglobin in muscle tissue
4. Differences between myoglobin and hemoglobin
5. Myoglobin as a marker for muscle injury and disease |
6,078,440,342,470,663,000 | the two leading composers of early american musical comedy where | Gilbert and Sullivan - wikipedia Gilbert and Sullivan W.S. Gilbert Arthur Sullivan Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian - era theatrical partnership of the dramatist W.S. Gilbert ( 1836 -- 1911 ) and the composer Arthur Sullivan ( 1842 -- 1900 ) and to the works they jointly created . The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896 , of which H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known . Gilbert , who wrote the libretti for these operas , created fanciful `` topsy - turvy '' worlds where each absurdity is taken to its logical conclusion -- fairies rub elbows with British lords , flirting is a capital offence , gondoliers ascend to the monarchy , and pirates emerge as noblemen who have gone astray . Sullivan , six years Gilbert 's junior , composed the music , contributing memorable melodies that could convey both humour and pathos . Their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English - speaking world . Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that directly influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century . The operas have also influenced political discourse , literature , film and television and have been widely parodied and pastiched by humorists . Producer Richard D'Oyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and nurtured their collaboration . He built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works ( which came to be known as the Savoy Operas ) and founded the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company , which performed and promoted Gilbert and Sullivan 's works for over a century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings 1.1 Gilbert before Sullivan 1.2 Sullivan before Gilbert 2 Operas 2.1 First collaborations 2.1. 1 Thespis 2.1. 2 Trial by Jury 2.2 Early successes 2.2. 1 The Sorcerer 2.2. 2 H.M.S. Pinafore 2.2. 3 The Pirates of Penzance 2.3 Savoy Theatre opens 2.3. 1 Patience 2.3. 2 Iolanthe 2.3. 3 Princess Ida 2.4 Dodging the magic lozenge 2.4. 1 The Mikado 2.4. 2 Ruddigore 2.4. 3 The Yeomen of the Guard 2.4. 4 The Gondoliers 2.5 Carpet quarrel 2.6 Last works 3 Legacy and assessment 3.1 Recordings and broadcasts 3.2 Cultural influence 4 Collaborations 4.1 Major works and original London runs 4.2 Parlour ballads 4.3 Overtures 5 Alternative versions 5.1 Translations 5.2 Ballets 5.3 Adaptations 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 Notes 7.2 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Beginnings ( edit ) Gilbert before Sullivan ( edit ) One of Gilbert 's illustrations for his Bab Ballad `` Gentle Alice Brown '' Main article : W.S. Gilbert Gilbert was born in London on 18 November 1836 . His father , William , was a naval surgeon who later wrote novels and short stories , some of which included illustrations by his son . In 1861 , to supplement his income , the younger Gilbert began writing illustrated stories , poems and articles of his own , many of which would later be mined as inspiration for his plays and operas , particularly Gilbert 's series of illustrated poems , the Bab Ballads . In the Bab Ballads and his early plays , Gilbert developed a unique `` topsy - turvy '' style in which humour was derived by setting up a ridiculous premise and working out its logical consequences , however absurd . Director and playwright Mike Leigh described the `` Gilbertian '' style as follows : With great fluidity and freedom , ( Gilbert ) continually challenges our natural expectations . First , within the framework of the story , he makes bizarre things happen , and turns the world on its head . Thus the Learned Judge marries the Plaintiff , the soldiers metamorphose into aesthetes , and so on , and nearly every opera is resolved by a deft moving of the goalposts ... His genius is to fuse opposites with an imperceptible sleight of hand , to blend the surreal with the real , and the caricature with the natural . In other words , to tell a perfectly outrageous story in a completely deadpan way . Gilbert developed his innovative theories on the art of stage direction , following theatrical reformer Tom Robertson . At the time Gilbert began writing , theatre in Britain was in disrepute . Gilbert helped to reform and elevate the respectability of the theatre , especially beginning with his six short family - friendly comic operas , or `` entertainments '' , for Thomas German Reed . Ages Ago , during a rehearsal for which Frederic Clay introduced Gilbert to Sullivan At a rehearsal for one of these entertainments , Ages Ago , in 1870 , the composer Frederic Clay introduced Gilbert to his friend , the young composer Arthur Sullivan . Over the next year , before the two first collaborated , Gilbert continued to write humorous verse , stories and plays , including the comic operas Our Island Home ( 1870 ) and A Sensation Novel ( 1871 ) , and the blank verse comedies The Princess ( 1870 ) , The Palace of Truth ( 1870 ) and Pygmalion and Galatea ( 1871 ) . Sullivan before Gilbert ( edit ) Main article : Arthur Sullivan Sullivan was born in London on 13 May 1842 . His father was a military bandmaster , and by the time Arthur had reached the age of eight , he was proficient with all the instruments in the band . In school he began to compose anthems and songs . In 1856 , he received the first Mendelssohn Scholarship and studied at the Royal Academy of Music and then at Leipzig , where he also took up conducting . His graduation piece , completed in 1861 , was a suite of incidental music to Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Revised and expanded , it was performed at the Crystal Palace in 1862 and was an immediate sensation . He began building a reputation as England 's most promising young composer , composing a symphony , a concerto , and several overtures , among them the Overture di Ballo , in 1870 . The Crystal Palace , where several early Sullivan works were first performed His early major works for the voice included The Masque at Kenilworth ( 1864 ) ; an oratorio , The Prodigal Son ( 1869 ) ; and a dramatic cantata , On Shore and Sea ( 1871 ) . He composed a ballet , L'Île Enchantée ( 1864 ) and incidental music for a number of Shakespeare plays . Other early pieces that were praised were his Symphony in E , Concerto for Cello and Orchestra , and Overture in C ( In Memoriam ) ( all three of which premiered in 1866 ) . These commissions , however , were not sufficient to keep Sullivan afloat . He worked as a church organist and composed numerous hymns , popular songs , and parlour ballads . Sullivan 's first foray into comic opera was Cox and Box ( 1866 ) , written with librettist F.C. Burnand for an informal gathering of friends . Public performance followed , with W.S. Gilbert ( then writing dramatic criticism for the magazine Fun ) saying that Sullivan 's score `` is , in many places , of too high a class for the grotesquely absurd plot to which it is wedded . '' Nonetheless , it proved highly successful , and is still regularly performed today . Sullivan and Burnand 's second opera , The Contrabandista ( 1867 ) was not as successful . Operas ( edit ) First collaborations ( edit ) Thespis ( edit ) Main article : Thespis ( opera ) A contemporary illustration of Thespis from The Illustrated London News of 6 January 1872 In 1871 , producer John Hollingshead brought Gilbert and Sullivan together to produce a Christmas entertainment , Thespis , at his Gaiety Theatre , a large West End house . The piece was an extravaganza in which the classical Greek gods , grown elderly , are temporarily replaced by a troupe of 19th - century actors and actresses , one of whom is the eponymous Thespis , the Greek father of the drama . Its mixture of political satire and grand opera parody mimicked Offenbach 's Orpheus in the Underworld and La belle Hélène , which ( in translation ) then dominated the English musical stage . Thespis opened on Boxing Day and ran for 63 performances . It outran five of its nine competitors for the 1871 holiday season , and its run was extended beyond the length of a normal run at the Gaiety , but no one at the time anticipated that this was the beginning of a great collaboration . Unlike the later Gilbert and Sullivan works , it was hastily prepared , and its nature was more risqué , like Gilbert 's earlier burlesques , with a broader style of comedy that allowed for improvisation by the actors . Two of the male characters were played by women , whose shapely legs were put on display in a fashion that Gilbert later condemned . The musical score to Thespis was never published and is now lost , except for one song that was published separately , a chorus that was re-used in The Pirates of Penzance , and the Act II ballet music . Over the next three years , Gilbert and Sullivan did not have occasion to work together again , but each man became more eminent in his field . Gilbert worked with Frederic Clay on Happy Arcadia ( 1872 ) and with Alfred Cellier on Topsyturveydom ( 1874 ) , and wrote The Wicked World ( 1873 ) Sweethearts ( 1874 ) and several other libretti , farces , extravaganzas , fairy comedies , dramas and adaptations . Sullivan completed his Festival Te Deum ( 1872 ) ; another oratorio , The Light of the World ( 1873 ) ; his only song cycle , The Window ; or , The Song of the Wrens ( 1871 ) ; incidental music to The Merry Wives of Windsor ( 1874 ) ; and more songs , parlour ballads , and hymns , including `` Onward , Christian Soldiers '' ( 1872 ) . At the same time , the audience for theatre was growing because of the rapidly expanding British population ; improvement in education and the standard of living , especially of the middle class ; improving public transportation ; and installation of street lighting , which made travel home from the theatre safer . The number of pianos manufactured in England doubled between 1870 and 1890 as more people began to play parlour music at home and more theatres and concert halls opened . Trial by Jury ( edit ) Main article : Trial by Jury In 1874 , Gilbert wrote a short libretto on commission from producer - conductor Carl Rosa , whose wife would have played the leading role , but her death in childbirth cancelled the project . Not long afterwards , Richard D'Oyly Carte was managing the Royalty Theatre and needed a short opera to be played as an afterpiece to Offenbach 's La Périchole . Carte knew about Gilbert 's libretto for Rosa and suggested that Sullivan write a score for it . Gilbert read the piece to Sullivan in February 1875 , and the composer was delighted with it ; Trial by Jury was composed and staged in a matter of weeks . D.H. Friston 's engraving of the original production of Trial by Jury The piece is one of Gilbert 's humorous spoofs of the law and the legal profession , based on his short experience as a barrister . It concerns a breach of promise of marriage suit . The defendant argues that damages should be slight , since `` he is such a very bad lot , '' while the plaintiff argues that she loves the defendant fervently and seeks `` substantial damages . '' After much argument , the judge resolves the case by marrying the lovely plaintiff himself . With Sullivan 's brother , Fred , as the Learned Judge , the opera was a runaway hit , outlasting the run of La Périchole . Provincial tours and productions at other theatres quickly followed . Fred Sullivan was the prototype for the `` patter '' ( comic ) baritone roles in the later operas . F.C. Burnand wrote that he `` was one of the most naturally comic little men I ever came across . He , too , was a first - rate practical musician ... As he was the most absurd person , so was he the very kindliest ... '' Fred 's creation would serve as a model for the rest of the collaborators ' works , and each of them has a crucial comic little man role , as Burnand had put it . The `` patter '' baritone ( or `` principal comedian '' , as these roles later were called ) would often assume the leading role in Gilbert and Sullivan 's comic operas , and was usually allotted the speedy patter songs . After the success of Trial by Jury , Gilbert and Sullivan were suddenly in demand to write more operas together . Over the next two years , Richard D'Oyly Carte and Carl Rosa were two of several theatrical managers who negotiated with the team but were unable to come to terms . Carte proposed a revival of Thespis for the 1875 Christmas season , which Gilbert and Sullivan would have revised , but he was unable to obtain financing for the project . In early 1876 , Carte requested that Gilbert and Sullivan create another one - act opera on the theme of burglars , but this was never completed . Early successes ( edit ) The Sorcerer ( edit ) Main article : The Sorcerer Carte 's real ambition was to develop an English form of light opera that would displace the bawdy burlesques and badly translated French operettas then dominating the London stage . He assembled a syndicate and formed the Comedy Opera Company , with Gilbert and Sullivan commissioned to write a comic opera that would serve as the centrepiece for an evening 's entertainment . An early poster showing scenes from The Sorcerer , Pinafore , and Trial by Jury Gilbert found a subject in one of his own short stories , `` The Elixir of Love , '' which concerned the complications arising when a love potion is distributed to all the residents of a small village . The leading character was a Cockney businessman who happened to be a sorcerer , a purveyor of blessings ( not much called for ) and curses ( very popular ) . Gilbert and Sullivan were tireless taskmasters , seeing to it that The Sorcerer ( 1877 ) opened as a fully polished production , in marked contrast to the under - rehearsed Thespis . While The Sorcerer won critical acclaim , it did not duplicate the success of Trial by Jury . Nevertheless , Carte and his syndicate were sufficiently encouraged to commission another full - length opera from the team . H.M.S. Pinafore ( edit ) Main article : H.M.S. Pinafore Gilbert and Sullivan scored their first international hit with H.M.S. Pinafore ( 1878 ) , satirising the rise of unqualified people to positions of authority and poking good - natured fun at the Royal Navy and the English obsession with social status ( building on a theme introduced in The Sorcerer , love between members of different social classes ) . As with many of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas , a surprise twist changes everything dramatically near the end of the story . Gilbert oversaw the designs of sets and costumes , and he directed the performers on stage . He sought realism in acting , shunned self - conscious interaction with the audience , and insisted on a standard of characterisation where the characters were never aware of their own absurdity . Gilbert insisted that his actors know their words perfectly and obey his stage directions , which was something new to many actors of the day . Sullivan personally oversaw the musical preparation . The result was a new crispness and polish in the English musical theatre . As Jessie Bond wrote later : Our stage discipline was strict and unbending . Gilbert 's word was law ; he thoroughly worked out in his own mind every bit of action , by - play and grouping , and allowed no deviation from his plan . He ... made drawings and took measurements with the minutest care ... He had unlimited fertility of invention in comic business and would allow no gag , no clowning , no departure from his own definite conception . Sullivan 's musical conception was equally clear - cut and decided . Every part must be made subservient to the whole , and his sarcasms overwhelmed the transgressor with scorn . `` And now , might I trouble you to try over my music , '' he would say to a singer too anxious to display his or her top notes . But there was nothing to hurt or offend us in this unswerving discipline , we took their good - humoured raillery as our due when we failed in our rendering or overstepped the bounds ; and the patience and enthusiasm of that artistic pair so infected all of us that we worked willingly for hours and hours at rehearsals , trying with all our might to realize the conceptions of those two brilliant minds . H.M.S. Pinafore ran in London for 571 performances , the second longest run of any musical theatre piece in history up to that time ( after the operetta Les cloches de Corneville ) . Hundreds of unauthorised , or `` pirated '' , productions of Pinafore appeared in America . During the run of Pinafore , Richard D'Oyly Carte split up with his former investors . The disgruntled former partners , who had invested in the production with no return , staged a public fracas , sending a group of thugs to seize the scenery during a performance . Stagehands successfully managed to ward off their backstage attackers . This event cleared the way for Carte , Gilbert and Sullivan to form the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company , which then produced all of their succeeding operas . The libretto of H.M.S. Pinafore relied on stock character types , many of which were familiar from European opera ( and some of which grew out of Gilbert 's earlier association with the German Reeds ) : the heroic protagonist ( tenor ) and his love - interest ( soprano ) ; the older woman with a secret or a sharp tongue ( contralto ) ; the baffled lyric baritone -- the girl 's father ; and a classic villain ( bass - baritone ) . Gilbert and Sullivan added the element of the comic patter - singing character . With the success of H.M.S. Pinafore , the D'Oyly Carte repertory and production system was cemented , and each opera would make use of these stock character types . Before The Sorcerer , Gilbert had constructed his plays around the established stars of whatever theatre he happened to be writing for , as had been the case with Thespis and Trial by Jury . Building on the team he had assembled for The Sorcerer , Gilbert no longer hired stars ; he created them . He and Sullivan selected the performers , writing their operas for ensemble casts rather than individual stars . The Pirate King The repertory system ensured that the comic patter character who performed the role of the sorcerer , John Wellington Wells , would become the ruler of the Queen 's navy as Sir Joseph Porter in H.M.S. Pinafore , then join the army as Major - General Stanley in The Pirates of Penzance , and so on . Similarly , Mrs. Partlet in The Sorcerer transformed into Little Buttercup in Pinafore , then into Ruth , the piratical maid - of - all - work in Pirates . Relatively unknown performers whom Gilbert and Sullivan engaged early in the collaboration would stay with the company for many years , becoming stars of the Victorian stage . These included George Grossmith , the principal comic ; Rutland Barrington , the lyric baritone ; Richard Temple , the bass - baritone ; and Jessie Bond , the mezzo - soprano soubrette . The Pirates of Penzance ( edit ) Main article : The Pirates of Penzance The Pirates of Penzance ( New Year 's Eve , 1879 ) also poked fun at grand opera conventions , sense of duty , family obligation , the `` respectability '' of civilisation and the peerage , and the relevance of a liberal education . The story also revisits Pinafore 's theme of unqualified people in positions of authority , in the person of the `` modern Major - General '' who has up - to - date knowledge about everything except the military . The Major - General and his many daughters escape from the tender - hearted Pirates of Penzance , who are all orphans , on the false plea that he is an orphan himself . The pirates learn of the deception and re-capture the Major - General , but when it is revealed that the pirates are all peers , the Major - General bids them : `` resume your ranks and legislative duties , and take my daughters , all of whom are beauties ! '' The piece premiered in New York rather than London , in an ( unsuccessful ) attempt to secure the American copyright , and was another big success with both critics and audiences . Gilbert , Sullivan and Carte tried for many years to control the American performance copyrights over their operas , without success . Nevertheless , Pirates was a hit both in New York , again spawning numerous imitators , and then in London , and it became one of the most frequently performed , translated and parodied Gilbert and Sullivan works , also enjoying successful 1981 Broadway and 1982 West End revivals by Joseph Papp that continue to influence productions of the opera . In 1880 , Sullivan 's cantata The Martyr of Antioch premiered at the Leeds Triennial Music Festival , with a libretto modified by Gilbert from an 1822 epic poem by Henry Hart Milman concerning the 3rd century martyrdom of St. Margaret of Antioch . Sullivan became the conductor of the Leeds festival beginning in 1880 and conducted the performance . The Carl Rosa Opera Company staged the cantata as an opera in 1898 . Savoy theatre opens ( edit ) Patience ( edit ) Main article : Patience ( opera ) George Grossmith as Bunthorne in Patience , 1881 Patience ( 1881 ) satirised the aesthetic movement in general and its colourful poets in particular , combining aspects of Algernon Charles Swinburne , Dante Gabriel Rossetti , Oscar Wilde , James McNeill Whistler and others in the rival poets Bunthorne and Grosvenor . Grossmith , who created the role of Bunthorne , based his makeup , wig and costume on Swinburne and especially Whistler , as seen in the adjacent photo . The work also lampoons male vanity and chauvinism in the military . The story concerns two rival `` aesthetic '' poets , who attract the attention of the young ladies of the village , who had been engaged to the members of a cavalry regiment . But both poets are in love with Patience , the village milkmaid , who detests one of them and feels that it is her duty to avoid the other despite her love for him . Richard D'Oyly Carte was the booking manager for Oscar Wilde , a then lesser - known proponent of aestheticism , and dispatched Wilde on an American lecture tour in conjunction with the opera 's U.S. run , so that American audiences might better understand what the satire was all about . During the run of Patience , Carte built the large , modern Savoy Theatre , which became the partnership 's permanent home . It was the first theatre ( indeed the world 's first public building ) to be lit entirely by electric lighting . Patience moved into the Savoy after six months at the Opera Comique and ran for a total of 578 performances , surpassing the run of H.M.S. Pinafore and becoming the second longest - running work of musical theatre up to that time in history . Iolanthe ( edit ) Main article : Iolanthe Iolanthe ( 1882 ) was the first of the operas to open at the Savoy . The fully electric Savoy made possible numerous special effects , such as sparkling magic wands for the female chorus of fairies . The opera poked fun at English law and the House of Lords and made much of the war between the sexes . The critics felt that Sullivan 's work in Iolanthe had taken a step forward . The Daily Telegraph wrote , `` The composer has risen to his opportunity , and we are disposed to account Iolanthe his best effort in all the Gilbertian series . '' Similarly , the Theatre asserted that `` the music of Iolanthe is Dr Sullivan 's chef d'oeuvre . The quality throughout is more even , and maintained at a higher standard , than in any of his earlier works ... '' Barnett as The Fairy Queen Iolanthe is one of a number of Gilbert 's works , including The Wicked World ( 1873 ) , Broken Hearts ( 1875 ) , Princess Ida ( 1884 ) and Fallen Fairies ( 1909 ) , where the introduction of men and `` mortal love '' into a tranquil world of women wreaks havoc with the status quo . Gilbert had created several `` fairy comedies '' at the Haymarket Theatre in the early 1870s . These plays , influenced by the fairy work of James Planché , are founded upon the idea of self - revelation by characters under the influence of some magic or some supernatural interference . In 1882 , Gilbert had a telephone installed in his home and at the prompt desk at the Savoy Theatre so that he could monitor performances and rehearsals from his home study . Gilbert had referred to the new technology in Pinafore in 1878 , only two years after the device was invented and before London even had telephone service . Sullivan had one installed as well , and on 13 May 1883 , at a party to celebrate the composer 's 41st birthday , the guests , including the Prince of Wales ( later Edward VII ) , heard a direct relay of parts of Iolanthe from the Savoy . This was probably the first live `` broadcast '' of an opera . During the run of Iolanthe , in 1883 , Sullivan was knighted by Queen Victoria . Although it was the operas with Gilbert that had earned him the broadest fame , the honour was conferred for his services to serious music . The musical establishment , and many critics , believed that this should put an end to his career as a composer of comic opera -- that a musical knight should not stoop below oratorio or grand opera . Sullivan , despite the financial security of writing for the Savoy , increasingly viewed his work with Gilbert as unimportant , beneath his skills , and repetitious . Furthermore , he was unhappy that he had to simplify his music to ensure that Gilbert 's words could be heard . But paradoxically , in February 1883 , just after Iolanthe opened , Sullivan had signed a five - year agreement with Gilbert and Carte requiring him to produce a new comic opera on six months ' notice . Princess Ida ( edit ) Princess Ida , Act II Finale : Hildebrand and soldiers rush through the gate . Main article : Princess Ida Princess Ida ( 1884 ) spoofed women 's education and male chauvinism and continued the theme from Iolanthe of the war between the sexes . The opera is based on Tennyson 's poem The Princess : A Medley . Gilbert had written a blank verse farce based on the same material in 1870 , called The Princess , and he reused a good deal of the dialogue from his earlier play in the libretto of Princess Ida . Ida is the only Gilbert and Sullivan work with dialogue entirely in blank verse and is also the only one of their works in three acts . Lillian Russell had been engaged to create the title role , but Gilbert did not believe that she was dedicated enough , and when she missed a rehearsal , he dismissed her . Princess Ida was the first of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas that , by the partnership 's previous standards , was not a success . A particularly hot summer in London did not help ticket sales . The piece ran for a comparatively short 246 performances and was not revived in London until 1919 . Sullivan had been satisfied with the libretto , but two months after Ida opened , Sullivan told Carte that `` it is impossible for me to do another piece of the character of those already written by Gilbert and myself . '' As Princess Ida showed signs of flagging , Carte realised that , for the first time in the partnership 's history , no new opera would be ready when the old one closed . On 22 March 1884 , he gave Gilbert and Sullivan contractual notice that a new opera would be required in six months ' time . In the meantime , when Ida closed , Carte produced a revival of The Sorcerer . Dodging the magic lozenge ( edit ) The Mikado ( edit ) Main article : The Mikado Lithograph of the `` Three Little Maids '' from The Mikado The most successful of the Savoy Operas was The Mikado ( 1885 ) , which made fun of English bureaucracy , thinly disguised by a Japanese setting . Gilbert initially proposed a story for a new opera about a magic lozenge that would change the characters , which Sullivan found artificial and lacking in `` human interest and probability '' , as well as being too similar to their earlier opera , The Sorcerer . As dramatised in the film Topsy - Turvy , the author and composer were at an impasse until 8 May 1884 , when Gilbert dropped the lozenge idea and agreed to provide a libretto without any supernatural elements . The story focuses on a `` cheap tailor , '' Ko - Ko , who is promoted to the position of Lord High Executioner of the town of Titipu . Ko - Ko loves his ward , Yum - Yum , but she loves a musician , who is really the son of the emperor of Japan ( the Mikado ) , and who is in disguise to escape the attentions of the elderly and amorous Katisha . The Mikado has decreed that executions must resume without delay in Titipu . When news arrives that the Mikado will be visiting the town , Ko - Ko assumes that he is coming to ascertain whether Ko - Ko has carried out the executions . Too timid to execute anyone , Ko - Ko cooks up a conspiracy to misdirect the Mikado , which goes awry . Eventually , Ko - Ko must persuade Katisha to marry him , in order to save his own life and the lives of the other conspirators . With the opening of trade between England and Japan , Japanese imports , art and styles became fashionable in London , making the time ripe for an opera set in Japan . Gilbert said , `` I can not give you a good reason for our ... piece being laid in Japan . It ... afforded scope for picturesque treatment , scenery and costume , and I think that the idea of a chief magistrate , who is ... judge and actual executioner in one , and yet would not hurt a worm , may perhaps please the public . '' Setting the opera in Japan , an exotic locale far away from Britain , allowed Gilbert and Sullivan to satirise British politics and institutions more freely by clothing them in superficial Japanese trappings . Gilbert wrote , `` The Mikado of the opera was an imaginary monarch of a remote period and can not by any exercise of ingenuity be taken to be a slap on an existing institution . '' G.K. Chesterton compared it to Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels : `` Gilbert pursued and persecuted the evils of modern England till they had literally not a leg to stand on , exactly as Swift did ... I doubt if there is a single joke in the whole play that fits the Japanese . But all the jokes in the play fit the English ... About England Pooh - bah is something more than a satire ; he is the truth . '' Several of the later operas are similarly set in foreign or fictional locales , including The Gondoliers , Utopia Limited , and The Grand Duke . `` Favorite airs from The Mikado '' A 1914 Edison Records recording of selections from The Mikado . Includes parts of the overture , `` A wand'ring minstrel '' , `` Three little maids '' , `` Tit - willow '' , and the Act II finale . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Mikado became the partnership 's longest - running hit , enjoying 672 performances at the Savoy Theatre , which was the second longest run for any work of musical theatre ( surpassing the 571 performances of Pinafore and 576 of Patience ) and one of the longest runs of any theatre piece up to that time . The Mikado remains the most frequently performed Savoy Opera . It has been translated into numerous languages and is one of the most frequently played musical theatre pieces in history . Ruddigore ( edit ) Main article : Ruddigore Ruddigore ( 1887 ) , a topsy - turvy take on Victorian melodrama , was less successful than most of the earlier collaborations with a run of 288 performances . The original title , Ruddygore , together with some of the plot devices , including the revivification of ghosts , drew negative comments from critics . Gilbert and Sullivan respelled the title and made a number of changes and cuts . Nevertheless , the piece was profitable , and the reviews were not all bad . For instance , the Illustrated London News praised the work and both Gilbert and , especially , Sullivan : `` Sir Arthur Sullivan has eminently succeeded alike in the expression of refined sentiment and comic humour . In the former respect , the charm of graceful melody prevails ; while , in the latter , the music of the most grotesque situations is redolent of fun . '' Further changes were made , including a new overture , when Rupert D'Oyly Carte revived Ruddigore after the First World War , and the piece was regularly performed by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company thereafter . Some of the plot elements of Ruddigore were introduced by Gilbert in his earlier one - act opera , Ages Ago ( 1869 ) , including the tale of the wicked ancestor and the device of the ghostly ancestors stepping out of their portraits . When Ruddigore closed , no new opera was ready . Gilbert again proposed a version of the `` lozenge '' plot for their next opera , and Sullivan reiterated his reluctance to set it . While the two men worked out their artistic differences , and Sullivan finished other obligations , Carte produced revivals of such old favourites as H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance , and The Mikado . The Yeomen of the Guard ( edit ) Main article : The Yeomen of the Guard W.H. Denny as Wilfred and Jessie Bond as Phoebe in Yeomen The Yeomen of the Guard ( 1888 ) , their only joint work with a serious ending , concerns a pair of strolling players -- a jester and a singing girl -- who are caught up in a risky intrigue at the Tower of London during the 16th century . The dialogue , though in prose , is quasi-early modern English in style , and there is no satire of British institutions . For some of the plot elements , Gilbert had reached back to his 1875 tragedy , Broken Hearts . The Times praised the libretto : `` It should ... be acknowledged that Mr. Gilbert has earnestly endeavoured to leave familiar grooves and rise to higher things . '' Although not a grand opera , the new libretto provided Sullivan with the opportunity to write his most ambitious score to date . The critics , who had recently lauded the composer for his successful oratorio , The Golden Legend , considered the score to Yeomen to be Sullivan 's finest , including its overture , which was written in sonata form , rather than as a sequential pot - pourri of tunes from the opera , as in most of his other overtures . The Daily Telegraph wrote : The accompaniments ... are delightful to hear , and especially does the treatment of the woodwind compel admiring attention . Schubert himself could hardly have handled those instruments more deftly , written for them more lovingly ... We place the songs and choruses in The Yeomen of the Guard before all his previous efforts of this particular kind . Thus the music follows the book to a higher plane , and we have a genuine English opera ... Yeomen was a hit , running for over a year , with strong New York and touring productions . During the run , on 12 March 1889 , Sullivan wrote to Gilbert , I have lost the liking for writing comic opera , and entertain very grave doubts as to my power of doing it ... You say that in a serious opera , you must more or less sacrifice yourself . I say that this is just what I have been doing in all our joint pieces , and , what is more , must continue to do in comic opera to make it successful . Sullivan insisted that the next opera must be a grand opera . Gilbert did not feel that he could write a grand opera libretto , but he offered a compromise that Sullivan eventually accepted . The two would write a light opera for the Savoy , and at the same time , Sullivan a grand opera ( Ivanhoe ) for a new theatre that Carte was constructing to present British grand opera . After a brief impasse over the choice of subject , Sullivan accepted an idea connected with Venice and Venetian life , as `` this seemed to me to hold out great chances of bright colour and taking music . '' The Gondoliers ( edit ) Main article : The Gondoliers Rutland Barrington and Courtice Pounds as Giuseppe and Marco in The Gondoliers The Gondoliers ( 1889 ) takes place partly in Venice and partly in a kingdom ruled by a pair of gondoliers who attempt to remodel the monarchy in a spirit of `` republican equality . '' Gilbert recapitulates a number of his earlier themes , including the satire of class distinctions figuring in many of his earlier librettos . The libretto also reflects Gilbert 's fascination with the `` Stock Company Act '' , highlighting the absurd convergence of natural persons and legal entities , which plays an even larger part in the next opera , Utopia Limited . Press accounts were almost entirely favourable . The Illustrated London News reported : ... Gilbert has returned to the Gilbert of the past , and everyone is delighted . He is himself again . The Gilbert of the Bab Ballads , the Gilbert of whimsical conceit , inoffensive cynicism , subtle satire , and playful paradox ; the Gilbert who invented a school of his own , who in it was schoolmaster and pupil , who has never taught anybody but himself , and is never likely to have any imitator -- this is the Gilbert the public want to see , and this is the Gilbert who on Saturday night was cheered till the audience was weary of cheering any more . Sullivan 's old collaborator on Cox and Box ( later the editor of Punch magazine ) , F.C. Burnand , wrote to the composer : `` Magnificento ! ... I envy you and W.S.G. being able to place a piece like this on the stage in so complete a fashion . '' The opera enjoyed a run longer than any of their other joint works except for H.M.S. Pinafore , Patience and The Mikado . There was a command performance of The Gondoliers for Queen Victoria and the royal family at Windsor Castle in 1891 , the first Gilbert and Sullivan opera to be so honoured . The Gondoliers was Gilbert and Sullivan 's last great success . Carpet Quarrel ( edit ) Gilbert and Sullivan sometimes had a strained working relationship , partly caused by the fact that each man saw himself as allowing his work to be subjugated to the other 's , and partly caused by the opposing personalities of the two -- Gilbert was often confrontational and notoriously thin - skinned ( though prone to acts of extraordinary kindness ) , while Sullivan eschewed conflict . In addition , Gilbert imbued his libretti with `` topsy - turvy '' situations in which the social order was turned upside down . After a time , these subjects were often at odds with Sullivan 's desire for realism and emotional content . Also , Gilbert 's political satire often poked fun at the wealthy and powerful whom Sullivan sought out for friendship and patronage . Original facade of the Savoy Theatre c. 1881 Gilbert and Sullivan disagreed several times over the choice of a subject . After both Princess Ida and Ruddigore , which were less successful than the seven other operas from H.M.S. Pinafore to The Gondoliers , Sullivan asked to leave the partnership , saying that he found Gilbert 's plots repetitive and that the operas were not artistically satisfying to him . While the two artists worked out their differences , Carte kept the Savoy open with revivals of their earlier works . On each occasion , after a few months ' pause , Gilbert responded with a libretto that met Sullivan 's objections , and the partnership was able to continue successfully . In April 1890 , however , during the run of The Gondoliers , Gilbert challenged Carte over the expenses of the production . Among other items to which Gilbert objected , Carte had charged the cost of a new carpet for the Savoy Theatre lobby to the partnership . Gilbert believed that this was a maintenance expense that should be charged to Carte alone . Gilbert confronted Carte , who refused to reconsider the accounts . Gilbert stormed out and wrote to Sullivan that `` I left him with the remark that it was a mistake to kick down the ladder by which he had risen '' . Helen Carte wrote that Gilbert had addressed Carte `` in a way that I should not have thought you would have used to an offending menial . '' As scholar Andrew Crowther has explained : After all , the carpet was only one of a number of disputed items , and the real issue lay not in the mere money value of these things , but in whether Carte could be trusted with the financial affairs of Gilbert and Sullivan . Gilbert contended that Carte had at best made a series of serious blunders in the accounts , and at worst deliberately attempted to swindle the others . It is not easy to settle the rights and wrongs of the issue at this distance , but it does seem fairly clear that there was something very wrong with the accounts at this time . Gilbert wrote to Sullivan on 28 May 1891 , a year after the end of the `` Quarrel '' , that Carte had admitted `` an unintentional overcharge of nearly £ 1,000 in the electric lighting accounts alone . In the midst of the quarrel , Gilbert dedicated a collection of Savoy opera lyrics , Songs of a Savoyard , to the composer Things soon degraded , a legal hearing was held , and Sullivan supported Carte by making an affidavit erroneously stating that there were minor legal expenses outstanding from a battle Gilbert had in 1884 with Lillian Russell . On 5 May 1890 , Gilbert had written to Sullivan : `` The time for putting an end to our collaboration has at last arrived . '' Gilbert later asked Sullivan to say he had been mistaken in his affidavit , but Sullivan refused . Gilbert felt it was a moral issue , and could not look past it . Sullivan felt that Gilbert was questioning his good faith , and in any event , Sullivan had other reasons to stay in Carte 's good graces : Carte was building a new theatre , the Royal English Opera House , to produce Sullivan 's only grand opera , Ivanhoe . Gilbert brought suit , and after The Gondoliers closed in 1891 , he withdrew the performance rights to his libretti , vowing to write no more operas for the Savoy . Gilbert next wrote The Mountebanks with Alfred Cellier and the flop Haste to the Wedding with George Grossmith , and Sullivan wrote Haddon Hall with Sydney Grundy . Gilbert eventually won the lawsuit , but his actions and statements had been hurtful to his partners . Nevertheless , the partnership had been so profitable that , after the financial failure of the Royal English Opera House , Carte and his wife sought to reunite the author and composer . In late 1891 , after many failed attempts at reconciliation , Gilbert and Sullivan 's music publisher , Tom Chappell , stepped in to mediate between two of his most profitable artists , and within two weeks he had succeeded , eventually leading to two further collaborations between Gilbert and Sullivan . Last works ( edit ) The drawing room scene from Act II of Utopia , Limited Utopia , Limited ( 1893 ) , their penultimate opera , was a very modest success , and their last , The Grand Duke ( 1896 ) , was an outright failure . Neither work entered the canon of regularly performed Gilbert and Sullivan works until the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company made the first complete professional recordings of the two operas in the 1970s . Gilbert had also offered Sullivan another libretto , His Excellency ( 1894 ) , but Gilbert 's insistence on casting Nancy McIntosh , his protege from Utopia , led to Sullivan 's refusal , and His Excellency was instead composed by F. Osmond Carr . Meanwhile , the Savoy Theatre continued to revive the Gilbert and Sullivan operas , in between new pieces , and D'Oyly Carte touring companies also played them in repertory . The Entr'acte expresses its pleasure that Gilbert and Sullivan are reunited After The Grand Duke , the partners saw no reason to work together again . A last unpleasant misunderstanding occurred in 1898 . At the premiere of Sullivan 's opera The Beauty Stone on 28 May , Gilbert arrived at the Savoy Theatre with friends , assuming that Sullivan had reserved some seats for him . Instead , he was informed that Sullivan objected to his presence . The composer later denied that this was true . The last time they met was at the Savoy Theatre on 17 November 1898 at the celebration of the 21st anniversary of the first performance of The Sorcerer . They did not speak to each other . Sullivan , by this time in exceedingly poor health , died in 1900 , although to the end he continued to write new comic operas for the Savoy with other librettists , most successfully with Basil Hood in The Rose of Persia ( 1899 ) . Gilbert also wrote several works , some with other collaborators , in the 1890s . By the time of Sullivan 's death in 1900 , Gilbert wrote that any memory of their rift had been `` completely bridged over , '' and `` the most cordial relations existed between us . '' He stated that `` Sullivan ... because he was a composer of the rarest genius , was as modest and as unassuming as a neophyte should be , but seldom is ... I remember all that he has done for me in allowing his genius to shed some of its lustre upon my humble name . '' Richard D'Oyly Carte died in 1901 , and his widow , Helen , continued to direct the activities of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company at the Savoy and on tour . Gilbert went into semi-retirement , although he continued to direct revivals of the Savoy Operas and wrote new plays occasionally . Between 1906 and 1909 , he assisted Mrs. Carte in staging two repertory seasons at the Savoy Theatre . These were very popular and revived interest in the works . Gilbert was knighted during the first repertory season . After Sullivan 's death , Gilbert wrote only one more comic opera , Fallen Fairies ( 1909 ; music by Edward German ) , which was not a success . Legacy and assessment ( edit ) Gilbert died in 1911 , and Richard 's son , Rupert D'Oyly Carte , took over the opera company upon his step - mother 's death in 1913 . His daughter , Bridget , inherited the company upon his death in 1948 . The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company toured nearly year - round , except for its many London seasons and foreign tours , performing exclusively the Gilbert and Sullivan operas , until it closed in 1982 . During the 20th century , the company gave well over 35,000 performances . The Savoy operas , from the beginning , were produced extensively in North America and Australasia , and soon afterwards in Germany , Russia , and elsewhere in Europe and around the world . 1921 cartoon of Gilbert and Sullivan audiences In 1922 , Sir Henry Wood explained the enduring success of the collaboration as follows : Sullivan has never had an equal for brightness and drollery , for humour without coarseness and without vulgarity , and for charm and grace . His orchestration is delightful : he wrote with full understanding of every orchestral voice . Above all , his music is perfectly appropriate to the words of which it is the setting ... He found the right , the only cadences to fit Gilbert 's happy and original rhythms , and to match Gilbert 's fun or to throw Gilbert 's frequent irony , pointed although not savage , into relief . Sullivan 's music is much more than the accompaniment of Gilbert 's libretti , just as Gilbert 's libretti are far more than words to Sullivan 's music . We have two masters who are playing a concerto . Neither is subordinate to the other ; each gives what is original , but the two , while neither predominates , are in perfect correspondence . This rare harmony of words and music is what makes these operas entirely unique . They are the work not of a musician and his librettist nor of a poet and one who sets his words to music , but of two geniuses . G.K. Chesterton similarly praised the combination of the two artists , anticipating the operas ' success into the `` remote future '' . He wrote that Gilbert 's satire was `` too intelligent to be intelligible '' by itself , and that perhaps only Sullivan could have given `` wings to his words ... in exactly the right degree frivolous and exactly the right degree fastidious . ( The words ' ) precise degree of levity and distance from reality ... seemed to be expressed ... in the very notes of the music ; almost ... in the note of the laughter that followed it . '' In 1957 , a review in The Times gave this rationale for `` the continued vitality of the Savoy operas '' : `` ( T ) hey were never really contemporary in their idiom ... Gilbert and Sullivan 's ( world ) , from the first moment was obviously not the audience 's world , ( it was ) an artificial world , with a neatly controlled and shapely precision which has not gone out of fashion -- because it was never in fashion in the sense of using the fleeting conventions and ways of thought of contemporary human society ... For this , each partner has his share of credit . The neat articulation of incredibilities in Gilbert 's plots is perfectly matched by his language ... His dialogue , with its primly mocking formality , satisfies both the ear and the intelligence . His verses show an unequalled and very delicate gift for creating a comic effect by the contrast between poetic form and prosaic thought and wording ... How deliciously ( his lines ) prick the bubble of sentiment ... ( Of ) equal importance ... Gilbert 's lyrics almost invariably take on extra point and sparkle when set to Sullivan 's music ... Sullivan 's tunes , in these operas , also exist in a make - believe world of their own ... ( He is ) a delicate wit , whose airs have a precision , a neatness , a grace , and a flowing melody ... The two men together remain endlessly and incomparably delightful ... Light , and even trifling , though ( the operas ) may seem upon grave consideration , they yet have the shapeliness and elegance that can make a trifle into a work of art '' . Because of the unusual success of the operas , the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company were able , from the start , to license the works to other professional companies , such as the J.C. Williamson Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company , and to amateur troupes . For almost a century , until the British copyrights expired at the end of 1961 , and even afterwards , the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company influenced productions of the operas worldwide , creating a `` performing tradition '' for most of the operas that is still referred to today by many directors , both amateur and professional . Indeed , Gilbert , Sullivan and Carte had an important influence on amateur theatre . Cellier and Bridgeman wrote in 1914 that , prior to the creation of the Savoy operas , amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals . After the formation of amateur Gilbert and Sullivan companies in the 1880s licensed to perform the operas , professionals recognised that the amateur performing groups `` support the culture of music and the drama . They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage , and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present - day favourites . '' Cellier and Bridgeman attributed the rise in quality and reputation of the amateur groups largely to `` the popularity of , and infectious craze for performing , the Gilbert and Sullivan operas '' . The National Operatic and Dramatic Association ( NODA ) was founded in 1899 . It reported , in 1914 , that nearly 200 British troupes were performing Gilbert and Sullivan that year , constituting most of the amateur companies in the country ( this figure included only the societies that were members of NODA ) . The association further reported that almost 1,000 performances of the Savoy operas had been given in Britain that year , many of them to benefit charities . Cellier and Bridgeman noted that strong amateur groups were performing the operas in places as far away as New Zealand . In the U.S. , and elsewhere where British copyrights on the operas were not enforced , both professional and amateur companies performed the works throughout the 20th century -- the Internet Broadway Database counts about 150 productions on Broadway alone from 1900 to 1960 . The Savoy Company , an amateur group formed in 1901 in Philadelphia , continues to perform today . In 1948 , Life magazine reported that about 5,000 performances of Gilbert and Sullivan operas were given annually in the US , exceeding the number of performances of Shakespeare plays . After the copyrights on the operas expired , other professional companies were free to perform and record the operas . Many performing companies arose to produce the works , such as Gilbert and Sullivan for All in Britain and Light Opera Works in the U.S. , and existing companies , such as English National Opera , Carl Rosa Opera Company and Australian Opera , added Gilbert and Sullivan to their repertories . In 1980 , a Broadway and West End production of Pirates produced by Joseph Papp brought new audiences to Gilbert and Sullivan . Between 1988 and 2003 , the revived D'Oyly Carte Opera Company revived the operas on tour and on the West End . Today , many professional repertory companies , such as NYGASP , Opera della Luna , Opera a la Carte , National Gilbert & Sullivan Opera Company Opera North , Ohio Light Opera and other small opera companies , and numerous amateur societies , churches , schools and universities continue to produce the works . The most popular G&S works also continue to be performed from time to time by major opera companies , and recordings of the operas , overtures and songs from the operas continue to be released . Since 1994 , the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival has been held every August in England , with some two dozen or more performances of the operas given on the main stage , and several dozen related `` fringe '' events given in smaller venues . The Festival records and offers videos of its most popular professional and amateur productions . In connection with the 2009 festival , a contemporary critic wrote , `` The appeal of G&S 's special blend of charm , silliness and gentle satire seems immune to fashion . '' There continue to be hundreds of amateur companies performing the Gilbert and Sullivan works worldwide . Recordings and broadcasts ( edit ) Advertisement for the first recording of The Mikado , 1917 The first commercial recordings of individual numbers from the Savoy operas began in 1898 . In 1917 the Gramophone Company ( HMV ) produced the first album of a complete Gilbert and Sullivan opera , The Mikado , followed by recordings of eight more . Electrical recordings of most of the operas were then issued by HMV and Victor , beginning in the late 1920s , supervised by Rupert D'Oyly Carte . The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company continued to produce well - regarded recordings until 1979 , helping to keep the operas popular through the decades . Many of these recordings have been reissued on CD . After the company was revived in 1988 , it recorded seven of the operas . After the copyrights on the operas expired , numerous companies around the world released popular audio and video recordings of the operas . In 1966 and again in the 1980s , BBC Radio presented complete cycles of the thirteen extant Gilbert and Sullivan operas , with dialogue . Ad hoc casts of operatic singers conducted by Sir Malcolm Sargent in the 1950s and 60s and Sir Charles Mackerras in the 1990s have made audio sets of several Savoy operas , and in the 1980s Alexander Faris conducted video recordings of eleven of the operas ( omitting the last two ) with casts including show - business stars as well as professional singers . Joseph Papp 's Broadway production of The Pirates of Penzance was put on record in 1981 . Since 1994 , the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival has released numerous professional and amateur CDs and videos of its productions . Ohio Light Opera has recorded several of the operas in the 21st century . Cultural influence ( edit ) Detail from a Punch cartoon , showing Sullivan and Gilbert . Main article : Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan In the past 125 years , Gilbert and Sullivan have pervasively influenced popular culture in the English - speaking world , and lines and quotations from their operas have become part of the English language ( even if not originated by Gilbert ) , such as `` short , sharp shock '' , `` What never ? Well , hardly ever ! '' , `` let the punishment fit the crime '' , and `` A policeman 's lot is not a happy one '' . The operas have influenced political style and discourse , literature , film and television , have been widely parodied by humorists , and have been quoted in legal rulings . The American and British musical owes a tremendous debt to G&S , who were admired and copied by early musical theatre authors and composers such as Ivan Caryll , Adrian Ross , Lionel Monckton , P.G. Wodehouse , Guy Bolton , and Victor Herbert , and later Jerome Kern , Ira Gershwin , Yip Harburg , Irving Berlin , Ivor Novello , Oscar Hammerstein II , and Andrew Lloyd Webber . Gilbert 's lyrics served as a model for such 20th - century Broadway lyricists as Cole Porter , Ira Gershwin , and Lorenz Hart . Noël Coward wrote : `` I was born into a generation that still took light music seriously . The lyrics and melodies of Gilbert and Sullivan were hummed and strummed into my consciousness at an early age . My father sang them , my mother played them , my nurse , Emma , breathed them through her teeth ... My aunts and uncles ... sang them singly and in unison at the slightest provocation ... '' Professor Carolyn Williams has noted , however : `` The influence of Gilbert and Sullivan -- their wit and sense of irony , the send ups of politics and contemporary culture -- goes beyond musical theater to comedy in general . Allusions to their work have made their way into our own popular culture '' . Gilbert and Sullivan expert and enthusiast Ian Bradley agrees : The musical is not , of course , the only cultural form to show the influence of G&S . Even more direct heirs are those witty and satirical songwriters found on both sides of the Atlantic in the twentieth century like Michael Flanders and Donald Swann in the United Kingdom and Tom Lehrer in the United States . The influence of Gilbert is discernible in a vein of British comedy that runs through John Betjeman 's verse via Monty Python and Private Eye to ... television series like Yes , Minister ... where the emphasis is on wit , irony , and poking fun at the establishment from within it in a way which manages to be both disrespectful of authority and yet cosily comfortable and urbane . The works of Gilbert and Sullivan are themselves frequently pastiched and parodied . Well known examples of this include Tom Lehrer 's The Elements and Clementine ; Allan Sherman 's I 'm Called Little Butterball , When I Was a Lad , You Need an Analyst and The Bronx Bird - Watcher ; and The Two Ronnies ' 1973 Christmas Special . Other comedians have used Gilbert and Sullivan songs as a key part of their routines , including Hinge and Bracket , Anna Russell , and the HMS Yakko episode of the animated TV series Animaniacs . Songs from Gilbert and Sullivan are often pastiched in advertising , and elaborate advertising parodies have been published , as have the likenesses of various Gilbert and Sullivan performers throughout the decades . Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas are commonly referenced in literature , film and television in various ways that include extensive use of Sullivan 's music or where action occurs during a performance of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera , such as in the film The Girl Said No . There are also a number of Gilbert and Sullivan biographical films , such as Mike Leigh 's Topsy - Turvy ( 2000 ) and The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan ( 1953 ) , as well as shows about the partnership , including a 1938 Broadway show , Knights of Song and a 1975 West End show called Tarantara ! Tarantara ! It is not surprising , given the focus of Gilbert on politics , that politicians and political observers have often found inspiration in these works . Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist added gold stripes to his judicial robes after seeing them used by the Lord Chancellor in a production of Iolanthe . Alternatively , Lord Chancellor Charles Falconer is recorded as objecting so strongly to Iolanthe 's comic portrayal of Lord Chancellors that he supported moves to disband the office . British politicians , beyond quoting some of the more famous lines , have delivered speeches in the form of Gilbert and Sullivan pastiches . These include Conservative Peter Lilley 's speech mimicking the form of `` I 've got a little list '' from The Mikado , listing those he was against , including `` sponging socialists '' and `` young ladies who get pregnant just to jump the housing queue '' . Political humour based on Gilbert and Sullivan 's style and characters continues to be written . Collaborations ( edit ) 1880 Pirates poster Major works and original London runs ( edit ) Thespis ; or , The Gods Grown Old ( 1871 ) 63 performances Trial by Jury ( 1875 ) 131 performances The Sorcerer ( 1877 ) 178 performances H.M.S. Pinafore ; or , The Lass That Loved a Sailor ( 1878 ) 571 performances The Pirates of Penzance ; or , The Slave of Duty ( 1879 ) 363 performances The Martyr of Antioch ( cantata ) ( 1880 ) ( Gilbert modified the poem by Henry Hart Milman ) Patience ; or Bunthorne 's Bride ( 1881 ) 578 performances Iolanthe ; or , The Peer and the Peri ( 1882 ) 398 performances Princess Ida ; or , Castle Adamant ( 1884 ) 246 performances The Mikado ; or , The Town of Titipu ( 1885 ) 672 performances Ruddigore ; or , The Witch 's Curse ( 1887 ) 288 performances The Yeomen of the Guard ; or , The Merryman and his Maid ( 1888 ) 423 performances The Gondoliers ; or , The King of Barataria ( 1889 ) 554 performances Utopia , Limited ; or , The Flowers of Progress ( 1893 ) 245 performances The Grand Duke ; or , The Statutory Duel ( 1896 ) 123 performances Parlour ballads ( edit ) `` The Distant Shore '' ( 1874 ) `` The Love that Loves Me Not '' ( 1875 ) `` Sweethearts '' ( 1875 ) , based on Gilbert 's 1874 play , Sweethearts Overtures ( edit ) The overtures from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas remain popular , and there are many recordings of them . Most of them are structured as a potpourri of tunes from the operas . They are generally well - orchestrated , but not all of them were composed by Sullivan . However , even those delegated to his assistants were based on an outline he provided , and in many cases incorporated his suggestions or corrections . Sullivan invariably conducted them ( as well as the entire operas ) on opening night , and they were included in the published scores approved by Sullivan . Those Sullivan wrote himself include the overtures to Thespis , Iolanthe , Princess Ida , The Yeomen of the Guard , The Gondoliers and The Grand Duke . Sullivan 's authorship of the overture to Utopia , Limited can not be verified with certainty , as his autograph score is now lost , but it is likely attributable to him , as it consists of only a few bars of introduction , followed by a straight copy of music heard elsewhere in the opera ( the Drawing Room scene ) . Thespis is now lost , but there is no doubt that Sullivan wrote its overture . Very early performances of The Sorcerer used a section of Sullivan 's incidental music to Shakespeare 's Henry the VIII , as he did not have time to write a new overture , but this was replaced in 1884 by one executed by Hamilton Clarke . Of those remaining , the overtures to H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance are by Alfred Cellier , the overture to Patience is by Eugene d'Albert , and those to The Mikado and Ruddigore are by Hamilton Clarke ( although the Ruddigore overture was later replaced by one written by Geoffrey Toye ) . Most of the overtures are in three sections : a lively introduction , a slow middle section , and a concluding allegro in sonata form , with two subjects , a brief development , a recapitulation and a coda . However , Sullivan himself did not always follow this pattern . The overture to Princess Ida , for instance , has only an opening fast section and a concluding slow section . The overture to Utopia Limited is dominated by a slow section , with only a very brief original passage introducing it . In the 1920s , the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company commissioned its musical director at the time , Geoffrey Toye , to write new overtures for Ruddigore and The Pirates of Penzance . Toye 's Ruddigore overture entered the general repertory , and today is more often heard than the original overture by Clarke . Toye 's Pirates overture , however , did not last long and is now presumed lost . Sir Malcolm Sargent devised a new ending for the overture to The Gondoliers , adding the `` cachucha '' from the second act of the opera . This gave the Gondoliers overture the familiar fast - slow - fast pattern of most of the rest of the Savoy Opera overtures , and this version has competed for popularity with Sullivan 's original version . Alternative versions ( edit ) Translations ( edit ) Gilbert and Sullivan operas have been translated into many languages , including Portuguese , Yiddish , Hebrew , Swedish , Dutch , Danish , Estonian , Hungarian , Russian , Japanese , French , Italian , Spanish ( reportedly including a version of Pinafore transformed into zarzuela style ) , Catalan and others . There are many German versions of Gilbert and Sullivan operas , including the popular Der Mikado . There is even a German version of The Grand Duke . Some German translations were made by Friedrich Zell and Richard Genée , librettists of Die Fledermaus and other Viennese operettas , who even translated one of Sullivan 's lesser - known operas , The Chieftain , as ( Der Häuptling ) . Ballets ( edit ) Pirates of Penzance - The Ballet ! , created for the Queensland Ballet in 1991 Pineapple Poll , created by John Cranko in 1951 at Sadler 's Wells Theatre ; in repertoire at the Birmingham Royal Ballet . The ballet is based on Gilbert 's 1870 Bab Ballad `` The Bumboat Woman 's Story '' , as is H.M.S. Pinafore . Cranko expanded the plotline of Gilbert 's poem and added a happy ending . The music is arranged by Sir Charles Mackerras from themes by Sullivan . Adaptations ( edit ) Frontispiece to The Pinafore Picture Book , 1908 Gilbert adapted the stories of H.M.S. Pinafore and The Mikado into children 's books called The Pinafore Picture Book and The Story of The Mikado giving , in some cases , backstory that is not found in the librettos . Many other children 's books have since been written retelling the stories of the operas or adapting characters or events from them . In the 19th century , the most popular Gilbert and Sullivan songs and music were adapted as dance pieces . Many musical theatre and film adaptations of the operas have been produced , including the following : The Swing Mikado ( 1938 ; Chicago -- all - black cast ) The Hot Mikado ( 1939 ) and Hot Mikado ( 1986 ) The Jazz Mikado ( 1927 , Berlin ) Hollywood Pinafore ( 1945 ) The Cool Mikado ( 1962 film ) The Black Mikado ( 1975 ) Dick Deadeye , or Duty Done ( 1975 animated film ) The Pirate Movie ( 1982 film ) The Ratepayers ' Iolanthe ( 1984 ; Olivier Award - winning musical ) adapted by Ned Sherrin and Alistair Beaton Metropolitan Mikado ( political satire adapted by Sherrin and Beaton , first performed at Queen Elizabeth Hall ( 1985 ) starring Louise Gold , Simon Butteriss , Rosemary Ashe , Robert Meadmore and Martin Smith ) Di Yam Gazlonim by Al Grand ( 1986 ; a Yiddish adaptation of Pirates ; a New York production was nominated for a 2007 Drama Desk Award ) Pinafore ! ( A Saucy , Sexy , Ship - Shape New Musical ) ( adapted by Mark Savage , first performed at the Celebration Theater in Los Angeles , California in 2001 ; only one character is female , and all but one of the male characters are gay . Gondoliers : A Mafia - themed adaptation of the opera , broadly rewritten by John Doyle and orchestrated and arranged Sarah Travis , was given at the Watermill Theatre and transferred to the Apollo Theatre in the West End in 2001 . The production utilised Doyle 's signature conceit of the actors playing their own orchestra instruments . Parson 's Pirates by Opera della Luna ( 2002 ) The Ghosts of Ruddigore by Opera della Luna ( 2003 ) Pinafore Swing , Watermill Theatre ( 2004 : another Doyle adaptation in which the actors double as the orchestra ) See also ( edit ) Gilbert and Sullivan performers List of songwriter tandems People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan Notes and References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first was `` Take a pair of sparkling eyes '' , from The Gondoliers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davis , Peter G. Smooth Sailing , New York magazine , 21 January 2002 , accessed 6 November 2007 ^ Jump up to : Leigh , Mike . `` True anarchists '' , The Guardian , 4 November 2007 , accessed 6 November 2007 Jump up ^ `` Form and symmetry he seems to possess by instinct ; rhythm and melody clothe everything he touches ; the music shows not only sympathetic genius , but sense , judgement , proportion , and a complete absence of pedantry and pretension ; while the orchestration is distinguished by a happy and original beauty hardly surpassed by the greatest masters . '' Sir George Grove . `` Arthur Sullivan 1842 -- 1900 '' , The Musical Times , December 1900 , accessed 28 October 2007 Jump up ^ Gian Andrea Mazzucato in The Musical Standard of 30 December 1899 : `` ( Sullivan ) ... will ... be classed among the epoch - making composers , the select few whose genius and strength of will empowered them to find and found a national school of music , that is , to endow their countrymen with the undefinable , yet positive means of evoking in a man 's soul , by the magic of sound , those delicate nuances of feeling which are characteristic of the emotional power of each different race . '' Quoted in the Sir Arthur Sullivan Society Journal , No. 34 , Spring 1992 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Bradley ( 2005 ) , Chapter 1 ^ Jump up to : Hewett , Ivan . `` The Magic of Gilbert and Sullivan '' . The Telegraph , 2 August 2009 , accessed 14 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ( Downs , Peter . `` Actors Cast Away Cares '' , Hartford Courant , 18 October 2006 ^ Jump up to : Crowther , Andrew . `` The Carpet Quarrel Explained '' , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , 28 June 1997 , accessed 6 November 2007 ^ Jump up to : Crowther , Andrew . The Life of W.S. Gilbert , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Stedman , pp. 26 -- 29 , 123 -- 24 , and the introduction to Gilbert 's Foggerty 's Fairy and Other Tales Jump up ^ Bond , Jessie. The Reminiscences of Jessie Bond : Introduction , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 May 2007 . Bond created the mezzo - soprano roles in most of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas and is here leading into a description of Gilbert 's role in reforming the Victorian theatre . Jump up ^ Stedman , pp. 62 -- 68 ; Bond , Jessie , The Reminiscences of Jessie Bond : Introduction , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 Jump up ^ Crowther , Andrew . Ages Ago -- Early Days , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 Jump up ^ Gilbert and Sullivan met at a rehearsal for a second run of Gilbert 's Ages Ago at the Gallery of Illustration , probably in July 1870 . See Crowther ( 2011 ) , p. 84 ^ Jump up to : `` An Illustrated Interview with Sir Arthur Sullivan , by Arthur H Lawrence , Part 1 '' , The Strand Magazine , Volume xiv , No. 84 ( December 1897 ) . See also Sullivan 's Letter to The Times , 27 October 1881 , Issue 30336 , pg. 8 col C Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc , Discography of Sir Arthur Sullivan : Orchestral and Band Music , The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , accessed 10 June 2007 Jump up ^ Stephen Turnbull 's Biography of Arthur Sullivan , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 22 November 2006 Jump up ^ Harris , Roger , ed. ( 1999 ) . Cox and Box . Chorleywood , Herts. , UK : R. Clyde . pp. X -- XI ^ Jump up to : Tillett , Selwyn and Spencer , Roderic . `` Forty Years of Thespis Scholarship '' , text of talk delivered at the Sir Arthur Sullivan Society Festival weekend , Cirencester , 21 September 2002 . Jump up ^ Jean - Bernard Piat : Guide du mélomane averti , Le Livre de Poche 8026 , Paris 1992 Jump up ^ Walters , Michael . `` Thespis : a reply '' , W.S. Gilbert Society Journal , Vol. 4 , part 3 , Issue 29 . Summer 2011 . Jump up ^ Williams , chapter 1 Jump up ^ Jacobs , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Gillan , Don . `` Longest Running Plays in London and New York '' , Stage Beauty , 2007 , accessed 23 July 2012 Jump up ^ Barker , John W. `` Gilbert and Sullivan '' , Madison Savoyards , Ltd. , accessed 21 May 2007 , quotes Sullivan 's recollection of Gilbert reading the libretto of Trial by Jury to him : `` As soon as he had come to the last word he closed up the manuscript violently , apparently unconscious of the fact that he had achieved his purpose so far as I was concerned , in as much as I was screaming with laughter the whole time . '' Jump up ^ Walbrook , H.M. ( 1922 ) , Gilbert and Sullivan Opera , a History and Comment ( Chapter 3 ) , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ Ayer p. 408 Jump up ^ Wachs , Kevin . `` Let 's vary piracee / With a little burglaree ! '' , The Gasbag , Issue 227 , Winter 2005 , accessed 8 May 2012 . Wachs concludes that much of the material from a draft of this opera later made its way into Act II of The Pirates of Penzance . Jump up ^ The Sorcerer , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ Gilbert was strongly influenced by the innovations in ' stagecraft ' , now called stage direction , by the playwrights James Planche and especially Tom Robertson . See Gilbert , W.S. , A Stage Play ; and Bond , Jessie , Introduction . ^ Jump up to : Cox - Ife , William . W.S. Gilbert : Stage Director . Dobson , 1978 ISBN 0 - 234 - 77206 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` That Gilbert was a good director is not in doubt . He was able to extract from his actors natural , clear performances , which served the Gilbertian requirements of outrageousness delivered straight . '' Mike Leigh interview Jump up ^ Baily , p. 335 Jump up ^ Bond , Jessie . The Reminiscences of Jessie Bond , Chapter 4 ( 1930 ) , reprinted at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , 15 November 2008 , accessed 21 August 2012 Jump up ^ Bradley ( 1996 ) , p. 115 Jump up ^ Gillan , Don . `` List of longest running London shows up to 1920 '' , Stage Beauty , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Rosen , Zvi S . The Twilight of the Opera Pirates : A Prehistory of the Right of Public Performance for Musical Compositions . Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal , Vol. 24 , 2007 , accessed 21 May 2007 . See also Prestige , Colin . `` D'Oyly Carte and the Pirates '' , a paper presented at the International Conference of G&S held at the University of Kansas , May 1970 Jump up ^ Gillan , Don . `` The Assault on The Opera Comique '' , Stage Beauty , 2007 , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Samuels , Edward . `` International Copyright Relations '' in The Illustrated Story of Copyright , Edwardsamuels.com , accessed 19 September 2011 . Note the box `` When Gilbert and Sullivan attacked the ' Pirates . ' '' Jump up ^ Perry , Helga . `` Transcription of an opening night review in New York '' , Savoyoperas.org.uk , 27 November 2000 , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Rosen , Zvi S . `` The Twilight of the Opera Pirates : A Prehistory of the Right of Public Performance for Musical Compositions '' , Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal , Vol. 24 , 2007 , accessed 24 October 2012 Jump up ^ Rich , Frank . `` Stage : Pirates of Penzance on Broadway '' . The New York Times , 9 January 1981 , accessed 2 July 2010 Jump up ^ Theatre Record , 19 May 1982 to 2 June 1982 , p. 278 Jump up ^ Stone , David . Robert Cunningham ( 1892 - 93 ) , Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company , 4 September 2009 , accessed 25 May 2017 Jump up ^ Ellmann , Richard Oscar Wilde , ( Knopf , 1988 ) pp. 135 and 151 -- 152 ISBN 0 - 394 - 55484 - 1 Jump up ^ See this article on the Savoy Theatre , arthurlloyd.co.uk , accessed 20 July 2007 . See also Burgess , Michael . `` Richard D'Oyly Carte '' , The Savoyard , January 1975 , pp. 7 -- 11 Jump up ^ The longest was the operetta Les Cloches de Corneville , which held the title until Dorothy in 1886 . See this article on longest runs in the theatre up to 1920 Jump up ^ Quoted in Allen 1975b , p. 176 Jump up ^ William Beatty - Kingston , Theatre , 1 January 1883 , quoted in Baily 1966 , p. 246 Jump up ^ Cole , Sarah . Broken Hearts , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , 23 December 2000 , accessed 21 August 2012 Jump up ^ `` W.S. Gilbert '' , The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes ( 1907 -- 21 ) , Volume XIII , `` The Victorian Age '' , Part One . VIII . Nineteenth - Century Drama , § 15 , Bartleby.com , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Bradley ( 1996 ) , p. 176 Jump up ^ Baily , p. 250 Jump up ^ Stedman , pp. 200 -- 01 Jump up ^ Jacobs , p. 187 Jump up ^ Gilbert eventually found another opportunity to present his `` lozenge plot '' in The Mountebanks , written with Alfred Cellier in 1892 Jump up ^ albeit with the repetition of the apocryphal sword - falling story , see Jones , Brian ( Spring 1985 ) , `` The sword that never fell '' , W.S. Gilbert Society Journal 1 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` Workers and Their Work : Mr. W.S. Gilbert '' , Daily News , 21 January 1885 , reprinted at the Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 Jump up ^ Review of The Mikado , Pamphletpress.org , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Dark and Grey , p. 101 Jump up ^ The longest - running piece of musical theatre was the operetta Les Cloches de Corneville , which held the title until Dorothy in 1886 . See this article on longest runs in the theatre up to 1920 Jump up ^ Wilson and Lloyd , p. 37 Jump up ^ See here and here Jump up ^ See the Pall Mall Gazette 's satire of Ruddygore . Gilbert 's response to being told the two spellings meant the same thing was : `` Not at all , for that would mean that if I said that I admired your ruddy countenance , which I do , I would be saying that I liked your bloody cheek , which I do n't . '' See also Moretti , Mel . Australian G&S site . Jump up ^ A copy of the Ruddigore libretto , including material cut before the first night and during the initial run , is `` available here '' ( PDF ) . ( 294 KB ) Jump up ^ Information from the book Tit - Willow or Notes and Jottings on Gilbert and Sullivan Operas by Guy H. and Claude A. Walmisley ( Privately Printed , Undated , early 20th century ) Jump up ^ Perry , Helga . Ruddygore , Illustrated London News , 9 January 1887 , Savoyoperas.org.uk , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Critical apparatus in Hulme , David Russell , ed. , Ruddigore . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 282 -- 284 Jump up ^ Crowther , Andrew . `` Ages Ago -- Early Days '' ; and `` St George 's Hall '' , The Times , December 27 , 1881 , via The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 3 April 2018 Jump up ^ Ainger , pp. 265 and 267 Jump up ^ Ainger , pp. 265 -- 276 Jump up ^ Moratti , Mel . Yeomen , Homepages.ihug.co.nz , 5 March 2000 , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Quoted in Allen 1975 , p. 312 Jump up ^ Jacobs , p. 283 Jump up ^ Jacobs , p. 288 Jump up ^ The Gondoliers at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 July 2007 ^ Jump up to : Baily , p. 344 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Stedman , pp. 254 -- 56 and 323 -- 24 and Ainger , pp. 193 -- 94 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. Ainger , p. 288 , or Wolfson , p. 3 Jump up ^ See , e.g. Jacobs , p. 73 ; Crowther , Andrew , The Life of W.S. Gilbert , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 ; and Bond , Jessie . The Reminiscences of Jessie Bond : Chapter 16 , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 ^ Jump up to : Ford , Tom . `` G&S : the Lennon / McCartney of the 19th century '' . Limelight Magazine , Haymarket Media Ltd. , 8 June 2011 Jump up ^ Stedman , p. 270 Jump up ^ Ainger , pp. 312 -- 316 ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Marc . `` Introduction : Historical Context '' , The Grand Duke , p. vii , New York : Oakapple Press , 2009 . Linked at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 7 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilbert 's Plays , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 Jump up ^ Wolfson , p. 7 Jump up ^ Wolfson , passim Jump up ^ Wolfson , pp. 61 -- 65 Jump up ^ Howarth , Paul . `` The Sorcerer 21st Anniversary Souvenir '' , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , 8 October 2009 , accessed 21 August 2012 ^ Jump up to : Walbrook , H.M. `` The English Offenbach , Gilbert & Sullivan Opera : A History and a Comment , reprinted at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , 28 September 2003 , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Joseph , p. 146 Jump up ^ Wilson and Lloyd , p. 83 Jump up ^ Baily , p. 425 Jump up ^ Rollins and Witts , passim Jump up ^ Joseph , passim Jump up ^ Jellinek , Hedy and George . `` The One World of Gilbert and Sullivan '' , Saturday Review , 26 October 1968 , pp. 69 -- 72 and 94 Jump up ^ Wood , Henry. Foreword in Walbrook Jump up ^ Chesterton , G.K. , introduction to Godwin , Augustine Henry . Gilbert & Sullivan : A Critical Appreciation of the Savoy Operas , E.P. Dutton & Co ( 1926 ) Jump up ^ `` The Lasting Charm of Gilbert and Sullivan : Operas of an Artificial World '' , The Times , 14 February 1957 , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Ian . Oh Joy ! Oh Rapture ! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Cellier and Bridgeman , p. 393 Jump up ^ Cellier and Bridgeman , p. 394 Jump up ^ Cellier and Bridgeman , pp. 394 -- 96 Jump up ^ Cellier and Bridgeman , pp. 398 -- 99 Jump up ^ Fletcher , Juliet . `` Yeomen of the Guard : The Savoy Company celebrates 100 years of taking on Gilbert and Sullivan '' Archived 1 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , CityPaper , September 2001 , accessed 25 February 2012 Jump up ^ The Savoy Company official website , accessed 25 February 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Land of Gilbert and Sullivan '' , Life , October 11 , 1948 , vol. 25 , pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` The Gilbert and Sullivan for All recordings '' , the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , accessed 8 September 2011 , accessed 5 October 2014 Jump up ^ The Australian Opera list of productions 1970 -- 1996 , AusStage , accessed 25 May 2009 ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Marc . `` G&S Discography : The Digital Era '' , the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 27 August 2002 , accessed 5 October 2014 Jump up ^ Websites of Performing Groups , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 21 August 2012 ; Wilkinson , Sue . `` Facts and figures of Harrogate 's G&S Festival '' , Harrogate Advertiser , 26 March 2018 Jump up ^ Performances , by city -- Composer : Arthur Sullivan , operabase.com , accessed 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ While the grand opera community has rarely embraced Gilbert and Sullivan as part of the regular opera repertory , commentators have questioned the wisdom of this attitude . See , e.g. , Duchen , Jessica . `` It 's time to reassess Gilbert and Sullivan '' . The Independent , 14 September 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Gala Ensemble : The Best Of Gilbert & Sullivan '' , Selby Times , 7 December 2008 ( Compilation recording ) Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` The Ohio Light Opera Recordings '' , A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 16 July 2005 Jump up ^ Lee , Bernard . `` Gilbert and Sullivan are still going strong after a century '' , Sheffield Telegraph , 1 August 2008 ; Wilkinson , Sue . `` Facts and figures of Harrogate 's G&S Festival '' , Harrogate Advertiser , 26 March 2018 Jump up ^ Gilbert and Sullivan Festival DVDs . Accessed 20 May 2010 Jump up ^ See Bradley ( 2005 ) , pp. 30 and 68 . See also Saturday review of literature , vol. 33 , issue 1 , p. 27 , Saturday Review Associates , 1950 ; Foreman , Edward . Authentic Singing : The history of singing . Pro Musica Press , 2001 , vol. 1 , p. 392 ; and Library review . Vol. 22 , p. 62 , MCB University Press Ltd. , 1970 Jump up ^ Wolfson , John ( 1973 ) . `` A history of Savoyard recordings '' , Notes to Pearl LP set GEM 118 / 120 Jump up ^ Rollins and Witts , Appendix pp. x -- xi ; and Shepherd , Marc . `` The First D'Oyly Carte Recordings '' , the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 18 November 2001 , accessed 5 October 2014 Jump up ^ Rollins and Witts , Appendix , pp. xi -- xiii ; and Shepherd , Marc . `` G&S Discography : The Electrical Era '' , the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 18 November 2001 , accessed 5 October 2014 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` The D'Oyly Carte Stereo Recordings '' , the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 24 December 2003 , accessed 5 October 2014 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` G&S on Film , TV and Video '' , the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 18 November 2001 , accessed 5 October 2014 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` The G&S Operas on Radio '' , Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 10 September 2008 , accessed 9 December 2016 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` G&S Discography : The Stereo Era '' , the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , accessed 18 November 2001 , accessed 5 October 2014 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` The Brent Walker Videos '' , the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 5 April 2003 , accessed 5 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` The Pirates of Penzance : Broadway cast album , Elektra / Asylum Records LP VE - 601 , WorldCat , accessed 11 December 2017 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` Papp 's Pirates ( 1980 ) '' , the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 5 April 2003 , accessed 11 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` DVDs '' , International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival , accessed 10 December 2017 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` The Ohio Light Opera Recordings '' , the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 18 April 2010 , accessed 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bradley ( 2005 ) , Chapter 1 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Edward . `` Ballads , songs , and speeches '' ( sic ) . BBC , 20 September 2004 , accessed 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ References to Gilbert and Sullivan have appeared in the following U.S. Supreme Court rulings , for example , Allied Chemical Corp. v. Daiflon , Inc. , 449 U.S. 33 , 36 ( 1980 ) ( `` What never ? Well , hardly ever ! '' ) ; and Richmond Newspapers , Inc. v. Virginia , 448 U.S. 555 , 604 ( 1980 ) ( dissent of Justice Rehnquist , quoting the Lord Chancellor ) . Jump up ^ Jones , J. Bush . Our Musicals , Ourselves , pp. 10 -- 11 , 2003 , Brandeis University Press : Lebanon , N.H. ( 2003 ) 1584653116 Jump up ^ Bargainnier , Earl F. `` W.S. Gilbert and American Musical Theatre '' , pp. 120 -- 33 , American Popular Music : Readings from the Popular Press by Timothy E. Scheurer , Popular Press , 1989 ISBN 0 - 87972 - 466 - 8 Jump up ^ PG Wodehouse ( 1881 -- 1975 ) , guardian.co.uk , accessed 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ Robinson , Arthur . `` List of allusions to G&S in Wodehouse '' , Home.lagrange.edu , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Meyerson , Harold and Ernest Harburg Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz ? : Yip Harburg , Lyricist , pp. 15 -- 17 ( Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1993 , 1st paperback edition 1995 ) Jump up ^ Bradley ( 2005 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ Lesson 35 -- Cole Porter : You 're the Top . PBS.org , American Masters for Teachers , accessed 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ Furia , Philip . Ira Gershwin : The Art of a Lyricist , Oxford University Press , accessed 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ Introduction to The Noel Coward Song Book , ( London : Methuen , 1953 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ Schwab , Michael . `` Why Gilbert and Sullivan Still Matter '' Archived 2 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Rutgers Today , 26 March 2012 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` List of links to reviews and analysis of recordings of G&S parodies '' Archived 2 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Bradley ( 2005 ) devotes an entire chapter ( chapter 8 ) to parodies and pastiches of G&S used in advertising , comedy and journalism . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . Review and analysis of Lehrer 's G&S parodies Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ Sherman , Allan . My Son , the Celebrity ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Sherman , Allan . Track listing from Allan in Wonderland ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Two Ronnies ' 1973 Christmas special '' , Amazon.co.uk , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ `` Dame Hilda Brackett and Dr Evadne Hinge '' . BBC h2g2 guide , 17 July 2002 , accessed 29 November 2010 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . Review and analysis of Anna Russell 's G&S parody Archived 25 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , accessed 27 May 2009 Jump up ^ For example , in 1961 Guinness published an entire book of parodies of Gilbert and Sullivan lyrics , illustrated with cartoons , to advertise Guinness Stout . The book , by Anthony Groves - Raines with illustrations by Stanley Penn is called My Goodness ! My Gilbert and Sullivan ! Numerous examples of advertising uses of Gilbert and Sullivan and the best - known Gilbert and Sullivan performers ( likenesses , often in costume , or endorsements ) are described in Cannon , John . `` Gilbert and Sullivan Celebrities in the World of Advertising '' , Gilbert & Sullivan News , pp. 10 -- 14 , Vol. IV , No. 13 , Spring 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Girl Said No ( 1937 ) '' , Allmovie.com , accessed September 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Knights of Song '' at the IBDB database Jump up ^ Lewis , David . `` Tarantara ! Tarantara ! '' at The Guide to Musical Theatre , accessed 20 November 2009 . Jump up ^ See also Sullivan and Gilbert for an example of an off - Broadway show about the Gilbert and Sullivan partnership . Jump up ^ Borsuk , Alan J. `` Sporting Stripes Set Rehnquist apart '' , Milwaukee Journal Sentinel , 4 September 2005 , accessed 21 August 2012 Jump up ^ See this Daily Mail editorial piece , dated 29 June 2007 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . Overtures , Archived 30 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Sir Arthur Sullivan '' , Interviewed by The Pall Mall Gazette , 5 December 1889 , accessed 21 August 2012 ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 130 Jump up ^ Rees , Terence . Thespis - A Gilbert & Sullivan Enigma . London ( 1964 ) : Dillon 's University Bookshop , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Ainger , p. 140 Jump up ^ Ainger , pp. 157 and 177 Jump up ^ Ainger , at p. 195 writes , `` That evening ( 21 April 1881 ) Sullivan gave his sketch of the overture to Eugene D'Albert to score . D'Albert was a seventeen - year - old student at the National Training School ( where Sullivan was the principal and supervisor of the composition dept . ) and winner of the Mendelssohn Scholarship that year . '' Several months before that , Sullivan had given d'Albert the task of preparing a piano reduction of The Martyr of Antioch for use in choral rehearsals of that 1880 work . David Russell Hulme studied the handwriting in the score 's manuscript and confirmed that it is that of Eugen , not of his father Charles ( as had erroneously been reported by Jacobs ) , both of whose script he sampled and compared to the Patience manuscript . Hulme , Doctoral Thesis The Operettas of Sir Arthur Sullivan : a study of available autograph full scores , 1985 , University of Wales , pp. 242 -- 43 . The Thesis is available from a number of libraries ( and many copies have been circulated ) including The British Library Document Supply Centre , Boston Spa , Wetherby W. Yorks , Ref # DX171353 , and Northern Illinois University , Call # : ML410. S95 H841986B . Jump up ^ Stone , David ( 2001 ) , `` Hamilton Clarke '' , Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company , The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed 14 July 2008 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc , The 1924 D'Oyly Carte Ruddigore , The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , accessed 14 July 2008 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` Reviews of the HMV Electrical Ruddigore , The Gramophone , 1931 '' , Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , quoting from 1932 letter from Geoffrey Toye in The Gramophone , February 1932 , ( Vol . IX ) ; p. 371 , accessed 22 August 2012 Jump up ^ Hulme , David Russell . The Operettas of Sir Arthur Sullivan : a study of available autograph full scores ( Doctoral Thesis ) 1985 , University of Wales , accessed 30 January 2014 Jump up ^ Bradley ( 2005 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 ; and W.S. Gilbert Society Journal , Vol. 4 , Part 1 , Summer 2010 Jump up ^ Stedman , p. 331 Jump up ^ Gilbert , W.S. The Pinafore Picture Book , London : George Bell and Sons ( 1908 ) Jump up ^ Gilbert , W.S. The Story of The Mikado , London : Daniel O'Connor ( 1921 ) Jump up ^ Dillard , pp. 103 -- 05 lists many examples . Jump up ^ Sands , John . `` Dance Arrangements from the Savoy Operas '' . The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , 4 April 2010 Jump up ^ The Ratepayers ' Iolanthe Jump up ^ Walsh , Maeve . `` It Was 15 Years Ago Today ; The great Ned and Ken show '' . The Independent , 25 July 1999 , accessed 1 February 2011 Jump up ^ Schillinger , Liesl . `` Dress British , Sing Yiddish '' , The New York Times , 22 October 2006 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Marc . `` The Celebration Theater Pinafore ! ( 2002 ) '' , A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography , 3 June 2002 , accessed 10 March 2009 Jump up ^ Gondoliers Archived 17 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Albemarle of London , 2009 , accessed 19 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` Watermill -- Pinafore Swing . Collected newspaper reviews of Pinafore Swing '' , Newbury theatre guide , accessed 10 March 2009 Sources ( edit ) Ainger , Michael ( 2002 ) . Gilbert and Sullivan , a Dual Biography . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514769 - 3 . Allen , Reginald ( 1975 ) . The First Night Gilbert and Sullivan . London : Chappell & Co. Ltd . ISBN 0 - 903443 - 10 - 4 . Baily , Leslie ( 1966 ) . The Gilbert and Sullivan Book ( new ed . ) . London : Spring Books . ISBN 0 - 500 - 13046 - 9 . Bradley , Ian ( 1996 ) . The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 816503 - X . Bradley , Ian ( 2005 ) . Oh Joy ! Oh Rapture ! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516700 - 7 . Cellier , François and Cunningham Bridgeman ( 1914 ) . Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas . London : Sir Isaac Pitman & sons , ltd . Crowther , Andrew ( 2011 ) . Gilbert of Gilbert & Sullivan : his Life and Character . London : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5589 - 1 . Dark , Sidney ; Rowland Grey ( 1923 ) . WS Gilbert : His Life and Letters . London : Methuen . pp. 157 -- 58 . Dillard , Philip H. ( 1991 ) . How quaint the ways of paradox ! . Metuchen , N.J. : The Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 2445 - 0 . Hughes , Gervase ( 1959 ) . The Music of Sir Arthur Sullivan . London : Macmillan & Co Ltd . Available online here . Jacobs , Arthur ( 1986 ) . Arthur Sullivan -- A Victorian Musician . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 282033 - 8 . Joseph , Tony ( 1994 ) . D'Oyly Carte Opera Company , 1875 -- 1982 : An Unofficial History . London : Bunthorne Books . ISBN 0 - 9507992 - 1 - 1 . ISBN 0 - 9507992 - 1 - 1 Stedman , Jane W. ( 1996 ) . W.S. Gilbert , A Classic Victorian & His Theatre . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 816174 - 3 . Walbrook , H.M. ( 1922 ) . Gilbert & Sullivan Opera , A History and a Comment . London : F.V. White & Co. Ltd . Williams , Carolyn ( 2010 ) . Gilbert and Sullivan : Gender , Genre , Parody . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 14804 - 6 . Wilson , Robin ; Frederic Lloyd ( 1984 ) . Gilbert & Sullivan : The Official D'Oyly Carte Picture History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54113 - 8 . Wolfson , John ( 1976 ) . Final curtain : The last Gilbert and Sullivan Operas . London : Chappell in association with A. Deutsch . ISBN 0 - 903443 - 12 - 0 . ISBN 0 - 903443 - 12 - 0 Further reading ( edit ) Benford , Harry ( 1999 ) . The Gilbert & Sullivan Lexicon , 3rd Revised Edition . Ann Arbor , Michigan : The Queensbury Press . ISBN 0 - 9667916 - 1 - 4 . Crowther , Andrew ( 2000 ) . Contradiction Contradicted -- The Plays of W.S. Gilbert . Associated University Presses . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3839 - 2 . Fitzgerald , Percy Hetherington ( 1894 ) . The Savoy Opera and the Savoyards . London : Chatto & Windus . Gilbert , W.S. ( 1932 ) . Deems Taylor , ed . Plays and Poems of W.S. Gilbert . New York : Random House . Gilbert , W.S. ( 1976 ) . The Complete Plays of Gilbert and Sullivan . New York : W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00828 - 2 . Gilbert , W.S. ( 1994 ) . The Savoy Operas . Hertfordshire , England : Wordsworth Editions Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 313 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gilbert and Sullivan . The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive Historical survey of G&S University of Rochester 's online Gilbert & Sullivan exhibit Savoynet G&S discussion list , an email - based G&S listserv The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography Appreciation societies and performing group links The Gilbert and Sullivan Society , London Other appreciation societies Professional and Amateur performing groups worldwide listed at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive `` Links to Performing Societies Websites '' at St. David 's Players website . This is comprehensive for Britain but spotty for the rest of the world . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Gilbert and Sullivan <Td_colspan="2"> W.S. Gilbert Arthur Sullivan Richard D'Oyly Carte Operas Thespis Trial by Jury The Sorcerer H.M.S. Pinafore The Pirates of Penzance Patience Iolanthe Princess Ida The Mikado Ruddigore The Yeomen of the Guard The Gondoliers Utopia , Limited The Grand Duke Related topics Savoy opera D'Oyly Carte Opera Company Helen Carte Rupert D'Oyly Carte Bridget D'Oyly Carte Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Sullivan&oldid=847219939 '' Categories : Gilbert and Sullivan Songwriting teams Theatrical genres Humor in classical music English musical duos Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use British English from May 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Malagasy မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 19 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Gilbert and Sullivan partnership
2. Victorian-era comic operas
3. H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance, The Mikado
4. Influence on musical theatre
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-8,356,500,580,623,963,000 | where is the tropic of cancer located on the world map | Tropic of Cancer - wikipedia Tropic of Cancer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the circle of latitude . For other uses , see Tropic of Cancer ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 23 ° 26 ′ 14 '' N 0 ° 0 ′ 0 '' W / 23.43722 ° N - 0.00000 ° E / 23.43722 ; - 0.00000 ( Prime Meridian ) World map showing the Tropic of Cancer Carretera 83 ( Vía Corta ) Zaragoza - Victoria , km 27 + 800 . Of all crossings of the Tropic of Cancer with Mexican federal highways , this is the only place where the latitude is marked with precision and where the annual drift between the years 2005 and 2010 can be appreciated . The Tropic of Cancer , also referred to as the Northern Tropic , is currently 23 ° 26 ′ 13.0 '' ( or 23.43695 ° ) north of the Equator . It is the most northerly circle of latitude on Earth at which the Sun can be directly overhead . This occurs on the June solstice , when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent . Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart , marking the most southerly position at which the Sun can be directly overhead , is the Tropic of Capricorn . These tropics are two of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of Earth ; which also includes the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator . The positions of these two circles of latitude ( relative to the Equator ) are dictated by the tilt of Earth 's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Circumnavigation 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Name ( edit ) When this line of latitude was named some 2,000 years ago , the Sun was in the constellation Cancer ( Latin for crab ) at the June solstice , the time each year that the Sun reaches its zenith at this latitude . Due to the precession of the equinoxes , this is no longer the case ; today the Sun is in Taurus at the June solstice . The word `` tropic '' itself comes from the Greek `` trope ( τροπή ) '' , meaning turn ( change of direction , or circumstances ) , inclination , referring to the fact that the Sun appears to `` turn back '' at the solstices . Geography ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The Tropic of Cancer 's position is not fixed , but varies in a complicated manner over time . Currently , it gradually drifts south almost half an arcsecond ( 0.468 '' ) of latitude , or 15 metres , per year ( it was at exactly 23 ° 27 ′ in 1917 and will be at 23 ° 26 ' in 2045 ) . See axial tilt and circles of latitude for further information . North of the tropic are the subtropics and the North Temperate Zone . The equivalent line of latitude south of the Equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn , and the region between the two , centered on the Equator , is the tropics . Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward , the Tropic of Cancer passes through 16 countries : Co-ordinates Country , territory or sea Notes 23 ° 26 ′ N 0 ° 0 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 0.000 ° E / 23.433 ; 0.000 ( Prime Meridian ) Algeria 23 ° 26 ′ N 11 ° 51 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 11.850 ° E / 23.433 ; 11.850 ( Niger ) Niger 23 ° 26 ′ N 12 ° 17 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 12.283 ° E / 23.433 ; 12.283 ( Libya ) Libya The Tropic touches on the northernmost point of Chad at 23 ° 26 ′ N 15 ° 59 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 15.983 ° E / 23.433 ; 15.983 ( Northernmost point of Chad ) 23 ° 26 ′ N 25 ° 0 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 25.000 ° E / 23.433 ; 25.000 ( Egypt ) Egypt The Tropic passes through Lake Nasser 23 ° 26 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 35.500 ° E / 23.433 ; 35.500 ( Red Sea ) Red Sea 23 ° 26 ′ N 38 ° 38 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 38.633 ° E / 23.433 ; 38.633 ( Saudi Arabia ) Saudi Arabia 23 ° 26 ′ N 52 ° 10 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 52.167 ° E / 23.433 ; 52.167 ( United Arab Emirates ) United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi emirate only 23 ° 26 ′ N 55 ° 24 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 55.400 ° E / 23.433 ; 55.400 ( Oman ) Oman 23 ° 26 ′ N 58 ° 46 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 58.767 ° E / 23.433 ; 58.767 ( Indian Ocean ) Indian Ocean Arabian Sea 23 ° 26 ′ N 68 ° 23 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 68.383 ° E / 23.433 ; 68.383 ( India ) India States of Gujarat , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand and West Bengal 23 ° 26 ′ N 88 ° 47 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 88.783 ° E / 23.433 ; 88.783 ( Bangladesh ) Bangladesh Khulna , Dhaka , and Chittagong Divisions 23 ° 26 ′ N 91 ° 14 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 91.233 ° E / 23.433 ; 91.233 ( India ) India State of Tripura 23 ° 26 ′ N 91 ° 56 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 91.933 ° E / 23.433 ; 91.933 ( Bangladesh ) Bangladesh Chittagong Division 23 ° 26 ′ N 92 ° 19 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 92.317 ° E / 23.433 ; 92.317 ( India ) India State of Mizoram 23 ° 26 ′ N 93 ° 23 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 93.383 ° E / 23.433 ; 93.383 ( Myanmar ) Myanmar Chin State , Sagaing Division , Mandalay Division , Shan State 23 ° 26 ′ N 98 ° 54 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 98.900 ° E / 23.433 ; 98.900 ( China ) China Provinces of Yunnan ( passing about 7 km north of the border with Vietnam ) , Guangxi , and Guangdong 23 ° 26 ′ N 117 ° 8 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 117.133 ° E / 23.433 ; 117.133 ( Taiwan Strait ) Taiwan Strait 23 ° 26 ′ N 120 ° 8 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 120.133 ° E / 23.433 ; 120.133 ( Taiwan ) Taiwan Chiayi County , Hualien County 23 ° 26 ′ N 121 ° 29 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 121.483 ° E / 23.433 ; 121.483 ( Philippine Sea ) Philippine Sea 23 ° 26 ′ N 142 ° 00 ′ E / 23.433 ° N 142.000 ° E / 23.433 ; 142.000 ( Pacific Ocean ) Pacific Ocean Passing just south of Necker Island , Hawaii , United States 23 ° 26 ′ N 110 ° 15 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 110.250 ° W / 23.433 ; - 110.250 ( Mexico ) Mexico State of Baja California Sur 23 ° 26 ′ N 109 ° 24 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 109.400 ° W / 23.433 ; - 109.400 ( Gulf of California ) Gulf of California 23 ° 26 ′ N 106 ° 35 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 106.583 ° W / 23.433 ; - 106.583 ( Mexico ) Mexico States of Sinaloa , Durango , Zacatecas , San Luis Potosí , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas 23 ° 26 ′ N 97 ° 45 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 97.750 ° W / 23.433 ; - 97.750 ( Gulf of Mexico ) Gulf of Mexico 23 ° 26 ′ N 83 ° 0 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 83.000 ° W / 23.433 ; - 83.000 ( Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Passing through the Straits of Florida and the Nicholas Channel Passing just south of the Anguilla Cays ( Bahamas ) Passing through the Santaren Channel and into the open ocean 23 ° 26 ′ N 76 ° 0 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 76.000 ° W / 23.433 ; - 76.000 ( Bahamas ) Bahamas Exuma Islands and Long Island 23 ° 26 ′ N 75 ° 10 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 75.167 ° W / 23.433 ; - 75.167 ( Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean 23 ° 26 ′ N 15 ° 57 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 15.950 ° W / 23.433 ; - 15.950 ( Western Sahara ) Western Sahara Claimed by Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 23 ° 26 ′ N 12 ° 0 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 12.000 ° W / 23.433 ; - 12.000 ( Mauritania ) Mauritania 23 ° 26 ′ N 6 ° 23 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 6.383 ° W / 23.433 ; - 6.383 ( Mali ) Mali 23 ° 26 ′ N 2 ° 23 ′ W / 23.433 ° N 2.383 ° W / 23.433 ; - 2.383 ( Algeria ) Algeria Climate ( edit ) Relationship between Earth 's axial tilt ( ε ) to the tropical and polar circles Excluding cooler highland regions in China , the climate at the Tropic of Cancer is generally hot and dry except for easterly coastal areas where orographic rainfall can be very heavy , in some places reaching 4 metres ( 160 in ) . Most regions on the Tropic of Cancer experience two distinct seasons : an extremely hot summer with temperatures often reaching 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) and a warm winter with maxima around 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) . Much land on or near the Tropic of Cancer is part of the Sahara Desert , whilst to the east the climate is torrid monsoonal with a short wet season from June to September and very little rainfall for the rest of the year . The highest mountain on or adjacent to the Tropic of Cancer is Yushan in Taiwan ; though it had glaciers descending as low as 2,800 metres ( 9,190 ft ) during the Last Glacial Maximum , none survive and at present no glaciers exist within 470 kilometres ( 290 mi ) of the Tropic of Cancer ; the nearest currently surviving are the Minyong and Baishui in the Himalayas to the north and on Iztaccíhuatl to the south . Circumnavigation ( edit ) According to the rules of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , for a flight to compete for a round - the - world speed record , it must cover a distance no less than the length of the Tropic of Cancer , cross all meridians , and end on the same airfield where it started . Length of the Tropic on 11 December 2015 , at 23 ° 26 ′ 14 '' N is 36,788 kilometres ( 22,859 mi ) . For an ordinary circumnavigation the rules are somewhat relaxed and the distance is set to a rounded value of at least 36,770 kilometres ( 22,850 mi ) . Gallery ( edit ) Road sign south of Dakhla , Western Sahara marking the Tropic of Cancer . The sign was placed by Budapest - Bamako rally participants ; thus , the inscription is in English and Hungarian . Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer a few miles from Rann of Kutch , Gujarat , India Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer in Madhya Pradesh , India Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer on National Highway 34 in Nadia District , West Bengal , India Tropic of Cancer mark in Ruisui Township , Hualien County , Taiwan See also ( edit ) 23rd parallel north 24th parallel north Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle Arctic Circle Axial tilt Equator Milankovitch cycles Ducking and shaving References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PHP Science Labs '' . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Montana State University : Milankovitch Cycles & Glaciation Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ RhumbSolve online rhumb line calculator . External links ( edit ) Look up tropic of cancer in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Article on the Tropic of Cancer in Oman Temporal Epoch Calculations Useful constants See : Obliquity of the ecliptic <Th_colspan="2"> Circles of latitude / meridians <Td_colspan="2"> Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropic_of_Cancer&oldid=814626088 '' Categories : Lines of latitude Tropics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Tropic of Cancer
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5,718,058,604,175,998,000 | who won series 17 of hell's kitchen | Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 17 ) - wikipedia Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 17 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 17 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Fox Original release September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) -- February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 16 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Hell 's Kitchen episodes The seventeenth season of the reality series Hell 's Kitchen ( officially known as Hell 's Kitchen All Stars ) began airing on September 29 , 2017 on Fox . This season is the first in Hell 's Kitchen history to have an all star edition as sixteen former contestants return to compete once again , and the winner of this season will receive the position as head chef at the first - ever Gordon Ramsay Hell 's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . All of the returning chefs made it onto the Black Team in their respective seasons . Gordon Ramsay returns as host and head chef , Season 10 winner ( and Season 15 sous - chef ) Christina Wilson returns as the Red Team 's sous - chef replaced Andi Van Willigan - Cutspec , who was pregnant at the time of filming , and British MasterChef judge James `` Jocky '' Petrie makes his Hell 's Kitchen debut as the Blue Team 's sous - chef replaced Aaron Mitrano . Marino Monferrato returns as the maître d ' . This was the first season since Season 14 and second since Season 9 to feature only one team reassignment . It was the fourth season overall , and second in three , to feature both a chef eliminated from the winning team and another chef eliminated during service , as well as two eliminated by Ramsay 's nomination and three eliminated without participating in a dinner service . It was also the first season ever where one team ( red ) sent only one chef to the black jacket round . It was also the first time since Season 13 that both teams won the same dinner service . This was the first time since season 13 that the finale did not feature two women . In addition , this is the first time since Season 9 to feature a sole female at the top 4 . Also , this is the first season to feature three chefs in the finale . The red team won only two out of nine services outright , with one joint win and one joint loss . In four of the other five , they were thrown out of the kitchen . The team that won the challenge only lost two of the subsequent dinner services , a record fewest for a season . This is the fifth season in a row to feature a female winner ( last season to feature a male winner was in season 12 , by Scott Commings ) . The winner is Michelle Tribble , who previously landed in third place in Season 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Opening sequence 2 Chefs 3 Contestant progress 4 Episodes 5 U.S. Nielsen ratings 6 References Opening sequence ( edit ) Ramsay uses his telekinesis to destroy Hell 's Kitchen while leaving the building as the intro ends with the title card featuring him and the all stars . This is the first season that does n't list contestants individually in the intro . Chefs ( edit ) 16 returning chefs competed in Season 17 . Contestant Age Hometown Competed Finished Robyn Almodovar 36 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Season 10 6th Jared Bobkin 31 Troy , Michigan Season 15 4th Nicholas `` Nick '' Peters Bond 28 Newburyport , Massachusetts Season 14 5th Dana Cohen 32 Emerson , New Jersey Season 10 3rd Giovanni Filippone 46 Santa Rosa Beach , Florida Season 5 6th Elise Harris 32 Stafford , Virginia Season 9 3rd Vincent `` Van '' Hurd 34 South Glastonbury , Connecticut Season 6 6th Benjamin Knack 41 San Antonio , Texas Season 7 3rd Barbra `` Barbie '' Marshall 39 Strasburg , Pennsylvania Season 10 4th Milton `` Milly '' Medley 37 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Season 14 4th Ashley Nickell 29 Orlando , Florida Season 15 3rd Jennifer Normant 40 Burlington , Massachusetts Season 9 5th Amanda `` Manda '' Palomino 32 Atlantic City , New Jersey Season 15 5th Michelle Tribble 26 Dallas , Texas Season 14 3rd Joshua `` Josh '' Trovato 28 Los Angeles , California Season 14 6th Benjamin `` Ben '' Walanka 36 Overland Park , Kansas Season 5 4th Contestant progress ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> <Th_colspan="3"> Original teams <Th_colspan="8"> Switched teams <Th_colspan="3"> Individuals Final No . <Th_colspan="4"> Chef 1701 / 02 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 Michelle LOSE LOSE WIN WIN WIN IN LOSE LOSE LOSE NOM IN BoB IN IN WINNER Benjamin WIN WIN LOSE WIN LOSE IN WIN LOSE WIN WIN IN IN IN IN RUNNER - UP <Td_colspan="2"> Nick WIN WIN LOSE WIN LOSE IN WIN LOSE WIN WIN IN IN IN OUT <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> Milly WIN WIN LOSE WIN LOSE NOM WIN NOM WIN WIN IN NOM OUT <Td_colspan="2"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> Robyn LOSE NOM WIN WIN NOM NOM WIN NOM WIN WIN IN OUT <Td_colspan="3"> 6 <Td_colspan="3"> Jennifer LOSE LOSE WIN WIN WIN IN LOSE LOSE LOSE LOSE OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 7 <Td_colspan="3"> Elise NOM LOSE WIN WIN WIN NOM LOSE NOM NOM NOM OUT <Td_colspan="4"> 8 <Td_colspan="3"> Dana LOSE LOSE WIN WIN WIN IN LOSE LOSE LOSE OUT <Td_colspan="5"> 9 <Td_colspan="3"> Barbie LOSE NOM WIN WIN WIN NOM NOM NOM OUT <Td_colspan="6"> 10 <Td_colspan="3"> Van WIN WIN LOSE WIN LOSE IN WIN OUT <Td_colspan="7"> 11 <Td_colspan="3"> Manda NOM NOM WIN WIN WIN NOM OUT <Td_colspan="8"> 12 <Td_colspan="3"> Giovanni WIN WIN NOM WIN LOSE OUT <Td_colspan="9"> 13 <Td_colspan="3"> Jared WIN WIN LOSE WIN OUT <Td_colspan="10""> 14 <Td_colspan="3"> Josh WIN WIN NOM OUT <Td_colspan="11"> 15 <Td_colspan="4"> Ashley LOSE OUT <Td_colspan="13"> 16 <Td_colspan="4"> Ben OUT <Td_colspan="14"> Keywords WIN = Won the dinner service LOSE = Lost the dinner service IN = not nominated for elimination NOM = nominated for elimination OUT = eliminated LEFT = withdrew from competition Color key Chef was eliminated after nomination Chef was eliminated without nomination Chef was eliminated during service Chef withdrew from the competition Chef was retained after nomination The winner of Hell 's Kitchen The runner - up of Hell 's Kitchen Notes Jump up ^ Chef was immune from elimination ^ Jump up to : Chef participated in the `` Cook for your life '' challenge ^ Jump up to : Chef was nominated by Ramsay Jump up ^ Chef was eliminated in the `` Cook for your life '' challenge Jump up ^ Chef was eliminated by Ramsay during service Jump up ^ Chef was eliminated by Ramsay despite being on the winning team Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 251 `` All - Stars Arrive '' September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 3.02 <Td_colspan="5"> Ramsay calls up 16 chefs from previous seasons and invites them back to compete again in Hell 's Kitchen . When they arrive , they are welcomed by fans , and their sous - chefs Christina and Jocky are introduced . Ramsay then reveals that the winner of this season will be the head chef of the new Hell 's Kitchen restaurant in Las Vegas . Team challenge / signature dish : Unlike previous seasons , Ramsay gives the chefs each different ingredients which they will use to create new signature dishes in 45 minutes , and go head to head on main proteins . The scoring system is the same 1 -- 5 ranking . On the duck dishes , both Ashley and Jared scored a 4 , while on the chicken dishes , Barbie scored a 3 , while Ben scored 2 . Both Giovanni and Jennifer score 3 on their lamb dishes while on the scallop dishes , Michelle scored 4 over Nick 's 3 . In the pork chop dishes , Milly scored 4 , while Manda scored 3 . In the filet dishes , Dana scored 4 over Josh 's 2 , but both Van and Elise scored a perfect 5 on their lobster dishes . Finally , on the salmon dishes , Benjamin also scores a perfect 5 , while Robyn scores a measly 1 . The men triumph 28 -- 27 . Rewards / punishment : The men went to Downtown Los Angeles to slide down the Skyslide at the U.S. Bank Tower and to celebrate their win with Marino . Afterwards , they had dinner with Ramsay at WP24 where they had their food cooked and served by Wolfgang Puck . The women , meanwhile , were forced to clean up the risers and confetti outside . While the women were angry at Robyn for costing them the challenge and puzzled at her demonstration of a fortune - telling rock ( Elise even suggested that the rock could have told Robyn when to cook the salmon ) , they were even more annoyed at Elise for not helping out with the risers outside of Hell 's Kitchen . Challenge -- part 1 : Before the first service begins , Ramsay calls on the teams to the bar area . He announces that an individual challenge will take place before service that will have them cook a dish for the new bar menu with immunity on the line as the episode ends in a cliffhanger . 252 `` Raising the Bar '' October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 2.80 <Td_colspan="5"> Challenge -- part 2 : Continuing from the last episode , Chef Ramsay announces this year Hell 's Kitchen will offer a special bar menu ; they are to create a bar menu item ; whoever has the best item will be featured throughout the whole season and the winning chef from this challenge is also safe from tonight 's elimination . The time limit is 40 minutes . The sous chefs will sample each dish and then select four from each team . Out of these dishes , Ramsay will pick the top four , which turned out to be Michelle , Milly , Elise , and Van . Milly 's hand - cut French fries topped with a lobster cheese sauce won him immunity for tonight 's service . Michelle , who came second , later expressed disappointment at this , as she felt her dish had been more adventurous whereas Milly 's had been something he had made numerous times before . After the challenge , Ben starts to feel unwell , and admits to his teammates that he was recently diagnosed with diabetes . With 30 minutes to dinner service , Ben goes to see the medic , who takes his vitals as he continues to worry about his diabetes and at this point needs to decide if he is going to take the chance or if he is `` out '' . Ultimately , he decides to stay . Service : A Hell 's Kitchen first featured chef 's table on opening night with Jordin Sparks in the red kitchen and Joe Mantegna in the blue kitchen . French Stewart , Keith Sweat and Kirstin Maldonado also attended as guests . Dana and Milly served tableside shrimp and pasta . For the men , Josh served perfect cold appetizers but took too long on them , irritating Ramsay . Jared and Ben served up a raw salmon . Ben took the blame for the blunder and suddenly became unbalanced , forcing Jared to catch him before he fell . They then serve an acceptable salmon . After that , however , the men had an almost perfect service , thanks to Nick and Giovanni serving perfect meat . For the women , Ashley served a soupy carbonara , but quickly served another one . Despite Robyn 's strong performance on meat , Elise served up first raw and then overcooked New York Strip , causing Chef Ramsey to send the women to the dining room to apologize . When the women return , Chef Ramsay calls over Giovanni to help Elise with the meat . With Giovanni 's help , the women 's entrees finally reach the dining room . However , Manda serves up raw salmon , then burns the skin on the refire for the chef 's tables , leading to Ramsay kicking the women out of the kitchen with the men finishing opening night on a strong note . Elimination : Manda was quickly agreed on as the women 's first nominee , and despite Elise and Barbie trying to persuade the other women that Robyn should be nominated for not doing enough to help Elise on the meat station , Elise herself was named as the second nominee . The women are then asked by Ramsay who they would send home . Ashley , Jennifer , Barbie and Michelle pick Manda while Robyn and Dana choose Elise . To the shock of everyone , Ramsay sent Manda and Elise back in line and called Ben down , revealing that he would be the one eliminated as Ramsay felt his health problems would make him a liability and unable to effectively continue . This made Ben the eighth chef to be eliminated despite being on the winning team . Ramsay 's comment : `` Big Ben ? More like big liability . He clearly was n't going to be able to keep up , so I had to let him down . '' After elimination : After returning to the dorms , the episode ends in another cliffhanger as the argument between Elise and Robyn begins to implode . 253 `` Tower of Terror '' October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.87 <Td_colspan="5"> After elimination -- continued : Robyn and Elise have a heated argument over service which is only stopped when Manda drags Robyn to the other room . Prior to the next challenge , Josh threw up after eating vitamins and chimichanga for breakfast . Team challenge : Before the next challenge begins , Ramsay demonstrated how effective a chef 's hands are by having a kid over to play speed stacking . Michelle and Jared then competed in a cup stacking competition , with Michelle easily winning in just 18 seconds , and Jared taking over a minute longer . The women gained a 30 second head start for the real challenge : to recreate a seafood tower with four tiers as different pairs of chefs replicated one part of the tower to Ramsay 's approval . Despite the disadvantage , the men won the challenge by a matter of seconds , with the women losing their advantage after Michelle and Elise had major problems putting together the second part of the tower . Rewards / punishment : The men were sent to Ocean Club in Malibu where they ate a seafood lunch with Jocky and Marino . They later played soccer with U.S. soccer Olympians Alyssa Naeher and Julie Johnston . The women in the meantime were forced to take in deliveries of seafood , prep it for service , and forced to eat a disgusting fish dish , causing Barbie to vomit over Dana and Robyn 's graphic descriptions of the dish . Elise tries to weasel out of the dish , but Sous - Chef Christina forces her to eat it . As they were unloading the deliveries , Barbie annoyed her teammates by telling them what to do . Service : Philadelphia Eagles tight end Zach Ertz , professional golfer Jon Rahm , and the aforementioned Alyssa Naeher and Julie Johnston were guests in the dining room . Michelle and Giovanni served a seafood appetizer tableside . The men continued their winning streak with a near perfect service thanks to Milly 's leadership with the only problems being Josh briefly getting confused on orders until Jared helped him out , and Van momentarily delaying a ticket by not having the salmon quite ready in time . While the women had a good start on appetizers , they soon fell apart on entrees . Despite Barbie cooking perfect meat , she openly argued with and criticized Robyn , who sent up raw salmon . Ashley was kicked out of the kitchen temporarily for being distracted by her watch , and Manda again struggled on garnishes . After Robyn served an overcooked piece of salmon and Barbie ruined three pieces of meat , Ramsey gave them one more chance . However , when an overcooked lobster wellington and raw halibut comes up the pass , an angry Ramsay threw the women out for the second time in a row and had the men finish service . Elimination : Ramsay called the women 's performance even worse than the previous one , and ordered them to nominate two people . Barbie and Robyn were agreed on as the nominees due to Barbie 's poor performance on meat and communication and Robyn for her poor performance on fish ; Barbie argued that Ashley and Manda should be up as well due both of them struggling on their stations . Ramsay agreed and brought up the four women , ultimately eliminating Ashley for not doing much in service and believing she had no fight back left . Ramsay 's comment : `` Ashley spent more time staring at her watch than paying attention to her station . And so , her time here on Hell 's Kitchen is done . '' 254 `` Just Letter Cook '' October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.86 <Td_colspan="5"> Team challenge : Ramsay brought everyone together for a game of chance . Both teams took turns in picking ingredients which started with a letter . As soon as a member could not think of an ingredient , the other team won the choice of an ingredient that had been said and were allowed to give the other team a bad ingredient . Each team member had to cook an individual dish using all of the ingredients on their team 's list . The women chose mushrooms , snap peas , asparagus and rice and were given cantaloupe , peanut butter and blueberries , while the men won cauliflower , portabella mushrooms and bacon and were given maraschino cherries , syrup , artichoke and raisins . Barbie scored 4 ( although she was unable to taste her own sauce as she was allergic to peanuts ) , Manda scored 2 , Dana scored a perfect 5 but Robyn again scored a 1 . Elise and Michelle also scored 5 while Jennifer scored 4 . Milly scored 4 , Van scored 3 , Benjamin scored 5 and Jared scored 1 . Nick scored 5 , Josh scored 3 and Giovanni scored 4 , giving the women their first challenge victory , 26 - 25 . Rewards / punishment : The women flew in a private plane to Santa Barbara to stay at the Belmond El Encanto resort . The men dealt with a delivery of potatoes and then sifted through garbage to find what was recyclable . During the punishment , the men became infuriated with Josh after he revealed he was a celebrity caterer who only worked three hours a day . Service : Shannon Tweed dined in the red kitchen and Paige VanZant in the blue . Both kitchens had to prepare for a twelve - top table for a guest celebrating his 30th birthday . Ramsay had both kitchens coordinate their dishes in sync with one another for the appetizers and the entrees . Throughout the service , the red team had an almost flawless performance , as Michelle and Jennifer both managed to properly coordinate the kitchens so the twelve - top could be served . Their only real problems came with Michelle adding too much garlic to a risotto and Barbie temporarily struggling on garnishes , though even then , both quickly recovered . The blue team 's service was much more rocky ; Josh slowed the team on appetizers and then twice sent up far too many orders of risotto , with Ramsay making him eat the leftovers with the VIP guests . Giovanni sent up a burnt order of pork alongside a well - cooked one , and Benjamin and Jared sent up a raw order of duck for the twelve - top table , forcing Jennifer to step in and rescue the table . When Benjamin sent up a cold beef wellington , Ramsay threw the blue team out , having the red team finish their service and asking them to come up with two nominees . Team change : The men voted for Josh to go up as he had consistently been the weakest performer , though Josh denied this , and insisted Benjamin and Giovanni go up . In the end , Josh and Giovanni were selected as the nominees . After they had both pleaded their cases , Benjamin raised his hand to state that the men had considered Josh their weakest member , agreed to by the rest of the team after questioning by Ramsay . Ramsay had Josh take off his jacket and sent him to the women 's team , much to their dismay , before asking Robyn to move to the men 's team . Ramsay believed Josh 's team had given up on him while he himself has not seen either Josh or Robyn perform at their best , giving them both one more chance . Notably , Robyn and Josh both also switched teams during their previous Hell 's Kitchen appearances in Seasons 10 and 14 , respectively . 255 5 `` Josh Josh Josh '' November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 3.10 <Td_colspan="5"> Team challenge : Bringing everybody outside , Ramsay explains that some chefs use wood planks to cook fish on , which will be their next challenge . Both teams will have three pairs of two and one lone chef cook their fish and produce over a fire pit on top of cedar wood or hickory wood . Ramsay is then joined by Chef Ben Ford ( Harrison Ford 's son ) in the judging . During the challenge , Josh smothered the Red Team 's fire causing frustration between him and the team . Both teams tie at 3 -- 3 , but Ramsay and Ford deem Robyn and Nick 's dish the best of the chefs , giving the blue team the win . Rewards / punishment : The blue team heads down to Apex Farm and enjoys a horseback ride . The red team also go to Apex Farm , but are forced to clean horse manure in a pen . Service : Actor Shaun Brown was in attendance for this service . A tableside appetizer of smoked salmon rillette is served by Van and Barbie . In the blue kitchen , Benjamin uses oil on a non-stick pan for scallops but recovers , though he irritates his teammates by responding to Ramsay in French , though ironically , Ramsay did n't seem to mind . Robyn accidentally drops an order of chicken and serves a raw Beef Wellington , and Milly has trouble communicating with Nick on garnish . Otherwise , the blue team had a decent service . On the red team , Josh was slow on the fish and chips for the bar menu , leading Manda to repeatedly take over his station , frustrating him . After he serves salty spinach and liquid mashed potatoes , Ramsay catches him handling cold garnishes with his bare hands when the entree it goes with is already at the pass . A frustrated Ramsay kicks Josh out of service , much to the relief of the red team who perform much better afterward , though Elise earned some of the other chefs ' ire by standing around and doing nothing . Automatic elimination : After a while , Josh decides to come back to the kitchen and fight his way back in . Ramsay , however , takes him into the back room and eliminates him from Hell 's Kitchen due to his poor performances , stubbornness , and failure to improve upon his past mistakes , although he acknowledges Josh 's big heart and talent . Josh takes his jacket off and leaves through the front door , making him the eighth person to be eliminated during service , the second after switching teams ( after Lacey in Season 5 ) , and the second who was asked to use the front door ( after Gabriel in Season 12 ) . Ramsay does n't give an explanation for Josh 's elimination , and his jacket is not hung up , nor is his picture burned . After service , Ramsay decides to name both teams the winners , and nobody else is eliminated . 256 6 `` A Little Slice of Hell '' November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 3.11 <Td_colspan="5"> After Josh 's elimination and the post-service meeting , Chef Ramsay told the chefs to all get some rest , as big changes were coming . Everyone was relieved that Josh was gone , with Milly specifically stating that every remaining contestant hated Josh and that he was not at any of their levels , in terms of overall skill . They all sat around drinking and talking about each other 's sex lives , making fun of who they thought was `` vanilla , '' and who might be a freak in the bed . Suddenly , Van fell into the hot tub . Team challenge : The challenge was to create and bake a pizza at the DeSano Pizzeria and Bakery . Each pizza would consist of ingredients inspired by a country selected by a random spin of a wheel , and each chef from one team would go head - to - head against a chef from the other team to create the better pizza as judged by Ramsay , Marino , and Chef Steve Samson . Barbie scored the first point for the red team against Robyn with her pizza inspired by India , with all three judges voting in her favor . Milly scored the first point for the blue team against Jennifer with his pizza inspired by Morocco , with Ramsay and Marino voting in favor of him , but Samson voting in favor of Jennifer . Manda scored the second point for the red team against Van with her pizza inspired by Vietnam , with all three judges voting in her favor . Nick scored the second point for the blue team against Dana with his pizza inspired by Greece , with all three judges voting in his favor . Neither Elise nor Jared managed to score a point for their teams with their pizzas inspired by South Korea , as Elise 's pizza was badly misshapen and Jared had served raw cabbage , thinking it was kimchi . But Michelle scored the third and winning point for the red team against Giovanni with her pizza inspired by France . Because the blue team had an extra member , Benjamin 's pizza , also inspired by France , was omitted in favor of Giovanni 's , although the blue team ultimately regretted this decision due to Giovanni 's pizza being burnt . Rewards / punishment : The red team headed to The Magic Castle after a tour of Hollywood on a double - decker bus where they were entertained by Joel Ward . The blue team was forced to prepare the entire dining room for the upcoming Italian Night in Hell 's Kitchen . Service : Chef 's tables were featured for Italian night as actress Melissa Fumero sat in the red kitchen while the blue team had a pair of VIP guests in their respective kitchen which includes 2012 Miss Universe Olivia Culpo and Victoria 's Secret model Devon Windsor . A tableside Italian entrée was served by Nick and Elise . In the blue kitchen , Benjamin caused confusion by not communicating with Robyn in terms of when to drop scallops for their first appetizer . When the entrées rolled around , Van and Giovanni sent up a raw serving of lamb , which made Ramsay force the entire team into the pantry . Worse still , after returning to the kitchen , Van and Giovanni took too long in delivering the lamb , and when Van laughed at Ramsay 's admonishment of Giovanni , Ramsay forced him back into the pantry to deride him some more . Later , Jared miscommunicated with his team and eventually lied to them about when his garnish would be ready ( due to him being overwhelmed by how many different garnishes he was cooking at once ) . Unable to take being called out for it by the whole team , he faked a medical emergency by saying he had a cut on his finger that turned out not to be there ( although he insisted that it was ) , which left him room to leave the kitchen to see the medic ( who would later confirm that there was , in fact , no cut ) . The final straw came when Robyn overcooked two orders of salmon , and Giovanni overcooked two orders of veal . Fed up with their mistakes , Ramsay chastised the blue team for not performing as strongly as they had on opening night , and then kicked them out of the kitchen , giving them the loss . Conversely , on the red team , Manda , due to having Celiac Disease , could not taste any of the pasta for the team 's first appetizer and instead had to rely on Michelle to determine whether or not it had been cooked properly . Michelle mistakenly told her that it had been , but Ramsay sent it back when he revealed that it had actually been undercooked . She nearly misinformed Manda a second time , but thanks to Elise taking over tasting duty , Manda was able to deliver a perfectly - cooked pasta . Michelle then suffered a fall while trying to cook an order of lamb for one of the team 's entrées ( something that Manda considered to be karma for her pasta error ) , but still managed to cook it properly . Elise also tried much too hard to be a team player and annoyed her teammates in trying to assist them on their stations when they did not need her help . Besides these mishaps , the red team had a strong , solid service and were given the victory . Elimination : After a long , heated debate back in the dorms that put Van , Giovanni , Jared , and Robyn in the crosshairs , the blue team nominated Jared for his `` medical emergency '' that disrupted the garnish station , and Robyn for her errors with the scallops and the salmon . Jared continued to insist that he truly had cut himself , while Robyn went as far as to plead with Ramsay to send her back to the red team since it had become clear that she was just not bonding with the blue team . In the end , Ramsay shocked everyone on both teams when he eliminated Jared for faking being injured and inconsistent performances . Jared exited while continuing to insist that his cut had been real , despite contradictory testimony from the medic . Ramsay 's comment : `` Medic ? More like , pathetic . While Jared 's cut was imaginary , now he knows what it really is like to get cut . '' 257 7 `` Trimming Fat '' November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 3.21 <Td_colspan="5"> Challenge : For their next challenge , both teams are to cook six of the most popular dishes in Hell 's Kitchen ( Beef Wellington , Salmon , Halibut , Rack of Lamb , Duck Breast , and Double Bone Pork Chop ) in 25 minutes . However , Ramsay asks in different intervals for each team to kick out one team member each which in the end , leaves Nick and Michelle the only ones left on their respective teams until everyone is called back in during the last 3 minutes . In the end , the blue team won 5 -- 3 because the red team served raw lamb and pork . Rewards / punishment : The blue team went to a world class rock climbing gym and ate at the Bourbon Steak at Americana and are joined by Sous Chefs Christina and Jocky . The red team had to work with Marino in cleaning the dining room and kitchen along with polishing Marino 's shoes and prepping for next service . Cook For Your Life Challenge : Instead of a service , Ramsay announced that tonight is a Cook For Your Life Challenge and asks Michelle and Nick who they think are the three weakest chefs on their respective teams . Michelle nominated Barbie , Elise , and Manda while Nick nominated Giovanni , Milly , and Robyn . The six chefs were tasked with recreating Ramsay 's Champagne and Oysters in 30 minutes . Elimination : Milly was sent to safety first ( despite preparing only five oysters instead of six as required ) , followed by Manda , Barbie , and Elise , leaving Giovanni and Robyn behind . In the end , Robyn was sent up to safety last , leaving Giovanni to be eliminated for putting too much pasta and not enough sauce on each oyster , though Ramsay wished him and his family luck . Ramsay 's comment : `` Giovanni may have age and experience , but his attention to detail in this critical challenge was a big disappointment . Arrivederci , Giovanni . '' 258 8 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.80 <Td_colspan="5"> Team challenge : For their next challenge , Ramsay announced that both teams would be cooking with three of the earliest meat hunted by man ; boar , venison , and elk . Both teams had 3 minutes to hunt 5 ingredients for each of their protein and had 45 minutes to cook their dishes . Both teams had two pairs cooking with a similar meat , minus Nick who is the lone blue chef to cook with venison . Ramsay brought in chefs Vinny Dotolo and Jon Shook ( who previously helped judge a challenge in Seasons 13 and 14 ) to help him with the judging . Van scored a point on his boar dish while Elise scored a point on her venison making it a 1 -- 1 tie . In a big surprise , Robyn 's elk dish broke the tie in favor of the blue team and they won the challenge 2 -- 1 . Ramsay even welcomed Robyn back after a string of poor performances . Reward / punishment : The blue team went on an exclusive mountain retreat at Hummingbird Nest Ranch , while indulging in caviar provided by Chef Alex Ageneau . The red team had to clean out the dorm rooms and had to clean the waiting staff 's aprons . During punishment , Michelle tried to apologize to Elise for putting her up in the Cook For Your Life Challenge , but Elise rudely rejected her apology . Service : A caviar bellini appetizer special was included on the main menu . Later that night , Ramsay received a last - minute VIP booking from Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik where he was seated in the red kitchen . The blue team had a perfect service with all five of them communicating well and none of their dishes were cooked incorrectly . Ramsay praised this , only needing to lecture Robyn when she kept calling her teammates `` baby '' . For the red team , it was the opposite story . Elise was slow on the caviar appetizer dish and needed Jennifer 's help in the preparation . Things soon fell apart on the entree 's when Manda did n't hear an order of pork for one table which slowed the momentum , and Barbie served raw duck . Things got worse when Barbie later sent up a raw chicken that Michelle thought was cooked . After Barbie sent up a raw duck again and Manda gave a raw pork to the pass , Ramsay called the blue team over and told them he needed them to finish their last ticket as the red team , who Ramsay declared had their worst service yet , was kicked out for the third time this season . The blue team later had the red team 's tickets finished . Elimination : After an awful service by the Red Team , Ramsay ordered the Red Team to come up with two nominees for Elimination . After a long discussion , The Red team nominated Manda and Barbie , although Elise suggested that Michelle should have been put up for Elimination . Despite Barbie 's horrendous performance on the meat station , Ramsay sent her back in line and eliminated Manda for being the main reason for the red team 's defeat , but praised her for her hard work and determination . Ramsay 's comment : `` Manda said she never heard the ticket that sunk her team . Sadly , she 's not going to hear her name being called as the winner of Hell 's Kitchen either . '' 259 9 `` Catch of the Day '' December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.96 <Td_colspan="5"> Challenge : The remaining chefs participated in a fishing challenge where the chefs had to waddle through a lake . They must hook lures containing different ingredients to their fish 's mouth and then throw it to their teammates . Each ingredient they fish out will go a certain fish -- Dover sole , red snapper , grouper , arctic char , or cod . Afterwards , they had 30 minutes to cook their fish with the ingredients they fished out from the lake . Michael Cimarusti served as a guest judge . Jennifer scored over Nick in the battle of the cod , while Robyn scored over Michelle with the grouper . Milly scored over Elise with the red snapper , mainly because Elise was only able to fish three ingredients for her snapper . Benjamin and Dana both scored a point with their arctic char . Finally , Van scored over Barbie in the Dover sole , giving the blue team a 4 -- 2 victory . Reward / punishment : The blue team headed out to Las Vegas in a private plane to stay overnight at Caesars Palace . They also went on the world 's tallest Ferris Wheel with Christina . The red team had to bring in several hundreds of pounds of fish , then descale and fillet them . In addition , they were served a disgusting protein shake . Barbie tried to throw away her entire shake , only to get caught . As a result , Jocky forces the rest of the team to finish their serving of shake . This caused Dana , Elise , and Michelle to vomit . Service : This service included an Asian fusion menu . Guests in attendance included Aleks Paunovic and E -- 40 in addition to the chef 's tables , which hosted Cheryl Burke and Dan Bucatinsky in the red and blue kitchen respectively . Barbie and Robyn each spent excessive amounts of time fraternizing with the chef 's table guests , earning the ire of Elise and Nick , respectively . Elise and Barbie fought for control over the pass , earning a warning from Chef Christina . Raw chicken sent to the pass prompted Ramsay to send the entire red team into the pantry . Later , Cheryl informed Barbie that the duck was slightly raw and Barbie offered to prepare another , but the guests declined . Despite Elise 's objections , Barbie insisted on a fresh serving of duck . When Barbie asked Elise to prepare a duck garnish , Elise refused , an argument ensued , and Ramsay pulled both back into the pantry and demanded they sort out their differences before reentering . This prompted Elise to call Barbie `` cuckoo '' before exiting the pantry . In the blue kitchen , Milly brought up raw New York strip but recovered . Van failed to respond when Ramsay asked for time on the salmon , and proceeded to bring up an overcooked portion . He was also able to bounce back , but not before Ramsay threatened to throw him out . Even though both teams completed service with no ejections , Ramsay declared both teams losers , the only service this season since seasons 2 & 14 that both teams lost , and asked for two nominees per team for elimination . Elimination : The blue team considered nominating Van for his struggles on fish and Milly for raw steak , but are interrupted by the red team arguing from across the hall . Ramsay first asks the blue team for nominations and Nick replies with Robyn and Milly . Ramsay calls down Van as well and gives all three 30 seconds to plead their cases . After this , he sends Robyn and Milly back in line , and shocks some members of the red team when he eliminates Van for his lack of communication on the fish station , but encourages him to keep his head up . Next , he calls for the red team 's nominations and Dana replies with Elise and Barbie . Barbie states that she will not repeat the mistakes from tonight 's service and that her team has rejected her attempts to get along with them , while Elise points to her stronger performances on challenges than Barbie ( ironically she put herself at a major disadvantage for this week 's challenge ) . But Ramsay simply sends both back in line and warns the remaining chefs to correct their mistakes , or else . Ramsay 's comment : `` Van 's always had one of the loudest voices here . Tonight , not only did he lose his voice but also his dream of becoming my next head chef . '' 260 10 `` It 's All Gravy '' December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 3.04 <Td_colspan="5"> Challenge : Ramsay announced that the annual Blind Taste Test was the next challenge , and for this season , they would be tasting herbs and spices mixed into a mashed potato puree . While one chef tastes the ingredients , a member of their team would be in a chair and would get splattered with mashed potatoes and gravy if the taster got multiple incorrect answers . Robyn scored 3 while Dana failed to score any points , resulting in Michelle getting messy . This was a complete reversal from Season 10 when Dana got 2 and laughed at Robyn who did n't get any . Nick scored 2 while Jennifer also failed to score any points ( resulting in Dana getting messy ) , and Benjamin scores 3 while Barbie scores 2 . With the ( planned ) second - to - final pair of Elise and Milly up , Ramsay warned the red team that if Elise did not catch up to the blue team , the challenge was over . Elise failed to score her three taste tests , and the blue team won the challenge 8 -- 2 without having to go to a fifth and final pairing ( Michelle did not taste ) . This is first time since Season 15 that the Blind Taste Test did not have to go to the final ingredient and the first one ever that was won before the final round . This contrasts with recent seasons 13 , 14 and 16 that all needed to go to sudden death . Ramsay complimented the Blue team for not having any of their members have gravy dumped on them ( which happens with three incorrect guesses ) . Reward / punishment : The blue team went to Roy Yamaguchi 's Hawaiian Fusion Restaurant for lunch and received Vitamix Blenders while at the restaurant . The red team had to clean up the dining room and separate peppercorn while grinding them by hand . During punishment , sous - chef Christina noticed some animosity in the red team and asked them if they could promise a good dinner service , but Dana refused to do so as she did not have faith in Barbie . Service : For one night only , Hell 's Kitchen hosted a private dinner service for two charities with the blue team cooking for Shane 's Inspiration , and the red team cooking for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society . Both charities featured notable guests in attendance which include Mindy Sterling and Tyler Posey in the red table , and David Koechner , Jill Wagner and Shane 's Inspiration founder Scott Williams in the blue table . Each team would have one chef lead a section , though Nick had to lead both the scallop appetizer and the passion fruit souffle dessert for the blue team , which was a member down . Michelle and Nick were able to get their dishes out with few problems , with Michelle noticing that she was missing three scallops and Milly was overcooking scallops for Nick 's dishes . Jennifer had no problems with her Lobster Spaghetti dishes but Robyn was caught serving more pasta than needed . On the Striped Bass dish , Milly led the blue team strongly and got his dishes out with no problems , but in the red kitchen , most of the bass were burnt and Elise accused her team of sabotaging her , despite her not checking them before serving them . For the Beef filet Rossini , it was the same story as Benjamin led his team well while in the red kitchen , Barbie 's aggressive leadership had her screaming at Michelle on garnish and their potatoes were burnt . Dana and Nick had no issues with their desserts , but Ramsay called the red team 's performance the `` worst charity dinner ever in the entire competition '' before tasking them to come up with two nominees . Elimination : Barbie and Elise were nominated . Ramsay eliminated Barbie for her aggressive leadership at service along with not bouncing back quicker , but praised her for her heart . He then remarked that the blue team 's remaining four members would likely make up for the final four . Ramsay 's comment : `` Barbie 's performance at charity night was a disaster . So , I performed a charity act for her team by sending her home . '' 261 11 `` Trying to Pasta Test '' January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 3.42 <Td_colspan="5"> Before the challenge began , Jennifer made a pact with her Season 9 archrival Elise to knock out Dana and Michelle , whom they believed weaker and to be in their own clique . Challenge : Before heading off to bed , Ramsay announced a pasta challenge tomorrow where the chefs had to create three portions a gourmet pasta dish with a $20 budget at a local grocery store . Joining Ramsay in the judging is Lachlan Mackinnon - Patterson , Chef and Co-Owner of Frasca Food and Wine in Boulder , CO and Bruce Kalman , Chef and Owner of Union in Pasadena , CA . Each judge gave points based on how much they would pay for the dish . Michelle and Elise earned Ramsay 's suspicion when they announced they were making a dumpling soup and paella , respectively , as Ramsay was expecting Italian dishes for this challenge . Despite this , the red team won the challenge $320 to $313 , as Michelle and Elise 's outside - the - box dishes hit big and Milly 's chicken meatball pasta did not . It was the first time they won a challenge since Episode 6 . Reward / punishment : The red team went go - karting and had an incredible lunch . In addition , Michelle 's Asian inspired Tortellini Soup ( which was the best dish of the day ) was added in tonight 's menu . The blue team were tasked in cleaning the kitchen shelves . Service : Tyler Hilton , Sebastian Roche , and Keesha Sharp were in attendance for this service . Both teams got off to strong starts on appetizers , but had struggles on entrees with their respective meat stations . In the red kitchen , Dana scorched her initial wellingtons and sent up raw lamb to the pass . In the blue kitchen , Robyn was slow on one of her wellingtons , mis - remembered a ticket order , and had trouble communicating with Benjamin on the garnish station , earning a trip to the storeroom with Ramsay . Despite that , both teams pushed entrees out , and with three tickets left each , Ramsay told both teams that the first team to finish up was the winner . Despite making it to their last ticket , Dana served overcooked and undercooked wellingtons , and Ramsay threw the red team out for the fourth time this season as the blue team finished their own tickets . Elimination : Despite being told to nominate two people , the red team had a three way tie between Dana , Michelle and Elise due to the alliance between Jennifer and Elise . So Ramsay called all three of them down . Ramsay sent Michelle and Elise back in line , eliminating Dana for her lack of leadership and poor performance on meat . As Dana was the only returning chef who had never been nominated , she was eliminated the first time she was on the chopping block . Ramsay 's comment : `` In two seasons , this was Dana 's first time ever being nominated . Unfortunately for her , it was also her last . '' 262 12 `` Five is the New Black '' January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 3.56 <Td_colspan="5"> Ramsay announced that today was a black jackets challenge where only five of the seven chefs would get black jackets , while two of them would be sent home . Challenge 1 : For their first challenge , it was the classic Taste It Now Make It Challenge as Ramsay gave the chefs 45 minutes to taste his dish and recreate it . Everyone got the protein correct : sea bass . In the end , Milly was the only one to get both purees correct ( white asparagus and romanesco ) , and Nick 's hash came the closest of everyone 's . They won the first black jackets and spent the rest of the day at the Black Jackets VIP Lounge . Challenge 2 : For their second challenge , Ramsay had 5 domes with limited ingredients , and when he rings the bell , the chefs had to race and grab whatever ingredient they wanted . They then had to cook a dish in 30 minutes using those ingredients . Jennifer and Elise were disqualified for undercooking potatoes and leaving the gonads on a lobster , respectively . Michelle 's veal chops and Benjamin 's filet mignon were the best two dishes , and they received their black jackets . They then joined Milly and Nick in the Lounge area . Before their final challenge , Jennifer urged Robyn to beat Elise . Challenge 3 : For their final challenge , Ramsay gave the three chefs 30 minutes to cook whatever they wanted and had full range of ingredients in the kitchen . The black jacket chefs watched the challenge on a live video feed , but it cut out after the challenge ended . Robyn made a seared lamb loin with potato and corn hash ( despite having initially selected halibut for her primary protein ) , Elise made a filet mignon with potato puree and rainbow chard , and Jennifer made scallops and shrimp with corn succotash . Elimination : After tasting the dishes , Ramsay eliminated Elise for having the weakest dish of the three , but told her to keep her jacket and urged her to keep her head up high . To decide between Jennifer and Robyn , who were crying and hugging each other , Ramsay had Jockey and Christina taste the dishes . In the end , Robyn received the final black jacket and Jennifer was sent home due to her scallops being slightly undercooked . Before leaving , Ramsay allowed Jennifer to keep her jacket as well and praised her for improving since the last time she competed . Before leaving Jennifer wished Robyn good luck and was happy to have beaten Elise , who betrayed her on their previous season . After Robyn got to the Black Jacket Lounge , Ramsay and the sous chefs brought champagne to the lounge and congratulated the remaining chefs for being in the final five . Ramsay gave no comment on either Elise or Jennifer 's elimination , and neither received a burning picture sequence . 263 13 `` Stars Heating Up Hell '' January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 3.17 <Td_colspan="5"> Challenge : For their first black jackets challenge , the chefs had to teach sports all stars ( Milly cooking with NFL 's Ricky Williams , Michelle cooking with the winner of the WNBA championship Candace Parker , Benjamin cooking with NFL `` Light 's Out '' Shawne Merriman , Nick cooking with Olympic gold medalist gymnast Jordyn Wieber , and Robyn cooking with 5 - time NBA All - Star Reggie Miller ) how to cook their signature dishes that they originally planned on making at the start of the season in 45 minutes . Once finished , Ramsay will then judge the dishes and have one person on the winners seat , but they could be dethroned if Ramsay found the next dish better . Michelle won the challenge by beating Milly , who had beaten Robyn and Nick , and then beating Benjamin . Reward / punishment : Michelle went on a tour to see all the breath - taking views of Los Angeles from her very own helicopter ; after that , she ate at 71 Above and took Nick with her . The remaining chefs had to participate in deep cleaning day . During punishment , Robyn got annoyed when Milly was seen not helping much and eating the leftover food from the challenge . Service : Rapper and Musician Wyclef Jean was seated at the chefs table . Former 2 Broke Girls actors Jonathan Kite and Matthew Moy were in attendance in addition to Janina Gavankar . Milly was disorganized on the appetizers and had a pan catch on fire but recovered . Benjamin was not communicating with everyone else from the meat station , and annoyed everyone with his constant `` Oui Chef '' reply . Robyn sent up bland couscous and got lectured by Ramsay when she sent up burnt Brussels sprouts and that she said that she did not want to send them up , and Nick sent up a rare New York Strip , but recovered . Despite the speed bumps , the team sent their tickets out with no problems and Ramsay was relatively pleased by it . After service , Ramsay named Michelle the `` Best of the Best '' as she was the only one not to have any major problems and told her to nominate two people . Elimination : Michelle nominated Robyn and Milly for elimination . During the elimination process , Robyn argued with Milly over how little work she felt he did during punishment and service . Ramsay eliminated Robyn for being the weakest of the black jackets but praised her for improving a lot after her poor start and allowed her to keep her jacket . Ramsay 's comment : `` I 've always admired Robyn 's no - nonsense attitude , but tonight she had the wrong attitude and served up a lot of nonsense . '' 264 14 `` Families Come to Hell '' January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 3.43 <Td_colspan="5"> While the chefs are leaving , Ramsay calls Milly over and tells him he is talented and that the fighting and conflict is not necessary . Milly acknowledges this in an interview and apologizes . Before the next challenge , Ramsay revealed that he invited the final four 's loved ones ( Michelle 's sister and nephews , Nick 's husband and mom , Benjamin 's wife and daughters , and Milly 's girlfriend and infant son ) for some time together . Challenge : Ramsay had the chefs choose a Christmas present under a tree that contained ingredients for them . They then had forty - five minutes to use those ingredients to make a festive inspired dish . Afterwards , Ramsay invited their loved ones for a blind judging , with them voting for their top two dishes . Benjamin and Michelle were tied , with Milly receiving no votes . Benjamin won the challenge when Ramsay broke the tie in his favor . Reward / punishment : Benjamin rode with Ramsay in a Ferrari to lunch with his family while the rest of the chefs had to clean the SUV 's and clean up the dining room . During punishment , Nick , Michelle , and Milly made a pact to make sure Season 14 all made it to the final three . Service : For this service , each of the final four had a turn on the pass with Ramsay not only testing their leadership skills , but their quality control as Sous Chefs Christina and Jocky would be intentionally making mistakes . In attendance that night were Anna Konkle and Gabrielle Dennis . Benjamin was up first and managed to catch Christina serving a carbonara with spaghetti instead of fettuccine , but did not notice carrots instead of butternut squash in the risotto . Milly missed an intentional ticket mistake from Marino , but became vocal and caught multiple mistakes from Michelle on garnish . Michelle did see that Christina did not serve spinach as requested , but failed to identify a ribeye instead of the ordered New York strip . Nick missed Jocky sending up a veal chop instead of a pork chop , but caught mistakes from Christina , Michelle , and Milly , the latter of which was struggling with a poached egg . After service , Ramsay told them to think of one person they wanted to be with in the finals . Elimination : At elimination , everyone else said that they wanted to see Nick in the finale . Afterwards , Ramsay eliminated Milly , but said he was happy to give him a second chance , praised his confidence and told him to keep his jacket . In an unprecedented step , Ramsay offered Milly an opportunity to come to London for a week and stage at his flagship three Michelin Star Restaurant Gordon Ramsay . Milly enthusiastically accepted and left . Afterwards , Ramsay picked Nick as the first finalist and praised him for growing more than any chef in this competition . Benjamin was the second finalist for his calm , collected leadership that night . However , in another unprecedented move , Ramsay selected Michelle as the third finalist of the season , marking the first time in Hell 's Kitchen history where Chef Ramsay names three finalists . Ramsay 's comment : `` Milly has had two fantastic runs in Hell 's Kitchen . I 'm personally going to make sure that big , kindhearted man with so much culinary passion gets the right training he deserves . '' 265 15 `` Final Three '' February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 3.36 <Td_colspan="5"> Individual challenge : The finalists were each assigned a sous chef , who would help them prepare a menu in one hour consisting of a hot and cold appetizer , as well as a chicken , beef , and seafood entree . During this process , Nick overcooked the beurre blanc sauce for one of his dishes , but managed to recover with the help of Sous Chef Christina . After sampling all the dishes , Ramsay was unable to decide on a winner . Reward : Michelle , Benjamin , and Nick were all transported to an awards ceremony for the fictitious Culinary Association of America , where Ramsay took the stage and announced that they would be cooking their menus again for the executive staff at Caesar 's Palace in Las Vegas . Individual challenge part 2 : One staff member sampled the dishes from each category , and rated each finalist on a scale from 1 to 10 . With only the beef entrees left to be judged , all three were tied at 34 points each , so CEO Mark Frissora would effectively decide which two would advance . After sampling the dishes , Frissora named Michelle as the first finalist , and Benjamin as the second , eliminating Nick , who was instructed to get in line with the returning contestants of the season . Michelle was granted first pick out of her fellow competitors , to draft a brigade for the final dinner service . She chose Nick , Dana , and Milly . Benjamin chose Jennifer , Van , and Robyn . The episode ended on a cliffhanger before Michelle decided between Elise and Barbie to round out her team . 266 16 `` All - Star Finale '' February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 3.36 <Td_colspan="5"> Continued from the previous episode , Michelle picked Elise , so Benjamin was left with Barbie . Service : Before dinner service , while both teams prepped their menus , Elise continued to give Michelle attitude until Nick told her to shut up or go home . Lamorne Morris and the finalists ' families were in attendance for the last dinner service of the season . In the red kitchen , Dana needed Michelle 's help to assemble a cold appetizer , prompting Ramsay to give Michelle a pep talk in the storeroom . Marino returned two risottos to Michelle 's kitchen after a minor complaint about the broth . Elise recovered and successfully re-fired the risottos that were then sent back to Lamorne Morris ' table , much to the actor 's delight . Ramsay then scolded Nick for attempting to call nine entrees in a single sitting . Meanwhile in the blue kitchen , Barbie did well on hot apps for Benjamin , despite not having done it often during the season . But entrees were a different story . First , Jennifer sent up raw fish twice . Robyn sent up raw filets and burned the subsequent refire . Her third attempt on the same ticket was raw again , prompting Ramsay to accuse her of sabotaging Benjamin . When she finally brought up an acceptable steak , it came with a raw lamb . She then refired the lamb in the same pan that had been used to cook the steak , which was a cross-contamination hazard . An irate Ramsay dragged Robyn and Benjamin into the dining room , threw the former out of the kitchen , and berated the latter for not stepping up as a leader . Nevertheless , Robyn continued to fight with Benjamin to be allowed back in , and he finally relented on the last ticket . Winner : As per Hell 's Kitchen tradition , Michelle and Benjamin stood in front of two doors . Michelle 's door opened , making her the 17th winner and first All - Star winner of Hell 's Kitchen ; Benjamin took his defeat graciously . Michelle gave a victory speech and hung her picture in the Hall of Fame . In the final credits scene , Elise cried openly over losing to Michelle and Van asked Marino for a ' real drink ' as opposed to the standard champagne . Ramsay 's comment : `` Having the youngest of all - stars step up and win this competition is a testament to Michelle 's talent . At a very young age , she has already proven she is driven , creative , and commanding . She will be a great asset to Hell 's Kitchen in Las Vegas . '' U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) No . Episode Air date Timeslot ( ET ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank `` All - Stars Arrive '' September 29 , 2017 Friday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.9 3.02 `` Raising the Bar '' October 6 , 2017 0.9 2.80 `` Tower of Terror '' October 13 , 2017 0.8 2.87 `` Just Letter Cook '' October 20 , 2017 0.8 2.86 5 `` Josh Josh Josh '' November 3 , 2017 0.8 3.10 6 `` A Little Slice of Hell '' November 10 , 2017 0.8 3.11 7 `` Trimming Fat '' November 17 , 2017 0.9 3.21 8 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 2.80 9 `` Catch of the Day '' December 8 , 2017 0.8 2.96 10 `` It 's All Gravy '' December 15 , 2017 0.8 3.04 11 `` Trying to Pasta Test '' January 5 , 2018 0.9 3.42 12 `` Five is the New Black '' January 12 , 2018 5 3.56 13 `` Stars Heating Up Hell '' January 19 , 2018 0.9 3.17 14 `` Families Come to Hell '' January 26 , 2018 0.9 3.43 15 `` Final Three '' February 2 , 2018 0.9 3.36 16 `` All - Star Finale '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` HELL 'S KITCHEN Debuts its First All - Stars Edition , Premiering Friday , 8 / 29 on FOX '' . BroadwayWorld . BroadwayWorld. 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jessica Pena ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` Hell 's Kitchen : FOX Previews the TV Show 's First All - Star Edition '' . TV Series Finale . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://headlininghollywood.com/2017/10/06/hells-kitchen-all-stars-2017-recap-episode-2-raising-the-bar/ ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Child Support , ' ' MacGyver , ' everything else steady : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' and ' MacGyver ' hit season highs , ' Taken ' opens low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' rerun adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' finale , ' Jane the Virgin , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Hell 's Kitchen United States Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 : All Stars Winners Rock Harper Christina Machamer United Kingdom Series Other versions Australia Brazil Finland Italy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hell%27s_Kitchen_(U.S._season_17)&oldid=850574870 '' Categories : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 18 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Hell's Kitchen All Stars
2. Gordon Ramsay
3. Head chef at Gordon Ramsay Hell's Kitchen Restaurant
4. Contestant progress and elimination
5. Team challenges and service performances |
3,038,181,407,955,719,000 | where is the lion statue at penn state | Nittany Lion Shrine - wikipedia Nittany Lion Shrine <Th_colspan="2"> Nittany Lion Shrine <Td_colspan="2"> The Lion Shrine after renovation , March 2014 Artist Heinz Warneke Year October 24 , 1942 ( 1942 - 10 - 24 ) Type Sculpture Condition Renovated Location University Park Owner The Pennsylvania State University Accession October 24 , 1942 Website www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittanyshrine.html The Nittany Lion Shrine is a large mountain lion sculpture carved by Heinz Warneke located at the University Park campus of the Pennsylvania State University . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Incidents 3 Gallery 4 Nittany Lion Shrine replicas 5 References History ( edit ) The Nittany Lion Shrine at Pennsylvania State University was dedicated on October 24 , 1942 during Homecoming . Animalier Heinz Warneke and stonecutter Joseph Garatti created it from a 13 - ton block of Indiana Limestone . The shrine was chosen from six models submitted by Warneke . The shrine is a gift of the class of 1940 and rests in a natural setting of trees near Recreation Building . In 2013 the shrine was renovated to improve the lighting , add a sidewalk , and add large decorative stones . The improvement was the gift by the Penn State 's class of 2012 . Incidents ( edit ) In 1966 Sue Paterno ( wife of football coach Joe Paterno ) , and a friend secretly splashed water - soluble orange paint on the Nittany Lion statue the week of the Syracuse game . Later that week Syracuse fans covered the statue in oil - based paint , which was tougher to remove . Since then , students guard the Lion Shrine every homecoming . Actually , six Syracuse University students painted the Nittany Lion on Wednesday night , Nov. 2 , 1966 . The six students had driven from Syracuse to State College that evening with an old , air - loaded fire extinguisher filled with orange paint . Arriving on the Penn State campus , they found the Nittany Lion statue flood lit , deserted and completely clean . Within minutes they had painted the lion , jumped back in their car and driven away from campus , undetected . On the way out of town they spotted a sign for Beaver Stadium , and turned into the parking lot there , prepared to paint the goal posts orange as well . This proved their undoing when the police at the Stadium ( guarding the ABC Television equipment for the Saturday game broadcast ) switched on the Stadium lights and raced towards the end zone where the students were . As the students fled , one of them became tangled climbing over the 5 - foot high chain - link fence surrounding the field . He was taken into custody by the police , and released the following morning . The students were subsequently brought before the SU Student Court , but the case was dismissed as a simple `` college prank '' . In addition , the student paper ( The Daily Orange ) published an editorial lauding the students and helped organize a fund of student donations to pay for the sandblasting required to remove the paint . The clean up was nearly complete by game - time on Nov. 5th . This prank re-ignited a tradition that had become dormant among eastern football schools ' rivalries . Attempts at similar pranks were then repeated many times in subsequent years . In another football weekend incident in 1978 , the Lion Shrine was vandalized when a blunt object was used to break off the statue 's right ear . The original sculptor -- Heinz Warneke -- was alive at the time and , with some difficulty , was able to match the stone and repair the damaged ear . This incident led to the site being guarded during home football games . The right ear was vandalized again in 1997 . In 2003 and 2018 , the ear was broken off again , but it is unsure whether or not it was due to vandalism . Gallery ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nittany Lion Shrine . Nittany Lion Shrine replicas ( edit ) Almost every one of the Pennsylvania State University Commonwealth campuses has a replica of the Nittany Lion Shrine . This gallery contains pictures from several campuses throughout Pennsylvania . Penn State Brandywine Penn State DuBois Penn State Lehigh Valley Penn State Schuylkill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reed , Tom ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` IF U. GO : Penn State '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . Dispatch Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Renovated Nittany Lion Shrine once again open for visitors '' . September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Viera , Mark ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` The Past for Syracuse and Penn State Is Now Present '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Syracuse University Daily Orange / vol 64 , No. 39 , Nov. 14 , 1966 , page 1 , page 2 - Editorial Jump up ^ `` Nittany Lion Shrine suffers damage to limestone ear '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2018/02/28/penn-state-nittany-lion-shrine-repaired/ <Th_colspan="2"> The Pennsylvania State University <Td_colspan="2"> Located in : State College , Pennsylvania Academics College of Agricultural Sciences College of Arts and Architecture Smeal College of Business College of Communications College of Earth and Mineral Sciences College of Education College of Engineering College of Health and Human Development College of Information Sciences and Technology College of the Liberal Arts Eberly College of Science Graduate School Schreyer Honors College School of Nursing School of International Affairs Dickinson Law Penn State Law Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies College of Medicine Pennsylvania College of Technology School of Hospitality Management Athletics Sports Penn State Nittany Lions Baseball Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Field Hockey Football Men 's Ice Hockey Women 's Ice Hockey Men 's Lacrosse Women 's Lacrosse Men 's Soccer Women 's Soccer Men 's Volleyball Women 's Volleyball Wrestling Facilities Beaver Stadium Bryce Jordan Center Golf Courses Pegula Ice Arena Penn State Ice Pavilion Medlar Field at Lubrano Park Rec Hall Rivalries Alabama Maryland Michigan State Minnesota Ohio State Pittsburgh Syracuse West Virginia Spirit Legion Of Blue Alma Mater Blue Band Fight On , State Nittany Lion ( mascot ) The Nittany Lion Buildings Academic buildings Berkey Creamery Old Main Palmer Museum of Art IST Building Radiation Science & Engineering Center Residence halls University libraries Campuses : Commonwealth Abington Altoona Berks Beaver Brandywine DuBois Erie ( Behrend College ) Fayette ( Eberly Campus ) Greater Allegheny Harrisburg ( Capital College ) Hazleton Lehigh Valley Mont Alto New Kensington Schuylkill Shenango University Park ( Main campus ) Wilkes - Barre Worthington Scranton York Campuses : Special Mission Dickinson Law Great Valley School of Graduate Professional Studies Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and College of Medicine Penn State Law World Campus Pennsylvania College of Technology Departments Cancer Institute Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Research Applied Research Laboratory Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel Penn State Lunar Lion Team Media The Daily Collegian Penn State Law Review Penn State University Press WKPS ( 90.7 FM ) WPSU ( 91.5 FM ) WPSU - TV Onward State People Alumni Athletic directors Coaches Faculty Olympians Presidents George W. Atherton Eric J. Barron ( current president ) Joe Paterno Fred Lewis Pattee Jerry Sandusky Graham Spanier Student life Army ROTC Air Force ROTC Penn State IFC / Panhellenic Dance Marathon ( THON ) Penn State Thespians Penn State Women 's Ice Hockey Club Penn State Glee Club Mount Nittany Nittany Lion Shrine Old Coaly State College Related History Joe Paterno statue Nittany Lion Shrine Child sex abuse scandal Death of Tim Piazza Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nittany_Lion_Shrine&oldid=836078964 '' Categories : Pennsylvania State University campus Outdoor sculptures in Pennsylvania 1942 sculptures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 15 : 36 . About Wikipedia | 1. Nittany Lion Shrine
2. Heinz Warneke
3. Pennsylvania State University
4. Renovation of the Nittany Lion Shrine
5. Incidents involving the Nittany Lion Shrine |
-4,876,416,795,081,364,000 | who does tom holland play in the secret world of arriety | Arrietty - Wikipedia Arrietty For The Borrowers character , see The Borrowers § Characters . <Th_colspan="2"> Arrietty <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical poster for Arrietty Directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi Produced by Toshio Suzuki Screenplay by Hayao Miyazaki Keiko Niwa Based on The Borrowers by Mary Norton Starring Mirai Shida Ryunosuke Kamiki Shinobu Otake Keiko Takeshita Tatsuya Fujiwara Tomokazu Miura Kirin Kiki Music by Cécile Corbel Cinematography Atsushi Okui Edited by Keiko Kadokawa Rie Matsubara Hiromi Sasaki Takeshi Seyama Production company Studio Ghibli Distributed by Toho Release date 17 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 17 ) Running time 95 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Budget $23 million Box office $145.6 million Arrietty , titled The Borrower Arrietty ( Japanese : 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ , Hepburn : Kari - gurashi no Arietti ) in Japan and The Secret World of Arrietty in North America , is a 2010 Japanese animated fantasy film directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi as his feature film debut as a director , animated by Studio Ghibli for the Nippon Television Network , Dentsu , Hakuhodo DY Media Partners , Walt Disney Japan , Mitsubishi , Toho and Wild Bunch , and distributed by Toho . The novel was adapted as a screenplay by Hayao Miyazaki and Keiko Niwa , based on The Borrowers by Mary Norton , an English author of children 's books , about a family of tiny people who live secretly in the walls and floors of a typical household , borrowing items from humans to survive . The film stars the voices of Mirai Shida , Ryunosuke Kamiki , Shinobu Otake , Keiko Takeshita , Tatsuya Fujiwara , Tomokazu Miura , and Kirin Kiki , and tells the story of a young Borrower ( Shida ) befriending a human boy ( Kamiki ) , while trying to avoid being detected by the other humans . Ghibli announced the film in late 2009 with Yonebayashi making his directorial debut . Miyazaki supervised the production as a developing planner . The voice actors were approached in April 2010 , and Cécile Corbel wrote the film 's score as well as its theme song . The film was released in Japan on 17 July 2010 , Arrietty received very positive reviews , praising the animation and music . It became the highest grossing Japanese film at the Japanese box office for the year 2010 , and grossed over $145 million worldwide . The film also won the Animation of the Year award at the 34th Japan Academy Prize award ceremony . Two English language versions of the film were produced , a British dub distributed and released by StudioCanal in the United Kingdom on 29 July 2011 and an American dub released by Walt Disney Pictures in North America on 17 February 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Music 4.1 Arrietty 's Song 4.1. 1 Background 4.1. 2 Release 4.1. 3 Track listings 4.1. 4 Charts 4.2 Summertime 4.2. 1 Background 4.2. 2 Music video 4.2. 3 Track listings 4.2. 4 Charts 4.2. 5 Release history 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 7 Merchandise 7.1 Comics 7.1. 1 Volume list 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A boy named Shō tells the audience he still remembers the week in summer he spent at his mother 's childhood home with his maternal great aunt , Sadako , and the house maid , Haru . When Shō arrives at the house on the first day , he sees a cat , Niya , trying to attack something in the bushes but it gives up after it is attacked by a crow . Shō gets a glimpse of Arrietty , a young Borrower girl , returning to her home through an underground air vent . At night , Arrietty 's father , Pod , takes her on her first `` borrowing '' mission , to get sugar and tissue paper . After obtaining a sugar cube from the kitchen , they travel inside a hollow wall to a bedroom which they enter through an intriguing dollhouse with working electric lights and kitchen utensils . However , it is Shō 's bedroom ; he lies awake and sees Arrietty when she tries to take a tissue from his night table . Startled , she drops the sugar cube . Shō tries to comfort her , but Pod and Arrietty quietly leave and go home . The next day , Shō puts the sugar cube and a little note beside the air vent where he first saw Arrietty . Pod warns Arrietty not to take it because their existence must be kept secret from humans . Nevertheless , she sneaks out to visit Shō in his bedroom . She drops the sugar cube on the floor , letting him know that she is there . Without showing herself , she tells Shō to leave her family alone and that they do not need his help . On her return , Arrietty is intercepted by her father . Realizing they have been detected , Pod and his wife Homily decide that they must move out . Shō learns from Sadako that some of his ancestors had noticed the presence of Borrowers in the house and had the dollhouse custom - built for them . The Borrowers had not been seen since , however . Pod returns injured from a borrowing mission and is helped home by Spiller , a Borrower boy he met on the way . He informs them that there are other places the Borrowers could move to . While Pod is recovering , Shō removes the floorboard concealing the Borrower household and replaces their kitchen with the kitchen from the dollhouse , to show he hopes them to stay . However , the Borrowers are frightened by this and instead speed up their moving process . After Pod recovers , he goes to explore possible new living quarters . Arrietty goes to bid farewell to Shō , but in the course of the conversation he suggests to her that the Borrowers are becoming extinct . Arrietty tells him fiercely that they will not give up so easily . Shō apologises that he has forced them to move out and reveals he has had a heart condition since birth and will have an operation in a few days . The operation does not have a good chance of success . He believes that there is nothing he can do about it , saying that eventually every living thing dies . While Sadako is out , Haru notices the floorboards have been disturbed . She unearths the Borrowers ' house and captures Homily . Alerted by her mother 's screams , Arrietty leaves Shō in the garden and goes to investigate . Saddened by her departure , Shō returns to his room . Haru locks him in and calls a pest removal company to capture the other Borrowers alive . Arrietty comes to Shō for help ; they rescue Homily and he destroys all traces of the Borrowers ' presence . On their way out during the night , the Borrowers are spotted by the cat Niya . Sleepless , Shō goes into the garden for a stroll and the cat leads him to the `` river '' , where the Borrowers are waiting for Spiller to take them further . Shō gives Arrietty a sugar cube and tells her that her courage and the Borrowers ' fight for survival have made him want to live through the operation . Arrietty gives him her hair clip as a token of remembrance . The Borrowers leave in a floating teapot with Spiller . The Disney international dubbed version contains a final monologue , where Shō states that he never saw Arrietty again and returned to the home a year later , indicating that the operation had been successful . He is happy to hear rumors of objects disappearing in his neighbors ' homes . Cast ( edit ) Character Japanese voice actor English UK voice actor ( StudioCanal , 2011 ) English US voice actor ( Disney , 2012 ) Arrietty ( アリエッティ Arietti ) Mirai Shida Saoirse Ronan Bridgit Mendler Shō ( 翔 ) Ryunosuke Kamiki Tom Holland David Henrie as Shawn Homily ( ホミリー Homirī ) Shinobu Otake Olivia Colman Amy Poehler Sadako Maki ( 牧 貞子 Maki Sadako ) Keiko Takeshita Phyllida Law Gracie Poletti as Jessica Spiller ( スピラー Supirā ) Tatsuya Fujiwara Luke Allen - Gale Moisés Arias Pod ( ポッド Poddo ) Tomokazu Miura Mark Strong Will Arnett Haru ( ハル ) Kirin Kiki Geraldine McEwan Carol Burnett as Hara Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On December 16 , 2009 , Studio Ghibli announced Karigurashi no Arrietty as their film for next year . This film is based on the novel The Borrowers by the British writer Mary Norton . The novel won the Carnegie Medal for children 's literature in 1953 , and had already been adapted into two films and a TV series at the time . Studio Ghibli founders Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki had been contemplating an adaptation of this novel for around 40 years . The director of the film was announced as the animator Hiromasa Yonebayashi on the same day . Hiromasa Yonebayashi was one of the animators for the Studio Ghibli films Howl 's Moving Castle , Ponyo , and Spirited Away . He was also the reserve director for the film Tales from Earthsea . Miyazaki was announced as the production planner for the film . Casting ( edit ) The Japanese voice cast of the film was announced on April 13 , 2010 . Actress Mirai Shida was cast as the voice of Arrietty . Arrietty was Shida 's first voice acting role . In addition , Ryunosuke Kamiki , who has voiced characters in other Studio Ghibli films , including Spirited Away , and Howl 's Moving Castle was cast as Sho . Besides them , the film 's cast includes Tomokazu Miura , Shinobu Otake , Keiko Takeshita , and Kirin Kiki . The four actors have previous voice acting experience , but none of them have been in a Studio Ghibli film before . Miura and Otake were respectively cast as Arrietty 's parents Pod and Homily . In addition , Takeshita voiced Sho 's aunt and Kiki voiced one of the helpers in the human family . On January 8 , 2011 , actress and singer Bridgit Mendler was cast as Arrietty for the film 's North American release . Besides Mendler , the cast included Will Arnett , Amy Poehler , Carol Burnett , and David Henrie . The film had a different voice cast for the United Kingdom release . The cast included Saoirse Ronan , Tom Holland , Mark Strong , Olivia Colman , Phyllida Law , and Geraldine McEwan . Music ( edit ) Arrietty 's song ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Arrietty 's Song '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Promotional single by Cécile Corbel Released July 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 19 - 12 ) Format Digital download Genre Pop Length 3 : 26 Label Yamaha Music Communications Songwriter ( s ) Cécile Corbel `` Arrietty 's Song '' is a song performed by French recording artist musician Cécile Corbel . Corbel also performed the film 's theme song , `` Arrietty 's Song '' , in Japanese , English , German , Italian and Breton . Background ( edit ) Corbel became known to Ghibli filmmakers when she sent them a fan letter showing her appreciation of their films , together with a copy of her own album . After hearing the album of her music she had sent them , they thought they should collaborate with her for the music of this film . Release ( edit ) The song made its public debut in a presentation of the song by singer Corbel and percussionist Marco in Apple 's store in Shibuya , Tokyo , on 8 August 2010 . Some of the Japanese theme songs for this film , including `` Arrietty 's Song '' was first released online through the iTunes Store , mora and Musico on 19 December 2009 . Subsequently , the official album containing all of the theme songs of this film was released on 14 July 2010 . The album 's listing on the Oricon charts peaked at the 31st position . Separately , the song `` Arrietty 's Song '' was released as a singles album on 7 April 2010 . Track listings ( edit ) U.S. / Digital Download `` Arrietty 's Song '' ( Digital Download ) -- 3 : 26 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 98 Summertime ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Summertime '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Promotional single by Bridgit Mendler Released February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) Format Digital download Genre Baroque pop Length 3 : 01 Label Hollywood Songwriter ( s ) Bridgit Mendler `` Summertime '' is a song performed by American pop recording artist Bridgit Mendler for the film 's North American release . The song was released by Hollywood Records on February 2 , 2012 . Seibi - en Background ( edit ) The song premiered on Radio Disney on February 1 , with its release on iTunes on February 2 , 2012 . In an interview with Kidzworld about what the song is about , Mendler said : `` It 's not based on personal experience but I think the whole summertime , kind of cheerful , innocent thing was relatable for the movie and something they liked . The movie is about imagery and there are some good images in that song . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video premiered on Disney Channel on January 10 . It was directed by Art Spigel , director of the Disney Channel Games , and was filmed on - location at Disney Golden Oak Ranch in Los Angeles , California . Track listings ( edit ) U.S. / Digital Download `` Summertime '' ( Digital Download ) -- 3 : 19 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position US Kid Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 8 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States February 2 , 2012 Digital download Hollywood Records Release ( edit ) Arrietty was first released in Japanese cinemas on 17 July 2010 , by Japanese film distributor Toho . The film was officially released at a ceremony attended by the film 's cast and Yonebayashi . Corbel performed the film 's theme song at the event . In addition , Yonebayashi hinted that he wanted the film to beat the record of over 12 million audiences set by previous Studio Ghibli film , Ponyo . The film was screened in 447 theaters throughout Japan during its debut weekend . In the United Kingdom , the film was released on 29 July 2011 by Optimum Releasing . The film was released by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States on 17 February 2012 , with the title The Secret World of Arrietty . The North American dub was directed by Gary Rydstrom , produced by Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy and written by Karey Kirkpatrick . A screening of the North American release was held on 21 January 2012 in New York City . The film opened in least 1,522 screens during its general release . Home Media ( edit ) Arrietty was released as part of the Studio Ghibli Collection by Disney Japan in both Blu - ray Disc and DVD formats within Japan . The DVD version of the film consists of two discs in the region 2 format . The Blu - ray version consists of a single disc in the Region A format . Both versions were released in Japan on 17 June 2011 , and both contain English and Japanese subtitles . StudioCanal ( previously known as Optimum Releasing ) released the movie on both region 2 DVD and region B Blu - Ray format in the United Kingdom on 9 January 2012 . A DVD / Blu - Ray Double Play `` Collector 's Edition '' was also released , featuring art cards . The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD and as a Blu - ray and DVD combo pack on 22 May 2012 in North America . GKIDS was re-issued the movie on Blu - ray & DVD on November 21 , 2017 under a new deal with Studio Ghibli . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Arrietty earned $19,202,743 in North America and $126,368,084 in other territories for a worldwide total of $145,570,827 . It is the 4th highest - grossing anime film in the United States , and the highest not based on a game franchise . Arrietty debuted at the first position in the Japanese box office . More than one million people went to see the film during its opening weekend . It grossed around 1.35 billion yen that weekend . Distributor Toho announced that as of August 5 , 2010 , the film managed to gross more than 3.5 billion yen and attracted more than 3.7 million viewers . According to the Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan , Arrietty is the top grossing Japanese film in their box office for the year for 2010 ; it grossed approximately 9.25 billion yen ( $110.0 million ) . In France , the film was well received by the public . More than 100,000 people watched the film on its debut week in France , allowing the film to gross more than US $1.4 million that week . Overall , ticket sales for Arrietty , le petit monde des chapardeurs in France totaled almost 740,000 between its release on January 12 , 2011 , and March 1 , 2011 . In the United Kingdom , the film generated £ 76,000 ( $120,232 ) in its first weekend . In North America , Arrietty opened on 1,522 theaters , a record for a Studio Ghibli film . The film opened in ninth place with $6.45 million during the 3 - day President 's Day weekend and went on to earn $8.68 million during the 4 - day weekend , behind the 3D release of Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace . This was the largest opening ever for a Studio Ghibli film ( beating Ponyo 's $3.6 million ) . The film also scored the best weekend per - theater average in North America for the studio ( $4,235 against Ponyo 's $3,868 ) . Arrietty closed in theaters on June 8 , 2012 with $19 million . In total earnings , its highest grossing countries outside Japan and North America were France ( $7.01 million ) , South Korea ( $6.86 million ) and Hong Kong ( $1.75 million ) . Critical reception ( edit ) Arrietty has received very positive reviews from film critics ; Rotten Tomatoes sampled 143 reviews and judged 94 % of them to be positive . Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score , rated the film 80 out of 100 based on 28 reviews . Cristoph Mark of The Daily Yomiuri praised the film , calling it `` likely a perennial favorite among children '' . He particularly liked the film effects , which he described as `` Drops of water loom large and drip like syrup ; the ticking of a clock reverberates through the floor and the theater 's speakers ; tissue paper is large and stiff ... '' , adding that these effects gives the audience `` a glimpse into their own world , but from a different perspective '' . Mark Schilling of The Japan Times gave the film a rating of four out of five stars , and said that the film `` speaks straight to the heart and imagination of ( everyone ) . '' Schilling also praised the film 's animation , saying that ( Studio Ghibli animators ) are past masters at creating the illusion of presence and depth without ( 3 - D effects ) . However , he also said that some scenes in the film `` threatens to devolve into the sappy , the preachy , and the slapsticky '' but noted that these scenes were `` mercifully brief '' . Steve Rose , the reviewer for The Guardian , gave the film four out of five stars , describing it as `` a gentle and entrancing tale , deeper and richer than more instantly gratifying fare . '' Rose also described the film as `` the soul food of the animation world , '' however , he did note that this film `` does n't match previous hits such as Spirited Away or Princess Mononoke in terms of epic scale or adult appeal '' , even though it bears many of their hallmarks : bright , detailed animation ... '' Deborah Young of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review of the film . She said that the film `` remains essentially a film for children '' . Young later went on to say that the relationship with Sho and Arrietty `` touches the heartstrings with gentle yearning '' , and praised Yonebayashi for its direction . In the opening remarks made by David Gritten of The Telegraph , he said that the film was `` ravishingly colourful and textured '' . He also praised the animation , saying that `` animation does n't get better than Arrietty . '' Gritten gave the film a rating of 4 stars out of 5 stars . In his review for Special Broadcasting Service , Don Groves gave a mixed review of the film and said that Arrietty was a `` very slender , minor work . '' Groves also criticized the film 's storyline , calling it `` a gentle , humourless , uncomplicated tale of friendship in an alien environment . '' However , he praised the voice acting as `` generally is as professional as ( one would ) expect . '' Groves gave the film a rating of 3.5 stars out of 5 stars . Zac Bertschy of Anime News Network gave the North American version of Arrietty an overall grade of `` B '' . Bertschy praised the voice acting in the film and also praised the intricate details of the film 's backgrounds , but said that `` there is n't more going on here , even when it comes to the film 's basic story '' , however , he later went on to say that it is `` foolish to deny the simple , warm , and familiar pleasures of Arrietty 's world '' . Leslie Felperin of Variety praised the film as `` old school , mostly in a good way . '' She also praised the film for its animation , as well as Yonebayashi 's direction . Felperin noted however , that the film lacked its `` approach to storytelling that made Studio Ghibli 's other ( films ) so compelling . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the film for its hand - drawn animation and Yonebayashi 's direction . Dargis later went on to say that the film has `` a way of taking ( the audience ) where ( they ) may not expect . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described the film as `` beautiful , gentle and pure '' . Turan also praised the detail and animation in the film , as well as its storyline . He also praised Karey Kirkpatrick and Gary Rydstrom for their adaptation of the film , as well as their casting decisions for the British and North American versions . Lisa Schwarzbaum , the reviewer for Entertainment Weekly , gave the film a `` B + '' and praised Arrietty for its animation . Schwarzbaum later went on to say that the result is a `` dreamy , soft - edge hybrid , equally interested in observing raindrops and the worries of a race of minuscule beings . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result 2011 34th Japan Academy Prize Animation of the Year Won 10th Tokyo Anime Awards Animation of the Year Won 2012 25th Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated 14th Golden Tomato Awards Best Reviewed Animated Film Won 16th Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated 10th International Cinephile Society Awards Best Animated Feature Won 13th Golden Trailer Awards Best Anime Trailer Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Trailer Park Won Best Foreign Animation / Family Trailer Studio Canal The Films Editors Won The Don LaFontaine Award for Best Voice Over Studio Canal Won Best Foreign Animation / Family Trailer Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Trailer Park Nominated 2013 21st MovieGuide Awards Best Film for Families Nominated Merchandise ( edit ) Comics ( edit ) Arrietty was adapted into a Japanese manga series . This manga adaptation was first published by Tokuma Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. within Japan , and was released in four separate volumes . Viz Media released the English version of this manga adaptation of the film within North America in January 2012 . Volume list ( edit ) No . Japan release date Japan ISBN North America release date North America ISBN August 7 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4197701544 February 7 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 4116 - 5 August 31 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4197701551 February 7 , 2012 ISBN 1 - 4215 - 4117 - 3 September 8 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4197701568 -- -- September 25 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4197701575 -- -- References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret World of Arrietty ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret World of Arriettys '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Studio Ghibli 's Next Film Adapts Mary Norton 's The Borrowers ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan Report for Year 2010 '' . Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan , Inc. ( in Japanese ) . January 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 第 34 回 日本 アカデミー 賞 優秀 賞 ( in Japanese ) . Japan Academy Prize . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 「 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ 」 登場 人物 ( The Borrower Arrietty Characters ) ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ghibli 's Arrietty to Have Different Dub Casts in U.S. , U.K. '' Anime News Network . June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Additional Arrietty U.S. Dub Cast Members Named '' . Anime News Network . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arietty U.S. Dub 's Lead Actress Bridgit Mendler Named '' . Anime News Network . January 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : ジブリ 新作 「 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ 」 来 夏 公開 新人 監督 で 英文 学 映画 化 ( in Japanese ) . eiga.com . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 志田 未来 & 神木 隆之 介 「 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ 」 に 声優 出演 ( in Japanese ) . eiga.com. April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 『 アリエッティ 』 フランス 人 歌手 ・ セシル が 渋谷 アップル ストア に 登場 ( in Japanese ) . cinemacafe . August 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ スタジオ ジブリ の 最新 作 は 『 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ 』 2010 年 夏 公開 ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ サウンド トラック profile on Oricon '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arrietty 's Song profile on Oricon '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arrietty 's Song ( Theme Song from The Secret World Of Arrietty ) - Single by Cecile Corbel '' . iTunes . February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot 100 2010 / 04 / 26 '' . Billboard Japan . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrietty U.S Dub 's `` Summertime '' Music Video Previewed `` . Anime News Network . February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bridgit Mendler is `` Arrietty '' . Kidzworld.com ( 2012 - 05 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Summertime ( from `` The Secret World of Arrietty '' ) -- Single by Bridgit Mendler `` . iTunes . February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bridgit Mendler - Kids Songs on Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ on moviewalker '' . moviewalker ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 志田 未来 、 アリエッティ の よう な 赤 ワンピース で 笑顔 ! 鈴木 P は 『 ポニョ 』 超え 狙う '' ( in Japanese ) . cinemacafe. 17 July 2010 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ : 「 100 億 円 超え 確実 」 の スタート 公開 3 日 で 100 万 人 超 . Mainichi Shimbun Digital Co. Ltd ( in Japanese ) . July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` News : Arrietty 's U.S. Theatrical Run Set for February 2012 '' . Anime News Network . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arrietty Preview Screening to Be Held in NYC on January 21 '' . Anime News Network . January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Daniel ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` The Secret World of Arrietty to open on 1200 Screens '' . Ghibli Blog . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ ( The Borrower Arrietty ) ( in Japanese ) . The Walt Disney Company ( Japan ) . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrietty '' . Studio Canal . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Three Studio Ghibli Films on Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Gkids , Studio Ghibli Ink Home Entertainment Deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anime '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Japan Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box - office du film sur Allociné '' . AlloCiné ( in French ) . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo France Gross '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter 's Deathly Hallows creeps up on Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . August 2 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ponyo '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret World of Arrietty -- Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Decent Debuts for ' This Means War , ' ' Arrietty ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret World of Arrietty ( 2012 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret World of Arrietty '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret World of Arrietty '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mark , Cristoph ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` The tiniest of details : Ghibli , MOT explore diminutive world of Arrietty and her family of ' Borrowers ' '' . The Daily Yomiuri . Japan . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schilling , Mark ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Kari - Gurashi no Arrietty ( The Borrowers ) ' '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Steve ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Arrietty -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Deborah ( April 11 , 2010 ) . `` Arrietty -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gritten , David ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Arrietty , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Groves , Don ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Arrietty '' . SBS Film . Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bertschy , Zac ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` The Secret World of Arrietty -- Review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Arrietty '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , Manohla ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Movie Review -- The Secret World of Arrietty '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` The Secret World of Arrietty : Movie Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Newspaper . Retrieved February 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Secret World of Arrietty Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arrietty Wins Tokyo Anime Fair 's Top Award & 4 More '' . Anime News Network . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Golden Tomato Awards '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Cinephile Society Awards '' . iMDb.com . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Golden Trailer Awards '' . goldentrailer.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movieguide ® Awards - Semifinalists ! '' . movieguide.org . Movieguide Awards . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : フィルム ・ コミック 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ 1 ( Film Comic The Borrower Arrietty , Vol. 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Tokuma Shoten . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : Viz Adds Film Comics for Ghibli 's Arrietty Movie '' . Anime News Network . May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret World of Arrietty ( Film Comic ) Vol. 1 '' . Viz Media , Inc . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ フィルム ・ コミック 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ 2 ( Film Comic The Borrower Arrietty , Vol. 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Tokuma Shoten . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret World of Arrietty ( Film Comic ) Vol. 2 '' . Viz Media , Inc . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ フィルム ・ コミック 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ 3 ( Film Comic The Borrower Arrietty , Vol. 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . Tokuma Shoten . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ フィルム ・ コミック 借り ぐらし の アリエッティ 4 ( Film Comic The Borrower Arrietty , Vol. 4 ) ( in Japanese ) . Tokuma Shoten . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arrietty . Official website Arrietty ( film ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Arrietty on IMDb Arrietty at The Big Cartoon DataBase Arrietty at Box Office Mojo Arrietty at Rotten Tomatoes Arrietty at Metacritic <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi <Td_colspan="2"> Arrietty ( 2010 ) When Marnie Was There ( 2014 ) Mary and the Witch 's Flower ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Studio Ghibli People Founders Hayao Miyazaki Toshio Suzuki Isao Takahata Others Joe Hisaishi Katsuya Kondō Yoshifumi Kondō Kitarō Kōsaka Gorō Miyazaki Yoshiaki Nishimura Kazuo Oga Yasuo Ōtsuka Yoshinori Kanada Hiromasa Yonebayashi Films Feature films Castle in the Sky My Neighbor Totoro Grave of the Fireflies Kiki 's Delivery Service Only Yesterday Porco Rosso Ocean Waves Pom Poko Whisper of the Heart Princess Mononoke My Neighbors the Yamadas Spirited Away The Cat Returns Howl 's Moving Castle Tales from Earthsea Ponyo Arrietty From Up on Poppy Hill The Wind Rises The Tale of the Princess Kaguya When Marnie Was There How Do You Live ? Short films Nandarō On Your Mark Ghiblies Ghiblies Episode 2 Imaginary Flying Machines The Whale Hunt Koro 's Big Day Out Mei and the Kittenbus Looking for a Home The Day I Harvested a Planet The Night of Taneyamagahara Water Spider Monmon Iblard Jikan A Sumo Wrestler 's Tail Mr. Dough and the Egg Princess Video Games Jade Cocoon : Story of the Tamamayu Jade Cocoon 2 Magic Pengel : The Quest for Color Ni no Kuni Dominion of the Dark Djinn Wrath of the White Witch Other productions Shiki - Jitsu ( Studio Kajino ) Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence Ronja , the Robber 's Daughter The Red Turtle Related articles Catbus Ghibli Museum Ghibli Museum Library The Kingdom of Dreams and Madness Mary and the Witch 's Flower Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind Nausicaa.net Studio Kajino Studio Ponoc Susuwatari Topcraft <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Portal Works <Th_colspan="2"> Hayao Miyazaki ( works ) Films directed and written Feature The Castle of Cagliostro ( 1979 ) Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind ( 1984 ) Castle in the Sky ( 1986 ) My Neighbor Totoro ( 1988 ) Kiki 's Delivery Service ( 1989 ) Porco Rosso ( 1992 ) Princess Mononoke ( 1997 ) Spirited Away ( 2001 ) Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2004 ) Ponyo ( 2008 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) How Do You Live ? ( TBA ) Short On Your Mark ( 1995 ) Kujiratori ( 2001 ) Koro no Daisanpo ( 2002 ) Imaginary Flying Machines ( 2002 ) Looking for a Home ( 2006 ) Hoshi o Katta Hi ( 2006 ) Mizugumo Monmon ( 2006 ) Pandane to Tamago Hime ( 2010 ) Films written Panda ! Go , Panda ! ( 1972 ) Whisper of the Heart ( 1995 ) Arrietty ( 2010 ) From Up on Poppy Hill ( 2011 ) TV directed and / or written Lupin the Third Part I ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Future Boy Conan ( 1978 ) Lupin the Third Part II ( 1980 ) Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Nadia : The Secret of Blue Water ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Manga The Wonderful World of Puss ' n Boots Sabaku no Tami Animal Treasure Island Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind The Journey of Shuna Hikōtei Jidai Hayao Miyazaki 's Daydream Data Notes The Wind Rises Related Gorō Miyazaki ( son ) Katsuji Miyazaki ( father ) Studio Ghibli Isao Takahata <Th_colspan="2"> The Borrowers by Mary Norton Novels The Borrowers The Borrowers Afield The Borrowers Afloat The Borrowers Aloft The Borrowers Avenged Adaptations The Borrowers ( 1973 ) The Borrowers ( TV ) ( 1992 ) The Return of the Borrowers ( 1993 ) The Borrowers ( 1997 ) Arrietty ( 2010 ) The Borrowers ( 2011 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> The Girl Who Leapt Through Time ( 2006 ) Tekkon Kinkreet ( 2007 ) Ponyo ( 2008 ) Summer Wars ( 2009 ) The Secret World of Arrietty ( 2010 ) From Up on Poppy Hill ( 2011 ) Wolf Children ( 2012 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) Stand by Me Doraemon ( 2014 ) The Boy and the Beast ( 2015 ) In This Corner of the World ( 2016 ) The Night Is Short , Walk on Girl ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tokyo Anime Award for Animation of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED ( 2004 ) Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2005 ) Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( 2006 ) The Girl Who Leapt Through Time ( 2007 ) Evangelion : 1.0 You Are ( Not ) Alone ( 2008 ) Ponyo ( 2009 ) Summer Wars ( 2010 ) The Secret World of Arrietty ( 2011 ) From Up on Poppy Hill ( 2012 ) Wolf Children ( 2013 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) Attack on Titan ( 2014 ) Ping Pong the Animation ( 2015 ) Love Live ! The School Idol Movie ( 2016 ) Shirobako ( 2016 ) A Silent Voice ( 2016 ) Yuri on Ice ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrietty&oldid=844932141 '' Categories : 2010 films Japanese - language films 2010 anime films 2010s fantasy films Animated films based on novels Children 's animated films Children 's fantasy films Directorial debut films Fantasy anime and manga Feminist anime and manga Films based on British novels Films based on fantasy novels Films directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi Films set in Japan Films produced by Nippon Television Hayao Miyazaki Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year winners Japanese animated fantasy films Japanese films Studio Ghibli animated films The Borrowers Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from June 2012 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 05 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Arrietty - Japanese animated fantasy film
2. The Borrowers - Children's book by Mary Norton
3. Studio Ghibli - Production company
4. Hayao Miyazaki - Screenplay writer
5. Box office success - Grossed over $145 million worldwide |
-2,685,242,047,202,380,000 | to enter a remain in service south africa | South African Labour law - Wikipedia South African Labour law hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( January 2014 ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( February 2014 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . 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Contents 1 History 2 Constitution 3 Employment contract 3.1 Parties 3.1. 1 Identification 3.1. 2 Common law 3.1. 3 Statutes 3.1. 4 Courts 3.1. 4.1 Control test 3.1. 4.2 Organisation test 3.1. 4.3 Multiple or dominant - impression test 3.1. 4.4 Productive capacity test 3.1. 4.5 Differences between employees and independent contractors 3.1. 4.6 Labour Relations Act 1995 s 200A 3.1. 5 Essentials 3.1. 5.1 Agreement 3.1. 5.2 Work 3.1. 5.3 Remuneration 3.1. 5.4 Reciprocity 3.1. 5.5 Summary 3.1. 6 Duties 3.1. 6.1 Employer 3.1. 6.1. 1 Receipt into service 3.1. 6.1. 2 Payment 3.1. 6.1. 3 Safe and healthy working conditions 3.1. 6.1. 4 Remedies 3.1. 6.2 Employee 3.1. 6.2. 1 Entering and remaining in service 3.1. 6.2. 2 Reasonable efficiency 3.1. 6.2. 3 Furthering employer 's business interests 3.1. 6.2. 4 Respect and obedience 3.1. 6.2. 5 Refraining from misconduct generally 3.1. 6.2. 6 Remedies 4 Basic employment rights 4.1 Minimum Wage 4.2 Hours 4.2. 1 Overtime 4.2. 2 Sundays 4.2. 3 Public holiday 4.2. 4 Meal intervals 4.2. 5 Weekly rest periods 4.2. 6 Sick leave 4.2. 7 Maternity leave 4.2. 8 Family - responsibility leave 4.2. 9 Remuneration 4.2. 10 Variations 5 Unfair labour practices 5.1 Scope of protection 5.2 Exhaustive list 5.3 Promotion and demotion 5.3. 1 Basic principles 5.3. 1.1 Meaning 5.3. 1.2 Unfairness 5.3. 1.3 Remedies 5.3. 2 Probation 5.3. 3 Provision of benefits 5.3. 4 Training 5.3. 5 Unfair suspensions 5.3. 6 Other disciplinary action short of dismissal 5.3. 7 Failure or refusal to reinstate 5.3. 8 Protected disclosures 5.3. 9 Resolution of disputes 6 Discrimination law 6.1 Harassment 6.1. 1 Sexual harassment 6.1. 1.1 Employer liability 6.1. 1.2 Other remedies 6.1. 2 Medical testing 6.1. 2.1 HIV / AIDS 6.1. 3 Disputes about discrimination 6.1. 4 Affirmative Action 6.1. 4.1 Designated employers 6.1. 4.2 Employment - equity plans 6.1. 4.3 Enforcement 6.1. 4.3. 1 Self - regulation 6.1. 4.3. 2 Administrative procedures 6.1. 4.3. 3 Court action 6.1. 4.3. 4 State contracts 7 Job security 7.1 Common law 7.2 International Labour Organisation 7.3 Labour Relations Act 7.3. 1 Unfair dismissal 7.3. 1.1 Termination of the employment contract 7.3. 1.2 Failure to renew fixed - term contract 7.3. 1.3 Dismissal for reasons relating to pregnancy 7.3. 1.4 Selective re-employment 7.3. 1.5 Constructive dismissal 7.3. 1.6 Transfer of employment contracts 7.4 Automatically unfair dismissal 7.4. 1 Section 187 of the LRA 7.4. 2 What constitutes an automatically unfair dismissal ? 7.4. 3 Dismissals contrary to Section 5 7.4. 4 Strike dismissals 7.4. 5 Dismissal to compel employee to accept demand in mutual - interest dispute 7.4. 6 Insubordination 7.4. 7 Pregnancy dismissals 7.4. 7.1 Fair dismissal 7.5 Discipline and dismissal for misconduct 7.5. 1 Origin of employer 's right to discipline 7.5. 2 Discipline and common law 7.5. 3 The Code and employer 's right to discipline 7.5. 4 Form and content of disciplinary codes of conduct 7.5. 4.1 Form 7.5. 4.2 Content 7.5. 5 Corrective or progressive discipline 7.5. 6 Substantive fairness of dismissal for misconduct 7.5. 7 Contravention of rule by employee 7.5. 7.1 Did the rule exist ? 7.5. 7.2 Was there a contravention of the rule ? 7.5. 7.3 Validity and Reasonableness of the Rule 7.5. 7.4 Employee 's knowledge of rule 7.5. 7.5 Consistent application of rule 7.5. 8 Dismissal as Appropriate Sanction 7.5. 8.1 Gravity of misconduct 7.5. 8.2 Circumstances of infringement 7.5. 8.3 The Nature of the Employee 's Job 7.5. 8.4 Employee 's circumstances 7.5. 8.5 Other employees dismissed for same offence 7.5. 9 Procedural fairness of dismissal for misconduct 7.5. 9.1 Elements of procedural fairness 7.5. 9.1. 1 Investigation 7.5. 9.1. 2 Notice of charge and investigation 7.5. 9.1. 3 Reasonable time to prepare response 7.5. 9.1. 4 Employee entitled to state case in response 7.5. 9.1. 5 Employee entitled to assistance 7.5. 9.1. 6 Decision 7.5. 9.1. 7 Communicating decision 7.5. 9.1. 8 Employee to be informed of reason for dismissal 7.5. 9.1. 9 Appeal 7.5. 9.1. 10 Dispensing with pre-dismissal procedures 7.6 Dismissal for incapacity 7.6. 1 Poor work performance 7.6. 2 Employees on probation 7.6. 3 Poor - work - performance dismissals after probation 7.6. 4 Setting standards and assessment 7.6. 5 Senior managers 7.6. 6 Failure to meet the standards required by regulatory body 7.6. 7 Assessment and evaluation by employer 7.6. 8 Consultation process 7.6. 9 Dismissal as last resort 7.6. 10 Incompatibility 7.6. 11 Ill health or injury 7.6. 11.1 Substantive and procedural fairness 7.6. 11.2 Disability 7.7 Dismissal for operational requirements 7.7. 1 Context 7.7. 2 Employer 's similar needs 7.7. 3 Changes to employee 's terms and conditions of employment 7.7. 4 Incompatibility and related reasons 7.7. 5 Breakdown in the trust relationship 7.7. 6 Substantive issues 7.7. 6.1 Real reasons and increases in profits 7.7. 6.2 Large - scale Dismissals 7.7. 6.2. 1 `` Economic , technological , structural or similar needs '' 7.7. 6.2. 2 `` Operationally justifiable on rational grounds '' 7.7. 6.2. 3 `` Proper consideration of alternatives '' 7.7. 6.2. 4 `` Selection criteria were fair and objective '' 7.7. 7 Courts ' changing views 7.7. 8 Procedural aspects 7.7. 8.1 Consultation process 7.7. 8.2 Consultation topics 7.7. 8.2. 1 Measures to avoid dismissals 7.7. 8.2. 2 Measures to minimize the number of dismissals 7.7. 8.2. 3 Measures to change the timing of the dismissals 7.7. 8.2. 4 Measures to mitigate the adverse effects of the dismissals 7.7. 8.2. 5 Criteria for dismissal and severance pay 7.7. 8.3 Written Disclosure of Information 7.7. 8.4 Representations and consideration of representations 7.7. 8.5 Selection criteria 7.7. 8.5. 1 Seniority 7.7. 8.5. 2 Conduct 7.7. 8.5. 3 Efficiency , ability , skills , capacity , experience , attitude to work and productivity 7.7. 8.5. 4 Attendance 7.7. 8.5. 5 Bumping 7.7. 8.5. 6 Retirement 7.7. 8.5. 7 Volunteers 7.7. 8.6 Severance Pay 7.7. 9 Large - scale dismissal by big employer 7.7. 9.1 Facilitation option 7.7. 9.2 Non-facilitation option 7.7. 10 Resolution of disputes 7.7. 11 Dismissal of strikers 7.8 Closures , mergers and sales of businesses 7.8. 1 Common law 7.8. 2 LRA 7.8. 2.1 Original s 197 7.8. 2.2 New s 197 7.8. 2.2. 1 `` Transfer '' 7.8. 2.2. 2 `` As a Going Concern '' 7.8. 2.2. 3 Outsourcing 7.8. 2.2. 4 General rules 7.8. 2.2. 5 Exceptions 7.8. 2.2. 6 Insolvency 8 Collective labour law 8.1 History 8.1. 1 Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1924 ) 8.1. 2 Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1937 ) 8.1. 3 Botha Commission 8.1. 4 Wiehahn Commission 8.1. 5 Labour Relations Act ( 1995 ) 8.2 Sources 8.2. 1 Common law 8.2. 2 Constitution 8.2. 3 Labour Relations Act 8.3 Freedom of association 8.3. 1 Freedom not to associate and freedom to dissociate 8.3. 2 Dispute resolution 8.3. 3 Union security arrangements 8.3. 3.1 Agency - shop agreements 8.3. 3.2 Closed - shop agreements 8.3. 3.3 Distinction 8.3. 3.4 Controversy 8.3. 3.5 Dispute resolution 8.4 Organisational rights 8.4. 1 Purpose 8.4. 2 Registration 8.4. 2.1 Prerequisite 8.4. 2.2 Procedure 8.4. 2.3 Specific rights 8.4. 2.3. 1 Access to the workplace 8.4. 2.3. 2 Deduction of union fees 8.4. 2.3. 3 Election of shop stewards 8.4. 2.3. 4 Time off for trade - union activities 8.4. 2.3. 5 Disclosure of information 8.4. 3 Different levels of representativeness by unions for different rights 8.4. 3.1 Majority representation 8.4. 3.2 Sufficient representation 8.4. 3.3 `` Workplace '' 8.4. 3.4 Thresholds 8.4. 4 Acquisition of organisational rights 8.4. 4.1 Through collective agreement 8.4. 4.2 Through membership of a bargaining council 8.4. 4.3 Through s 21 procedure 8.4. 4.4 Through strike action 8.4. 5 Dispute resolution for organisational rights 8.5 Collective bargaining 8.5. 1 Bargaining fora 8.5. 2 Duty to bargain 8.5. 3 Bargaining agents 8.5. 4 Levels of bargaining 8.5. 5 Disputes requiring bargaining council to resolve 8.5. 6 Collective agreements 8.5. 6.1 Requirements 8.5. 6.1. 1 In writing 8.5. 6.1. 2 Registration 8.5. 6.1. 3 Content 8.5. 6.2 Binding effect 8.5. 6.3 Contracts of employment 8.5. 6.4 Termination 8.6 Workplace fora 8.6. 1 Consultation 8.6. 2 Joint decision making 8.6. 3 Matters for consultation 8.6. 4 Matters for joint decision making 8.7 Industrial action 8.7. 1 Hurdles in the way of protected industrial action 8.7. 1.1 Compliance with definition of `` strike '' or `` lock - out '' 8.7. 1.1. 1 Definition of a strike 8.7. 1.1. 2 Definition of a lock - out 8.7. 1.2 Procedural requirements for protection of strikes and lock - outs in terms of section 64 8.7. 1.2. 1 The issue in dispute 8.7. 1.2. 2 Certificate of outcome 8.7. 1.2. 3 Prescribed notice 9 See also 9.1 Cases 9.2 Legislation 10 Notes 11 References History ( edit ) Main article : History of South African labour law The Native Labour Regulations Act 1911 prohibited strikes by trade unions , introduced wage ceilings and a pass system for moving around jobs . Over 70,000 Chinese labourers were brought in , and used by landowners to undercut the wages of other workers . Among white workers , there was significant unrest , and major strikes took place in 1907 , 1913 , 1914 and 1922 For a period of sixteen years , from 1979 to 1995 , several critical developments occurred in the field of labour law in South Africa , beginning with a radical change in the first of these years , when a significant Commission of Enquiry was held , resulting in the establishment of an Industrial Court , which was given extensive powers to mould , change , shape and develop the law . Prior to 1995 , most labour relations were based on contracts . In 1995 , much of the law developed by the Commission and the Industrial Court was put together in the Labour Relations Act 1995 ( LRA ) . Since then , most labour law has been based on statute . Prior to 1995 , an employee could be dismissed in terms of the contract of employment , which could permit any reason for dismissal . Since 1995 , an employee may be dismissed only for misconduct , operational reasons and incapacity . The Labour Relations Act 1995 is a pivotal piece of legislation , as it recognises the need for fast and easy access to justice in labour disputes . The Industrial Court had the status of a High Court , and therefore was not accessible to all labourers . 1995 also saw the introduction of the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration ( CCMA ) which is an administrative tribunal . The Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration endeavours first and foremost to conciliate between the parties . If it is unsuccessful in this , the matter moves on to arbitration . The entire process is very informal , and at no charge , and is therefore very accessible to labourers , who often utilise it : About 300 new cases are brought before the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration daily . In addition to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration , 1995 saw the introduction of bargaining councils , which allow for communication across the industry . A bargaining council is organised collectively and voluntarily , and must be registered . In order to be registered , an alternative - dispute - resolution mechanism , similar to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration , must be put in place . The Labour Relations Act 1995 also regulated the issue of fairness , not only in termination but during employment , too . In 1998 , however , most of the law on unfair labour practices was removed from the Labour Relations Act 1995 and put into the Employment Equity Act ( EEA ) . The EEA also deals with issues such as fairness regarding a worker 's human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) status or disability , as well as the issue of affirmative action . The Basic Conditions of Employment Act ( BCEA ) , the Health and Safety Acts and the Skills Development Act , must be read with the EEA . The Skills Development Act provides that a small percentage of a labourer 's salary must be contributed to the Department of Labour , enabling certain workshops to be run which are designed to develop skills . Constitution ( edit ) Chapter 2 of the Constitution contains several provisions of relevance to employment and labour law : the right to equality protection of dignity protection against servitude , forced labour and discrimination the right to pursue a livelihood and protection for children against exploitative labour practices and work that is hazardous to their well - being . It is important to interpret all labour legislation in light of the Constitution . Section 23 of the Constitution deals specifically with labour relations , providing that everyone has the right to fair labour practices , and specifically the right to form and join a trade union ; to participate in the activities and programmes of a trade union ; and to strike Every employer , meanwhile , has the right to form and join an employers ' organisation ; and to participate in the activities and programmes of an employers ' organisation . Every trade union and every employers ' organisation has the right to determine its own administration , programmes and activities to organise and to form and join a federation Finally , every trade union , employers ' organisation and employer has the right to engage in collective bargaining . Section 23 ( 1 ) is an unusual provision -- only South Africa and Malawi expressly protect the right to fair labour practices -- as it is so broad and overarching . An exact definition of fair labour practices is impossible , since this is a dynamic field of the law , rooted in socioeconomic rights . Section 23 ( 1 ) refers to `` everyone , '' encompassing far more than merely employees and workers ; it also includes would - be workers , employers and juristic persons . Section 23 is not entirely universal , however , as soldiers are excluded from its ambit insofar as they may not strike at a time of war . The Labour Relations Act was promulgated as the `` national legislation '' referred to in subsections 23 ( 5 ) and 23 ( 6 ) , which provide respectively that `` national legislation may be enacted to regulate collective bargaining , '' and that `` national legislation may recognise union security arrangements contained in collective agreements . '' Both subsections stipulate that , to the extent that such legislation may limit one of the rights in section 23 , the limitation must comply with section 36 ( 1 ) , the limitations clause of the Constitution . The current Basic Conditions of Employment Act is also designed to give effect to the right to fair labour practices . Both Acts are bolstered by the EEA , which replicates the equality clause in the Constitution in its totality , adding that one may not discriminate on the basis of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) status . The general guarantee of fair labour practices has far - reaching effects on the civil courts ' approach to the interpretation of the rights of parties to employment contracts . All courts are enjoined , when applying and developing the common law , to have due regard to the spirit , purport and objects of the Bill of Rights . This calls for a reconsideration of some of the assumptions underlying the common - law contract of employment , in particular the employer 's power of command and unfettered rights in respect of promotion and dismissal . Furthermore , the labour courts ' judgments on such contentious issues as the dismissal of striking workers are subject to review by the Constitutional Court , so long as the applicants have exhausted the procedures available to them under the labour legislation . In NUMSA v Bader Bop , the Constitutional Court overturned a decision of the Labour Appeal Court which restrictively interpreted the Labour Relations Act 1995 . The court recognised the necessity of collective bargaining and bargaining councils which facilitate the establishment of trade unions . The court held that minority unions may not strike in support of demands for organisational rights reserved in the Act for majority unions . In NEHAWU v University of Cape Town , the Constitutional Court overturned another decision of the Labour Appeal Court which restrictively interpreted the Labour Relations Act 1995 . It had been argued that the term `` everyone '' did not include a university or a company , but the court held otherwise . Furthermore , the court ruled that , under the original section 197 of the Labour Relations Act 1995 , contracts of employment transferred automatically when businesses were transferred , irrespective of the wishes of the employers . SANDU v Minister of Defence , another Constitutional Court , case Judge O'Reagan dealt with the concept of a `` worker , '' and held that , although the Labour Relations Act 1995 does not apply to South African National Defense Force ( SANDF ) members , they are still `` workers '' in terms of the Constitution , which protects the rights of every person in South Africa . Employment contract ( edit ) Parties ( edit ) Identification ( edit ) The first question to be asked , when seeking to resolve any labour law problem , is whether the parties are indeed `` employees '' and `` employers '' within the meaning of the applicable statute or the common law . This has long been a difficult task in South Africa , as it is not always immediately apparent whether the parties have entered into the locatio conductio operarum ( contract of employment ) or merely the locatio conductio operis ( contract of work ) . Distinguishing between these two kinds of contracts is critically important , as different legal consequences flow from the various forms of contract . Most important is that South African labour legislation applies only in respect of employees , who are entitled to social security benefits and have access to the statutory mechanisms if they wish to seek remedies for violations of their employment rights . Similarly , only employers are bound by the labour statutes , and are vicariously liable for the delicts of their employees . Common law ( edit ) The first source to be examined , when seeking to determine whether parties to a work relationship are employers and employees , is the contract into which they have entered . A contract of employment comes into existence when the parties conclude an agreement that conforms to the requirements of the locatio conductio operarum . The contract of employment is traditionally defined as `` a contract between two persons , the master ( employer ) and the servant ( employee ) , for the letting and hiring of the latter 's services for reward , the master being able to supervise and control the servant 's work . '' This , however , begs the question of how much supervision or control is required to distinguish between employees and independent contractors . Reported judgments have indicated that the task of distinguishing employees and employers from parties to other contractual relationships entailing the provision of work , or the rendering of services , is not a matter of definition ; classification of such contracts is a `` matter of substance , not merely of form . '' The true nature of the contract , therefore , is determined from the relationship between the parties , not merely the label the parties have given their contract . Statutes ( edit ) Statutory definitions do not resolve the problem . `` Employee '' is defined in section 213 of the Labour Relations Act 1995 as `` any person excluding an independent contractor , who works for another person or for the State , and who receives , or is entitled to receive , any remuneration ; and `` any other person who in any manner assists in carrying on or conducting the business of an employer ; '' in section 1 of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act in exactly the same words ; but in section 1 of the EEA as `` any person other than an independent contractor who `` works for another person or for the State and who receives , or is entitled to receive , any remuneration ; and `` in any manner assists in carrying on or conducting the business of an employer . '' The difference between the Labour Relations Act 1995 and the EEA is that the Labour Relations Act 1995 excludes independent contractors only in section 213 ( a ) , while the EEA excludes independent contractors in both subsections . It is safe , however , to assume that even from the second part of the definition of an `` employee , '' as it appears in the Labour Relations Act 1995 or the Basic Conditions of Employment Act , independent contractors are implicitly excluded . At the core of subsection ( a ) of both definitions lies a reference to the contract of employment : one person working for another in exchange for some form of remuneration . The basic idea behind subsection ( b ) of both definitions is that employees are those people who place their capacity to work at the disposal of others . This is the essence of employment . The case of Liberty Life Association of Africa v Niselow reiterates the law set out above and the interpretation of the definition of `` employee . '' Courts ( edit ) Labour legislation does not define `` contract of service '' or the concept of `` work '' at all . This means that it is necessary to look outside the legislation to determine the meaning of these terms , in order to distinguish between an employee and an independent contractor . The courts have formulated a number of tests for drawing the distinction . Control test ( edit ) The control test focuses on the element of `` control '' exercised by the employer over the employee . The power to control has traditionally been regarded as the hallmark of the employment contract . With the advent of highly skilled employees who are given free rein in performing their duties , the courts no longer insist on de facto control , as once they did , but recognise that a right to control is sufficient . The courts initially applied the requirement of a right to control rather strictly , as in R v AMCA Services , where the presiding officer spoke of `` a right to control , not only the end to be achieved by the other 's labour and the general lines to be followed , but the detailed manner in which the work is to be performed . '' It is now clear , however , that the courts have in mind , a right to control only in principle . The employer not choosing to exercise that right does not render the contract something other than one of employment . The application of the control test in isolation is entirely inadequate , as certain employees have a wide discretion as to how to perform their work . Such discretion does not alone render them independent contractors . The ultimate difference between an employee and an independent contractor is that the principal has no legal right to prescribe the manner in which the independent contractor brings about the desired result , but may prescribe methods by which the employee works . In Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society v MacDonald , the court held that the employee was subject to the control of the employer in the sense that the latter had the right to prescribe not only what work had to be done , but also the manner in which that work had to be done . The independent contractor , on the other hand , could be directed only as to what work must be done , not how it was to be done . In any event , to define a contract in terms of one of its characteristics is tautological . Organisation test ( edit ) The organisation test was developed in French law and adopted by South African law in R v AMCA Services and Another . It is based upon the assumption that whether or not one is an employee does not rest on submission to orders ; it depends on whether the person is part and parcel of the organisation . In other words , one looks at the extent to which a person ( the worker ) is integrated into the organisation of the other person ( the employer ) , or whether the person is performing work inside the organisation of another . The work of an independent contractor , although done for the business , is not integrated into it ; it is only accessory to it . If a person is incorporated into or related sufficiently to the organisation , that person will be regarded as an employee or a worker even though the employer might exercise little actual control over him . One of the problems with this test is that it is not always possible to measure the extent of integration , or to determine what degree of integration is sufficient for someone to qualify as an employee . The test was rejected by the Appellate Division in S v AMCA Services on the basis of it being too vague . Multiple or dominant - impression test ( edit ) The deficiencies of the control and organisation tests led the courts to approach the question in the same way that they approach so many other problems : The relationship is viewed as a whole ; a conclusion is drawn from the entire picture . In Ongevallekommissaris v Onderlinge Versekeringsgenootskap AV - BOB , although the court did not spell out exactly what may be included in the general picture , guidance may be derived from the English case of Ready Mixed Concrete v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance , in which the presiding officer set out three possible components : The servant agrees that , in consideration of a wage or other remuneration , he will provide his own work and skill in the performance of some service for his master . He agrees , expressly or impliedly , that in the performance of that service he will be subject to the other 's control in a sufficient degree to make that other master . The other provisions of the contract are consistent with its being a contract of service . When courts examine the `` other provisions of the contract , '' they will consider all relevant aspects of the relationship . These include : the form of the contract ; the right to supervision ( in other words , whether the employer has the right to supervise the person ) ; the extent to which the worker depends on the employer in the performance of his duties ; whether the employee is not allowed to work for another ; whether the worker is required to devote a specific amount of time to his work ; whether the worker is obliged to perform his duties personally ; whether the worker is paid according to a fixed rate or by commission ; whether the worker provides his own tools and equipment ; and whether the employer has the right to discipline , suspend and dismiss the worker . The decisive difference between the control test and the dominant - impression test is that , in the latter , the existence or absence of control is only one of the factors to be taken into account . In Smit v Workmen 's Compensation Commissioner , the court had to decide whether Smit , who had been employed as an `` agent '' for an insurance company , was an employee or not . He had been remunerated on a commission - basis ; forbidden to perform certain acts ( such as pledging the company 's credit ) without written authority ; forbidden from working for another company at the same time , but was not required to work full - time and could do other work at different times ; given the use of a company motor - car , but had to pay out of his own pocket for fuel and servicing ; working closely with a manager , but there was a total absence of any right of supervision and control of Smit by the insurance company ; and able to obtain assistance from others in performing his duties . The dominant - impression test was followed in this case , and Smit was held to not be an employee of the insurance company . In Medical Association of SA v Minister of Health , several district surgeons challenged the decision of the provincial MEC for Health for the Free State to terminate their contracts summarily as part of the restructuring of the district health service . The multiple or dominant impression test was followed , and the court used the factors discussed in Smit to assist it in obtaining the dominant impression that part - time district surgeons were in fact employees of the State . The court held that the dominant - impression tests entails that one should have regard to all those considerations or indica which would contribute towards a determination of whether the contract is one of service or of work , and react to the impression one gets upon a consideration of all such indica . The Labour Court based its decision on the following factors : The doctors rendered `` personal services . '' The doctors were expected to be `` at the beck and call '' of the employer 24 hours a day , and to give preference to official duties over those in their private practices . The employer was obliged to pay a `` contractual salary '' to the doctors even in the absence of any actual work being performed , as long as the doctors made themselves available to do the work . Even though the doctors were professionals , the provincial administration did have some control over the way in which services were rendered . The test has been subjected to severe criticism . Etienne Mureinik has said that it test offers no guidance in answering the ( legal ) question whether the facts are of such a nature that the individual may be held to be servant within the meaning of the common law in difficult ( penumbral ) cases . Indeed , it is no test at all . To say that an employment contract is a contract which looks like one of employment sheds no light whatsoever on the legal nature of the relationship . This criticism is based on the idea that it is not helpful to say a particular relationship exists because it looks like it does . Productive capacity test ( edit ) In other decisions , the courts appear to have resorted to what may be described as the `` productive capacity '' test . This test was formulated in Martin Brassey 's article `` The Nature of Employment '' in the following terms : The independent contractor `` sells the job '' whereas the employee `` sells his hands '' ( ... E ) mployment is a relationship in which one person is obliged , by contract or otherwise , to place his or her capacity to work at the disposal of another ( ... A ) n employee is to be distinguished from an independent contractor , who undertakes to deliver , not his or her capacity to produce , but the product of that capacity , the completed work . Differences between employees and independent contractors ( edit ) In SA Broadcasting Corporation v McKenzie , the Labour Appeal Court summarised the main differences between the contract of employment proper and what is called the `` contract of work '' ( locatio conductio operis ) : In the first , the object is the rendering of personal services between employer and employee ; in the second , the object is the production of a certain specified service or the production of a certain specified result . The employee renders the service at the behest of the employer ; the independent contractor is not obliged to perform his work personally , unless otherwise agreed . The employer may decide whether it wishes to have employee render service ; the independent contractor is bound to perform specified work or produce a specified result within a specified or reasonable time . The employee is obliged to obey lawful , reasonable instructions regarding work to be done , and the manner in which it is to be done ; the independent contractor is not obliged to obey instructions regarding the manner in which a task is to be performed . A contract of employment proper is terminated by the death of the employee ; the contract of work is not terminated by the death of the contractor . A contract of employment terminates on completion of the agreed period ; the contract of work terminates on completion of the specified work , or on production of the specified result . Labour Relations Act 1995 s 200A ( edit ) There is very little work that can not be outsourced . Outsourcing is generally not supported by trade unions , who represent employees . If work is outsourced , the worker is an independent contractor . Political pressure was placed on government to move away from outsourcing and more towards employment . In 2002 , accordingly , a new presumption was added to the Labour Relations Act 1995 , providing guidelines on when it has to be ascertained whether or not someone is an employee . This presumption was introduced as a part of significant amendments to the Labour Relations Act 1995 and the Basic Conditions of Employment Act in 2002 . The effect of this rebuttable presumption is that , if one or more of the list of factors is present , the person is presumed to be an employee unless and until the contrary is proven . Many of the factors and issues discussed by the courts in the cases above resurface again : The presumption is thus created if the manner in which the person works is subject to the control or direction of another person ; if the person 's hours of work are subject to the control or direction of another person ; if , in the case of a person who works for an organisation , the person forms part of that organisation ; if the person has worked for that other person for an average of at least forty hours per month over the last three months ; if the person is economically dependent on the person for whom he works or renders services ; if the person is provided with tools of trade or work equipment by the other person ; and if the person only works for or renders services to one person . The legislative provision has been taken by some to be merely a restatement or summary of the principles laid down by the courts with the passing of time . Although this presumption is useful in determining whether a person is an employee or not , as it is closely linked to the principles and approaches developed by the courts , the Labour Court held , in Catlin v CCMA , that section 200A does not do away with the principle that the true nature of the relationship between the parties must be gathered from the contract between them . Section 200A is not the starting point , therefore ; the court held that it is necessary to consider the provisions of the contract before applying the presumptions . Essentials ( edit ) The common - law concept of employment sets the scene for the interpretation of the Labour Relations Act 1995 . The contract of employment is the foundation of the relationship between an employee and his employer . It links the two parties in an employment relationship , irrespective of the form the contract takes . The existence of an employment relationship is the starting point for the application of all labour law rules . Without an employment relationship between the parties , the rules of labour law do not apply . The origin of South Africa 's modern contract of employment lie in Roman law , where a distinction was made between the two types of contracts discussed above : locatio conductio operis and locatio conductio operarum . In terms of the common law , one does not have to have a written contract ; therefore , not having the contract in written form is not a fatal flaw , as the contract can be verbal . There are , however , a number of statutes which require specific contracts of employment to be in writing . Section 29 of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act , for example , states that the employer must supply the employee with certain written particulars concerning specific things , like hours worked and remuneration . Like any contract , the locatio conductio operarum commences when the parties have agreed to its essential terms , unless both parties have agreed to suspend its operation for a particular period . If the contract 's operation is suspended , the employer is obliged to allow the employee to commence work on the specified date . Failure to do so , without good cause , constitutes a breach of contract at common law and a dismissal under the Labour Relations Act 1995 . It is important , therefore , to determine what the essentials of the contract of employment are . Stripped to its essence , the contract of employment today may be defined as an agreement between two parties , in terms of which one party ( the employee ) works for another ( the employer ) in exchange for remuneration . Although this definition appears to be simple , it contains a number of important principles , aspects and implications . When they are taken into account below , the definition of the employment contract may be expanded as follows : The contract of employment is a voluntary agreement between two legal personae ( the parties ) in terms of which one party ( the employee ) places his or her personal services or labour potential at the disposal of the other party ( the employer ) for an indefinite or determined period in exchange for some form of fixed or ascertainable remuneration , which may include money and / or payments in kind . This entitles the employer to define the employee 's duties and to control the manner in which the employee discharges them . Agreement ( edit ) Firstly , it must be noted that the employment contract is based on agreement ; the parties must enter into it voluntarily . This idea finds expression in section 13 of the Constitution , which provides that `` no one may be subjected to slavery , servitude or forced labour , '' and section 48 of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act , which states that `` all forced labour is prohibited . '' Another implication of the fact that the employment contract is based on agreement is that it is a contract , and therefore must comply with the requirements of our law for a valid contract . If it does not comply with these requirements , it will not be regarded as binding and enforceable . Consensus between the parties means that both must have a serious intention to create mutual rights and duties to which they will be legally bound . They must have each been fully aware of the nature of the duties , and that the other had this intention . At common law , the parties are not required to observe any formalities . There is no requirement that the contract be in writing , but certain employment contracts are required by statute to be in writing , like those of merchant seamen and learners under the Skills Development Act . In addition , those of apprentices and candidate attorneys must also be registered with the appropriate authorities . Lastly , where parties wish to alter provisions of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act , this must be done in writing . Work ( edit ) Secondly , one of the pivotal concepts in the initial definition is that of work . Generally , to work means to place one 's labour potential at the disposal and under the control of another . This means that , when we work , we offer our services to another person , and agree that the other person will be able to tell us what to do , when to do it , how to do it and where to do it . To place your labour potential at the disposal of another means to offer your ability to perform certain tasks to another person , and to offer , at the same time to follow that person 's instructions . Remuneration ( edit ) Remuneration normally takes the form of payment of money , or the provision of another benefit . ( According to the common law , payment may be made in kind . ) Payment may be made monthly , weekly , daily or even in irregular cash payments . The common law does not prescribe what form payment must take . The Labour Relations Act 1995 contains a statutory definition of remuneration in section 213 : `` any payment in money or in kind , or both in money and in kind , made or owing to any person in return for that person working for any other person , including the State . '' The contract may state that remuneration is the `` normal going rate for a specific type of work , '' or state a specific amount or merely `` minimum wage . '' The common law does not indicate minimum wages ; these are usually set by collective - bargaining councils and are industry specific . Reciprocity ( edit ) The contract of employment is a reciprocal contract . This means that one promise is made in exchange for another , and one obligation is incurred in exchange for the other . The employee works in exchange for remuneration ; the employer remunerates the employee in exchange for the employee offering to place his labour potential at the disposal and under the control of the employer . Summary ( edit ) To summarise , the essential elements of the employment contract are as follows : It is a voluntary agreement . There are two legal personae . The employee agrees to perform certain specified or implied duties for the employer . There is an indefinite or specified period . The employer agrees to pay a fixed or ascertainable remuneration to the employee . The employer gains a ( qualified ) right to command the employee as to the manner in which he carries out his duties . Duties ( edit ) An employment relationship commences only when the parties conclude a contract of service . Prior to this , neither party has any rights against the other ; they are merely a prospective employee and a prospective employer . There are , however , two statutory exceptions to the principle that employers have no obligations to applicants for employment : The EEA prohibits direct or indirect unfair discrimination against an employee or applicant for employment on the basis of race , colour , gender , sex , religion , political opinion , ethnic or social origin , sexual orientation , age , disability , religion , conscience , belief , culture , language , family responsibility , marital status or any other arbitrary ground . The Labour Relations Act 1995 and the Basic Conditions of Employment Act protect both employees and persons seeking employment against discrimination for exercising rights conferred by the Acts . Employer ( edit ) In addition to the three principle duties of the employer , discussed below , employers are further obliged to accord employees their rights in terms of the applicable contracts of service , collective agreements and legislation , as well as to adhere to certain statutory duties imposed in the interests of employees . Receipt into service ( edit ) The employer 's obligation to receive the employee into service is the corollary of the employee 's duty to enter and remain in service . The duty to receive employees into service does not mean that employers must necessarily provide employees with work to keep them busy , although this general rule is subject to some exceptions : where , for example , remuneration is based on the volume of work done , as in the case of piece - workers or salespersons working on commission , or where the failure to allow the employee to work degrades his status . A duty to provide work may also arise where the employer has contracted to train the employee in a particular profession or trade , as in the case of article clerks and apprentices . The common law permits the suspension of an employee , suspected of some form of grave misconduct , while the matter is being investigated , but the employee is entitled to his remuneration during the period of suspension . Employers may deny their employees access to the workplace , or otherwise prevent them from working , in the course of collective bargaining . This is known as a `` lock out , '' and is the employer 's equivalent of the employees ' strike . If a lock out is lawful -- if , that is , it complies with the Labour Relations Act 1995 -- the employer is relieved of its obligation to pay the locked - out employees their wages . Since the contract of employment is personal , one employer can not compel an employee to work for another if the first employer has no work for him , unless the first employer 's business is transferred as a going concern . Payment ( edit ) This duty is so fundamental to the employment contract that the courts will assume , where there has been no agreement on remuneration , either that the contract is not a contract of employment , or else that the parties impliedly intended the payment of a reasonable sum according to the custom and practice of the industry and locality . The duty to pay , and the commensurate right to remuneration , arises not from the actual performance of work , but from the tendering of service . It has become a widespread practice for employers to make up remuneration `` packages '' for their higher - paid employees in a tax - effective way , by substituting various benefits ( like housing and car allowances ) for the cash component of the salary . The periodicity of payment depends on the parties ' agreement or on custom . An employer may not unilaterally deduct any amount from the remuneration to which an employee is entitled . If the contract is terminated summarily for good cause , the employer must pay the employee for services rendered to the day of the dismissal . The same principle applies when the employee deserts mid-term before the end of a fixed - term contract or without proper notice . Safe and healthy working conditions ( edit ) Under the common law , employers are obliged to provide their employees with reasonably safe and healthy working conditions . The scope of this duty extends to providing proper machinery and equipment , properly trained and competent supervisory staff , and a safe system of working . If the employer fails to meet with this obligation , affected employees are not in breach of contract if they refuse to work until the dangerous situation is corrected . Under the common law , employees had to rely on delict if the employer did not ensure that the working conditions were safe and healthy , but this was viewed to be imprecise , and the Legislature intervened . The situation is now governed by the Occupational Health and Safety Act , which implements strict liability on the employer , and states how much must be paid to the employee if accidents occur . Remedies ( edit ) If the breach is material , the employee may claim damages . Provided it is a material breach , the employee may also cancel the contract of employment . The employee may also claim specific performance . This was seldom granted in the past but is now considered an option . Finally , the employee may refuse to work , withholding labour until the contract is performed . Employee ( edit ) Entering and remaining in service ( edit ) The main obligation of the employee under the contract is to place his personal services at the disposal of his employer . The tender of service is a prerequisite to and the corollary of the employee 's right to claim payment of wages : `` no work , no pay . '' The reverse also applies : `` no pay , no work , '' so that employees who have not been paid may legitimately refuse to work without breaching their contracts . If a number of workers engage in a concerted cessation of work for the purpose of obtaining some concession from their employer , they are deemed to be on strike . Under the common law , striking workers need not be paid . The common law also allowed employers summarily to dismiss striking employees , but this has since been changed by the Labour Relations Act 1995 . Subject to the right to take such paid leave as has been agreed upon or conferred by statute , once employees have entered service , they remain obliged to render service until the contract of employment ends . If the employee fails to render service ( by desertion , absenteeism , abscondment , unpunctuality , etc . ) , the employer is entitled to deduct from the employee 's wage an amount proportional to the absence . Reasonable efficiency ( edit ) Employees are deemed by law to guarantee impliedly that they are capable of performing the tasks they agree to perform , and that they will carry them out with reasonable efficiency . Where an employer seeks assurances about employees ' competence before taking them into service , the employees are bound by any representations they may make , whether those professions of competence are made by the employees themselves , or in testimonials of which they are aware . The standard of competence employers are entitled to expect of their employees depends on the capacities in which the employees are engaged and the status and seniority accorded them . The test for the standard of competence is that of persons comparable with the employees in question , having regard to training , experience and any special claims the employee might have made regarding his competence . Where an employee has warranted that he possesses a particular degree of skill , he must satisfy that representation . Furthering employer 's business interests ( edit ) Employees are obliged to devote their energies and skills to furthering their employer 's business interests . They must devote all their normal working hours to the employer 's business ; they may not , without the employer 's permission , simultaneously work for another employer during the hours they are contractually obliged to devote to their employer 's needs . These duties arise because the relationship between the parties is of a fiduciary nature : Employees may not place themselves in positions where their own interests conflict with those of their employers and may not , by exercising their powers of agency , acquire interests or benefits without the knowledge of their employers . The interests of Employees must be bona fide : They may not work for another employer if its business interests are in conflict with those of the principle employer . In the absence of a contrary provision in the contract , there is nothing to preclude employees from holding two compatible jobs , provided the second is not conducted during the working hours they are obliged to devote to the first job . Contractual provisions limiting employees ' moonlighting activities are , however , permissible . In addition , employees may not compete with their employer 's business for their own account . Respect and obedience ( edit ) Respect and obedience are regarded as an implied duty of every employee . Absence of the former renders the interpersonal relationship between employer and employee intolerable ; denial of the latter undermines the employer 's right to decide how its employees will work . The courts require all employees to show a reasonable degree of respect and courtesy to their employers , and to obey their employers ' reasonable and lawful instructions . Respect , being a disposition , is a quality that is difficult to define with precision . It is not to be equated with deference in a manner compatible with the subordinate position in which the employee by definition stands vis - à - vis the employer . Mere failure on occasion to greet the employer or superiors will not place employees in breach of their obligation to show respect . Disrespect must be gross if it is to justify termination of the employment relationship , or so frequent as to suggest that the employee has repudiated the employer 's lawful authority , or that it has rendered the continuation of the employment relationship `` intolerable . '' Each case must be considered on its own merits to establish whether these inferences may be drawn . Unless insolence is particularly gross , the proper sanction is a written warning in the first instance . The employee 's duty of obedience applies only to work - related orders and generally during working hours and to those orders which are lawful and reasonable . Employees are also entitled to disobey instructions that would subject them to personal dangers not normally connected with the performance of their duties . An order is unlawful if it requires the employee to perform an illegal act or to do something that falls outside the scope of the contractual relationship . Refraining from misconduct generally ( edit ) Any misconduct that renders the continuation of the employment relationship intolerable or unworkable , or undermines trust and confidence between employer and employee , is regarded as sufficient to justify dismissal , provided it is serious enough to offset the importance which the courts otherwise attach to the work security of employees . Examples of misconduct are insubordination , theft , fraud . With regard to misconduct committed before the formation of the conduct ( like the commission of a serious crime ) , the general principle is that there is no duty on prospective employees to disclose prejudicial information from their past to their future employers unless they are specifically asked to do so . A duty may arise , however , where the non-disclosure is material and amounts to fraud . Whether or not an employee may be dismissed for non-disclosure depends on whether or not the employment relationship can reasonably be sustained after the discovery of the past misdeed . Remedies ( edit ) The employer may only dismiss the employee summarily for misconduct , incapacity or operational requirements . If damages are incurred as a result of a breach of one of these duties , the employer may claim compensation . Basic employment rights ( edit ) The Basic Conditions of Employment Act is aimed at low - income earners : those who earn less than R193 , 805 per annum . No matter what the contract itself says , the Basic Conditions of Employment Act is applicable as the minimum standard that must be achieved . The Labour Relations Act 1995 deals with strikes and unions and the like ; the Basic Conditions of Employment Act is a fall back option for those vulnerable workers who are not able to unionize due to various reasons , such as the kind of work they do . Domestic and farm workers are pertinent examples in the South African context . The purpose of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act is to advance economic development by providing basic conditions of employment . The Basic Conditions of Employment Act also contains the definition of an employee , so that issue , discussed above , is relevant here , too . The Minister is empowered to extend the provisions of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act to non-employees in specific circumstances . Even , therefore , if a domestic worker is not considered an employee in terms of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act , the Minister may extend the provisions to her for her own protection . Minimum wage ( edit ) The employer has no discretion to pay less than the minimum wage . As noted above , the Basic Conditions of Employment Act provides the minimum standard to be achieved ; employers must , at the very least , abide by the Basic Conditions of Employment Act . Minimum wages are the result of bargaining councils in most circumstances , but some professions have no bargaining councils . Their minimum wage is therefore regulated by the Basic Conditions of Employment Act . Hours ( edit ) A maximum of 45 hours per week is allowed to be worked . These stipulations ( regarding hours ) are not applicable on the following persons : a person that earns more than R205 433.30 per year ; or a person in a senior management position ; or Sales personnel , employees are required to travel in the performing of their duties , and people that can determine their own work hours . Overtime ( edit ) Overtime is permitted on the basis of a voluntary agreement . Payment for overtime is 11⁄2 times the normal wage . Sundays ( edit ) Payment for working on a Sunday is twice the normal wage if the employee is not expected in terms of his / her contract to work on Sundays , however if the employee is expected to work on Sundays in terms of his or her contract , the employee shall receive 1.5 times the normal wage . Public holiday ( edit ) A worker is entitled to double pay only if it is stipulated in the employee 's contract that he / she is expected to work on public holidays . Meal intervals ( edit ) An employee is entitled to one hour off for every 5 hours of work . Weekly rest periods ( edit ) An employee is entitled to 36 consecutive hours off . Issues such as night work , holidays and public holidays are also covered . Sick leave ( edit ) An employee is entitled to 6 weeks off over a three - year period , it is often interpreted as one day for 26 days of work . Maternity leave ( edit ) An employee is entitled to four months off in total , the leave must start at least 4 weeks prior to the expected birth date , and end at least 6 weeks after the expected date of birth . It does not , however , stipulate that this is paid leave . In terms of the Unemployment Insurance Fund , when a woman is on maternity leave , she is entitled to Unemployment Insurance Fund benefits for half the time spent away . Usually the employer will pay the other half , but this is not required in the Basic Conditions of Employment Act . Family - responsibility leave ( edit ) If the employee has been working for more than four months , he is entitled to 3 days family - responsibility leave , as in the case where there has been a death in his family . Remuneration ( edit ) Employers must keep records of the hours worked and remuneration awarded for each employee for at least three years . Employees are to be paid in South African currency at the place of work ( unless this is altered in the contract ) . Employers may not deduct money from employees unless prior consent in writing is obtained . Regarding severance pay , in cases of retrenchments or dismissals for operational reasons , employees are entitled to one week 's pay for every year worked . Variations ( edit ) The Basic Conditions of Employment Act is the very minimum standard required by employers . Employers may award more , but never less , than what is stipulated . If an employer gives more than the minimum , he may be locked into always giving more , as he must then abide by the required annual increases , which are based on a percentage of the current pay . An employer may vary the provisions in the contract by individual agreement ; or collective agreement on an industry - wide basis . Unfair Labour practices ( edit ) In the past , the concept of `` unfair labour practice '' was broadly defined . The Industrial Court ( a specialist tribunal that exercised jurisdiction over alleged unfair labour practices ) took several innovative approaches . The court formulated a set of rules to govern unfair dismissals . These rules are now contained in Chapter VIII of the Labour Relations Act 1995 and in the Code of Good Practice : Dismissal . The employment relationship has three stages : the beginning , when the employee is an applicant for employment ; the middle , which continues as long as the relationship continues ; and the end , which may take the form of dismissal , resignation or retirement . Unfair conduct by the employer at the beginning of the relationship normally takes the form of unfair discrimination . Unfair conduct by the employer at the end of the relationship normally takes the form of unfair dismissal . Unfair conduct by the employer during the subsistence of the relationship will take the form of unfair labour practice . Section 186 ( 2 ) of the Labour Relations Act 1995 defines an `` unfair labour practice '' as `` an unfair act or omission that arises between an employer and an employee , '' and involves unfair conduct by the employer relating to the promotion , demotion , probation or training of an employee , or relating to the provision of benefits to an employee ; the unfair suspension of an employee , or any other unfair disciplinary action short of dismissal ; a failure or refusal by an employer to reinstate or re-employ a former employee in terms of any agreement ; and an occupational detriment , other than dismissal , in contravention of the Protected Disclosures Act , on account of the employee 's having made a protected disclosure defined in that Act . Scope of protection ( edit ) The first part of section 186 ( 2 ) speaks of an unfair labour practice as any unfair act or omission that arises between an employer and an employee . Only persons who are already in employment , therefore , enjoy protection against unfair labour practices ; only persons , that is , who fall within the definition of `` employee . '' This concept may also cover ex-employees , if an employer refuses or fails to re-employ a former employee in terms of an agreement , for example . Exhaustive list ( edit ) Due to the use of the word `` involving , '' the courts have held that the list of unfair labour practices , contained in section 186 ( 2 ) , is exhaustive . Therefore the definition of `` unfair labour practice '' in the current Labour Relations Act is considerably narrower than that of its predecessor , the Labour relations Act of 1956 . This is because concepts such as unfair discrimination have been removed from its ambit and included in the EEA . The fact that the list is exhaustive raises three issues , as the Constitution expressly affords everyone the right to fair labour practices : whether the limitation of the constitutional right is justifiable , which according to the general consensus it is ; the actual interpretation of this definition ; and the freedom of employees to rely directly on the Constitution , as opposed to the current Labour Relations Act . With regard to the interpretation of this definition , the general principle is that legislation that limits constitutional rights must be interpreted in such a way as to minimise the limitation . The definition must be interpreted so as to give the maximum possible protection . With regard to the freedom to rely directly on the Constitution , employees may rely directly on the Constitution to challenge practices not covered by the Labour Relations Act 1995 , like transfers . This issue , however , remains to be developed by the courts . Promotion and demotion ( edit ) Basic principles ( edit ) Many cases have been referred to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration and the courts in this regard . From these cases , three main issues arise : the meaning of `` promotion '' and `` demotion ; '' the unfairness of the employer 's conduct ; and remedies . Meaning ( edit ) Employers commonly use one of two systems to promote employees : level progression , whereby employees are evaluated on a regular basis and progress to a higher level within the parameters of the job in question ; and the application - for - vacancies system , whereby vacancies are advertised , and both current employees and external applicants are invited to apply for posts . The second system is problematic . The Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration and the courts have held that it is not promotion at all , as the employee is nothing other than a job applicant . Firstly , in order to constitute a dispute concerning promotion or demotion , the aggrieved individual must be an employee of the employer to which he wishes to take action . Secondly , one must compare the current job held by the employee with the job applied for . Factors which are taken into account include any difference in remuneration levels , fringe benefits , status , levels of responsibility or authority or power , and the level of job security . In Mashegoane v University of the North , the dispute was whether the university 's refusal to appoint a lecturer to the position of Dean of a faculty involved a promotion . The legislation governing the university provided that Deans were appointed by the Senate acting on the recommendation of the Faculty Board . The university argued that the position of the Dean was not applied for ; and that it was not a promotion ; but that it was a nomination . Once the court established that the applicant was a current employee , it found that his salary would have remained the same , but that he would have received a Dean 's allowance and would have had a car at his disposal ; these were the only benefits . His status would have been considerably elevated . He would have had more responsibilities , authority and powers . In light of this , the appointment amounted to a promotion . In Nawa v Department of Trade and Industry , however , the court held that there was no promotion because there was no intention to change the existing terms and conditions of employment , even though there was an intention to change the way in which work was done . Generally the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration and other institutions are quick to assume that there was indeed a promotion or demotion . Disputes concerning Promotion and Demotion generally involve employees being denied a higher - level post within the structure of the employer 's organization or being stripped of status or benefits . Unfairness ( edit ) Generally , unfairness implies a failure to meet an objective standard , and includes arbitrary , capricious or inconsistent conduct , regardless of whether it is intentional or negligent . Mere unhappiness on the part of the employee is not unfair . With regard to substantive fairness , it may be difficult to justify the choice of a particular candidate in precise terms . An employer is at liberty to take into account subjective factors , such as performance at an interview , when considering an appointment or promotion . The employer must still provide reasons , however . With regard to procedural fairness , the employer must follow its own procedures : If there is a practice of advertising the posts , it may not , without good reason , depart from that policy . An employee may challenge the composition and competency of a selection panel . Examples of unfairness include bias , nepotism and erroneous exclusion of an employee from a shortlist due to a mistake by the employer or selection committee . Remedies ( edit ) The relief must be determined on terms deemed reasonable by the Commissioner . Relief may be in the form of a declaratory order , protective promotion , remitting the matter back to the employer for reconsideration , and reinstatement to a previous position ( in the case of demotion ) . Probation ( edit ) Guidelines may be gathered from the rules which govern the obligations of the employer before a fair decision to dismiss on the grounds of poor performance is reached , and also from the Code of Good Practice : Dismissals . In this context , unfair conduct may include the failure to inform the employee properly about required performance standards , and the failure by an employer to afford the employee reasonable guidance , evaluation , training , counselling and instruction . Provision of benefits ( edit ) An employer may commit an unfair labour practice through unfair conduct relating to the provision of benefits . This provision , contained in section 186 ( 2 ) ( a ) of the Labour Relations Act 1995 , does not appear to be problematic , but it has been beset by considerable uncertainties regarding the interpretation of `` benefits . '' Early decisions of the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration attached a wide meaning to the term `` benefits . '' The problem is complicated by section 65 ( 1 ) ( c ) of the Labour Relations Act 1995 , which provides that employees may not strike over issues that may be referred to arbitration in terms of the Labour Relations Act 1995 . A dispute over `` benefits '' may be referred to arbitration . If `` benefits '' is given a wide meaning , and is taken to include remuneration , this would mean that employees may not strike over wages and salaries . There are two approaches to resolving the problem of interpretation : focus on the meaning of the word `` benefit , '' and try define it ; or focus on the nature of the dispute itself , bearing in mind the distinction between disputes over rights and disputes over interests . Generally the courts take a narrow approach to interpretation . They apply a combination of the two approaches above . It has been held that the term `` benefits '' in the definition of an unfair labour practice includes only benefits ex contractu and ex lege : benefits that already exist in terms of a contract or law . There is growing support for the notion that unfair labour practices should include not only disputes of right , but also disputes where there is an expectation of a right . Training ( edit ) This prohibition has had little effect in practice . In view , however , of the obligations placed on employers in terms of the EEA and Skills Development Act , it may become more important in the future . Generally employees may challenge the denial of training where such training is a prerequisite for advancement in the workplace . Unfair suspensions ( edit ) There are two types of suspension : preventative suspension , where disciplinary charges are being investigated against an employee , and the employer wants to suspend the employee pending the outcome of the disciplinary enquiry ; and punitive suspension , where suspension is imposed as a disciplinary measure short of dismissal after the disciplinary hearing has been held . In the context of section 186 ( 2 ) ( b ) , one must consider whether both types of suspension are covered , and what the requirements for a fair suspension are . Initially the view was taken that only punitive suspensions fell within the scope of the `` unfair labour practice , '' but this view was rejected by the Labour Court . The Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration follows the Labour Court 's view and assumes jurisdiction over both punitive and preventative suspensions . The practice of preventative suspension is not in itself unfair so long as there is substantive and procedural fairness when the employer takes this decision . Substantive fairness in this context refers to the reason for the suspension . The employer must have a reason for believing that the suspension is necessary . This could be , for example , where the seriousness of the misconduct creates rumours and suspicion , necessitating a suspension of the employee in order for work to carry on smoothly , or where the employer has reason to fear that the employee in question may interfere with the investigation or the witnesses . It may also be that the employer fears another recurrence of the misconduct , or that the seniority and authority of the employee in question has a bearing on the matter . Procedural fairness does not necessarily mean that the employee must be given a hearing before the suspension . At least , though , that the employer must inform him of the suspension , the reasons for it , and the conditions of the suspension . As a general rule , the employer must continue remunerating the employee during the course of the suspension . If he were to cease remuneration , this would constitute a breach of contract . Suspension without pay is generally only possible if the employee consents , or if this is provided by legislation or the contract of employment itself . If the suspension is grossly unfair , the employee may seek reinstatement as a remedy . Where the unfairness is less serious , the employee may seek an alteration of the conditions of the suspension or require that the employer hold a disciplinary hearing within a specified time . Other disciplinary action short of dismissal ( edit ) Other disciplinary actions , like warnings , suspensions with or without pay , demotions and transfers , must also meet the requirement of fairness . The employer must be able to show that the warning , demotion or other disciplinary action was fair and appropriate in the circumstances . Failure or refusal to reinstate ( edit ) Section 186 ( 2 ) ( c ) of the Labour Relations Act 1995 protects employees against a `` failure or refusal of an employer to reinstate or re-employ a former employee in terms of any agreement . '' The wording is almost exactly the same as that in section 186 ( d ) , which deals with dismissal . Unlike section 186 ( 2 ) ( d ) , however , section 186 ( 2 ) ( c ) does not deal with termination of employment ; nor does it state that there must be an offer of re-employment to some employees and no offer in respect of others . Furthermore , section 186 ( 2 ) ( d ) does not refer to an agreement ; section 186 ( 2 ) ( c ) does . Protected disclosures ( edit ) Any occupational detriment an employee may suffer due to the making of a protected disclosure is an unfair labour practice . `` Occupational detriment '' and `` protected disclosure '' are defined in the Protected Disclosures Act . `` Occupational detriment '' includes , inter alia , being subjected to disciplinary action ; dismissed , suspended , demoted , harassed or intimidated ; transferred against one 's will , refused transfer or promotion , etc . Once it is established that the employee has suffered an `` occupational detriment , '' it must be proved that the detriment was due to a protected disclosure . This means that there must be a protected disclosure , and that there must be causality between the disclosure and the detriment . As far as causality is concerned , the Labour Relations Act 1995 requires that the detriment must be `` on account of '' the protected disclosure . `` Disclosure '' is defined as `` any disclosure of information regarding any conduct of an employer , or an employee of that employer , made by any employee who has reason to believe that the information concerned shows or tends to show one or more of the following : `` that a criminal offence has been committed , is being committed or is likely to be committed ; `` that a person has failed , is failing or is likely to fail to comply with any legal obligation to which that person is subject ; `` that a miscarriage of justice has occurred , is occurring or is likely to occur ; `` that the health or safety of an individual has been , is being or is likely to be endangered ; `` that the environment has been , is being or is likely to be damaged ; `` unfair discrimination as contemplated in the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act ( ... ) ; or `` that any matter referred to ( above ) has been , is being or is likely to be deliberately concealed . '' Generally , such disclosures become protected when they are made to certain persons and offices under certain conditions : it was made in good faith ; the employee reasonably believes that it is substantially true ; and it was not made for personal gain . Furthermore , the employee must have reason to believe that , if disclosure is made to the employer , he will suffer an occupational detriment ; that the information was previously disclosed , and no action was taken by the employer ; or that the matter is exceptionally serious . Not every disclosure made by an employee will be protected . Only gradually are the courts beginning to consider the nature of a protected disclosure and the protection to be afforded to employees . In Grieve v Denel , the employee was busy preparing a report for the employer 's board of directors relating to allegations of wrongdoing by a manager . The employee found himself charged with misconduct , suspended and told to attend a disciplinary enquiry . He approached the Labour Court for an interdict to stop the employer 's taking disciplinary action . The court held that the disclosures the employee intended to make were in good faith , and that , if the allegations were true , they could indicate possible criminal conduct . The disclosures were held to fall within the ambit of protection . The employer was ordered not to proceed with the pending disciplinary action . In CWU v Mobile Telephone Networks , the Labour Court held that an employee 's accusation of fraud by management did not constitute a protected disclosure ; it was merely the employee 's opinion and was not supported by any facts . Resolution of disputes ( edit ) The procedure for resolving unfair - labour - practice disputes is similar to the dispute resolution for unfair dismissals . First , the dispute must be referred to a bargaining council ( or the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration if there is no bargaining council ) for conciliation . If conciliation does not succeed , the matter may be referred to arbitration . Unlike unfair dismissal disputes , unfair - labour - practice disputes are required , by section 191 of the Labour Relations Act 1995 , to be referred within ninety days of the relevant act or omission , or ninety days from the date on which the employee became aware of the act or occurrence . In terms of section 193 ( 4 ) of the Labour Relations Act 1995 , an arbitrator has the power to determine any unfair labour practice dispute on `` reasonable terms , '' which may include ordering reinstatement , re-employment or compensation ( of up to twelve months ' pay ) . The onus is on the employee to prove all the elements of the alleged unfair labour practice in question . Discrimination law ( edit ) Seen generally , there are three mechanisms designed to protect the individual employee : protection against unfair dismissal ; protection against unfair labour practices ; and the setting of minimum conditions of employment in the Basic Conditions of Employment Act . The fourth mechanism of protection is protection against unfair discrimination . The Labour Relations Act 1995 was the first piece of legislation to deal with discrimination in the workplace . The EEA also contains detailed provisions to counteract and eliminate discrimination in the workplace . The Constitution , with its right to equality , provides an important constitutional context for employment equity . A consideration of this constitutional provision indicates that the elimination of discrimination has two bases : formal equality , or equality in treatment ; and substantive equality , enshrined in the adoption of positive measures to empower previously disadvantaged groups in South African society ; also known as `` affirmative action . '' Section 6 of the EEA contains the main thrust of the Act 's prohibition against unfair discrimination . It provides that no person may unfairly discriminate , directly or indirectly , against an employee , in any employment policy or practice , on one or more grounds , including race , gender , sex , pregnancy , marital status , family responsibility , ethnic or social origin , colour , sexual orientation , age , disability , religion , HIV status , conscience , belief , political opinion , culture , language and birth . It is not unfair discrimination to take affirmative action measures consistent with the purpose of the Act ; or to distinguish , exclude or prefer any person on the basis of an inherent requirement of a job . Harassment of an employee is a form of unfair discrimination , and is prohibited on any of the above grounds . Furthermore , the EEA places a positive duty on every employer to take steps to promote equal opportunity in the workplace by eliminating unfair discrimination in any employment policy or practice . In certain circumstances there may be a duty on the employer to take reasonable measures to accommodate certain groups of employees . In this regard , the Code of Good Practice : Key Aspects of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) and Employment , together with the Code of Good Practice on the Employment of People with Disabilities , provides guidelines on how HIV / AIDS and disability should be dealt with and accommodated in the workplace . This is the only legislative provision that mentions human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) status as a prohibited ground of discrimination . Its inclusion makes section 6 of the EEA even wider than section 9 of the Constitution . Section 6 protects only an `` employee , '' but it does not speak only of an employer ; it provides that `` no person '' may discriminate . This is broader , and may include , inter alia , an independent pension fund or an independent medical aid scheme , or even a fellow employee . In this regard , if an employee lodges a complaint of discrimination against another employee , and the employer does not consult in an attempt to eliminate the discrimination , the employer may be held liable . The difference between discrimination and differentiation must always be kept in mind , as not all differentiations amount to discrimination . There may be a fair differentiation between employees on the basis , for example , of educational qualifications or experience or seniority . Generally , differentiation will amount to discrimination if it is based on an unacceptable reason . Even if the discrimination suffered is not listed in section 6 ( 1 ) of the EEA , it would amount to discrimination if , objectively , it is based on attributes and characteristics which have the potential to impair the fundamental human dignity of persons as human beings , or to affect them adversely in a comparably serious manner . Once the employee has proven that there has been a differentiation , the EEA and Constitution provide that it is presumed to have been unfair discrimination . The employer then bears the onus of proving the differentiation to be fair . Discrimination may be direct or indirect : It is direct when it is clearly and expressly based on one or more of the grounds listed in section 6 of the EEA . It is indirect when , although not express , discrimination occurs as a result of it , as when an employer imposes a gender - neutral criterion , such as height or weight , as a condition for employment , and this criterion indirectly has a disproportionate effect on women . Harassment ( edit ) The EEA provides that harassment amounts to `` a form of unfair discrimination , '' and as such is prohibited . The most prevalent forms of harassment encountered in the workplace are sexual harassment ; racial harassment ; sexual - orientation harassment ; and religious harassment . Of these , sexual harassment is by far the most common . Sexual harassment ( edit ) The Code of Good Practice on Handling of Sexual Harassment Cases lists three types of conduct which could constitute sexual harassment : physical conduct ranging from touching to sexual assault and rape , and including a strip - search by or in the presence of the opposite sex ; verbal conduct , including innuendoes , suggestions and hints , sexual advances , comments with sexual overtones , sex - related jokes or insults , graphic comments about a person 's body ( made to that person or in her presence ) , enquiries about a person 's sex life , and even whistling at a person or a group of persons ; and non-verbal conduct , including gestures , indecent exposure or the display of sexually explicit pictures or objects . Another way to define sexual harassment is to consider the effect of the harassment . Three types of harassment may be so identified : quid pro quo harassment , which occurs when a person is forced into surrendering to sexual advances against her will , for fear of losing a job - related benefit ; sexual favouritism , which occurs where a person in authority rewards only those who respond to his sexual advances ; and hostile work environment harassment , which occurs when an abusive working environment is created . The questions remain : From whose perspective does one analyse the conduct to see if it amounts to sexual harassment ? What test does one apply ? Does one look to the way in which the victim experienced the situation ( a subjective test ) , or does one try to be more objective ? A subjective test would rely exclusively on the perceptions of the victim . An obvious criticism of such a test is that some victims may be over-sensitive , and therefore cast the net too wide . A purely objective test , on the other hand , may be too narrow . The `` reasonable man '' test ( which is , in terms of the common law , the generally applied `` objective '' test ) implies reliance on male - dominated values . The `` reasonable victim '' test seeks to establish a compromise . It takes into account the experiences of the victim , the surrounding circumstances , and the question of fault on the part of the perpetrator . Decided cases are inconsistent on which test should be used . The Code of Good Practice states that sexual harassment is `` unwanted conduct of a sexual nature . '' This implies a subjective test . It goes on to say , however , that sexual attention will only become sexual harassment if the behaviour is persistent ; if the recipient has makes it clear that the conduct is considered offensive ; or if the perpetrator should know that the behaviour is regarded as unacceptable . The Code thus adopts a mixture of the subjective and the objective test . Employer liability ( edit ) The EEA states that the employer may be held liable if he was made aware of the conduct but did nothing , or did not do everything that could be expected of a reasonable employer . Furthermore , the Code provides that , as a first step in expressing concern about and commitment to dealing with the problem of sexual harassment , employers should issue a policy statement , stipulating the following : All employees , job applicants and other persons who have dealings with the business have the right to be treated with dignity . Sexual harassment in the workplace will not be permitted or condoned . Persons who have been or are being subjected to sexual harassment in the workplace have the right to lodge a grievance about it . Appropriate action will be taken by the employer . The Code recommends that management be given a positive duty to implement the policy , and to take disciplinary action against employees who do not comply with it . A policy on sexual harassment should explain the procedure to be followed by employees who are victims of sexual harassment . The policy should also state the following : Allegations of sexual harassment will be dealt with seriously , expeditiously , sensitively and confidentially . Employees will be protected against victimisation and retaliation for lodging grievances , as well as from false accusations . Finally , the Code recommends that policy statements on sexual harassment be communicated effectively to all employees . Other remedies ( edit ) The employee who resigns due to sexual harassment may argue that this was a constructive dismissal , which would provide grounds for finding an automatically unfair dismissal . A victim of harassment may institute a civil claim , based on delict , against the perpetrator ; she may also institute a claim against the employer , based on the common - law principles of vicarious liability . Medical testing ( edit ) The EEA prohibits medical testing of an employee , unless legislation requires or permits such testing ; or the testing is justifiable . Testing may be justifiable in the light of the medical facts ; the employment conditions ; social policy ; the fair distribution of employee benefits ; or the inherent requirements of a job . Job applicants are also protected from medical testing . The EEA prohibits `` psychological and other similar assessments '' of employees , unless such an assessment has been scientifically shown to be valid and reliable ; is applied fairly to all employees ; and is not biased against any employee or group of employees . HIV / AIDS ( edit ) The EEA lists HIV status as one of the grounds on which an employee may not be discriminated against . South African Airways , for example , formerly had a policy of not employing HIV - positive employees as cabin attendants , partly because it believed that HIV - positive people could not have vaccinations , a requirement for international travel , and were at risk of infection , which might be transmitted to others . In Hoffman v South African Airways , the court found that people living with HIV constitute a minority , to which society has responded with intense prejudice , stigmatization and marginalization . Society 's response has forced many of them not to reveal their HIV status , for fear of such prejudice , and has thus deprived them of the help they would otherwise have received . This stigmatization the court considered an assault on their dignity . The EEA is designed to counteract the need which employers may feel to test their employees for HIV / AIDS ; and the concomitant risk of prejudice to employees who do test positive . Such testing is prohibited unless it is held to be justifiable by the Labour Court , which may impose various conditions on such testing , including the provision of counselling ; the maintenance of confidentiality ; a limitation on the period of HIV - testing ; and a limitation on the category of jobs or employees in respect of which such testing is authorized . Employers may make HIV testing available to employees as part of a `` wellness '' program , provided that it takes place confidentially and on the basis of informed consent . Authorisation from the Labour Court is not required for such testing . The EEA does not forbid anonymous testing undertaken for epidemiological purposes , or to establish the prevalence of HIV / AIDS among the workforce . In Joy Mining Machinery v NUMSA , the court held that the following considerations should be taken into account in determining whether or not HIV testing is justifiable : the prohibition on unfair discrimination ; the need for such testing ; the purpose of such testing ; the medical facts ; the employment conditions ; social policy ; the fair distribution of employee benefits ; the inherent requirements of the job ; and the category or categories of jobs or employees concerned . The court will also want to be informed about the following , which do not go to the question of justifiability , but which are also relevant to arriving at a proper decision : the attitude of the employees ; the financing of the test ; the preparations for the test ; pre-test counseling ; the nature of the proposed test and procedure ; and post-test counseling . There is also a Code of Good Practice on Key Aspects of HIV / AIDS and Employment , which provides guidelines to employers and employees on how to deal with HIV / AIDS in general . With regard to HIV / AIDS and disability , the Code states that an employee who has become too ill to work may be dismissed on grounds of incapacity . A mental or physical impairment will constitute a disability only if it is `` substantially limiting '' in respect of entry into , or advancement in , employment . Disputes about discrimination ( edit ) A dispute about unfair discrimination must be referred to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration for conciliation within six months of the alleged discriminatory act or omission . Disputes of this nature may not be referred to a bargaining council . In referring the dispute to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration , the referring party must indicate that it has made a reasonable attempt to resolve the dispute , depending on the circumstances . If conciliation fails , the matter may be referred to the Labour Court , unless the parties consent to the jurisdiction of the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration for arbitration . The Labour Court may make any appropriate order that is `` just and equitable '' in the circumstances , including compensation , damages , and orders directing the employer to take preventative steps . Again , once the employee proves that there was discrimination , the onus shifts to the employer to prove that the discrimination was fair . Affirmative action ( edit ) Alongside the prohibition against unfair discrimination , affirmative action is the second cornerstone of the EEA . According to section 2 ( b ) of the EEA , the goal of affirmative action is to ensure the equitable representation of certain groups in all occupational categories and levels in the workplace . `` Equitable representation '' is not defined in the EEA , but section 42 states that it may be determined by a consideration of the demographic profile of the economically active population , nationally and regionally ; the pool of suitably qualified people in the designated groups from which the employer may reasonably be expected to promote or appoint employees ; and the economic and financial factors relevant to the sector in which the employer operates . Affirmative action is , by its very nature , a temporary measure . Once the goal of equality in the workplace has been achieved , the reason for the measure will fall away . A potential beneficiary of affirmative action must meet two requirements : He must be `` suitably qualified . '' He must be from a designated group . There are , in this regard , four key definitions in the EEA : `` Designated groups '' are black people , women and people with disabilities . `` Black people '' include Africans , Colored people and Indians . `` People with disabilities '' are those who have a long - term physical or mental impairment which substantially limits their prospects of entry into ( or advancement in ) employment . A `` suitably qualified person '' is one who may be qualified for a job as a result of any of his formal qualifications , prior learning , relevant experience , or his capacity to acquire , within a reasonable time , the ability to do the job . Employees from one of the designated groups may approach the Labour Court , citing unfair discrimination , to enforce a lack of affirmative action . The Labour Court has held , however , that there is no individual right to affirmative action , which is collective in nature . Designated employers ( edit ) The prohibition of unfair discrimination applies to all employers , regardless of their size , but the affirmative - action provisions of the EEA apply only to `` designated employers . '' A `` designated employer '' is defined as follows : an employer who employs fifty or more employees ; or an employer who employs fewer than fifty employees but whose annual turnover in any given year exceeds a certain level , like an employer in agriculture with a total annual turnover of R2 , 000,000 ; municipalities ; organs of state ; or an employer appointed as a designated employer in terms of a collective agreement . Employers that do not fall within the ambit of this definition may still voluntarily indicate that they intend to comply with the Act . Employment - equity plans ( edit ) The employment - equity plan is the centrepiece of the procedure for implementing affirmative action in the workplace . A designated employer has to consult with the workforce on the conduct of an analysis of its employment policies , practices and procedures , as well as the working environment ; the preparation and implementation of an employment - equity plan , which will achieve reasonable progress towards employment equity in the workforce ; and the submission of reports to the Department of Labour . The analysis described above must also contain a profile of the employer 's workforce . Using this profile , the employer must determine the degree of under - representation of people from designated groups in the various categories and levels . The employment - equity plan must include annual objectives ; the affirmative - action measures that have to be implemented ; annual timetables for the achievement of goals ; the duration of the plan ; and internal procedures to resolve disputes about the interpretation or implementation of the plan . If there is an under - representation of people from designated groups , the plan must also outline the numerical goals to be achieved ; the timetable within which these goals have to be achieved ; and the strategies to achieve such goals . A copy of the plan must be made available to employees . The designated employer must assign one or more senior manager the responsibility and authority and means to monitor and implement the plan . Designated employers must submit reports to the Department of Labour : If fewer than 150 employees are employed , the report must be made every two years . If more than 150 employees are employed , the report must be made every year . Designated employers are required to submit a statement to the Employment Conditions Commission about the remuneration and benefits received by employees in each occupational category and level . If this statement reflects disproportionate income differentials , the employer must take steps progressively to reduce such differentials . Enforcement ( edit ) The EEA provides for four ways in which compliance with its affirmative - action provisions may be ensured : self - regulation ; administrative procedures ; court action ; and state contracts . Self - regulation ( edit ) Employment equity plans must include dispute - resolution procedures . Employers and employees must use these procedures first . Administrative procedures ( edit ) A labour inspector , with reasonable grounds for believing that an employer is not complying with the EEA , may try to obtain a written undertaking from the employer that he will comply . If he refuses , the inspector may issue a compliance order , to which the employer may object within 21 days . Court action ( edit ) The Labour Court has the power to make a compliance order an order of court ; to direct the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration to conduct an investigation to assist the court ; to order compliance with any provision of the EEA ; to hear appeals against compliance orders imposed by the Director - General ; and to impose fines on employers if they fail to comply with the EEA . State contracts ( edit ) Designated employers who wish to enter into commercial contracts with organs of state must comply with the EEA . They must attach to their offer either a certificate of compliance issued by the Minister of Labour ; or a statement that they do comply . If these requirements are not met , the organ of state may reject the offer ; it may even constitute grounds for the cancellation of a contract that has already been concluded . Job security ( edit ) Common law ( edit ) The common law afforded the employee virtually no protection against unfair dismissal . Before the Labour Relations Act ( LRA ) , as long as the employer gave the required period of notice , dismissal or probation was acceptable . The common law focused only on the lawfulness of the employment contract itself ; the reason for the dismissal was irrelevant . The employer was not required to give the employee an explanation for the termination ; nor was there any requirement that the dismissal be fair . This had the effect of increasing the bargaining power of the employer , who could , essentially , do as he pleased , because of his more powerful position . The employer could threaten to dismiss the employee if the latter refused to accept less favourable terms and conditions of employment . The reason for this , it has been contended , is that , prior to 1980 , this area of law was based on the incorrect assumption that there existed equal bargaining power between employer and employee . International Labour organisation ( edit ) South Africa has since subscribed to international labour standards , in the form of International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) instruments like the Termination of Employment Convention , 1982 , which provides that an employer must have a fair reason to terminate the employment contract , and that the reason for dismissal must fall into one of three broad categories : the misconduct of the employee ; the employee 's incapacity or inability to do the work ; and the employer 's operational requirements . Misconduct relates to the behaviour of the worker , usually involving some fault on his part , like insubordination , assault , theft , dishonesty , frequent late - coming or intimidation of co-workers . Capacity relates to the worker 's ability to do his job . It includes incompetence or incapability for medical reasons ( ill health or injury ) . It is viewed as a no - fault dismissal . Operational requirements relate not to the employee , but rather to the business enterprise of the employer . If an employee is dismissed on this ground , his is a no - fault dismissal . The most common form that this category takes is dismissal based on the economic needs of the business , or on the employer 's need to restructure the organisation . The Convention states further that employers must notify employees or their representatives that dismissal is contemplated , and must provide relevant information to them . The employer is obliged to consult regarding measures to minimise the number of dismissals , and also to mitigate the adverse effects of dismissal . Labour Relations Act ( edit ) Unfair dismissal is now governed by the Labour Relations Act . Some have argued that the Labour Relations Act undermines the flexibility required for the free market to exist . Others have argued that a restrictive labour law promotes job security , loyalty and incorporation into companies . The Labour Relations Act provides for the right not to be unfairly dismissed or subjected to unfair labour practices . Unfair dismissal ( edit ) Only employees have the right not to be unfairly dismissed ; non-employees enjoy no such protection . The Labour Relations Act 's approach to unfair dismissal may be summarised in the following three questions : Is the worker an employee ? ( Only employees may be dismissed , and only employees enjoy the protection of the Labour Relations Act . ) Has there been a dismissal ? ( To answer this question , one must look to section 186 ( 1 ) of the Labour Relations Act . ) Is the dismissal substantively or procedurally unfair ? ( In this regard , the reason for the dismissal will be a decisive factor . ) The employee has the onus to establish that there has in fact been a dismissal . If this is discharged , the onus shifts to the employer , who prove the fairness of the dismissal . `` Dismissal '' describes the termination of the employment relationship by the employer , with or without notice . It can also entail that the employee reasonably expected the employer to renew a fixed - term contract of employment on the same or similar terms , but the employer offered to renew it on less favourable terms , or did not renew it at all ; or that the employer refused to allow the employee to resume work after she took maternity leave in terms of any law or collective agreement , or in terms of her contract of employment . An employer who has dismissed a number of employees for the same or similar reasons , but who now offers to re-employ one or more of them , while refusing to re-employ another , will have dismissed the latter . The statutory definition also recognises as constituting dismissal certain circumstances in which the employee terminates the employment relationship . This is known as constructive dismissal . Where , for example , an employee terminates a contract of employment , with or without notice , because the employer has made continued employment intolerable for him , he will have been constructively dismissed . An employee may also be regarded as having been constructively dismissed if he terminates a contract of employment , with or without notice , because his new employer , after a transfer of the business as a going concern , provided him with conditions or circumstances at work which are substantially less favourable than those provided by his former employer . Termination of the employment contract ( edit ) Section 186 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Labour Relations Act refers to the standard form of dismissal . Either the employee is given notice of the termination , or his contract of employment is terminated by way of summary termination . Note , again , that only `` employees '' may be dismissed . The requisite period of notice may be expressly stated in the contract itself , in terms of a statute such as the Basic Conditions of Employment Act , or even in terms of a collective agreement . In terms of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act , one week 's notice is required in the first six months of employment ; two weeks ' notice if the employee has been employed for more than six months but less than a year ; and four weeks ' notice if he has been employed for more than a year . Summary termination by the employer may be justified if the employee has committed a serious or fundamental breach of a material term of the contract . In CSIR v Fijen , an employee and his employer had quarrelled during negotiations , with the employee declaring their relationship `` finished , '' and the employer interpreting this as a resignation . The employee subsequently denied having resigned ; what he meant , he argued , was that the working relationship had become intolerable . The court held that , in the absence of a clear and unambiguous intention to quit , there could not have been a proper resignation . The employer , therefore , was mistaken in its interpretation of his words . There were indications , in Ouwehand v Hout Bay Fishing , that the employee would be retrenched . Representations were made to him that he should find other work . He stopped going to work , therefore , on the assumption that he had been dismissed . The court , however , held that he had resigned , because the onus is on the employee to show that he has been dismissed . The employee in this case did not discharge that onus . When dismissal may be effected is a question of some practical importance . It relates to the question regarding the commencement of employment : Does it commence when the contract is concluded , or rather when the employee starts working ? The difficulty is that there may be a significant lapse of time between these two events . The Labour Court held , in Whitehead v Woolworths , that , to qualify as an employee , it was insufficient for the employee to prove that a contract of employment had been concluded . The conclusion of the contract merely gives rise to contractual claims ; it does not confer the status of an employee or employer on the parties for the purposes of the Labour Relations Act . `` In terms of the definition , '' Waglay AJ found , a person is only an employee when such person actually works for another person . The employee must therefore have rendered a service to another which services are not that ( sic ) of an independent contractor . In addition to working for another the employee must also `` receive '' or be `` entitled to receive '' remuneration . The remuneration referred to must correspondingly mean remuneration for work done or tendered to be done . Two subsequent decisions of the Labour Court , in Jack v Director - General , Department of Environmental Affairs and Wyeth SA v Manqele , have taken a different approach . The rights and remedies of a job applicant were considered in Jack , where the employer breached the contract by not allowing the party to commence work on the agreed date . The Labour Court , having examined the question of whether or not there was an employment relationship between the parties , decided that , once the parties have reached agreement on all the essential terms of the contract , it will be binding and enforceable . In Wyeth , employer and employee had concluded a written contract on 15 March providing that the employee would commence work on 1 April . Before work commenced , the employer informed the employee that it was no longer prepared to employ him . The Labour Court held that the term `` employee '' in the Labour Relations Act encompasses a person who has concluded a contract to work , and that such person would also enjoy protection against unfair dismissal . This is in line with a purposive interpretation of the definition of `` employee . '' The employment relationship is wider than the employment contract . While the contract of employment is the foundation of the relationship , the relationship may begin before the employee commences working , and may endure for some time after the contract has been terminated . It ought also to be noted that , although abscondment by the employee constitutes a breach of contract , this by itself does not necessarily bring the contract to an end . Only when the employer accepts the employee 's repudiation of the contract may it be said that there has been a dismissal . In some cases , an employment relationship is terminated by neither the employer nor the employee , but by operation of law . This occurs , for example , when an employee 's residence or work permit expires , and is sometimes called `` automatic dismissal . '' Failure to renew fixed - term contract ( edit ) The employee must have a `` reasonable '' expectation that the fixed - term contract will be renewed . He bears the onus of proving that the expectation of continued or permanent employment is reasonable . The test is objective , inquiring into whether or not a reasonable person would anticipate renewal in such circumstances . In addition , the employer must have created the impression that such an expectation was justified . The following are among the ways in which the employer or his representative may create such an impression : by past renewals of fixed term contracts ; by making representations to the employee that the contract will be renewed ; and by assuring the employee that the contract will be renewed . There must , then , be some form of `` prior promise or past practice . '' An offer on less favourable terms is also subject to the reasonable - expectation test . In SA Rugby v CCMA , the coach of the team indicated to certain players that he had `` plans for them . '' When it came to choosing the side , however , certain of those players were not even sent to training , and therefore were ineligible for the renewal of their contracts . It was held that the coach 's representations to the players were such that they had a reasonable expectation of renewal . What about the reasonable expectation of a permanent position ? In Dierks v Unisa , the employee had been employed by means of a series of fixed - term contracts . He argued that he had been unfairly retrenched , and that he was entitled to a permanent position . It is important to draw a distinction between the employee 's two expectations : that the fixed - term contract would be renewed on the same or similar terms ; and that he would have permanent employment . The court held that section 186 ( 1 ) ( b ) relates to the first expectation only , but the Labour Court later found , in McInnes v Technikon Natal , that its decision in Dierks had been incorrect . It took the view that the focus should be on the nature of the expectation , and whether or not in the circumstances the expectation was reasonable . In casu , the employee genuinely believed that she would be doing the same work as before , the only difference being that her appointment would in future be permanent . In this case , the `` similar terms '' referred to included the reasonable expectation of permanent employment on similar terms . The uncertainty continued with Auf Der Heyde v University of Cape Town , where the Labour Court accepted that the approach in Dierks was correct , and that section 186 ( 1 ) ( b ) did not include a reasonable expectation of permanent employment . This case , however , went on appeal , where the judge found it unnecessary in the circumstances to decide the issue . Dismissal for reasons relating to pregnancy ( edit ) The Basic Conditions of Employment Act provides for four months ' maternity leave , but does not require that it be paid . It is possible , however , for an employee to make a claim in terms of the Unemployment Insurance ( UIF ) Act . Individual or collective agreements may provide for paid maternity leave . An important concession in the Basic Conditions of Employment Act is that no employee may be expected to work for the first six weeks after the birth of her baby , but a midwife or medical practitioner may certify that she is fit to work if the employee wishes to do so . An employer 's refusal to allow an employee to return to work after she has been on maternity leave ( paid or unpaid ) will now fall within the ambit of `` dismissal '' for the purposes of the Labour Relations Act . If an employee does not return to work within the period permitted , this will probably be viewed as abscondment , in which case the normal sanctions will apply . Selective re-employment ( edit ) In a sense , in cases of selective re-employment , the employment relationship continues even after the employment contract itself has been terminated . Three elements are essential : There must have been a dismissal . The employees concerned must have been dismissed for the same or similar reasons . The employer must subsequently have offered to re-employ one or more of the previously dismissed employees , while refusing to re-employ one or more of the others . Constructive dismissal ( edit ) The essential feature of a constructive dismissal is that the employee terminates the employment contract . His resignation is not entirely voluntary , however , as it is brought about or necessitated by the actions or omissions of the employer . These actions must be `` intolerable . '' The employee , in resigning , indicates that he would have carried on work indefinitely had not the intolerable situation been created . In considering whether or not there has in fact been a constructive dismissal , the courts will ask the following questions : Did the employee intend to bring an end to the employment relationship ? Here one must look to the factual context . If the employee signs a resignation letter , such intention is almost certainly present . If the employee would have resigned anyway , even without the intolerable circumstances , he may not claim that those circumstances were the decisive factor . The time frame , too , is important : If the employee only resigns some months after an isolated incident , his case is less credible than if he had done so immediately . He is not automatically discredited , however ; the situation must be viewed as a whole . Any subsequent conduct , where the accumulative effect is intolerable , must also be considered . Was the working relationship so objectively intolerable that it was no longer possible for the employee to work there ? This must be viewed in light of the objective reasonable - person test . `` Intolerable '' conduct is conduct beyond the norm . To curse and swear in a particular environment may be completely acceptable , for example , and therefore not in itself intolerable . Misrepresentations made by an employer are considered intolerable , as is withholding an employee 's salary or claiming deductions without prior written consent ; so , too , is the making of threats , and abuse or violent behaviour , on the part of the employer . Furthermore , if an employee is denied the use of a company car , when such is required for the job , and the contract provides for one , this will also count as intolerable . On the other hand , a mere request by the employer to keep costs low is not intolerable ; nor is the absence of immediate employment opportunities , or displeasure the employer 's management style . Did the employer create the intolerable situation ? The intolerable situation must be linked to the conduct of the employer . Is the situation likely to endure for a longer period of time ? This depends on the circumstances of the case . Was termination the only option available to the employee ? It must be the only reasonable option , and the employee must first have tried other possible dispute - resolution options : lodging a grievance , for example , and then giving the employer the chance to respond . Transfer of employment contracts ( edit ) This is a relatively new form of statutory dismissal , added in terms of the 2002 amendment to the LRA . If a business is transferred , the employees must be transferred with it , and employed on the same or similar terms and conditions . Failure on the part of the new employer to do so constitutes dismissal . Automatically unfair dismissal ( edit ) This area of the law is highly problematic . The LRA states that certain dismissals are automatically unfair ; there is no argument as to their fairness . The compensation payable to an employee who has been dismissed for reasons that constitute automatic unfairness is up to 24 months ' salary , depending on the circumstances . For a normal , merely unfair dismissal , the compensation is up to twelve months ' salary . Section 187 of the LRA ( edit ) Section 187 of the LRA lists the reasons for which an employee may not be dismissed under any circumstances . Such dismissals are `` automatically unfair . '' Once it is proved that the employee has been dismissed for any of these reasons , the employer may not raise any defence save those provided for in the Act . Victims of automatically unfair dismissals will invariably be reinstated unless they choose compensation instead . Section 187 ( 1 ) ( d ) is of particular importance . It designates as automatically unfair dismissals in response to the employee 's taking action , or indicating an intention to take any action , against the employer by exercising any right conferred by the LRA , or by participating in any proceedings in terms of the LRA . Dismissal for any conduct regarding membership of a trade union , or for exercising the rights conferred by the labour legislation , is automatically unfair . The rights referred to are found in section 5 of the LRA . They include lawful trade - union participation , non-compliance with an unlawful order and disclosure of information . In CEPPWAWU & another v Glass & Aluminium , hostility from the employer in the workplace led to a constructive dismissal . The hostility was very closely related to the employee 's work as shop steward . The court held that the employer had made the employee 's life unbearable due to the fact that he was a shop steward ; the dismissal was therefore automatically unfair . The court noted that victims of automatically unfair dismissal will invariably be reinstated unless they choose compensation instead . What constitutes an automatically unfair dismissal ? ( edit ) This is a factual dispute . Whether the facts give rise to an automatically unfair dismissal , or merely an unfair dismissal , depends on the circumstances of each case . Dismissals contrary to section 5 ( edit ) Section 5 confers on employees a right to freedom of association and the right to belong to workplace forums . No employee may be dismissed for exercising these freedoms in any way : for example , by participating in the formation of a union ; by joining a union ; by participating in a union 's lawful activities or in the election of its officials ; or by standing for election for such a position . Section 5 further prohibits prejudicing employees for failing or refusing to do anything that an employer may not lawfully require of him . No dismissal is permitted for the disclosure of information which the employee is lawfully entitled or required to communicate to other persons , or for exercising any right or participating in any proceedings in terms of the LRA . The mere fact that employees are exercising a right under the LRA does not mean , however , that they are immunised against disciplinary action for misconduct committed outside the scope of their duties . Strike dismissals ( edit ) The LRA distinguishes between protected and unprotected strikes . The dismissal of an employee for participating in a protected strike is automatically unfair . Participants in protected strikes , however , may be dismissed for misconduct ( assault , for example , or intimidation ) during the course of the strike . In cases where it is difficult to distinguish between a dismissal for striking and a dismissal for ( by way of example ) misconduct , the `` true '' and `` proximate '' cause of the dismissal must be identified . Section 65 ( 5 ) provides that participation in a strike which does not comply with the provisions of the LRA is misconduct . It `` may constitute a fair reason for dismissal , '' but there are specific procedures to follow . Dismissal to compel employee to accept demand in mutual - interest dispute ( edit ) In terms of section 187 ( 1 ) ( c ) , employers may not threaten employees with disciplinary action if they do not comply with a demand : a salary decrease , for example . The Labour Court has considered situations in which employees are threatened with dismissal for refusing to accept unilateral amendments of their terms and conditions of employment by their employers . In this regard , the first issue is whether or not an employer has a right to dismiss employees who are not prepared to agree to changes to their terms and conditions of employment ; and , if so , the second issue is the nature of the relationship between that right and the employees ' right not to be dismissed for the purpose of being compelled to agree to a demand in respect of a matter of mutual interest . Employers may lock out employees ( provided that they follow the proper procedure ) as a bargaining strategy . A lock - out does not constitute dismissal , as the employees are still employed by the employer . The difficulty is that an employer may argue that he has the right to dismiss , for operational reasons , those employees who do not accept such a demand . It can be factually difficult in such cases to determine what was the true reason for the dismissal . Section 187 ( 1 ) ( c ) does not prevent employers from dismissing employees who refuse to accept a demand if the effect of that dismissal is to save other workers from retrenchment . Nor does this form of automatically unfair dismissal preclude an employer from dismissing a grossly insubordinate employee . In Afrox Limited v SACWU & Others , the company had a distribution system that resulted in its drivers working in excess of the overtime permitted by law . It decided to introduce a system of staggered shifts to overcome the problem . The employees , refusing to work under the new system , went on strike . They were subsequently dismissed for `` operational reasons '' , as the deliveries from the branch that had been striking were outsourced . The employees contended that the real reason why they were fired was because they were on strike . The court held that , although the strike accelerated the dismissal , the workers did not comply with the Basic Conditions of Employment Act when they went on strike ; therefore , regardless of the strike , the dismissal on operational reasons was upheld as fair . In Fry 's Metal v NUMSA , the court held that the dismissal of employees who refuse to accept a demand does not infringe section 187 ( c ) if the employer intends to get rid of the workers permanently . In this case , the dismissal was not in an attempt to force compliance ; it had gone so far as to constitute operational reasons . In CWIU v Algorax ( Pty ) Ltd , Algorax had not formally declared a lock - out . The court held , therefore , that the employer had infringed section 187 ( 1 ) ( c ) , because it offered to reinstate the employees after dismissing them . Had Algorax formally declared the lock - out , it would seem that it could have kept the employees out for as long as it did without having to compensate them for unfair dismissal . Insubordination ( edit ) In retrenchment cases , it is difficult to decide when an employer is entitled to dismiss for insubordination when employees refuse to comply with instructions . One must distinguish between refusal to work and refusal to do work in the specific way required by the employer . A computer technician refusing to fix computers is refusing to work , but an employee refusing to use a particular computer programme is refusing to do work in a specific way . If the employees are contractually obliged to perform the work demanded of them , and the employer 's instructions are reasonable , the employees ' refusal amounts to insubordination . It is not unfair to dismiss employees for refusing to comply with their employers ' instructions to perform the work required by their contracts . What if the employee refuses to carry out an order not in accordance with the contract , but with how the employer runs his business ? This will depend on the facts : If the instructions are reasonable , such refusal could amount to insubordination . In Kroukam v SA Airlink , Kroukam was an airline pilot who doubled as a shop steward . He was dismissed after deposing to an affidavit for the purposes of an urgent application by his union to have the company 's senior manager committed for contempt of court . He was charged with a number of offences , including gross insubordination . The company claimed that he had divulged the content of an off - the - record discussion in his affidavit , and also that he had refused to submit to a health test required of pilots . The Labour Court ruled that this was not an automatically unfair dismissal . On appeal , however , the court held unanimously that the main or dominant reason for Kroukam 's dismissal was his involvement in litigation against the company . The court held , accordingly , that such a dismissal was indeed automatically unfair . Pregnancy dismissals ( edit ) Section 187 ( 1 ) ( e ) is one of a number of statutory provisions aimed at protecting women in employment . Prior to these types of provisions , a woman who left work to have a baby was largely at the mercy of her employer . Under the common law , her absence could be treated as a reason for termination of the contract . Now , according to the EEA and the LRA , dismissal is unlawful if it is for any reason regarding pregnancy or discrimination on the ground of pregnancy . The employee has no duty to inform her employer that she is pregnant ; the employer has no right to ask and demand an answer . Accordingly , a woman may not now be dismissed in any circumstances merely because she is pregnant . Section 187 ( 1 ) ( e ) also renders impermissible the dismissal of a woman on maternity leave ( now up to four months under the new Basic Conditions of Employment Act ) . Nothing precludes an employer from dismissing a pregnant employee for operational requirements , provided that the court can be persuaded that there was indeed a valid economic or related reason . In Whitehead v Woolworths , the court held that an employer may have regard to economic considerations , including the woman 's availability to perform her services , when considering whether to employ a pregnant applicant . Section 187 ( 1 ) ( e ) embraces any reason `` related to her pregnancy . '' It therefore includes reasonable absences for medical attention and changes in the woman 's physical configuration , which may dispose certain employers to fire employees engaged in certain types of work . If the main reason for the dismissal is the employee 's pregnancy , the employer may not rely on an ancillary reason like the employee 's alleged deceit in not disclosing her condition . Conversely , a pregnant woman may not rely on her pregnancy as a defence against conduct that constitutes a disciplinary offence . Mashava , in Mashava v Cuzen & Woods Attorneys , was admitted as a candidate attorney at the firm . At the time of her employment , she was pregnant . She did not disclose this . The firm accordingly dismissed her , but the court held that this was automatically unfair . The employer could not rely on her deceit regarding her condition as a reason for dismissal . Fair dismissal ( edit ) Fair dismissals are composed of two golden threads : substantive fairness and procedural fairness . Both must be present in order for the dismissal to be fair and in accordance with the labour legislation . Employees may be dismissed fairly only for misconduct , incapacity and operational reasons . Each of these has its own procedure , which must be followed . Any person considering whether or not the reason for dismissal is fair , or whether or not the dismissal was effected in accordance with a fair procedure , must take into account any relevant code of good practice issued in terms of the Act . Discipline and dismissal for misconduct ( edit ) Dismissal is the most severe penalty that an employer may impose against an employee guilty of misconduct . In determining whether or not dismissal is appropriate in the circumstances of a case , the employer may have to weigh up a number of factors to come to a decision . Origin of employer 's right to discipline ( edit ) Generally , the employer has the right to maintain and enforce discipline in the workplace . This right has its origin in common law as an implied term in the contract of employment . It is also inextricably linked to the employee 's duty to obey all lawful and reasonable instructions , and is linked to the employer 's right to give instructions . Today the employer 's right to discipline is regulated to a certain degree by the LRA and the Code of Good Practice : Dismissal , annexed to the LRA as Schedule 8 ( the Code ) . Discipline and common law ( edit ) Under the common law , the employer may summarily dismiss the employee if the latter 's misconduct is serious , or dismiss the employee merely by giving the required notice . Occasionally , the employer may prefer to impose a less severe penalty , but the employer 's action in imposing a penalty may not amount to a breach of contract . Suspension without pay or demotion , or ordering forfeiture of an agreed bonus or part of the wages , would constitute a breach of contract . The employer may , however , suspend the employee on full pay and give warnings . The effectiveness of these penalties was questionable . Suspension on full pay , for example , was found to have little deterrent effect . In practice , the employer 's superior bargaining power , and his right to dismiss merely by giving notice , meant that the employer could `` convince '' the employee to agree to a penalty which would otherwise have amounted to a breach of contract . The Code and employer 's right to discipline ( edit ) The Code of Good Practice recognizes the employer 's common - law right to discipline employees by requiring , in item 3 ( 1 ) , that `` all employers should adopt disciplinary rules which establish the standard of conduct required of employees . '' If an agreed disciplinary code exists in the workplace , item 1 ( 2 ) of the Code stipulates that disciplinary action against employees must comply with the disciplinary code and procedure . If , however , the disciplinary code was unilaterally introduced by the employer , or if no such code exists , regard must be had to the Code 's provisions . The employer 's own code must be measured against the provisions of the Code ; in the absence of an employer code , the Code will constitute the minimum guidelines for discipline . Form and content of disciplinary codes of conduct ( edit ) Form ( edit ) The Code accepts that the form of the employer 's disciplinary rules will vary according to the size and nature of the business , but these rules must be clear and made available to employees so that there is certainty as to what the employer expects from them and as to what sort of behavior will not be tolerated . A disciplinary code may take the form of a collective agreement between the employer and a trade union or unions ; it may be a policy unilaterally imposed by the employer ; or it may be incorporated into the terms and conditions of employment . Very often a recognition agreement , in terms of which the employer recognizes one or more trade unions as the collective bargaining agent of a certain category of employees , will include , as an annexure , an agreed disciplinary code and procedure . In this way , a disciplinary code and procedure obtains the status of a collective agreement . Content ( edit ) The Code accepts that the content of a disciplinary code will vary according to the size and nature of the employer 's business . Some rules of conduct may be so well established and well known that it is unnecessary for the employer to communicate them to the employees . An employee who breaches such a rule can not argue that the rule does not appear in the written disciplinary code . A rule will be so well established that it need not be communicated if the employees know that a particular act or omission will not be tolerated if the employer has always in the past disciplined employees who committed the particular act or omission . Rules may also be considered to be well established by virtue of common - law contract principles , like a breach of the duty to act in good faith . Examples of acts and omissions that are held to constitute such a breach include theft ; assaulting the employer , a superior or co-employees ; insubordination ; failure to obey a reasonable and lawful order ; drunkenness , if it affects the employee 's work or is persistent or results in prejudice ; absence without leave or repeated absence ; misappropriation of company property ; timekeeping or clock - card offences ; and unfair competition with the employer . Employer disciplinary codes usually contain the disciplinary sanctions for each type of disciplinary infraction and the procedure to be followed . In some cases , the industrial court has drawn a distinction between theft and petty pilfering , and has required that , to justify dismissal , the offence at issue should disclose a `` thieving propensity '' on the part of the employee . In Anglo American Farms Boschendal Restaurant v Komjwayo , however , this distinction was rejected . The court held that the true test was whether or not the employee 's action had the effect of rendering the relationship of employer and employee intolerable . Although it has been somewhat more lenient in some cases , the CCMA has generally followed a strict approach in cases of theft and other forms of dishonesty . Due to South Africa 's apartheid past , racist abuse is viewed in a particularly serious light . In Lebowa Platinum Mines v Hill , an employee was dismissed for calling another employee a `` bobbejaan '' ( baboon ) . The court held the dismissal to be justified because the court found that the term had a racist connotation . Corrective or progressive discipline ( edit ) In terms of the common law , the employer may either condone the misconduct or elect to act against the employee . If the misconduct is of a sufficiently serious nature , the employer may decide to cancel the contract of employment and dismiss the employee . Dismissal is only one of a number of penalties that the employer may impose against the guilty employee . Examples of other penalties are suspension without pay ; verbal and written warnings ; demotion ; and transfer . The Code emphasizes the concept of corrective or progressive discipline . Item 3 ( 2 ) requires that the employer try to correct employees ' behavior through a system of graduated disciplinary measures such as counselling and warnings . Formal disciplinary procedures do not have to be invoked every time a rule is broken . Informal advice and correction is the best way to deal with minor violations of work discipline . Warnings may be graded according to degrees of severity , as with a verbal warning for a first offence , then a first written warning , then a final written warning or suspension without pay or demotion , and finally dismissal , which is reserved for repeated offences or serious misconduct . Item 3 ( 4 ) gives a list of examples of serious misconduct that may result in a disciplinary enquiry and possible dismissal for a first occurrence . The list includes gross dishonesty ; wilful damage to company property ; wilful endangering of the safety of others ; physical assault on the employer , a fellow employee , client or customer ; and gross insubordination . Substantive fairness of dismissal for misconduct ( edit ) As stated before , section 188 ( 1 ) of the LRA requires that , if misconduct is the reason for dismissal , it must be with fair reason . Item 7 of the Code provides some guidelines as to when misconduct will constitute a fair reason for dismissal . The following must be considered : whether or not the employee contravened a rule or standard regulating conduct in , or of relevance to , the work - place ; and , if a rule or standard was contravened , whether or not the rule was a valid or reasonable rule or standard ; the employee was aware , or could reasonably be expected to have been aware , of the rule or standard ; the rule or standard has been consistently applied by the employer ; and dismissal was an appropriate sanction for the contravention of the rule or standard . The guidelines in item 7 for a substantively fair dismissal are not hard and fast rules . The employer 's non-compliance with a particular guideline will not necessarily make the dismissal unfair . The question of whether or not non-compliance with a particular guideline is permissible depends on the circumstances . Contravention of rule by employee ( edit ) There are two issues to be considered under this heading . In the first instance , it must be determined whether or not the rule existed ; in the second , if the rule existed , it must be determined whether or not the employee contravened it . Did the rule exist ? ( edit ) The formulation of disciplinary rules is the responsibility of the employer . The most important source of these rules is a written disciplinary code or rules of conduct . If such a written code or set of rules exists , it must be examined to determine whether the rule which the employee is accused of having contravened is contained in that code . If the disciplinary code does not contain the rule under consideration , this may be an important indicator that such a rule does not exist in the particular workplace . If the particular rule which the employee is accused of having contravened is not included in the written code , this does not necessarily mean that the employee 's dismissal is unfair . The particular rule may be contained in the employee 's written contract of employment ; a policy or personnel manual ; or notices placed on the notice boards in the workplace Legislation such as the Occupational Health and Safety Act may also regulate the conduct of employees . Sections 14 and 15 impose a number of duties on employees , such as the duty to take reasonable care for the health and safety of themselves and of other persons who may be affected by their acts and omissions ; the duty to carry out any lawful order and obey the health and safety rules and procedures laid down by the employer ; the duty to report that an unsafe or unhealthy situation exists ; and the duty to report that they have been involved in any incident which may affect their health or which has caused an injury to them . Another important source for rules is the common law , which includes , for example , the duty to act in good faith . Item 7 ( a ) of the Code provides that one may also consider whether the employee contravened a rule regulating conduct `` in , or of relevance to the workplace . '' The provision is broad enough to entitle the employer to proceed against the employee who has contravened a rule after working hours , or even outside the premises of the employer . The circumstances that this is possible are limited , however , to those situations where the misconduct in some way affects or is otherwise relevant to the employer 's business . Was there a contravention of the rule ? ( edit ) Once it has been established that the rule exists , the next issue to be addressed is whether or not the employee has contravened it . This is an issue which must be determined on the facts . If , for example , the employee is charged with unauthorised possession of company property , this must be proven in the circumstances . Section 192 ( 2 ) of the LRA states that it is the employer who must prove that the dismissal was fair ; therefore the employer must prove that the employee has contravened the rule . Neither the LRA nor the Code stipulates the standard by which the employer must prove the employee 's contravention of the rule , but it is submitted that the employer must prove the contravention on a balance of probabilities . The LRA and the Code also do not stipulate on what facts the employer may rely to prove the contravention . The Industrial Court has given conflicting opinions on whether the employer is restricted to relying on those facts which are available at the time of the enquiry , or whether he may also rely on facts which came to light after the dismissal . It is submitted that the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration will probably adopt the second approach . Validity and reasonableness of the rule ( edit ) Once it is clear that the rule existed and the employee actually contravened it , attention must be focused on the rule itself . The first aspect which must be determined is whether the rule is valid or reasonable . This is a factual question . Generally a rule will be valid or reasonable if it is lawful and can be justified with reference to the needs and circumstances of the business . Factors which may determine whether or not a rule is justified include the following : the nature of the employer 's business ( for example , a brewery prohibiting the use of alcohol by employers ) ; and the circumstances in which the business operates ( for example , the type of work which an employee does ) . An important indicator of the validity or reasonableness of a rule is its inclusion in a disciplinary code that is contained in a collective agreement between the employer and a trade union . Unlike the rule the employer unilaterally enforces , this rule is the product of collective bargaining . The reasonableness of a rule may be affected by the employer 's preparedness in the past to enforce it . If it has not been enforced in the past , it may be an indication that the employer does not regard the rule as reasonable . The employer 's failure to enforce a rule does not make that rule permanently invalid , however . It may regain its validity if the employer clearly and unequivocally informs the employees that the rule will be enforced in the future . The fundamental issue is that the employer can not act against the employee if the latter is unaware that the employer now regards a breach of the rule as serious . Employee 's knowledge of rule ( edit ) The employee must have known , or could reasonably be expected to have been aware , of the rule . The rationale for this is that the employee should only be penalised for actions or omissions which the employee knew ( at the time ) were unacceptable . It is implied that the employee must also have known that a transgression of this rule may lead to dismissal . Knowledge of the rule may be achieved through its inclusion in a written disciplinary code ; meetings with workers ; written briefs ; notices on notice boars ; or induction programs for new employees . Certain forms of misconduct may be so well known in the workplace that notification is unnecessary . This would be the case with theft assault , intimidation , insolence and insubordination . Consistent application of rule ( edit ) An employer must , as far as possible , treat employees in the same way if they have committed the same or similar offences . The employer must be consistent , in other words , in meting out discipline . Two types of inconsistency may be distinguished : historical inconsistency , where the employer has in the past not proceeded against an employee for contravening the rule ; and contemporaneous inconsistency , where employees who breach the same rule contemporaneously , or at roughly the same time , are not all disciplined , or not all in the same way , or to the same extent . Inconsistency will not always be unfair . The employer can justify inconsistency through factors such as the employees ' different circumstances : length of service , for example , or disciplinary records and personal circumstances . In SA Commercial Catering & Allied Workers Union v Bonus Building , the court held that , if a distinction is drawn between different employees , this distinction must be properly motivated ; otherwise it will give rise to a perception of bias . The court in City of Cape Town v Mashitho & Others found that , if an employer intends to discipline employees for misconduct which he has not disciplined them for in the past , the proper course is to make it known that such discipline will now be effected and the reasons for this change . Dismissal as appropriate sanction ( edit ) Whether or not dismissal will be an appropriate sanction is a factual question . Item 3 ( 5 ) - ( 6 ) of the Code lists factors to be taken into consideration . The employer should consider , in addition to the gravity of the misconduct , such factors as the employee 's circumstances ( including length of service , previous disciplinary record and personal circumstances ) , the nature of the job and the circumstances of the infringement itself . The employer should apply the penalty of dismissal consistently with the way in which it has been applied to the same and other employees in the past , and consistently as between two or more employees who participate in the misconduct under consideration . All these factors must be considered and weighed up together to decide whether dismissal is justified or whether a less severe sanction would be more appropriate . It has been submitted that , even if the commissioner does not consider dismissal to be the appropriate sanction after considering all these factors , the penalty of dismissal will stand if the commissioner or judge is satisfied that a reasonable employer could also have decided to dismiss under the circumstances . In the case of Sidumo and Another v Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd and Others ( 2007 ) 12 BLLR 1097 ( CC ) , however , a security guard at a mine was not abiding by the search procedures he was obliged to employ for the workers at the mine . There was video footage available as proof that he was not adequately searching the workers . The security guard was dismissed on the suspicion that he could be fraternising with the workers in order to steal from the mines . The CCMA having held that this sanction was too harsh , the case was appealed to the Labour Court and then to Labour Appeal Court . When the case reached the SCA , the court held that employers have a discretion to dismiss . If the employer acts reasonably , his decision must be upheld . On appeal to the Constitutional Court , it was held that the commissioner who hears the appeal must decide afresh if the decision was fair or unfair ; therefore , it is not appropriate to look to the reasonable employer . The SCA approach , therefore , was found to be wrong . The test is what the reasonable commissioner would have done in those circumstances . The court , then , is not bound by the choice made by the reasonable employer . The `` reasonable employer '' test is no longer used . Gravity of misconduct ( edit ) The more serious the misconduct , the greater the likelihood that dismissal is the appropriate penalty . The seriousness of the misconduct depends on a number of considerations : the nature of the offence ; the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence ; the nature of the work performed by the employee ; the nature and size of the employer 's workforce ; the position the employer occupies in the marketplace and its profile in the market ; the nature of the work and services rendered by the employee ; the relationship between the employee and the victim ; and the effect of the misconduct on the workforce as a whole . Circumstances of infringement ( edit ) A serious offence does not automatically warrant the employee 's dismissal . It is not a `` knee - jerk response '' to all serious offences . There may be circumstances which have a tempering effect , not on the seriousness of the offence as such , but on the severity of the penalty : for example , in the case of theft , if the object which has been stolen is of such trifling value that dismissal may be too harsh a penalty ; in the case of assault , if the employee was provoked or acted in self - defense ; and , in the case of refusing to obey a superior 's orders , if the instructions were unreasonable or illegal . The nature of the employee 's job ( edit ) In the case of a brewery , the employer will be justified in taking a strict disciplinary approach regarding intoxication and the use of alcohol during working hours . A less strict approach to intoxication may be expected from an employer whose employees do not deal directly with the public or who do not work with dangerous machinery . This , however , does not mean that such an employer may never dismiss employees for intoxication ; it only means that a greater measure of progressive discipline will be expected from such an employer . Employee 's circumstances ( edit ) These include the employee 's length of service , status within the undertaking , previous disciplinary record and personal circumstances . Years of service generally count in the employees favor . It must be noted , however , that the employer often puts a great deal of trust in an employee with long service ; therefore , it could count against the employee if he breaches this trust after many years of service . The employer will also expect a higher degree of responsible behavior from a supervisor or manager than from an ordinary worker . If there is a previous warning on the employee 's personnel file , stating that he will be dismissed if the same offence is committed in future , dismissal may be fair if this occurs . A warning does not remain valid indefinitely . The employer and trade union may agree on the period for which a warning will remain valid , or the employer 's code may stipulate this . In the absence of such agreement or stipulation , the default position is that the warning remains valid for six months , unless the infraction is particularly serious , in which case it may remain valid for the duration of the employee 's service . Other personal circumstances which may be important include the employee 's age , marital status and number of dependents . Other employees dismissed for same offence ( edit ) The employer must , as far as possible , treat employees the same if they have breached the same rule or rules which are similar : There must be consistency when meting out discipline . Procedural fairness of dismissal for misconduct ( edit ) Section 188 ( 1 ) ( b ) of the LRA requires that a dismissal for misconduct must be effected in accordance with a fair procedure , which entails a fair disciplinary enquiry . The LRA does not regulate a fair disciplinary enquiry . The employer 's disciplinary code and procedure usually prescribes the procedure to be followed and the manner in which the hearing should be conducted . The Code provides a number of guidelines for a fair enquiry in item 4 : This is not a substitute for a disciplinary procedure but merely a template by which the fairness of a dismissal must be judged . Normally , the employer should conduct an investigation to determine whether there are grounds for dismissal . This does not need to be a formal enquiry . The employer should notify the employee of the allegations , using a form and language that the employee can reasonably understand . The employee should be allowed the opportunity to state a case in response to the allegations . The employee should also be entitled to a reasonable amount of time to prepare the response , and to the assistance of a trade union representative or fellow employee . After the enquiry , the employer should communicate the decision taken , and preferably furnish the employee with written notification of that decision . Discipline against a trade union representative , or against an employee who is an office - bearer or official of a trade union , should not be instituted without first informing and consulting the trade union . If the employee is dismissed , the employee should be given the reason for dismissal and reminded of any rights to refer the matter to a council with jurisdiction or to the commission , or to any dispute resolution procedures established in terms of a collective agreement . In exceptional circumstances , if the employer can not reasonably be expected to comply with these guidelines , the employer may dispense with pre-dismissal procedures . Elements of procedural fairness ( edit ) Investigation ( edit ) The purpose of the investigation is to determine whether or not there are grounds for dismissal . The investigation need not be a formal enquiry . Notice of charge and investigation ( edit ) The employer must notify the employee of the allegations against him . The employer must use a form and language that the employee can reasonably understand . Usually the charge will be in writing and in the language which is commonly used in the workplace . Notice of the charge and of the disciplinary enquiry is usually given simultaneously and in the same document Reasonable time to prepare response ( edit ) The question of what is a `` reasonable time '' is a factual one . The nature and complexity of the charges will certainly be relevant in ascertaining whether the employee has had sufficient time . Whether the employee had assistance in preparing a response will also be relevant . Employee entitled to state case in response ( edit ) This is the core of procedural fairness in the context of dismissal for misconduct . The employee may dispute the facts on which the charges are based , or may plead guilty to the charges but argue that dismissal is not the appropriate sanction . Employee entitled to assistance ( edit ) The employee is entitled to the assistance of a trade union representative or a fellow employee during the enquiry . `` Trade union representative '' is defined in section 213 of the LRA as a member of a trade union who is elected to represent employees in a workplace ( commonly called a shop steward ) . `` Fellow employee '' includes a colleague , supervisor or even a director of the company for which the employee is working , provided that the director is also an employee . The purpose of assistance is to assist with the presentation of the response to the charge ; and to ensure that the procedure which is followed during the enquiry is fair . Item 4 ( 1 ) does not provide for assistance by a legal practitioner , such as an advocate or attorney , but some disciplinary codes provide for legal representation under certain circumstances . Decision ( edit ) The decision as to whether or not an employee is guilty of the alleged misconduct , and as to the sanction , is usually the responsibility of the chairperson of the disciplinary enquiry . Some disciplinary codes , however , provide that the chairperson may only may a recommendation to senior management . The latter must then take the final decision , which could differ from the chairperson 's recommendation . An important question arises : Can senior management overturn the decision of a chairperson or order a second enquiry into whether or not the latter is empowered by the code not merely to make a recommendation but actually to decide the issue ? The court has indicated that this would be possible , subject to certain limitations , and that whether or not a second disciplinary enquiry may be opened depends on whether or not it would be fair to do so in the circumstances . The court has also stipulated two cautionary remarks : The second enquiry must be permitted in terms of the employer 's disciplinary code . It would probably not be considered fair to hold more than one enquiry , save in `` exceptional circumstances . '' The important yardstick is that of fairness . Communicating decision ( edit ) Item 4 ( 1 ) of the Code requires that the employer communicate the decision taken , preferably in writing . Both the verdict and the penalty must be communicated . Employee to be informed of reason for dismissal ( edit ) Item 4 ( 3 ) of the Code requires that , if the penalty is dismissal , the employee must be given the reason for it , and must be reminded of any rights to refer the matter to a bargaining council with jurisdiction , or to the CCMA or any dispute resolution procedure established in terms of a collective agreement . Appeal ( edit ) Item 4 of the Code does not make a provision for an appeal to a higher level of management against the outcome of a disciplinary enquiry . If the employee is dissatisfied , he must implement the dispute - settling procedures provided by the LRA . If , however , the disciplinary code in the workplace makes provision for such an appeal , the employee will be entitled to appeal in accordance with the code . Traditionally an appeal entails a re-hearing of the entire matter , including all the evidence presented , and a fresh consideration of the appropriate sanction . Dispensing with pre-dismissal procedures ( edit ) Item 4 ( 4 ) stipulates that the employer may dispense with a disciplinary enquiry in exceptional circumstances if the employer can not reasonably be expected to comply with this requirement . Two broad categories of exceptional circumstances are crisis - zone situations ( violent strikes in the mining industry , for example ) ; and where the employee waives his or her right to a hearing ( provided that the employee has full knowledge of his legal right thereto ) . Waiver of the right may also be assumed if the employee 's conduct is of such a nature that the employer can not be expected to hold an enquiry ; the employee refuses to attend the enquiry ; or the employee fails to attend the enquiry because of a decision on the employee 's part not to attend . Non-attendance due to illness does not constitute a waiver of this right . Dismissal for incapacity ( edit ) Incapacity is one of the internationally recognized grounds for a fair dismissal , provided that a fair reason exists for the dismissal and that a fair procedure has been followed . Section 188 of the LRA refers only to `` incapacity . '' It does not distinguish between poor work performance and ill health or injury . This distinction is , however , drawn in the Code of Good Practice : Dismissal ( the Code ) . Different sets of guidelines are provided for each : Item 11 deals with ill health or injury ; item 9 deals with poor work performance . According to the former Prime Minister , `` It will probably take a long time for the mods to find this . '' While culpability or fault on the part of the employee is the essence of dismissal for misconduct , a dismissal for incapacity is a no - fault dismissal . Incapacity means that , unrelated to any intentional or negligent conduct or performance by the employee , the employee is not able to meet the standard of performance required by the employer . The employee is not capable of doing the work . This ground of dismissal ties in with the common law duty of the employee to perform competently and without negligence . The difference between incapacity and misconduct in this regard is that misconduct occurs where the employee breaches this duty intentionally or negligently ; whereas incapacity occurs where there is no intention or negligence on the part of the employee , but rather a supervening impossibility of performance . Poor work performance ( edit ) A dismissal for poor work performance implies that there must be an objective standard of performance against which the employee can be measured , before the employee may be dismissed for failing to meet that standard . It is generally accepted that the setting of performance standards is within the employer 's prerogative . There are various ways in which an employer may establish performance standards and appraise an employee 's ability to do the job to the satisfaction of the employer . At the outset of the relationship the employer may decide to put the employee on a period of probation . The Code distinguishes between employees who are dismissed during the probationary period and those who are dismissed after probation . Item 9 of the Code provides , as guidelines in cases of dismissal arising from poor work performance , that any person , in determining whether or not a dismissal for poor work performance is unfair , should consider whether or not the employee failed to meet a performance standard ; and , if the employee did not meet a required performance standard , whether or not the employee was aware , or could reasonably be expected to have been aware , of the required performance standard ; the employee was given a fair opportunity to meet the required performance standard ; and dismissal was an appropriate sanction for the contravention of the rule or standard . Employees on probation ( edit ) Item 8 ( 1 ) of the Code sets out the basic principles in respect of probationary employees : An employer may require a newly hired employee to serve a period of probation before the appointment of the employee is confirmed . The purpose of probation is to give the employer an opportunity to evaluate the employee 's performance before confirming the appointment . Probation should not be used for purposes not contemplated by this Code to deprive employees of the status of permanent employment . The practice of dismissing employees who complete their probation periods , and replacing them with newly hired employees , is not consistent with the purpose of probation and constitutes an unfair labour practice . The period of probation should be determined in advance . It should be of reasonable duration . The length of the probationary period should be determined with reference to the nature of the job and the time it takes to determine the employee 's suitability for continued employment . During the probationary period , the employee 's performance should be assessed . An employer should give an employee reasonable evaluation , instruction , training , guidance or counselling in order to allow the employee to render a satisfactory service . If the employer determines that the employee 's performance is below standard , the employer should advise the employee of any aspects in which the employer considers the employee to be failing to meet the required performance standards . If the employer believes that the employee is incompetent , the employer should advise the employee of the respects in which the employee is not competent . The employer may either extend the probationary period or dismiss the employee after complying with subitems ( g ) or ( h ) , as the case may be . The period of probation may only be extended for a reason that relates to the purpose of probation . The period of extension should not be disproportionate to the legitimate purpose that the employer seeks to achieve . An employer may only decide to dismiss an employee or extend the probationary period after the employer has invited the employee to make representations and has considered any representations so made . A trade union representative or fellow employee may make the representations on behalf of the employee . If the employer decides to dismiss the employee , or to extend the probationary period , the employer should advise the employee of his or her rights to refer the matter to a council having jurisdiction , or to the Commission . Any person making a decision about the fairness of a dismissal of an employee for poor work performance during , or on expiry of the probationary period , ought to accept reasons for dismissal that may be less compelling than would be the case in dismissals effected after the completion of the probationary period . It must be noted that different jobs may take different lengths of time to determine suitability . The requirement in terms of the length of probation is that of reasonableness . If the probationary employee is not performing adequately , the evaluation , instruction , training , guidance or counselling referred to in the Code should focus on making it possible for the probationary employee to perform to the satisfaction of the employer . If the performance is not up to standard , the probationary employee should be given an opportunity to improve to the requisite standard . In sub items ( f ) to ( i ) the word `` should '' is used , so the duty on the employer is less onerous than if the employee had already been confirmed in a permanent position . Item 8 ( 1 ) ( g ) - ( h ) makes it clear that there is a difference between a dismissal during probation and after probation . The amended Item 8 ( 1 ) emphasizes that an employee is protected against an unfair dismissal even while serving a probation . The justification for these amendments is to make the dismissal of probationary employees easier in order to encourage job creation and to relieve employers of the onerous procedures they had to comply with before this item was amended . Poor - work - performance dismissals after probation ( edit ) After the probationary period has expired , most employees will have tenure or permanent status . The procedures that an employer must follow to justify a dismissal for poor work performance after probation are to be found in Item 8 ( 2 ) - ( 4 ) , which provides that , after probation , an employee should not be dismissed for unsatisfactory performance unless the employer has given the employee appropriate evaluation , instruction , training , guidance or counselling ; and , after a reasonable period of time for improvement , the employee continues to perform unsatisfactorily . The procedure leading to dismissal should include an investigation to establish the reasons for the unsatisfactory performance . The employer should consider other ways , short of dismissal , to remedy the matter . In the process , the employee should have the right to be heard and to be assisted by a trade union representative or a fellow employee . Incapacity dismissals are made difficult , then , by the fact that there is considerable overlap between substantive and procedural fairness . They are not always clearly distinguishable . Setting standards and assessment ( edit ) An employer is entitled to set the standards that it requires the employee to meet . The employer has the prerogative to decide whether or not those standards have been met . In A-B v SA Brewaries , an employee engaged as a planning and administrative manager was charged with poor work performance on six occasions and demoted to the position of project controller . The arbitrator held that an employer is entitled to set the standards that it requires the employee to meet . Generally speaking , the court should not intervene unless the standards so set are `` grossly unreasonable . '' The commissioner held that the employee had been given a fair opportunity to meet the standards set by the employer and that the demotion was not procedurally unfair . The employer 's performance appraisal and review process had identified the problem areas . The employee had been given an opportunity to improve before the demotion . The commissioner stressed that , in most cases , senior managers have a duty to appraise their own performance and to rectify poor performance themselves . Senior managers ( edit ) The status of the employee may play a role in the performance standards that the employee is expected to reach , and the extent to which the employee will be given an opportunity to improve his performance . The size of the organisation will also be a factor to consider when deciding the degree of the employer 's responsibility towards employees whose performance is sub-standard . Senior managers may indeed have a duty to assess their own performance standards . The courts have long accepted that senior employees are not always entitled to an opportunity to improve . They have been held to have the ability and duty to monitor their own work performance . Failure to meet the standards required by regulatory body ( edit ) A dismissal for incapacity may be justified if the employee does not have the requisite qualifications or has not been accredited by a professional or statutory body . Assessment and evaluation by employer ( edit ) The courts have stressed the need for a proper evaluation and assessment of an employee before any action is taken . There must be careful assessment and consultation , and an opportunity to improve . The Commission for Constellation , Meditation and Aggregation has accepted that less strict standards should be applied to small businesses tasked with evaluating an employee for poor work performance . Consultation process ( edit ) It is emphasised that it is through fair process that fair decisions are generally reached . If the dismissal was procedurally unfair , the courts have often been reluctant to reinstate the employee , choosing rather to award the employee compensation . Dismissal as last resort ( edit ) No employee may be dismissed for poor work performance without first being made aware of the standards required and then being given an opportunity to improve . The employer is expected to make a reasonable accommodation for an employee and offer the employee alternative employment in some circumstances . Incompatibility ( edit ) There was great debate regarding whether or not an employee 's incompatibility ( his inability to work harmoniously with other employees or to fit in with the corporate culture of the undertaking or organisation ) constituted incapacity or a ground for an operational - requirements dismissal . Considering the way the LRA is now structured , this distinction has become vital . Different pre-dismissal procedures must be followed by the employer ; disputes about an allegedly unfair dismissal would follow different procedures . Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration commissioners now generally take the view that incompatibility constitutes incapacity and not operational requirements , but the debate continues . There must still be a fair reason and fair procedure for such a dismissal . The employer is obliged to assist an employee who is causing disruptions in workplace relationship before dismissing him . If the employee is a genuine `` misfit , '' appropriate warnings and counselling would be required . It may happen that a call is made for the dismissal of an employee by a third party or co-workers . If this happens , the demand made must be `` good and sufficient , '' and must be backed by a real and serious threat : for example , that the employees making the demand will go on strike if the employee in question is not dismissed . The employer must investigate alternatives and consult the employee in question . The requirement that there must be no possible alternative is particularly true when racial or ethnic tension is the cause of the incompatibility . The test in such cases is that of necessity . Ill health or injury ( edit ) The second type of incapacity dealt with in the Code is ill health or injury . It is addressed in Item 10 and Item 11 . The assessments referred to in Item 11 must be done in order to determine whether a dismissal would be appropriate in the circumstances . Item 11 of the Code provides that any person determining whether a dismissal arising from ill health or injury is unfair should consider whether or not the employee is capable of performing the work ; and , if the employee is incapable the extent to which the employee is able to perform the work ; the extent to which the employee 's work circumstances might be adapted to accommodate disability , or , where this is not possible , the extent to which the employee 's duties might be adapted ; and the availability of any suitable alternative work . Once again the dismissal must be both substantively and procedurally fair . Substantive and procedural fairness ( edit ) Various aspects of substantive and procedural fairness are illustrated in Item 10 . Incapacity on the grounds of ill health or injury may be temporary or permanent . If an employee is temporarily unable to work in these circumstances , the employer should investigate the extent of the incapacity or injury . If the employee is likely to be absent for a time that is unreasonably long in the circumstances , the employer should investigate all the possible alternatives short of dismissal . When alternatives are considered , relevant factors might include the nature of the job ; the period of absence ; the seriousness of the illness or injury ; and the possibility of securing a temporary replacement for the ill or injured employee . In cases of permanent incapacity , the employer should ascertain the possibility of securing alternative employment or adapting the duties or work circumstances of the employee to accommodate the employee 's disability . In the process of the investigation referred to above , the employee should be allowed the opportunity to state a case in response , and to be assisted by a trade union representative or fellow employee . The degree of incapacity is relevant to the fairness of any dismissal . The cause of the incapacity may also be relevant . In the case of certain kinds of incapacity , like alcoholism or drug abuse , counselling and rehabilitation may be appropriate steps for the employer to consider . Particular consideration should be given to employees who are injured at work or who are incapacitated by work - related illness . The courts have indicated that the duty on the employer to accommodate the incapacity of the employee is more onerous in these circumstances . Item 10 ( 1 ) highlights the nature , degree and extent of the incapacity , and the steps the employer should take to accommodate the employee . Whether the incapacity is temporary or permanent is also an important consideration . Item 10 ( 2 ) sets out the guidelines specifically for procedural fairness . There has been debate as to whether this process entails a formal hearing . As long as the employee is given a fair opportunity to indicate why he should not be dismissed , however , this feature has been complied with . The degree of incapacity also plays a role ( see Item 10 ( 3 ) ) . The employer 's duty to accommodate is emphasized , with particular reference to employees incapacitated due to a work - related injury or illness ( see Item 10 ( 4 ) ) . A related issue if that of habitual absenteeism , where an employee is often absent from work due to illness or injury . It appears that the approach of the court will vary according to the degree and nature of the absenteeism . Frequent and lengthy absences due to ill health may justify termination at a point where the employer can no longer be expected to tolerate such absences . Disability ( edit ) In many cases , the terms `` incapacity '' and `` disability '' are used interchangeably . Incapacity may be due to an accident causing a loss of limb or the slow onset of an illness like cancer or HIV / AIDS , or a person may have been born with a physical or mental impairment that others perceive as a disability . The real issue in equity or anti-discrimination legislation is to protect the rights of disabled people , particularly in the area of employment , as employers may perceive a ' disabled person ' to be unsuitable for the workplace . Although the Constitution and LRA both have general equity provisions for people with disabilities , there is no statutory definition in these Acts . The EEA , however , defines people with disabilities as people who have a long - term or recurring physical or mental impairment which substantially limits their prospects of entry into , or advancement in , employment . The Americans with Disabilities Act ( arguably the most important international legislation in this field ) defines a disabled person as `` one who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity , a person who has a past record of such an impairment , or a person who is regarded by other people as having such an impairment . '' `` Reasonable accommodation '' means any modification or adjustment to a job or to the working environment that will enable a person from a designated group to have access to or participate or advance in employment . A dismissal based on disability may thus be automatically unfair , giving the employer no defense and the judge no discretion -- except that the dismissal may be fair if the reason is based on an inherent requirement of the job . The employer will also bear the onus of proving that the dismissal for disability was based on the inherent requirements of the job and that the dismissal is both substantively and procedurally fair . Dismissal for operational requirements ( edit ) Context ( edit ) An employer may find itself facing financial ruin ( due to unsound strategy , large clients or contracts having been lost , or factors in the economy at large ) . Under pressure , the employer may be forced into considering reducing its wage bill by restructuring the organisation , which may mean dismissing some employees . In this scenario , the word `` retrenchment '' is often used . Section 188 of the LRA recognizes that an employer also has operational requirements and needs , and that , in certain cases , these may also be a fair and valid reason for dismissal . According to section 213 of the LRA , `` operational requirements '' are requirements based on the economic , technological , structural or similar needs of an employer . There are four categories of operational requirements . From these categories it is clear that the reason for the dismissal does not relate to the employee ; it is due to the needs of the employer , and therefore reason for the dismissal is the employer 's . An employer 's economic needs , for example , include those needs and requirements relating to the economic well - being of the enterprise . One of the most common economic reasons for dismissal is financial difficulties ( due to , for example , a downturn in the economy or a decrease in the demand for certain products ) . `` Technological needs '' refers to the introduction of new technology , such as more advanced machinery , mechanization or computerization , leading to the redundancy of employees . Structural needs as a reason for dismissal describes posts becoming redundant following a restructuring of the enterprise . This often follows a merger or amalgamation . Employer 's similar needs ( edit ) This is a very broad category and must be determined with reference to the circumstances of the case . There is no clear and absolute dividing line between an employer 's `` economic '' needs and `` similar '' needs , as there are often considerable overlaps . Changes to employee 's terms and conditions of employment ( edit ) A business may have to be restructured or amalgamated with another enterprise , or its mode of operation may have to be altered in order to ensure its survival or to make it more competitive . These changes may lead to an employee 's becoming redundant , but changes of this nature may also lead to the employee 's being offered a new position , with changes to the terms and conditions of employment . If the employee unreasonably refuses to accept the changes to the terms and conditions of employment , the employee may be dismissed for operational requirements . In WL Ochse Webb & Pretorius v Vermeulen , the employee was a tomato salesman for WL Ochse ( the employer ) and was paid a basic salary and commission . He earned more than the other employees , as the sale of tomatoes attracted a higher commission than the sale of the vegetables sold by the other employees . This caused dissatisfaction among the other workers , which the employer tried to address by proposing a new remuneration system . The salesman was given three alternatives : He could accept the new system . He could present an alternative system . He could resign . He proposed that the old system be retained . When this proposal was rejected by the employer , he resigned . The court held that the employer had not acted unfairly , as a successful business requires contented employees . Unhappiness can lead to several problems , such as labour unrest and a drop in productivity . A commercial rationale for the changes was thus established by the employer . Dismissal to compel an employee to accept changes to terms and conditions of employment is branded as automatically unfair by section 187 ( 1 ) ( c ) of the LRA . The primary motive for dismissal must be a commercial rationale or operational reason in order for the dismissal to be fair . The fundamental difference between an operational requirement dismissal and an automatically unfair dismissal is the employer 's reason for the dismissal . If an employer dismisses employees because the terms and conditions of employment must be altered for the business to continue being viable , the employees may be fairly dismissed , as they no longer serve the employer 's operational requirements . In Fry 's Metals v National Union of Metalworkers , the court discussed the difference between an operational - requirement dismissal and an automatically unfair dismissal : In the case of a dismissal due to operational requirements , the purpose is to get rid of employees who do not meet the business requirements of the employer , so that new employees who will meet the business requirements can be employed . In the case of an automatically unfair dismissal , the employer wants his existing employees to agree to a change of their terms and conditions of employment , and has the attitude that , if the employees do not agree to the changes , he will dismiss them . A change in the terms and conditions of employment need not always be the result of changes regarding the business . The circumstances or attitude of the employee could change . This could have such serious economic repercussions for the employer that the latter deems it vital to change the employee 's conditions of employment . The nature of a business may be such that special demands are made on the employees . It may be essential for the economic success of the business , for example , that the employees are able and willing to work overtime . The employee 's inability or refusal to do so could jeopardise the well - being of the business ; therefore a dismissal would be fair . Incompatibility and related reasons ( edit ) The courts have accepted than an employee whose actions negatively affect the operation of a business may be dismissed . This may occur where certain actions of the employee create disharmony among his co-workers , as when , for example , he antagonises co-workers by continually making racist or sexist remarks . In Erasmus v BB Bread , employees called for the dismissal of a manager because of his problematic attitude towards them , and his having made derogatory remarks , particularly aimed at black employees . The Industrial Court ( in terms of the old LRA ) held that his dismissal was for a valid and fair reason , as the employer is entitled to insist on reasonably harmonious interpersonal relationships between employees . If sound relationships appear to be impossible , the employer may be entitled to remove the employee from the scene . In East Rand Proprietary Mines v UPUSA , the issue was the fairness of the dismissal of a number of Zulu - speaking workers after violent clashes between them and workers belonging to other ethnic groups . Although the court found that the dismissal had been unfair in the circumstances , it did acknowledge that a dismissal which had its roots in an arbitrary ground , such as ethnic origin , could be fair if the employer could prove that dismissal was the only option left to ensure the safety of the targeted employees and the continued well - being of the business . The court held that an employer may dismiss employees because it can not guarantee their safety in light of the ethnic hostilities , but the employer must be able to show that it truly had no other alternative . Breakdown in the trust relationship ( edit ) The relationship between the employer and employee is one of trust . It entails the confidence that the employee is adhering to the common - law duty to act in good faith towards and in the best interests of the business . If the facts show that this duty is breached , the employee is guilty of misconduct and , if sufficiently serious , may be dismissed . If the employer is unable to prove such a breach on a balance of probabilities , the employee may not be dismissed for misconduct , but may be dismissed for operational reasons , as such mistrust is counter-productive to the operation of the business . In Food & Allied Workers Union v Amalgamated Beverage Industries , the Industrial Court accepted that the dismissal of a number of employees on suspicion of assault had an operational rationale to it . Substantive issues ( edit ) Real reasons and increases in profits ( edit ) Before the introduction of section 189A of the LRA in 2002 , there was no statutory definition of substantive fairness in the case of an operational - requirements dismissal . The question is a factual one ; the employer must prove : that the proffered reason is based on the operational requirements of the business , so that the employer will have to prove that the reason for dismissal falls within the statutory definition of `` operational requirements ; '' and that the operational reason actually existed , and was the real reason for the dismissal . The reason may not be a mere cover - up for another reason . A dismissal for operational reasons need not be restricted to the cutting of costs and expenditure . Profit , or an increase in profit , or gaining some advantage such as a more efficient enterprise , may also be acceptable reasons for dismissal . If the employer can show that a good profit is to be made in accordance with a sound economic rationale , and it follows a fair process to retrench an employee , the dismissal is fair . Large - scale dismissals ( edit ) Section 189A of the LRA distinguishes between the size of employers and also the size of dismissals when regulating substantive and procedural fairness of dismissal . Section 189A ( 1 ) distinguishes between a small employer ( less than fifty employees ) and a big employer ( more than fifty employees ) . In terms of s189A ( 1 ) ( a ) a large - scale dismissal would entail the employer 's dismissing ten employees , if the employer employs between fifty and 200 employees ; twenty employees , if the employer employs between 200 and 300 employees ; thirty employees , if the employer employs between 300 - 400 employees ; forty employees , if the employer employs between 400 - 500 employees ; and fifty employees , if the employer employs more than 500 . In terms of s189A ( 1 ) ( b ) , a dismissal by a big employer of fewer than the prescribed minimum listed above still constitutes a large - scale dismissal if the number of employees to be dismissed , together with the number of employees that have been dismissed for operational reasons in the twelve months previously , exceeds the number specified above . This is a so - called `` rolling twelve - month period '' and must always be calculated backwards , starting from the date on which the employer gives notice in terms of section 189 ( 3 ) of the latest proposed dismissal for operational reasons . The purpose of the twelve - month rolling period is to ensure that employers do not manipulate the number of employees to be dismissed so that the dismissal always falls outside the ambit of section 189A . Section 189A ( 19 ) of the LRA provides that , in any dispute referred to the Labour Court concerning the dismissal of the number of employees in terms of subsection ( 1 ) , the court must find that the employee was dismissed for a fair reason if the dismissal was to give effect to requirements based on the employer 's economic , technological , structural or similar needs ; the dismissal was operationally justifiable on rational grounds ; there was a proper consideration of alternatives ; and selection criteria were fair and objective . `` Economic , technological , structural or similar needs '' ( edit ) This requirement entails that the reason for dismissal must be for `` operational requirements , '' as defined in section 213 . It must also be the real reason for the dismissal . `` Operationally justifiable on rational grounds '' ( edit ) `` Rational '' grounds are grounds that are founded upon `` reason '' or `` logic . '' The rationality test is an objective one , measuring the acceptability of the reasons for dismissal against that which would generally be considered acceptable . It is not a subjective test focussed only on what the particular employer considered to be justifiable under the circumstances . `` Proper consideration of alternatives '' ( edit ) One of the requirements for a procedurally fair dismissal is consultations on measures to avoid dismissals . This inclusion makes this procedural requirement also a requirement for substantive fairness , and goes further by requiring `` proper '' consideration . `` Proper '' consideration entails more than merely considering alternatives . The employer must apply its mind and give defensible reasons for dismissing such alternatives , and show that dismissal was a last resort . `` Selection criteria were fair and objective '' ( edit ) One of the requirements for a procedurally fair operational requirements dismissal is that the parties must attempt to reach consensus about the method to be used to select employees for dismissal . Where the parties are unable to agree , the criteria used must be `` fair and objective . '' This procedural requirement is also , therefore , a requirement for substantive fairness . Courts ' changing views ( edit ) In the past , the courts took the view that the function of the court is not to second - guess the employer 's decision . It is not up to the court to ask whether it was the `` best '' decision under those circumstances ; it needed only to consider whether it was a rational , commercial or operational decision . Now the courts take a closer view of the employer 's business decisions . In BMD Knitting Mills v SA Clothing & Textile Workers Union , the court departed from its deferential approach and focused on the fairness of the reason to both parties : The starting point is whether there is a commercial rationale for the decision . But rather than take such justification at face value , a court is entitled to examine whether the particular decision has been taken in a manner which is also fair to the affected party , namely the employees to be retrenched . To this extent the court is entitled to enquire as whether a reasonable basis exists on which the decision , including the proposed manner , to dismiss for operational requirements is predicated . Viewed accordingly , the test becomes less deferential and the court is entitled to examine the content of the reasons given by the employer , albeit that the enquiry is not directed to whether the reason offered is the one which would have been chosen by the court . Fairness , not correctness is the mandated test . In Chemical Workers Industrial Union v Algorax , the court considered itself to be entitled to scrutinize the employer 's business reasoning and decision - making in considerable detail . The reasoning given is that the court should not hesitate to deal with an issue which requires no special expertise , skills or knowledge that it does not have , but simply requires common sense or logic . The most important implication of this approach is that the employer will need to convince the court not only that it has considered alternatives , but that it has chosen the option that makes the best business sense . Procedural aspects ( edit ) There is no clear dividing line between substantive and procedural fairness in dismissals for operational reasons ; the issues overlap considerably . Consultation process ( edit ) The consultation process is at the heart of procedural fairness in the case of dismissal for operational requirements . Section 189 ( 1 ) of the LRA provides that , when an employer contemplates dismissing one or more employees for reasons based on the employer 's operational requirements , the employer must consult any person whom the employer is required to consult in terms of a collective agreement ; if there is no such collective agreement , a workplace forum , if such exists ; and any registered trade union whose members are likely to be affected ; if there is no workplace forum , any registered trade union whose members are likely to be affected ; or if there is no such trade union , the employees likely to be affected by the proposed dismissals or their representatives nominated for that purpose . In United National Breweries v Khanyeza , the court held that , where a union is recognized as a consulting party in a collective agreement , it is entitled to consult on behalf of all employees , even those falling outside the bargaining unit for which the union is recognised . Note that consultation must take place when the employer `` contemplates dismissal '' -- when the possibility of dismissal is foreseen , but the final decision to dismiss has not been reached . At most , therefore , the employer must have an intention to retrench . Item 3 of the Code further entrenches the idea that consultation must take place when dismissal is `` contemplated . '' This ensures that the employees are afforded the opportunity to influence the employer in its final decision to dismiss or not to dismiss . Section 189 does not prescribe the period over which consultation should extend , but Item 5 of the Code states that the circumstances of each case are relevant to the determination of a reasonable period . Item 6 further states that the more urgent the need of the employer to respond to the factors giving rise to contemplated dismissals , the shorter the consultation process will be . Consultation entails that the parties must engage in a meaningful joint consensus - seeking process and attempt to reach consensus . This means that the parties must embark on a joint problem - solving exercise , striving for consensus . For the process to be meaningful , the employer must consult in good faith and not simply `` go through the motions . '' This means the employer can not have made up his mind to dismiss prior to consultation , and must be prepared to keep an open mind with regard to the representations made . The employees must engage properly , make representations and ensure that their representations are well founded and substantiated , and not merely prolong consultations . Should the parties fail to reach consensus , the final decision remains that of the employer . In NEHAWU v University of Pretoria , the Labour Appeal court held that , after restructuring had been exhaustively discussed by a steering committee , on which all stakeholders were represented , the university was not required to consult again on all those issues after formally giving notice in terms of section 189 of the LRA . Consultation topics ( edit ) Section 189 ( 2 ) of the LRA provides that the employer and the other consulting parties must engage in a meaningful joint process , attempting to reach consensus on appropriate measures to avoid the dismissals ; to minimize the number of dismissals ; to change the timing of the dismissals ; and to mitigate the adverse effects of the dismissals ; the method for selecting the employees to be dismissed ; and the severance pay for dismissed employees . Measures to avoid dismissals ( edit ) There must be proper consideration of alternatives . The employer must apply its mind to the proposals and , if applicable , give defendable reasons for dismissing these alternatives and coming to the conclusion that dismissal was the only solution . Possible alternatives include the following : granting paid or unpaid leave ; reducing or eliminating overtime or work on Sundays ; transferring employees to other departments ; and training or retraining employees to enable them to take up other positions in the organisation . The parties may consider spreading the dismissals out over a period of time to allow a natural attrition of numbers through retirements or resignations . Measures to minimize the number of dismissals ( edit ) Once dismissals have been agreed as the only solution , the number of dismissals must be kept to a minimum . This may mean transferring employees to other sections or departments ; asking for volunteers by means of offering a voluntary severance package ; allowing natural attrition of numbers ; or training or retraining . Measures to change the timing of the dismissals ( edit ) While the employer may prefer the dismissals to be immediate , the union may prefer them to be spread over a period of time , or that they take place at a later stage . Measures to mitigate the adverse effects of the dismissals ( edit ) The employer may , for example , assist the employee in finding alternative work by giving the employee time without loss of pay to search for alternative work . The employer may also make an office available in which to complete job applications and arrange interviews . The employer may provide a reference for the employee . In Sikhosana v Sasol Synthetic Fuels , the court noted that the LRA contemplates a hierarchy of consulting parties , each if applicable excluding its successors . The courts apply section 189 ( 1 ) strictly . It was held that , although appropriate measures to mitigate the adverse effects of the dismissals should be taken , employers are not required actively to seek alternative work for retrenched employees . The employer may also undertake to give priority to the dismissed employee should a vacancy arise . Criteria for dismissal and severance pay ( edit ) Consensus must also be reached on the criteria used to select which employees will be dismissed and the amount of severance pay the employee is entitled to . Written disclosure of information ( edit ) The employer must disclose all relevant information in writing . Verbal assurances , explanations and information by the employer will not suffice ; the other party may demand that the employer put everything down in writing or provide documentation such as financial reports . According to section 189 ( 3 ) of the LRA , all `` relevant information '' must be disclosed . This may include , inter alia , the reasons for the proposed dismissals ; alternatives considered and the reasons for rejection thereof ; the number of employees likely to be affected ; the proposed method for selecting which employees to dismiss ; the time when the dismissals are likely to take effect ; severance pay proposed ; any assistance the employer proposes to offer ; the possibility of the future re-employment of the employees who are dismissed ; the number of employees employed by the employer ; and the number of employees the employer has dismissed for operational requirements in the preceding twelve months . Relevance is a question of fact and entails all information that will allow effective consultation . The onus is on the employer to prove that any information that it has refused to disclose is not relevant for the purposes for which it is sought . Privileged information , information that may cause harm if disclosed and private personal information relating to an employee is not required to be disclosed , even if it is relevant . Representations and consideration of representations ( edit ) Section 189 ( 5 ) of the LRA provides that the employer must allow the other party an opportunity to make representations on any matter on which the parties are consulting . Representations on issues regarding the reasons for dismissal , alternatives to dismissal , measures to minimise the number of dismissals , the timetable for dismissal , assistance offered , severance pay , etc. , are therefore allowed . Representations about the disclosure of information and about `` any other matter relating to the proposed dismissals '' are also allowed : for example , the socio - economic effect that a mass dismissal would have on the local community . The employer must engage with those representations and consider and respond to them . Selection criteria ( edit ) Employees must be selected for dismissal in terms of selection criteria that have either been agreed upon or that are fair and objective . This means that the criterion should not be arbitrary ; it must be relevant , in that it relates to the conduct of the employee , such as length of service , ability , capacity and the needs of the business . The following criteria are commonly used : seniority ; conduct ; efficiency , ability , skills , capacity , experience , attitude to work and productivity ; attendance ; bumping ; retirement ; and volunteers . Seniority ( edit ) This is the `` last in , first out '' or LIFO principle . Long - serving employees are retained at the expense of those with shorter service in similar or less - skilled categories of work . This method minimises the use of subjective judgment to decide who shall be retrenched . This is why it is favoured by most unions . The Code also acknowledges LIFO as a fair and objective criterion , but provides that it should not operate so as to undermine an agreed affirmative - action programme . Exceptions may also include the retention of employees based on criteria ( like special skills ) which are fundamental to the successful operation of the business . Conduct ( edit ) This criterion will be fair and objective if it is based on objectively determined conduct , like attendance records and previous warnings , and if the employee was at all times made aware that the employer found such conduct unacceptable . Efficiency , ability , skills , capacity , experience , attitude to work and productivity ( edit ) These criteria are generally favored by employers . They are regarded as objective , provided they do not depend solely upon the opinion of the person making the selection , but can be objectively tested . Furthermore , they may only be used if the employee knew that the employer considered them important . Attendance ( edit ) This criterion will only be allowed if it can be proved that the employee always knew that the employer regarded absences from work seriously . Bumping ( edit ) If retrenchment is to affect only one department in an enterprise , the practice is sometimes to retrench on the LIDO basis and to drain off remaining employees in that department into other departments . Retirement ( edit ) Employees who have reached the minimum retirement age may be identified as the first population for retrenchment . After these employees have been retrenched , LIFO is used . This criterion is often applied in jobs which require a level of fitness and strength . Volunteers ( edit ) Parties may agree that the employer will first ask for volunteers before embarking on any selection process . Severance pay ( edit ) Section 41 of the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration creates a statutory duty for the employer to pay severance to workers who are dismissed for operational reasons . Severance pay is an amount for each completed year of continuous service . Section 84 of the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration suggests that , for the purposes of determining the length of the employee 's employment , previous employment with the employer must be taken into account if the break between the periods is less than one year . The duty to pay severance is not absolute . If an employee unreasonably refuses an alternative position , he loses the right to severance pay . The question of whether or not the refusal is reasonable is one of fact . Item 11 of the Code states that reasonableness is determined by a consideration of the reasonableness of the offer of alternative employment and the reasonableness of the employee 's refusal . Objective facts such as remuneration , status and job security are relevant . If the offered position amounts to a demotion , the refusal will not be unreasonable . Large - scale dismissal by big employer ( edit ) Section 189A introduces additional requirements for a procedurally fair dismissal in the case of a large - scale dismissal . Firstly section 189A affords either party the right to ask the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration to appoint a facilitator to assist the parties during the consultations ; secondly , section 189A introduces a moratorium of sixty days , during which the employer may not dismiss . Facilitation option ( edit ) Only the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration may be approached to appoint a facilitator . The employer must make this request when it gives notice in terms of section 189 ( 3 ) to the employee party that it is contemplating a large - scale dismissal . The employee party ( the union , for example ) representing the majority of the employees may also ask for a facilitator . The employee party must notify the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration within fifteen days of the employer 's notice of contemplated dismissal . If neither party asks for a facilitator within the above timeframes , they may agree to ask for one to be appointed during the consultation process . If a facilitator is appointed , the facilitation must be conducted in terms of the regulations made by the Minister of Labour for the conduct of such facilitation . These regulations relate to the time period and variation of such time periods for facilitation , the powers and duties of facilitators , the circumstances in which the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration may charge a fee for appointing the facilitator , and the amount of the fee . An employer may not dismiss before sixty days have elapsed from the date on which notice in terms of s189A ( 3 ) is given . Non-facilitation option ( edit ) If none of the parties request a facilitator , section 189A stipulates that a minimum period of thirty days , from when notice in terms of section 189A ( 3 ) was given , must have lapsed before a dispute may be referred to the CCMA or other council . Resolution of disputes ( edit ) Disputes regarding the procedural and substantive fairness of dismissals by a small employer , and small - scale dismissal by a big employer , are referred to the Labour Court . In large - scale dismissals , disputes about procedural fairness must be referred to the Labour Court within thirty days after notice of dismissal has been given to employees . In large - scale dismissals , where there are disputes about substantive fairness , there are two choices : strike action , in which case 48 hours ' notice must be given ; and the Labour Court , to which the employee party may elect to refer the dispute . In the case of dismissal for operational reasons of a single employee , the employee may refer a dispute about substantive or procedural fairness either to arbitration or to the Labour Court . Dismissal of strikers ( edit ) In terms of section 67 ( 5 ) , employees engaged in a protected strike may be dismissed if they are guilty of misconduct during the strike ; or operational requirements require such . Closures , mergers and sales of businesses ( edit ) A unique problem in labour law is the fate of employees when a business is sold or closes . This problem has a close practical connection to dismissals for operational reasons , as many businesses are sold because they are unhealthy and require restructuring . Common law ( edit ) In terms of the common law , the position of the employees was that no employee could be forced to continue his contract of employment with the new employer ; conversely , the new employer had no obligation to continue to employ the employee . Transfer of a business could therefore mean the termination of existing employment contracts . LRA ( edit ) Original s 197 ( edit ) When the LRA came into operation , section 197 endeavored to address job security in cases of the transfer of a business in the normal run of things and as a result of insolvency . The section was much criticised for its creation of uncertainty and for failing to define certain concepts . The section did not expressly state that employees have the right to have their contracts of employment transferred ; the courts had to read that into the section . It also did not address the exact rights of the employees in such a situation . New s 197 ( edit ) The rewritten section 197 attempts to address the situation in a more calculated and extensive way . The most important difference is that ordinary transfers are dealt with separately from insolvency transfers . Section 197 applies only in cases of a transfer of a business . Section 197 ( 1 ) defines a `` business '' as the `` whole or a part of a business , trade , undertaking or service . '' `` Transfer '' is defined as a `` transfer of a business ( ... ) as a going concern . '' The right of employees to have their contracts transferred is dependent , therefore , on the business 's transfer meeting the exact wording of section 197 . `` Transfer '' ( edit ) The meaning of this word is wider than a mere `` sale . '' In Schutte & Others v Powerplus Performance , the court held as follows : A business or part of a business , may be transferred in circumstances other than a sale . These may arise in the case of merger , takeover or as part of a broader process of restructuring within a company or group of companies . Transfer can take place by virtue of an exchange of assets or a donation ( ... G ) iven the range of circumstances under which a transfer can take place , the need for an agreed price or valuation may not arise . Consideration may take some other form . The outsourcing in this matter was part of a broader process of restructuring and must be seen against the backdrop of the ( old employer 's ) acquisition of 50 % stake in the ( new employer ) . `` As a going concern '' ( edit ) Once it is established that there was a transfer , the important question is whether that transfer was of the `` whole or a part of any business , trade , undertaking or service ( ... ) as a going concern . '' A distinction is often made between three ways of transferring a business : a sale of shares ; a sale of assets ; and a sale of the business itself . In respect of a sale of shares , it has been held that a distinction should be made between a transfer of a business as a going concern and a transfer of possession and control of a business : the result of a sale of shares . A sale of shares is excluded from the ambit of section 197 . In respect of a sale of assets , the court in Kgethe v LMK Manufacturing held that an agreement to sell a portion of the assets of a business is not a transfer as a going concern . Although this judgment was overturned on appeal , it was on the basis that the court was not entitled to make a finding as to the true of the agreement . Therefore the previous decision is still tenuous authority for the proposition that a sale of assets does not constitute a transfer as a going concern . In Schutte v Powerplus Performance , however , the court held that , irrespective of the form the agreement takes , the court will look to the substance of the agreement to determine whether or not it is transferred `` as a going concern . '' The following factors may be taken into account in finding that there has been a transfer of a business as contemplated in section 197 . This list is not exhaustive : a pre-existing relationship between the buyer and seller ; a previous in - principle agreement to sell a certain part of the business ; the wording of the contract itself ; the fact that the buyer employed the majority of the employees ; use of the same premises by the buyer ; and continuation of the same activities without interruption . In National Education Health & Allied Workers Union v University of Cape Town , the court held as follows : In deciding whether a business has been transferred as a going concern , regard must be had to the substance and not the form of the transaction . A number of factors will be relevant to ( this question ) , such as the transfer or otherwise of assets both tangible and intangible , whether or not workers are taken over by the new employer , whether customers are transferred and whether or not the same business is being carried on by the new employer . What must be stressed is that this list ( ... ) is not exhaustive and that none of them is decisive individually . They must all be considered in the overall assessment and therefore should not be considered in isolation . Outsourcing ( edit ) The question of whether or not an outsourcing of services falls within the ambit of section 197 has been subject to some scrutiny . In SAMWU v Rand Airport Management Company , the employer outsourced its gardening and security services to outside contractors , as this was cheaper . The court held that the gardening and security services fell within the ambit of the term `` service '' in section 197 , and that these services could be transferred from one employer to another . The next question considered was whether these services were being transferred as a going concern . The court referred to the decision in NEHAWU v University of Cape Town , and affirmed that a flexible approach must be taken in finding an objective answer to this question . On the facts , the court held that the agreement between RAMC and the other employer in respect of the outsourced services amounted to a transfer of a service within the ambit of section 197 . On the evidence , however , the court could not decide whether the agreement between the two companies had been implemented , and therefore could not decide whether the contracts had been transferred from RAMC to the service provider . This decision confirms , however , that an outsourcing exercise may constitute a transfer of a going concern as envisaged in section 197 . The Labour Appeal court did not specify , however , what factors are to be taken into account , so this does not provide a final answer to the question of whether or not all outsourcing arrangements will fall within section 197 . General rules ( edit ) Once it is established that s197 applies , one must consider the effect thereof . The four consequences of such a transfer are listed in section 197 ( 2 ) . These principles have far - reaching implications for the new employer , who may want to restructure the business and possibly retrench employees . If the new employer decides to retrench employees , severance pay will be calculated on the basis of service with the old and new employer to determine the years of service . Similarly , remuneration and benefits may be linked to years of service , which may also place a financial burden on the new employer . Section 197 may also affect the freedom of the new employer to apply certain selection criteria in cases of retrenchment . In Keil v Foodgro ( A Division of Leisurenet ) , Keil was first employed by MacRib and then by Foodgro , who bought MacRib as a going concern . Keil was employed in the same position by both employers . Foodgro sought to justify Keil 's selection for retrenchment on the basis that it had applied LIFO , and that Keil 's old contract was substituted with a new one when Foodgro bought the business . The court rejected this argument on the basis that section 197 provides for continuity of employment , so Foodgro should have taken Keil 's service with MacRib into account . Foodgro 's selection for dismissal was therefore fundamentally flawed . Keil was awarded nine months ' compensation . The new employer will also be expected to pay for the `` sins '' of the old employer . In NUMSA v Success Panelbeaters & Service Centre , an employee was unfairly dismissed by the old employer . The employee successfully challenged the fairness of the dismissal , the Labour Court ordering that the employee be reinstated . By this time , however , the old employer had sold the business as a going concern . The court held , accordingly , that the new employer was obliged to take the employee into service . There are a number of additional principles relating to the consequences of a transfer . Should the new employer not adhere to its obligations to provide transferred employees with at least substantially the same conditions or circumstances at work , and should this lead to termination of the contract by the employee , it will be considered an automatically unfair dismissal according to sections 186 to 187 of the LRA . Exceptions ( edit ) The general rule that the employees of the old employer become the employers of the new employee , with the same terms and conditions of employment , and with continuity of employment , is subject to a number of exceptions . Section 197 ( 3 ) provides that the new employer may provide terms and conditions of employment that `` are on the whole not less favorable . '' Furthermore , the consequences of a transfer , as envisaged in section 197 ( 2 ) , are expressly subject to an agreement in terms of section 197 ( 6 ) . Although employees may insist on their contracts being transferred , the right to be afforded the same contractual rights must be agreed upon . Regarding the identity if the parties , section 197 ( 6 ) ( a ) states that the agreement must be with the same bodies or persons with whom an employer has to consult about retrenchments . As far as the employer is concerned , either the old or the new employer may be the other party to the agreement . Any agreement which interferes with the employees ' existing terms and conditions has to involve the employees in order to be valid . In cases of retrenchment prior to transfer , the retrenchment will only be substantively fair if the retrenchment is based on the operational requirements of the old employer and not those of the new employer . An employee of the old employer who refuses `` adequate alternative '' employment with the new employer when faced with retrenchment by the old employer is not entitled to severance pay . Only those rights which actually did accrue contractually to employees prior to the transfer are transferred . Only the rights of the employees existing at the time of transfer become the obligations of the new employer . Employees can not use section 197 as a form of statutory bargaining to insist on better terms and conditions of employment . Not all benefits ( especially pension benefits ) are provided by employers . Only existing rights may be transferred . Section 197 of the LRA allows the transfer of employees from one pension fund to another as a result of a transfer of a business if the criteria in section 14 of the Pension Funds Act are met . Insolvency ( edit ) The term `` sequestration '' refers to the insolvency of an individual . The terms `` liquidation '' and `` winding - up '' refer to the insolvency of a company , close corporation or other legal entity . In the past , the approach has been that all contracts of employment between the insolvent employer and its employees terminate automatically . This meant that the employees lost their jobs . In respect of unpaid wages , they became creditors of the insolvent estate of the employer . It also meant that an employer could manipulate the process of insolvency by applying for a provisional liquidation to get rid of employees , and then come to some kind of arrangement with a prospective buyer , or with the creditors , to ensure the survival or continuation of the operations . The employer could thus ensure the automatic termination of the employment contracts without actually going out of business . Section 197A of the LRA addresses this situation . This section also only applies to a `` transfer '' of a `` business . '' These terms have the same meaning as under section 197 . Section 197A applies only if the old employer is insolvent , or if a scheme of arrangement or compromise with creditors is entered into in order to avoid winding - up or sequestration . As a general principle , the effect of section 197A is that all employees of the old employer become employees of the new employer ; continuity of employment is preserved . These consequences are also subject to agreement ( between the employees and the new or old employer , or both ) to the contrary . Other similarities between ordinary transfers and transfers in case of insolvency are : The new employer complies with its obligations if it takes over the employees as long as the terms and conditions of employment are , on the whole , not less favourable . Subject to agreement , the new employer is bound by pre-existing arbitration awards and collective agreements . Provision is made for the transfer of employees from one pension fund to another as a consequence of the transfer of the business . Resignation of an employee , faced with substantially less favourable conditions and circumstances , will be regarded as automatically unfair . In transfers in the normal course of business , however , the rights and obligations of the old employer and the employees at the time of the transfer remain ; and the new employer does not inherit the `` sins '' of the old employer . Subsections 197 ( 7 ) to ( 9 ) , regarding the valuation and provision of accrued benefits , do not apply to transfers in cases of insolvency . Collective Labour law ( edit ) The power play between employers and employees is clearly in evidence in the engagement of employer and employee through collective labour law . The LRA , together with other labour legislation , lays down basic rights and duties and remedies for ensuring fairness in the employment relationship . These are matters relating to the rights of employees and are accordingly known as `` rights issues . '' When it comes to creating new terms and conditions of employment -- these are known as `` interest issues '' or `` matters of mutual interest '' -- or to changing existing terms , no legislation exists which explicitly regulates the situation . These issues , it is assumed , are better dealt with by the parties themselves . A court may not , for example , determine an annual increase for employees , or decide whether or not a crèche facility at the workplace is mandatory , or whether employees should be permitted to take Friday afternoons off . The reason for this is that `` it is impossible to regulate these matters of mutual interest . '' This is where collective bargaining comes into the picture . The LRA recognizes the importance of collective bargaining and supports the mechanism : If collective bargaining can be compared to a boxing match , the LRA can be seen as the organiser of the boxing match and the employers and trade unions are the boxers on opposite sides . The LRA provides the basic rules to protect the boxers both inside and outside the boxing ring . This is done , for example , by protecting the right of employees to form and join trade unions and to participate in their activities . This applies equally to employers who can form employers ' organisations . Section 213 of the LRA defines a trade union as `` an association of employees whose principal purpose is to regulate relations between employees and employers , including any employers ' organisation . '' An employer organisation is defined as `` any number of employers associated together for the purpose , whether by itself or with other purposes , of regulating relations between employers and employees or trade unions . '' The LRA regulates the registration of trade unions and employers ' organisations . It creates bargaining fora , such as bargaining councils and statutory councils , and guarantees the right to freedom of association . It also regulates organisational rights and strikes and lock - outs . Once workers are organised in a registered trade union , and employers in an employers ' organisation , the power play between workers and employers begins . Employees may try to force the employer 's hand by way of strike action , while the employer ma exert pressure on the employees by way of a lock - out . It is accepted that strike action will result in a certain measure of economic handship for the employer . Provided that the strike has obtained protected status in terms of the law -- in other words , is not prohibited , and the prescribed procedures have been followed -- such economic hardship is considered to be part and parcel of the power struggle between employees and their employers : `` In fact , this is the whole idea ! '' The more the employer is hurt economically , the greater the chance that the strikers ' demands will be met . It is important to know when a strike or lock - out is protected , and when it is not , because that will determine the course of action and remedies for employers in the case of a strike , and for employees in the case of a lock - out . History ( edit ) Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1924 ) ( edit ) Between 1911 and 1918 , a succession of laws was promulgated in South Africa which dealt with various industrial sectors , and with labour in general . Only in the aftermath of large - scale industrial unrest on the Witwatersrand in 1922 , however , was any comprehensive attempt undertaken to regulate relations between management and organised labour . The tumult on the Rand led directly to the first comprehensive piece of labour legislation , the Industrial Conciliation Act 1924 , which was also the first legislation to regulate strikes in the country . It also recognised and regulated lock - outs . The Act provided for the registration of white trade unions and employers ' organisations , `` self - evidently also white , '' and established a framework for collective bargaining through industrial councils or conciliation boards , as well as a dispute settlement system . Although the Act was `` largely voluntarist , '' compliance with its provisions and with collective agreements was enforced by criminal sanction . The 1924 Act resulted in greater wage disparity between different racial groups . The Industrial Conciliation Act dealt only with collective labour rights ; individual rights were dealt with in a Wage Act in 1925 . Industrial Conciliation Act ( 1937 ) ( edit ) Problems of enforcement led to a major revision of South African labour law , with the introduction of the Industrial Conciliation Act 1937 . The 1937 Act tried to introduce more councils , in a greater geographical spread , so that more collective engagements could be facilitated . There was a proliferation of unregistered trades union for black people , who were legislatively excluded . Specifically , pass - bearing black workers were excluded , although certain black women could unionise . Botha Commission ( edit ) 1948 was a watershed year . The Nationalist Party won the election , albeit by small margin ( which grew in later years ) , on the promise of apartheid . The Botha Commission was established to determine how to regulate labour relations in such a way as to protect the interests of white people . The Commission 's comprehensive review led to legislation that had a far - reaching effect on the labour structure . Trade unions were racially divided , job reservation was introduced and blacks were precluded from joining registered trade unions . The commission recommended that black trade unions should be dealt with in separate legislation , but the government went a step further and created an entirely separate legislative framework for black workers in general . Trade unions in the 1950s among black workers were therefore not part of the formal collective bargaining framework . By 1952 , black women were also excluded from trade - union membership , while in 1953 the Black Labour Relations Regulation Act made provision for , inter alia , the creation of a Central Black Labour Council and regional committees , black labour officials and black workers ' committees . 1956 saw the prohibition of the creation of mixed - race trade unions , necessitating different unions for different race groups . This was part of the State 's attempt to isolate and fragment the workforce . It fuelled unrest , however , rather than quelling it . In the 1970s , the power of the black trade unions became especially notable , in a period marked by political unrest and industrial action . In 1973 , provision was made for the creation of liaison and coordinating committees , and a restricted right to strike was accorded black workers . This attempt to accommodate black interests , without recognizing their parity with white interests , did not have the desired effect . Wiehahn Commission ( edit ) This dualistic system of labour relations -- one for blacks and the other for whites , `` coloureds '' and Indians ( although the latter groups were also discriminated against ) -- lasted until the beginning of the 1980s . In 1977 , the government appointed the Commission of Enquiry into Labour Legislation , commonly known as the Wiehahn Commission that made significant recommendations for change , which changed the face of collective bargaining in South Africa . It was tasked to examine the current legislation and make recommendations to maintain the peace in the labour system . The Commission produced a six - part report , the primary recommendations of which were : that full trade union rights be accorded black workers ; that job reservation be scrapped ; that a Manpower Commission be established ; and that the Industrial Court replace the existing Industrial Tribunal and be given extended powers . In an attempt to give effect to these recommendations , significant amendments were made to the Industrial Conciliation Act ( renamed the Labour Relations Act 28 of 1956 ) , which with further amendments formed the legislative structure for regulating collective labour relations for the next 15 years . The country 's labour laws were thus largely `` deracialised . '' All African workers who were not migrant workers could now join trade unions . The National Manpower Commission , a statutory body comprising representatives from employers organisations , trades and the State , which would meet to discuss economic and industrial policy , was duly established . In recognition of the fact dispute - resolution mechanisms , thitherto inadequate , needed to be bolstered , the Industrial Court ( predecessor of the present - day Labour Court ) was duly established , too . The Industrial Court was largely hands - off in respect of collective bargaining , in which it did not think it had any place involving itself here . The last change to be implemented as a result of the Commission 's findings was the removal of race - based job reservation , which was seen as having contributed to the unrest . These changes led to a tremendous growth in the trade union movement , which proved instrumental , especially in the 1980s , in the struggle against apartheid . Labour Relations Act ( 1995 ) ( edit ) The system in place up to the advent of democracy , `` when South Africa was shaken to the roots by the transformation of the apartheid regime into a fully democratic constitutional order , '' was very fragmented . There were numerous definitional problems , too . Given the prominent role played by trade unions in bringing down apartheid , and given `` the rapid and large - scale movement of former union leaders and cadres into party politics and government , it is hardly surprising that much attention was given to labour rights m the new dispensation . '' The right to fair labour practices , the right to bargain collectively and the right to strike were entrenched with a number of other fundamental rights in a new interim Constitution that came into force in 1993 . Those rights remained entrenched in the final Constitution , adopted by the new democratic parliament on 8 May 1996 . At that point , although all parties agreed that these fundamental labour rights should be given constitutional status ( although there was some dispute about the extent of an employer 's right to lock out ) , there was room for disagreement on the scope and content of those rights . The final Constitution provided that `` national legislation may be enacted to regulate collective bargaining . '' `` From this cue , '' writes John Grogan , `` the government set about preparing legislation to give flesh to the bones of the constitutional guarantees . '' The first step was to appoint a commission , under the chairmanship of Professor Halton Cheadle , to produce a draft Labour Relations Amendment Bill . This was accomplished six months later . The draft formed the basis of the new Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 , which appeared in its current form after `` intensive debate '' in the National Economic Development & Labour Council ( NEDLAC ) , a body consisting of representatives of government , organised labour , and employers , including the Manpower Commission and the National Economic Forum . They started thrashing out a new framework , to deal comprehensively with both individual and collective labour law . Given the adversarial nature of the relationship between organised labour and employers up to that point , this was a revolutionary development . Under the watchful eye of government representatives , and with their participation , management and labour were entrusted with the task of developing the draft bill into a uniquely South African product that at once satisfied the aspirations of labour and the reservations of management , and yet conformed to the letter and spirit of the Constitution and the requirements of the International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) , of which South Africa was now a member . This produced the current LRA , `` yet another turning point . '' One of the hopes of the drafters was to change the adversarial stance which tended to be adopted by unions and management under the old dispensation to a more co-operative one . The LRA created new institutions for encouraging union - management cooperation , and revamped old ones , `` in the hope this would help transform and mature attitudes and bargaining styles . '' Sources ( edit ) Common law ( edit ) The common law of South Africa , `` an amalgam of principles drawn from Roman , Roman - Dutch , English and other jurisdictions , which were accepted and applied by the courts in colonial times and during the period that followed British rule after Union in 1910 , '' plays virtually no role in collective labour law . Initially , in fact , employment law , or `` the law of master and servant , '' was regarded as a branch of the law of lease . As such , the common law did not concern itself directly with collective bargaining ; its focus instead was on the rights and duties of individual employees and employers , as reflected in the contract on which their relationship was based . The law did not recognize claims by employees which had not been conferred by agreement . Although the role of the common law is minimal , therefore , it should be noted that the common - law contractual relationship between employer and employee underpins collective labour law in general and collective bargaining in particular . Constitution ( edit ) Legislation therefore is pivotal . The Constitution , however , is more pivotal still . Section 23 enshrines the right to `` fair labour practices , '' while section 18 provides that `` everyone has the right to freedom of association . '' The right to strike , furthermore , has been explicitly constitutionalized . The Constitution also provides not only for the right of every worker `` to form and join a trade union , '' but also for the right of every trade union `` to form and join a federation , '' like COSATU . Similar rights are granted to employers and employers ' associations as well . The right to collective bargaining is constitutionalized , with a mandate for national legislation to regulate it . More controversially , the Constitution also provides that `` national legislation may recognize union security arrangements contained in collective agreements . '' Labour Relations Act ( edit ) Collective bargaining is one of the ways in which the LRA gives effect to section 23 of the Constitution . It is also an important part of freedom of association . Among the first of the LRA 's aspirations , listed in the Preamble , is `` to regulate the organisational rights of trade unions . '' A trade union without organisational rights is not much of a trade union . Organisational rights allow the trade union to access the workplace , etc . The Preamble also describes as a purpose of the LRA the promotion of collective bargaining , and the regulation of the rights to strike and to lock out . It seeks also to advance `` the democratization of the workplace '' by involving employees in decision - making through workplace forums , although these have not proliferated . The LRA defines as an `` employee '' any person ( excluding an independent contractor ) who works for another person or the State ; is entitled to receive remuneration for such work ; and assists in conduct of the business . `` Trade union '' is defined in the LRA as an association strictly of employees , whose principal purpose is to regulate relations between employees and employers . The trade union must act in the interests of its members . Trade unions also support individual members with individual disputes . A trade union must have an address in South Africa , and its name must not be so similar to that of another union `` that it is likely to mislead or cause confusion . '' Other requirements are set out in section 95 . Excluded from the application of the LRA are the members of the National Defense Force ; the National Intelligence Agency ; and the South African Secret Service . Freedom of association ( edit ) Freedom of association , `` one of the cornerstones of liberal democracy , '' is also one of the basic principles of labour law , reflected in several ILO Conventions , in the LRA and in the Constitution . Freedom of association `` stems from a basic human need for society , community , and shared purpose in a freely chosen enterprise ( ... ) protecting individuals from the vulnerability of isolation and ensuring the potential of effective participation in a society . '' In short , people have the right to associate with others in order to defend and protect their common interests . This constitutes `` both an individual and a collective human right . '' In addressing the individual facet of freedom of association , the Supreme Court of Canada , in Lavigne v Ontario recognized that `` the essence of freedom of association is the protection of the individual interests in self - actualization and fulfillment that can be realized only through combination with others . '' `` However , '' writes Mpfariseni Budeli , freedom of association is important not only to facilitate effective participation in civil and political society . It is equally important in the field of social and economic activity and is particularly significant as a basis for securing trade union freedom from interference by the employer on the one hand and the government on the other . Freedom of association in the workplace may be defined as `` those legal and moral rights of workers to form unions , to join unions of their choice and to demand that their unions function independently . '' It also includes the right of workers to participate in these unions ' lawful activities . `` Freedom of association must therefore be seen , '' according to Budeli , `` as the foundation of the collective bargaining process , '' which contributes to ensuring fairness and equity in labour matters , and to facilitating orderly and stable industrial relations . Freedom of association is the foundation of the collective - bargaining process . Before a group or collective may engage in collective bargaining , it is necessary that legal protection be extended to that group or collective . Legal measures are also necessary to protect the rights of people to belong to a group or collective . This is what freedom of association is all about : the legal protection of the freedom of persons to join a collective entity . The law , therefore , both permits people to join trade unions , and also protects their right to do so . The ILO Committee of Experts has provided `` what can be regarded as the correct approach concerning freedom of association and social policy . '' In the Committee 's view , freedom of association should be guaranteed in such a way as to allow trade unions to express their aspirations , and so as to provide an indispensable contribution to economic development and social progress . The Constitution grants a general right to freedom of association to `` everyone , '' as well as explicitly and specifically to trade unions . Section 23 of the Constitution protects the right of employees to form and join a trade union and to participate in the activities and programmes of that union . Freedom of association does not apply only to employees , however ; the employer 's freedom of association is protected , too : Section 23 also protects the right of employers to form and join employers ' organisations , and to participate in the activities and programmes of such organisations . Both trade unions and employers ' organisations have the right to determine their own administration programs and activities ; `` to organize ; and `` to form and join a federation . '' Finally , every trade union , employers ' organisation and employer has the right to engage in collective bargaining . National legislation may be enacted to regulate collective bargaining . To the extent that the legislation may limit a right in this chapter the limitation must comply with section 36 ( 1 ) . While the Constitution lays emphasis on the importance of freedom of association , the LRA emphasizes , protects and gives concrete content to this foundational right . The LRA recognizes the right of trade unions to organize themselves . Membership of a trade union is subject to the constitution of the trade union . This means that a union may determine , in its constitution , what types of employees may become members of the union , and what types of employees are disqualified from membership . Unless an employee qualifies for membership in terms of the union 's constitution , he is ineligible for membership . This principle has its limits . A trade union which attempts , through its constitution , to limit its members to persons of a certain race or sex could find such a provision ruled invalid ; `` it would certainly not be registered in terms of the LRA . '' Section 4 does not only protect the right to join and form a union . It also grants members of a union the right to participate in the affairs of the union . As a member of a trade union , an employee has the following rights : to participate in the union 's lawful activities ; to participate in the election of any of the union 's office - bearers , officials or trade - union representatives ; to stand for election , and be eligible for appointment , as an office - bearer or official , and to hold office if elected or appointed ; and to stand for election , and be eligible for appointment , as a trade - union representative , and to carry out , if so elected or appointed , the functions of a trade - union representative in terms of the LRA or any collective agreement . Again , these rights are subject to the constitution of the union . If the constitution of a union requires that the nomination of a candidate as union office - bearer be signed by ten members in good standing , and also that the election be by means of a secret ballot at the union 's annual conference , these provisions of the union constitution must be complied with . The LRA specifically grants employees the right to freedom of association , and protects both employees and people seeking employment , should this right be infringed by the employer . Section 5 of the LRA prohibits a wide range of actions which infringe the right to freedom of association in section 4 . In terms of section 5 ( 1 ) , `` No person may discriminate against an employee for exercising any right conferred by this Act . '' Examples of such discrimination would include an employer 's dismissal of an employee , or failure to give an employee a discretionary annual bonus , because the employee joined a trade union , and an employer 's resort to harassment against an employee because that employee has been elected as a trade - union representative . The general protection of section 5 ( 1 ) is complemented by section 5 ( 2 ) , which prohibits certain specific types of conduct that would undermine freedom of association . In terms of section 5 ( 2 ) ( a ) , no person may require an employee not to be a member of a trade union ; not to become a member ; or to give up membership . The LRA grants the right of freedom of association to employers as well . Section 5 ( 2 ) ( b ) provides that no person may prevent an employee ( or a prospective employee ) from exercising any right in terms of the LRA , or prevent an employee from participating in any LRA proceedings . For example , where an employer prevents an employee from standing for election as a trade - union representative , or where he threatens a union representative with dismissal because the representative is representing a union member at a disciplinary hearing , the employer would be acting unlawfully . In terms of section 5 ( 2 ) ( c ) , employees or job seekers may not be prejudiced because of their trade - union membership , their joining a trade union , their participation in the lawful activities of a trade union , or their disclosure of information that they are entitled or required to disclose . Section 5 ( 3 ) prohibits an employer from attempting to persuade or tempt an employee into surrendering rights granted in terms of the LRA . The employer may not , for example , offer to promote the employee , or promise a wage increase , on the condition that the employee surrender rights accorded him by the LRA . Section 5 ( 4 ) provides that any contract of employment that limits freedom of association , either directly or indirectly , is regarded as invalid -- irrespective of whether or not the contract was concluded before the LRA came into effect . In terms of section 187 of the LRA , it will be an automatically unfair dismissal if the employer , in dismissing an employee , acts contrary to the provisions protecting an employee 's right to freedom of association . The protection of freedom of association , then , has two aspects : Employers and employees must be protected against state infringement of the right . If the legislature enacts legislation that infringes the right , it may be challenged on the basis that it is in conflict with section 23 of the Constitution ( South African National defense Union v Min of Defense and another ) . Employees ' freedom of association should be protected against attempts by the employer to infringe this right . It is in this regard that the LRA plays an important role . Although the right to freedom of association is not only guaranteed in terms of the LRA , but also in terms of the Constitution , the scope of this right has not been tested . The question has arisen , however , of whether or not groups excluded from the application of the LRA , such as the Defense Force , are entitled to form and join trade unions , based on their constitutional right to freedom of association . The issue came before the Constitutional Court in SANDU v Minister of Defence . The court found that , although uniformed members of the South African Defense Force , the Secret Service and the Intelligence Service are excluded from the protection of the LRA , they may claim the right to freedom of association under section 23 of the Constitution . Section 4 of the LRA states that all employees have the rights set out in that section . Section 4 therefore applies to senior managers as well . This may in some circumstances , `` and does , '' cause problems both for employers and for the managers themselves . A senior manager involved in the formulation of an employer 's approach to the annual wage negotiations ( including its `` final offer '' ) may not be able to perform his functions properly if he is also a member of the union sitting on the other side of the bargaining table . It might be difficult , too , for the manager not to divulge confidential information , bearing on the bargaining process , to the union . This issue arose for decision in the case of Independent Municipal and Allied Trade Union v Rustenburg Transitional Council , where the Labour Court declared unconstitutional a prohibition on senior managers holding executive positions within a union . The court indicated , however , that there are limitations to the scope of section 4 . It pointed out that , in terms of common - law principles , an employee owes an employer a `` duty of fidelity '' -- a duty to act in good faith . Because of the conflicting aims of trade unions and employers , the joining of a union and participation in its affairs may , in terms of common - law principles at least , and especially in the case of senior managerial employees , breach this duty of fidelity . Common - law principles have been amended by the Constitution , and especially by section 4 of the LRA . The court in IMATU stated that the rights granted in section 4 are `` unequivocal and unconditional , '' but that they are not unlimited . Employees , including senior managers , are entitled to join trade unions and take part in their affairs , but this does not relieve them of their contractual obligations to their employers . If , for example , an employee takes time off without permission to attend to union affairs , the employee may be disciplined on the basis of misconduct . If a senior employee , part of whose job it is to conduct disciplinary enquiries , refuses to undertake this task when union members are disciplined , this will amount to incapacity . A senior employee who has access to confidential information of the employer must also , the court added , tread carefully when conducting trade - union business , and ensure that this information is not disclosed . In FAWU v The Cold Chain , where an employee was offered a managerial position as an alternative to retrenchment , on condition that he no longer participated in the activities of the union , he refused and was retrenched , and the court found his dismissal to be automatically unfair , holding that there was nothing absurd in permitting a senior managerial employee to participate in the activities of a trade union -- provided that the employee complies with his contractual obligations . In Kroukam v SA Airlink , the court held that Kroukam 's dismissal was automatically unfair in terms of section 187 ( 1 ) ( d ) of LRA , because he had been dismissed for union activities and for initiating litigation against the company on behalf of his union . The court , in delivering its verdict , cautioned against the argument that participation in trade - union activities destroys the trust relationship between employer and employee ; such an argument is unacceptable on policy grounds . Managerial employees , therefore , must balance the right to freedom of association with their common - law duty to act in good faith towards their employers . If a manager , for example , divulges information to the trade union that he acquired by virtue of his managerial position , he may be disciplined . Sections 6 and 7 of the LRA grant and protect employer rights to freedom of association in terms similar to those granted to employees : to form , join and participate in the activities of employers ' organisations . Freedom not to associate and freedom to dissociate ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Freedom of association is generally regarded as a positive right ; it protects the rights of employees and employers actively to form collective entities and to join them . In the case of trade unions , this positive right is protected by prohibiting both the State and employers from infringing it . Freedom of association also has a negative aspect , however . This does not refer to any disadvantages or drawbacks it may have ; it refers to the right not to associate . In the context of labour relations , the principle of freedom of non-association means that no person may force an employee to belong to a union in the first place , or to belong to a union other than the union of the employee 's choice . Where the limits of freedom of non-association lie is the subject of considerable controversy . Closed - shop agreements exist where an employer and a trade union conclude a collective agreement in terms of which the employer undertakes to employ or retain in its services only those employees who have joined the union . The closed - shop agreement forces employees to join a certain union if they are to keep their jobs . A closed - shop agreement could be seen as an infringement of the employees ' right not to associate . Sometimes mention is made of the freedom of dissociation . This refers to the situation where employees who have decided to associate with each other also decide to prevent other employees from associating with them : for example , where the union 's constitution stipulates that only employees in a certain industry may join . In practice , this freedom of dissociation is not so controversial . More controversial is that the constitutions of some unions state that the union has the right to refuse to admit a person as a member of that union even if that person is eligible for membership . A constitution may also provide for the expulsion of members . This becomes vitally important if there is a closed - shop agreement , because the refusal of membership of the union may mean the loss of a job . Dispute resolution ( edit ) If a person alleges that one of the rights relating to freedom of association has been infringed , the dispute - resolution procedure contained in section 9 of the LRA applies . Disputes about the interpretation or application of the right to freedom of association should be referred for conciliation to a bargaining council , a statutory council or ( if no council exists ) the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration . If the dispute remains unresolved , it should be referred to the Labour Court for adjudication , unless the parties agree to arbitration . Union security arrangements ( edit ) The Constitution allows for `` union security arrangements contained in collective agreements . '' There is no firm definition of the term `` union - security arrangements , '' but it is generally viewed as a generic term for a collective agreement between an employer or employers ' organisation and a trade union or trade unions , in terms of which union membership , or alternatively the payment of trade union subscriptions , is a condition of employment for all employees . Clearly this infringes upon an employee 's right to freedom of association . Union security arrangements therefore require compulsory union membership , or compulsory payment of a union subscription . In the South African context , the term `` union - security arrangements '' refers to the so - called `` closed - shop '' and `` agency - shop '' agreements . The only limits set in the Constitution are that such agreements must be contained in a collective agreement ; and comply with the general limitations clause of the Constitution . The two types of union security arrangements are illustrated by way of the following example : K employs 100 employees . 60 of them belong to trade union T. These members pay a monthly membership fee of R20 . From the other 40 employees 10 belong to union R and 30 are non-unionised . Every year with wage negotiations , T negotiates with K and the increase agreed on is applied across the board . T feels that it does all the hard work which both union and non-union members benefit from . If T concludes an agency - shop agreement with K , it will mean that K will deduct an agency fee of R20 from the salaries of all the other 40 employees and pay it over to T . The other 40 employees do not have to become members of T ( ... but ) the members of R will pay their own membership fee for R as well as the R20 agency fee . If K and T conclude a closed - shop agreement , it will mean that all other 40 employees of K must become members of T. R will no longer be allowed to operate in the workplace . All 100 employees will have to pay the R20 membership fee to T . Agency - shop agreements ( edit ) An agency - shop agreement is defined in section 25 ( 1 ) of the LRA : `` A representative trade union and an employers organisation may conclude a collective agreement , to be known as an agency shop agreement , requiring the employer to deduct an agreed agency fee from the wages of employees identified in the agreement who are not members of the trade union but are eligible for membership thereof . '' An agency - shop agreement is concluded by a majority union and an employer or an employers ' organisation -- concluded , that is , by way of a collective agreement . The employer must deduct an agreed agency fee from the salaries of the employees identified in the agreement . In this regard , it is important to note that it may be deducted only from those who are not members of the union but also from those who are eligible for membership . Conscientious objectors to the policies of the union ( on religious or moral grounds ) must pay the fee ; the fee , in turn , must be paid into a fund administered by the DoL . The fee that non-members pay must not be higher than the subscription fee payable by members of the majority union . Agency fees are paid over to a separate account and may be used only for the benefit of all employees at the workplace . Agency fees may not be used for political affiliation and may not be used for any purpose other than advancing or protecting the socioeconomic interests of employees . The employer may deduct agency fees from the wages of employees without their authorisation . Closed - shop agreements ( edit ) A closed shop is defined in section 26 ( 1 ) of the LRA : `` A representative trade union and an employer or employer 's organisation may conclude a collective agreement , to be known as a closed - shop agreement , requiring that all employees covered by the agreement be members of the trade union . '' A closed - shop agreement is concluded by a majority union and an employer or an employers ' organisation , by way of a collective agreement . The employees to be covered by the agreement must have a ballot before a closed - shop agreement is concluded . Two thirds of the employees ( who will potentially be covered ) who voted must have voted in favour of the agreement . Union subscription fees may not be used for political affiliation ; they may be used only to advance the socioeconomic interests of the employees . Employees who were already employed when the closed - shop agreement came into effect , along with conscious objectors , may not be dismissed for refusing to join the union which is a party to a closed - shop agreement . A closed - shop agreement may be terminated if a majority of the employees votes for its termination . It is not unfair to dismiss an employee for refusing to join a union which is a party to a closed - shop agreement , or who is refused union membership , or has been expelled from a union which is a party to the agreement -- provided that the refusal or expulsion is in accordance with the union 's constitution , and provided that the reason for the refusal or expulsion is a fair one . An employee may not be required to be a member of a majority union before the commencement of employment . The latter is called a post entry closed - shop agreement . The opposite of this is a pre-entry closed - shop agreement : that is , a closed - shop agreement that requires an employee to be a member of a majority trade union before employment . Pre-entry closed shops are not allowed in South Africa . Distinction ( edit ) There is an important difference between the two : In the agency shop , employees are not compelled to be or to become members of the trade union . In the closed shop , however , all employees who are covered by the collective agreement must be or must become members of the trade union . Controversy ( edit ) The reason for these agreements relates to the nature and practice of collective bargaining . Under certain circumstances , employees who are not members of a trade union will be bound by the provisions of an agreement entered into by the union . In other circumstances , the employer may , in the interests of administrative convenience , extend the provisions of a collective agreement to non-union members . In effect , employees who are not members of the trade union may derive benefits from a collective agreement entered into by a union . `` Understandably , '' unions have reservations about this state of affairs . These non-union employees are sometimes called `` free riders , '' because they derive benefits for free : They do not pay union subscriptions , but they still obtain the benefits of the union 's collective bargaining . This is the main argument in favour of forcing employees either to belong to a union ( in the case of closed - shop agreements ) or to pay a fee ( in the case of agency - shop agreements ) . Those who support union - security arrangements argue that they are necessary to avoid free riders . Furthermore , there is a view that they encourage `` responsible '' unionism . They support collective bargaining by aiding the development of strong and representative trade unions . Such arrangements are said to give union organizers a sense of security , and to enable them to devote themselves to the long - term interest of their members , `` instead of collecting subscriptions and trying to persuade reluctant employees to join . '' For some , the main justification for union - security arrangements is that they add to the power of the unions during the collective - bargaining process , creating a more effective counterbalance to the naturally superior economic power of the corporate employer . This they do by preventing the defection of members during wage bargaining which may lead to strike action . There may also be some benefit in such arrangements for the employer . If all employees belong to one union ( or contribute to that union ) , the employer need only deal with that specific union . As a collective - bargaining relationship grows , a certain pattern and consistency of collective bargaining can thus be formed . On the other hand , those who consider that the unions already possess monopoly status and excessive power see union security arrangements , particularly the closed shop , `` as a main cause of undesirable state of affairs at the workplace . '' The main arguments against union security arrangements are , in the case of closed - shop agreements , that they give more power to the unions , since the union controls the pool of applicants for the post ; in the case of agency - shop arrangements , that workers who are members of minority unions end up paying double subscriptions ( one for their union and one for the representative union ) ; and that union security arrangements , particularly closed - shop arrangements , infringe the right not to be a member of a trade union or the freedom not to associate , which is an intrinsic part of the right of freedom of association . The two ILO Conventions on freedom of association and collective bargaining do not make any express reference to the notion of union - security arrangements . The ILO Committee also left it to the practice and regulation of each state to authorise and , where necessary , to regulate the use of union - security clauses in practice . According to the Committee , union security arrangements are compatible with the ILO Conventions on freedom of association , provided that they are the results of free negotiations between workers ' organisations and employers . As long as this is the case , then , the international body will not interfere with them , provided that the law of a particular country does not go so far as to impose them generally and make union membership compulsory . However , when trade union security clauses are imposed by the law itself , then the right to join an organization of one 's own choosing is compromised , and those provisions will be incompatible with the ILO Convention . Accordingly ILO member states are at liberty to include or not to include in their constitutions and labour legislation provisions regulating union - security arrangements . Despite the arguments in favour of agency shops and closed shops , it would appear prima facie that these types of agreement do infringe the employee 's freedom of association . Particularly in the case of a closed shop , an employee is no longer free not to associate : The employee must belong to a specific trade union . Employees are no longer free to choose which union they want to belong to , or even if they want to belong to a union at all . If the employee is not a member of a particular trade union , or if he loses his trade - union membership in terms of the union 's constitution , the employee may end up out of a job . It has been argued , accordingly , that the closed - shop agreement amounts to an infringement of the employee 's freedom of association , as protected by sections 18 and 23 of the Constitution . The situation is different in the case of agency shops : The employee still has the freedom to choose whether or not he wants to belong to the union which is party to the collective agreement -- `` that is if the employee wants to belong to a union in the first place . '' The solution to this problem lies in a constitutional provision , section 23 ( 6 ) of the Constitution , which provides that `` national Legislation may recognize union security arrangements contained in collective agreements . To the extent that the legislation may limit a right in this Chapter , the limitation must comply with s 36 ( 1 ) . '' In other words , union - security arrangements are permitted within the scheme of constitutional rights , and these arrangements may be recognized by national legislation ( the LRA ) . Agency shops and closed shops , then , are not automatically unconstitutional , but a limitation of any right by a union - security arrangement must comply with section 36 ( 1 ) of the Constitution , which provides that a fundamental right , such as freedom of association , may be limited by legislation as long as that limitation is reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity , equality and freedom . Section 36 ( 1 ) contains a list of the factors that must be considered : the nature of the right ; the importance and purpose of the limitation of the right ; the nature and extent of the limitation , and the purpose of the limitation ; and whether or not there are less restrictive means to achieve this purpose . Applied to agency and closed shops , the purpose of these arrangements is , at least in part , to enhance collective bargaining by the development of strong and powerful trade unions and stable bargaining relationships . ( Collective bargaining is also protected by section 23 of the Constitution . ) While agency shops do not represent all that serious an infringement of freedom of association , it is clear that the closed - shop agreement does . The question ( which still awaits an answer ) is whether or not it is really necessary to force employees to become members of a union , especially when a less restrictive method -- that is , the agency shop -- exists . Dispute resolution ( edit ) Disputes about collective agreements ( including closed - and agency - shop agreements ) must be referred to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration for conciliation . If conciliation fails , any party to the dispute may refer the matter to arbitration . By way of exception , the LRA makes provision in this context for an appeal against an award issued by the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration commissioner . The arbitration award may be taken on appeal to the Labour Court . Organisational rights ( edit ) Purpose ( edit ) The LRA does not impose a legal obligation on employers to bargain collectively with unions . The law encourages collective bargaining ; it does not compel it . One of the ways it seeks to do this is by enabling trade unions to acquire organisational rights in certain circumstances . The granting of organisational rights to a trade union is seen as a way of enabling that trade union to establish a collective - bargaining relationship with an employer or employer 's organisation . The trade union is the essential instrument for engaging in collective bargaining . The LRA sets certain minimum rights for trade unions ( which may be expanded upon by agreement ) in their engagement with employers . These organisational rights are granted to unions by the LRA to enable them to function more effectively , to build support at the workplace , and thereby to lay the foundations of a collective - bargaining relationship with the employer . If the union , through the acquisition of organisational rights , gains sufficient membership and a significant presence in the workplace or industry , an employer or employers ' organisation may be persuaded to `` recognize '' the union for the purpose of collective bargaining . Registration ( edit ) Prerequisite ( edit ) Organisational rights are granted only to registered trade unions . The LRA does not compel trade unions and employers ' organisations to register , but it does encourage registration . It does this by granting most of the rights in the LRA only to registered unions . For instance , only a registered union may conclude collective agreements which are enforceable in terms of the LRA ; apply for the establishment of a bargaining or a statutory council ; apply for the establishment of a workplace forum ; authorize a picket by its members ; and exercise organisational rights . Registration is not a prerequisite for protected strike action . Procedure ( edit ) Once a trade union or employers ' organisation has complied with the requirements set out in the LRA , the Registrar of Labour Relations must register the union or organisation . In respect of unions , there are four requirements to be met : The name of the union , and the shortened form of that name , may not resemble the name or shortened name of another union . The constitution of the union must comply with certain requirements . The union must have an address in South Africa . The union must be independent ; it must not be under the control of the employer or employers ' organisation . The first three requirements apply also in the case of an employers ' organisation ; the last one , given the overlap , obviously does not . Specific rights ( edit ) The LRA makes provision for granting of five types of organisational rights . Other organisational rights may also be granted which are not referred to in the LRA ; these must be obtained through negotiation and agreement . The five types of organisational rights made provision for in the LRA are listed and discussed below : the right of access to the premises of the employer ; the right to have trade - union membership fees deducted by way of a stop order ; the right to elect shop stewards ; the right of shop stewards to get time off for trade - union activities ; and the right to disclosure of information . Access to the workplace ( edit ) The logical place for contact between union representatives and the members they represent , as well as prospective members whom the union might recruit , is in the workplace . Section 12 of the LRA states that a registered trade union , sufficiently representative , has the right of access to the workplace . This right allows the union to enter the employer 's premises , to recruit members , to communicate with members and also to serve members ' interests ; to hold meetings with employees at the workplace ( but outside of working hours ) ; and to let members vote at the employer 's premises in union elections or ballots . The purpose of this access is for the union to recruit new members , to communicate with existing ones and to serve the interests of union members in other ways . The right of access refers to access for union officials , to be clear , not just anyone who is affiliated with union . Nor do such officials also not have free rein . The right of access is not unlimited . Section 12 ( 4 ) states that the exercise of the union 's right of access to the workplace may be subject to such conditions , as regards time and place , as are reasonable and necessary to protect life and property , or to prevent the undue disruption of work . In the case of domestic workers , there is no right of access to workplace , given the intimate nature of the workplace . Deduction of union fees ( edit ) This is the primary source of income for unions . Section 13 of the LRA grants unions the right to stop - order facilities . Union fees are used to perform the work and functions of the union , to hire officers and offices , and to provide training . There is no stipulation in the LRA or in related regulations as to how much unions are allowed to charge , but usually it is not much . The amount is determined by the constitution of the trade union . Payment is voluntary : A member of a registered and sufficiently representative union may authorize the employer , in writing , to deduct union subscriptions from his wages . Usually this is done on the union membership form . The employer should start to make the deductions agreed to as soon as possible , and should pay the subscription over to the union not later than the fifteenth day of each month . The employee may subsequently revoke authorization , however , on written notice of a month , to both the employer and the trade union . At end of that period , employer must stop making the deduction . When paying deductions to the trade union , the employer must also furnish union with a list of union members from whose wages deductions were made ; details as to amounts deducted and paid to the union ; the period to which the deductions relate ; and copies of all written notices of revocation of authorization by union members . Election of shop stewards ( edit ) Shop stewards are union representatives , `` the infantry of the trade union . '' They play a very important role in industrial relations , being in the best position to represent the union in the workplace and to relay information about the workplace to the union . They look after the day - to - day operation of the union and the protection and assistance of workers with their work - related problems . Their statutory role is to ensure compliance with the law and with collective agreements . Section 14 of the LRA provides that members of a registered trade union , provided that the union represents the majority of employees in the workplace , are entitled to elect trade - union representatives if the union has at least ten members in the workplace . The nomination , election , terms of office and removal from office of representatives are governed by the union 's constitution . The number of representatives is determined according to the number of union members in the specific workplace . For example , if there are only between ten and fifty union members , there will be two representatives . The amount increases on a sliding scale . The maximum number of representatives is twenty . The functions of union representatives are set out in section 14 ( 4 ) of the LRA : to assist and represent the employee at his request in grievance and disciplinary proceedings ; to monitor the employer 's compliance with the LRA and all other applicable laws ; to report alleged contraventions of LRA or collective agreements to the employer , the representative trade union and the responsible authority or agency ; and to perform any other function agreed between representative trade union and the employer . Shop stewards are employed by the employer , not by the union . Grogan describes `` the difficult position in which shop stewards find themselves , '' keeping two sets of books , or attempting `` to serve two masters , '' their employer and their trade union -- masters whose interests are often diametrically opposed . `` This situation is particularly difficult , '' writes Grogan , `` when shop stewards also occupy supervisory or managerial positions . '' The courts have held , however , that employers may not for this reason forbid managerial employees from being elected as shop stewards ; the most they can do is to discipline them if their union role actually prevents them from performing their managerial duties properly . The distinction between union officials and union representatives ( like shop stewards ) is an important one . Trade - union officials are employees of the trade union ; they perform various duties for the trade union in this capacity . Trade - union representatives , on the other hand , remain employees of the particular employer at the workplace , although they also represent the union in various ways within the workplace where they are employed . Time off for trade - union activities ( edit ) Section 14 ( 5 ) of LRA entitles the trade - union representative to `` reasonable '' time off , during working hours , without loss of pay , to perform union functions and be trained in any subject relevant to performance of those functions . The meaning of `` reasonable '' in relation to paid time off is not stated in the Act . Attendance at union conferences and meetings may require the office - bearer to be absent from work . In terms of section 15 ( 1 ) , the office - bearer of a registered , sufficiently representative trade union is entitled to take reasonable leave during working hours for the purpose of performing the functions of his office . In terms of section 15 ( 2 ) , the union and employer may agree on the number of days ' leave , the number of days ' paid leave and the conditions attached to any leave . If the union and the employer are unable to reach an agreement , the dispute may be determined by an award made in terms of section 21 of the LRA . No benchmark for shop stewards ' leave emerges from the decided cases , but arbitrators have generally accepted ten days per annum as `` reasonable . '' Employers may take disciplinary action against shop stewards if they exceed or abuse their powers by , for example , intimidating employees , including other shop stewards . Employers are entitled to refuse to deal with shop stewards if they have committed serious misconduct . Item 4 ( 2 ) of the Code of Good Practice : Dismissal , seeks to discourage victimization of shop stewards by requiring employers to inform and `` consult '' their unions before taking disciplinary action against them for any reason . A number of cases concerning the dismissal of shop stewards have reached the courts . The approach in such cases is to determine the dominant reason for the dismissal ; and then whether that reason relates to the performance by the shop steward of his or her duties . If it does , the dismissal is ' automatically ' unfair , and the shop steward will invariably be reinstated . Disclosure of information ( edit ) For a trade union to do its job effectively , it may need access to certain information . Section 16 provides for the provision of information both to trade - union representatives and to trade unions . Only registered unions which represent the majority of the employees in the workplace are entitled to rely on section 16 . Only relevant information must be disclosed : That is to say , in terms of section 16 ( 2 ) , all relevant information that will allow the representative trade union to engage effectively in consultation or collective bargaining must be disclosed . The information must be relevant to the effective performance of functions in terms of section 14 ( 4 ) . There is , in other words , an important link between the information required and the function of the representative . Often the requirement of `` relevance '' means relevance to the performance of a specific task . Typically the information in question is in the hands of the employer . A common example is production plans or plans for restructuring , which will affect or cause retrenchment . The registered majority union has a right to information when the employer is actually involved in consultation or bargaining with the union , or when consultation or bargaining is about to start . For example , at annual wage negotiations , the employer may argue that its financial position , both short - and long - term , is poor . The trade union may dispute this and demand that all relevant information on which the employer bases this argument be disclosed . The employer would then have to furnish , for example , proof of cancellation of orders , and reasons for such cancellation , any existing and possible new orders , and financial statements . The employer , however , can not be expected to disclose information which is unavailable ; is irrelevant to the issue or issues under discussion ; is legally privileged ; could harm the employer 's business interests if disclosed ; or is private personal information relating to an employee , unless the employee has consented to the disclosure of such information . It is also possible for the employer to convey such information to the union without disclosing identities . If the employer regards certain types of information as confidential , it must notify the union of this fact . Disputes on the disclosure of information are to be referred to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration , which will attempt to settle the dispute through conciliation and , failing that , arbitration . Different levels of representativeness by unions for different rights ( edit ) Whether a trade union is entitled to organisational rights depends on the level of representativeness of the trade union in the workplace , which can be either majority representation or `` sufficient '' representation . If a union represents the majority of workers , it will have access to all organisational rights . If the union is sufficiently representative , it will have access only to certain organisational rights : the rights of access , leave and stop - order facilities . The rights to elect shop stewards and to disclosure of information , on the other hand , are reserved for unions that have as members the majority of the employees in the workplace . Usually , only a single union will be seeking organisational rights , but two or more unions may also act together to do so . Majority representation ( edit ) Where the union has a majority , representing 50 per cent plus one , or more , of all employees in the workplace , it enjoys the following organisational rights : the right of access to the workplace ; the right to have membership fees deducted from wages ; the right to elect shop stewards ; the right of shop stewards to leave for union activities ; and the right of disclosure of information . Sufficient representation ( edit ) Where the union is `` sufficiently represented , '' it represents less than the majority of employees in the workplace . There is no fixed rule as to `` sufficient representation ; '' it is decided on a case - by - case basis . A sufficiently representative union enjoys the following organisational rights : the right of access to the workplace ; the right to deduction of membership fees from wages ; and the right to leave of shop stewards for trade - union activities . If the union is a member of a bargaining council , it enjoys the following organisational rights : access to the workplace ; and deduction of membership fees from wages . If it is a minority union , it may enforce its rights through collective bargaining and industrial action . Two or more trade unions may act jointly to acquire rights . The LRA does not define `` sufficient representation , '' but it does give guidelines . Factors to be taken into account would include the nature of the workplace and the industry involved , as well as the presence or absence of other unions with membership in the workplace . The approximate figure is thirty per cent . In UPUSA v Komming Knitting , the Commissioner extended the right to access the workplace , together with the right to deductions of union subscriptions , to a union which , at the time of the award , represented just seven employees out of 31 . The Commissioner made this decision on the basis that the union was the only union organising and recruiting at the workplace ; that it had been present in the workplace since shortly after the employer 's inception ; and that its current low level of representation was due to high labour turnover . The Commissioner held that the union seemed capable of recruiting a majority of the workers at the workplace . In SACTWU v Marley , the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration refused organisational rights to a union with 42 per cent representivity , on the basis that another union represented 56 per cent of employees in the workplace , and because the employer had a long association with the other union , which included an agency - shop agreement . In NUMSA v Feltex Foam , the question was whether differing degrees of `` sufficient representativeness '' could be set for different organisational rights : a higher degree for gaining access to workplace , for example , than for stop - order facilities . The Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration held that there have to be very special circumstances to allow him to distinguish between such rights . If the arbitrator is prepared to grant one of these rights , in other words , there would have to be special circumstances to justify a refusal to grant any of the others . In Organisation of Labour Affairs v Old Mutual Life Assurance , the Commissioner was prepared to order the employer to grant access to the workplace and stop - order facilities to a union with level of representivity which would not ordinarily have permitted the granting of these rights , on the basis that the rights had been granted to other unions with lower representivity . A similar approach was adopted in Group 4 Falck v DUSWO . The effect of these decisions is that , when an employer grants organisational rights to a union with , for example , only ten per cent representivity , the employer can not really argue that another union seeking organisation rights must have at least thirty per cent . Section 18 allows an employer and majority union in a workplace , as well as parties to a bargaining council , to establish by collective agreement the level of representativeness required for the purposes of gaining access , deductions and leave at a particular workplace . The only limit is that the agreed threshold must be applied equally to all unions seeking to exercise any , or all , of these rights . `` Workplace '' ( edit ) The `` workplace '' is defined in section 213 of LRA . There is a distinction to be drawn , in this regard , between the public service and the private sector . In the public sector , the workplace is the national department , provincial administration , provincial department or organisational component contemplated in the Public Service Act . In the private sector , the workplace is the place where employees of the employer work . If the private employer has two businesses , independent of each other by reason of size or function or organisation , the place where the employees work in connection with each independent operation constitutes the workplace for that operation . This foresees the possibility that geographically distinct operations may constitute one workplace . Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration commissioners been unwilling to accept too easily that geographically distinct places of work constitute separate workplaces . In Speciality Stores v SACCAWU , the Labour Court was loath to find , in the absence of proof by the trade union , that different stores of a retailer constituted different workplaces . The court also made it clear that the onus rests on the union to prove that two operations are two different workplaces . Thresholds ( edit ) Employers and majority unions are permitted to conclude collective agreements that set thresholds for the acquisition of rights under sections 12 ( union access to the workplace ) , 13 ( stop - orders ) and 15 ( time off ) . This right is conferred by section 18 ( `` Right to establish thresholds of representativeness '' ) , which reads as follows : ( 1 ) An employer and a registered trade union whose members are a majority of the employees employed by that employer in a workplace , or the parties to a bargaining council , may conclude a collective agreement establishing a threshold of representativeness required in respect of one or more of the organisational rights referred to in sections 12 , 13 and 15 . ( 2 ) A collective agreement concluded in terms of subsection ( 1 ) is not binding unless the thresholds of representativeness in the collective agreement are applied equally to any registered trade union seeking any of the organisational rights referred to in that subsection . A threshold agreement , then , is an agreement to restrict certain rights to unions with a certain percentage of representation . The idea is to prevent union fragmentation , and to make bargaining genuinely collective . Acquisition of organisational rights ( edit ) Trade unions may acquire organisational rights in the following ways : through collective agreement ; through membership of a bargaining council ; through strike action ; or through the section - 21 procedure . Through collective agreement ( edit ) The LRA makes provision in section 20 for a registered trade union and an employer or employers ' organisation to conclude a collective agreement that regulates organisational rights . This means that , even if the trade union is not representative , it could have organisational rights on which the parties agreed . This route generally begins with an approach by the union to the employer , and a request that it grant the union organisational rights . Section 20 does not prescribe any representivity requirements before the employer will be entitled to grant such rights in a collective agreement . Even a union with only a small degree of representivity , therefore , may obtain organisational rights . Through membership of a bargaining council ( edit ) In terms of section 19 of the LRA , a registered trade union , if party to a bargaining council , automatically acquires the right of access to the premises , together with the right to have trade union subscriptions deducted by stop orders , in respect of all workplaces falling within the jurisdiction of the bargaining council . Again , it does not matter , for the purposes of this route , how representative the union is in the specific workplace . A union acquires these rights irrespective of whether it is sufficiently representative or not . Through s 21 procedure ( edit ) Briefly , the section - 21 procedure involves notice by the union to the employer of its intention to seek organisational rights , consultation between union and employer in an attempt to reach a collective agreement , and referral by the union of a dispute , if any , to the CCMA , which will attempt to settle the matter through conciliation , failing which it will arbitrate the dispute and issue a binding award . The union in this case must be registered , and must enjoy a certain level of representation in the workplace . The onus rests on the union to notify the employer , in writing , that it intends to seek the organisational rights conferred by the Act . The notice must contain the following information : the workplace in which the union seeks to exercise the rights ; the representivity of the trade union in that workplace ; the rights that the trade union wishes to exercise ; and the manner in which the trade union wishes to exercise those rights . The notice must be accompanied by a certified copy of the trade union registration certificate . Within thirty days of receiving the notice , employer must meet with the union . The parties must then try to conclude a collective agreement regulating the manner in which the organisational rights will be exercised . The employer may refuse to grant union rights on the grounds there is a dispute as to what constitutes a `` workplace , '' or because the employer argues that the union does not enjoy the required degree of representativeness . If the parties fail to conclude a collective agreement , either of the parties may refer the dispute , in writing , to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration for conciliation . If conciliation fails , either party may request that the dispute be arbitrated . The CCMA has jurisdiction to arbitrate only if the union has complied with all the provisions of section 21 , which are peremptory . Failure by the union to comply with them will mean that Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration may not deal with the dispute . The CCMA commissioner will be called upon to decide whether or not the union is representative . Section 21 authorizes him to make inquiries , conduct a ballot and take all other relevant information into account . Once the actual number of members has been established , section 21 ( 8 ) provides that the commissioner must seek to minimize the proliferation of trade union representation in a single workplace and , where possible , to encourage a system of a representative trade union in a workplace ; and must seek to minimize the financial and administrative burden of requiring an employer to grant organisational rights to more than one registered union . Here the LRA gives `` clear legislative support for the principle of majoritarianism . '' In this regard , the commissioner must consider the nature of the workplace ; the nature of the one or more organisational rights that the registered trade union seeks to exercise ; the nature of the sector in which the workplace is situated ; and the organisational history at the workplace or any other workplace of the employer . If the employer is of the opinion that the union is no longer representative , it may refer matter to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration , requesting that it withdraw the organisational rights . The commissioner may withdraw any of the organisational rights once conferred which are exercised by any other registered trade union in respect of that workplace , if that other union has ceased to be a representative union . In order to determine the membership or support of the registered trade union , the Commissioner may make any necessary inquiries ; where appropriate , conduct a ballot of the relevant employees ; and take into account any other relevant information . The employer must co-operate with the Commissioner and make available any information and facilities that are reasonably necessary for this purpose . An employer who alleges that a union is no longer a representative trade union may apply to the CCMA to withdraw any of the organisational rights previously granted . In summary , the section 21 procedure runs as follows : The union notifies the employer in writing that it intends to exercise organisational rights . Within thirty days of the notice , employer and union meet in an attempt to conclude a collective agreement . If a collective agreement is concluded , they need go no further with section 21 ; if not , either party refers the dispute in writing to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration for conciliation . If the matter is not successfully conciliated , there are two options : Either party may request arbitration , where after a Commissioner may determine the representativeness of the union and the manner in which rights are to be exercised . The Commissioner may consider an application for withdrawal of the rights , and relevancy and confidentiality of the information . An arbitration award is binding on the parties . The union may strike , or the employer may lock out : If the union gives notice of its intention to strike , it may not refer the dispute to arbitration for a period of twelve months from the date of the notice . The same condition applies to an employer giving notice of a lock - out . The LRA Amendment Bill now before parliament proposes to amend section 21 . Section 8A of the proposed amendment would allow a non-majority trade union to bring shop stewards into the workplace . Through strike action ( edit ) The LRA would prohibit a strike in support of a demand that the employer grant all or some organisational rights to a union , because such a dispute may be referred to arbitration in terms of section 21 . Section 65 ( 2 ) ( a ) specifically permits a union which would otherwise have the right to refer a dispute about organisational rights to arbitration in terms of section 21 to embark on strike action in an attempt to force employer to grant these rights . A trade union , including a minority union , may therefore strike in support of a demand for organisational rights even if it does not meet the statutory threshold for acquiring such rights . Except for the right to information , in fact , organisational rights are the only rights conferred by the LRA over which strikes are permitted . This is the consequence of NUMSA v Bader Bop , where NUMSA , although not a majority union , sought to acquire the right to elect shop stewards by striking . The lower courts were divided . A divided Labour Appeal Court held that minority unions could not do strike for such a right because , once the union conceded that it lacked a majority , there would be no dispute over which to strike ; and such a strike would be hit by section 65 ( 1 ) ( c ) , which prohibits strikes over disputes that either party may refer to arbitration . This judgment was overturned by the Constitutional Court , however , which held that the minority unions may strike in support of demands for organisational rights to which they are not entitled under the LRA . The Constitutional Court found that nothing in section 20 of the LRA precludes a collective agreement granting collective - bargaining rights , even if the qualification for representativity is not met . The court 's interpretation of this was that , if a minority union asks for , but does not succeed in acquiring , the organisational rights in question , and if conciliation subsequently fails , the dispute - resolution mechanism is to strike for it . This judgment has been severely criticized . If the union utilizes the strike remedy , but is unsuccessful in forcing employer to grant the rights , the union loses the right to utilize the section - 21 procedure for one year from date on which notice was given of the intention to go on strike . Dispute resolution for organisational rights ( edit ) If there is a dispute about the interpretation of organisational rights , any party may refer the dispute in writing to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration for conciliation and , if conciliation fails , for arbitration . Disputes about disclosure of information follow the same route . In determining the dispute , the Commissioner must strike a balance between the employer 's right to privacy and the interests of sound collective bargaining . The Commissioner has a fairly wide discretion to make a suitable award to achieve this . Collective bargaining ( edit ) The legal rules relating to freedom of association and organisational rights are all aimed at making collective bargaining possible . There are specific rules that govern the collective bargaining process and the result thereof : collective agreements . Neither the Constitution nor the LRA defines `` collective bargaining . '' This is primarily because the law does not impose a legal duty to bargain on employers and trade unions . Collective bargaining must be understood as a process . The process of collective bargaining entails negotiations between the two parties : a union on the one hand ; and an employer or an employers ' organisation on the other hand . Broadly , then , the collective - bargaining process may be defined as a process whereby employers ( or employers ' organisations ) bargain with employee representatives ( trade unions ) about terms and conditions of employment , and about other matters of mutual interest . Unlike mere consultation , collective bargaining presumes a willingness from each party , not only to listen to and consider the representations of the other party , but also to abandon its own fixed positions where possible , in order to find common ground . Bargaining occurs , inter alia , where two opposing parties exchange demands and make counter-demands ; where they propose ( and accept or reject ) compromises ; where they negotiate ; and where one party places pressure on the other to give in to its demands . Bargaining , then , is a dynamic process . Collective bargaining is mainly concerned with disputes of interest , but not to the exclusion of disputes of right . The word `` collective '' refers to the fact that employees join together in trade unions to increase their power in bargaining with employers over wages , working conditions and any other matters of mutual interest between them . It is important to note that , on the workers ' side , only trade unions may engage in collective bargaining . Although a single employer can engage in collective bargaining , an individual employee can not , by definition , engage in collective bargaining . If successful , collective bargaining leads to a settlement and the conclusion of a collective agreement . If it fails , there are several options available to the employer or the union , including resort to a lock - out or a strike ; and submitting the dispute to mediation . When a trade union enters into the collective - bargaining process , it will normally have one of three objectives in mind : The first , and most important , is the regulation of terms and conditions of employment . The second is regulation of the relationship between the union and the employer in whose workplace it has members . The union may negotiate organisational rights with an employer . Linked to the first three objectives , the union may wish to attempt to resolve a dispute that has arisen between it and the employer . Bargaining fora ( edit ) The LRA makes provision for the establishment of two institutions within which collective bargaining may take place : bargaining councils ; and statutory councils . The establishment , composition and function of bargaining councils and statutory councils are regulated in some detail by the LRA . Employers and trade unions remain free , however , to agree to their own collective - bargaining fora and procedures . The Act , however , does not regulate this `` non-statutory collective bargaining '' in any detail ; it is left to the employer and the trade union to reach agreement on issues such as where the collective bargaining will take place ( at industry , enterprise or plant level ) ; when the collective bargaining will take place ; on what topics collective - bargaining will occur ; who will represent the parties during the collective - bargaining process ; which employees will be covered by the collective - bargaining process ; and the precise procedures to be followed . The only facet of this type of bargaining regulated by the LRA is the legal effect and binding nature of collective agreements entered into . Duty to bargain ( edit ) It could be argued that the constitutional right to bargain collectively ( s 23 ( 5 ) ) includes both a legally enforceable right to bargain collectively , as well as a corresponding duty to bargain collectively on the other party to the relationship . Since the LRA does not create a duty to bargain , this may give rise to the argument that the Act does not go far enough in protecting and giving content to the constitutional right . This debate may have to be solved by the courts in the future . For now , however , there is no general duty to bargain on employers and trade unions in terms of the LRA . An employer may refuse to engage with a trade union ; in turn , the trade union may take strike action . The question of whether the constitutional right to bargain collectively includes a duty on the other party has arisen in connection with one group of persons not covered by the Act : members of the South African National Defence Force ( SANDF ) . In three separate disputes , the High Court had to consider whether the South African National Defense Force Union ( SANDU ) may rely on the provisions of section 23 in order to obtain a court order to require the State to bargain collectively with it . These decisions , and their arguments , were contradictory . The SCA , on appeal , held that the constitutional provision does not impose a judicially enforceable duty to bargain on employers or employees . On further appeal , however , the Constitutional court left the question open . It did point out , however , that the contrary approach could create difficulties . It came close , then , to agreeing with the SCA that no duty to bargain collectively exists in South African labour law . Although the LRA does not compel parties to bargain with each other , it encourages collective bargaining through the granting of organisational rights , the right to establish bargaining institutions and closed - shop and agency - shop agreements . Should an employer refuse to bargain , the Act allows for strike action by employees to convince the employer to bargain . A refusal to bargain includes : the employer 's refusal to recognise a trade union as a bargaining agent ; the employer 's refusal to establish a bargaining council ; the employer 's withdrawal of recognition of a collective bargaining agent ; the employer 's resignation as a party to a bargaining council ; and the employer disputing appropriate bargaining units , levels and topics . Disputes regarding refusal to bargain must first be referred to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration for an advisory award . An advisory award provides guidance only ; it is not binding on the parties . Bargaining agents ( edit ) Collective bargaining is performed by bargaining agents , namely trade unions and employers ' organisations . The LRA sets requirements for unions and organisations relating to registration . A trade union is defined as an association of employees whose principal purpose is to regulate the relations between employers or employers ' organisations and employees . Only employees may be members of a trade union . Job seekers and ex-employees may not be members of a trade union . To qualify as a trade union , an association of employees need not be registered . Registration is beneficial , however , since only a registered trade union is entitled to rights , such as the right to conclude a collective agreement enforceable under the LRA ; acquire organisational rights ; be a member of a bargaining council , statutory council and workplace forum ; and conclude closed - shop and agency - shop agreements . The powers and functions of a bargaining council are outlined in section 28 of the LRA . A bargaining council has three main functions : to conclude collective agreements ; to enforce those collective agreements ; and to prevent and resolve labour disputes . Levels of bargaining ( edit ) Collective bargaining can take place at plant level , sector level or industry level . The LRA encourages collective bargaining at sector or industry level . Provision is made for the establishment of bargaining councils for a particular sector . It is at this level that bargaining will take place in bargaining councils . Moreover , bargaining councils may be established in the private as well as the public sector . The private sector is the economic sector in which the State is not the employer ; in the public sector , the State is the employer . Disputes requiring bargaining council to resolve ( edit ) Disputes about freedom of association : A bargaining council only can conciliate these disputes , failing which they should be referred to the Labour Court for adjudication . Disputes of interest in an essential service : A bargaining council can conciliate and arbitrate these disputes . Disputes about severance pay : A bargaining council can conciliate and arbitrate these disputes . Disputes about unfair labour practices : A bargaining council can conciliate unfair - labour - practice disputes provided that they do not relate to discrimination . Discrimination disputes must be referred to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration for conciliation , failing which they must go to the Labour Court for adjudication . Disputes that may lead to a strike or lock - out : A bargaining council only can conciliate these disputes . Dismissal disputes , if the reason for dismissal is based on operational requirements , for participating in an unprotected strike , for reasons connected to a closed - shop agreement , or automatically unfair : A bargaining council only can conciliate these disputes . Disputes based on misconduct and incapacity : A bargaining council may conciliate and arbitrate these disputes by way of the con - arb procedure . Collective agreements ( edit ) The main goal of collective bargaining between an employer and a trade union is to reach consensus about certain matters and formalise their relationship by means of a collective agreement . A collective agreement regulates the rights and duties of parties , as well as the terms and conditions of the employment of workers . In terms of section 213 of the LRA , a collective agreement is a written agreement concerning terms and conditions of employment or any other matter of mutual interest concluded by one or more registered trade unions , on the one hand and , on the other one or more employees ; one or more registered employers ' organisations ; or one or more employers and one or more registered employers ' organisations . The parties , therefore , are a registered trade union ; and the employer / s and / or registered employers ' organisation / s . Requirements ( edit ) There are three important elements that distinguish a collective agreement from any other agreement between employees and employers : A collective agreement must be in writing . Only a registered trade union can be a party to a collective agreement . Agreement with unregistered trade union not a collective agreement . A collective agreement must regulate terms and conditions of employment or any other matter of mutual interest between a trade union and the employer or employers ' organisations . In writing ( edit ) A collective agreement need not be signed by the parties to the agreement to be valid . All that is required is that the agreement be in writing . It is not even necessary that the collective agreement be contained in a single document . It would , however , be advisable for the parties to the agreement to sign a single written document , as this would assist in eliminating later disputes as to whether or not an agreement was actually entered into , and what the content of the agreement was . Registration ( edit ) Only registered unions may be parties to collective agreements , but a union being unregistered does not mean that the union may not conclude an agreement with an employer ; it simply means that the agreement will fall outside the scope of the LRA , and will not be enforceable in terms of the LRA . A single employer may conclude a collective agreement ; a single employee can not . The reason for this is the inequality of power between an employer and a single employee , and that a single employee is not a `` collective '' . Content ( edit ) The definition also states what topics must be regulated by a collective agreement . It must deal with the terms and conditions of employment , and other matters of mutual interest between the parties . Terms and conditions of employment relate to those substantive provisions of the employment relationship , like working hours , remuneration and leave . Collective agreements can also regulate the granting of organisational rights to registered unions . Binding effect ( edit ) A distinction must be drawn between parties to the agreement and members of the parties to the agreement . Section 23 of the LRA provides that the following entities or persons are bound by a collective agreement : the parties to the agreement ; each party to the agreement and the members of every other party to the agreement , in so far as the provisions are applicable to them ; members of a registered trade union and employers who are members of a registered employers ' organisation that are party to the collective agreement if it regulates terms and conditions of employment ; or the conduct of the employers in relation to their employees or the conduct of the employees in relation to their employer . employees who are not members of the registered trade union or unions party to the agreement , if the employees are identified in the agreement ; the agreement expressly binds the employees ; and the trade union or unions represent the majority of all the employees employed in the workplace . A collective agreement binds for the whole period of the collective agreement every person bond in terms of section ( 1 ) ( c ) who was a member at the time it became binding , or who becomes a member after it became binding , whether or not that person continues to be a member of the registered trade union or registered employers ' organisation for the duration of the collective agreement . Contracts of employment ( edit ) Where applicable , a collective agreement varies any contract of employment between an employee and an employer if they are both bound by the collective agreement . Termination ( edit ) Unless the collective agreement provides otherwise , any party to a collective agreement that is concluded for an indefinite period may terminate the agreement by giving reasonable notice in writing to the other parties . Workplace fora ( edit ) To encourage workers ' participation in the workplace , the concept of a `` workplace forum '' has been introduced by the LRA . A workplace forum is an in - house institution promoting workers ' participation in decision making at the workplace . Workplace fora are intended to deal with non-wage - related issues such as restructuring , introduction of new technology , new work methods , and the like . It is important not to confuse a trade union and a workplace forum , as the latter is not a bargaining structure : A union is a juristic body ; a forum is not . A union deals with wage - related issues ; a forum deals with non-wage - related issues . A union can embark on industrial action ; a forum can not . All employees , including non-union members , may be members of a forum . Senior managerial employees , however , may not be members of a forum . Only registered trade unions or trade unions acting jointly , representing the majority of all employees employed in the workplace , may apply for the establishment of a forum . A forum may be established in any workplace of employers with more than 100 employees , either through a collective agreement or through the intervention of the CCMA . Only larger employers , therefore , will be involved in fora . A forum must meet regularly . Its functions are to consult on certain matters and to have joint decision making on other matters . Consultation ( edit ) Consultation entails that the employer allows the forum to make representations and to advance alternative proposals ; and considers and responds to these . If the employer disagrees with them , it must state the reasons for disagreeing . Consultation must take place before the employer implements any proposal . Joint decision making ( edit ) Joint decision making requires the employer to consult and reach consensus with a forum . Matters for consultation ( edit ) Matters for consultation include ( unless they are regulated by a collective agreement ) proposals relating to restructuring the workplace ( for example , the introduction of new technology and new work methods ) ; changes in the organisation of work ; total or partial plant closure ; mergers and transfers of ownership in so far as they affect the employees ; the retrenchment of employees ; exemption from any collective agreement or law ; job grading ; criteria for merit increases or the payment of discretionary bonuses ; education and training ; product development plans ; and export promotion . A bargaining council or a representative union and an employer may conclude a collective agreement granting a forum the right to be consulted about additional matters that fall within the council 's registered scope . Matters for joint decision making ( edit ) Matters for joint decision making can not be regulated by a collective agreement . Matters for joint decision making relate to disciplinary codes and procedures ; the proper regulation of the workplace ( except for work - related performance ) ; measures designed to protect and advance persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination ; and changes by employer - representatives on boards of employer - controlled schemes with regard to social benefits . A representative union and the employer may also enter into a collective agreement conferring on the forum joint decision making in respect of additional matters or removing other matters . In fulfilling its duties to consult and to have joint decision making , an employer is required to disclose all relevant information that will allow the forum to participate effectively in consultation and joint decision making . The employer is not obliged to disclose information , however , that is legally privileged ; that the employer may not disclose without contravening a law or court order , that is confidential and , if disclosed , may cause substantial harm to the employee or the employer ; and private personal information relating to an employee ( unless the employee has consented to the disclosure ) . Disputes about disclosure of information must be referred to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration . If parties fail to resolve the dispute through conciliation , any party to the dispute may request arbitration . The Commissioner will not compel the employer to disclose `` irrelevant '' information . Despite the potentially important influence that a forum may have on a workplace , few such forums are found in practice . This is due to employers ' viewing fora as an inroad to managerial prerogative , and the concern of unions that fora will undermine collective bargaining structures . Industrial action ( edit ) At the end of a collective - bargaining session or process , parties may either reach an agreement or fail to do so . If an agreement is reached , a collective agreement is concluded . If no agreement is reached , parties may agree on mediation or arbitration , or decide to exert pressure on each other through industrial action . Industrial action , sometimes also called collective action , generally refers to employees acting together to force the hand of the employer , but employers , too , for the purposes of industrial action , employers may act individually or collectively with other employers to lock out employees . Industrial action for employees can take the form of strikes , secondary strikes , pickets and protest action , while employers have recourse to lock - outs . Strikes and lock - outs are a reality in the workplace -- `` just like friction in a marriage is a reality . '' Conflict in the workplace -- `` and in a marriage '' -- is not necessarily negative : It gives the parties an opportunity to reaffirm their different bargaining strengths and positions . Conflict becomes problematic only if matters get out of hand as a result of the power struggle . That will then undermine the purpose of the conflict . Another problematic aspect of conflict is that once parties are in a stand - off , the matter will not be resolved without a `` loser '' and a `` winner '' . In the long run , this may lead to a deterioration of the relationship and it may even spark further friction about other issues . In the workplace , again `` just like in a marriage , '' the law seeks `` to ensure healthy and productive conflict that can lead to the resolution of matters of mutual interest . '' The LRA sets out the manner in which this is to be done by regulating various types of industrial action . In the past few years , South Africa has seen a high level of industrial action . The Department of Labour has reported that working days lost to work stoppages in 2010 were the highest ever , with approximately 20,674,737 working days lost from about 74 work stoppages ; in 2009 , there were only 51 . The right to strike is clearly protected in South Africa through the Constitution , which guarantees that `` every worker has the right ( ... ) to strike . '' The Constitution does not give employers the right to lock out employees . Employers ' right to lock - out is implied in the Constitution 's express protection of the right to bargain collectively . The LRA provides , however , in section 64 ( 1 ) , that every employee has the right to strike , and that every employer has recourse to a lock - out . Neither the right to strike nor the right to a lock - out is directly protected in terms of an ILO Convention , but it is indirectly done through ILO Convention 87 and ILO Convention 98 , which were both ratified by South Africa . Both strikes and lock - outs are essential elements of collective bargaining , but `` such rights should be used only as measures of last resort . '' Strikes are used by employees to back up their demands in promoting and defending their employment - related interests ; lock - outs are used by employers to back up their employment - related demands . In matters of industrial action , `` it is important to know what type of action to take . '' Different types of industrial action serve different purposes . The purpose of the employer or the employees will determine the type of action to be taken : A strike is undertaken to remedy a grievance or resolve any matter of mutual interest between employees and employers . A secondary strike is a strike in support of another strike ( known as the primary strike ) in order to put pressure on the primary employer to accede to the demands of its striking employees . A picket is a peaceful demonstration of support for any protected strike , or of opposition to any lock - out . Protest action is undertaken to promote or defend the socioeconomic interests of workers . A lock - out is undertaken by an employer to compel its employees to accept a demand in respect of any matter of mutual interest between them . Not only is it important to ensure that the right type of action is chosen ; it is important `` also to ensure that the action will be protected by the LRA . '' In the case of a protected strike or lock - out -- it used to be called a `` legal '' strike or lock - out under the 1956 LRA -- the parties taking part in the action are not guilty of breach of contract and can not be dismissed for that reason . The court may not order an interdict to stop the action from continuing , and the participants in the industrial action will not be held liable for compensation for the work stoppage . Hurdles in the way of protected industrial action ( edit ) No right is unlimited . Rights may be limited in the interests of society or by the rights of others . Section 36 ( 1 ) of the Constitution provides for the limitation of rights in terms of law of general application . The LRA is such a law . It limits the right to strike . Strikes and lock - outs are not automatically protected , as there are some hurdles that employees and employers have to cross before their actions will be protected : To cross the first hurdle , the parties should ensure that their action complies with the definition of a strike or a lock - out . They must therefore avoid the inherent limitations in the definitions of both strikes and lock - outs . To cross the second hurdle , the parties should comply with the procedure prescribed by the LRA in section 64 . In certain limited circumstances , employers and employees will be exempted from complying with these procedures . To cross the third hurdle , the parties should ensure that none of the prohibitions against industrial action , as contained in section 65 of the LRA , are applicable to their issue in dispute . The parties will be able to continue with collective action only if the nature of the particular dispute between the parties allows it . For example , employees may go on strike only if the dispute is one of `` interest , '' meaning a dispute about a change to an existing right or about creating a new right . Employees may not strike about a dispute of `` right , '' which would be a dispute about the application and interpretation of an existing right , since these must be referred to arbitration . They are better suited to resolution by third - party determination than by industrial action . Compliance with definition of `` strike '' or `` lock - out '' ( edit ) It is important that the actions taken by employees and employers fall within the definitions of a strike or a lock - out . Action that does not amount to a strike or a lock - out will not enjoy protection in terms of the LRA . This is the first hurdle to be crossed by employees and unions for a protected strike , and by employers for a protected lock - out . This hurdle stands on two legs : definition of a strike ; and definition of a lock - out . Definition of a strike ( edit ) `` Strike '' is defined as follows : the partial or complete concerted refusal to work , or the retardation or obstruction of work , by persons who are or have been employed by the same employer or by different employers , for the purposes of remedying a grievance or resolving a dispute in respect of any matter of mutual interest between employer and employee and every reference to work in this definition includes overtime work , whether it is voluntary or compulsory . Except for `` protest action , '' any intentional refusal to work will amount to misconduct unless it can be regarded as strike action in terms of the above definition . In order to qualify as strike action , the employees must comply with the following three elements contained in the definition : there must be a refusal to work ( a complete or partial retardation or obstruction of work ) ; the refusal must be a concerted action by persons ( employed by the same or different employers ) ; and the refusal must be for the purpose of remedying a grievance or resolving a dispute in respect of any matter of mutual interest between an employer and an employee . There must be a refusal to work in order for an action to qualify as a strike . This is the first hurdle that employees must cross . The refusal to work must be in relation to work which employees are contractually obliged to perform ; and not contrary to the law or a collective agreement . The action may be partial ( in that the employees still perform some of their duties ) , or complete ( in that the employees do not perform any of their duties ) , or the retardation of work ( where employees work , but at a reduced pace ) , or obstruction of work ( where employees disturb production through their actions ) . A refusal by employees to work overtime also constitutes a strike , whether the overtime is compulsory ( required by a contract or by a collective agreement ) or voluntary . Although the Constitution grants individual workers the right to strike , the right itself can not be exercised individually . The action must be `` concerted ; '' `` by persons ; '' and constitute collective action . An individual employee can not engage in a strike . More than one person must be involved in order for the action to constitute a strike . The action must be carried out by people acting together who are or have been employed by the same employer or by different employers ( as in the case of an industry - wide strike ) . The action is thus directed at the employer or employers . If , for example , employees refuse to work because they have a demand against a union , that will not amount to strike action . An exception exists in respect of secondary strikes . The refusal to work must be for the common purpose of remedying a grievance or resolving a dispute in respect of any matter of mutual interest between the employer and employee . A grievance or an issue in dispute in respect of a matter of mutual interest must exist , therefore , before an action may be deemed a strike . Where there is no grievance or dispute against the employer , there can not be a strike . While the concept of `` mutual interest '' is not defined in the LRA , it was described as `` whatever can be fairly and reasonably regarded as calculated to promote the well - being of the trade concerned . '' Matters of mutual interest may include , for example , terms and conditions of employment ; health and safety issues ; the negotiation of disciplinary procedures ; and wage increases . An important indication that a matter is one of mutual interest would be that the matter can be dealt with through collective bargaining . For example , political issues or demands against the State do not qualify , unless the State is the employer and the demands relate to the State 's role as employer . These political issues or demands should be dealt with by way of protest action . Definition of a lock - out ( edit ) While employees have the right to strike in terms of the Constitution and the LRA , employers do not have a right to lock - out , but they do have recourse to a lock - out in terms of section 64 of the LRA . `` Lock - out '' is defined as the exclusion by an employer of employees from the employer 's workplace , for the purpose of compelling the employees to accept a demand in respect of any matter of mutual interest between employer and employee , whether or not the employer breaches those employees ' contracts of employment in the course of or for the purpose of that exclusion . To constitute a lock - out , the employer 's action must contain the following two elements : The employer must exclude employees from the workplace . This normally happens when the employer closes the workplace entrance or gates and refuses to permit employees to enter the premises . In practice , this allows the employer to refuse to pay the employees their remuneration . This is in line with the LRA , which states that the employer is not obliged to remunerate an employee for services not rendered during a protected strike or a protected lock - out . Put differently , the principle of `` no work , no pay '' applies . In terms of the definition of a lock - out , the employer can not exclude only one employee ; it must be a group of employees . The exclusion must be for the purpose of compelling the employees to accept a demand in any matter of mutual interest between employer and employees . If it is for a different purpose , the action will not constitute a lock - out and will be breach of contract . `` Matters of mutual interest '' with regard to strikes are also `` matters of mutual interest '' in the case of lock - outs . Procedural requirements for protection of strikes and lock - outs in terms of section 64 ( edit ) The second hurdle to be crossed in order for a strike or lock - out to be regarded as protected is that certain procedural requirements must be complied with . This hurdle stands on the three legs prescribed by section 64 ( 1 ) : the issue in dispute must be referred to the CCMA ( Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration ) for conciliation ; the CCMA must have issued a certificate to verify that the dispute has not yet been resolved . A written notice must be handed to the employer , employees or trade union at least 48 business hours prior to the commencement of the strike or lock - out . The issue in dispute ( edit ) The LRA defines an `` issue in dispute '' as `` the demand , the grievance , or the dispute that forms the subject matter of the strike or lock - out . '' The issue in dispute must fall within the definition of a strike ( or lock - out ) . In other words , the demand , grievance or dispute about which the employees strike ( or the employer locks out ) must relate to a matter of mutual interest . The LRA requires that parties must try to resolve the issue . It requires that the parties first refer the dispute to a bargaining council ( if there is one for that sector ) . If no bargaining council exists , the dispute must be referred to the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration for conciliation . Certificate of outcome ( edit ) The bargaining council or the Commission for Conciliation , Mediation and Arbitration must attempt to resolve the dispute through conciliation within thirty days of the referral . If the parties to the dispute reach an agreement , the dispute is resolved . If no agreement is reached , the conciliator must issue a certificate to indicate that the matter has not been resolved . After this ( or after thirty days have gone by since referral of the dispute for conciliation ) , the parties can give notice of the proposed strike ( or lock - out ) . Prescribed notice ( edit ) If conciliation fails , or thirty days have passed since the referral of the dispute , at least 48 hours ' written notice must be given of the commencement of the strike or lock - out . If the State is the employer , at least seven days ' notice must be given . If the employer is a member of an employers ' organisation , notice must be given to the employers ' organisation . In case of a proposed lock - out , the employer must give notice to the union involved in the dispute , or to the employees directly if there is no union . The LRA does not prescribe what details the notice must contain ; it only regulates that it must be in writing and must be issued 48 hours before commencement of the industrial action . There are some exceptions , according to which , the parties do not need to follow the procedures prescribed by the LRA : if the parties to the dispute are members of a bargaining council and the dispute followed the procedure set by that council 's constitution ; if the parties concluded a collective agreement with prescribed procedures to be followed before they strike or lock - out , and they have complied with that agreement , if an employer implements an unprotected lock - out and the employees strike in response to that ( and the same would apply if the employer locked - out the employees in response to an unprotected strike ) ; if a strike takes place after the employer has unilaterally changed the terms and conditions of employment , and the employer fails to rectify this despite prior warning ; and if an employer refuses to bargain with a union , in which case the dispute must first be referred for conciliation and then for advisory arbitration before notice of a strike can be given . See also ( edit ) Black Economic Empowerment Labour Court of South Africa Labour Appeal Court of South Africa South African Constitutional Court South African company law South African contract law UK labour law Cases ( edit ) Afrox Limited v SACWU & Others ( 1997 ) 4 BLLR 375 ( LC ) . Council for Scientific and Industrial Research v Fijen 1996 ( 2 ) SA 1 ( SCA ) . CWIU v Algorax ( Pty ) Ltd 2003 11 BLLR 1081 ( LAC ) . David Crouch Marketing v Du Plessis ( 2009 ) 30 ILJ 1828 ( LC ) ; ( 2009 ) JOL 23835 ( LC ) . Food and Allied Workers Union and Another v The Cold Chain ( C324 / 06 ) ( 2007 ) ZALC 17 ( 8 March 2007 ) . Fedlife Assurance v Wolfaardt ( 2001 ) 22 ILJ 2407 ( SCA ) . Food & Nutritional Products ( Pty ) Ltd v Neumann 1986 ( 3 ) SA 464 ( W ) . Fry 's Metal v NUMSA ( 2003 ) 2 BLLR 140 ( LAC ) . Fuel Retailers Association of SA v Motor Industry Bargaining Council ( J2612 / 00 ) ( 2001 ) ZALC 46 ( 28 March 2001 ) . Gallagher v Norman 's Transport Lines ( Pty ) Ltd 1992 ( 3 ) SA 500 ( W ) . Independent Municipal and Allied Trade Union v Rustenburg Transitional Council ( J1543 / 98 ) ( 1999 ) ZALC 145 ; ( 2000 ) 21 ILJ 377 ( LC ) ( 17 September 1999 ) . Jack v Director - General Department of Environmental Affairs ( 2002 ) JOL 10347 ( LC ) . Kroukam v SA Airlink ( JA3 / 2003 ) ( 2005 ) ZALAC 5 ; ( 2005 ) 12 ILJ 2153 ( LAC ) ( 26 September 2005 ) . Luna Meubel Vevaardigers ( EDMS ) Bpk v Makin ( t / a Makin 's Furniture Manufacturers ) 1977 ( 4 ) SA 135 ( W ) . Mahlamu v CCMA ( 2011 ) 4 BLLR 381 ( LC ) . Mashava v Cuzen & Woods Attorneys ( 2000 ) 21 ILJ 402 ( LC ) . McInnes v Technikon Natal ( 2000 ) JOL 6389 ( LC ) . Murray v Minister of Defence 2009 ( 3 ) SA 130 ( SCA ) . NUM v CCMA ( 2009 ) 8 BLLR 777 ( LC ) . NUMSA v Feltex Foam ( 1997 ) 18 ILJ 1404 ( CCMA ) . National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa and Others v Bader Bop ( Pty ) Ltd and Another ( CCT14 / 02 ) ( 2002 ) ZACC 30 ; 2003 ( 2 ) BCLR 182 ; 2003 ( 3 ) SA 513 ( CC ) ; ( 2003 ) 2 BLLR 103 ( CC ) ; ( 2002 ) 23 lU 104 ( LAC ) ( 13 December 2002 ) . Organisation of Labour Affairs ( OLA ) v Old Mutual Life Assurance Company ( 2003 ) 9 BALR 1052 ( CCMA ) . Ouwehand v Hout Bay Fishing Industries ( 2004 ) 25 ILJ 731 ( LC ) . Pressma Services ( Pty ) Ltd v Schuttler and Another 1990 ( 2 ) SA 411 ( C ) . SACTWU v Marley ( SA ) ( Pty ) Ltd ( 2000 ) 21 ILJ 425 . SA Post Office Ltd v Mampeule ( 2009 ) 8 BLLR 792 ( LC ) . SA Rugby ( Pty ) Ltd v CCMA & Others ( 2006 ) 1 BLLR 27 ( LC ) . Sindane v Prestige Cleaning Services ( 2009 ) 12 BLLR 1249 ( LC ) . South African National Defence Union v Minister of Defence ( CCT27 / 98 ) ( 1999 ) ZACC 7 ; 1999 ( 4 ) SA 469 ; 1999 ( 6 ) BCLR 615 ; ( 1999 ) ILJ 2265 ( CC ) ( 26 May 1999 ) . South African National Defence Union v Minister of Defence and Others ( CCT65 / 06 ) ( 2007 ) ZACC 10 ; 2007 ( 5 ) SA 400 ; 2007 ( 8 ) BCLR 863 ( CC ) ; ( 2007 ) 9 BLLR 785 ( CC ) ; ( 2007 ) 28 ILJ 1909 ( CC ) ( 30 May 2007 ) . Syfrets Mortgage Nominees Ltd v Cape St Francis Hotels ( Pty ) Ltd 1991 ( 3 ) SA 276 ( SE ) . UPUSA v Komming Knitting ( 1997 ) 4 BLLR 508 ( CCMA ) . Venture Capital Ltd v Mauerberger 1991 ( 1 ) SA 96 ( W ) . Wallach v Lew Geffen Estates CC 1993 ( 3 ) SA 258 ( A ) . Whitehead v Woolworths ( Pty ) Ltd ( 1999 ) JOL 5162 ( LC ) . Yorigami Maritime Construction Co Ltd v Nissho - Iwai Co Ltd 1977 ( 4 ) SA 682 ( C ) . Legislation ( edit ) Basic Conditions of Employment Act 1997 . Employment Equity Act 1998 . Native Building Workers Act 1951 . Industrial Conciliation Act 1956 . Unemployment Insurance Act 63 of 2001 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : s 23 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ 2003 ( 24 ) ILJ 305 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ 2003 ( 24 ) ILJ 95 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ ( 1999 ) 20 ILJ 2265 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ SABC v McKenzie . Jump up ^ Normally , someone who is an employee in terms of an employment contract is not allowed to work for anyone else . Jump up ^ Usually someone working for another in terms of an employment contract is obliged to render the services personally . In the case of the independent contractor , it does not really matter who does the work , as long as the job gets done . Jump up ^ The existence of these rights would normally indicate control , this in turn indicating an employment contract . Jump up ^ Section 83A of the BCEA contains a provision similar to section 200A of the LRA . Jump up ^ LRA s5 . Jump up ^ s 79 . Jump up ^ http://www.werksmans.com/keep-informed/our-publications/case-summaries/labour-law/increase-to-bcea-minimum-threshold-effective-as-at-1-july-2013/ ^ Jump up to : Nagel , CJ ( 2016 ) . Commercial law . Pretoria : Lexis nexis . pp. 652 -- 657 . ISBN 9780409123968 . Jump up ^ Schedule 8 of the LRA . Jump up ^ Act 26 of 2000 . Jump up ^ Wages would be a dispute over interests , and excluded from the ambit of the term `` benefits . '' Jump up ^ s 9 . Jump up ^ s 6 . ^ Jump up to : s 6 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ s 5 . Jump up ^ Item 3 . Jump up ^ s 60 . ^ Jump up to : Item 6 . Jump up ^ s 7 . Jump up ^ s 9 . Jump up ^ s 8 . Jump up ^ s 6 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : s 7 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ s 15 . Jump up ^ See EEA , Schedule 4 . ^ Jump up to : s 19 . Jump up ^ s 20 . Jump up ^ EEA , s 16 . Jump up ^ s 21 . ^ Jump up to : s 27 . Jump up ^ s 50 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ s 53 . Jump up ^ Act 66 of 1995 . Jump up ^ s 185 . Jump up ^ s 192 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ s 192 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ s 186 ( 1 ) ( a ) . ^ Jump up to : s 186 ( 1 ) ( b ) . ^ Jump up to : s 186 ( 1 ) ( c ) . Jump up ^ s 186 ( 1 ) ( d ) . Jump up ^ s 186 ( 1 ) ( e ) - ( f ) . Jump up ^ 186 ( 1 ) ( e ) . Jump up ^ See LRA , ss 197 , 197A . Jump up ^ s 186 ( 1 ) ( f ) . Jump up ^ Act 75 of 1997 . Jump up ^ 1996 ( 2 ) SA 1 ( SCA ) . Jump up ^ ( 2004 ) 25 ILJ 731 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ ( 1999 ) JOL 5162 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ Para 7 . Jump up ^ ( 2002 ) JOL 10347 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ ( 2003 ) JOL 11136 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ ( 2006 ) 1 BLLR 27 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ ( 1999 ) JOL 4515 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ ( 2000 ) JOL 6389 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ ( 2000 ) JOL 7041 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ Act 63 of 2001 . Jump up ^ LRA , s 186 ( 1 ) ( d ) . ^ Jump up to : s 186 ( 1 ) ( e ) . Jump up ^ s 5 ( 2 ) ( c ) . Jump up ^ 2000 CC ( 2002 ) JOL 9552 ( LAC ) . Jump up ^ ( 1997 ) 4 BLLR 375 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ ( 2003 ) 2 BLLR 140 ( LAC ) . Jump up ^ 2003 11 BLLR 1081 ( LAC ) . Jump up ^ ( 2005 ) 12 ILJ 2153 ( LAC ) . Jump up ^ ( 2000 ) 21 ILJ 402 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ LRA s 188 . Jump up ^ ss 197 ( 7 ) - ( 9 ) . ^ Jump up to : McGregor and Dekker Labour Law Rules ! p. 159 . Jump up ^ s 213 of the LRA . ^ Jump up to : McGregor and Dekker Labour Law Rules ! p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Grogan Collective Labour Law 4 . ^ Jump up to : Pretorius , Fransjohan ( 2014 ) . A History of South Africa : From the Distant Past to the Present Day . Hatsfield , Pretoria : Protea Book House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86919 - 908 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Grogan Collective Labour Law 6 . Jump up ^ Grogan Collective Labour Law 7 . ^ Jump up to : Grogan Workplace Law 308 . Jump up ^ Grogan Collective Labour Law 11 . ^ Jump up to : s 23 ( 2 ) ( c ) . Jump up ^ s 23 ( 2 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ s 23 ( 4 ) ( c ) . Jump up ^ s 23 ( 3 ) - ( 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : s 23 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Steadman , Felicity . `` Workplace Forums in South Africa : A Critical Analysis . '' Indus . LJ 25 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ If the association is one of students , for example , it clearly does not meet this definition . Jump up ^ s 95 ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : s 2 ( a ) . Jump up ^ Budeli , M. `` Understanding the right to freedom of association at the workplace : components and scope . '' ( 2010 ) 16 . Jump up ^ Two fundamental ILO conventions on freedom of association have been ratified by South Africa : Convention 87 and Convention 98 . Jump up ^ See South African National Defence Union v Minister of Defence & Another ( 1999 ) ILJ 2265 ( CC ) ; SANDU v Minister of Defence & Another ( 2003 ) 9 BCLR 1055 ( T ) . Jump up ^ Budeli `` Understanding '' 16 . Jump up ^ Budeli `` Understanding '' 19 . `` The right to associate concerns an individual as an active participant in social activities and it is in a sense a collective right in so far as it can be exercised by a plurality of individuals '' ( 19 - 20 ) . Jump up ^ Budeli `` Understanding '' 17 . Jump up ^ Budeli `` Understanding '' 18 , citing Olivier `` Statutory Employment Relations in South Africa '' in Slabbert , Prinsloo , Swanepoel and Backer ( eds ) Managing Employment Relations in South Africa ( 1999 ) 5 - 60 . Jump up ^ Budeli `` Understanding '' 20 . Jump up ^ See DA Basson South African Interim Constitution Text and Notes ( 1994 ) 40 . Jump up ^ Budeli `` Understanding '' 19 . Jump up ^ ss 18 , 23 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ s 4 ( 1 ) ( b ) . Jump up ^ Basson Essential Labour Law 252 . Jump up ^ s 4 . Jump up ^ s 5 . Jump up ^ Again , it is worth emphasising that the protection of freedom of association accorded by section 5 ( 2 ) applies also to prospective employees . Jump up ^ s 6 . Jump up ^ s 2 . Jump up ^ s 2 . Jump up ^ Non-uniformed members of the Defence Force are civil servants ; they fall under the LRA . Jump up ^ Basson Essential Labour Law 254 . Jump up ^ Independent Municipal and Allied Trade Union & others v Rustenburg Transitional Local Council ( 2000 ) 21 ILJ 377 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ This type of council is established where no bargaining council exists ( ss 39 - 43 of LRA ) , but very few councils of this type exist in practice . Jump up ^ s 23 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ s 36 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ McGregor and Dekker Labour Law Rules ! p. 164 . Jump up ^ Basson Essential Labour Law 286 . Jump up ^ Haggard Compulsory Unionism , the NLRB and the Courts ( 1977 ) 13 . ^ Jump up to : Budeli `` Understanding '' 31 . Jump up ^ Budeli `` Understanding '' 32 . Jump up ^ See Budeli `` Understanding '' 29 - 31 and the sources there cited . Jump up ^ See the Venezuela case ( Case 1611 ) . Jump up ^ Basson Essential Labour Law 287 . Jump up ^ s 24 ( 6 ) - ( 7 ) . Jump up ^ Grogan Collective Labour Law 58 . ^ Jump up to : Grogan Collective Labour Law 60 . Jump up ^ Independent Municipal and Allied Trade Union v Rustenburg Transitional Council ( 2000 ) 21 ILJ 377 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ s 15 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ McGregor and Dekker Labour Law Rules ! p. 167 . Jump up ^ Grogan Workplace Law 324 . Jump up ^ ( 2003 ) 24 lU 305 ( CC ) . Jump up ^ s 22 . Jump up ^ Steenkamp A et al `` The right to bargain collectively '' ( 2004 ) 25 ILJ 943 . Jump up ^ s 64 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Although part of alternative dispute resolution , an advisory arbitration is more than mediation . It allows parties to debate their case without fear of a final decision . ^ Jump up to : s 213 . Jump up ^ See NEWU v Mtshali & Another ( 2000 ) 21 lU 1166 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ The functions of a statutory council are narrower than those of a bargaining council . Jump up ^ Plant - level bargaining refers to bargaining that takes place between the employees ( normally represented by unions ) and the employer at a specific plant or factory . Jump up ^ Sectoral bargaining refers to bargaining that takes place in a specific sector of the economy and linked to a specific geographical area . Jump up ^ Industry - wide bargaining refers to bargaining for a whole industry , like mining or motor manufacturers , normally on the national level . Jump up ^ In the public service , the Public Service Coordinating Bargaining Council coordinates the activities of the four main bargaining councils in the public sector : the General Public Service Sector Bargaining Council ; the Public Health and Social Development Sectoral Bargaining Council ; the Education Labour Relations Council ; and the Safety and Security Sectoral Bargaining Council . Jump up ^ s 23 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : s 84 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ s 84 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ s 86 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ s 86 . Jump up ^ s 89 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Van Niekerk 362 - 363 . Jump up ^ Department of Labour Annual Report , Industrial Action Report ( 2010 ) 3 . Jump up ^ 23 ( 2 ) ( c ) . Jump up ^ Section 27 ( 5 ) of the Interim Constitution , 1993 , included the right of employers to have `` recourse to a lock - out , '' but this right was not included in the final Constitution . ^ Jump up to : McGregor and Dekker Labour Law Rules ! p. 181 . Jump up ^ McGregor and Dekker Labour Law Rules ! p. 182 . Jump up ^ An exception exists in cases of misconduct committed during strike action , and if , as a result of the prolonged industrial action , the employer suffers economically and needs to dismiss employees based on the operational requirements of the business . Jump up ^ Section 64 ( 3 ) provides for circumstances in which there is no need to comply with the procedural requirements . Jump up ^ See Maserumule P `` A perspective on developments in strike law '' ( 2001 ) 22 ILJ 45 . Jump up ^ Examples of partial strikes are `` work - to - rule '' and `` go - slows . '' Jump up ^ This is also called an overtime ban . Jump up ^ See Ford Motor Co. of SA ( Pty ) Ltd v National Union of Metalworkers ( 2008 ) 29 ILJ 667 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ Mzeku & others v Volkswagen SA ( 2001 ) 22 IL ) 771 ( CCMA ) . Jump up ^ Simba ( Pty ) Ltd v FAWU & others ( 1998 ) 19 lU 1593 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ Rand Tyre and Accessories ( Pty ) Ltd & Appel v Industrial Council for the Motor Industry ( Transvaal ) , Minister of Labour , and Minister for Justice ( 1941 ) TPD 108 . Jump up ^ See also Mischke C `` What are ' matters of mutual interest ' ? '' ( 2001 ) CLL 10 ( 9 ) 86 . Jump up ^ Section 213 . Jump up ^ s 67 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ s 64 ( 1 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ s 64 ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) - ( ii ) . Jump up ^ s 64 ( 1 ) ( b ) - ( c ) . Jump up ^ SA Airways ( Pty ) Ltd v SA Transport Allied Workers Union ( 2010 ) ILl 1219 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ s 64 ( 3 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ s 64 ( 3 ) ( b ) . Jump up ^ See also Columbus Joint Venture t / a Columbus Stainless Steel v NUMSA ( 1997 ) 10 BLLR 1292 ( LC ) . Jump up ^ See also County Fair Foods ( Pty ) Ltd v Food & Allied Workers Union & others ( 2001 ) 22 ILJ 1103 ( LAC ) . Jump up ^ s 64 ( 3 ) ( c ) - ( d ) . Jump up ^ s 64 ( 3 ) ( e ) . References ( edit ) M McGregor and NP Laqwela ( eds ) . Labour Law Rules ! Siber Ink , 2012 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. South African Labour Law
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4. Unfair labour practices
5. Collective labour law |
-8,285,544,370,801,306,000 | historical journal of film radio and television impact factor | Historical journal of film , radio and television - Wikipedia Historical journal of film , radio and television This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television <Td_colspan="2"> Discipline Media history Language English <Th_colspan="2"> Publication details Publication history 1980 - present Publisher Routledge ( United Kingdom ) Frequency Quarterly ISO 4 Find out here <Th_colspan="2"> Indexing MIAR ISSN 0143 - 9685 The Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television ( ISSN 0143 - 9685 ; E-ISSN 1465 - 3451 ) is an academic journal dedicated to the study of media history . It is published quarterly by Routledge on behalf of the International Association for Media and History . The current editor - in - chief is James Chapman . This interdisciplinary journal considers mass media from the perspective of historians and social scientists . It covers the impact of mass communications on 20th century history . See also ( edit ) List of film periodicals External links ( edit ) journal webpage ISSN 1465 - 3451 ( print ) ISSN 1465 - 3451 ( electronic ) This article about a history journal is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about academic journals . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historical_Journal_of_Film,_Radio_and_Television&oldid=828298640 '' Categories : History of mass media Cultural journals History journals History of film History of radio History of television History journal stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Infobox journals with missing ISO 4 abbreviations All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 19 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
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-601,568,542,379,231,400 | hf frequency bands used for aviation are between | High frequency - wikipedia High frequency Jump to : navigation , search For high speed algorithmic trading , see high - frequency trading . High frequency Frequency range 3 to 30 MHz Wavelength range 100 to 10 m ITU radio bands 1 ( ELF ) 2 ( SLF ) 3 ( ULF ) 4 ( VLF ) 5 ( LF ) 6 ( MF ) 7 ( HF ) 8 ( VHF ) 9 ( UHF ) 10 ( SHF ) 11 ( EHF ) 12 ( THF ) EU / NATO / US ECM radio bands IEEE radio bands HF VHF UHF X V mm Other TV and radio bands II III IV V VI HF 's position in the electromagnetic spectrum . High frequency ( HF ) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves ( radio waves ) between 3 and 30 megahertz ( MHz ) . It is also known as the decameter band or decameter wave as its wavelengths range from one to ten decameters ( ten to one hundred metres ) . Frequencies immediately below HF are denoted medium frequency ( MF ) , while the next band of higher frequencies is known as the very high frequency ( VHF ) band . The HF band is a major part of the shortwave band of frequencies , so communication at these frequencies is often called shortwave radio . Because radio waves in this band can be reflected back to Earth by the ionosphere layer in the atmosphere -- a method known as `` skip '' or `` skywave '' propagation -- these frequencies are suitable for long - distance communication across intercontinental distances . The band is used by international shortwave broadcasting stations ( 2.31 -- 25.82 MHz ) , aviation communication , government time stations , weather stations , amateur radio and citizens band services , among other uses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Propagation characteristics 2 Uses 3 Antennas 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Propagation characteristics ( edit ) A modern Icom M700Pro two - way radio for marine HF radio communications . The dominant means of long distance communication in this band is skywave ( `` skip '' ) propagation , in which radio waves directed at an angle into the sky refract back to Earth from layers of ionized atoms in the ionosphere . By this method HF radio waves can travel beyond the horizon , around the curve of the Earth , and can be received at intercontinental distances . However , suitability of this portion of the spectrum for such communication varies greatly with a complex combination of factors : Sunlight / darkness at site of transmission and reception Transmitter / receiver proximity to solar terminator Season Sunspot cycle Solar activity Polar aurora At any point in time , for a given `` skip '' communication path between two points , the frequencies at which communication is possible are specified by these parameters Maximum usable frequency ( MUF ) Lowest usable high frequency ( LUF ) and a Frequency of optimum transmission ( FOT ) The maximum usable frequency regularly drops below 10 MHz in darkness during the winter months , while in summer during daylight it can easily surpass 30 MHz . It depends on the angle of incidence of the waves ; it is lowest when the waves are directed straight upwards , and is higher with less acute angles . This means that at longer distances , where the waves graze the ionosphere at a very blunt angle , the MUF may be much higher . The lowest usable frequency depends on the absorption in the lower layer of the ionosphere ( the D - layer ) . This absorption is stronger at low frequencies and is also stronger with increased solar activity ( for example in daylight ) ; total absorption often occurs at frequencies below 5 MHz during daytime . The result of these two factors is that the usable spectrum shifts towards the lower frequencies and into the Medium Frequency ( MF ) range during winter nights , while on a day in full summer the higher frequencies tend to be more usable , often into the lower VHF range . When all factors are at their optimum , worldwide communication is possible on HF . At many other times it is possible to make contact across and between continents or oceans . At worst , when a band is `` dead '' , no communication beyond the limited groundwave paths is possible no matter what powers , antennas or other technologies are brought to bear . When a transcontinental or worldwide path is open on a particular frequency , digital , SSB and Morse code communication is possible using surprisingly low transmission powers , often of the order of milliwatts , provided suitable antennas are in use at both ends and that there is little or no man - made or natural interference . On such an open band , interference originating over a wide area affects many potential users . These issues are significant to military , safety and amateur radio users of the HF bands . Uses ( edit ) An amateur radio station incorporating two HF transceivers . A typical Yagi antenna used by a Canadian radio amateur for long distance communication Boeing 707 used a HF antenna mounted on top of the tail fin The main users of the high frequency spectrum are : Military and governmental communication systems Aviation air - to - ground communications Amateur radio Shortwave international and regional broadcasting Maritime sea - to - shore services Over-the - horizon radar systems Global Maritime Distress and Safety System ( GMDSS ) communication The high frequency band is very popular with amateur radio operators , who can take advantage of direct , long - distance ( often inter-continental ) communications and the `` thrill factor '' resulting from making contacts in variable conditions . International shortwave broadcasting utilizes this set of frequencies , as well as a seemingly declining number of `` utility '' users ( marine , aviation , military , and diplomatic interests ) , who have , in recent years , been swayed over to less volatile means of communication ( for example , via satellites ) , but may maintain HF stations after switch - over for back - up purposes . However , the development of Automatic Link Establishment technology based on MIL - STD - 188 - 141 for automated connectivity and frequency selection , along with the high costs of satellite usage , have led to a renaissance in HF usage in government networks . The development of higher speed modems such as those conforming to MIL - STD - 188 - 110C which support data rates up to 120 kilobit / s has also increased the usability of HF for data communications and video transmission . Other standards development such as STANAG 5066 provides for error free data communications through the use of ARQ protocols . Some modes of communication , such as continuous wave Morse code transmissions ( especially by amateur radio operators ) and single sideband voice transmissions are more common in the HF range than on other frequencies , because of their bandwidth - conserving nature , but broadband modes , such as TV transmissions , are generally prohibited by HF 's relatively small chunk of electromagnetic spectrum space . Noise , especially man - made interference from electronic devices , tends to have a great effect on the HF bands . In recent years , concerns have risen among certain users of the HF spectrum over `` broadband over power lines '' ( BPL ) Internet access , which has an almost destructive effect on HF communications . This is due to the frequencies on which BPL operates ( typically corresponding with the HF band ) and the tendency for the BPL signal to leak from power lines . Some BPL providers have installed notch filters to block out certain portions of the spectrum ( namely the amateur radio bands ) , but a great amount of controversy over the deployment of this access method remains . Other electronic devices including plasma televisions can also have a detrimental effect on the HF spectrum . In aviation , HF communication systems are required for all trans - oceanic flights . These systems incorporate frequencies down to 2 MHz to include the 2182 kHz international distress and calling channel . The upper section of HF ( 26.5 - 30 MHz ) shares many characteristics with the lower part of VHF . The parts of this section not allocated to amateur radio are used for local communications . These include CB radios around 27 MHz , studio - to - transmitter ( STL ) radio links , radio control devices for models and radio paging transmitters . Some radio frequency identification ( RFID ) tags utilize HF . These tags are commonly known as HFID 's or HighFID 's ( High Frequency Identification ) . Antennas ( edit ) Since horizontally polarized radio waves work better for skywave propagation ( due to the greater ground absorption of vertically polarized waves ) , antennas based on horizontal dipoles are typically used . The most common antennas in this band are wire antennas such as wire dipoles and the rhombic antenna ; in the upper frequencies , multielement dipole antennas such as the Yagi , quad , and reflective array antennas . Powerful shortwave broadcasting stations often use large wire curtain arrays . For receiving , random wire antennas are often used . See also ( edit ) High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program High Frequency Internet Protocol Low frequency Very high frequency Radio propagation Space weather Critical frequency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rec . ITU - R V. 431 - 7 , Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications '' ( PDF ) . ITU . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Seybold , John S. ( 2005 ) . Introduction to RF Propagation . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 55 -- 58 . ISBN 0471743682 . Jump up ^ Paul Harden ( 2005 ) . `` Solar Activity & HF Propagation '' . QRP Amateur Radio Club International . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Amateur Radio Emergency Communication '' . American Radio Relay League , Inc. 2008 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://vipclubmn.org/couplers.html The Antenna Coupler Program . Marc Shoquist , Project Engineer in Engineering Research Associates Further reading ( edit ) Maslin , N.M. `` HF Communications - A Systems Approach '' . ISBN 0 - 273 - 02675 - 5 , Taylor & Francis Ltd , 1987 Johnson , E.E. , et al. , `` Advanced High - Frequency Radio Communications '' . ISBN 0 - 89006 - 815 - 1 , Artech House , 1997 V. Narayanamurti , et al. , `` Selective Transmission of High - Frequency Phonons by a Superlattice : The `` Dielectric '' Phonon Filter `` . Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 , 2012 -- 2016 ( Issue 27 -- 31 December 1979 ) . Boulos - Paul Bejjani , et al. , `` Transient Acute Depression Induced by High - Frequency Deep - Brain Stimulation '' . New England Journal of Medicine , Volume 340 : 1476 - 1480 May 13 , 1999 Number 19 . Massachusetts Medical Society . H.C. Liu , `` Analytical model of high - frequency resonant tunneling : The first - order ac current response '' . Phys. Rev. B 43 , 12538 -- 12548 ( Issue 15 -- 15 May 1991 ) . Sipila , M. , et al. , `` High - frequency periodic time - domain waveform measurement system '' . IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques , Volume 36 , Issue 10 , pg. 1397 - 1405 , Oct 1988 . ISSN 0018 - 9480 INSPEC 3291255 DOI 10.1109 / 22.6087 Morched , A. , et al. , `` A high frequency transformer model for the EMTP '' . IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery , Volume 8 , Issue 3 , pg. 1615 - 1626 , Jul 1993 . ISSN 0885 - 8977 INSPEC 4581865 DOI 10.1109 / 61.252688 External links ( edit ) Tomislav Stimac , `` Definition of frequency bands ( VLF , ELF ... etc . ) '' . IK1QFK Home Page ( vlf.it ) . Douglas C. Smith , High Frequency Measurements Web Page ; Index and Technical Tidbits . D.C. Smith Consultants , Los Gatos , CA . High Frequency Propagation Models , its.bldrdoc.gov . High Frequency Wave Propagation , cscamm.umd.edu . `` High frequency noise '' ( PDF ) `` Advantages of HF Radio '' Codan Solar conditions for HF - radio <Th_colspan="2"> Time signal stations Longwave BPC BPL BSF DCF77 JJY RBU RJH66 ( Beta ) RTZ MSF TDF WWVB Shortwave BPM BSF CHU HD2IOA HLA JN53DV RWM ROA WWV WWVH ( Hawaii , USA ) YVTO VHF / FM / UHF RDS CT Satellite GPS BeiDou Galileo GLONASS IRNSS QZSS Defunct HBG NAA WWVL OMA OLB5 VNG Y3S <Th_colspan="2"> Radio spectrum ( ITU ) <Td_colspan="2"> ELF 3 Hz / 100 Mm 30 Hz / 10 Mm SLF 30 Hz / 10 Mm 300 Hz / 1 Mm ULF 300 Hz / 1 Mm 3 kHz / 100 km VLF 3 kHz / 100 km 30 kHz / 10 km LF 30 kHz / 10 km 300 kHz / 1 km MF 300 kHz / 1 km 3 MHz / 100 m HF 3 MHz / 100 m 30 MHz / 10 m VHF 30 MHz / 10 m 300 MHz / 1 m UHF 300 MHz / 1 m 3 GHz / 100 mm SHF 3 GHz / 100 mm 30 GHz / 10 mm EHF 30 GHz / 10 mm 300 GHz / 1 mm THF 300 GHz / 1 mm 3 THz / 0.1 mm <Th_colspan="2"> Electromagnetic spectrum <Td_colspan="2"> ← higher frequencies longer wavelengths → Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Terahertz radiation Microwave Radio Visible ( optical ) Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Microwaves W band V band Q band K band K band K band X band S band C band L band Radio EHF SHF UHF VHF HF MF LF VLF ULF SLF ELF Wavelength types Microwave Shortwave Medium wave Longwave <Th_colspan="2"> Analog and digital audio broadcasting Terrestrial Radio modulation AM FM COFDM Frequency allocations LW ( LF ) MW ( MF ) SW ( HF ) VHF ( low / mid / high ) L band ( UHF ) Digital systems CAM - D DAB / DAB+ DRM / DRM+ FMeXtra HD Radio CDR DVB - T2 Lite Satellite Frequency allocations C band K band L band S band Digital systems ADR DAB - S DVB - SH S - DMB SDR Commercial radio providers 1worldspace Sirius XM Holdings SiriusXM Canada Codecs AAC AMR - WB+ HDC HE - AAC MPEG - 1 Audio Layer II Subcarrier signals AMSS DirectBand PAD RDS / RBDS SCA / SCMO DARC <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics Technical ( audio ) Audio data compression Audio signal processing Technical ( AM stereo formats ) Belar C - QUAM Harris Kahn - Hazeltine Magnavox Technical ( emission ) AM broadcasting AM expanded band Cable radio Digital radio Error detection and correction FM broadcast band FM broadcasting Multipath propagation Shortwave relay station Cultural History of radio International broadcasting <Td_colspan="2"> Comparison of radio systems GND : 4129005 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_frequency&oldid=817624119 '' Categories : Radio spectrum Wireless Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 15 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. High frequency radio waves
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-32,056,395,034,581,890 | journal of selected topics in quantum electronics abbreviation | IEEE journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics - Wikipedia IEEE journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics Discipline Quantum electronics Language English Edited by Luke F. Lester <Th_colspan="2"> Publication details Publication history 1995 - present Publisher IEEE Photonics Society Frequency Bimonthly Impact factor ( 2013 ) 3.465 <Th_colspan="2"> Standard abbreviations Bluebook ( alt1 alt2 ) ISO 4 ( alt ) NLM ( alt ) MathSciNet ( alt ) ISO 4 IEEE J. Sel . Top . Quantum Electron . <Th_colspan="2"> Indexing MIAR ISSN 1077 - 260X OCLC no . 30748662 <Th_colspan="2"> Links <Td_colspan="2"> Journal homepage Online access The IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics is a bimonthly peer - reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Photonics Society . It covers research on quantum electronics . The editor - in - chief is Luke F. Lester o ( Virginia Tech . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 3.465 . See also ( edit ) IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics '' . 2013 Journal Citation Reports . Web of Science ( Science ed . ) . Thomson Reuters. 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website This article about a scientific journal is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about academic journals . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . This article about a physics journal is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See tips for writing articles about academic journals . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Journal_of_Selected_Topics_in_Quantum_Electronics&oldid=654806879 '' Categories : IEEE academic journals Physics journals Optics journals Electronics journals Bimonthly journals English - language journals Publications established in 1995 Scientific journal stubs Physics journal stubs Hidden categories : Articles with outdated impact factors from 2013 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2015 , at 17 : 54 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics
2. Bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal
3. Research on quantum electronics
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5. 2013 impact factor of 3.465 |
-3,014,383,031,270,056,000 | which of the following is true of melanesia | Template : user WP Melanesia / doc - wikipedia Template : user WP Melanesia / doc < Template : User WP Melanesia Jump to : navigation , search This is a documentation subpage for Template : User WP Melanesia . It contains usage information , categories and other content that is not part of the original template page . This regional WikiProject user template creates a userbox that identifies a user who actively participates in WikiProject Melanesia . Use ( edit ) To use this userbox template , place the following line of Wiki markup on your user page : ( ( User WP Melanesia ) ) This template creates the following userbox : This user is a member of WikiProject Melanesia and adds your user page to the following two categories : Category : WikiProject Melanesia participants Category : Wikipedians interested in Melanesia A nocat = true parameter may be used to inhibit the declaration of these categories . See also ( edit ) This template invokes Template : User in Melanesia . This template is compatible with the following userbox templates : Code Result ( ( Template : User from Melanesia ) ) This user is a native of Melanesia Usage ( ( Template : User in Melanesia ) ) This user lives in Melanesia Usage ( ( Template : User interest Melanesia ) ) This user is interested in Melanesia Usage ( ( Template : User proud Melanesia ) ) This user is proud to be from Melanesia Usage ( ( Template : User visited Melanesia ) ) This user has visited Melanesia Usage ( ( Template : User WP Melanesia ) ) This user is a member of WikiProject Melanesia Usage View related userboxes at : Wikipedia : Userboxes / Location # Regions For help with this userbox template , please post a comment on the template talk page . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:User_WP_Melanesia/doc&oldid=793895953 '' Categories : Template documentation pages Talk Template Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 16 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. User WP Melanesia template
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7,664,298,181,616,563,000 | when was the last time we were in space | Moon landing - Wikipedia Moon landing This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the general topic . For the first manned Moon landing , see Apollo 11 and Apollo program . For other uses , see Moon landing ( disambiguation ) . `` Race to the Moon '' redirects here . For the Cold War topic , see Space Race . Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) . Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA ) Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned . Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) . Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time . A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon . This includes both manned and unmanned ( robotic ) missions . The first human - made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union 's Luna 2 mission , on 13 September 1959 . The United States ' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon , on 20 July 1969 . There have been six manned U.S. landings ( between 1969 and 1972 ) and numerous unmanned landings , with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013 . To date , the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon , with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Unmanned landings 2 Manned landings 3 Scientific background 4 Political background 5 Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6 Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6.1 Pioneer missions 6.2 Ranger missions 7 Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) 8 U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 9 Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations 10 Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) 11 U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) 12 Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) 13 Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) 13.1 US strategy 13.2 Soviet strategy 13.3 Apollo missions 13.4 Manned Moon landings 13.5 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings 14 Late 20th century -- Early 21st century unmanned crash landings 14.1 Hiten ( Japan ) 14.2 Lunar Prospector ( USA ) 14.3 SMART - 1 ( ESA ) 14.4 SELENE ( Japan ) 14.5 Chang'e 1 ( China ) 14.6 Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) 14.7 LCROSS ( USA ) 14.8 GRAIL ( USA ) 14.9 LADEE ( USA ) 15 21st century unmanned soft landings 15.1 Chang'e 3 ( China ) 16 Landings on moons of other Solar System bodies 17 Proposed future missions 18 Historical empirical evidence 19 See also 20 References and notes 21 External links Unmanned landings After the unsuccessful attempt by the Luna 1 to land on the moon in 1959 , the Soviet Union performed the first hard ( unpowered ) moon landing later that same year with the Luna 2 spacecraft , a feat the U.S. duplicated in 1962 with Ranger 4 . Since then , twelve Soviet and U.S. spacecraft have used braking rockets to make soft landings and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface , between 1966 and 1976 . In 1966 the USSR accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the Luna 9 and Luna 13 missions . The U.S. followed with five unmanned Surveyor soft landings . The Soviet Union achieved the first unmanned lunar soil sample return with the Luna 16 probe on 24 September 1970 . This was followed by Luna 20 and Luna 24 in 1972 and 1976 , respectively . Following the failure at launch in 1969 of the first Lunokhod , Luna E-8 No. 201 , the Luna 17 and Luna 21 were successful unmanned lunar rover missions in 1970 and 1973 . Many missions were failures at launch . In addition , several unmanned landing missions achieved the Lunar surface but were unsuccessful , including : Luna 15 , Luna 18 , and Luna 23 all crashed on landing ; and the U.S. Surveyor 4 lost all radio contact only moments before its landing . More recently , other nations have crashed spacecraft on the surface of the Moon at speeds of around 8,000 kilometres per hour ( 5,000 mph ) , often at precise , planned locations . These have generally been end - of - life lunar orbiters that , because of system degradations , could no longer overcome perturbations from lunar mass concentrations ( `` masscons '' ) to maintain their orbit . Japan 's lunar orbiter Hiten impacted the Moon 's surface on 10 April 1993 . The European Space Agency performed a controlled crash impact with their orbiter SMART - 1 on 3 September 2006 . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) performed a controlled crash impact with its Moon Impact Probe ( MIP ) on 14 November 2008 . The MIP was an ejected probe from the Indian Chandrayaan - 1 lunar orbiter and performed remote sensing experiments during its descent to the lunar surface . The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 . The rover mission Chang'e 3 was launched on 1 December 2013 and soft - landed on 14 December . Manned landings The lunar surface through a Lunar Module window shortly after landing A total of twelve men have landed on the Moon . This was accomplished with two US pilot - astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41 - month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC , with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11 , and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17 . Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface . All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module . The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility . Scientific background In order to go to the Moon , a spacecraft must first leave the gravity well of the Earth . The only practical way of accomplishing this currently is with a rocket . Unlike other airborne vehicles such as balloons or jets , a rocket is the only known form of propulsion which can continue to increase its speed at high altitudes in the vacuum outside the Earth 's atmosphere . Upon approach of the target moon , a spacecraft will be drawn ever closer to its surface at increasing speeds due to gravity . In order to land intact it must decelerate to less than about 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) and be ruggedized to withstand a `` hard landing '' impact , or it must decelerate to negligible speed at contact for a `` soft landing '' ( which is the only viable option with human occupants ) . The first three attempts by the U.S. to perform a successful hard moon landing with a ruggedized seismometer package in 1962 all failed . The Soviets first achieved the milestone of a hard lunar landing with a ruggedized camera in 1966 , followed only months later by the first unmanned soft lunar landing by the U.S. The speed of a crash landing on its surface is typically between 70 and 100 % of the escape velocity of the target moon , and thus this is the total velocity which must be shed from the target moon 's gravitational attraction for a soft landing to occur . For Earth 's Moon , the escape velocity is 2.38 kilometres per second ( 1.48 mi / s ) . The change in velocity ( referred to as a delta - v ) is usually provided by a landing rocket , which must be carried into space by the original launch vehicle as part of the overall spacecraft . An exception is the soft moon landing on Titan carried out by the Huygens probe in 2005 . As the moon with the thickest atmosphere , landings on Titan may be accomplished by using atmospheric entry techniques that are generally lighter in weight than a rocket with equivalent capability . The Soviets succeeded in making the first crash landing on the Moon in 1959 . Crash landings may occur because of malfunctions in a spacecraft , or they can be deliberately arranged for vehicles which do not have an onboard landing rocket . There have been many such moon crashes , often with their flight path controlled to impact at precise locations on the lunar surface . For example , during the Apollo program the S - IVB third stage of the Saturn V moon rocket as well as the spent ascent stage of the lunar module were deliberately crashed on the Moon several times to provide impacts registering as a moonquake on seismometers that had been left on the lunar surface . Such crashes were instrumental in mapping the internal structure of the Moon . To return to Earth , the escape velocity of the Moon must be overcome for the spacecraft to escape the gravity well of the Moon . Rockets must be used to leave the Moon and return to space . Upon reaching Earth , atmospheric entry techniques are used to absorb the kinetic energy of a returning spacecraft and reduce its speed for safe landing . These functions greatly complicate a moon landing mission and lead to many additional operational considerations . Any moon departure rocket must first be carried to the Moon 's surface by a moon landing rocket , increasing the latter 's required size . The Moon departure rocket , larger moon landing rocket and any Earth atmosphere entry equipment such as heat shields and parachutes must in turn be lifted by the original launch vehicle , greatly increasing its size by a significant and almost prohibitive degree . Political background Main article : Space Race This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Moon landing '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The intense efforts devoted in the 1960s to achieving first an unmanned and then ultimately a manned moon landing become easier to understand in the political context of its historical era . World War II had introduced many new and deadly innovations including blitzkrieg - style surprise attacks used in the invasion of Poland and in the attack on Pearl Harbor ; the V - 2 rocket , a ballistic missile which killed thousands in attacks on London and Antwerp ; and the atom bomb , which killed hundreds of thousands in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In the 1950s , tensions mounted between the two ideologically opposed superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union that had emerged as victors in the conflict , particularly after the development by both countries of the hydrogen bomb . The first image of another world from space , returned by Luna 3 , showed the far side of the Moon in October 1959 . Willy Ley wrote in 1957 that a rocket to the Moon `` could be built later this year if somebody can be found to sign some papers '' . On 4 October 1957 , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 as the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth and so initiated the Space Race . This unexpected event was a source of pride to the Soviets and shock to the U.S. , who could now potentially be surprise attacked by nuclear - tipped Soviet rockets in under 30 minutes . Also , the steady beeping of the radio beacon aboard Sputnik 1 as it passed overhead every 96 minutes was widely viewed on both sides as effective propaganda to Third World countries demonstrating the technological superiority of the Soviet political system compared to that of the U.S. This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid - fire Soviet space achievements . In 1959 , the R - 7 rocket was used to launch the first escape from Earth 's gravity into a solar orbit , the first crash impact onto the surface of the Moon and the first photography of the never - before - seen far side of the Moon . These were the Luna 1 , Luna 2 and Luna 3 spacecraft . A 1963 conceptual model of the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module The U.S. response to these Soviet achievements was to greatly accelerate previously existing military space and missile projects and to create a civilian space agency , NASA . Military efforts were initiated to develop and produce mass quantities of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) that would bridge the so - called missile gap and enable a policy of deterrence to nuclear war with the Soviets known as mutual assured destruction or MAD . These newly developed missiles were made available to civilians of NASA for various projects ( which would have the added benefit of demonstrating the payload , guidance accuracy and reliabilities of U.S. ICBMs to the Soviets ) . While NASA stressed peaceful and scientific uses for these rockets , their use in various lunar exploration efforts also had secondary goal of realistic , goal - oriented testing of the missiles themselves and development of associated infrastructure , just as the Soviets were doing with their R - 7 . Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) Luna 3 transmitted the first photos of the far side of the Moon After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , historical records were released to allow the true accounting of Soviet lunar efforts . Unlike the U.S. tradition of assigning a particular mission name in advance of a launch , the Soviets assigned a public `` Luna '' mission number only if a launch resulted in a spacecraft going beyond Earth orbit . The policy had the effect of hiding Soviet Moon mission failures from public view . If the attempt failed in Earth orbit before departing for the Moon , it was frequently ( but not always ) given a `` Sputnik '' or `` Cosmos '' Earth - orbit mission number to hide its purpose . Launch explosions were not acknowledged at all . Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Semyorka -- 8K72 23 September 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 93 s Semyorka -- 8K72 12 October 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 104 s Semyorka -- 8K72 4 December 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 254 s Luna - 1 361 Semyorka -- 8K72 2 January 1959 Impact Partial success -- first spacecraft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby , solar orbit ; missed the Moon Semyorka -- 8K72 18 June 1959 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 153 s Luna - 2 390 Semyorka -- 8K72 12 September 1959 Impact Success -- first lunar impact Luna - 3 270 Semyorka -- 8K72 4 October 1959 Flyby Success -- first photos of lunar far side Semyorka -- 8K72 15 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K72 16 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 1 s Sputnik - 25 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 January 1963 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 3 February 1963 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 105 s Luna - 4 1422 Semyorka -- 8K78 2 April 1963 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 8,000 kilometres ( 5,000 mi ) Semyorka -- 8K78 21 March 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 20 April 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Cosmos - 60 Semyorka -- 8K78 12 March 1965 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 10 April 1965 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 5 1475 Semyorka -- 8K78 9 May 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 6 1440 Semyorka -- 8K78 8 June 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 160,000 kilometres ( 99,000 mi ) Luna - 7 1504 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 October 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 8 1550 Semyorka -- 8K78 3 December 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact during landing attempt Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) Artist 's portrayal of a Ranger spacecraft right before impact One of the last photos of the Moon transmitted by Ranger 8 right before impact In contrast to Soviet lunar exploration triumphs in 1959 , success eluded initial U.S. efforts to reach the Moon with the Pioneer and Ranger programs . Fifteen consecutive U.S. unmanned lunar missions over a six - year period from 1958 to 1964 all failed their primary photographic missions ; however , Rangers 4 and 6 successfully repeated the Soviet lunar impacts as part of their secondary missions . Failures included three U.S. attempts in 1962 to hard land small seismometer packages released by the main Ranger spacecraft . These surface packages were to use retrorockets to survive landing , unlike the parent vehicle , which was designed to deliberately crash onto the surface . The final three Ranger probes performed successful high altitude lunar reconnaissance photography missions during intentional crash impacts between 2.62 and 2.68 kilometres per second ( 9,400 and 9,600 km / h ) . Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Pioneer 0 38 Thor - Able 17 August 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Pioneer 1 34 Thor - Able 11 October 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- software error ; reentry Pioneer 2 39 Thor - Able 8 November 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- third stage misfire ; reentry Pioneer 3 6 Juno 6 December 1958 Flyby Failure -- first stage misfire , reentry Pioneer 4 6 Juno 3 March 1959 Flyby Partial success -- first US craft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby too far to shoot photos due to targeting error ; solar orbit Pioneer P - 1 168 Atlas - Able 24 September 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- pad explosion ; destroyed Pioneer P - 3 168 Atlas - Able 29 November 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- payload shroud ; destroyed Pioneer P - 30 175 Atlas - Able 25 September 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- second stage anomaly ; reentry Pioneer P - 31 175 Atlas - Able 15 December 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Ranger 1 306 Atlas -- Agena 23 August 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 2 304 Atlas -- Agena 18 November 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 3 330 Atlas -- Agena 26 January 1962 Landing Failure -- booster guidance ; solar orbit Ranger 4 331 Atlas -- Agena 23 April 1962 Landing Partial success -- first U.S. spacecraft to reach another celestial body ; crash impact -- no photos returned Ranger 5 342 Atlas -- Agena 18 October 1962 Landing Failure -- spacecraft power ; solar orbit Ranger 6 367 Atlas -- Agena 30 January 1964 Impact Failure -- spacecraft camera ; crash impact Ranger 7 367 Atlas -- Agena 28 July 1964 Impact Success -- returned 4308 photos , crash impact Ranger 8 367 Atlas -- Agena 17 February 1965 Impact Success -- returned 7137 photos , crash impact Ranger 9 367 Atlas -- Agena 21 March 1965 Impact Success -- returned 5814 photos , crash impact Pioneer missions Three different designs of Pioneer lunar probes were flown on three different modified ICBMs . Those flown on the Thor booster modified with an Able upper stage carried an infrared image scanning television system with a resolution of 1 milliradian to study the Moon 's surface , an ionization chamber to measure radiation in space , a diaphragm / microphone assembly to detect micrometeorites , a magnetometer , and temperature - variable resistors to monitor spacecraft internal thermal conditions . The first , a mission managed by the United States Air Force , exploded during launch ; all subsequent Pioneer lunar flights had NASA as the lead management organization . The next two returned to Earth and burned up upon reentry into the atmosphere after achieved maximum altitudes of around 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and 1,450 kilometres ( 900 mi ) , far short of the roughly 400,000 kilometres ( 250,000 mi ) required to reach the vicinity of the Moon . NASA then collaborated with the United States Army 's Ballistic Missile Agency to fly two extremely small cone - shaped probes on the Juno ICBM , carrying only photocells which would be triggered by the light of the Moon and a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger - Müller tube detector . The first of these reached an altitude of only around 100,000 kilometres ( 62,000 mi ) , serendipitously gathering data that established the presence of the Van Allen radiation belts before reentering Earth 's atmosphere . The second passed by the Moon at a distance of more than 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) , twice as far as planned and too far away to trigger either of the on - board scientific instruments , yet still becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to reach a solar orbit . The final Pioneer lunar probe design consisted of four `` paddlewheel '' solar panels extending from a one - meter diameter spherical spin - stabilized spacecraft body that was equipped to take images of the lunar surface with a television - like system , estimate the Moon 's mass and topography of the poles , record the distribution and velocity of micrometeorites , study radiation , measure magnetic fields , detect low frequency electromagnetic waves in space and use a sophisticated integrated propulsion system for maneuvering and orbit insertion as well . None of the four spacecraft built in this series of probes survived launch on its Atlas ICBM outfitted with an Able upper stage . Following the unsuccessful Atlas - Able Pioneer probes , NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory embarked upon an unmanned spacecraft development program whose modular design could be used to support both lunar and interplanetary exploration missions . The interplanetary versions were known as Mariners ; lunar versions were Rangers . JPL envisioned three versions of the Ranger lunar probes : Block I prototypes , which would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon ; Block II , which would try to accomplish the first Moon landing by hard landing a seismometer package ; and Block III , which would crash onto the lunar surface without any braking rockets while taking very high resolution wide - area photographs of the Moon during their descent . Ranger missions See also : Ranger program The Ranger 1 and 2 Block I missions were virtually identical . Spacecraft experiments included a Lyman - alpha telescope , a rubidium - vapor magnetometer , electrostatic analyzers , medium - energy - range particle detectors , two triple coincidence telescopes , a cosmic - ray integrating ionization chamber , cosmic dust detectors , and scintillation counters . The goal was to place these Block I spacecraft in a very high Earth orbit with an apogee of 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and a perigee of 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) . From that vantage point , scientists could make direct measurements of the magnetosphere over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances . Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high - bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one - shot fifteen - minute time window in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents . Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth parking orbit after launch ; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days . The first attempts to perform a Moon landing took place in 1962 during the Rangers 3 , 4 and 5 missions flown by the United States . All three Block II missions basic vehicles were 3.1 m high and consisted of a lunar capsule covered with a balsa wood impact - limiter , 650 mm in diameter , a mono - propellant mid-course motor , a retrorocket with a thrust of 5,050 pounds - force ( 22.5 kN ) , and a gold - and chrome - plated hexagonal base 1.5 m in diameter . This lander ( code - named Tonto ) was designed to provide impact cushioning using an exterior blanket of crushable balsa wood and an interior filled with incompressible liquid freon . A 42 kg ( 56 pounds ) 30 - centimetre - diameter ( 0.98 ft ) metal payload sphere floated and was free to rotate in a liquid freon reservoir contained in the landing sphere . This payload sphere contained six silver - cadmium batteries to power a fifty - milliwatt radio transmitter , a temperature sensitive voltage controlled oscillator to measure lunar surface temperatures , and a seismometer that was designed with sensitivity high enough to detect the impact of a 5 lb ( 2.3 kg ) meteorite on the opposite side of the Moon . Weight was distributed in the payload sphere so it would rotate in its liquid blanket to place the seismometer into an upright and operational position no matter what the final resting orientation of the external landing sphere . After landing , plugs were to be opened allowing the freon to evaporate and the payload sphere to settle into upright contact with the landing sphere . The batteries were sized to allow up to three months of operation for the payload sphere . Various mission constraints limited the landing site to Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar equator , which the lander ideally would reach 66 hours after launch . No cameras were carried by the Ranger landers , and no pictures were to be captured from the lunar surface during the mission . Instead , the 3.1 metres ( 10 ft ) Ranger Block II mother ship carried a 200 - scan - line television camera which was to capture images during the free - fall descent to the lunar surface . The camera was designed to transmit a picture every 10 seconds . Seconds before impact , at 5 and 0.6 kilometres ( 3.11 and 0.37 mi ) above the lunar surface , the Ranger mother ships took picture ( which may be viewed here ) . Other instruments gathering data before the mother ship crashed onto the Moon were a gamma ray spectrometer to measure overall lunar chemical composition and a radar altimeter . The radar altimeter was to give a signal ejecting the landing capsule and its solid - fueled braking rocket overboard from the Block II mother ship . The braking rocket was to slow and the landing sphere to a dead stop at 330 metres ( 1,080 ft ) above the surface and separate , allowing the landing sphere to free fall once more and hit the surface . On Ranger 3 , failure of the Atlas guidance system and a software error aboard the Agena upper stage combined to put the spacecraft on a course that would miss the Moon . Attempts to salvage lunar photography during a flyby of the Moon were thwarted by in - flight failure of the onboard flight computer . This was probably because of prior heat sterilization of the spacecraft by keeping it above the boiling point of water for 24 hours on the ground , to protect the Moon from being contaminated by Earth organisms . Heat sterilization was also blamed for subsequent in - flight failures of the spacecraft computer on Ranger 4 and the power subsystem on Ranger 5 . Only Ranger 4 reached the Moon in an uncontrolled crash impact on the far side of the Moon . Heat sterilization was discontinued for the final four Block III Ranger probes . These replaced the Block II landing capsule and its retrorocket with a heavier , more capable television system to support landing site selection for upcoming Apollo manned Moon landing missions . Six cameras were designed to take thousands of high - altitude photographs in the final twenty - minute period before crashing on the lunar surface . Camera resolution was 1,132 scan lines , far higher than the 525 lines found in a typical U.S. 1964 home television . While Ranger 6 suffered a failure of this camera system and returned no photographs despite an otherwise successful flight , the subsequent Ranger 7 mission to Mare Cognitum was a complete success . Breaking the six - year string of failures in U.S. attempts to photograph the Moon at close range , the Ranger 7 mission was viewed as a national turning point and instrumental in allowing the key 1965 NASA budget appropriation to pass through the United States Congress intact without a reduction in funds for the Apollo manned Moon landing program . Subsequent successes with Ranger 8 and Ranger 9 further buoyed U.S. hopes . Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) Model of Luna 16 Moon soil sample return lander Model of Soviet Lunokhod automatic moon rover The Luna 9 spacecraft , launched by the Soviet Union , performed the first successful soft Moon landing on 3 February , 1966 . Airbags protected its 99 kilograms ( 218 lb ) ejectable capsule which survived an impact speed of over 15 metres per second ( 54 km / h ) . Luna 13 duplicated this feat with a similar Moon landing on 24 December 1966 . Both returned panoramic photographs that were the first views from the lunar surface . Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and safely return a sample of lunar soil back to Earth . It represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union , and was the third lunar sample return mission overall , following the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions . This mission was later successfully repeated by Luna 20 ( 1972 ) and Luna 24 ( 1976 ) . In 1970 and 1973 two Lunokhod ( `` Moonwalker '' ) robotic lunar rovers were delivered to the Moon , where they successfully operated for 10 and 4 months respectively , covering 10.5 km ( Lunokhod 1 ) and 37 km ( Lunokhod 2 ) . These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby , orbiter and landing missions . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Luna - 9 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 31 January 1966 Landing Success -- first lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 7.13 ° N 64.37 ° W Luna - 13 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 21 December 1966 Landing Success -- second lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 18 ° 52'N 62 ° 3'W Proton 19 February 1969 Lunar rover Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 14 June 1969 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 15 5,700 Proton 13 July 1969 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Crisium unknown Cosmos - 300 Proton 23 September 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Cosmos - 305 Proton 22 October 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Proton 6 February 1970 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 16 5,600 Proton 12 September 1970 Sample return Success -- returned 0.10 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 000.68 S 056.30 E Luna - 17 5,700 Proton 10 November 1970 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 1 rover traveled 10.5 km across lunar surface Mare Imbrium 038.28 N 325.00 E Luna - 18 5,750 Proton 2 September 1971 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 20 5,727 Proton 14 February 1972 Sample return Success -- returned 0.05 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 21 5,950 Proton 8 January 1973 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 2 rover traveled 37.0 km across lunar surface LeMonnier Crater 025.85 N 030.45 E Luna - 23 5,800 Proton 28 October 1974 Sample return Failure -- Moon landing achieved , but malfunction prevented sample return Mare Crisium 012.00 N 062.00 E Proton 16 October 1975 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 24 5,800 Proton 9 August 1976 Sample return Success -- returned 0.17 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Crisium 012.25 N 062.20 E U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Launch of Surveyor 1 . Pete Conrad , commander of Apollo 12 , stands next to Surveyor 3 lander . In the background is the Apollo 12 lander , Intrepid . The U.S. robotic Surveyor program was part of an effort to locate a safe site on the Moon for a human landing and test under lunar conditions the radar and landing systems required to make a true controlled touchdown . Five of Surveyor 's seven missions made successful unmanned Moon landings . Surveyor 3 was visited two years after its Moon landing by the crew of Apollo 12 . They removed parts of it for examination back on Earth to determine the effects of long - term exposure to the lunar environment . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Surveyor 1 292 Atlas -- Centaur 30 May 1966 Landing Success -- 11,000 pictures returned , first U.S. Moon landing Oceanus Procellarum 002.45 S 043.22 W Surveyor 2 292 Atlas -- Centaur 20 September 1966 Landing Failure -- midcourse engine malfunction , placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble ; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater Sinus Medii 004.00 S 011.00 W Surveyor 3 302 Atlas -- Centaur 20 April 1967 Landing Success -- 6,000 pictures returned ; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use Oceanus Procellarum 002.94 S 336.66 E Surveyor 4 282 Atlas -- Centaur 14 July 1967 Landing Failure -- radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown ; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown Sinus Medii unknown Surveyor 5 303 Atlas -- Centaur 8 September 1967 Landing Success -- 19,000 photos returned , first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor Mare Tranquillitatis 001.41 N 023.18 E Surveyor 6 300 Atlas -- Centaur 7 November 1967 Landing Success -- 30,000 photos returned , robot arm & alpha scatter science , engine restart , second landing 2.5 m away from first Sinus Medii 000.46 N 358.63 E Surveyor 7 306 Atlas -- Centaur 7 January 1968 Landing Success -- 21,000 photos returned ; robot arm & alpha scatter science ; laser beams from Earth detected Tycho Crater 041.01 S 348.59 E Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations Within four months of each other in early 1966 the Soviet Union and the United States had accomplished successful Moon landings with unmanned spacecraft . To the general public both countries had demonstrated roughly equal technical capabilities by returning photographic images from the surface of the Moon . These pictures provided a key affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether or not lunar soil would support upcoming manned landers with their much greater weight . However , the Luna 9 hard landing of a ruggedized sphere using airbags at a 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) - per - hour ballistic impact speed had much more in common with the failed 1962 Ranger landing attempts and their planned 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) - per - hour impacts than with the Surveyor 1 soft landing on three footpads using its radar - controlled , adjustable - thrust retrorocket . While Luna 9 and Surveyor 1 were both major national accomplishments , only Surveyor 1 had reached its landing site employing key technologies that would be needed for a manned flight . Thus as of mid-1966 , the United States had begun to pull ahead of the Soviet Union in the so - called Space Race to land a man on the Moon . A timeline of the space race between 1957 and 1975 , with missions from the USA and USSR . Advances in other areas were necessary before manned spacecraft could follow unmanned ones to the surface of the Moon . Of particular importance was developing the expertise to perform flight operations in lunar orbit . Ranger , Surveyor and initial Luna Moon landing attempts all utilized flight paths from Earth that traveled directly to the lunar surface without first placing the spacecraft in a lunar orbit . Such direct ascents use a minimum amount of fuel for unmanned spacecraft on a one - way trip . In contrast , manned vehicles need additional fuel after a lunar landing to enable a return trip back to Earth for the crew . Leaving this massive amount of required Earth - return fuel in lunar orbit until it is used later in the mission is far more efficient than taking such fuel down to the lunar surface in a Moon landing and then hauling it all back into space yet again , working against lunar gravity both ways . Such considerations lead logically to a lunar orbit rendezvous mission profile for a manned Moon landing . Accordingly , beginning in mid-1966 both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. naturally progressed into missions which featured lunar orbit operations as a necessary prerequisite to a manned Moon landing . The primary goals of these initial unmanned orbiters were extensive photographic mapping of the entire lunar surface for the selection of manned landing sites and , for the Soviets , the checkout of radio communications gear that would be used in future soft landings . An unexpected major discovery from initial lunar orbiters were vast volumes of dense materials beneath the surface of the Moon 's maria . Such mass concentrations ( `` mascons '' ) can send a manned mission dangerously off course in the final minutes of a Moon landing when aiming for a relatively small landing zone that is smooth and safe . Mascons were also found over a longer period of time to greatly disturb the orbits of low - altitude satellites around the Moon , making their orbits unstable and forcing an inevitable crash on the lunar surface in the relatively short period of months to a few years . Controlling the location of impact for spent lunar orbiters can have scientific value . For example , in 1999 the NASA Lunar Prospector orbiter was deliberately targeted to impact a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater near the lunar south pole . It was hoped that energy from the impact would vaporize suspected shadowed ice deposits in the crater and liberate a water vapor plume that would be detectable from Earth . No such plume was observed . However , a small vial of ashes from the body of pioneer lunar scientist Eugene Shoemaker was delivered by the Lunar Prospector to the crater named in his honor -- currently the only human remains on the Moon . Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) U.S.S.R. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Cosmos -- 111 Molniya - M 1 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Luna - 10 1,582 Molniya - M 31 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,738 km x 2,088 km x 72 deg orbit , 178 m period , 60 - day science mission Luna - 11 1,640 Molniya - M 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,931 km x 1,898 km x 27 deg orbit , 178 m period , 38 - day science mission Luna - 12 1,620 Molniya - M 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,938 km x 1,871 km x 10 deg orbit , 205 m period , 89 - day science mission Cosmos - 159 1,700 Molniya - M 17 May 1967 Prototype test Success -- high Earth orbit manned landing communications gear radio calibration test Molniya - M 7 February 1968 Lunar orbiter Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit -- attempted radio calibration test ? Luna - 14 1,700 Molniya - M 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter Success -- 870 km x 160 km x 42 deg orbit , 160 m period , unstable orbit , radio calibration test ? Luna - 19 5,700 Proton 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter Success -- 140 km x 140 km x 41 deg orbit , 121 m period , 388 - day science mission Luna - 22 5,700 Proton 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter Success -- 222 km x 219 km x 19 deg orbit , 130 m period , 521 - day science mission Luna 10 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon on 3 April 1966 . U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) U.S. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Lunar Orbiter 1 386 Atlas -- Agena 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,160 km X 189 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 80 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 2 386 Atlas -- Agena 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 339 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 3 386 Atlas -- Agena 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 21 deg orbit , 208 m period , 246 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 4 386 Atlas -- Agena 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,111 km X 2,706 km x 86 deg orbit , 721 m period , 180 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 5 386 Atlas -- Agena 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,023 km X 195 km x 85 deg orbit , 510 m period , 183 - day photography mission Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Main article : Soviet manned lunar programs Zond mounted on top stage of Proton booster in assembly hangar . It is possible to aim a spacecraft from Earth so that it will loop around the Moon and return to Earth without entering lunar orbit , following the so - called free return trajectory . Such circumlunar loop missions are simpler than lunar orbit missions because rockets for lunar orbit braking and Earth return are not required . However , a manned circumlunar loop trip poses significant challenges above and beyond those found in a manned low - Earth - orbit mission , offering valuable lessons in preparation for a manned Moon landing . Foremost among these are mastering the demands of re-entering the Earth 's atmosphere upon returning from the Moon . Manned Earth - orbiting vehicles such as the Space Shuttle return to Earth from speeds of around 17,000 miles per hour ( 27,000 km / h ; 7,600 m / s ) . Due to the effects of gravity , a vehicle returning from the Moon hits Earth 's atmosphere at a much higher speed of around 25,000 miles per hour ( 40,000 km / h ; 11,000 m / s ) . The g - loading on astronauts during the resulting deceleration can be at the limits of human endurance even during a nominal reentry . Slight variations in the vehicle flight path and reentry angle during a return from the Moon can easily result in fatal levels of deceleration force . Achieving a manned circumlunar loop flight prior to a manned lunar landing became a primary goal of the Soviets with their Zond spacecraft program . The first three Zonds were unmanned planetary probes ; after that , the Zond name was transferred to a completely separate manned program . The initial focus of these later Zonds was extensive testing of required high - speed reentry techniques . This focus was not shared by the U.S. , who chose instead to bypass the stepping stone of a manned circumlunar loop mission and never developed a separate spacecraft for this purpose . Initial manned spaceflights in the early 1960s placed a single person in low Earth orbit during the Soviet Vostok and U.S. Mercury programs . A two - flight extension of the Vostok program known as Voskhod effectively used Vostok capsules with their ejection seats removed to achieve Soviet space firsts of multiple person crews in 1964 and spacewalks in early 1965 . These capabilities were later demonstrated by the U.S. in ten Gemini low Earth orbit missions throughout 1965 and 1966 , using a totally new second - generation spacecraft design that had little in common with the earlier Mercury . These Gemini missions went on to prove critical techniques for orbital rendezvous and docking that were crucial to a manned lunar landing mission profile . After the end of the Gemini program , the Soviets Union began flying their second - generation Zond manned spacecraft in 1967 with the ultimate goal of looping a cosmonaut around the Moon and returning him immediately to Earth . The Zond spacecraft was launched with the simpler and already operational Proton launch rocket , unlike the parallel Soviet manned Moon landing effort also underway at the time based on third - generation Soyuz spacecraft requiring development of the advanced N - 1 booster . The Soviets thus believed they could achieve a manned Zond circumlunar flight years before a U.S. manned lunar landing and so score a propaganda victory . However , significant development problems delayed the Zond program and the success of the U.S. Apollo lunar landing program led to the eventual termination of the Zond effort . Like Zond , Apollo Moon flights were generally launched on a free return trajectory that would return them to Earth via a circumlunar loop in the event that a Service Module malfunction failed to place them in lunar orbit as planned . This option was implemented after an explosion aboard the Apollo 13 mission in 1970 , which is the only manned circumlunar loop mission flown to date . U.S.S.R mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Payload Mission result Cosmos - 146 5,400 Proton 10 March 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Cosmos - 154 5,400 Proton 8 April 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Proton 28 September 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 22 November 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 4 5,140 Proton 2 March 1968 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- launched successfully to 300,000 km high Earth orbit , high speed reentry test guidance malfunction , intentional self - destruct to prevent landfall outside Soviet Union Proton 23 April 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit ; launch preparation tank explosion kills three in pad crew Zond - 5 5,375 Proton 15 September 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned live biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside the Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond - 6 5,375 Proton 10 November 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Partial success -- looped around Moon , successful reentry , but loss of cabin air pressure caused biological payload death , parachute system malfunction and severe vehicle damage upon landing Proton 20 January 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 7 5,979 Proton 8 August 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth and landed on - target inside Soviet Union . Only Zond mission whose reentry G - forces would have been survivable by human crew had they been aboard . Zond - 8 5,375 Proton 20 October 1970 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond 5 was the first spacecraft to carry life from Earth to the vicinity of the Moon and return , initiating the final lap of the Space Race with its payload of turtles , insects , plants and bacteria . Despite the failure suffered in its final moments , the Zond 6 mission was reported by Soviet media as being a success as well . Although hailed worldwide as remarkable achievements , both of these Zond missions flew off - nominal reentry trajectories resulting in deceleration forces that would have been fatal to human crewmembers had they been aboard . As a result , the Soviets secretly planned to continue unmanned Zond tests until their reliability to support manned flight had been demonstrated . However , due to NASA 's continuing problems with the lunar module , and because of CIA reports of a potential Soviet manned circumlunar flight in late 1968 , NASA fatefully changed the flight plan of Apollo 8 from an Earth - orbit lunar module test to a lunar orbit mission scheduled for late December 1968 . In early December 1968 the launch window to the Moon opened for the Soviet launch site in Baikonur , giving the USSR their final chance to beat the US to the Moon . Cosmonauts went on alert and asked to fly the Zond spacecraft then in final countdown at Baikonur on the first manned trip to the Moon . Ultimately , however , the Soviet Politburo decided the risk of crew death was unacceptable given the combined poor performance to that point of Zond / Proton and so scrubbed the launch of a manned Soviet lunar mission . Their decision proved to be a wise one , since this unnumbered Zond mission was destroyed in another unmanned test when it was finally launched several weeks later . By this time flights of the third generation U.S. Apollo spacecraft had begun . Far more capable than the Zond , the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return to Earth . The Apollo 8 mission carried out the first manned trip to the Moon on 24 December 1968 , certifying the Saturn V booster for manned use and flying not a circumlunar loop but instead a full ten orbits around the Moon before returning safely to Earth . Apollo 10 then performed a full dress rehearsal of a manned Moon landing in May 1969 . This mission orbited within 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) altitude above the lunar surface , performing necessary low - altitude mapping of trajectory - altering mascons using a factory prototype lunar module that was too overweight to allow a successful landing . With the failure of the unmanned Soviet sample return Moon landing attempt Luna 15 in July 1969 , the stage was set for Apollo 11 . Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The U.S. Saturn V and the Soviet N1 . U.S. strategy Main article : Apollo program § Political pressure builds Plans for manned Moon exploration originated during the Eisenhower administration . In a series of mid-1950s articles in Collier 's magazine , Wernher von Braun had popularized the idea of a manned expedition to the Moon to establish a lunar base . A manned Moon landing posed several daunting technical challenges to the US and USSR . Besides guidance and weight management , atmospheric re-entry without ablative overheating was a major hurdle . After the Soviet Union 's launch of Sputnik , von Braun promoted a plan for the United States Army to establish a military lunar outpost by 1965 . After the early Soviet successes , especially Yuri Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy looked for a US project that would capture the public imagination . He asked Vice President Lyndon Johnson to make recommendations on a scientific endeavor that would prove US world leadership . The proposals included non-space options such as massive irrigation projects to benefit the Third World . The Soviets , at the time , had more powerful rockets than the United States , which gave them an advantage in some kinds of space mission . Advances in US nuclear weapon technology had led to smaller , lighter warheads , and consequently , rockets with smaller payload capacities . By comparison , Soviet nuclear weapons were much heavier , and the powerful R - 7 rocket was developed to carry them . More modest potential missions such as flying around the Moon without landing or establishing a space lab in orbit ( both were proposed by Kennedy to von Braun ) were determined to offer too much advantage to the Soviets , since the US would have to develop a heavy rocket to match the Soviets . A Moon landing , however , would capture world imagination while functioning as propaganda . Apollo landing sites Johnson had championed the US manned space program ever since the Sputnik scare , sponsoring the legislation which created NASA when he was in the Senate in 1958 . When Kennedy asked him in 1961 to research the best manned space achievement to counter the Soviets ' lead , Johnson responded that the US had an even chance of beating the USSR to a manned lunar landing , but not for anything less . Kennedy seized on Apollo as the ideal focus for efforts in space . He ensured continuing funding , shielding space spending from the 1963 tax cut , but diverting money from other NASA scientific projects . This last dismayed NASA 's leader , James E. Webb , who perceived the need for NASA 's support from the scientific community . The Moon landing required development of the large Saturn V launch vehicle , which achieved a perfect record of zero catastrophic failures or launch vehicle - caused mission failures , in thirteen launches . For the program to succeed , its proponents would have to defeat criticism from politicians on the left , who wanted more money spent on social programs , and on those on the right , who favored a more military project . By emphasizing the scientific payoff and playing on fears of Soviet space dominance , Kennedy and Johnson managed to swing public opinion : by 1965 , 58 percent of Americans favored Apollo , up from 33 percent two years earlier . After Johnson became President in 1963 , his continuing defense of the program allowed it to succeed in 1969 , as Kennedy planned . Soviet strategy Main article : Soviet Moonshot Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said in October 1963 that the USSR was `` not at present planning flight by cosmonauts to the Moon , '' while insisting that the Soviets had not dropped out of the race . Only after another year would the USSR fully commit itself to a Moon - landing attempt , which ultimately failed . At the same time , Kennedy had suggested various joint programs , including a possible Moon landing by Soviet and U.S. astronauts and the development of better weather - monitoring satellites . Khrushchev , sensing an attempt by Kennedy to steal Russian space technology , rejected the idea : if the USSR went to the Moon , it would go alone . Sergey Korolev , the Soviet space program 's chief designer , had started promoting his Soyuz craft and the N1 launcher rocket that would have the capability of carrying out a manned Moon landing . Khrushchev directed Korolev 's design bureau to arrange further space firsts by modifying the existing Vostok technology , while a second team started building a completely new launcher and craft , the Proton booster and the Zond , for a manned cislunar flight in 1966 . In 1964 the new Soviet leadership gave Korolev the backing for a Moon landing effort and brought all manned projects under his direction . With Korolev 's death and the failure of the first Soyuz flight in 1967 , the co-ordination of the Soviet Moon landing program quickly unraveled . The Soviets built a landing craft and selected cosmonauts for the mission that would have placed Aleksei Leonov on the Moon 's surface , but with the successive launch failures of the N1 booster in 1969 , plans for a manned landing suffered first delay and then cancellation . A program of automated return vehicles was begun , in the hope of being the first to return lunar rocks . This had several failures . It eventually succeeded with Luna 16 . But this had little impact , because the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 lunar landings and rock returns had already taken place by then . Apollo missions In total , twenty - four U.S. astronauts have traveled to the Moon . Three have made the trip twice , and twelve have walked on its surface . Apollo 8 was a lunar - orbit - only mission , Apollo 10 included undocking and Descent Orbit Insertion ( DOI ) , followed by LM staging to CSM redocking , while Apollo 13 , originally scheduled as a landing , ended up as a lunar fly - by , by means of free return trajectory ; thus , none of these missions made landings . Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were Earth - orbit - only missions . Apart from the inherent dangers of manned Moon expeditions as seen with Apollo 13 , one reason for their cessation according to astronaut Alan Bean is the cost it imposes in government subsidies . Manned Moon landings Mission name Lunar lander Lunar landing date Lunar liftoff date Lunar landing site Duration on lunar surface Crew Number of EVAs Total EVA Time ( HH : MM ) Apollo 11 Eagle 20 July 1969 21 July 1969 Sea of Tranquility 21 : 31 Neil Armstrong , Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin 2 : 31 Apollo 12 Intrepid 19 November 1969 21 November 1969 Ocean of Storms 1 - day , 7 : 31 Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Alan Bean 7 : 45 Apollo 14 Antares 5 February 1971 6 February 1971 Fra Mauro 1 - day , 9 : 30 Alan B. Shepard , Edgar Mitchell 9 : 21 Apollo 15 Falcon 30 July 1971 2 August 1971 Hadley Rille 2 days , 18 : 55 David Scott , James Irwin 18 : 33 Apollo 16 Orion 21 April 1972 24 April 1972 Descartes Highlands 2 days , 23 : 02 John Young , Charles Duke 20 : 14 Apollo 17 Challenger 11 December 1972 14 December 1972 Taurus -- Littrow 3 days , 2 : 59 Eugene Cernan , Harrison `` Jack '' Schmitt 22 : 04 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings Unlike other international rivalries , the Space Race has remained unaffected in a direct way regarding the desire for territorial expansion . After the successful landings on the Moon , the U.S. explicitly disclaimed the right to ownership of any part of the Moon . President Richard Nixon had speechwriter William Safire prepare a condolence speech for delivery in the event that Armstrong and Aldrin became marooned on the Moon 's surface and could not be rescued . In 1951 , science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke forecast that man would reach the Moon by 1978 . On 16 August 2006 , the Associated Press reported that NASA is missing the original Slow - scan television tapes ( which were made before the scan conversion for conventional TV ) of the Apollo 11 Moon walk . Some news outlets have mistakenly reported that the SSTV tapes were found in Western Australia , but those tapes were only recordings of data from the Apollo 11 Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package . Scientists believe the six American flags planted by astronauts have been bleached white because of more than 40 years of exposure to solar radiation . Using LROC images , five of the six American flags are still standing and casting shadows at all of the sites , except Apollo 11 . Astronaut Buzz Aldrin reported that the flag was blown over by the exhaust from the ascent engine during liftoff of Apollo 11 . Late 20th century -- early 21st century unmanned crash landings Hiten ( japan ) Launched on 24 January 1990 , 11 : 46 UTC . At the end of its mission , the Japanese lunar orbiter Hiten was commanded to crash into the lunar surface and did so on 10 April 1993 at 18 : 03 : 25.7 UT ( 11 April 03 : 03 : 25.7 JST ) . Lunar Prospector ( USA ) Lunar Prospector was launched on 7 January 1998 . The mission ended on 31 July 1999 , when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a crater near the lunar south pole after the presence of water ice was successfully detected . SMART - 1 ( ESA ) Launched 27 September 2003 , 23 : 14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou , French Guiana . At the end of its mission , the ESA lunar orbiter SMART - 1 performed a controlled crash into the Moon , at about 2 km / s . The time of the crash was 3 September 2006 , at 5 : 42 UTC . Selene ( japan ) SELENE or Kaguya was launched on 14 September 2007 . After successfully orbiting the Moon for a year and eight months , the main orbiter was instructed to impact on the lunar surface near the crater Gill at 18 : 25 UTC on 10 June 2009 . Chang'e 1 ( China ) The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 , launched 24 October 2007 , 10 : 05 UTC , executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 , 20 : 44 GMT , after a 16 - month mission . Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) Chandrayaan - 1 was launched on 22 October 2008 , 00 : 52 UTC . The impactor , the Moon Impact Probe , impacted near Shackleton Crater at the south pole of the lunar surface at 14 November 2008 , 20 : 31 IST . Chandrayaan - 2 is scheduled for launch in 2018 . LCROSS ( USA ) The LCROSS data collecting shepherding spacecraft was launched together with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) on 18 June 2009 on board an Atlas V rocket with a Centaur upper stage . On 9 October 2009 , at 11 : 31 UTC , the Centaur upper stage impacted the lunar surface , releasing the kinetic energy equivalent of detonating approximately 2 tons of TNT ( 8.86 GJ ) . Six minutes later at 11 : 37 UTC , the LCROSS shepherding spacecraft also impacted the surface . GRAIL ( USA ) The GRAIL mission consisted of two small spacecraft : GRAIL A ( Ebb ) , and GRAIL B ( Flow ) . They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a Delta II rocket . GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch , and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later . The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012 . The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012 . LADEE ( USA ) LADEE was launched on 7 September 2013 . The mission ended on 18 April 2014 , when the spacecraft 's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon , which , later , was determined to be near the eastern rim of Sundman V crater . 21st century unmanned soft landings Chang'e 3 ( China ) On 14 December 2013 at 13 : 12 UTC Chang'e 3 soft - landed a rover on the Moon . This was the first lunar soft landing since Luna 24 on 22 August 1976 . Landings on moons of other solar system bodies Progress in space exploration has recently broadened the phrase moon landing to include other moons in the Solar System as well . The Huygens probe of the Cassini -- Huygens mission to Saturn performed a successful unmanned moon landing on Titan in 2005 . Similarly , the Soviet probe Phobos 2 came within 120 mi ( 190 km ) of performing an unmanned moon landing on Mars ' moon Phobos in 1989 before radio contact with that lander was suddenly lost . A similar Russian sample return mission called Fobos - Grunt ( `` grunt '' means `` soil '' in Russian ) launched in November 2011 , but stalled in low Earth orbit . There is widespread interest in performing a future moon landing on Jupiter 's Europa moon to drill down and explore the possible liquid water ocean beneath its icy surface . Proposed future missions Astronaut Buzz Aldrin , lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing mission , poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag during an Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity ( EVA ) on the lunar surface . Main article : List of proposed missions to the Moon China is planning to land another rover and collect samples in the Chang'e 4 mission and return lunar soil samples by 2018 in the Chang'e 5 mission . ISRO , the Indian National Space agency , is planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan 2 . According to former ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair , `` The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) hopes to land two rovers -- one Indian and another Russian -- on the Moon in 2018 , as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission . The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface , pick up samples of soil or rocks , do on - site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother - spacecraft Chandrayaan II , which will be orbiting above . Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth . '' The payloads have already been finalized . ISRO has mentioned that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying any overseas payloads on this mission . The lander weight is projected to be 1,250 kg , and the spacecraft will be launched by the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle . Russia 's Luna - Glob 1 is expected to be launched in 2018 . In 2007 the head of the Russian Space Agency announced plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon by 2025 and establish a permanent robotically operated base there in 2027 -- 2032 . In 2015 , Roscosmos stated that Russia plans to place a cosmonaut on the Moon by 2030 , leaving Mars to NASA . The purpose is to work jointly with NASA and avoid another Space Race . The Lunar Precursor Robotic Program ( LPRP ) is a program of robotic spacecraft missions which NASA will use to prepare for future Moon landings . Three orbiters have been launched in the program , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) , the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) , and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) , launched in 2013 , but no Moon landings are scheduled yet . The Google Lunar X Prize competition offers a $20 million award for the first privately funded team to land a robotic probe on the Moon . Like the Ansari X Prize before it , the competition aims to advance the state of the art in private space exploration . Of the several competing teams , Puli Space Technologies at one time ( 2012 ) planned to launch in 2014 and Astrobotic Technology plans to launch in the second half of 2016 with their own rover plus another team 's lunar rovers from Hakuto . In 2019 , a consortium of Vodafone , Audi and PT Scientists are planning a moon landing . The mission is to launch a lander and two small rovers to the moon from Cape Canaveral , Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket during the 50th - anniversary year of NASA 's Apollo 11 moon landing . Nokia will assist to setup a LTE network in moon to manage lunar terrestrial communication system of the mission . Historical empirical evidence Main article : Moon landing conspiracy theories Many conspiracy theorists hold that the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax ; however , empirical evidence is readily available to show that manned moon landings did indeed occur . Anyone on Earth with an appropriate laser and telescope system can bounce laser beams off three retroreflector arrays left on the Moon by Apollo 11 , 14 and 15 , verifying deployment of the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment at historically documented Apollo Moon landing sites and so proving equipment constructed on Earth was successfully transported to the surface of the Moon . In addition , in August 2009 NASA 's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter began to send back high resolution photos of the Apollo landing sites . These photos show not only the large Descent Stages of the lunar landers left behind but also tracks of the astronauts ' walking paths in the lunar dust . See also Spaceflight portal List of Apollo astronauts Lunar Escape Systems Robert Goddard Soyuz 7K - L1 Zond program First on the Moon ( disambiguation ) References and notes Jump up ^ `` Manned Space Chronology : Apollo_11 '' . spaceline.org . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Anniversary : Moon Landing `` Inspired World '' `` . National Geographic . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 2 '' . NASA -- NSSDC . Jump up ^ NASA Apollo 11 40th anniversary . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 3 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Moon ! '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Lun 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage of V.V Pustynski for students of YFT0060 '' . Estonia : Tartu Observatory . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( July 1957 ) . `` For Your Information '' . Galaxy Science Fiction ( 61 -- 71 ) . p. 69 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ JPL Pioneer Mission Archived 28 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Lunar Impact `` Lunar Missions 1958 through 1965 '' ( PDF ) . Nasa History Series . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 4 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 6 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 5 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 7 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 8 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 9 Details '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 1 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronautix Luna E-6 '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moon Exploration '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Burrows , William E. ( 1999 ) . This New Ocean : The Story of the First Space Age . Modern Library . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75485 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Mission of Luna 16 Jump up ^ `` In the Shadow of the Moon '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` White House ' Lost In Space ' Scenarios '' . thesmokinggun.com . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Arthur C. Clarke '' . Jump up ^ `` Apollo TV Tapes : The Search Continues '' . space.com . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The American Flags On The Moon Have All Turned White -- Business Insider '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo Moon Landing Flags Still Standing , Photos Reveal '' . Space.com . Retrieved 10 October 2014 Jump up ^ Hiten , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka ! Ice Found At Lunar Poles '' . NASA . 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ SMART 1 , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KAGUYA Lunar Impact '' . JAXA . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese probe crashes into moon '' , BBC News , 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - I Impact Probe lands on the Moon '' . The Times of India . 15 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's LCROSS Mission Changes Impact Crater '' . NASA . 2009 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ TheStar.com , `` NASA crashes rocket into moon '' . Jump up ^ `` Moon - bound twin GRAIL spacecraft launch success - EarthSky.org '' . Jump up ^ Spaceflight101 Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` First of NASA 's GRAIL Spacecraft Enters Moon Orbit '' . NASA . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ GRAIL Twins crash into the Moon to complete highly successful Mission Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) '' . National Space Science Data Center Master Catalog . NASA . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` With Planned Crash , NASA Lunar Mission Comes to End '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Marcia ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA 's Moon - Orbiting Robot Crashes Down as Planned '' . ABC News . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Neal - Jones , Nancy ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` NASA 's LRO Spacecraft Captures Images of LADEE 's Impact Crater '' . NASA . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dwayne ; Hoover , Rachel ; Washington , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA Completes LADEE Mission with Planned Impact on Moon 's Surface '' . NASA.gov . Release 14 -- 113 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China lands Jade Rabbit robot rover on Moon '' . BBC . 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon Denyer ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` China carries out first soft landing on moon in 37 years '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` China to Launch Lunar Probe Chang'e - 2 before 2011 '' . english.cas.ac.cn . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` Three new Indian payloads for Chandrayaan 2 , decides ISRO '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Payloads for Chandrayaan - 2 Mission Finalised '' . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . ISRO. 30 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ИКИ : РФ начнет запуск автоматических станций к Луне в 2018 году '' . Jump up ^ `` Lavochkin begins phase B work for Luna - Glob 1 orbiter '' . http://www.flightglobal.com . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ K , Jayalakshmi ( 27 June 2015 ) . `` Russia to place man on Moon by 2030 leaving Mars to Nasa '' . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Precursor Robotic Program '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Google Lunar X prize '' . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . Puli Space Technologies . 4 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two Google Lunar XPRIZE Teams Announce Rideshare Partnership For Mission To The Moon In 2016 '' . xprize.org . Xprize Foundation . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Hakuto ( ... and fellow competitor ) Astrobotic ( will ) carry a pair of rovers to the moon . Astrobotic plans to launch its Google Lunar XPRIZE mission on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral , Fla. , during the second half of 2016 . HAKUTO 's twin rovers , Moonraker and Tetris , will piggyback on Astrobotic 's Griffin lander to reach the lunar surface . Upon touchdown , the rovers will be released simultaneously ... in pursuit of the $20 M Google Lunar XPRIZE Grand Prize . Jump up ^ Loren Grush ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` Race to Mine the Moon Heats Up '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Moon Will Get Its Own Mobile Phone Network in 2019 '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia is selected by Vodafone to be its technology partner for Mission to the Moon project Nokia '' . Nokia . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : 8 Moon - Landing Hoax Myths -- Busted '' . National Geographic . 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Experiment Still Going Strong after 35 Years '' , JPL 20 July 2004 . Jump up ^ `` LRO Sees Apollo Landing Sites '' . NASA . 17 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . External links NASA 's page on moon landings , missions , etc. ( includes information on other space agencies ' missions . ) Moon missions ( United States ) at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Project Apollo Archive Flickr Gallery : an independently organized collection of high - res photos for the Moon Landing and the Apollo Missions . <Th_colspan="3"> Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Longjiang - 2 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail ICE Longjiang - 1 Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO TESS Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2019 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2019 ) Luna 26 ( 2021 ) Luna 27 ( 2022 ) Luna 28 ( 2025 ) Luna 29 Others Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2020 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna SELENE - R SpaceIL Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector Resource Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories <Td_colspan="3"> Crewed missions in italics . <Th_colspan="3"> Manned lunar spacecraft Orbiters Retired Apollo Command / Service Module Cancelled LK - 1 / LK - 700 ( VA ) Zond ( Soyuz 7K - L1 ) LOK ( Soyuz 7K - L3 ) Future Orion Federation Landers Retired Apollo Lunar Module Cancelled Lunniy Korabl Altair See also Moon landing conspiracy theories List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon <Th_colspan="2"> People who have walked on the Moon <Td_colspan="2"> Neil Armstrong ( CDR , Apollo 11 ) Buzz Aldrin ( LMP , Apollo 11 ) Pete Conrad ( CDR , Apollo 12 ) Alan Bean ( LMP , Apollo 12 ) Alan Shepard ( CDR , Apollo 14 ) Edgar Mitchell ( LMP , Apollo 14 ) David Scott ( CDR , Apollo 15 ) James Irwin ( LMP , Apollo 15 ) John Young ( CDR , Apollo 16 ) Charles Duke ( LMP , Apollo 16 ) Eugene Cernan ( CDR , Apollo 17 ) Harrison Schmitt ( LMP , Apollo 17 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Moon landing Apollo program Apollo Lunar Module Lunar Roving Vehicle <Th_colspan="3"> The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Orbital elements Distance Perigee and apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface and features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Phases and names New Full Names Crescent Super and micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) <Td_colspan="3"> Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal GND : 4170439 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing&oldid=840505977 '' Categories : Exploration of the Moon History of television Missions to the Moon 1959 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español فارسی Français 贛 語 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Patois Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Winaray 吴语 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 09 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Moon landing missions
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-7,709,291,735,624,782,000 | when will the new dunkirk film be released on dvd | Dunkirk ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Dunkirk ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Dunkirk <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Christopher Nolan Produced by Emma Thomas Christopher Nolan Written by Christopher Nolan Starring Fionn Whitehead Tom Glynn - Carney Jack Lowden Harry Styles Aneurin Barnard James D'Arcy Barry Keoghan Kenneth Branagh Cillian Murphy Mark Rylance Tom Hardy Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Hoyte van Hoytema Edited by Lee Smith Production companies Syncopy Inc . Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 13 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 19 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) ( France ) 20 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) ( Netherlands ) 21 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) ( UK & US ) Running time 106 minutes Country United Kingdom United States France Netherlands Language English Budget $100 million Box office $525.6 million Dunkirk is a 2017 war film written , directed , and produced by Christopher Nolan that depicts the Dunkirk evacuation of World War II . Its ensemble cast includes Fionn Whitehead , Tom Glynn - Carney , Jack Lowden , Harry Styles , Aneurin Barnard , James D'Arcy , Barry Keoghan , Kenneth Branagh , Cillian Murphy , Mark Rylance , and Tom Hardy . The film is a British , American , French , and Dutch co-production , and was distributed by Warner Bros . Dunkirk portrays the evacuation from three perspectives : land , sea , and air . It has little dialogue , as Nolan sought instead to create suspense from cinematography and music . Filming began in May 2016 in Dunkirk and ended that September in Los Angeles , when post-production began . Cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema shot the film on IMAX 65 mm and 65 mm large - format film stock . Dunkirk has extensive practical effects , and employed thousands of extras as well as historic boats from the evacuation , and period aeroplanes . The film premiered on 13 July 2017 at Odeon Leicester Square in London , and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on 21 July in IMAX , 70 mm , and 35 mm film formats . It is the highest - grossing World War II film of all time , taking $525 million worldwide . Dunkirk received praise for its screenplay , direction , musical score , and cinematography ; some critics called it Nolan 's best work , and one of the greatest war films . The film was nominated in eight categories at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and three at the 75th Golden Globe Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Historical accuracy 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1940 , during the fall of France , hundreds of thousands of Allied soldiers have retreated to Dunkirk . Tommy , a young British private , is the sole survivor of a German ambush . At the beach , he finds thousands of troops awaiting evacuation and meets Gibson , who is burying a body . After a German dive - bomber attack , they find a wounded man . They rush his stretcher onto a hospital ship hoping to get onboard and escape , but are denied passage themselves . The ship is sunk by dive - bombers ; Tommy saves Alex , another soldier . They leave at night on a destroyer , which is sunk by a torpedo from a U-boat . Gibson saves Tommy and Alex , and they are brought ashore by a rowing boat . The Royal Navy requisitions civilian vessels that can get close to the beach . In Weymouth , Mr. Dawson and his son Peter set out on his boat Moonstone rather than let the navy take her . Impulsively , their teenage friend George joins them . At sea , they rescue a shell - shocked officer from a wrecked ship . When he realises that Dawson is sailing for Dunkirk , the officer demands that they turn back , and tries to wrest control of the boat ; in the struggle , George falls and suffers a head injury that renders him blind . Three Spitfires head towards France . After their leader is shot down , pilot Farrier assumes command with a shattered fuel gauge . They save a minesweeper from a German bomber , but the other Spitfire is hit and ditches . Its pilot , Collins , is rescued by Moonstone . Tommy , Alex and Gibson join a group of Scottish soldiers and hide inside a trawler until the tide rises . Her owner , a Dutch mariner , returns . German troops shoot at the boat for target practice ; when the tide rises , water enters through the bullet holes . Alex , hoping to lighten the boat 's load , accuses Gibson , who has been silent , of being a spy and demands that he leave . Gibson reveals he is French ; he had stolen the identity of the soldier he buried , hoping to evacuate with the British . Alex , Tommy and the Scottish soldiers abandon the fishing boat when it begins to sink . Gibson is entangled in a chain and drowns . Alex and Tommy swim towards a nearby destroyer , but it is sunk by a bomber . Moonstone manoeuvres to take on troops , including Alex and Tommy . Peter realises that George is dead ; when asked by the shell - shocked officer , he lies that George will be fine . Farrier shoots down the bomber , which crashes and ignites the oil slick from the sinking destroyer . Peter reveals to Collins that his elder brother was a Hurricane pilot , killed early in the war . Farrier reaches Dunkirk , his fuel exhausted . Gliding over the beach , he shoots down a dive - bomber to cheers from the troops below . He cranks his landing gear down and lands beyond the Allied perimeter . He sets fire to his plane and is taken prisoner by German soldiers . At the beach , Commander Bolton watches the last British soldiers leave . He confirms that 300,000 have been evacuated , ten times more than UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill had hoped for . He remains to oversee the evacuation of the French rearguard . Alex and Tommy cross the English Channel and board a train in Weymouth . Dawson is congratulated for having saved so many men . The shell - shocked officer sees George 's body being carried away . Peter visits the local newspaper with a photograph of George ; a front - page article later commends George as a hero . Alex expects public scorn as the train approaches Woking , but they receive a hero 's welcome . Tommy reads out Churchill 's address to the nation from a newspaper . Cast ( edit ) Fionn Whitehead as Tommy , a British Army private Tom Glynn - Carney as Peter , Mr Dawson 's son Jack Lowden as Collins , a Royal Air Force Spitfire pilot Harry Styles as Alex , a private in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Aneurin Barnard as Gibson James D'Arcy as Colonel Winnant Barry Keoghan as George Mills Kenneth Branagh as Commander Bolton , the pier - master during the evacuation Cillian Murphy as Shivering Soldier Mark Rylance as Mr Dawson , a mariner and Peter 's father Tom Hardy as Farrier , a Royal Air Force Spitfire pilot Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` The empathy for the characters has nothing to do with their story . I did not want to go through the dialogue , tell the story of my characters ... The problem is not who they are , who they pretend to be or where they come from . The only question I was interested in was : Will they get out of it ? Will they be killed by the next bomb while trying to join the mole ? Or will they be crushed by a boat while crossing ? '' -- Christopher Nolan Director Christopher Nolan conceived the film in the mid-1990s , when he and Emma Thomas sailed across the English Channel , following the path of many small boats in the Dunkirk evacuation . Nolan considered improvising the entire film instead of writing a script , but Thomas convinced him otherwise . In 2015 , Nolan wrote a 76 - page screenplay , which was about half the length of his usual scripts and his shortest to date . Its precise structure necessitated fictional characters , rather than ones based on eyewitnesses . The story is told from three perspectives -- land , sea , and air . Nolan structured the film from the point of view of the characters , intending to use visuals rather than dialogue and backstory . He wanted to incorporate the so - called `` snowball effect '' that he had previously used only in the third acts of his other films . Nolan said that he approached research as though it were for a documentary , and was attracted to the project because of its inversion of the `` Hollywood formula '' : the Battle of Dunkirk was not a victory and did not involve American armed forces , but nevertheless demanded a large - scale production to be put on screen . Nolan postponed Dunkirk until he had acquired sufficient experience directing large - scale action films . To convey the perspective of soldiers on the beach , for whom contact with the enemy was `` extremely limited and intermittent '' , he did not show Germans on screen . He omitted scenes with Winston Churchill and the generals in war rooms , as he did not want to get `` bogged down in the politics of the situation '' . Nolan showed key members of the crew eleven films that had inspired him : All Quiet on the Western Front , The Wages of Fear , Alien , Speed , Unstoppable , Greed , Sunrise , Ryan 's Daughter , The Battle of Algiers , Chariots of Fire , and Foreign Correspondent -- only two of which are war films . The historical consultant was author Joshua Levine , who also wrote the book adaptation , Dunkirk : The History Behind the Major Motion Picture . Levine accompanied Nolan while interviewing veterans . During these interviews , Nolan was told a story of soldiers seen walking into the sea in desperation , which he incorporated into the screenplay . The production team and scouting locations were chosen before Nolan and Thomas solicited Warner Bros. Pictures to make the film . Nolan and his production designer Nathan Crowley toured the beach of Dunkirk while location scouting , and decided to film there despite the logistical challenges , discarding Suffolk as an alternative . Crowley set up a makeshift art department in Nolan 's old garage , as is tradition , and colourised black - and - white photographs to better understand the visual representation . The design aesthetic was made to look as contemporary as possible . Hoyte van Hoytema , who had previously collaborated with Nolan on Interstellar , was chosen as the director of photography . The Hollywood Reporter stated that Nolan made a deal with Warner Bros. to receive a $20 million salary plus 20 % of the box office gross ; however , Vanity Fair reported that Nolan agreed to receive a low upfront salary in exchange for a large backend percentage . Pre-production began in January 2016 . For the uniforms , costume designer Jeffrey Kurland aimed to balance historical accuracy with aesthetics that would favour the film stock . As the original heavy wool fabric had not been produced since 1940 , it was made from scratch , tailored for the main cast and over a thousand extras . Uniforms were made in a factory in Pakistan and the boots by a shoemaker in Mexico . The costume department then spent three weeks ageing them at Longcross Studios . Each garment was made to look distinct in regiment and personality : Tommy wears a large greatcoat , while Alex dons the Highlander cut . Kurland found references at museums , in contemporary magazines , photo archives , and books . The mole was rebuilt over four months from the original blueprints . Sand was brought from Dunkirk to create make - up consistent with the environment . Oil and tar were specially made and prosthetics were water and fire resistant . Casting ( edit ) After first - hand accounts of the evacuation revealed how young and inexperienced the soldiers had been , Nolan decided to cast young and unknown actors . He was also adamant that all of the cast be British . John Papsidera and Toby Whale were the casting directors for Dunkirk . Tom Hardy , Kenneth Branagh , and Mark Rylance were in talks to join the ensemble as supporting characters in late 2015 . Fionn Whitehead was cast as the lead in March 2016 , while Jack Lowden , Aneurin Barnard , and Harry Styles were added shortly after . Cillian Murphy joined the following month . James D'Arcy , Barry Keoghan , and Tom Glynn - Carney were included later that May . Michael Caine was cast in a spoken cameo role as Fortis Leader , as a nod to his role in the film Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) . According to D'Arcy and Nolan , Winnant and Bolton act as a Greek chorus to give the audience context . Whitehead went through a secretive auditioning process lasting several months . His character was named after the slang term for the ordinary British soldier . Styles was cast for his `` old fashioned face '' , as stated by Nolan . He won the role after auditioning against hundreds of candidates , when Nolan was unaware of his renown as a singer . Murphy spoke to Nolan and read about the psychological trauma the soldiers endured , to understand his character 's post-traumatic stress disorder . Nolan chose Rylance for his work in the theatre and performance in Wolf Hall . As research , Rylance piloted his character 's boat every day , listened to audio recordings at the Imperial War Museum , and read accounts of men like Mr Dawson . Between takes , he encouraged rehearsal through improvised scenes , which Nolan said `` deepened the characterizations '' . Filming ( edit ) Moonstone during filming with Nolan , Rylance , Glynn - Carney and Keoghan on board . Principal photography commenced on 23 May 2016 in Dunkirk , planned so as to avoid Bastille Day and coincide with the dates of the real evacuation . Production continued for four weeks in Urk , Netherlands , one week in Swanage and Weymouth in Dorset , United Kingdom , and for two weeks at the Point Vicente Interpretive Center and Lighthouse in Rancho Palos Verdes , California . Maillé - Brézé at the port of Dunkirk during filming . Filming in Dunkirk took place at the location of the real evacuation , while the street scenes were shot in nearby Malo - les - Bains because most of the buildings in Dunkirk were destroyed in the war . Shooting times on the beach and mole were determined by tidal patterns . French labour strikes and working time regulations also affected the schedule . To minimise the need for computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) , cardboard cut - out props of soldiers and military vehicles created the illusion of a large army . Real or scale model fighter aircraft , and real warships and private boats , provided realism that could not be achieved from CGI . Scale models were created via 3D printing . The mole set was frequently rebuilt after being damaged by bad weather . Because French authorities had prohibited pyrotechnic charges , to protect marine life , air cannons were used instead . Six thousand extras were needed in France . Early scenes of the film were shot at Weymouth harbour , and the final scenes at Swanage railway station . Universal Pictures ' Falls Lake studio in Los Angeles was used for interior and exterior sets of a sinking ship and plane , with the ship interiors filmed in a water tank using stuntmen . To get acclimatised to the cold water scenes , Styles and Whitehead underwent training sessions at Point Dume in Malibu , California . The principal cast members did their own stunts . MLV Castor was modified to resemble HMS Basilisk Crowley and marine coordinator Neil Andrea located nearly sixty ships , which Nolan had reconditioned for the shoot . These included the retired French Navy destroyer Maillé - Brézé , which was made to look like a 1940 British warship as there were no wartime British destroyers left with working engines . Three retired Royal Netherlands Navy ships were also used : the minesweeper HNLMS Naaldwijk portrayed HMS Britomart , HNLMS Sittard portrayed HMS Havant and HMS Jaguar , and MLV Castor portrayed HMS Basilisk . The motor torpedo boat MTB 102 and the 1930s Norwegian steamer Rogaland were also used . Over fifty other boats included twenty actual Little Ships of Dunkirk , piloted by their owners . A small 1930s motor yacht called Moonstone served for six weeks of filming ; its most demanding scenes , with up to sixty people on a boat designed for fewer than ten , were shot on the Dutch lake IJsselmeer to avoid the challenge of the Dunkirk tides . One of the Spitfires repainted for the film . Aircraft were equipped with dual cockpits for filming in flight . A Yakovlev Yak - 52TW was modified to resemble a Supermarine Spitfire , and two Supermarine Spitfire Mark IAs , a Spitfire Mark VB , and a Hispano Buchon painted to look like a Messerschmitt Bf 109 E , were also used for the combat scenes . Large - scale radio controlled model aircraft , including Heinkel He 111 and Junkers Ju 87 bombers , were filmed crashing into the English Channel . The real Spitfires were provided by the Imperial War Museum Duxford , and owner Dan Friedkin piloted the one that was shot landing on the beach in Dunkirk . These takes had to be done within forty - five minutes , before the tide came back in . IMAX cameras were attached to the fighter planes using specially - made snorkel and periscope lenses -- in the back and the front -- and large - scale mockups were submerged with cable rigs for a crash scene . A Piper Aerostar enabled filming from the air , also with IMAX cameras front and rear . Dogfights over the Channel were shot by an aerial unit based at Lee - on - Solent Airfield . Hardy and Lowden spent the final stages of the shooting schedule on a cliffside in Palos Verdes , inside purpose - built cockpit gimbals , with limited contact with the rest of the cast and crew . Principal photography ended on 2 September 2016 , after sixty - eight days . The film was shot in natural lighting using both IMAX 65 mm and 65 mm large format film stock in Panavision System 65 , with more IMAX footage than in any of Nolan 's previous films -- an estimated seventy - five percent . The sparsity of dialogue made it possible for IMAX cameras , which are notoriously noisy , to be used as the primary format . Panavision and IMAX lenses enabled filming at night . For the first time in a feature film , IMAX cameras were used hand - held , which Steven Spielberg and Ron Howard advised as the best way to shoot on vessels . Post-production ( edit ) Nolan 's regular collaborator Lee Smith returned to edit Dunkirk , beginning in September 2016 after Smith had assembled shots unsupervised while filming was still in progress . Editing took place in Los Angeles with an audio mixing team of eight people . Nolan said : `` You stop seeing the wood for the trees '' , and singled out the editing of the aerial sequences as a particular challenge , likening this to a chess game . Limited computer - generated imagery was applied to improve some scenes , but none consisted entirely of CGI . Weather continuity presented less of a challenge than was expected , with filming both in Europe and California . At least ten to fifteen feature - length versions were cut to further refine the dramatic impact . Once a cut was completed , only then did they apply music . Post-production had fifty - four hours of raw footage to work with . The only usable sounds from production recordings were voices -- everything else was recreated . Sound designer Richard King sent two sound mixers to audio record the Spitfires at the Imperial War Museum Duxford using twenty - four microphones . Unable to find an actual dive siren of a Stuka dive bomber , King reverse engineered one from old photographs in an attempt to replicate the sound . For scenes in which ships gave out sounds of people in distress , voices were captured using an ADR `` loop group '' . C - 4 and liquid propane were blown up to record sound for the explosions . Also featured were the whistles attributed to German bombs during the Second World War . Bomb noises were made to increase in pitch the closer they got to impact , to stay true to reality . Double Negative undertook the visual effects work while FotoKem , which assisted as the production 's film laboratory , also handled the release prints . Music ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Dunkirk : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Hans Zimmer Released 21 July 2017 Genre Film score Length 59 : 46 Label WaterTower Music <Th_colspan="2"> Hans Zimmer chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Dunkirk : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) Hans Zimmer began working on the score in 2016 , continued for eleven months , and eventually created a 100 - minute demo . For intensity , the script was written to accommodate the auditory illusion of a Shepard tone , which had previously been explored in Nolan 's 2006 film The Prestige . This was coupled with the sound of Nolan 's own pocket watch , which he recorded and sent to Zimmer to be synthesised . Additional music was provided by Lorne Balfe , Andrew Kawczynski , Steve Mazzaro , and Benjamin Wallfisch . `` Nimrod '' from Edward Elgar 's Enigma Variations is part of the theme , which was slowed down to six beats per minute with added bass notes to avoid it sounding sentimental . Instrumentation included a double bass and fourteen cellos played in high register . King relayed to Zimmer the sound of a boat engine , which served as a reference for the tempo . Zimmer visited the Dunkirk set for inspiration and chose not to view raw footage of the film whilst composing the score . The music was recorded at AIR Lyndhurst Hall in London with Geoff Foster as mix engineer . <Th_colspan="4"> Dunkirk : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Mole '' Hans Zimmer 5 : 36 2 . `` We Need Our Army Back '' Zimmer 6 : 28 3 . `` Shivering Soldier '' Zimmer 2 : 52 4 . `` Supermarine '' Zimmer 8 : 03 5 . `` The Tide '' Zimmer 3 : 49 6 . `` Regimental Brothers '' Zimmer Lorne Balfe 5 : 04 7 . `` Impulse '' Zimmer 2 : 37 8 . `` Home '' Zimmer Benjamin Wallfisch 6 : 02 9 . `` The Oil '' Zimmer 6 : 11 10 . `` Variation 15 ( Dunkirk ) '' Wallfisch Sir Edward Elgar 5 : 52 11 . `` End Titles '' Wallfisch Elgar Balfe Zimmer 7 : 13 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 59 : 46 Release ( edit ) The world premiere was on 13 July 2017 at Odeon Leicester Square in London . The film was theatrically released on 21 July , projected on IMAX , 70 mm and 35 mm film . It is the fourth Nolan film to be released in the third week of July , a period in which Warner Bros. Pictures has previously achieved success . It was Nolan 's preference that the film opened in July instead of the northern - hemisphere autumn awards season . The film was initially screened in 125 theatres in 70 mm , and was the widest release in that format in twenty - five years . Dunkirk received a special IMAX screening at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival , the first Nolan film to appear at the festival since Following , nineteen years earlier . After its original release of 126 days , the film was re-released in fifty IMAX and 70 mm theatres on 1 December , expanding to 250 additional cities in January 2018 . Dunkirk was released digitally on 12 December 2017 , and on 4K Ultra HD , Blu - ray , and DVD on 18 December in the United Kingdom and 19 December in the United States . Marketing ( edit ) The announcement teaser debuted in cinemas ahead of Suicide Squad and was released online on 4 August 2016 . According to data analytics firm ListenFirst Media , it generated the most Twitter engagement of any trailer released that week . The first full - length trailer was released on 14 December 2016 , alongside a five - minute cinema - exclusive prologue shown before selected IMAX screenings of Rogue One : A Star Wars Story . Dunkirk was the most discussed film that week according to media measurement firm comScore . The prologue returned for a week before selected IMAX showings of Kong : Skull Island . Footage from the film was well received at CinemaCon 2017 . Warner Bros. aired a TV spot to coincide with the 2017 US national basketball playoffs . The official trailer was released on 5 May 2017 , after a countdown on the film 's website and four fifteen - second teasers leading up to it . Dunkirk was again the most discussed film that week according to ComScore . The video game developer Wargaming included in its titles World of Tanks , World of Warships and World of Warplanes missions and rewards related to the film . On 6 July , Warner Bros. released another trailer , which for the third time was the most discussed film of the week . The prologue was shown at selected Wonder Woman IMAX screenings in July . It also toured nine cities in three European countries with a mobile cinema . Sue Kroll , president of Warner Bros. Worldwide Marketing and Distribution , said that it was important that Dunkirk be marketed as a summer event movie as opposed to a period war film , to highlight its `` magnificent scale and originality '' . This strategy was maintained throughout the campaign . To convince audiences that the film was best experienced in theatres , the prologue was never made available online . TV spots were distributed sporadically during sports games and notable television series to establish the film 's themes . Social media infographics described the scale and importance of the Dunkirk evacuation . Additionally , a Google 360 Experience interactive adventure , an Amazon Alexa programme , and a 360 - degree short film , were created . In partnership with fast food restaurant Carl 's Jr. , the film was branded on four million cups , as well as pop - ups at nearly 3,000 locations . Research saw the film appeal to twenty percent of infrequent moviegoers . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of 23 December 2017 , Dunkirk has grossed $188.4 million in the United States and Canada , and $337.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $525.6 million , against a production budget of $100 million . Globally , it is the highest - grossing World War II film ( not adjusting for inflation ) , surpassing Saving Private Ryan 's $481.8 million . In the United States and Canada , industry tracking for the opening weekend ranged from Variety 's $30 -- 40 million to Deadline.com 's $35 million , while BoxOffice speculated an opening weekend of $55 million , and IndieWire $50 million and $500 million worldwide . Dunkirk made $19.8 million on its first day , including $5.5 million from preview screenings . It went on to finish first at the box office with $50.1 million , marking the third - largest opening for a World War II film ( behind Captain America : The First Avenger 's $62.1 million and Pearl Harbor 's $59.1 million ) , as well as the fourth largest of Nolan 's career . In its second weekend , it grossed $26.6 million ( a drop of 44.3 % ) , beating newcomer The Emoji Movie to the top spot . The film grossed $17.1 million in its third weekend , second to newcomer The Dark Tower ( $19.2 million ) , and was again second in its fourth week , behind Annabelle : Creation with $10.9 million . The film opened in France on 19 July 2017 , and made $2.2 million on its first day . It was released in seven markets the following day , earning an additional $6.3 million , and on 21 July in forty - six more countries , grossing $12.7 million from over ten thousand theatres , including $3.7 million from the United Kingdom . The international debut totalled $55.4 million , including $4.9 million in France , $12.4 million in the UK and $10.3 million in Korea . The film remained number one in the United Kingdom for five weeks . It opened in China on 1 September in the top spot , grossing $30 million from its weekend debut . Its opening weekend in Japan earned $2.9 million from 444 screens . Critical response ( edit ) Dunkirk received praise for its screenplay , direction , musical score , and cinematography . Some critics called it Nolan 's best film to date and one of the greatest war films ever made . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , it holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 369 reviews , with an average of 8.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Dunkirk serves up emotionally satisfying spectacle , delivered by a writer - director in full command of his craft and brought to life by a gifted ensemble cast that honors the fact - based story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 94 / 100 based on 52 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . According to MRQE , it has an average rating of 85 / 100 , based on 127 critics . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film five out of five and called it Nolan 's best to date , saying that he `` surrounds his audience with chaos and horror from the outset , and amazing images and dazzlingly accomplished set pieces on a huge 70mm screen , particularly the pontoon crammed with soldiers extending into the churning sea , exposed to enemy aircraft '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter also lauded the film , calling it `` an impressionist masterpiece '' that was `` deeply moving '' but without `` manufactured sentimentality or false heroics . '' He also praised the score , which `` enormously strengthens the film '' and `` incorporates both sound and music to extraordinary effect '' . Peter Debruge of Variety praised the plot ( although calling Zimmer 's score `` bombastic '' ) , writing : `` ( Nolan has ) delivered all the spectacle of a big - screen tentpole , ratcheting up both the tension and heroism through his intricate and occasionally overwhelming sound design . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times described the film as a `` tour de force of cinematic craft and technique '' and lauded Nolan 's elastic approach to narrative . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it a `` triumph '' and `` masterpiece '' , commending Nolan 's unique approach to directing a war film and praising the performances . The Economist labelled Dunkirk `` a remarkable film '' and a new classic . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said it was one of the best war movies of the decade , describing it as `` tight , gripping , deeply involving and unforgettable ... triumph in filmmaking '' . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an `` A '' , calling it the best of 2017 : `` By the end of Dunkirk , what stands out the most is n't its inspirational message or everyday heroism . It 's the small indelible , unshakeable images that accumulate like the details in the corner of a mural . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film five out of five , lauding it as `` a work of heart - hammering intensity and grandeur '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded it his first four - star rating of 2017 as `` maybe the greatest war film ever '' , adding : `` There 's little doubt that ( Nolan ) has , without sentimentality or sanctimony , raised ( the survival film ) genre to the level of art ... with the resonant force of an enduring screen classic . '' He also called it the first major Oscar contender of the year . Michael Medved awarded it four out of four and called Hardy 's performance `` outstanding '' , and the action `` seamless '' , declaring : `` This is not only the best WWII movie since Saving Private Ryan , it is very simply one of the greatest war movies ever made . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave it a score of three and a half out of four , despite not liking the film , stating that he `` loathed parts of it and found other parts repetitious or half - baked . But , maybe paradoxically , I admired it throughout , and have been thinking about it constantly . '' Jacques Mandelbaum of Le Monde praised the film 's realism , but was disappointed that it ignores the part played by French troops . Kevin Maher in The Times gave it two out of five , saying : `` ( Dunkirk ) is 106 clamorous minutes of big - screen bombast that 's so concerned with its own spectacle and scale that it neglects to deliver the most crucial element -- drama . '' He also suggested that Dunkirk felt like a Call of Duty video game . David Cox of The Guardian felt the film had historical inaccuracies , a paucity of female characters , small scale , a thinly characterised cast and lack of suspense . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Dunkirk The film received many nominations , including eight at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Acting Ensemble , Best Cinematography , Best Editing , Best Visual Effects , Best Score , and Best Production Design , and three at the 75th Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director , and Best Original Score . Historical accuracy ( edit ) The film was noted for its generally realistic representation of the historical evacuation . It accurately depicts a few Royal Air Force planes dogfighting the Luftwaffe over the sea , limited to one hour of operation by their fuel capacity . In 1940 , destroyers and fighter planes were indeed held back from battle , as the Royal Navy and Air Force would have been the sole defenders against invasion . Also noted were the accurate depictions of how a small boat attempted to evade aerial attack , and of how soldiers returning to England saw a civilian population largely unaware of or unaffected by the war . British officers did initially refuse to evacuate French soldiers , although Churchill later insisted that the French be evacuated alongside the British . The overall realism of the film was acknowledged by surviving Dunkirk veterans , although Branagh said that some thought it `` was louder than the battle '' . Hispano Buchon masquerading as a Bf 109E , wearing a temporary paint scheme for the film . However , although some events are based on true history , the characters and the storyline are fictional ; Branagh 's role is a composite character . When the beach scenes were shot , the weather was worse than during the real evacuation ; Nolan explained that this helped to understand the danger faced by the pleasure boats . In one scene , an officer gives a salute without wearing his military beret , which a veteran pointed out as inaccurate protocol . The German planes had noses painted yellow in the film ; this was not actually done until a month after Dunkirk . The involvement of French , African , and Indian soldiers was either limited or left out . Modern shots were used for the aerial photographs , whereas in reality the town was substantially in ruins by the time of the evacuation . The design of the leaflets dropped from the air demanding the British surrender was artistic and not one used in 1940 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional production by Warner Bros. Pictures , RatPac - Dune Entertainment , Canal+ , Ciné + , and Studiocanal . Jump up ^ The construction came at a cost of $900,000 . Jump up ^ Barry Keoghan and Cillian Murphy , however , are Irish . Jump up ^ Dunkirk was approved under the French international tax rebate scheme . Jump up ^ The film received $1.2 million through the Netherlands ' rebate incentive programme . Jump up ^ In the course of shooting , Dunkirk operated under the working title `` Bodega Bay '' , a place in Northern California suggested by production designer Nathan Crowley . See also ( edit ) Dunkirk ( 1958 film ) Mrs. Miniver Their Finest References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debruge , Peter ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on 13 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WORLDWIDE RELEASE DATES '' . DunkirkMovie.com . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DUNKIRK ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Films Directory '' . British Council . Archived from the original on 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dunkirk ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( 27 December 2016 ) . `` Meet the young star of Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Glynn - Carney '' . Independent Talent Group . Archived from the original on 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jolin , Dan . `` Blood and Sand '' . Empire . No. 338 . pp. 88 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Maytum , Matt ; Crowther , Jane ( Summer 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' '' . Total Film . No. 260 . pp. 56 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Angela ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk , with Harry Styles and Kenneth Branagh , film exhibition at Dover Castle '' . Kent Online . Archived from the original on 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nolan 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aneurin Barnard '' . The Artists Partnership . Archived from the original on 3 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Houghton , Jack ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` Cillian Murphy and Kenneth Branagh reveal the horror of World War II epic Dunkirk '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Christopher ( Director ) ( 21 July 2017 ) . Dunkirk ( Motion picture ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Mottram 2017 , p. 11 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' : How historically accurate is Christopher Nolan 's WWII battle film ? '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Umberto ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' Will Have ' Little Dialogue ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mottram 2017 , p. 59 -- 135 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Cara ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's Latest Time - Bending Feat ? ' Dunkirk ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kizu , Kyle ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan Wanted to Shoot ' Dunkirk ' Without a Script '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 5 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coyle , Jake ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` Tick - Tock : Christopher Nolan on the rhythm of ' Dunkirk ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 15 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Merry , Stephanie ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' director Christopher Nolan excels at building suspense . Here 's how he does it '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Is Christopher Nolan 's Shortest Film Since His Directorial Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koehler , Robert . `` WWII on a Grand Scale '' . Directors Guild of America . Archived from the original on 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk : Christopher Nolan reveals war film is told through three perspectives , has ' little dialogue ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` What Dunkirk owes to Mad Max : Fury Road '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` How Christopher Nolan crafted his WWII masterpiece , Dunkirk '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitty , Stephen ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` Chris Nolan on ' Dunkirk ' , and leaving the ' Dark Knight ' behind '' . NJ.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Levine 2017 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` New Dunkirk film wo n't feature Churchill so it does n't get ' bogged down ' with politics '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Nolan curates BFI Southbank season of influences on new film Dunkirk '' . British Film Institute . 24 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Onwuemezi , Natasha ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` HC lands book rights to Dunkirk film starring Tom Hardy '' . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nolan , Christopher ( 8 July 2017 ) . `` Spitfires , flotillas of boats , rough seas and 1,000 extras : Christopher Nolan on the making of Dunkirk , his most challenging film to date '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , David ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Director Christopher Nolan : ' We Really Try To Put You On That Beach ' '' . NPR . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Production Designer Nathan Crowley On `` Rawness , Simplicity & Brutalism '' Of World War II Epic `` . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( 6 February 2016 ) . `` ' Interstellar ' Cinematographer Hoyte van Hoytema Reuniting with Christopher Nolan for ' Dunkirk ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Salaries 2016 : Who Got Raises ( and Who Did n't ) , From Movie Stars to Showrunners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` The Secrets of Hollywood 's Highest - Paid Directors '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Andy ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` Making of ' Dunkirk ' : Christopher Nolan 's Obsessive $100 M Re-creation of the Pivotal WWII Battle '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dane , Patrick ( 27 December 2016 ) . `` Christopher Nolan Talks About Newcomer Fionn Whitehead In New Dunkirk Photo '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan reveals what makes the war story ' Dunkirk ' a great suspense thriller '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : ' They 're always looking out for you ' -- Dunkirk 's Barry Keoghan on working with Irish actors in Hollywood '' . Irish Independent . 20 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Christopher Nolan to Direct Action Thriller ' Dunkirk ' for Warner Bros. ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` Christopher Nolan to Direct WWII Film ' Dunkirk ' With Tom Hardy , Kenneth Branagh '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` Christopher Nolan Eyes Newcomer Fionn Whitehead for Lead in WWII Movie ' Dunkirk ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( 11 March 2016 ) . `` Jack Lowden & Aneurin Barnard In Talks For Major Roles In Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's Dunkirk casts Harry Styles of all people '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( 6 April 2016 ) . `` Peaky Blinders actor Cillian Murphy to reunite with Christopher Nolan for WW2 drama Dunkirk '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' Begins Filming in France '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Synopsis and Set Photos Arrive as Christopher Nolan Begins Production '' . / Film . Archived from the original on 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` How Fionn Whitehead went from washing dishes to starring in Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkirk Interview Special '' . Film4. 21 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The strange reason behind why Harry Styles was cast in Dunkirk '' . The New Zealand Herald . 16 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Rhian ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' director Christopher Nolan says he ' was n't aware ' how famous Harry Styles was before casting him '' . NME . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` Mark Rylance musters spirit of epic ' Dunkirk ' rescue '' . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's Dunkirk : first set photos reveal director 's vision of wartime France '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dale , Martin ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` 4th Paris Images Trade Show Announces Threefold Increase in Foreign Production Spend in France in 2016 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bal , Jan - Hein ; Wolthuis , Johan C.M. ( 2 September 2016 ) . `` 65mm Filming for `` Dunkirk '' on Location in the Netherlands ! `` . in70mm.com . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Urk to host massive Dunkirk film crew as IJsselmeer takes centre stage '' . DutchNews.nl. 16 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Macnab , Geoffrey ( 23 September 2016 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' boosts Netherlands rebate scheme '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Look who 's filming in Swanage this month ... '' Bournemouth Daily Echo. 1 July 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Washicko , Cynthia ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Explosions , gunfire coming to Point Vicente for Christopher Nolan war film ' Dunkirk ' '' . Daily Breeze . Archived from the original on 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ewart , Alan ( 1 July 2016 ) . `` One Direction : Harry Styles Breaks The Internet But There 's No Need To Panic '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sykes , Hugh ( 8 August 2017 ) . `` What do people in Dunkirk make of the film Dunkirk ? '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 8 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sexton , David ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk : everything you need to know about the cinematic event of 2017 '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Chris ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk : How Christopher Nolan 's film found real war ships for epic battle scenes '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Richford , Rhonda ( 3 February 2017 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed , ' ' Jackie ' Help Boost Foreign Production in France as Incentives Trump Security Concerns '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Colburn , Randall ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan walks you through the most terrifying scene in Dunkirk '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Christopher Nolan Will Reportedly Crash a Vintage WWII Plane For ' Dunkirk ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Halls , Eleanor ( 7 June 2016 ) . `` Dunkirk : everything you need to know about Harry Styles ' new film '' . GQ . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Weijers , Marco ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` Deel ' Dunkirk ' - vloot Nederlands '' . De Telegraaf ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lowestoft boat stars in Dunkirk Hollywood blockbuster '' . ITV. 13 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory Allnutt , Richard ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` Dunkirk -- Filming the Aerial Scenes for the Epic Movie '' . Warbirds News . Archived from the original on 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry , Aoife ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Why the epic Dunkirk was the hardest film Christopher Nolan has made '' . TheJournal.ie . Archived from the original on 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Klimek , Chris ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Dogfighting Over `` Dunkirk '' `` . Air & Space / Smithsonian . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Angela ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Director Christopher Nolan tells what inspired ' Dunkirk ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Matt ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` Tom Hardy talks Dunkirk , rom - coms & says more Mad Max is `` in the books '' `` . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 2 January 2018 ) . `` How DP Hoyte Van Hoytema Captured Christopher Nolan 's Miracle Of ' Dunkirk ' -- Crew Call Podcast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` 15 Essential Movies Shot On 70mm Film , From ' 2001 : A Space Odyssey ' to ' Dunkirk ' '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Christopher Nolan on Why ' Dunkirk ' Is Like Nothing You 've Ever Seen Before '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` How Christopher Nolan 's Dunkirk is changing the way movies use IMAX cameras '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Guerrasio , Jason ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan explains the biggest challenges in making his latest movie ' Dunkirk ' into an ' intimate epic ' '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` The Man Behind Dunkirk 's Tidy Run Time '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Editor Lee Smith On Crafting Larger - Than - Life Experiences For The Eyes & Ears '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 8 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Tim ( 15 December 2017 ) . `` How Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' Team Captured the Sounds of Battle '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( 5 July 2017 ) . `` Warner Bros. Prepping ' Dunkirk ' for One of the Largest 70mm Releases of Last 25 Years '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WaterTower Music to Release Soundtrack for Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' '' . Film Music Reporter. 17 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` Hans Zimmer Scoring ' Dunkirk ' : Composer Will Bring the `` Braaaahhhm ! '' to Christopher Nolan 's WWII Film `` . / Film . Archived from the original on 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Licuria , Rob ( 27 December 2017 ) . `` Composer Hans Zimmer : ' Dunkirk ' was the hardest thing we ever did ' ( EXCLUSIVE VIDEO INTERVIEW ) '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Styles can act ! ' -- First reactions in for Christopher Nolan 's war epic Dunkirk '' . The Daily Telegraph . 11 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Soundtrack : Stream Hans Zimmer 's Most Intense Christopher Nolan Score Yet -- Listen '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryzik , Melena ( 26 July 2017 ) . `` Ticking Watch . Boat Engine . Slowness . The Secrets of the ' Dunkirk ' Score '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's Wartime Epic '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' is a towering achievement , made with craft , sinew , and honesty '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Clients / Film '' . Associated Independent Recording . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dunkirk ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) on iTunes '' . Apple Music . 21 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan Unveils His ' Dunkirk ' Experience In London '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkirk Premiere '' . Heart of London Business Alliance . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( 8 September 2015 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's Next Film Lands 2017 Release Date From Warner Bros '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . 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Consumer Protection BC . 8 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` Seven Minutes of Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' Will Screen Before ' Rogue One ' in 70mm IMAX '' . / Film . Archived from the original on 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' Soars on Social Media With First Trailer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk Prologue Playing With Kong : Skull Island IMAX Screenings '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` CinemaCon : Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' Stuns Theater Owners With Epic War Drama '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan Probably Hates This ' Dunkirk ' NBA TV Spot '' . / Film . 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Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' Tops Social Media Buzz With New Trailer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Newton , Andrew ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` Wargaming and Warner Bros. partner '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 10 July 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' Obliterates Competition on Social Media '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkirk 's seven - minute trailer confuses cinemagoers who thought they were watching Wonder Woman '' . The Daily Telegraph . 13 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Can ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Conquer The Summertime Franchise Blues ? -- Advance B.O. Forecast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barco projector used for Dunkirk sneak screenings '' . Barco . 18 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` How Warner Bros Beat The Period - Film Curse At The B.O. & Positioned ' Dunkirk ' As A Summer Tentpole '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` Women Powered Summer Box Office Successes , New Data Shows '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Brace , Samuel ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk becomes the highest grossing WWII film of all time '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( 16 September 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk Becomes Highest Grossing WWII Film at Global Box Office '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( 5 July 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's ' Dunkirk ' Eyes $40 Million in Early Box Office Tracking '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : ' It ' Promises September Scares , Will ' Home Again ' Counter-Program ? ; ' Dunkirk ' Buzz Building '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Tom ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Box Office Tracking Is Low , and Here 's Why It 's Wrong '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 30 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Marches Ahead Of ' Emoji Movie ' For Top Spot With $28 M + '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` ' The Dark Tower ' Is Tall Enough For No. 1 With $19.5 M During Sluggish Summer Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 13 August 2017 ) . `` ' Annabelle : Creation ' Comes Alive On Thursday With $4 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 22 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Logs Strong 3 - Day Cume Of $21.2 M After Key Market Rollout -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Takes Box Office By Storm With $55.4 M No. 1 Spot For $105 M+ Global Opening ; ' Valerian ' $23.5 M Start -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 27 August 2017 ) . `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Gets September China Release After Summer Blackout ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 4 August 2017 . 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Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Dunkirk ' Is a Tour de Force War Movie , Both Sweeping and Intimate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ LeSalle , Mick ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Not a victory , but a triumph in ' Dunkirk ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ N.B. ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Cerebral and tense , `` Dunkirk '' is a remarkable film `` . The Economist . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Christopher Nolan 's deeply moving ' Dunkirk ' a triumph in filmmaking '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk is easily the best movie of the year so far : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk review : heart - hammering and heroically British , this is Christopher Nolan at the peak of his powers '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Review : Christopher Nolan 's WWII Epic May Be the Greatest War Film Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael . `` Dunkirk - Movie Review - The Michael Medved Show '' . The Michael Medved Show . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mandelbaum , Jacques ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` `` Dunkerque '' : un déluge de bombes hors sol `` . Le Monde ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kevin ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Cacophony of war sinks star - studded blockbuster '' . The Times ( 72278 ) . p. 23 . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . Jump up ^ Cox , David ( 26 July 2017 ) . `` Bloodless , boring and empty : Christopher Nolan 's Dunkirk left me cold '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Peter ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 7 January 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Broich , John ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` What 's Fact and What 's Fiction in Dunkirk '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Sebag - Montefiore , Hugh ( 29 July 2017 ) . `` Hugh Sebag - Montefiore : Dunkirk -- inaccurate film has touches that reflect the truth '' . The Yorkshire Post . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Mosbergen , Dominique ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Dunkirk Veteran Weeps At Film Premiere : ' It Was Just Like I Was There Again ' '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' : How historically accurate is Christopher Nolan 's WWII battle film ? '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Savignac , Baptiste ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Dunkerque , cinq anecdotes du tournage racontées par Christopher Nolan '' . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Barry , Aoife ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Why the epic Dunkirk was the hardest film Christopher Nolan has made '' . TheJournal.ie . Archived from the original on 17 July 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Levine , Joshua ( 27 June 2017 ) . Dunkirk : The History Behind the Major Motion Picture . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0062740304 . Mottram , James ( 18 July 2017 ) . The Making of Dunkirk . Insight Editions . ISBN 978 - 1683831075 . Nolan , Christopher ( 8 August 2017 ) . Dunkirk . Faber & Faber . ISBN 978 - 0571336258 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dunkirk on Twitter Dunkirk on IMDb Dunkirk at AllMovie Dunkirk at Box Office Mojo Dunkirk at Metacritic Dunkirk at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Christopher Nolan Feature films Following ( 1998 ) Memento ( 2000 ) Insomnia ( 2002 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) The Prestige ( 2006 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inception ( 2010 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Dunkirk ( 2017 ) Short films Doodlebug ( 1997 ) Quay ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunkirk_(2017_film)&oldid=819408346 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s drama films 2010s historical films 2010s war films American epic films American films American historical films American war drama films British epic films British films British historical films British war drama films Dunkirk evacuation films Dutch drama films Dutch films Dutch historical films Dutch war films Films about air forces Films directed by Christopher Nolan Films produced by Christopher Nolan Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films set in France Films set in 1940 Films shot in France Films shot in the Netherlands Films shot in the United Kingdom Films shot in the United States French drama films French epic films French films French historical films French war films IMAX films Nonlinear narrative films Royal Navy in World War II films Screenplays by Christopher Nolan War epic films Warner Bros. films World War II films based on actual events Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Use British English from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Twitter username same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 05 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Dunkirk evacuation
2. Christopher Nolan
3. World War II film
4. Ensemble cast
5. Cinematography and music |
3,445,390,636,884,149,000 | where is the love statue located in philly | Love Park - wikipedia Love Park Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Love Park John F. Kennedy Plaza <Td_colspan="2"> LOVE Park with the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the distant background Type Urban park Location Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Coordinates 39 ° 57 ′ 15 '' N 75 ° 09 ′ 57 '' W / 39.9542 ° N 75.1657 ° W / 39.9542 ; - 75.1657 Coordinates : 39 ° 57 ′ 15 '' N 75 ° 09 ′ 57 '' W / 39.9542 ° N 75.1657 ° W / 39.9542 ; - 75.1657 Area 0.5 acres ( 0.20 ha ) Created 1965 Operated by City Parks & Recreation Status Currently closed for renovations Love Park , officially known as John F. Kennedy Plaza , is a plaza located in Center City , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The park is nicknamed Love Park for its reproduction of Robert Indiana 's Love sculpture which overlooks the plaza . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Fairmount Park Welcome Center 3 The Christmas Village in Philadelphia 4 Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial Fountain 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Love Park is the brainchild of former Philadelphia City Planner Edmund Bacon and architect Vincent G. Kling . The park is across from City Hall and was designed as a terminus for the Benjamin Franklin Parkway . The park was built in 1965 and covers an underground parking garage . The main features of the plaza are curved granite steps and a single spout fountain added in 1969 . What was once the city visitor center ( built in 1960 , before LOVE Park ) was closed down for five years , but opened up in May 2006 as The Fairmount Park Welcome Center . The park was dedicated in 1967 as John F. Kennedy Plaza after President John F. Kennedy . The park is dedicated to the late United States president John F. Kennedy . A plaque at the park describes the dedication . A `` Love '' sculpture , designed by Robert Indiana , was first placed in the plaza in 1976 as part of the United States ' Bicentennial celebration . It was removed in 1978 , but the sculpture was missed , and the chairman of Philadelphia Art Commission , Fitz Eugene Dixon Jr. , bought the sculpture and permanently placed it in the plaza , in 1978 . While Love Park was undergoing renovation in 2016 and closed to the public the sculpture was housed in City Hall . The refurbished LOVE sculpture was returned on 13 February , 2018 . Fairmount Park Welcome Center ( edit ) Built at the base of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in 1961 by the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce , the building actually predated the surrounding Love Park by five years . Informally known as the `` flying saucer '' , it was designed by architect Roy Larson of Harbeson , Hough , Livingston & Larson as a futuristic celebration of postwar Philadelphia optimism , attracting visitors to the heart of Penn Center , one of America 's most ambitious experiments in urban renewal . The building survives today as one of the best and most intact examples of flamboyant midcentury modern architecture in Center City Philadelphia and has been determined eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places . It is currently closed while being renovated with the rest of the plaza . The Christmas village in Philadelphia ( edit ) Main article : The Christmas Village in Philadelphia The Christmas Village in Philadelphia was formerly held at Dilworth Plaza , on the west flank of City Hall . During the construction on that site of Dilworth Park , the Christmas Village was temporarily relocated to LOVE Park . It is modeled after 16th - century German Christmas Markets , the most famous one being in Nuremberg . Running from Thanksgiving to New Year 's Eve , the village attracts thousands in Center City and is one of the most popular holiday events in Philadelphia . Currently , while Love Park is being renovated , the village has moved temporarily back to Dilworth Park for the holidays . Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial Fountain ( edit ) The LOVE Park fountain in October 2009 The Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial Fountain is often dyed colors throughout the year to commemorate or celebrate events . Regular colors have included : Pink - kickoff for breast cancer awareness month ( annually in October ) Blue - commemoration of police officer fatalities Green - in honor of the Philadelphia Phillies winning the World Series , Phanatic Green ( October 29 , 2008 ) Also to support the Philadelphia Eagles in 2011 . Red - marketing event for Showtime 's Dexter television series Purple - Lupus Awareness See also ( edit ) List of parks in Philadelphia References ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Jump up ^ http://www.phlvisitorcenter.com/attraction/fairmount-park-welcome-center Jump up ^ I Magazine , 14 February 2018 , page 3 , ' Love ' returns for Valentines Day Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Public Art : Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial Fountain '' . www.philart.net . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.uwishunu.com/2011/09/photo-of-the-day-love-park-and-philly-go-green-for-the-eagles/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/05/24/famous-philadelphia-fountain-goes-purple-for-lupus-awareness/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to LOVE Park . LOVE Park from ushistory.org in Philadelphia Video documentary about the rise and fall of skateboarding in LOVE Park Love Park videos and photos from SkateSpotter <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Parks of Philadelphia <Td_colspan="2"> Burholme Park Clark Park Dilworth Park Eakins Oval Fairmount Park Fitler Square Fox Chase Farm Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park Franklin Square Girard Fountain Park Hunting Park Independence National Historical Park Innovation Plaza Logan Circle LOVE Park Malcolm X Park Pastorius Park Penn Treaty Park Pennypack Park Pretzel Park Rittenhouse Square Stephen Girard Park Thomas Paine Plaza Washington Square Wissahickon Valley Park Weccacoe Playground <Td_colspan="2"> List of parks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LOVE_Park&oldid=829194966 '' Categories : Municipal parks in Philadelphia Skateboarding spots Center City , Philadelphia Love Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 05 : 20 . About Wikipedia | 1. Love Park - John F. Kennedy Plaza
2. Urban park in Philadelphia
3. Reproduction of Robert Indiana's Love sculpture
4. History and design of Love Park
5. Fairmount Park Welcome Center and Christmas Village in Philadelphia |
7,988,697,316,650,825,000 | who dies in season 2 of walking dead | The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the second season of the television series . For the second season of The Walking Dead video game series , see The Walking Dead : Season Two . <Th_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Andrew Lincoln Jon Bernthal Sarah Wayne Callies Laurie Holden Jeffrey DeMunn Steven Yeun Chandler Riggs Norman Reedus Melissa McBride Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network AMC Original release October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) -- March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 <Td_colspan="2"> List of The Walking Dead episodes The second season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 16 , 2011 , and concluded on March 18 , 2012 , consisting of 13 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . It was executive produced by Darabont , Kirkman , Glen Mazzara , David Alpert , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Mazzara assuming the role of showrunner after Darabont 's departure from the series . The season was well received by critics . It won Best Television Presentation at the 38th Saturn Awards and Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special at the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . The season finale was viewed by 9 million viewers , making it the highest - rated episode of the series up to that point and the most viewed episode of an original series on AMC in history , up until the premiere of the series ' third season , which was watched by 10.9 million viewers . This season adapts material from issues # 7 -- 12 of the comic book series and introduces notable comic characters Hershel Greene ( Scott Wilson ) and his daughter , Maggie ( Lauren Cohan ) . Mainly set at the Greene Family Farm , after the escape and destruction of the CDC , the season continues the story of Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) and his group of survivors as they continue to survive in a post-apocalyptic world overrun by flesh - eating zombies , dubbed `` walkers '' . After leaving Atlanta , Rick and the group are stopped on the highway by a threat unlike anything they have seen before . While searching for someone who has gone missing , the group eventually discovers an isolated farm , where tensions arise among members of the main group , and the mysterious and ignorant inhabitants of the farm , whose secrets and motives are unclear . In the midst of events , Rick and the others try to restore order after a terrible discovery as differences begin to openly erupt between Rick and Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Production 2.1 Webisodes 2.2 Talking Dead 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 Home media releases 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the second season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Sophia , Carol , Lori , Carl , T - Dog , Glenn , Andrea , Dale , Daryl , and Shane Main cast ( edit ) The second season features eight actors receiving opening credits billing , all returning from the first season ; seven are listed as main cast members in the first season , while Norman Reedus and Melissa McBride were promoted from recurring status . While McBride is credited as `` Also starring '' , she is a series regular . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist and a former sheriff 's deputy from King County , Georgia , who is the husband of Lori and the father of Carl . Rick has taken leadership from Shane after his actions almost killed them in the previous season . Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh , Rick 's close friend , and former fellow sheriff 's deputy . He had a love affair with Lori in the previous season , believing that Rick was dead , which has steamed into jealousy towards Rick , and is also the primary antagonist of the season . Sarah Wayne Callies as Lori Grimes , Rick 's emotionally fragile wife and mother of Carl . She had a love affair with Shane in the previous season , which has put her and Shane at odds . Laurie Holden as Andrea , a former civil rights attorney , who has formed a close bond with Dale . She deals with suicidal tendencies after the loss of her sister by trying to contribute more to the group 's safety by becoming a sharp shooter . Jeffrey DeMunn as Dale Horvath , an older member of the group , who owns the RV with which the group travels . He is often the voice of reason ; he forms a protectiveness over Andrea and becomes a mentor to the group , especially to Rick and Glenn . He is also a good friend of T - Dog . Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee , a former pizza delivery boy , who saved Rick 's life in previous season . He is an integral member of the group and does many supply runs for them . He cares very much for the core group of survivors . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick and Lori 's young son , whose innocence has slowly declined due to the brutality of the world around him , even wanting to use a gun . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , an antihero - like Southern redneck , the group 's hunter , and expert tracker . He is less friendly with the group and maintains a careless facade , but is reasonable enough to fight with them when needed and is the most active in the group for the search for Sophia . Also starring ( edit ) Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a former victim of domestic abuse , who has found new strength after the death of her abusive husband Ed . Supporting cast ( edit ) IronE Singleton as Theodore `` T - Dog '' Douglas , a member of the group and a man of honor , duty and well - intentions , who feels under - appreciated and tries to contribute as much as possible . He also has a strong friendship with Dale . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene , Hershel 's elder tomboyish daughter , who is strong - willed and determined , yet slightly stubborn . Maggie is , like her father , ignorant of what the walkers are . Emily Kinney as Beth Greene , Hershel 's younger daughter and Maggie 's half - sister . She is shy , soft - spoken and compassionate , but lacks the strong - will of her sister . Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene , a veterinarian and religious farmer , who is blinded by his own refusal to accept the world 's new state , believing that the walkers are just sick . Jane McNeill as Patricia , Otis ' quiet wife and Hershel 's medical aid . James Allen McCune as Jimmy , Beth 's protective and helpful boyfriend . Madison Lintz as Sophia Peletier , Carol 's daughter and Carl 's best friend . Michael Zegen as Randall Culver , a teenager , whom Rick , Glenn and Hershel encounter as part of another group . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Otis , Hershel 's ranch hand and Patricia 's husband . Adam Minarovich as Ed Peletier , Carol 's deceased abusive husband ; seen in a flashback sequence . Michael Raymond - James as Dave , a member of Randall 's group , who runs into Rick , Hershel , and Glenn . Michael Rooker as Merle Dixon , Daryl 's violent and unreasonable older brother , who disappeared in the first season ; seen in a hallucination . Production ( edit ) The cast and crew of The Walking Dead at PaleyFest in 2011 ( left to right ) : executive producer Gale Anne Hurd , Andrew Lincoln ( Rick Grimes ) , Sarah Wayne Callies ( Lori Grimes ) , Jon Bernthal ( Shane Walsh ) , Laurie Holden ( Andrea ) , Steven Yeun ( Glenn Rhee ) , and Emma Bell ( Amy ) After the first season aired , Deadline Hollywood reported that Frank Darabont had let the entire writing staff go and planned to use only freelance writers for the second season . This turned out to be not entirely accurate , and Robert Kirkman was quoted as saying the changes to the writing staff would not affect the production of the show . In February 2011 , it was announced that Glen Mazzara , who had written the first - season episode `` Wildfire '' , had been hired again as a writer / executive producer for the second season and will put together a staff of five more writers . At C2E2 members of the cast confirmed that the second season would begin shooting on June 1 , 2011 , and that Frank Darabont would write the season premiere episode . At the same event , cast members speculated that acclaimed author and long - time Darabont collaborator Stephen King may write an episode . Kirkman later confirmed that along with himself , Darabont and Mazzara the writing staff will consist of Scott M. Gimple , Evan Reilly , Angela Kang and one freelance writer , David Leslie Johnson . Four actors have joined the cast as new characters for season 2 -- Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene , Lauren Cohan as his daughter Maggie , Pruitt Taylor Vince as Hershel 's ranch hand , Otis , and Michael Zegen as Randall . A preview of season 2 was shown during the fourth - season premiere of Breaking Bad on July 17 , 2011 and a full length trailer was released to promote season 2 at the San Diego Comic - Con on July 22 , 2011 . In July 2011 , series developer and showrunner Frank Darabont stepped down from his position as showrunner for the series , amidst rumors that he was unable to adjust to the schedule of running a television series . Executive producer Glen Mazzara succeeded Darabont as showrunner for the series . Darabont 's sudden departure further sparked controversy in August when The Hollywood Reporter broke a story revealing that Darabont had in fact been fired due to issues of the show 's reduced budget and a strained relationship with AMC executives . The premiere aired in an extended 90 - minute time slot , similar to the pilot episode . After the first seven episodes aired , the series went on a hiatus and returned on February 12 , 2012 , with the final six episodes of the season airing until its conclusion on March 18 , 2012 . Webisodes ( edit ) Torn Apart , a six - part web series , premiered on October 3 , 2011 on AMC 's official website . The web series is directed by special effects makeup artist and co-executive producer Greg Nicotero and tells the origin story of Hannah , also known as `` Bicycle Girl '' , the walker whom Rick Grimes mercy - killed in the pilot episode . Talking Dead ( edit ) Main article : Talking Dead Following the encore presentation of the second - season premiere on October 16 , 2011 , a live after - show titled Talking Dead , hosted by Chris Hardwick , premiered . The series airs after encore presentations of The Walking Dead on Sunday nights . It features host Chris Hardwick discussing the latest episode with fans , actors , and producers of the show . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 7 `` What Lies Ahead '' Ernest Dickerson Gwyneth Horder - Payton Ardeth Bey and Robert Kirkman October 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) 7.26 <Td_colspan="7"> While traveling to Fort Benning , the survivors are forced to hide among a number of abandoned vehicles as a walker horde passes . Sophia , Carol 's daughter , is chased off into the woods by two walkers before they are killed by Rick . While searching for Sophia , Carl is accidentally shot . 8 `` Bloodletting '' Ernest Dickerson Glen Mazzara October 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) 6.70 <Td_colspan="7"> Otis , the hunter that accidentally shot Carl , helps Rick to bring Carl to a farmstead owned by veterinarian Hershel Greene , who stabilizes Carl , but needs further medical supplies to heal him . Shane and Otis leave to a walker - infested school to find supplies . They do so , but are caught and attacked by the horde . 9 `` Save the Last One '' Phil Abraham Scott M. Gimple October 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 30 ) 6.10 <Td_colspan="7"> Shane manages to escape with the supplies by shooting Otis in the leg , while the walkers devour him instead ; when he returns to the farm , Shane lies that Otis sacrificed himself . Daryl continues the search for Sophia , while the other survivors start arriving at the farm and their wounds tended to by Hershel . 10 `` Cherokee Rose '' Billy Gierhart Evan Reilly November 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 06 ) 6.29 <Td_colspan="7"> With Hershel 's surgery on Carl successful , Hershel tells Rick that his group should leave his farm once Carl is well enough , but Rick convinces him to allow them to stay if they follow Hershel 's rules . The survivors attempt to remove a walker from the farm 's well - water . Glenn and Hershel 's daughter , Maggie , begin a romantic relationship , while Lori discovers she is pregnant . 11 5 `` Chupacabra '' Guy Ferland David Leslie Johnson November 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 13 ) 6.12 <Td_colspan="7"> Daryl continues to search for Sophia , despite Rick and Shane arguing whether it is pointless and Hershel becoming more unnerved by the group 's presence . As Glenn 's relationship with Maggie continues in secret , Glenn offers to meet Maggie in the barn 's hayloft , and Maggie is too late to stop him from discovering the barn is filled with walkers . 12 6 `` Secrets '' David Boyd Angela Kang November 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) 6.08 <Td_colspan="7"> Glenn tells Dale about the walkers , and together discreetly approach Hershel , who explains the walkers are his friends and family , and believes they can be cured . Rick discovers that Lori is pregnant , and tensions rise between Rick and Shane over what transpired with Lori while Rick was in a coma . 13 7 `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' Michelle MacLaren Scott M. Gimple November 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) 6.62 <Td_colspan="7"> Glenn reveals the presence of the walkers in the barn to the rest of the group , and Rick confronts Hershel about it . Hershel tells Rick their group can only stay if they promise not to kill any walkers , and takes Rick out to demonstrate how to capture them . When they return , Shane becomes enraged , and releases the barn 's locks , letting the walkers trickle out , and the group is forced to kill them . One last walker appears : Sophia . Rick is forced to shoot her in the head . 14 8 `` Nebraska '' Clark Johnson Evan Reilly February 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 12 ) 8.10 <Td_colspan="7"> Hershel demands Rick 's group leave . The group is shaken by the loss of Sophia and they bury her along with Hershel 's wife and son - in - law . Hershel goes missing ; Rick and Glenn find him drinking in a nearby town bar . When they turn to leave , they are confronted by two men , Dave and Tony , that want to know about Hershel 's farm . Rick kills them before they attack the three . 15 9 `` Triggerfinger '' Billy Gierhart David Leslie Johnson February 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 19 ) 6.89 <Td_colspan="7"> Three other men arrive at the bar to investigate the gunfire , and Rick , Glenn , and Hershel attempt to sneak away . Their activities have lured walkers to the town , and in their haste to escape , one of the three men , Randall , gets his leg impaled on a fence . Rick is unable to leave him behind and helps to free him , taking him with them back to the farm . The other survivors at the farm start to recognize Shane is becoming more unhinged . 16 10 `` 18 Miles Out '' Ernest Dickerson Scott M. Gimple & Glen Mazzara February 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 26 ) 7.04 <Td_colspan="7"> Rick and Shane take a healed Randall several miles from the farm with the intent to abandon him without knowledge of the farm 's location , but once there , have an argument , which turns physical , about not only what to do with Randall , but the fissure between Rick and Shane 's leadership with the group . When the brawl attract a pack of walkers , they are forced to take Randall back to the farm . Meanwhile , Hershel 's daughter Beth attempts suicide while under Andrea 's watch , but is saved by Maggie and Lori . 17 11 `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang March 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 04 ) 6.77 <Td_colspan="7"> Randall is kept in custody , and they learn his group would be dangerous to bring to the farm , and that letting Randall live to reveal the farm 's location would be a risk . Dale tries to calm tensions reminding everyone about their humanity and warning them the group is broken . Carl attempts to kill a walker in the forest , but it scares him away . Shane , Rick , and Daryl take Randall out to the barn to execute him , but Ricks stops when he sees that Carl was watching . Later , as Dale paces on the outskirts of the farm , he is mortally wounded by the walker Carl failed to kill . Daryl dispatches the walker before mercifully killing Dale . 18 12 `` Better Angels '' Guy Ferland Evan Reilly & Glen Mazzara March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) 6.89 <Td_colspan="7"> As Dale is laid to rest , his advice to the group sits heavy with Rick , and he decides they should spare Randall 's life . However , Shane secretly takes Randall deep into the woods and murders him , then returns and claims Randall escaped . The group searches for him , and Shane uses the opportunity to confront Rick at gunpoint , intent on killing him . Rick , after trying unsuccessfully to calm Shane down , is forced to stab him to death , unaware Carl is watching nearby . Carl holds his gun at Rick , but uses it to shoot Shane , who has reanimated as a walker , in the head . The gunfire draws a horde of walkers to the farm . 19 13 `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Ernest Dickerson Robert Kirkman & Glen Mazzara March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) 8.99 <Td_colspan="7"> Hershel 's farm is swarmed by walkers and overwhelm the survivors , forcing them to abandon it , bringing Hershel , Maggie , and Beth with them . After regrouping , Rick is forced to tell them what Jenner told him ; they are all infected and will become walkers when they die . He takes charge of the group to find them a safe haven . Andrea is separated from the others during the evacuation from the farm , but found by a mysterious hooded person , who has two armless walker pets and wields a katana . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The second season of The Walking Dead has received positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 80 out of 100 , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' , based on 22 critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds an 83 % with an average rating of 8.09 out of 10 , based on 22 reviews , and an average episode score of 79 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The second season of The Walking Dead fleshes out the characters while maintaining the grueling tension and gore that made the show a hit . '' Linda Stasi of the New York Post wrote , `` You 'll be happy to know that at least as far as the first two episodes go ... the show is better than ever -- which would have seemed impossible . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today also praised the direction in which the second season was heading stating that the show delivers `` edge - of - your - chair tension '' and noting , `` what separates this fine series from similar shows is the honesty of its human interactions '' . Some critics were less enthused midway through the second season , including Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly who described the series as `` a nighttime soap with occasional appearances by deceased but moving , flesh - rotting , flesh - eating cameo monsters '' adding that it `` had not been dramatic enough '' or had a `` tendency ... to botch truly dramatic situations '' . Nate Rawlings of TIME magazine criticized the show 's pacing saying , `` the first half of this season has been brutally slow '' . Following the season 's finale , Scott Wampler of Collider.com , described the second half of the season as `` far more intense , more interesting , better written '' despite `` a helluva lot of water - treading '' in the first half . Kevin Yeoman of Screen Rant further emphasized this point : `` It was with the last half of season 2 -- arguably the last four episodes -- where the writers succeeded in unshackling themselves from the intermittent monotony brought about by the serial nature of the show . '' The Walking Dead ( season 2 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 2 ( 2011 -- 12 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead The second season of The Walking Dead received three nominations for the 64th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , winning Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie , or Special ( `` What Lies Ahead '' ) , and received nominations for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Special Visual Effects ( both for `` Beside the Dying Fire '' ) . The season also won Best Television Presentation at the 38th Saturn Awards , while Norman Reedus was nominated for Best Supporting Actor on Television . Additionally , the second half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Ratings ( edit ) On October 16 , 2011 , the season two premiere set a new record of 7.3 million viewers . The episode also set new records for the most viewers in the 18 - 49 and 25 - 54 demographics , with 4.8 million and 4.2 million viewers respectively , making it the most watched episode of a drama in the history of basic cable television in these measures . The original broadcast and the two subsequent encore presentations of the episode drew a collective total of 11 million viewers . On February 12 , 2012 , the show 's mid season premiere beat its previous record by attaining 8.1 million viewers , 5.4 million in the 18 - 49 key demographic , despite airing at the same time as the second most watched Grammy Awards in history . The series once again beat its own record with the airing of the season two finale on March 18 , 2012 , which received 9 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` What Lies Ahead '' October 16 , 2011 3.8 7.26 `` Bloodletting '' October 23 , 2011 3.6 6.70 `` Save the Last One '' October 30 , 2011 3.1 6.10 `` Cherokee Rose '' November 6 , 2011 3.4 6.29 5 `` Chupacabra '' November 13 , 2011 3.2 6.12 6 `` Secrets '' November 20 , 2011 3.1 6.08 7 `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' November 27 , 2011 3.5 6.62 8 `` Nebraska '' February 12 , 2012 4.2 8.10 9 `` Triggerfinger '' February 19 , 2012 3.6 6.89 10 `` 18 Miles Out '' February 26 , 2012 3.8 7.04 11 `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' March 4 , 2012 3.5 6.77 12 `` Better Angels '' March 11 , 2012 3.6 6.89 13 `` Beside the Dying Fire '' March 18 , 2012 4.7 8.99 Home media releases ( edit ) Limited Edition Blu - ray packaging showing a screwdriver in a zombie 's eye socket The second season was released on DVD and Blu - ray in region 1 on August 28 , 2012 , in region 2 on August 27 , 2012 , and in region 4 on June 20 , 2012 . Special features include eleven featurettes -- `` All the Guts Inside '' , `` Live or Let Die '' , `` The Meat of the Music '' , `` Fire on Set '' , `` The Ink is Alive '' , `` The Sound of the Effects '' , `` In the Dead Water '' , `` You Could Make a Killing '' , `` She Will Fight '' , `` The Cast on Season 2 '' , and `` Extras Wardrobe '' . Six audio commentaries , for episodes `` What Lies Ahead '' , `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' , `` Nebraska '' , `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' , and `` Beside the Dying Fire '' . Also included is the six - part webisode series The Walking Dead : Torn Apart , with optional commentary by Greg Nicotero , and 30 minutes of deleted scenes across eight episodes , with optional commentary by Glen Mazzara . The second season was also released in limited edition Blu - ray packaging , featuring a zombie head with a screwdriver in the zombie 's eye socket , a recreation of a scene from the second - season premiere . The limited edition packaging was designed by Greg Nicotero and sculpted by McFarlane Toys . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` AMC 's ' The Walking Dead ' Renewed for 13 Episode Season Two as Second Episode = Big Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' exclusive : Exec producer Gale Anne Hurd denies Frank Darabont fired writers , talks season two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Take Home Saturn Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup For A Series , Miniseries , Movie Or A Special - 2012 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' finale draws record ratings '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on HIMYM , Private Practice , Bones , Walking Dead , Parks and Rec and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Melissa McBride Clears Up Walking Dead Contract Mystery , Declares : ' I Am a Series Regular ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Lets Go of Writers ; Considers No Writing Staff For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's Robert Kirkman : Writing Staff Changes Wo n't Affect the Show '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead Getting Itself a Writing Staff '' . Dread Central . Retrieved February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Mike ( March 19 , 2011 ) . `` C2E2 : ' The Walking Dead ' Panel Offers Tasty Season 2 Details '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Walking Dead 's ' Robert Kirkman Dispels Fired Writers Rumor , Wants Stephen King '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Josie ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` CCI : `` The Walking Dead '' Cast And Creators Talk Season Two `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : The Walking Dead Casts Greene Family '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hanh , Nguyen ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Fresh Meat ! Walking Dead Casts Season 2 's Otis '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` AMC to Debut First Look of The Walking Dead During Premiere of Breaking Bad '' . AMC . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' season 2 trailer is here ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' WALKING DEAD ' SHOCKER : Frank Darabont Steps Down As Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Glen Mazzara To Succeed Frank Darabont As ' Walking Dead ' Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' : What Really Happened to Fired Showrunner Frank Darabont '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Walking Dead '' Season 2 Kicks Off with an Extra Half Hour of Zombie Drama '' ( Press release ) . AMC . September 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Launches `` The Walking Dead '' Webisodes on Monday , October 3 at 2 PM '' ( Press release ) . AMC . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Clayton ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` AMC Launches Talking Dead -- A Live After - Show Following The Walking Dead '' . AMC . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Doubles NLCS + NJ Housewives , ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Talking Dead , ' ' Dexter ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Slips , Still Tops ; + NJ Housewives , ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seldman , Robert ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Drops , Still Tops ; + ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seldman , Robert ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Hell On Wheels ' Lead AMC + ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Stays On Top + ' Housewives Atl , ' ' Hell On Wheels , ' ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Stays On Top + NASCAR Championship , ' Housewives ATL , ' ' Hell On Wheels , ' ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Goes Out on Top + Kardashians , ' Housewives ' ' Soul Train Awards , ' ' Hell On Wheels , ' ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Homeland , ' ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` '' The Walking Dead '' Mid-Season Two Premiere Draws 8.1 Million Viewers , Reigns As The Strongest Drama Telecast in Basic Cable History Against Key Demos `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More Cable Beats Broadcast -- ' The Walking Dead ' Down , But Still Dominates + ' Ax Men ' , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Shameless , ' ' House Of Lies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Rises + ' NBA All - Star Game , ' ' Ax Men ' , Oscar 's Red Carpet & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' Storage Wars , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Real Housewives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Dominates , ' Oprah 's Next Chapter ' Sees Series High '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Walking Dead ' Season Finale Laps the Field + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Frozen Planet , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ewww la la '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` AMC 's The Walking Dead stands with TV 's best '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' and ' Pretty Much Dead Already ' : A cheap thrill - kill , or new life for the season ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , Nate ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Walking Dead Recap : Pretty Much Dead Already '' . TIME . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` THE WALKING DEAD Season Finale Recap : `` Beside the Dying Fire '' `` . Collider . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , Kevin ( March 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 2 Finale Review '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Sound Editing For A Series - 2012 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Special Visual Effects - 2012 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Harry Potter , ' ' Hugo , ' ' Breaking Bad ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Premiere Shatters Cable Demo Ratings Records , Draws 7.3 Million Total Viewers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AMC 's `` The Walking Dead '' Mid-Season Two Premiere Reigns as The Strongest Drama Telecast in Basic Cable History Against Key Demos `` . The Futon Critic . February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Anchor Bay Announces The Walking Dead Season 2 Blu - ray / DVD '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead -- Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walking Dead , The : Season 2 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Martin ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Walking Dead : The Complete Second Season Blu - ray Review '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2012 : Exclusive Look at AMC 's `` The Walking Dead '' DVD Case From McFarlane Toys `` . MTV Geek . February 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead season 2 episodes at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead <Td_colspan="2"> Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series <Td_colspan="2"> Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' `` Dead or Alive Or '' `` The Key '' `` Do Not Send Us Astray '' `` Still Gotta Mean Something '' `` Worth '' `` Wrath '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage <Td_colspan="2"> Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_2)&oldid=842783711 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 16 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Walking Dead season 2
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910,462,400,592,345,200 | where to find dragon ball super english dub | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterwards , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later , the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno - sama to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament , then their entire universe will be erased . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu ☆ Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song from episode 77 onwards is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Yukinojo Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' and Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme from episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme from episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme from episodes 97 onwards is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super started airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus 2.2 Season 2 : Golden Frieza 2.3 Season 3 : Universe 6 2.4 Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks 2.5 Season 5 : Universe Survival 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.1. 1 Volumes 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Saga <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> God of Destruction Beerus <Td_colspan="2"> 14 <Td_colspan="1"> July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) <Td_colspan="1"> Golden Frieza <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="1"> Universe 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 19 <Td_colspan="1"> January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="1"> `` Future '' Trunks <Td_colspan="2"> 30 <Td_colspan="1"> June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) January 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 Universe Survival <Td_colspan="2"> TBA <Td_colspan="1"> February 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : God of Destruction Beerus ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward - Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū - ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> After Son Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Son Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Son Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up . He heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Season 2 : Golden Frieza ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into Golden Frieza . Both are impressed by the other 's progress . They engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes . On their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger . They also notice that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku . While no match for Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping . Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku knows that he only needs to continue for a while longer before Frieza 's weakness appears again . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath . His attacks no longer hurt Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness . Goku explains that Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza mouths a few inaudible words to his subordinate , Sorbet , and agonizes over his failed chance at revenge . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth , while he still can . To everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Frieza steps on Goku 's chest wound and gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down . As Goku screams in pain , Frieza mocks him for being overconfident . According to Frieza , Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him . Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , which kills him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his new ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta , but he fails to do so . Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat . While Vegeta powers up his final attack , Frieza instead blows up the Earth . Whis protects Goku and the others . As Goku laments his missed opportunity to defeat Frieza , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes , which will allow Goku to have another chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle . This allows Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation . Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones . Piccolo is delighted to hear this . Season 3 : Universe 6 ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 - His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin - Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' - Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai - Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Zunō - sama ( ズノー 様 ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Zunō - sama 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Zunō - sama 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Zunō - sama 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the Planet with No Name ! '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost - Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs Frost ! Stake it All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto - Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle ! '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Astonishing Tough Battle ! Vegeta 's Explosion of Rage ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off of the stage . However , after Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight and is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs Universe 6 's Saiyan Cabba ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta faces Cabba ( キャベ ) , a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals that , since the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger , his actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride and to aim to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man Hit will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Strongest Warrior ! Enter Hit the Assassin ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was a just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is , yet again , able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly after , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Full Mastered Time - Skip Counter-Attack ? ! Is It Coming ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 October 28 , 2017 <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the arena , forfeiting the match as a result . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit , who throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team comes out as the winners of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the arena . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons - And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Ide deyo kami no ryū - soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Zenō , much to Zenō 's amusement and everyone else 's discomfort . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Champa and his team leave shortly afterwards . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenlong . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home , much to Goku 's delight . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka who she considers to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguises himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their match shortly after . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf and his companions plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu - Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta - `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Potofu . A group of space bandits , headed by a teal humanoid Grill ( グリル , Guriru ) , attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potaji ( ポタジ ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Komeson ( コメソン ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . Learning that the original will disappear once cloned , Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potaji tells Vegeta to use Komeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potaji suggests that the Komeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potaji , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Komeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Komeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potaji notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out and Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates and Potaji reseals Komeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Potofu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . Season 4 : `` Future '' Trunks ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past and save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Zenō , who is the `` King of Universes '' . Beerus says that Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there has originally been more than there are at present . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi - Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother Bulma . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future - Goku Black Strikes ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji - Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . He tells him he looks just like an enemy he was after . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks practice , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time - Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi - Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to rid the world of humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited - Son Gohan and `` Future '' Trunks '' `` Shitei saikai - Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at the latter 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly after , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to an alternate universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive to Universe Ten . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals , specifically humans . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by his master . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . Meanwhile on Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood - Trunk 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono - Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku - Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne - Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Whis and Beerus are worried over Zenō - sama 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Zenō - sama out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Zenō - sama 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku and the others arrive to Zenō - sama 's sanctuary . Zenō - sama says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find more friends for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Zenō - sama gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku and the others leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rose ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body - Zamasu Descends '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami - Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves the two . Vegeta himself gets badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black - The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku - Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Zunō - sama 's planet . Under duress , Zunō - sama explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis posits a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . He believes that , after losing to Goku , Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive to the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu - Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore - Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . They leave shortly after . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to kill Goku . Beerus saves Goku and kills Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu killed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future - Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' `` Futatabi mirai e - Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . The two groups meet shortly after . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully killed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers ; he had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of his timeline 's Goku with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition - The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' `` Zamasu no yabō - Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Enraged , Goku takes on both of the villains . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leave for the hideout . Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and Supreme Kai arrive from the past to stop Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline ; during the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta battles Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potarra Earrings to fuse into a single immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potarra Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potarra fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly breaks . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts - Farewell , Trunks '' `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni - saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Zenō - sama gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Zenō - sama appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Zenō - sama decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Zenō - sama erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Zenō - sama and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Zenō - sama to meet the present Zenō - sama , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Zenō - sama with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Great Priest ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenlong ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' `` Ideyo Shenron ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' `` Gokū to Kuririn - Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Season 5 : Universe Survival ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> The Present Zenō - sama and Future Zenō - sama are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Zenō - sama 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Zenō - sama 's button to head to his realm and convince both Zenō - samas to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Zenō - sama 's naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Great Priest arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> The Great Priest explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Zenō - sama to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Zenō - sama has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Zenō - sama to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Great Priest also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Zenō - sama 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Zenō - sama 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Great Priest explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Zenō - sama erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' `` Dai - 9 uchū keri no Bajiru VS Dai - 7 uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Zenō - sama is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Zenō - sama is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Great Priest announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Great Priest announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Zeno - sama had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Zenō - sama to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Zenō - sama agrees on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Great Priest states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Zenō - sama will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> After obtaining Zenō - sama 's blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Great Priest puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Great Priest begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' `` Sukautoman Son Gokū - Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' `` Ugokidasu uchū - sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 - それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Zenō - sama cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> The Zenō - samas are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Uncontrollable Super Saiyan ( スーパー サイヤ 人 ( 暴走 ) , Sūpā Saiya - jin ( Bōsō ) ) . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Great Priest forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Great Priest introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Zenō - samas , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> The Great Priest reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , the Zenō - samas erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into the Uncontrollable Super Saiyan . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Uncontrollable Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle the score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when both Zenō - samas rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA <Td_colspan="5"> As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Zenō - sama erases him . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA 110 34 `` This is the Ultimate Battle of All Universes ! Son Goku vs Jiren ! ! '' `` Kore zo zen Uchu Ichi no Kyūkyoku Batoru ! Son Gokū basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( これぞ 全 宇宙 一 の 究極 バトル ! 孫悟空 vs ジレン ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) Volumes ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 01 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super - Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series. `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' . Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows - Screener '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . 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1,932,658,849,850,406,000 | who is the winner of under 17 world cup | FIFA U-17 World Cup - wikipedia FIFA U-17 World Cup Jump to : navigation , search FIFA U-17 World Cup Founded 1985 ; 33 years ago ( 1985 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 24 Current champions England ( 1st title ) Most successful team ( s ) Nigeria ( 5 titles ) Website U-17 World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup The FIFA U-17 World Cup , founded as the FIFA U-16 World Championship , later changed to its current name in 2007 , is the world championship of association football for male players under the age of 17 organized by Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . The FIFA U-17 World Championship is a competition that was inspired by the Lion City Cup that was created by the Football Association of Singapore in 1977 . The Lion City Cup was the first under - 16 football tournament in the world . Following FIFA 's then secretary - general Sepp Blatter 's recommendation after he was in Singapore for the 1982 Lion City Cup , FIFA created the FIFA U-16 World Championship . The first edition was staged in 1985 in China , and tournaments have been played every two years since then . It began as a competition for players under the age of 16 with the age limit raised to 17 from the 1991 edition onwards . The previous tournament was hosted by Chile in 2015 and won by Nigeria , with the current edition being hosted by India , for the first time , in 2017 , which became the most attended in the history of the tournament , with the total attendance of the FIFA U-17 World Cup reaching 1280459 . Nigeria is the most successful nation in the tournament 's history , with five titles and three runners up . Brazil is the second-most successful with three titles and two runners - up . Ghana and Mexico have won the tournament twice . A corresponding tournament for female players , the FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup , began in 2008 , with North Korea winning the inaugural tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Qualification 3 Results 3.1 Summaries 3.1. 1 FIFA U-16 World Championship 3.1. 2 Under - 17 3.1. 2.1 FIFA U-17 World Championship 3.1. 2.2 FIFA U-17 World Cup 3.2 Performances by countries 3.3 Performances by continental zones 4 Awards 5 Records and statistics 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Each tournament consists of a group phase , in which four teams play against one another and standings in the group table decide which teams advance , followed by a knockout phase of successive matches where the winning team advances through the competition and the losing team is eliminated . This continues until two teams remain to contest the final , which decides the tournament winner . The losing semi-finalists also contest a match to decide third place . From 1985 to 2005 there were 16 teams in the competition , divided into four groups of four teams each in the group phase . Each team played the others in its group and the group winner and runner up qualified for the knockout phase . From 2007 the tournament was expanded to 24 teams , divided into six groups of four teams each . The top 2 places in each group plus the four best third - placed teams advanced to the knockout phase . Competition matches are played in two 45 - minute halves ( i.e. , 90 minutes in total ) . In the knockout phase , until the 2011 tournament , if tied at the end of 90 minutes an additional 30 minutes of extra time were played , followed by a penalty shoot - out if still tied . Starting with the 2011 tournament , the extra time period was eliminated to avoid player burnout , and all knockout games progress straight to penalties if tied at the end of 90 minutes . Qualification ( edit ) The host nation of each tournament qualifies automatically . The remaining teams qualify through competitions organised by the six regional confederations . For the first edition of the tournament in 1985 , all of the teams from Europe plus Bolivia appeared by invitation of FIFA . Confederation Championship AFC ( Asia ) AFC U-16 Championship CAF ( Africa ) African Under - 17 Championship CONCACAF ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) CONCACAF Under - 17 Championship CONMEBOL ( South America ) South American Under - 17 Football Championship OFC ( Oceania ) OFC U-17 Championship UEFA ( Europe ) UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship Results ( edit ) Summaries ( edit ) FIFA U-16 World Championship ( edit ) Year Hosts <Th_colspan="3"> Final <Th_colspan="3"> Third place match Number of teams Champions Score Runners - up Third place Score Fourth place 1985 Details China Nigeria 2 -- 0 West Germany Brazil 4 -- 1 Guinea 16 Details Canada Soviet Union 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) 4 -- 2 ( p ) Nigeria Ivory Coast 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Italy 16 1989 Details Scotland Saudi Arabia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) 5 -- 4 ( p ) Scotland Portugal 3 -- 0 Bahrain 16 Under - 17 ( edit ) FIFA U-17 World Championship ( edit ) Year Hosts <Th_colspan="3"> Final <Th_colspan="3"> Third place match Number of teams Champions Score Runners - up Third place Score Fourth place 1991 Details Italy Ghana 1 -- 0 Spain Argentina 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) 4 -- 1 ( p ) Qatar 16 1993 Details Japan Nigeria 2 -- 1 Ghana Chile 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) 4 -- 2 ( p ) Poland 16 1995 Details Ecuador Ghana 3 -- 2 Brazil Argentina 2 -- 0 Oman 16 1997 Details Egypt Brazil 2 -- 1 Ghana Spain 2 -- 1 Germany 16 1999 Details New Zealand Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) 8 -- 7 ( p ) Australia Ghana 2 -- 0 United States 16 2001 Details Trinidad and Tobago France 3 -- 0 Nigeria Burkina Faso 2 -- 0 Argentina 16 2003 Details Finland Brazil 1 -- 0 Spain Argentina 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) 5 -- 4 ( p ) Colombia 16 2005 Details Peru Mexico 3 -- 0 Brazil Netherlands 2 -- 1 Turkey 16 FIFA U-17 World Cup ( edit ) Year Hosts <Th_colspan="3"> Final <Th_colspan="3"> Third place match Number of teams Champions Score Runners - up Third place Score Fourth place 2007 Details South Korea Nigeria 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) 3 -- 0 ( p ) Spain Germany 2 -- 1 Ghana 24 2009 Details Nigeria Switzerland 1 -- 0 Nigeria Spain 1 -- 0 Colombia 24 2011 Details Mexico Mexico 2 -- 0 Uruguay Germany 4 -- 3 Brazil 24 2013 Details UAE Nigeria 3 -- 0 Mexico Sweden 4 -- 1 Argentina 24 2015 Details Chile Nigeria 2 -- 0 Mali Belgium 3 -- 2 Mexico 24 2017 Details India England 5 -- 2 Spain Brazil 2 -- 0 Mali 24 2019 Details TBD 24 Key : aet - after extra time PSO - match won on penalty shootout Performances by countries ( edit ) Rank Team Titles Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Medals Nigeria 5 ( 1985 , 1993 , 2007 , 2013 , 2015 ) 3 ( 1987 , 2001 , 2009 ) 8 Brazil 3 ( 1997 , 1999 , 2003 ) 2 ( 1995 , 2005 ) 2 ( 1985 , 2017 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 7 Ghana 2 ( 1991 , 1995 ) 2 ( 1993 , 1997 ) 1 ( 1999 ) 1 ( 2007 ) 5 Mexico 2 ( 2005 , 2011 ) 1 ( 2013 ) 1 ( 2015 ) 5 Soviet Union 1 ( 1987 ) Saudi Arabia 1 ( 1989 ) France 1 ( 2001 ) Switzerland 1 ( 2009 ) England 1 ( 2017 ) 10 Spain 4 ( 1991 , 2003 , 2007 , 2017 ) 2 ( 1997 , 2009 ) 6 11 Germany 1 ( 1985 ) 2 ( 2007 , 2011 ) 1 ( 1997 ) 12 Mali 1 ( 2015 ) 1 ( 2017 ) 13 Scotland 1 ( 1989 ) Australia 1 ( 1999 ) Uruguay 1 ( 2011 ) 16 Argentina 3 ( 1991 , 1995 , 2003 ) 2 ( 2001 , 2013 ) 17 Ivory Coast 1 ( 1987 ) Portugal 1 ( 1989 ) Chile 1 ( 1993 ) Burkina Faso 1 ( 2001 ) Netherlands 1 ( 2005 ) Sweden 1 ( 2013 ) Belgium 1 ( 2015 ) 24 Colombia 2 ( 2003 , 2009 ) -- 25 Guinea 1 ( 1985 ) -- Italy 1 ( 1987 ) -- Bahrain 1 ( 1989 ) -- Qatar 1 ( 1991 ) -- Poland 1 ( 1993 ) -- Oman 1 ( 1995 ) -- United States 1 ( 1999 ) -- Turkey 1 ( 2005 ) -- Performances by continental zones ( edit ) Africa is the most successful continental zone with 7 tournament wins ( 5 for Nigeria , 2 for Ghana ) and 6 times as runner up . Notably the 1993 final was contested by two African teams , when the final has been contested by two teams from the same confederation . The African teams repeated the 1993 final with Mali replacing Ghana ( Disqualified for age violation ) in 2015 when Nigeria and Mali made it to the last two standing and Nigeria got their fifth win . South America has 3 tournament wins and has been runner up three times . Additionally Argentina has finished in third place on 3 occasions , Chile has done so on one occasion and Colombia has finished in fourth place twice , but neither of the latter two have ever appeared in the final . Europe has 4 tournaments wins ( 1 each for France , USSR , Switzerland and England ) and has been runner up 6 times . Spain has been runner up on 4 occasions . Additionally Portugal and Netherlands have won third - place medals in 1989 and 2005 respectively . The CONCACAF zone has 2 tournament wins ( for Mexico in 2005 and 2011 ) , this confederation has reached the final three times ( with Mexico ) . Asia has 1 tournament win ( for Saudi Arabia in 1989 ) , the only time that a team from this confederation has reached the final and the only time an Asian team won a FIFA tournament in male category . ( Australia was runner up in 1999 but at that time was in the Oceania Football Confederation ) . Oceania has no tournament wins and 1 occasion as runner up ( for Australia in 1999 ) . Australia has since moved to the Asian confederation . This tournament is peculiar in that the majority of titles have gone to teams from outside the strongest regional confederations ( CONMEBOL and UEFA ) . Of the fifteen editions held so far , nine ( 60 percent of the total ) have been won by teams from North and Central America , Africa and Asia . Confederation ( continent ) <Th_colspan="4"> Performances Winners Runners - up Third Fourth CAF ( Africa ) 7 times : Nigeria ( 5 ) , Ghana ( 2 ) 6 times : Nigeria ( 3 ) , Ghana ( 2 ) , Mali ( 1 ) 3 times : Ghana ( 1 ) , Côte d'Ivoire ( 1 ) , Burkina Faso ( 1 ) 3 times : Ghana ( 1 ) , Guinea ( 1 ) , Mali ( 1 ) UEFA ( Europe ) 4 times : France ( 1 ) , Soviet Union ( 1 ) , Switzerland ( 1 ) , England ( 1 ) 6 times : Spain ( 4 ) , Germany ( 1 ) , Scotland ( 1 ) 8 times : Germany ( 2 ) , Spain ( 2 ) , Belgium ( 1 ) , Netherlands ( 1 ) , Portugal ( 1 ) , Sweden ( 1 ) 4 times : Germany ( 1 ) , Italy ( 1 ) , Poland ( 1 ) , Turkey ( 1 ) CONMEBOL ( South America ) 3 times : Brazil ( 3 ) 3 times : Brazil ( 2 ) , Uruguay ( 1 ) 6 times : Argentina ( 3 ) , Brazil ( 2 ) , Chile ( 1 ) 5 times : Brazil ( 1 ) , Argentina ( 2 ) , Colombia ( 2 ) CONCACAF ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) 2 times : Mexico ( 2 ) 1 time : Mexico ( 1 ) None 2 times : Mexico ( 1 ) , United States ( 1 ) AFC ( Asia ) 1 time : Saudi Arabia ( 1 ) None None 3 times : Bahrain ( 1 ) , Qatar ( 1 ) , Oman ( 1 ) OFC ( Oceania ) None 1 time : Australia ( 1 ) None None Awards ( edit ) At every tournament three awards are presented : The Golden Shoe is awarded to the top goalscorer of tournament . The Golden Ball is awarded to the most valuable player of the tournament . The Fair Play Award is presented to the team with the best disciplinary record in the tournament . Tournament Golden Ball Golden Shoe Award Goals Golden Glove Fair Play Award 1985 China William Marcel Witeczek 8 Not Awarded West Germany 1987 Canada Philip Osundu Moussa Traoré 5 Soviet Union 1989 Scotland James Will Fode Camara Bahrain 1991 Italy Nii Lamptey Adriano Argentina 1993 Japan Daniel Addo Wilson Oruma 6 Nigeria 1995 Ecuador Mohamed Kathiri Daniel Allsopp 5 Brazil 1997 Egypt Sergio Santamaría David 7 Argentina 1999 New Zealand Landon Donovan Ishmael Addo 7 Mexico 2001 Trinidad and Tobago Florent Sinama Pongolle Florent Sinama Pongolle 9 Nigeria 2003 Finland Cesc Fàbregas Cesc Fàbregas 5 Costa Rica 2005 Peru Anderson Carlos Vela 5 North Korea 2007 South Korea Toni Kroos Macauley Chrisantus 7 Costa Rica 2009 Nigeria Sani Emmanuel Borja 5 Benjamin Siegrist Nigeria 2011 Mexico Julio Gómez Souleymane Coulibaly 9 Jonathan Cubero Japan 2013 United Arab Emirates Kelechi Iheanacho Valmir Berisha 7 Dele Alampasu Nigeria 2015 Chile Kelechi Nwakali Victor Osimhen 10 Samuel Diarra Ecuador 2017 India Phil Foden Rhian Brewster 8 Gabriel Brazão Brazil Records and statistics ( edit ) Main article : Records and statistics in the FIFA U-17 World Cup See also ( edit ) National team appearances in the FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19851211-1.2.64.8 Jump up ^ `` India could shatter Under 17 World Cup attendance record '' . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 WC in India becomes most attended in event 's history '' . External links ( edit ) FIFA.com RSSSF archive FIFA U17 WC FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA U-16 World Championship / U-17 World Cup Tournaments China 1985 Canada 1987 Scotland 1989 Italy 1991 Japan 1993 Ecuador 1995 Egypt 1997 New Zealand 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Finland 2003 Peru 2005 South Korea 2007 Nigeria 2009 Mexico 2011 UAE 2013 Chile 2015 India 2017 TBA 2019 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Squads 1985 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Team appearances Records and statistics <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA <Td_colspan="2"> History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings FIFA World Ranking system ( 1999 -- 2006 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions <Th_colspan="3"> International association football <Td_colspan="3"> FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-17 U-20 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-20 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA - ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IGA - Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games <Td_colspan="3"> See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football <Th_colspan="3"> World football championships <Td_colspan="3"> Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Interactive World Cup <Th_colspan="2"> FIFA U-17 World Cup awards Golden Ball 1985 : William 1987 : Osundo 1989 : Will 1991 : Lamptey 1993 : Addo 1995 : Al - Kathiri 1997 : Sergio 1999 : Donovan 2001 : Sinama Pongolle 2003 : Fàbregas 2005 : Anderson 2007 : Kroos 2009 : Emmanuel 2011 : Gómez 2013 : Iheanacho 2015 : Nwakali 2017 : Foden Golden Shoe 1985 : Witeczek 1987 : Traoré 1989 : Camara 1991 : Adriano 1993 : Oruma 1995 : Allsopp 1997 : David 1999 : Addo 2001 : Sinama Pongolle 2003 : Fàbregas 2005 : Vela 2007 : Chrisantus 2009 : González 2011 : Coulibaly 2013 : Berisha 2015 : Osimhen 2017 : Brewster Golden Glove 2009 : Siegrist 2011 : Cubero 2013 : Alampasu 2015 : Diarra 2017 : Brazão Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_U-17_World_Cup&oldid=825231734 '' Categories : FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA competitions Under - 17 association football Youth football competitions World youth sports competitions Recurring sporting events established in 1985 World championships in association football Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 05 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. FIFA U-17 World Cup
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5,944,305,116,150,430,000 | obtain information about commonly used gadgets or devices which are | Newton 's laws of motion - wikipedia Newton 's laws of motion Jump to : navigation , search `` Laws of Motion '' redirects here . For other uses , see Laws of motion . `` Newton 's Law '' redirects here . For the 2017 Australian TV series , see Newton 's Law ( TV series ) . Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy Newton 's laws of motion are three physical laws that , together , laid the foundation for classical mechanics . They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it , and its motion in response to those forces . More precisely , the first law defines the force qualitatively , the second law offers a quantitative measure of the force , and the third asserts that a single isolated force does n't exist . These three laws have been expressed in several ways , over nearly three centuries , and can be summarised as follows : First law : In an inertial frame of reference , an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity , unless acted upon by a force . Second law : In an inertial reference frame , the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object : F = ma . ( It is assumed here that the mass m is constant -- see below . ) Third law : When one body exerts a force on a second body , the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body . The three laws of motion were first compiled by Isaac Newton in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ) , first published in 1687 . Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems . For example , in the third volume of the text , Newton showed that these laws of motion , combined with his law of universal gravitation , explained Kepler 's laws of planetary motion . A fourth law is often also described in the bibliography , which states that forces add up like vectors , that is , that forces obey the principle of superposition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Laws 2.1 Newton 's first law 2.2 Newton 's second law 2.2. 1 Impulse 2.2. 2 Variable - mass systems 2.3 Newton 's third law 3 History 3.1 Newton 's 1st Law 3.2 Newton 's 2nd Law 3.3 Newton 's 3rd Law 4 Importance and range of validity 5 Relationship to the conservation laws 6 See also 7 References and notes 8 Further reading and works cited 9 External links Overview Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ) , the physicist who formulated the laws Newton 's laws are applied to objects which are idealised as single point masses , in the sense that the size and shape of the object 's body are neglected to focus on its motion more easily . This can be done when the object is small compared to the distances involved in its analysis , or the deformation and rotation of the body are of no importance . In this way , even a planet can be idealised as a particle for analysis of its orbital motion around a star . In their original form , Newton 's laws of motion are not adequate to characterise the motion of rigid bodies and deformable bodies . Leonhard Euler in 1750 introduced a generalisation of Newton 's laws of motion for rigid bodies called Euler 's laws of motion , later applied as well for deformable bodies assumed as a continuum . If a body is represented as an assemblage of discrete particles , each governed by Newton 's laws of motion , then Euler 's laws can be derived from Newton 's laws . Euler 's laws can , however , be taken as axioms describing the laws of motion for extended bodies , independently of any particle structure . Newton 's laws hold only with respect to a certain set of frames of reference called Newtonian or inertial reference frames . Some authors interpret the first law as defining what an inertial reference frame is ; from this point of view , the second law holds only when the observation is made from an inertial reference frame , and therefore the first law can not be proved as a special case of the second . Other authors do treat the first law as a corollary of the second . The explicit concept of an inertial frame of reference was not developed until long after Newton 's death . In the given interpretation mass , acceleration , momentum , and ( most importantly ) force are assumed to be externally defined quantities . This is the most common , but not the only interpretation of the way one can consider the laws to be a definition of these quantities . Newtonian mechanics has been superseded by special relativity , but it is still useful as an approximation when the speeds involved are much slower than the speed of light . Laws Newton 's first law Main article : Inertia The first law states that if the net force ( the vector sum of all forces acting on an object ) is zero , then the velocity of the object is constant . Velocity is a vector quantity which expresses both the object 's speed and the direction of its motion ; therefore , the statement that the object 's velocity is constant is a statement that both its speed and the direction of its motion are constant . The first law can be stated mathematically when the mass is a non-zero constant , as , ∑ F = 0 ⇔ d v d t = 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ sum \ mathbf ( F ) = 0 \ ; \ Leftrightarrow \ ; ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( v ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = 0 . ) Consequently , An object that is at rest will stay at rest unless a force acts upon it . An object that is in motion will not change its velocity unless a force acts upon it . This is known as uniform motion . An object continues to do whatever it happens to be doing unless a force is exerted upon it . If it is at rest , it continues in a state of rest ( demonstrated when a tablecloth is skilfully whipped from under dishes on a tabletop and the dishes remain in their initial state of rest ) . If an object is moving , it continues to move without turning or changing its speed . This is evident in space probes that continuously move in outer space . Changes in motion must be imposed against the tendency of an object to retain its state of motion . In the absence of net forces , a moving object tends to move along a straight line path indefinitely . Newton placed the first law of motion to establish frames of reference for which the other laws are applicable . The first law of motion postulates the existence of at least one frame of reference called a Newtonian or inertial reference frame , relative to which the motion of a particle not subject to forces is a straight line at a constant speed . Newton 's first law is often referred to as the law of inertia . Thus , a condition necessary for the uniform motion of a particle relative to an inertial reference frame is that the total net force acting on it is zero . In this sense , the first law can be restated as : In every material universe , the motion of a particle in a preferential reference frame Φ is determined by the action of forces whose total vanished for all times when and only when the velocity of the particle is constant in Φ . That is , a particle initially at rest or in uniform motion in the preferential frame Φ continues in that state unless compelled by forces to change it . Newton 's first and second laws are valid only in an inertial reference frame . Any reference frame that is in uniform motion with respect to an inertial frame is also an inertial frame , i.e. Galilean invariance or the principle of Newtonian relativity . Newton 's second law The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force applied , and this change in momentum takes place in the direction of the applied force . F = d p d t = d ( m v ) d t . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( p ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ( m \ mathbf ( v ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) . ) The second law can also be stated in terms of an object 's acceleration . Since Newton 's second law is valid only for constant - mass systems , m can be taken outside the differentiation operator by the constant factor rule in differentiation . Thus , F = m d v d t = m a , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = m \ , ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( v ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = m \ mathbf ( a ) , ) where F is the net force applied , m is the mass of the body , and a is the body 's acceleration . Thus , the net force applied to a body produces a proportional acceleration . In other words , if a body is accelerating , then there is a force on it . An application of this notation is the derivation of G Subscript C . Consistent with the first law , the time derivative of the momentum is non-zero when the momentum changes direction , even if there is no change in its magnitude ; such is the case with uniform circular motion . The relationship also implies the conservation of momentum : when the net force on the body is zero , the momentum of the body is constant . Any net force is equal to the rate of change of the momentum . Any mass that is gained or lost by the system will cause a change in momentum that is not the result of an external force . A different equation is necessary for variable - mass systems ( see below ) . Newton 's second law is an approximation that is increasingly worse at high speeds because of relativistic effects . Impulse An impulse J occurs when a force F acts over an interval of time Δt , and it is given by J = ∫ Δ t F d t . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( J ) = \ int _ ( \ Delta t ) \ mathbf ( F ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) t . ) Since force is the time derivative of momentum , it follows that J = Δ p = m Δ v . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( J ) = \ Delta \ mathbf ( p ) = m \ Delta \ mathbf ( v ) . ) This relation between impulse and momentum is closer to Newton 's wording of the second law . Impulse is a concept frequently used in the analysis of collisions and impacts . Variable - mass systems Main article : Variable - mass system Variable - mass systems , like a rocket burning fuel and ejecting spent gases , are not closed and can not be directly treated by making mass a function of time in the second law ; that is , the following formula is wrong : F n e t = d d t ( m ( t ) v ( t ) ) = m ( t ) d v d t + v ( t ) d m d t . ( w r o n g ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) _ ( \ mathrm ( net ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) ( \ big ( ) m ( t ) \ mathbf ( v ) ( t ) ( \ big ) ) = m ( t ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( v ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) + \ mathbf ( v ) ( t ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) m ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ). \ qquad \ mathrm ( ( wrong ) ) ) The falsehood of this formula can be seen by noting that it does not respect Galilean invariance : a variable - mass object with F = 0 in one frame will be seen to have F ≠ 0 in another frame . The correct equation of motion for a body whose mass m varies with time by either ejecting or accreting mass is obtained by applying the second law to the entire , constant - mass system consisting of the body and its ejected / accreted mass ; the result is F + u d m d t = m d v d t ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) + \ mathbf ( u ) ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) m ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = m ( \ mathrm ( d ) \ mathbf ( v ) \ over \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) where u is the velocity of the escaping or incoming mass relative to the body . From this equation one can derive the equation of motion for a varying mass system , for example , the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation . Under some conventions , the quantity u dm / dt on the left - hand side , which represents the advection of momentum , is defined as a force ( the force exerted on the body by the changing mass , such as rocket exhaust ) and is included in the quantity F. Then , by substituting the definition of acceleration , the equation becomes F = ma . Newton 's third law An illustration of Newton 's third law in which two skaters push against each other . The first skater on the left exerts a normal force N on the second skater directed towards the right , and the second skater exerts a normal force N on the first skater directed towards the left . The magnitudes of both forces are equal , but they have opposite directions , as dictated by Newton 's third law . The third law states that all forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite direction : if one object A exerts a force F on a second object B , then B simultaneously exerts a force F on A , and the two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction : F = − F. The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies , or different regions within one body , and thus that there is no such thing as a force that is not accompanied by an equal and opposite force . In some situations , the magnitude and direction of the forces are determined entirely by one of the two bodies , say Body A ; the force exerted by Body A on Body B is called the `` action '' , and the force exerted by Body B on Body A is called the `` reaction '' . This law is sometimes referred to as the action - reaction law , with F called the `` action '' and F the `` reaction '' . In other situations the magnitude and directions of the forces are determined jointly by both bodies and it is n't necessary to identify one force as the `` action '' and the other as the `` reaction '' . The action and the reaction are simultaneous , and it does not matter which is called the action and which is called reaction ; both forces are part of a single interaction , and neither force exists without the other . The two forces in Newton 's third law are of the same type ( e.g. , if the road exerts a forward frictional force on an accelerating car 's tires , then it is also a frictional force that Newton 's third law predicts for the tires pushing backward on the road ) . From a conceptual standpoint , Newton 's third law is seen when a person walks : they push against the floor , and the floor pushes against the person . Similarly , the tires of a car push against the road while the road pushes back on the tires -- the tires and road simultaneously push against each other . In swimming , a person interacts with the water , pushing the water backward , while the water simultaneously pushes the person forward -- both the person and the water push against each other . The reaction forces account for the motion in these examples . These forces depend on friction ; a person or car on ice , for example , may be unable to exert the action force to produce the needed reaction force . History Newton 's First and Second laws , in Latin , from the original 1687 Principia Mathematica Newton 's 1st law From the original Latin of Newton 's Principia : `` Lex I : Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quiescendi vel movendi uniformiter in directum , nisi quatenus a viribus impressis cogitur statum illum mutare . '' Translated to English , this reads : `` Law I : Every body persists in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight forward , except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by force impressed . '' The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle had the view that all objects have a natural place in the universe : that heavy objects ( such as rocks ) wanted to be at rest on the Earth and that light objects like smoke wanted to be at rest in the sky and the stars wanted to remain in the heavens . He thought that a body was in its natural state when it was at rest , and for the body to move in a straight line at a constant speed an external agent was needed continually to propel it , otherwise it would stop moving . Galileo Galilei , however , realised that a force is necessary to change the velocity of a body , i.e. , acceleration , but no force is needed to maintain its velocity . In other words , Galileo stated that , in the absence of a force , a moving object will continue moving . ( The tendency of objects to resist changes in motion was what Johannes Kepler had called inertia . ) This insight was refined by Newton , who made it into his first law , also known as the `` law of inertia '' -- no force means no acceleration , and hence the body will maintain its velocity . As Newton 's first law is a restatement of the law of inertia which Galileo had already described , Newton appropriately gave credit to Galileo . The law of inertia apparently occurred to several different natural philosophers and scientists independently , including Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan . The 17th century philosopher and mathematician René Descartes also formulated the law , although he did not perform any experiments to confirm it . Newton 's 2nd law Newton 's original Latin reads : `` Lex II : Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae , et fieri secundum lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimitur . '' This was translated quite closely in Motte 's 1729 translation as : `` Law II : The alteration of motion is ever proportional to the motive force impress 'd ; and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impress 'd . '' According to modern ideas of how Newton was using his terminology , this is understood , in modern terms , as an equivalent of : The change of momentum of a body is proportional to the impulse impressed on the body , and happens along the straight line on which that impulse is impressed . This may be expressed by the formula F = p ' , where p ' is the time derivative of the momentum p . This equation can be seen clearly in the Wren Library of Trinity College , Cambridge , in a glass case in which Newton 's manuscript is open to the relevant page . Motte 's 1729 translation of Newton 's Latin continued with Newton 's commentary on the second law of motion , reading : If a force generates a motion , a double force will generate double the motion , a triple force triple the motion , whether that force be impressed altogether and at once , or gradually and successively . And this motion ( being always directed the same way with the generating force ) , if the body moved before , is added to or subtracted from the former motion , according as they directly conspire with or are directly contrary to each other ; or obliquely joined , when they are oblique , so as to produce a new motion compounded from the determination of both . The sense or senses in which Newton used his terminology , and how he understood the second law and intended it to be understood , have been extensively discussed by historians of science , along with the relations between Newton 's formulation and modern formulations . Newton 's 3rd law `` Lex III : Actioni contrariam semper et æqualem esse reactionem : sive corporum duorum actiones in se mutuo semper esse æquales et in partes contrarias dirigi . '' Translated to English , this reads : `` Law III : To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction : or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal , and directed to contrary parts . '' Newton 's Scholium ( explanatory comment ) to this law : Whatever draws or presses another is as much drawn or pressed by that other . If you press a stone with your finger , the finger is also pressed by the stone . If a horse draws a stone tied to a rope , the horse ( if I may so say ) will be equally drawn back towards the stone : for the distended rope , by the same endeavour to relax or unbend itself , will draw the horse as much towards the stone , as it does the stone towards the horse , and will obstruct the progress of the one as much as it advances that of the other . If a body impinges upon another , and by its force changes the motion of the other , that body also ( because of the equality of the mutual pressure ) will undergo an equal change , in its own motion , toward the contrary part . The changes made by these actions are equal , not in the velocities but in the motions of the bodies ; that is to say , if the bodies are not hindered by any other impediments . For , as the motions are equally changed , the changes of the velocities made toward contrary parts are reciprocally proportional to the bodies . This law takes place also in attractions , as will be proved in the next scholium . In the above , as usual , motion is Newton 's name for momentum , hence his careful distinction between motion and velocity . Newton used the third law to derive the law of conservation of momentum ; from a deeper perspective , however , conservation of momentum is the more fundamental idea ( derived via Noether 's theorem from Galilean invariance ) , and holds in cases where Newton 's third law appears to fail , for instance when force fields as well as particles carry momentum , and in quantum mechanics . Importance and range of validity Newton 's laws were verified by experiment and observation for over 200 years , and they are excellent approximations at the scales and speeds of everyday life . Newton 's laws of motion , together with his law of universal gravitation and the mathematical techniques of calculus , provided for the first time a unified quantitative explanation for a wide range of physical phenomena . These three laws hold to a good approximation for macroscopic objects under everyday conditions . However , Newton 's laws ( combined with universal gravitation and classical electrodynamics ) are inappropriate for use in certain circumstances , most notably at very small scales , very high speeds ( in special relativity , the Lorentz factor must be included in the expression for momentum along with the rest mass and velocity ) or very strong gravitational fields . Therefore , the laws can not be used to explain phenomena such as conduction of electricity in a semiconductor , optical properties of substances , errors in non-relativistically corrected GPS systems and superconductivity . Explanation of these phenomena requires more sophisticated physical theories , including general relativity and quantum field theory . In quantum mechanics , concepts such as force , momentum , and position are defined by linear operators that operate on the quantum state ; at speeds that are much lower than the speed of light , Newton 's laws are just as exact for these operators as they are for classical objects . At speeds comparable to the speed of light , the second law holds in the original form F = dp / dt , where F and p are four - vectors . Relationship to the conservation laws In modern physics , the laws of conservation of momentum , energy , and angular momentum are of more general validity than Newton 's laws , since they apply to both light and matter , and to both classical and non-classical physics . This can be stated simply , `` Momentum , energy and angular momentum can not be created or destroyed . '' Because force is the time derivative of momentum , the concept of force is redundant and subordinate to the conservation of momentum , and is not used in fundamental theories ( e.g. , quantum mechanics , quantum electrodynamics , general relativity , etc . ) . The standard model explains in detail how the three fundamental forces known as gauge forces originate out of exchange by virtual particles . Other forces , such as gravity and fermionic degeneracy pressure , also arise from the momentum conservation . Indeed , the conservation of 4 - momentum in inertial motion via curved space - time results in what we call gravitational force in general relativity theory . The application of the space derivative ( which is a momentum operator in quantum mechanics ) to the overlapping wave functions of a pair of fermions ( particles with half - integer spin ) results in shifts of maxima of compound wavefunction away from each other , which is observable as the `` repulsion '' of the fermions . Newton stated the third law within a world - view that assumed instantaneous action at a distance between material particles . However , he was prepared for philosophical criticism of this action at a distance , and it was in this context that he stated the famous phrase `` I feign no hypotheses '' . In modern physics , action at a distance has been completely eliminated , except for subtle effects involving quantum entanglement . ( In particular , this refers to Bell 's theorem -- that no local model can reproduce the predictions of Quantum Theory . ) Despite only being an approximation , in modern engineering and all practical applications involving the motion of vehicles and satellites , the concept of action at a distance is used extensively . The discovery of the second law of thermodynamics by Carnot in the 19th century showed that not every physical quantity is conserved over time , thus disproving the validity of inducing the opposite metaphysical view from Newton 's laws . Hence , a `` steady - state '' worldview based solely on Newton 's laws and the conservation laws does not take entropy into account . See also Book : Isaac Newton Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newton 's laws of motion . Euler 's laws of motion Hamiltonian mechanics Lagrangian mechanics List of scientific laws named after people Mercury , orbit of Modified Newtonian dynamics Newton 's law of universal gravitation Principle of least action Reaction ( physics ) Principle of relativity References and notes Jump up ^ For explanations of Newton 's laws of motion by Newton in the early 18th century , by the physicist William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) in the mid-19th century , and by a modern text of the early 21st century , see : - Newton 's `` Axioms or Laws of Motion '' starting on page 19 of volume 1 of the 1729 translation Archived 28 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . of the Principia ; Section 242 , Newton 's laws of motion Archived 22 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . in Thomson , W ( Lord Kelvin ) , and Tait , PG , ( 1867 ) , Treatise on natural philosophy , volume 1 ; and Benjamin Crowell ( 2000 ) , Newtonian Physics . Jump up ^ Browne , Michael E. ( July 1999 ) . Schaum 's outline of theory and problems of physics for engineering and science ( Series : Schaum 's Outline Series ) . McGraw - Hill Companies . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 008498 - 8 . Jump up ^ Holzner , Steven ( December 2005 ) . Physics for Dummies . Wiley , John & Sons , Incorporated . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5433 - 9 . Jump up ^ See the Principia on line at Andrew Motte Translation Jump up ^ Andrew Motte translation of Newton 's Principia ( 1687 ) Axioms or Laws of Motion Jump up ^ Greiner , Walter ( 2003 ) . Classical mechanics : point particles and relativity . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 21851 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zeidler , E. ( 1988 ) . Nonlinear Functional Analysis and its Applications IV : Applications to Mathematical Physics . New York , NY : Springer New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4612 - 4566 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wachter , Armin ; Hoeber , Henning ( 2006 ) . Compendium of theoretical physics . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 25799 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( ... ) while Newton had used the word ' body ' vaguely and in at least three different meanings , Euler realized that the statements of Newton are generally correct only when applied to masses concentrated at isolated points ; Truesdell , Clifford A. ; Becchi , Antonio ; Benvenuto , Edoardo ( 2003 ) . Essays on the history of mechanics : in memory of Clifford Ambrose Truesdell and Edoardo Benvenuto . New York : Birkhäuser . p. 207 . ISBN 3 - 7643 - 1476 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lubliner , Jacob ( 2008 ) . Plasticity Theory ( Revised Edition ) ( PDF ) . Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 46290 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Galili , I. ; Tseitlin , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Newton 's First Law : Text , Translations , Interpretations and Physics Education '' . Science & Education . 12 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 73 . Bibcode : 2003Sc&Ed ... 12 ... 45G . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022632600805 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Crowell. `` 4 . Force and Motion '' . Newtonian Physics . ISBN 0 - 9704670 - 1 - X . Archived from the original on 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ In making a modern adjustment of the second law for ( some of ) the effects of relativity , m would be treated as the relativistic mass , producing the relativistic expression for momentum , and the third law might be modified if possible to allow for the finite signal propagation speed between distant interacting particles . Jump up ^ NMJ Woodhouse ( 2003 ) . Special relativity . London / Berlin : Springer . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 426 - 6 . Jump up ^ Beatty , Millard F. ( 2006 ) . Principles of engineering mechanics Volume 2 of Principles of Engineering Mechanics : Dynamics - The Analysis of Motion , . Springer . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 23704 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Marion ( 2004 ) . Classical dynamics of particles and systems ( 5th ed . ) . Brooks / Cole . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 40896 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Plastino , Angel R. ; Muzzio , Juan C. ( 1992 ) . `` On the use and abuse of Newton 's second law for variable mass problems '' . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers . 53 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 232 . Bibcode : 1992CeMDA ... 53 ... 227P . doi : 10.1007 / BF00052611 . ISSN 0923 - 2958 . `` We may conclude emphasizing that Newton 's second law is valid for constant mass only . When the mass varies due to accretion or ablation , ( an alternate equation explicitly accounting for the changing mass ) should be used . '' ^ Jump up to : Halliday ; Resnick . Physics. 1 . p. 199 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 03710 - 9 . It is important to note that we can not derive a general expression for Newton 's second law for variable mass systems by treating the mass in F = dP / dt = d ( Mv ) as a variable . ( ... ) We can use F = dP / dt to analyze variable mass systems only if we apply it to an entire system of constant mass having parts among which there is an interchange of mass . ( Emphasis as in the original ) ^ Jump up to : Kleppner , Daniel ; Robert Kolenkow ( 1973 ) . An Introduction to Mechanics . McGraw - Hill . pp. 133 -- 134 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035048 - 5 . Recall that F = dP / dt was established for a system composed of a certain set of particles ( ... I ) t is essential to deal with the same set of particles throughout the time interval ( ... ) Consequently , the mass of the system can not change during the time of interest . Jump up ^ Hannah , J , Hillier , MJ , Applied Mechanics , p221 , Pitman Paperbacks , 1971 Jump up ^ Raymond A. Serway ; Jerry S. Faughn ( 2006 ) . College Physics . Pacific Grove CA : Thompson - Brooks / Cole . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 99724 - 4 . Jump up ^ I. Bernard Cohen ( Peter M. Harman & Alan E. Shapiro , Eds ) ( 2002 ) . The investigation of difficult things : essays on Newton and the history of the exact sciences in honour of D.T. Whiteside . Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 353 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89266 - X . Jump up ^ WJ Stronge ( 2004 ) . Impact mechanics . Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 12 ff . ISBN 0 - 521 - 60289 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Resnick ; Halliday ; Krane ( 1992 ) . Physics , Volume 1 ( 4th ed . ) . p. 83 . Jump up ^ C Hellingman ( 1992 ) . `` Newton 's third law revisited '' . Phys . Educ. 27 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 115 . Bibcode : 1992PhyEd ... 27 ... 112H . doi : 10.1088 / 0031 - 9120 / 27 / 2 / 011 . Quoting Newton in the Principia : It is not one action by which the Sun attracts Jupiter , and another by which Jupiter attracts the Sun ; but it is one action by which the Sun and Jupiter mutually endeavour to come nearer together . Jump up ^ Resnick & Halliday ( 1977 ) . Physics ( Third ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 78 -- 79 . Any single force is only one aspect of a mutual interaction between two bodies . Jump up ^ Hewitt ( 2006 ) , p. 75 Jump up ^ Isaac Newton , The Principia , A new translation by I.B. Cohen and A. Whitman , University of California press , Berkeley 1999 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hobbes wrote in Leviathan : That when a thing lies still , unless somewhat else stir it , it will lie still forever , is a truth that no man doubts . But ( the proposition ) that when a thing is in motion it will eternally be in motion unless somewhat else stay it , though the reason be the same ( namely that nothing can change itself ) , is not so easily assented to . For men measure not only other men but all other things by themselves . And because they find themselves subject after motion to pain and lassitude , ( they ) think every thing else grows weary of motion and seeks repose of its own accord , little considering whether it be not some other motion wherein that desire of rest they find in themselves , consists . Jump up ^ Cohen , I.B. ( 1995 ) . Science and the Founding Fathers : Science in the Political Thought of Jefferson , Franklin , Adams and Madison . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0393315103 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cohen , I.B. ( 1980 ) . The Newtonian Revolution : With Illustrations of the Transformation of Scientific Ideas . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . pp. 183 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0521273800 . Jump up ^ According to Maxwell in Matter and Motion , Newton meant by motion `` the quantity of matter moved as well as the rate at which it travels '' and by impressed force he meant `` the time during which the force acts as well as the intensity of the force '' . See Harman and Shapiro , cited below . Jump up ^ See for example ( 1 ) I Bernard Cohen , `` Newton 's Second Law and the Concept of Force in the Principia '' , in `` The Annus Mirabilis of Sir Isaac Newton 1666 -- 1966 '' ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : The MIT Press , 1967 ) , pages 143 -- 185 ; ( 2 ) Stuart Pierson , `` ' Corpore cadente ... ' : Historians Discuss Newton 's Second Law '' , Perspectives on Science , 1 ( 1993 ) , pages 627 -- 658 ; and ( 3 ) Bruce Pourciau , `` Newton 's Interpretation of Newton 's Second Law '' , Archive for History of Exact Sciences , vol. 60 ( 2006 ) , pages 157 -- 207 ; also an online discussion by GE Smith , in 5 . Newton 's Laws of Motion , s. 5 of `` Newton 's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica '' in ( online ) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , 2007 . Jump up ^ This translation of the third law and the commentary following it can be found in the Principia on page 20 of volume 1 of the 1729 translation Archived 25 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Newton , Principia , Corollary III to the laws of motion Further reading and works cited Crowell , Benjamin ( 2011 ) , Light and Matter ( 2011 , Light and Matter ) , especially at Section 4.2 , Newton 's First Law , Section 4.3 , Newton 's Second Law , and Section 5.1 , Newton 's Third Law . Feynman , R.P. ; Leighton , R.B. ; Sands , M. ( 2005 ) . The Feynman Lectures on Physics . Vol. 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Pearson / Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 9049 - 9 . Fowles , G.R. ; Cassiday , G.L. ( 1999 ) . Analytical Mechanics ( 6th ed . ) . Saunders College Publishing . ISBN 0 - 03 - 022317 - 2 . Likins , Peter W. ( 1973 ) . Elements of Engineering Mechanics . McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 0 - 07 - 037852 - 5 . Marion , Jerry ; Thornton , Stephen ( 1995 ) . Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems . Harcourt College Publishers . ISBN 0 - 03 - 097302 - 3 . NMJ Woodhouse ( 2003 ) . Special Relativity . London / Berlin : Springer . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 426 - 6 . Historical Newton , Isaac , `` Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy '' , 1729 English translation based on 3rd Latin edition ( 1726 ) , volume 1 , containing Book 1 , especially at the section Axioms or Laws of Motion , starting page 19 . Newton , Isaac , `` Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy '' , 1729 English translation based on 3rd Latin edition ( 1726 ) , volume 2 , containing Books 2 & 3 . Thomson , W ( Lord Kelvin ) , and Tait , PG , ( 1867 ) , Treatise on natural philosophy , volume 1 , especially at Section 242 , Newton 's laws of motion . External links MIT Physics video lecture on Newton 's three laws Light and Matter -- an on - line textbook Simulation on Newton 's first law of motion `` Newton 's Second Law '' by Enrique Zeleny , Wolfram Demonstrations Project . Newton 's 3rd Law demonstrated in a vacuum on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Isaac Newton Publications De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669 , published 1711 ) Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) General Scholium ( 1713 ) Opticks ( 1704 ) The Queries ( 1704 ) Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) Other writings Notes on the Jewish Temple Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture ( 1754 ) Discoveries and inventions Calculus Fluxions Newton disc Newton polygon Newton -- Okounkov body Newton 's reflector Newtonian telescope Newton scale Newton 's metal Newton 's cradle Sextant Theory expansions Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Problem of Apollonius Newtonianism Bucket argument Newton 's inequalities Newton 's law of cooling Newton 's law of universal gravitation Post-Newtonian expansion Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism Newton -- Cartan theory Schrödinger -- Newton equation Gravitational constant Newton 's laws of motion Newtonian dynamics Newton 's method in optimization Gauss -- Newton algorithm Truncated Newton method Newton 's rings Newton 's theorem about ovals Newton -- Pepys problem Newtonian potential Newtonian fluid Classical mechanics Newtonian fluid Corpuscular theory of light Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy Newton 's notation Rotating spheres Newton 's cannonball Newton -- Cotes formulas Newton 's method Newton fractal Generalized Gauss -- Newton method Newton 's identities Newton polynomial Newton 's theorem of revolving orbits Newton -- Euler equations Newton number Kissing number problem Power number Newton 's quotient Parallelogram of force Newton -- Puiseux theorem Solar mass Dynamics Absolute space and time Finite difference Table of Newtonian series Impact depth Structural coloration Inertia Spectrum Phrases `` Hypotheses non fingo '' `` Standing on the shoulders of giants '' Life Cranbury Park Woolsthorpe Manor Early life Later life Religious views Occult studies The Mysteryes of Nature and Art Scientific revolution Copernican Revolution Friends and family Catherine Barton John Conduitt William Clarke Benjamin Pulleyn William Stukeley William Jones Isaac Barrow Abraham de Moivre John Keill Cultural depictions Newton ( Blake ) Newton ( Paolozzi ) In popular culture Related Writing of Principia Mathematica List of things named after Newton Isaac Newton Institute Isaac Newton Medal Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes Isaac Newton Telescope Newton ( unit ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Isaac Newton S / O Philipose GND : 4642395 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newton%27s_laws_of_motion&oldid=837066473 '' Categories : Classical mechanics Mechanics Isaac Newton Latin texts History of physics Concepts in physics Scientific observation Experimental physics Copernican Revolution Scientific laws Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Gĩkũyũ 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ 88 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 14 : 32 . 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8,725,367,882,911,311,000 | who played billy idol in the wedding singer | The wedding Singer - wikipedia The wedding Singer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1998 film . For the 2006 musical , see The Wedding Singer ( musical ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Wedding Singer <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Frank Coraci Produced by Robert Simonds Jack Giarraputo Written by Tim Herlihy Starring Adam Sandler Drew Barrymore Christine Taylor Music by Teddy Castellucci Cinematography Tim Suhrstedt Edited by Tom Lewis Production company Brillstein - Grey Entertainment Robert Simonds Productions Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date February 13 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 13 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $18 million Box office $123.3 million The Wedding Singer is a 1998 American romantic comedy film written by Tim Herlihy and directed by Frank Coraci . It stars Adam Sandler as a wedding singer in the 1980s and Drew Barrymore as a waitress with whom he falls in love . It was produced by Robert Simonds for US $18 million and grossed $80.2 million in the United States and $123.3 million worldwide . It was a box office hit and critically acclaimed with many calling it Sandler 's best movie . Many have praised the chemistry of him and Barrymore . The film was later adapted into a stage musical of the same name , debuting on Broadway in April 2006 and closing on New Year 's Eve of that same year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 3 Reception 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1985 , Robbie Hart is a nice , charming and entertaining wedding singer from Ridgefield , New Jersey . He is engaged to his long - time girlfriend , Linda , who fell in love with him when he dreamed of becoming a rock star . He meets and befriends a waitress , Julia Sullivan , at the reception hall where she is newly employed . She is engaged to businessman Glenn Gulia and he promises to sing at their wedding . On their wedding day , Robbie 's sister , Kate , tells him that Linda has changed her mind about the wedding , leaving him emotionally devastated and humiliated . Later that day , Linda visits Robbie and she reveals that she stopped loving him when she found out that he lost his ambitions of being a rock star and instead became a wedding singer . She tells him that after talking to her friends , she realizes she ca n't continue lying to herself and ends their relationship . He tries to move on with his life , but despair hinders his performances . Julia tries to cheer him up and later asks him to help her plan her own wedding . He eventually agrees and their friendship blossoms . While Robbie spends more time with Julia , he begins to realize just how shallow Linda is . During a double date between Julia and Glenn , and Julia 's cousin , Holly , Robbie learns that Glenn frequently cheats on Julia and does not plan to stop after they get married . Julia and Robbie are increasingly confused by their deepening feelings for each other . He tells her he has plans to retire from singing and pursue a more conventional career , thinking that will impress her . She becomes angry with him when he accuses her of marrying Glenn for his money . Dismayed , he meets his friend Sammy at a bar and says he 's just going to have fun with women from now on , but Sammy says he 's not really happy and those kinds of guys are doomed , so Robbie goes to tell Julia how he feels . When he sees her through her bedroom window in her wedding dress , she is happily looking in a mirror and pretending she has just married Robbie , but he assumes she is thinking of Glenn . Heartbroken , Robbie leaves to get drunk and finds Glenn in the midst of his pre-bachelor party . After a heated exchange , he punches Robbie and proceeds to mock him . An intoxicated Robbie goes home and finds Linda waiting for him and wanting to reconcile . He passes out , but the following morning , she answers the door and introduces herself as his fiancée to a crestfallen Julia . She runs to Glenn , wanting to be married immediately . He happily offers to take her to Las Vegas . Robbie awakens and after shaking off his hangover from the previous night , tells Linda that it 's over and kicks her out . Then he attends the 50th wedding anniversary party of his neighbor Rosie ( to whom he has been giving singing lessons ) . Realizing he wants to grow old with Julia , with Rosie 's encouragement , he decides to pursue Julia . Just then , Holly arrives and asks him if he is still with Linda . He reveals he ended it with her and learns of Julia 's plans to marry Glenn . He , Sammy , and Holly rush to the airport , where he gets a first class ticket to Las Vegas . After telling his story to an empathetic audience in first class , which includes Billy Idol , he learns that Glenn and Julia are on the same flight after a female flight attendant informs everyone that Glenn said the same terms he said about Julia while trying to seduce her . With the help of Billy and the flight crew , over the loudspeaker , he sings a song he has written called `` Grow Old With You , '' dedicated to Julia . As Robbie approaches Julia singing , Glenn tries to attack him only to be blocked by Billy Idol and a flight attendant . When Glenn threatens Billy , a burly Billy Idol fan forces Glenn down the aisle while the same female flight attendant he tried seducing earlier shoves him into the lavatory . Robbie and Julia admit their love for each other , and share a kiss after Billy informs him that he liked the song and plans to tell his record company executives about him . The film ends as the scene fades to Robbie and Julia kissing at their wedding . Cast and characters ( edit ) Adam Sandler as Robbie Hart Drew Barrymore as Julia Sullivan Christine Taylor as Holly Sullivan Jodi Thelen as Kate Hart Allen Covert as Sammy Angela Featherstone as Linda Matthew Glave as Glenn Gulia Ellen Albertini Dow as Rosie Alexis Arquette as George Stitzer ( a reference to Boy George ; reprised as Georgina in Blended ) Christina Pickles as Angie Sullivan Frank Sivero as Andy Billy Idol as himself Kevin Nealon as Mr. Simms Steven Brill as Glenn 's buddy Steve Buscemi ( uncredited ) as David Veltri Peter Dante as David 's friend Jon Lovitz ( uncredited ) as Jimmie Moore Brian Posehn ( uncredited ) as Man at Dining Table # 9 Michael Shuman as The Bar Mitzvah Boy Robert Smigel as Andre Chauntal Lewis ( uncredited ) as Stuck - Up Girl at Bar Mitzvah Reception ( edit ) The film had a budget of $18 million and received $123,306,987 worldwide in ticket sales . It opened at the # 2 spot in the US with $18,865,080 in the United States , behind Titanic . The film received generally positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 71 % based on reviews from 61 critics , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 , saying that `` It 's decidedly uneven -- and surprisingly sappy for an early Adam Sandler comedy -- but The Wedding Singer is also sweet , funny , and beguiling . Soundtrack ( edit ) Two soundtrack albums for the film , called The Wedding Singer and The Wedding Singer Volume 2 , were released , both in 1998 . It contained many scenes of singing at weddings , with songs performed by its cast . The soundtrack albums , for the most part , contained the original versions of these songs instead , as well as songs that were in the background during it and original songs and dialogue from it . Only for `` Rapper 's Delight '' was its rendition ( by Ellen Dow ) , used , in combination with the original recording . The track listing of the first album is : `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' ( originally performed by The Buggles ) , performed by The Presidents of the United States of America `` Do You Really Want to Hurt Me '' , performed by Culture Club `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' , performed by The Police `` How Soon Is Now ? '' , performed by The Smiths `` Love My Way '' , performed by The Psychedelic Furs `` Hold Me Now '' , performed by Thompson Twins `` Everyday I Write the Book '' , performed by Elvis Costello `` White Wedding '' , performed by Billy Idol `` China Girl '' , performed by David Bowie `` Blue Monday '' , performed by New Order `` Pass the Dutchie '' , performed by Musical Youth `` Have You Written Anything Lately ? '' `` Somebody Kill Me '' , written by Adam Sandler and Tim Herlihy , performed by Adam Sandler `` Rapper 's Delight '' ( medley ) , performed by Sugarhill Gang and Ellen Dow The track listing of the second album is : `` Too Shy '' , performed by Kajagoogoo `` It 's All I Can Do '' , performed by The Cars `` True '' , performed by Spandau Ballet `` Space Age Love Song '' , performed by A Flock of Seagulls `` Private Idaho '' , performed by The B - 52 's `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' , performed by Flying Lizards `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' , performed by Dead or Alive `` Just Ca n't Get Enough '' , performed by Depeche Mode `` Love Stinks '' , performed by The J. Geils Band `` You Make My Dreams '' , performed by Hall & Oates `` Holiday '' , performed by Madonna `` Grow Old With You '' , written by Adam Sandler and Tim Herlihy , performed by Adam Sandler Songs and renditions that appeared in the movie , but were not included in the soundtrack albums , were : `` Der Kommissar '' , performed by After the Fire `` 99 Luftballons '' , performed by Nena `` Till There Was You '' , written by Meredith Willson , performed by Ellen Dow `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' ( originally performed by Journey ) `` Boys Do n't Cry '' , performed by The Cure `` All Night Long ( All Night ) '' , performed by Lionel Richie `` That 's All '' , written by Alan Brandt & Bob Haymes , performed by Adam Sandler `` Ladies ' Night '' ( originally performed by Kool & the Gang ) , performed by Jon Lovitz `` Do You Believe in Love '' , performed by Huey Lewis and the News `` Jam on It '' , Newcleus `` Miami Vice Theme '' , performed by Jan Hammer `` Hungry Heart '' , performed by Bruce Springsteen `` The Goofball Brothers Show '' , written and performed by Sourcerer `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' , performed by Wham ! References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Wedding Singer at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for February 13 - 15 , 1998 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Wedding Singer at Rotten Tomatoes External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wedding Singer The Wedding Singer on Facebook The Wedding Singer on IMDb The Wedding Singer at Rotten Tomatoes The Wedding Singer at AllMovie The Wedding Singer at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Films directed by Frank Coraci <Td_colspan="2"> Murdered Innocence ( 1995 ) The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) The Waterboy ( 1998 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2004 ) Click ( 2006 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Blended ( 2014 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) VIAF : 184148665 GND : 7556083 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wedding_Singer&oldid=836241511 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1990s romantic comedy films American romantic comedy films American films Films about weddings Films set in 1985 Films set in New Jersey Films directed by Frank Coraci Screenplays by Tim Herlihy Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 吴语 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 15 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Wedding Singer (1998 film)
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-5,515,375,894,049,805,000 | when does naruto fight sasuke in the war | Naruto : Shippuden ( season 17 ) - wikipedia Naruto : Shippuden ( season 17 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Naruto : Shippuden ( Season 17 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Season 17 Cover Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 11 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network TV Tokyo <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 16 Next → Season 18 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Naruto : Shippuden episodes The episodes for the seventeenth season of the anime series Naruto : Shippuden are based on Part II for Masashi Kishimoto 's manga series . The season continues with the repentant Sasuke Uchiha joining with the allied shinobi forces to battle against Madara and Obito . The episodes are directed by Hayato Date , and produced by Studio Pierrot and TV Tokyo . The season aired from May to August 2014 . The DVD collection was released on January 7 , 2015 under the title of The Fourth Great Ninja War - The Return of Squad Seven ( 忍 界 大戦 ・ 第 七 班 再び , Ninkai Taisen - Dainanahan Futatabi ) . The season contains three musical themes , including one opening and two endings . The opening theme , `` Guren '' ( 紅蓮 , `` Crimson '' ) by DOES , is used from episode 362 to 372 . The first ending theme , `` FLAME '' by DISH / / is used from episode 362 to 366 . The second ending theme , `` Never Change '' by SHUN and Lyu : Lyu is used from episode 367 to 372 . Contents 1 Episode listing 2 Home releases 2.1 Japanese 2.2 English 3 References Episode listing No . Title Original air date 362 `` Kakashi 's Resolve '' `` Kakashi no Ketsui '' ( カカシ の 決意 ) May 15 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> After repelling Naruto Uzumaki 's Super Mini-Tailed Beast Ball while chiding Obito for deviating from the plan , including the method of his resurrection , Madara decides to take matters into his own hands to capture the remaining tailed beasts by using the First Hokage 's Wood Dragon to bind Kurama and Gyuki . Meanwhile , Kakashi Hatake tries to understand Obito 's reasons but is severely drained from overusing his Sharingan as he gets endlessly pummeled . Luckily , while stopping Madara 's Susanoo from killing him , Killer Bee , and Guy , Naruto uses a shadow clone to save Kakashi . Hearing Naruto 's words as an allusion to Obito 's childhood ideals , Kakashi gains the resolve to protect his student . Convincing Naruto to let him control his body for a bit , Kurama reinvigorates Kakashi with a chakra boost and tricked Obito into warping the copy ninja into the other dimension so he can lose his advantage through Kamui . Afterwards , as Gyuki attempts to break through the Gedo Statue 's barrier , Naruto turns his attention to the Gedo Statue as he and Killer Bee use two Tailed Beast Bombs in hopes to destroy the statue before its regeneration into the Ten - Tails is complete . Despite the apparent victory , the revived Ten - Tails appears from the fading smoke . 363 `` The Allied Shinobi Forces Jutsu '' `` Shinobi Rengōgun no Jutsu ! '' ( 忍 連合 軍 の 術 ! ) May 22 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> Following the Ten - Tails ' arrival , Obito and Madara quickly attach themselves to it and launch an attack against Naruto and the others . However Kurama quickly takes charge of the situation and uses a strategy with Kakashi to deliver Gyuki close enough to the Ten - Tails to launch a Tailed Beast Ball at point blank range . However the Ten - Tails proves to be much to powerful for the pair of Tailed Beasts , forcing them to retreat into their hosts and leaving Naruto , Kakashi and Guy at the mercy of its own Tailed Beast Ball . However the Allied Shinobi Forces make a grand appearance , with Ino and Hinata able to deflect the attack . With their arrival , Naruto boldly proclaims to Madara that their `` Allied Shinobi Forces Jutsu '' is more powerful than the Infinite Tsukuyomi , also prompting Obito to join the argument . Meanwhile , Shikaku uses the opportunity to develop a strategy involving the Shinobi Forces which he eventually relays with the help of Inochi and they are able to immobilize the Ten - Tails inside a pit of concrete . Finally as the Shinobi Alliance charges at Madara and Obito , the Ten - Tails begins undergoing a metamorphosis . 364 `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Tsunagareru Mono '' ( 繋が れる もの ) June 5 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> In the midst of the Allied Shinobi Forces ' attack , the Ten - Tails undergoes a sudden transformation , repels the attack and escape from the concrete pit . Madara and Obito launches the Tailed - Beast Balls in all directions , including the Allied HQ . The explosion destroys the headquarters , killing Shikaku and Inoichi . Afterwards , Madara outlines his plan to become the Ten - Tails ' Jinchūriki to Obito . The Ten - Tails launch a barrage of wooden spikes to kill some ninjas , including Neji who saves Naruto . Obito uses the opportunity to demoralize Naruto . However , Hinata asks Naruto to not let Neji 's death be a waste and Naruto boosts their morale with Kurama 's chakra . Afterwards , Obito recklessly launches a close - ranged Tailed - Beast Ball , but is repelled by the recovered Bee . 365 `` Those Who Dance in the Shadows '' `` Shinobimau Mono - tachi '' ( 忍び 舞う 者 たち ) June 12 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> Naruto follows the strategy which Shikaku relayed to him before his death to share Kurama 's chakra with his comrades and hence make the Allied Shinobi Forces much stronger than before . Using their newly gained powers the allied forces corner the Ten - Tails and manage to sever Obito and Madara 's bond with it . Meanwhile Sasuke Uchiha , Orochimaru , Jugo and Suigetsu sneak into the Konoha and enter the Uchiha 's Nakano Shrine , where Orochimaru breaks the Reaper Death Seal and performs the Reanimation Jutsu to reanimate all of the previous Hokages . 366 `` The All - Knowing '' `` Subete o Shiru Mono - tachi '' ( 全て を 知る 者 たち ) June 19 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> Having been reanimated by Orochimaru , the previous Hokages immediately suspect the former to be up to his old schemes until he adds that they were brought solely to answer Sasuke 's questions . Sasuke wastes no time in getting Hiruzen to confirm the truth about Itachi and follows up by questioning Tobirama on the Uchiha clan , where the latter explains that the power of the Sharingan manifests when a clan member experiences deep emotional trauma , which in turn gives rise to hatred . Afterwards Orochimaru tells the Hokages of the ongoing war and when Tobirama tries to leave , Orochimaru threatens to use them to attack the Leaf Village if they fail to appease Sasuke 's questions . Afterwards Sasuke asks Hashirama to explain the concepts of a `` village '' and `` shinobi '' . Realizing that his answer would influence Sasuke 's actions , Hashirama decides to begin his explanation by recounting his final climatic battle with Madara at the Valley of the End . 367 `` Hashirama and Madara '' `` Hashirama to Madara '' ( 柱 間 と マダラ ) July 3 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> Hashirama continues to tell his story , telling of when he first met Madara at a river when they were children during a time where ninja were without villages and hired by feudal lords for numerous bloody conflicts . The two bond over their hardships of losing brothers in the fighting , and their mutual dream to end the wars and create peace . However , Hashirama 's father Butsuma finds out about their meetings and reveals to his son that Madara is an Uchiha , and orders him to spy on him . 368 `` The Era of Warring States '' `` Sengoku Jidai '' ( 戦国 時代 ) July 10 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> During the next meeting between Hashirama and Madara , the two try to warn each other that their families are after them . But when Butsuma and Tobirama arrive at the same time as Madara 's brother Izuna and their father Tajima and the confrontation leads to Izuna almost being killed , Madara accepts the reality they live in and agrees to continue fighting against the Senju . As the years pass , Hashirama and Madara become the leaders of their respective clans as the conflict between their families continues with many casualties . During one such battle , Tobirama fatally wounds Izuna . The next time the Senju brothers encounter Madara in a later battle , he informs them that Izuna had succumbed to his injuries and had left him his eyes to continue protecting their clan . But despite having acquired the Eternal Mangekyō Sharingan , Madara is still defeated by Hashirama . Stopping Tobirama from delivering the final blow , Hashirama makes another attempt to offer Madara peace . But Madara tells him that he will accept if Hashirama takes his own life or Tobirama 's . Hashirama agrees , and has his kin swear that the feud between their clans will end and that no harm will come to the Uchiha after his death . However , seeing his former friend 's resolve , Madara stops Hashirama from taking his life and accepts his proposal . With peace between the Senju and the Uchiha , the establishment of Konoha soon follows . 369 `` My True Dream '' `` Hontō no Yume '' ( 本当 の 夢 ) July 24 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> With the Uchiha and the Senju clans forming an alliance , Madara and Hashirama 's childhood dream of a village where children were not sent to battle has come to fruition . The village itself would ally with the Land of Fire . Having heard of his elder brother 's intentions to choose Madara as the Hokage , Tobirama argues that things are done democratically now and everyone , even the Uchiha , would not see Madara in the same light as Hashirama . Madara brings Hashirama to the Naka Shrine , and tells him that he intends to leave the village . Not understanding Madara 's true agenda , Hashirama attempts to persuade him to not leave the village but is unsuccessful , and after leaving Konoha , Madara continues to attack it and destroy his previous dream . 370 `` Sasuke 's Answer '' `` Sasuke no Kotae '' ( サスケ の 答え ) July 31 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> The battle between Hashirama and Madara concludes with Hashirama killing Madara and resolving himself to endure in order to protect his dream . Back in present day , after hearing Hashirama 's story and reflecting on Itachi 's life , Sasuke decides that the village that Itachi sacrificed his life to protect should not be wasted , and decides to enter the battlefield to follow his will . After Karin joins back up with them , the resurrected Hokage prepare to head to the battlefield . 371 `` Hole '' `` Kazaana '' ( 風穴 ) August 7 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> As he continues defending his comrades from Obito and Madara 's various attacks , Naruto begins to tire from micromanaging Kurama 's chakra . The Ten - Tails begins going through another transformation and begins to perform a massive attack . Kakashi attempts to stop it with his Kamui before he is intercepted by Obito and the two go to the other dimension . The Ten - Tails 's technique causes massive destruction yet the shinobi survive thanks to Naruto . Unfortunately Naruto , worn out and injured , leaves Nine - Tails Chakra Mode and causes the cloaks of the alliance to fade away . Meanwhile , Kakashi gains the upper hand against Obito , aiming his Lightning Blade at him , but stops due to not wanting to kill his former teammate . Kakashi tries to persuade him into reverting to how he was before but is taunted in response . Obito reveals that he is aware of the true story of Rin 's death being that Mist ninjas planned to use her to unleash the Three - Tails on Konoha and she purposely made herself to die by Kakashi 's hand to protect her village . He uses genjutsu to show Kakashi that his heart is empty and how Infinite Tsukuyomi can save people from this . The Ten - Tails begins preparing a large Tailed Beast Ball , much to the horror of the Alliance . 372 `` Something to Fill the Hole '' `` Umeru Mono '' ( 埋める もの ) August 14 , 2014 <Td_colspan="3"> Ten - Tails fires his enormous Tailed Beast Ball to the Alliance . Shikamaru , with the help of Ino 's jutsu , devises a last - minute plan to counter its powerful attack by creating a earth barrier and Bee to slow down the Tailed Beast Ball to change its trajectory . However , it manages to pierce through barriers of the Alliance and Bee quickly blocks its on his own . The ball suddenly disappears as Minato arrives , telling the Alliance that he teleported it to the sea . The other Hokages soon arrive and create a special barrier to trap the Ten Tails . Sasuke arrives , much to the shock of Konoha 11 , and he tells them that he has decided to protect the village and aspires to become Hokage . Reuniting with Naruto and Sakura Haruno , Team 7 prepare themselves against the Ten Tails . Meanwhile in Kamui 's dimension , Obito continues to berate Kakashi about the failing reality in this world and value of comrades but Kakashi tells Obito that losing the feelings of his comrades is much worse than trash and he believes that his comrades will fill the hole inside his heart . Home releases Japanese Volume Date Discs Episodes Reference January 7 , 2015 362 -- 365 February 4 , 2015 366 -- 369 March 4 , 2015 370 -- 372 , 376 -- 377 English Viz Media ( North America , Region 1 DVD ) Box set Date Discs Episodes Reference 29 January 17 , 2017 362 -- 374 30 April 4 , 2017 375 -- 388 Madman Entertainment ( United Kingdom , Region 2 ) Volume Date Discs Episodes Reference 29 July 24 , 2017 362 -- 374 Madman Entertainment ( Australia / New Zealand , Region 4 ) Collection Date Discs Episodes Reference 29 March 8 , 2017 362 -- 374 30 June 7 , 2017 375 -- 387 References General `` Episodes 577 - 586 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . `` Episodes 587 - 599 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . `` Trailer '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ スタッフ ・ キャスト ( Staff. Cast ) ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Episodes 577 - 586 '' ( in Japanese ) . TV Tokyo . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 忍 界 大戦 ・ 第 七 班 再び - TV DVD - NARUTO - ナルト - 疾風 伝 - アニプレックス '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 29 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Uncut Set 30 ( DVD ) '' . Viz Media . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto - Shippuden : Collection - Volume 29 - DVD '' . Xtra - vision . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 29 ( Eps 362 - 374 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naruto Shippuden Collection 30 ( Eps 375 - 387 ) - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto Media Volumes Part I Part II , volumes 28 -- 48 Part II , volumes 49 -- 72 Naruto episodes Season 1 5 Shippuden episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals episodes The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring Boruto : Naruto Next Generations Mikio Ikemoto Boruto episodes Films Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow Legend of the Stone of Gelel Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom Shippuden Bonds The Will of Fire The Lost Tower Blood Prison Road to Ninja The Last Boruto Video games Clash of Ninja series Clash of Ninja Ninja Council series The New Era Ultimate Ninja series Generations Revolution Rise of a Ninja The Broken Bond Legends : Akatsuki Rising Characters Naruto Uzumaki Sasuke Uchiha Sakura Haruno Kakashi Hatake Gaara Rock Lee Shikamaru Nara Hinata Hyuga Orochimaru Jiraiya Itachi Uchiha Boruto Uzumaki Sarada Uchiha Mitsuki Related Jutsu Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars Battle Stadium D.O.N J - Stars Victory VS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naruto:_Shippuden_(season_17)&oldid=854598229 '' Categories : 2014 Japanese television seasons Naruto episodes Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Română Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 13 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Naruto: Shippuden season 17
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-6,238,358,179,831,579,000 | how long is the picture of dorian gray | The Picture of Dorian Gray - wikipedia The Picture of Dorian Gray Jump to : navigation , search `` Dorian Gray '' redirects here . For other uses , see Dorian Gray ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see The Picture of Dorian Gray ( disambiguation ) . The Picture of Dorian Gray <Td_colspan="2"> The Picture of Dorian Gray was first published in the July 1890 issue of `` Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine '' . Author Oscar Wilde Language English Genre Philosophical fiction Published 1890 Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine Media type Print OCLC 53071567 Dewey Decimal 823 /. 8 22 LC Class PR5819. A2 M543 2003 The Picture of Dorian Gray is a philosophical novel by Oscar Wilde , first published complete in the July 1890 issue of Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine . Fearing the story was indecent , the magazine 's editor without Wilde 's knowledge deleted roughly five hundred words before publication . Despite that censorship , The Picture of Dorian Gray offended the moral sensibilities of British book reviewers , some of whom said that Oscar Wilde merited prosecution for violating the laws guarding the public morality . In response , Wilde aggressively defended his novel and art in correspondence with the British press , although he personally made excisions of some of the most controversial material when revising and lengthening the story for book publication the following year . The longer and revised version of The Picture of Dorian Gray published in book form in 1891 featured an aphoristic preface -- a defence of the artist 's rights and of art for art 's sake -- based in part on his press defences of the novel the previous year . The content , style , and presentation of the preface made it famous in its own right , as a literary and artistic manifesto . In April 1891 , the publishing firm of Ward , Lock and Company , who had distributed the shorter , more inflammatory , magazine version in England the previous year , published the revised version of The Picture of Dorian Gray . The only novel written by Wilde , The Picture of Dorian Gray exists in several versions : the 1890 magazine edition ( in 13 chapters ) , with important material deleted before publication by the magazine 's editor , J.M. Stoddart ; the `` uncensored '' version submitted to Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine for publication ( also in 13 chapters ) , with all of Wilde 's original material intact , first published in 2011 by Harvard University Press ; and the 1891 book edition ( in 20 chapters ) . As literature of the 19th century , The Picture of Dorian Gray `` pivots on a gothic plot device '' with strong themes interpreted from Faust . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Themes and motifs 4.1 Aestheticism and duplicity 5 Allusions 5.1 The Republic 5.2 Tannhäuser 5.3 Faust 5.4 Shakespeare 5.5 Joris - Karl Huysmans 6 Literary significance 6.1 Possible Disraeli influence 6.2 Publication history 6.3 Preface 6.4 Criticism 6.5 Textual revisions 7 Adaptations 8 Editions 9 See also 10 Footnotes and references 11 External links Summary ( edit ) Dorian Gray is the subject of a full - length portrait in oil by Basil Hallward , an artist who is impressed and infatuated by Dorian 's beauty ; he believes that Dorian 's beauty is responsible for the new mode in his art as a painter . Through Basil , Dorian meets Lord Henry Wotton , and he soon is enthralled by the aristocrat 's hedonistic worldview : that beauty and sensual fulfilment are the only things worth pursuing in life . Newly understanding that his beauty will fade , Dorian expresses the desire to sell his soul , to ensure that the picture , rather than he , will age and fade . The wish is granted , and Dorian pursues a libertine life of varied and amoral experiences , while staying young and beautiful ; all the while his portrait ages and records every sin . Plot ( edit ) The plot of the novel varies between each of the published versions . The summary below deals with the longest version , the 1891 novel . However , certain episodes described -- in particular Dorian 's encounter with , and murder of , James Vane -- do not appear in the version originally submitted by Wilde to Lippincott 's . The Picture of Dorian Gray begins on a beautiful summer day in Victorian era England , where Lord Henry Wotton , an opinionated man , is observing the sensitive artist Basil Hallward painting the portrait of Dorian Gray , a handsome young man who is Basil 's ultimate muse . While sitting for the painting , Dorian listens to Lord Henry espousing his hedonistic world view , and begins to think that beauty is the only aspect of life worth pursuing . This prompts Dorian to wish that the painted image of himself would age instead of himself . Under the hedonist influence of Lord Henry , Dorian fully explores his sensuality . He discovers the actress Sibyl Vane , who performs Shakespeare plays in a dingy , working - class theatre . Dorian approaches and courts her , and soon proposes marriage . The enamoured Sibyl calls him `` Prince Charming '' , and swoons with the happiness of being loved , but her protective brother , James , warns that if `` Prince Charming '' harms her , he will murder him . Dorian invites Basil and Lord Henry to see Sibyl perform in Romeo and Juliet . Sibyl , too enamoured with Dorian to act , performs poorly , which makes both Basil and Lord Henry think Dorian has fallen in love with Sibyl because of her beauty instead of her acting talent . Embarrassed , Dorian rejects Sibyl , telling her that acting was her beauty ; without that , she no longer interests him . On returning home , Dorian notices that the portrait has changed ; his wish has come true , and the man in the portrait bears a subtle sneer of cruelty . Dorian Gray observes the corruption recorded in his portrait , in the film The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1945 ) . Conscience - stricken and lonely , Dorian decides to reconcile with Sibyl , but he is too late , as Lord Henry informs him that Sibyl has committed suicide by swallowing prussic acid . Dorian then understands that , where his life is headed , lust and good looks shall suffice . Dorian locks the portrait up , and over the following eighteen years , he experiments with every vice , influenced by a morally poisonous French novel that Lord Henry Wotton gave him . ( The narrative does not reveal the title of the French novel , but , at trial , Wilde said that the novel Dorian Gray read was À Rebours ( ' Against Nature ' , 1884 ) , by Joris - Karl Huysmans . ) One night , before leaving for Paris , Basil goes to Dorian 's house to ask him about rumours of his self - indulgent sensualism . Dorian does not deny his debauchery , and takes Basil to see the portrait . The portrait has become so hideous that Basil is only able to identify it as his work by the signature he affixes to all his portraits . Basil is horrified , and beseeches Dorian to pray for salvation . In anger , Dorian blames his fate on Basil , and stabs him to death . Dorian then calmly blackmails an old friend , the scientist Alan Campbell , into using his knowledge of chemistry to destroy the body of Basil Hallward . Alan later kills himself over the deed . A 19th century London opium den ( based on fictional accounts of the day ) . To escape the guilt of his crime , Dorian goes to an opium den , where James Vane is unknowingly present . James had been seeking vengeance upon Dorian ever since Sibyl killed herself , but had no leads to pursue : the only thing he knew about Dorian was the name Sibyl called him , `` Prince Charming '' . In the opium den however he hears someone refer to Dorian as `` Prince Charming '' , and he accosts Dorian . Dorian deceives James into believing that he is too young to have known Sibyl , who killed herself 18 years earlier , as his face is still that of a young man . James relents and releases Dorian , but is then approached by a woman from the opium den who reproaches James for not killing Dorian . She confirms that the man was Dorian Gray and explains that he has not aged in 18 years . James runs after Dorian , but he has gone . James then begins to stalk Dorian , causing Dorian to fear for his life . However during a shooting party , a hunter accidentally kills James Vane who was lurking in a thicket . On returning to London , Dorian tells Lord Henry that he will live righteously from then on . His new probity begins with deliberately not breaking the heart of the naïve Hetty Merton , his current romantic interest . Dorian wonders if his new - found goodness has reverted the corruption in the picture , but when he looks he sees only an even uglier image of himself . From that , Dorian understands that his true motives for the self - sacrifice of moral reformation were the vanity and curiosity of his quest for new experiences . Deciding that only full confession will absolve him of wrongdoing , Dorian decides to destroy the last vestige of his conscience , and the only piece of evidence remaining of his crimes -- the picture . In a rage , he takes the knife with which he murdered Basil Hallward , and stabs the picture . The servants of the house awaken on hearing a cry from the locked room ; on the street , passers - by who also heard the cry call the police . On entering the locked room , the servants find an unknown old man , stabbed in the heart , his face and figure withered and decrepit . The servants identify the disfigured corpse by the rings on its fingers which belonged to their master ; beside him is the picture of Dorian Gray , restored to its original beauty . Characters ( edit ) Oscar Wilde said that , in the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) , three of the characters were reflections of himself : Basil Hallward is what I think I am : Lord Henry is what the world thinks of me : Dorian is what I would like to be -- in other ages , perhaps . The painter Basil Hallward and the aristocrat Lord Henry Wotton observe the picture of Dorian Gray . The characters of the story are Dorian Gray -- a handsome , narcissistic young man enthralled by Lord Henry 's `` new '' hedonism . He indulges in every pleasure and virtually every ' sin ' , studying its effect upon him , which eventually leads to his death . Basil Hallward -- a deeply moral man , the painter of the portrait , and infatuated with Dorian , whose patronage realises his potential as an artist . The picture of Dorian Gray is Basil 's masterpiece . Lord Henry `` Harry '' Wotton -- an imperious aristocrat and a decadent dandy who espouses a philosophy of self - indulgent hedonism . Initially Basil 's friend , he neglects him for Dorian 's beauty . The character of witty Lord Harry is a critique of Victorian culture at the Fin de siècle -- of Britain at the end of the 19th century . Lord Harry 's libertine world view corrupts Dorian , who then successfully emulates him . To the aristocrat Harry , the observant artist Basil says , `` You never say a moral thing , and you never do a wrong thing . '' Lord Henry takes pleasure in impressing , influencing , and even misleading his acquaintances ( to which purpose he bends his considerable wit and eloquence ) but appears not to observe his own hedonistic advice , preferring to study himself with scientific detachment . His distinguishing feature is total indifference to the consequences of his actions . Scholars generally accept the character is partly inspired by Wilde 's friend Lord Ronald Gower . Sibyl Vane -- a talented actress and singer , she is the beautiful girl , of a poor family , with whom Dorian falls in love . Her love for Dorian ruins her acting ability , because she no longer finds pleasure in portraying fictional love as she is now experiencing real love in her life . She kills herself on learning that Dorian no longer loves her ; at that , Lord Henry likens her to Ophelia , in Hamlet . James Vane -- Sibyl 's brother , a sailor who leaves for Australia . He is very protective of his sister , especially as their mother cares only for Dorian 's money . Believing that Dorian means to harm Sibyl , James hesitates to leave , and promises vengeance upon Dorian if any harm befalls her . After Sibyl 's suicide , James becomes obsessed with killing Dorian , and stalks him , but a hunter accidentally kills James . The brother 's pursuit of vengeance upon the lover ( Dorian Gray ) , for the death of the sister ( Sibyl ) parallels that of Laertes vengeance against Prince Hamlet . Alan Campbell -- chemist and one - time friend of Dorian who ended their friendship when Dorian 's libertine reputation devalued such a friendship . Dorian blackmails Alan into destroying the body of the murdered Basil Hallward ; Campbell later shoots himself dead . Lord Fermor -- Lord Henry 's uncle , who tells his nephew , Lord Henry Wotton , about the family lineage of Dorian Gray . Adrian Singleton -- A youthful friend of Dorian 's , whom he evidently introduced to opium addiction , which induced him to forge a cheque and made him a total outcast from his family and social set . Victoria , Lady Wotton -- Lord Henry 's wife , whom he treats disdainfully ; she later divorces him . Themes and motifs ( edit ) Aestheticism and duplicity ( edit ) The greatest theme in The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) is aestheticism and its conceptual relation to living a double life . Throughout the story , the narrative presents aestheticism as an absurd abstraction , which disillusions more than it dignifies the concept of Beauty . Despite Dorian being a hedonist when Basil accuses him of making a `` by - word '' of the name of Lord Henry 's sister , Dorian curtly replies , `` Take care , Basil . You go too far ... '' ; thus , in Victorian society , public image and social standing do matter to Dorian . Yet , Wilde highlights the protagonist 's hedonism : Dorian enjoyed `` keenly the terrible pleasure of a double life '' , by attending a high - society party only twenty - four hours after committing a murder . Moral duplicity and self - indulgence are evident in Dorian 's patronising the opium dens of London . Wilde conflates the images of the upper - class man and lower - class man in Dorian Gray , a gentleman slumming for strong entertainment in the poor parts of London town . Lord Henry philosophically had earlier said to him that : `` Crime belongs exclusively to the lower orders ... I should fancy that crime was to them what art is to us , simply a method of procuring extraordinary sensations '' -- implying that Dorian is two men , a refined aesthete and a coarse criminal . That authorial observation is a thematic link to the double life recounted in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ( 1886 ) , by Robert Louis Stevenson , a novella admired by Oscar Wilde . Allusions ( edit ) The Republic ( edit ) In Book 2 of Plato 's The Republic , Glaucon and Adeimantus present the myth of the Ring of Gyges , by means of which Gyges made himself invisible . They then ask Socrates , `` If one came into possession of such a ring , why should he act justly ? '' Socrates replies that although no one can see one 's body , the soul is disfigured by the evils one commits . The disfigured and corrupted soul ( antithesis of the beautiful soul ) is imbalanced and disordered , and , in itself , is undesirable , regardless of any advantage derived from acting unjustly . The picture of Dorian Gray is the means by which other people , such as his friend Basil Hallward , may see Dorian 's distorted soul . Tannhäuser ( edit ) Dorian attends a performance of Tannhäuser , by Richard Wagner , and the narrative identifies him with the protagonist of the opera . Disruptive beauty is the thematic resemblance between the opera and The Picture of Dorian Gray . Based upon a medieval historical figure , Tannhäuser is a singer whose art is so beautiful that Venus becomes enamoured of him . The Roman goddess of love then offers him eternal life with her in the Venusberg , and he accepts ; yet , Tannhäuser becomes dissatisfied with life in the Venusberg , and returns to the harsh reality of the mortal world . After participating in a singing contest , Tannhäuser is censured for the sensuality of his art ; eventually , he dies searching for repentance and the love of a good woman . Faust ( edit ) About the literary hero , the author Oscar Wilde said , `` in every first novel the hero is the author as Christ or Faust . '' As in the legend of Faust , in The Picture of Dorian Gray a temptation ( ageless beauty ) is placed before the protagonist , which he indulges . In each story , the protagonist entices a beautiful woman to love him , and then destroys her life . In the preface to the novel ( 1891 ) , Wilde said that the notion behind the tale is `` old in the history of literature '' , but was a thematic subject to which he had `` given a new form '' . Unlike the academic Faust , the gentleman Dorian makes no deal with the Devil , who is represented by the cynical hedonist Lord Henry , who presents the temptation that will corrupt the virtue and innocence that Dorian possesses at the start of the story . Throughout , Lord Henry appears unaware of the effect of his actions upon the young man ; and so frivolously advises Dorian , that `` the only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it . Resist it , and your soul grows sick with longing . '' As such , the devilish Lord Henry is `` leading Dorian into an unholy pact , by manipulating his innocence and insecurity . '' Shakespeare ( edit ) In the preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) , Wilde speaks of the sub-human Caliban character from The Tempest . When Dorian tells Lord Henry about his new love Sibyl Vane , he mentions the Shakespeare plays in which she has acted , and refers to her by the name of the heroine of each play . Later , Dorian speaks of his life by quoting Hamlet , a privileged character who impels his girlfriend ( Ophelia ) to suicide , and prompts her brother ( Laertes ) to swear mortal revenge . Joris - Karl Huysmans ( edit ) The anonymous `` poisonous French novel '' that leads Dorian to his fall is a thematic variant of À rebours ( 1884 ) , by Joris - Karl Huysmans . In the biography , Oscar Wilde ( 1989 ) , the literary critic Richard Ellmann said that : Wilde does not name the book , but at his trial he conceded that it was , or almost ( was ) , Huysmans 's À rebours ... to a correspondent , he wrote that he had played a ' fantastic variation ' upon À rebours , and someday must write it down . The references in Dorian Gray to specific chapters are deliberately inaccurate . Literary significance ( edit ) Possible Disraeli influence ( edit ) Some commentaters have suggested that The Picture of Dorian Gray was influenced by the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli 's ( anonymously published ) first novel Vivian Grey ( 1826 ) as , `` a kind of homage from one outsider to another . '' The name of Dorian Gray 's love interest , Sibyl Vane , may be a modified fusion of the title of Disraeli 's best known novel ( Sybil ) and Vivian Grey 's love interest Violet Fane , who , like Sibyl Vane , dies tragically . There is also a scene in Vivian Grey in which the eyes in the portrait of a `` beautiful being '' move when its subject dies . Publication history ( edit ) The Picture of Dorian Gray originally was a short novel submitted to Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine for serial publication . In 1889 , J.M. Stoddart , an editor for Lippincott , was in London to solicit short novels to publish in the magazine . On 30 August 1889 , Stoddart dined with Oscar Wilde , Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and T.P. Gill at the Langham Hotel , and commissioned short novels from each writer . Conan Doyle promptly submitted The Sign of the Four ( 1890 ) to Stoddart , but Wilde was more dilatory ; Conan Doyle 's second Sherlock Holmes novel was published in the February 1890 edition of Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine , yet Stoddart did not receive Wilde 's manuscript for The Picture of Dorian Gray until 7 April 1890 , nine months after having commissioned the novel from him . The title page of the Ward Lock & Co 1891 edition of The Picture of Dorian Gray with decorative lettering , designed by Charles Ricketts . The literary merits of The Picture of Dorian Gray impressed Stoddart , but , as an editor , he told the publisher , George Lippincott , `` in its present condition there are a number of things an innocent woman would make an exception to ... '' Among the pre-publication deletions that Stoddart and his editors made to the text of Wilde 's original manuscript were : ( i ) passages alluding to homosexuality and to homosexual desire ; ( ii ) all references to the fictional book title Le Secret de Raoul and its author , Catulle Sarrazin ; and ( iii ) all `` mistress '' references to Gray 's lovers , Sibyl Vane and Hetty Merton . The Picture of Dorian Gray was published on 20 June 1890 , in the July issue of Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine . British reviewers condemned the novel 's immorality , and said condemnation was so controversial that the WH Smith publishing house withdrew every copy of the July 1890 issue of Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine from its bookstalls in railway stations . Consequent to the harsh criticism of the 1890 magazine edition , Wilde ameliorated the homoerotic references , to simplify the moral message of the story . In the magazine edition ( 1890 ) , Basil tells Lord Henry how he `` worships '' Dorian , and begs him not to `` take away the one person that makes my life absolutely lovely to me . '' In the magazine edition , Basil concentrates upon love , whereas , in the book edition ( 1891 ) , Basil concentrates upon his art , saying to Lord Henry , `` the one person who gives my art whatever charm it may possess : my life as an artist depends on him . '' The magazine edition of The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1890 ) was expanded from thirteen to twenty chapters ; and the magazine edition 's final chapter was divided into two chapters , the nineteenth and twentieth chapters of the book edition of The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) . Wilde 's textual additions were about `` fleshing out of Dorian as a character '' and providing details of his ancestry that made his `` psychological collapse more prolonged and more convincing . '' The introduction of the James Vane character to the story develops the socio - economic background of the Sibyl Vane character , thus emphasising Dorian 's selfishness and foreshadowing James 's accurate perception of the essentially immoral character of Dorian Gray ; thus , he correctly deduced Dorian 's dishonourable intent towards Sibyl . The sub-plot about James Vane 's dislike of Dorian gives the novel a Victorian tinge of class struggle . With such textual changes , Oscar Wilde meant to diminish the moralistic controversy about the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray . Preface ( edit ) Consequent to the harsh criticism of the magazine edition of the novel , the textual revisions to The Picture of Dorian Gray included a preface in which Wilde addressed the criticisms and defended the reputation of his novel . To communicate how the novel should be read , in the Preface , Wilde explains the role of the artist in society , the purpose of art , and the value of beauty . It traces Wilde 's cultural exposure to Taoism and to the philosophy of Chuang Tsǔ ( Zhuang Zhou ) . Earlier , before writing the preface , Wilde had written a book review of Herbert Giles 's translation of the work of Zhuang Zhou . The preface was first published in the 1891 edition of the novel ; nonetheless , by June 1891 , Wilde was defending The Picture of Dorian Gray against accusations that it was a bad book . In the essay The Artist as Critic , Oscar Wilde said that : The honest ratepayer and his healthy family have no doubt often mocked at the dome - like forehead of the philosopher , and laughed over the strange perspective of the landscape that lies beneath him . If they really knew who he was , they would tremble . For Chuang Tsǔ spent his life in preaching the great creed of Inaction , and in pointing out the uselessness of all things . Criticism ( edit ) In the 19th century , the critical reception of the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1890 ) was poor . The book critic of The Irish Times said , The Picture of Dorian Gray was `` first published to some scandal . '' Such book reviews achieved for the novel a `` certain notoriety for being ' mawkish and nauseous ' , ' unclean ' , ' effeminate ' and ' contaminating ' . '' Such moralistic scandal arose from the novel 's homoeroticism , which offended the sensibilities ( social , literary , and aesthetic ) of Victorian book critics . Yet , most of the criticism was personal , attacking Wilde for being a hedonist with a distorted view of conventional morality of Victorian Britain . In the 30 June 1890 issue of the Daily Chronicle , the book critic said that Wilde 's novel contains `` one element ... which will taint every young mind that comes in contact with it . '' In the 5 July 1890 issue of the Scots Observer , a reviewer asked `` Why must Oscar Wilde ' go grubbing in muck - heaps ? ' '' In response to such criticism , Wilde obscured the homoeroticism of the story and expanded the personal background of the characters . Original manuscript of the opening of chapter four Textual revisions ( edit ) After the initial publication of the magazine edition of The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1890 ) , Wilde expanded the text from 13 to 20 chapters and obscured the homoerotic themes of the story . In the novel version of The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1891 ) , chapters 3 , 5 , and 15 to 18 , inclusive , are new ; and chapter 13 of the magazine edition was divided , and became chapters 19 and 20 of the novel edition . In 1895 , at his trials , Oscar Wilde said he revised the text of The Picture of Dorian Gray because of letters sent to him by the cultural critic Walter Pater . Passages revised for the novel ( Basil about Dorian ) `` He has stood as Paris in dainty armour , and as Adonis with huntsman 's cloak and polished boar - spear . Crowned with heavy lotus - blossoms , he has sat on the prow of Adrian 's barge , looking into the green , turbid Nile . He has leaned over the still pool of some Greek woodland , and seen in the water 's silent silver the wonder of his own beauty . '' ( Lord Henry describes `` fidelity '' ) `` It has nothing to do with our own will . It is either an unfortunate accident , or an unpleasant result of temperament . '' `` You do n't mean to say that Basil has got any passion or any romance in him ? '' / `` I do n't know whether he has any passion , but he certainly has romance , '' said Lord Henry , with an amused look in his eyes . / `` Has he never let you know that ? '' / `` Never . I must ask him about it . I am rather surprised to hear it . '' ( Basil Hallward described ) `` Rugged and straightforward as he was , there was something in his nature that was purely feminine in its tenderness . '' ( Basil to Dorian ) `` It is quite true that I have worshipped you with far more romance of feeling than a man usually gives to a friend . Somehow , I had never loved a woman . I suppose I never had time . Perhaps , as Harry says , a really grande passion is the privilege of those who have nothing to do , and that is the use of the idle classes in a country . '' ( Basil confronts Dorian ) `` Dorian , Dorian , your reputation is infamous . I know you and Harry are great friends . I say nothing about that now , but surely you need not have made his sister 's name a by - word . '' ( The first part of this passage was deleted from the 1890 magazine text ; the second part of the passage was inserted to the 1891 novel text . ) Passages added to the novel `` Each class would have preached the importance of those virtues , for whose exercise there was no necessity in their own lives . The rich would have spoken on the value of thrift , and the idle grown eloquent over the dignity of labour . '' `` A grande passion is the privilege of people who have nothing to do . That is the one use of the idle classes of a country . Do n't be afraid . '' `` Faithfulness ! I must analyse it some day . The passion for property is in it . There are many things that we would throw away , if we were not afraid that others might pick them up . '' The uncensored edition In 2011 , the Belknap Press published The Picture of Dorian Gray : An Annotated , Uncensored Edition . The edition includes text that was deleted by JM Stoddart , Wilde 's initial editor , before the story 's publication in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine in 1890 . Adaptations ( edit ) Main articles : Adaptations of The Picture of Dorian Gray and Music based on the works of Oscar Wilde Editions ( edit ) The Picture of Dorian Gray , Wordsworth Classics 1992 , ISBN 1 - 85326 - 015 - 0 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Modern Library 1992 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 60001 - 5 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Penguin Classics 1986 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 043187 - X The Picture of Dorian Gray , Tor 1999 , ISBN 0 - 8125 - 6711 - 0 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Books , Inc. 1994 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Broadview Press 1998 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 126 - 1 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Barnes and Noble Classics 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 025 - 9 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Macmillan Readers 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 02922 - 4 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Macmillan Readers 2005 ( with CD pack ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4050 - 7658 - 6 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Penguin Classics 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 144203 - 7 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Oxford World 's Classics 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280729 - 8 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Dalmatian Press Classics 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4037 - 3908 - 7 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Four Corners Books 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9545025 - 4 - 6 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Oneworld Classics 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84749 - 018 - 6 The Picture of Dorian Gray : An Annotated , Uncensored Edition , Belknap Press 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05792 - 0 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Illustrated Editions CO. , INC. 1931 Illustrated by Lui Trugo . The Picture of Dorian Gray , The Folio Society 2012 , illustrated by Emma Chichester Clark The Uncensored Picture of Dorian Gray , Belknap Press 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 06631 - 1 The Picture of Dorian Gray Critical Edition : Original Unexpurgated 1890 , 13 - Chapter Version , CreateSpace 2015 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5089 - 9821 - 1 The Picture of Dorian Gray , Wisehouse Classics 2015 ( reproduction of the 1891 authoritative edition with original illustrations by Eugene Dété ) , ISBN 978 - 9176371145 See also ( edit ) Oscar Wilde portal Literature portal Novels portal Dorian Gray ( character ) Dorian Gray syndrome List of cultural references in The Picture of Dorian Gray The Happy Hypocrite -- a thematic inversion of The Picture of Dorian Gray Footnotes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Penguin Classics ) -- Introduction Jump up ^ Notes on The Picture of Dorian Gray -- An overview of the text , sources , influences , themes , and a summary of The Picture of Dorian Gray Jump up ^ Good Reason radio show , `` The Censorship of ' Dorian Gray ' '' Jump up ^ `` Ghost and Horror Fiction '' . GLBTQ Encyclopedia . Chicago , IL : glbtq , Inc. 2002 -- 2006 . Archived from the original on 2 Jan 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 . CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Project Gutenberg 20 - chapter version ) , line 3479 et seq. in plain text ( Chapter VII ) . Jump up ^ Oscar Wilde : Art and Morality ( Illustrated Edition ) , ed. by Stuart Mason ( Fairford : Echo Library , 2011 ) , p. 63 Jump up ^ The Modern Library -- a synopsis of the novel coupled with a short biography of Oscar Wilde . ( retrieved 3 November 2009 ) Jump up ^ Wilde , Oscar ; Frankel , Nichols ( ed . ) The Picture of Dorian Gray : An Annotated , Uncensored Edition The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , London 2011 , p68 ^ Jump up to : The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Penguin Classics ) -- Chapter XI Jump up ^ Oscar Wilde ( 1969 ) . The Picture of Dorian Gray . Magnum Books . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Penguin Classics ) -- Preface Jump up ^ The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Penguin Classics ) -- Chapter II Jump up ^ The Picture of Dorian Gray -- a summary of and a commentary on Chapter II of The Picture of Dorian Gray ( retrieved 29 July 2006 ) Jump up ^ Ellmann , Oscar Wilde ( Vintage , 1988 ) , p. 316 Jump up ^ McCrum , Robert . `` The 100 best novels : No 11 -- Sybil by Benjamin Disraeli ( 1845 ) '' . theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Disraeli , Benjamin ( 1826 ) . Vivian Grey ( 1853 version ed . ) . London : Longmans , Green and Co. pp. 263 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Disraeli ( 1853 ) p101 - 2 Jump up ^ Oscar Wilde , Selected Letters ed Hart - Davis , R Oxford University Press , 1979 , p95 ^ Jump up to : Frankel , Nicholas ( 2011 ) ( 1890 ) . `` Textual Introduction '' . In Wilde , Oscar . The Picture of Dorian Gray : An Annotated , Uncensored Edition . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press ( Harvard University Press ) . pp. 38 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05792 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Picture of Dorian Gray ( Penguin Classics ) -- A Note on the Text Jump up ^ GraderSave : ClassicNote -- a summary and analysis of the book and its preface ( retrieved 5 July 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Letters of Oscar Wilde , Merlin Holland and Rupert Hart - Davis , eds. , Henry Holt ( 2000 ) , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5915 - 6 ; and The Artist as Critic , Richard Ellmann , ed. , University of Chicago ( 1968 ) , ISBN 0 - 226 - 89764 - 8 -- containing Wilde 's book review of Giles 's translation , and Chuang Tsǔ ( Zhuang Zhou ) is incorrectly identified as Confucius . Wilde 's book review of Giles 's translation was published in The Speaker magazine of 8 February 1890 . Jump up ^ Ellmann , The Artist as Critic p. 222 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Eileen ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Wilde 's Portrait of Subtle Control '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The Modern Library -- a synopsis of the novel and a short biography of Oscar Wilde . ( retrieved 6 July 2006 ) Jump up ^ CliffsNotes : The Picture of Dorian Gray -- an introduction and overview the book ( retrieved 5 July 2006 ) Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Symon , Evan V. ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` 10 Deleted Chapters that Transformed Famous Books '' . listverse.com . Jump up ^ `` Differences between the 1890 and 1891 editions of `` Dorian Gray '' `` . Github.io . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Donald L. , An Inquiry into Oscar Wilde 's Revisions of ' The Picture of Dorian Gray ' ( New York : Garland , 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` The Picture of Dorian Gray -- Oscar Wilde , Nicholas Frankel -- Harvard University Press '' . Hup.harvard.edu . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Alison Flood ( 27 April 2011 ) . `` Uncensored Picture of Dorian Gray published '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday : The Uncensored `` Dorian Gray '' `` . The Washington Post . 4 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Oscar ( 2011 ) ( 1890 ) . Frankel , Nicholas , ed . The Picture of Dorian Gray : An Annotated , Uncensored Edition . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press ( Harvard University Press ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05792 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The picture of Dorian Gray . Illustrated by Lui Trugo '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Picture of Dorian Gray Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Picture of Dorian Gray Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Picture of Dorian Gray . Replica of the 1890 Edition & Critical Edition at University of Victoria The Picture of Dorian Gray to read on line on bibliomania site . The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 13 - chapter version ) at Project Gutenberg The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 20 - chapter version ) at Project Gutenberg The Picture of Dorian Gray public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Picture of Dorian Gray title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database <Th_colspan="2"> Oscar Wilde Novels The Picture of Dorian Gray Essays `` The Decay of Lying '' `` The Soul of Man under Socialism '' `` The Critic as Artist '' `` De Profundis '' Short stories and novellas The Canterville Ghost `` The Portrait of Mr. W.H. 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Johann Fausten ( 1587 chapbook ) Cenodoxus ( 1602 , play ) Doctor Faustus ( 1604 play ) Goethe 's Faust ( 1808 play ) Faust , Part One Faust , Part Two Related Deal with the Devil in popular culture Works based on Faust G vs E Vi veri universum vivus vici Stingy Jack Films Faust and Marguerite ( 1900 ) The Damnation of Faust ( 1903 ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1904 ) The Student of Prague ( 1913 ) The Student of Prague ( 1926 ) Faust ( 1926 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) Alias Nick Beal ( 1949 ) Beauty and the Devil ( 1950 ) Marguerite de la nuit ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1958 ) Faust ( 1960 ) Bedazzled ( 1967 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1967 ) El extraño caso del doctor Fausto ( 1969 ) Mephisto ( 1981 ) Doctor Faustus ( 1982 ) Faust ( 1994 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1994 ) Bedazzled ( 2000 ) Faust : Love of the Damned ( 2001 ) Fausto 5.0 ( 2001 ) I Was a Teenage Faust ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) Faust ( 2011 ) Plays Gretchen ( 1879 ) Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter ? ( 1955 ) The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon ( 1965 ) Temptation ( 1986 ) Operas Faust ( 1816 , Spohr ) La damnation de Faust ( 1846 , Berlioz ) Faust ( 1859 , Gounod ) Mefistofele ( 1868 , Boito ) Faust and Marguerite ( 1855 , Lutz ) Faust up to Date ( 1888 , Lutz ) Doktor Faust ( 1916 -- 25 , Busoni ) Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights ( 1938 ) The Rake 's Progress ( 1951 , Stravinsky ) Reuben , Reuben ( 1955 ) Historia von D. Johann Fausten ( 1994 ) Faustus , the Last Night ( 2006 ) Classical music Gretchen am Spinnrade ( 1814 , Schubert ) Faust Overture ( 1840 , Wagner ) Grande sonate ' Les quatre âges ' 2nd movement `` Quasi-Faust '' ( 1847 , Alkan ) Scenes from Goethe 's Faust ( 1853 , Schumann ) Part II of Symphony No. 8 ( 1906 -- 07 , Mahler ) Faust Symphony ( 1854 -- 57 , Liszt ) Mephisto Waltzes ( Liszt ) Gothic Symphony ( Brian ) Bagatelle sans tonalité ( Liszt ) Other music Albums Epica Saga Epica The Black Halo Beethoven 's Last Night The Black Rider Songs `` Mephisto Polka '' ( 1859 -- 85 ) `` Cross Road Blues '' ( 1936 ) `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ( 1968 ) `` Friend of the Devil '' ( 1970 ) `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ( 1975 ) `` The Devil Went Down to Georgia '' ( 1979 ) `` Faustian Echoes '' ( 2012 ) `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' ( 2015 ) Television Episodes `` The Devil 's Hands Are Idle Playthings '' ( 2003 ) Other The Devil and Daniel Mouse ( 1978 ) Musicals Damn Yankees ( 1955 ) Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1993 ) Success ! ( 1993 ) Faust ( 2003 ) Prose `` Bearskin '' `` Daniel and the Devil '' Melmoth the Wanderer ( 1820 ) `` The Devil and Tom Walker '' ( 1824 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1830 ) Auriol ( 1844 ) Chasse - galerie ( 1892 ) The Sorrows of Satan ( 1896 ) Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll , Pataphysician ( 1898 ) The Master and Margarita ( 1929 -- 40 ) Mephisto ( 1936 ) The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1937 ) None but Lucifer ( 1939 ) Doktor Faustus ( 1947 ) The Devil in Velvet ( 1951 ) The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant ( 1954 ) Gimmicks Three ( 1956 ) The Devil to Pay in the Backlands ( 1956 ) That Hell - Bound Train ( 1958 ) For a Breath I Tarry ( 1966 ) The Damnation Game ( 1986 ) Eric ( 1990 ) The Devil 's Own Work ( 1991 ) Jack Faust ( 1997 ) Johannes Cabal the Necromancer ( 2009 ) Ballet Faust Art Faust Gods ' Man Poems Manfred Video games Knights Contract Comics Ghost Rider Faust Soul Cartel Anime & manga Faust <Td_colspan="2"> Category VIAF : 186701310 LCCN : n80070830 GND : 4130762 - 8 SUDOC : 027591492 BNF : cb11959847x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray&oldid=803824978 '' Categories : The Picture of Dorian Gray 1890 British novels 1890s fantasy novels Novels first published in serial form Victorian novels Works by Oscar Wilde Works originally published in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine Narcissism in fiction Suicide in fiction British novels adapted into plays Irish novels adapted into films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Date format Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from January 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 21 : 44 . 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-5,746,958,055,998,394,000 | inventing the future by nick srnicek and alex williams | Inventing the Future : Postcapitalism and a World Without work - wikipedia Inventing the Future : Postcapitalism and a World Without work Jump to : navigation , search Inventing the Future : Postcapitalism and a World Without Work <Td_colspan="2"> Authors Nick Srnicek & Alex Williams Cover artist Michael Oswell Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Politics , Economics Published 2015 , London Publisher Verso Books Media type Print ( paperback ) , ebook Pages 245 ISBN 978 - 1 - 7847 - 8096 - 8 Inventing the Future : Postcapitalism and a World Without Work is a 2015 monograph by Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams , published by Verso Books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Responses 3 Reviews 4 References Synopsis ( edit ) The book begins ( chapters 1 -- 2 ) by critiquing dominant left - wing thinking in the West , suggesting that since the cultural upheavals of the 1960s it has been characterised by a `` folk politics '' which aims to bring politics down to the `` human scale '' . By emphasising temporal , spatial , and conceptual immediacy , folk politics tends to privilege reacting to change ( through protest and resistance ) over imagining new long - term goals ; the immediate and tangible over the abstract ; personal involvement in direct action over institutional responses ; single issues over complex strategies ; horizontal organising over hierarchical ; and the local over the large - scale . While arguing that these approaches are important and can at times be effective , Srnicek and Williams argue that they are insufficient to tackle global capitalism and specifically neoliberalism . In chapter 3 , Srnicek and Williams contrast left - wing folk politics with the success of neoliberalism in achieving global cultural hegemony . This is illustrated by the long - term , top - down strategising characterised by the Walter Lippmann Colloquium and Mont Pelerin Society , the development of networks of think - tanks , and positioning of neoliberal ideas and thinkers in government and media . This strategy enabled neoliberals to offer a set of ready - made policies to leaders looking for new ideas in the wake of the collapse of the Bretton Woods system and the 1970s oil shocks . Srnicek and Williams suggest that the Left needs to adopt similar strategies . Accordingly , in chapter 4 they argue that the Left needs to offer a positive vision of a new modernity , embracing the importance of dismantling hierarchies of gender and race while also accepting that promoting universal human values is necessary to achieve a progressive vision of the future and positive freedom . Chapter 5 , ' The Future is n't Working ' , identifies a crisis in capitalism 's ability ( and willingness ) to employ all members of society , arguing that ' there is a growing population of people that are situated outside formal , waged work , making do with minimal welfare benefits , informal subsistence work , or by illegal means ' . Chapter 6 looks towards a post-scarcity economy and argues that a ' Mont Pelerin of the Left ' should press for : Full automation of as much work as possible . The reduction of the working week , redistributing the remaining work more equitably . The provision of an unconditional and generous income for all citizens . The diminishment of the work ethic . Srnicek and Williams argue that it is necessary to raise the costs of labour in order to incentivise investment in labour - saving technologies , envisaging a positive feedback loop between a tighter supply of labour and technological advancement . Chapter 7 argues that to achieve these goals , the Left must invest in establishing a new hegemonic status for these ideas , building on the successes of capitalism , repurposing its structures , and investing in scholarly research and the modelling of emergent policies . The final chapter argues that an ' anti-work ' or ' post-work ' politics -- providing a clear vision of a future where people work less -- should appeal to a broad enough range of different interest groups to be the basis for a populist movement . The chapter sketches how this populism needs to be harnessed to get post-work politics into mainstream media , intellectual life , trade unions , and political parties , and how the pressure points where direct action can be targeted have changed as capitalism has undermined the power of organised labour to disrupt production . Responses ( edit ) In November 2015 , the book was the subject of a symposium , involving its authors and a number of other thinkers who presented critical responses to the book . The proceedings were published in blog format at the academic International Relations blog The Disorder of Things . Reviews ( edit ) Heller , Nathan ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Out of action : do protests work ? '' . The Critics . A Critic at Large . The New Yorker . 93 ( 24 ) : 70 -- 77 . Rich Jevons , ' Book Review : Inventing the Future ' , The State of the Arts ( 12 November 2015 ) , http://www.thestateofthearts.co.uk/features/book-review-inventing-the-future/ Neal Lawson , ' Review of Inventing the Future ' , Compass ( 12 February 2016 ) , http://www.compassonline.org.uk/review-of-inventing-the-future/ Ian Lowrie , ' On Algorithmic Communism ' , Los Angeles Review of Books ( 8 January 2016 ) , http://lareviewofbooks.org/article/on-algorithmic-communism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Srnicek , Nick ; Williams , Alex . Inventing the Future : Postcapitalism and a World Without Work . Verso Books . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 9781784780968 . Jump up ^ Srnicek , Nick ; Williams , Alex . Inventing the Future : Postcapitalism and a World Without Work . Verso Books . p. 67 . ISBN 9781784780968 . Jump up ^ https://thedisorderofthings.com/tag/inventing-the-future/ . Jump up ^ Online version is titled `` Is there any point to protesting ? '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inventing_the_Future:_Postcapitalism_and_a_World_Without_Work&oldid=816087882 '' Categories : Books critical of capitalism Books about socialism 2015 non-fiction books Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 05 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work
2. Critique of left-wing thinking and the need for new strategies
3. Crisis in capitalism's ability to provide employment
4. Post-scarcity economy and the need for automation and redistribution of work
5. Building a populist movement for post-work politics |
-2,082,038,593,391,196,200 | how does a halon fire suppression system work | Gaseous fire suppression - wikipedia Gaseous fire suppression This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Canisters containing argon gas for use in extinguishing fire in a server room without damaging equipment . Gaseous fire suppression , also called clean agent fire suppression , is a term to describe the use of inert gases and chemical agents to extinguish a fire . These agents are governed by the National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems -- NFPA 2001 in the USA , with different standards and regulations in other parts of the world . The system typically consists of the agent , agent storage containers , agent release valves , fire detectors , fire detection system ( wiring control panel , actuation signaling ) , agent delivery piping , and agent dispersion nozzles . Less typically , the agent may be delivered by means of solid propellant gas generators that produce either inert or chemically active gas . Contents 1 Theory 2 Application 3 Safety precautions 3.1 Suffocation 3.2 Barotrauma 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Theory ( edit ) There are four means used by the agents to extinguish a fire . They act on the `` fire tetrahedron '' : Reduction or isolation of fuel . No agents currently use this as the primary means of fire suppression . Reduction of heat . Representative agents : Clean agent FS 49 C2 ( NAF S 227 , MH227 , FM - 200 ) , Novec 1230 , pentafluoroethane ( NAF S125 , ECARO - 25 ) . Reduction or isolation of oxygen : Representative agents : Argonite / IG - 55 ( ProInert ) , CO carbon dioxide , IG - 541 Inergen , and IG - 100 ( NN100 ) . Inhibiting the chain reaction of the above components . Representative agents : FE - 13 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3 - Heptafluoropropane , FE - 25 , haloalkanes , bromotrifluoromethane , trifluoroiodomethane , NAF P - IV , NAF S - III , NAF S 125 , NAF S 227 , and Triodide ( Trifluoroiodomethane ) . Application ( edit ) Broadly speaking , there are two methods for applying an extinguishing agent : total flooding and local application : Systems working on a total flooding principle apply an extinguishing agent to a three dimensional enclosed space in order to achieve a concentration of the agent ( volume percent of the agent in air ) adequate to extinguish the fire . These types of systems may be operated automatically by detection and related controls or manually by the operation of a system actuator . Systems working on a local application principle apply an extinguishing agent directly onto a fire ( usually a two dimensional area ) , or into the three dimensional region immediately surrounding the substance or object on fire . The main difference in local application from total flooding design is the absence of physical barriers enclosing the fire space . In the context of automatic extinguishing systems , local application generally refers to the use of systems that have been emplaced some time prior to their usage rather than the use of manually operated wheeled or portable fire extinguishers , although the nature of the agent delivery is similar and many automatic systems may also be activated manually . The lines are blurred somewhat with portable automatic extinguishing systems , although these are not common . Safety precautions ( edit ) Suffocation ( edit ) Warning sign for fire suppression system An extinguishing system which primarily is based on inert gases in enclosed spaces presents a risk of suffocation . Some incidents have occurred where individuals in these spaces have been killed by carbon dioxide agent release . When installed according to fire codes the systems have an excellent safety record . To prevent such occurrences , additional life safety systems are typically installed with a warning alarm that precedes the agent release . The warning , usually an audible and visible alert , advises the immediate evacuation of the enclosed space . After a preset time , the agent starts to discharge . Accidents have also occurred during maintenance of these systems , so proper safety precautions must be taken beforehand . Barotrauma ( edit ) Barotrauma is physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between a gas space inside , or in contact with the body , and the surrounding environment . The positive pressure caused by these gases may be sufficient to break windows and walls . Humans and structures must be adequately protected and ventilation / blow - off must be considered when designing the system . See also ( edit ) Fire protection Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gas extinguishing system may blow out walls and windows '' . blog.anta.net. 2009 - 04 - 14 . ISSN 1797 - 1993 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ US Navy Diving Manual , 6th revision . United States : US Naval Sea Systems Command . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Fire Suppression Systems Association National Fire Protection Association EPA Study on CO System Safety <Th_colspan="3"> Fire protection General Active fire protection Passive fire protection Fire suppression Manual Fire blanket Fire bucket Fire extinguisher Automatic Condensed aerosol fire suppression Fire sprinkler system Fire sprinkler Gaseous fire suppression Detection Flame detector Heat detector Smoke detector Notification Drill Fire alarm system Call box Control panel Notification appliance Pull station / call point Smoke detector Awards Arthur B. Guise Medal Harry C. Bigglestone Award <Td_colspan="3"> Category Commons <Th_colspan="2"> Firefighting Personnel Fire captain Fire chief Fire marshal Fire police Handcrew Station officer Volunteer fire department Women in firefighting Facilities Fire department List of fire departments Fire lookout tower Fire station Apparatus Airport crash tender Fire bike Fire chief 's vehicle Fire engine Firefighting apparatus HazMat Heavy rescue Light and air Quint Tender Wildland tender Wildland engine Equipment Bunker gear Escape chair Fire extinguisher Fire hose Fire hydrant Fire retardant Fire shelter Fireman 's pole Fireman 's switch Flame retardant Fog nozzle Halligan bar Hard suction hose Hazmat suit Heat detector Hose bridge Hydraulic rescue tools ( `` Jaws of life '' ) Nomex PASS Proximity suit SCBA Siren Smoke detector Thermal imaging camera Terminology Backdraft Dead man zone Deluge gun Draft Fire classes Fire control Fire safety Fire triangle Fireman 's carry Firewall Flash fire Forcible entry Gaseous fire suppression Stop , drop and roll Structure fire Two - in , two - out Ventilation Miscellaneous Fire camp Fire engine red Fire photography Fire protection engineering Foam Geography of firefighting History of firefighting International Association of Fire Fighters International Firefighters ' Day List of firefighting films Muster Saint Florian World Firefighters Games World Police and Fire Games Wildland firefighting Equipment and tactics Aerial firefighting Controlled burn Driptorch Fire hose Fire lookout tower Fire retardant Fire retardant gel Fire trail Firebreak Firefighting apparatus Firefighting foam Helicopter bucket Hose pack MAFFS Pulaski Wildland fire engine Wildland water tender Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel Personnel Engine crew Handcrew Helitack Hotshots Lookout Smokejumper By location Australia United States ( California , Washington ) Lists Glossary of wildfire terms List of wildfires <Td_colspan="2"> Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaseous_fire_suppression&oldid=852855892 '' Categories : Active fire protection Fire suppression Firefighting equipment Industrial gases Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 20 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Gaseous fire suppression
2. Clean agent fire suppression
3. Extinguishing fire with inert gases and chemical agents
4. Total flooding and local application of extinguishing agents
5. Safety precautions for gaseous fire suppression systems |
-7,257,218,492,636,780,000 | in greek mythology who solved the riddle of the sphinx | Oedipus - wikipedia Oedipus For other uses , see Oedipus ( disambiguation ) . Oedipus explains the riddle of the Sphinx , by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , c. 1805 Greek mythology Deities Primordial Titans Olympians Nymphs Sea - deities Earth - deities Heroes and heroism Heracles / Hercules ( Labors ) Achilles Hector ( Trojan War ) Odysseus ( Odyssey ) Jason Argonauts ( Golden Fleece ) Perseus ( Medusa Gorgon ) Oedipus ( Sphinx ) Orpheus ( Orphism ) Theseus ( Minotaur ) Bellerophon ( Pegasus Chimera ) Daedalus ( Labyrinth ) Atalanta Hippomenes ( Golden apple ) Cadmus ( Thebes ) Aeneas ( Aeneid ) Triptolemus ( Eleusinian Mysteries ) Pelops ( Ancient Olympic Games ) Pirithous ( Centauromachy ) Amphitryon ( Teumessian fox ) Narcissus ( Narcissism ) Meleager ( Calydonian Boar ) Otrera ( Amazons ) Related Satyrs Centaurs Dragons Demogorgon Religion in Ancient Greece Mycenaean gods Greek mythology portal Oedipus ( UK : / ˈiːdɪpəs / , US : / ˈiːdəpəs , ˈɛdə - / ; Greek : Οἰδίπους Oidípous meaning `` swollen foot '' ) was a mythical Greek king of Thebes . A tragic hero in Greek mythology , Oedipus accidentally fulfilled a prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother , thereby bringing disaster to his city and family . The story of Oedipus is the subject of Sophocles ' tragedy Oedipus Rex , which was followed by Oedipus at Colonus and then Antigone . Together , these plays make up Sophocles ' three Theban plays . Oedipus represents two enduring themes of Greek myth and drama : the flawed nature of humanity and an individual 's role in the course of destiny in a harsh universe . In the most well - known version of the myth , Oedipus was born to King Laius and Queen Jocasta . Laius wished to thwart a prophecy , so he left Oedipus to die on a mountainside . However , the baby was found by shepherds and raised by King Polybus and Queen Merope as their own . Oedipus learned from the oracle at Delphi of the prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother but , unaware of his true parentage , believed he was fated to murder Polybus and marry Merope , so left for Thebes . On his way he met an older man and quarrelled , and Oedipus killed the stranger . Continuing on to Thebes , he found that the king of the city ( Laius ) had been recently killed , and that the city was at the mercy of the Sphinx . Oedipus answered the monster 's riddle correctly , defeating it and winning the throne of the dead king -- and the hand in marriage of the king 's widow , and ( unbeknownst to him ) his mother Jocasta . Years later , to end a plague on Thebes , Oedipus searched to find who had killed Laius , and discovered that he himself was responsible . Jocasta , upon realizing that she had married both her own son , and her husband 's murderer , hanged herself . Oedipus then seized two pins from her dress and blinded himself with them . The legend of Oedipus has been retold in many versions , and was used by Sigmund Freud to name and give mythic precedent to the Oedipus complex . Contents 1 Basics of the myth 2 5th century BC 2.1 Pindar 's Second Olympian Ode 2.2 Aeschylus ' Oedipus trilogy 2.3 Sophocles ' Oedipus Rex 2.4 Sophocles ' Oedipus at Colonus 2.5 Sophocles ' Antigone 2.6 Euripides ' Phoenissae , Chrysippus and Oedipus 2.7 Other playwrights 3 Later additions 3.1 Later addition to Aeschylus ' Seven against Thebes 4 Oedipus in post-Classical literature 5 Oedipus or Oedipais ? 6 The Oedipus complex 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Basics of the myth ( edit ) Variations on the legend of Oedipus are mentioned in fragments by several ancient Greek poets including Homer , Hesiod , Pindar , Aeschylus and Euripides . However , the most popular version of the legend comes from the set of Theban plays by Sophocles : Oedipus Rex , Oedipus at Colonus , and Antigone . Oedipus was the son of Laius and Jocasta , king and queen of Thebes . Having been childless for some time , Laius consulted the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi . The Oracle prophesied that any son born to Laius would kill him . In an attempt to prevent this prophecy 's fulfillment , when Jocasta indeed bore a son , Laius had his ankles pierced and tethered together so that he could not crawl ; Jocasta then gave the boy to a servant to abandon ( `` expose '' ) on the nearby mountain . However , rather than leave the child to die of exposure , as Laius intended , the servant passed the baby on to a shepherd from Corinth and who then gave the child to another shepherd . The infant Oedipus eventually came to the house of Polybus , king of Corinth and his queen , Merope , who adopted him , as they were without children of their own . Little Oedipus / Oidipous was named after the swelling from the injuries to his feet and ankles ( `` swollen foot '' ) . The word `` oedema '' ( British English ) or `` edema '' ( American English ) is from this same Greek word for swelling : οἴδημα , or oedēma . After many years , Oedipus was told by a drunk that he was a `` bastard '' , meaning at that time that he was not their biological son . Oedipus confronted his parents with the news , but they denied this . Oedipus went to the same oracle in Delphi that his birth parents had consulted . The oracle informed him that he was destined to murder his father and marry his mother . In an attempt to avoid such a fate , he decided to not return home to Corinth , but to travel to Thebes , which was closer to Delphi . On the way , Oedipus came to Davlia , where three roads crossed each other . There he encountered a chariot driven by his birth - father , King Laius . They fought over who had the right to go first and Oedipus killed Laius when the charioteer tried to run him over . The only witness of the king 's death was a slave who fled from a caravan of slaves also traveling on the road at the time . Continuing his journey to Thebes , Oedipus encountered a Sphinx , who would stop all travelers to Thebes and ask them a riddle . If the travelers were unable to answer her correctly , they would be killed and eaten ; if they were successful , they would be free to continue on their journey . The riddle was : `` What walks on four feet in the morning , two in the afternoon and three at night ? '' . Oedipus answered : `` Man : as an infant , he crawls on all fours ; as an adult , he walks on two legs and ; in old age , he uses a ' walking ' stick '' . Oedipus was the first to answer the riddle correctly and , having heard Oedipus ' answer , the Sphinx allowed him to carry on forward . Queen Jocasta 's brother , Creon , had announced that any man who could rid the city of the Sphinx would be made king of Thebes , and given the recently widowed Queen Jocasta 's hand in marriage . This marriage of Oedipus to Jocasta fulfilled the rest of the prophecy . Oedipus and Jocasta had four children : two sons , Eteocles and Polynices ( see Seven Against Thebes ) , and two daughters , Antigone and Ismene . Many years after the marriage of Oedipus and Jocasta , a plague of infertility struck the city of Thebes , affecting crops , livestock and the people . Oedipus asserted that he would end the pestilence . He sent his uncle , Creon , to the Oracle at Delphi , seeking guidance . When Creon returned , Oedipus learned that the murderer of the former King Laius must be brought to justice , and Oedipus himself cursed the killer of his wife 's late husband , saying that he would be exiled . Creon also suggested that they try to find the blind prophet , Tiresias who was widely respected . Oedipus sent for Tiresias , who warned him not to seek Laius ' killer . In a heated exchange , Tiresias was provoked into exposing Oedipus himself as the killer , and the fact that Oedipus was living in shame because he did not know who his true parents were . Oedipus angrily blamed Creon for the false accusations , and the two argued . Jocasta entered and tried to calm Oedipus by telling him the story of her first - born son and his supposed death . Oedipus became nervous as he realized that he may have murdered Laius and so brought about the plague . Suddenly , a messenger arrived from Corinth with the news that King Polybus had died . Oedipus was relieved for the prophecy could no longer be fulfilled if Polybus , whom he considered his birth father , was now dead . Still , he knew that his mother was still alive and refused to attend the funeral at Corinth . To ease the tension , the messenger then said that Oedipus was , in fact , adopted . Jocasta , finally realizing that he was her son , begged him to stop his search for Laius ' murderer . Oedipus misunderstood her motivation , thinking that she was ashamed of him because he might have been born of low birth . Jocasta in great distress went into the palace where she hanged herself . Oedipus sought verification of the messenger 's story from the very same herdsman who was supposed to have left Oedipus to die as a baby . From the herdsman , Oedipus learned that the infant raised as the adopted son of Polybus and Merope was the son of Laius and Jocasta . Thus , Oedipus finally realized that the man he had killed so many years before , at the place where the three roads met , was his own father , King Laius , and that he had married his mother , Jocasta . Events after the revelation depend on the source . In Sophocles ' plays , Oedipus went in search of Jocasta and found she had killed herself . Using the pin from a brooch he took off Jocasta 's gown , Oedipus blinded himself and was then exiled . His daughter Antigone acted as his guide as he wandered through the country , finally dying at Colonus where they had been welcomed by King Theseus of Athens . However , in Euripides ' plays on the subject , Jocasta did not kill herself upon learning of Oedipus ' birth , and Oedipus was blinded by a servant of Laius . The blinding of Oedipus does not appear in sources earlier than Aeschylus . Some older sources of the myth , including Homer , state that Oedipus continued to rule Thebes after the revelations and after Jocasta 's death . Oedipus ' two sons , Eteocles and Polynices , arranged to share the kingdom , each taking an alternating one - year reign . However , Eteocles refused to cede his throne after his year as king . Polynices brought in an army to oust Eteocles from his position and a battle ensued . At the end of the battle the brothers killed each other after which Jocasta 's brother , Creon , took the throne . He decided that Polynices was a `` traitor , '' and should not be given burial rites . Defying this edict , Antigone attempted to bury her brother . In Sophocles ' Antigone , Creon had her buried in a rock cavern for defying him , whereupon she hanged herself . However , in Euripides ' lost version of the story , it appears that Antigone survives . 5th century BC ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lekythos <Td_colspan="2"> Oedipus slaying the sphinx Material Pottery , gold Created 420BC - 400BC Period / culture Attic Place Polis - tis - Chrysokhou , tomb , Cyprus Present location Room 72 , British Museum Identification 1887 , 0801.46 Most writing on Oedipus comes from the 5th century BC , though the stories deal mostly with Oedipus ' downfall . Various details appear on how Oedipus rose to power . King Laius of Thebes hears of a prophecy that his infant son will one day kill him . He pierces Oedipus ' feet and leaves him out to die , but a shepherd finds him and carries him away . Years later , Oedipus , not knowing he was adopted , leaves home in fear of the same prophecy that he will kill his father and marry his mother . Laius journeys out to seek a solution to the Sphinx 's mysterious riddle . As prophesied , Oedipus and Laius cross paths , but they do not recognize each other . A fight ensues , and Oedipus kills Laius and most of his guards . Oedipus goes on to defeat the Sphinx by solving a riddle to become king . He marries the widowed Queen Jocasta , unaware that she is his mother . A plague falls on the people of Thebes . Upon discovering the truth , Oedipus blinds himself , and Jocasta hangs herself . After Oedipus is no longer king , Oedipus ' brother - sons kill each other . Some differences with older stories emerge . The curse of the Oedipus ' sons is expanded backward to include Oedipus and his father , Laius . Oedipus now steps down from the throne instead of dying in battle . Additionally , rather than his children being by a second wife , Oedipus ' children are now by Jocasta . Pindar 's second olympian Ode ( edit ) In the Second Olympians Ode Pindar wrote : Laius ' tragic son , crossing his father 's path , killed him and fulfilled the oracle spoken of old at Pytho . And sharp - eyed Erinys saw and slew his warlike children at each other 's hands . Yet Thersandros survived fallen Polyneikes and won honor in youthful contests and the brunt of war , a scion of aid to the house of Adrastos ... Aeschylus ' Oedipus trilogy ( edit ) In 467 BC the Athenian playwright , Aeschylus , is known to have presented an entire trilogy based upon the Oedipus myth , winning the first prize at the City Dionysia . The First play was Laius , the second was Oedipus , and the third was Seven against Thebes . Only the third play survives , in which Oedipus ' sons Eteocles and Polynices kill each other warring over the throne . Much like his Oresteia , this trilogy would have detailed the tribulations of a House over three successive generations . The satyr play that followed the trilogy was called The Sphinx . Sophocles ' Oedipus Rex ( edit ) As Sophocles ' Oedipus Rex begins , the people of Thebes are begging the king for help , begging him to discover the cause of the plague . Oedipus stands before them and swears to find the root of their suffering and to end it . Just then , Creon returns to Thebes from a visit to the oracle . Apollo has made it known that Thebes is harbouring a terrible abomination and that the plague will only be lifted when the true murderer of old King Laius is discovered and punished for his crime . Oedipus swears to do this , not realizing that he is himself the culprit . The stark truth emerges slowly over the course of the play , as Oedipus clashes with the blind seer Tiresias , who senses the truth . Oedipus remains in strict denial , though , becoming convinced that Tiresias is somehow plotting with Creon to usurp the throne . Realization begins to slowly dawn in Scene II of the play when Jocasta mentions out of hand that Laius was slain at a place where three roads meet . This stirs something in Oedipus ' memory and he suddenly remembers the men that he fought and killed one day long ago at a place where three roads met . He realizes , horrified , that he might be the man he 's seeking . One household servant survived the attack and now lives out his old age in a frontier district of Thebes . Oedipus sends immediately for the man to either confirm or deny his guilt . At the very worst , though , he expects to find himself to be the unsuspecting murderer of a man unknown to him . The truth has not yet been made clear . The moment of epiphany comes late in the play . At the beginning of Scene III , Oedipus is still waiting for the servant to be brought into the city , when a messenger arrives from Corinth to declare that King Polybus of Corinth is dead . Oedipus , when he hears this news , feels much relieved , because he believed that Polybus was the father whom the oracle had destined him to murder , and he momentarily believes himself to have escaped fate . He tells this all to the present company , including the messenger , but the messenger knows that it is not true . He is the man who found Oedipus as a baby in the pass of Cithaeron and gave him to King Polybus to raise . He reveals , furthermore that the servant who is being brought to the city as they speak is the very same man who took Oedipus up into the mountains as a baby . Jocasta realizes now all that has happened . She begs Oedipus not to pursue the matter further . He refuses , and she withdraws into the palace as the servant is arriving . The old man arrives , and it is clear at once that he knows everything . At the behest of Oedipus , he tells it all . Overwhelmed with the knowledge of all his crimes , Oedipus rushes into the palace where he finds his mother - wife , dead by her own hand . Ripping a brooch from her dress , Oedipus blinds himself with it . Bleeding from the eyes , he begs his uncle and brother - in - law Creon , who has just arrived on the scene , to exile him forever from Thebes . Creon agrees to this request . Oedipus begs to hold his two daughters Antigone and Ismene with his hands one more time to have their eyes fill of tears and Creon out of pity sends the girls in to see Oedipus one more time . Sophocles ' Oedipus at Colonus ( edit ) Oedipus at Colonus In Sophocles ' Oedipus at Colonus , Oedipus becomes a wanderer , pursued by Creon and his men . He finally finds refuge at the holy wilderness right outside Athens , where it is said that Theseus took care of Oedipus and his daughter , Antigone . Creon eventually catches up to Oedipus . He asks Oedipus to come back from Colonus to bless his son , Eteocles . Angry that his son did not love him enough to take care of him , he curses both Eteocles and his brother , condemning them both to kill each other in battle . Oedipus dies a peaceful death ; his grave is said to be sacred to the gods . Sophocles ' Antigone ( edit ) The blind Oedipus led by his daughter Antigone In Sophocles ' Antigone , when Oedipus stepped down as king of Thebes , he gave the kingdom to his two sons , Eteocles and Polynices , both of whom agreed to alternate the throne every year . However , they showed no concern for their father , who cursed them for their negligence . After the first year , Eteocles refused to step down and Polynices attacked Thebes with his supporters ( as portrayed in the Seven Against Thebes by Aeschylus and the Phoenician Women by Euripides ) . The two brothers killed each other in battle . King Creon , who ascended to the throne of Thebes , decreed that Polynices was not to be buried . Antigone , Polynices ' sister , defied the order , but was caught . Creon decreed that she was to be put into a stone box in the ground , this in spite of her betrothal to his son Haemon . Antigone 's sister , Ismene , then declared she had aided Antigone and wanted the same fate , but Creon eventually declined executing her . The gods , through the blind prophet Tiresias , expressed their disapproval of Creon 's decision , which convinced him to rescind his order , and he went to bury Polynices himself . However , Antigone had already hanged herself in her tomb , rather than suffering the slow death of being buried alive . When Creon arrived at the tomb where she had been interred , his son Haemon attacked him upon seeing the body of his deceased fiancée , but failing to kill Creon he killed himself . When Creon 's wife , Eurydice , was informed of the death of Haemon , she too took her own life . Euripides ' Phoenissae , Chrysippus and Oedipus ( edit ) In the beginning of Euripides ' Phoenissae , Jocasta recalls the story of Oedipus . Generally , the play weaves together the plots of the Seven Against Thebes and Antigone . The play differs from the other tales in two major respects . First , it describes in detail why Laius and Oedipus had a feud : Laius ordered Oedipus out of the road so his chariot could pass , but proud Oedipus refused to move . Second , in the play Jocasta has not killed herself at the discovery of her incest -- otherwise she could not play the prologue , for fathomable reasons -- nor has Oedipus fled into exile , but they have stayed in Thebes only to delay their doom until the fatal duel of their sons / brothers / nephews Eteocles and Polynices : Jocasta commits suicide over the two men 's dead bodies , and Antigone follows Oedipus into exile . In Chrysippus , Euripides develops backstory on the curse : Laius ' sin was to have kidnapped Chrysippus , Pelops ' son , in order to violate him , and this caused the gods ' revenge on all his family . Laius was the tutor of Chrysippus , and raping his student was a severe violation of his position as both guest and tutor in the house of the royal family hosting him at the time . Extant vases show a fury hovering over the lecherous Laius as he abducts the rape victim . Furies avenged violations of good order in households , as can be seen most clearly in such texts as The Libation Bearers by Aeschylus . Euripides wrote also an Oedipus , of which only a few fragments survive . The first line of the prologue recalled Laius ' hubristic action of conceiving a son against Apollo 's command . At some point in the action of the play , a character engaged in a lengthy and detailed description of the Sphinx and her riddle -- preserved in five fragments from Oxyrhynchus , P. Oxy. 2459 ( published by Eric Gardner Turner in 1962 ) . The tragedy featured also many moral maxims on the theme of marriage , preserved in the Anthologion of Stobaeus . The most striking lines , however , state that in this play Oedipus was blinded by Laius ' attendants , and that this happened before his identity as Laius ' son had been discovered , therefore marking important differences with the Sophoclean treatment of the myth , which is now regarded as the ' standard ' version . Many attempts have been made to reconstruct the plot of the play , but none of them is more than hypothetical , because of the scanty remains that survive from its text and of the total absence of ancient descriptions or résumés -- though it has been suggested that a part of Hyginus ' narration of the Oedipus myth might in fact derive from Euripides ' play . Some echoes of the Euripidean Oedipus have been traced also in a scene of Seneca 's Oedipus ( see below ) , in which Oedipus himself describes to Jocasta his adventure with the Sphinx . Other playwrights ( edit ) At least three other 5th century BC authors who were younger than Sophocles wrote plays about Oedipus . These include Achaeus of Eretria , Nichomachus and the elder Xenocles . Later additions ( edit ) The Bibliotheca , a Roman - era mythological handbook , includes a riddle for the Sphinx , borrowing the poetry of Hesiod : What is that which has one voice and yet becomes four - footed and two - footed and three - footed ? Later addition to Aeschylus ' Seven against Thebes ( edit ) Due to the popularity of Sophocles 's Antigone ( c. 442 BC ) , the ending ( lines 1005 -- 78 ) of Seven against Thebes was added some fifty years after Aeschylus ' death . Whereas the play ( and the trilogy of which it is the last play ) was meant to end with somber mourning for the dead brothers , the spurious ending features a herald announcing the prohibition against burying Polyneices , and Antigone 's declaration that she will defy that edict . Oedipus in post-classical literature ( edit ) Oedipus was a figure who was also used in the Latin literature of ancient Rome . Julius Caesar wrote a play on Oedipus , but it has not survived into modern times . Ovid included Oedipus in Metamorphoses , but only as the person who defeated the Sphinx . He makes no mention of Oedipus ' troubled experiences with his father and mother . Seneca the Younger wrote his own play on the story of Oedipus in the first century AD . It differs in significant ways from the work of Sophocles . Seneca 's play on the myth was intended to be recited at private gatherings and not actually performed . It has however been successfully staged since the Renaissance . It was adapted by John Dryden in his very successful heroic drama Oedipus , licensed in 1678 . The 1718 Oedipus was also the first play written by Voltaire . A version of Oedipus by Frank McGuinness was performed at the National Theatre in late 2008 , starring Ralph Fiennes and Claire Higgins . In 1960 , Immanuel Velikovsky ( 1895 -- 1979 ) published a book called Oedipus and Akhnaton which made a comparison between the stories of the legendary Greek figure , Oedipus , and the historic Egyptian King of Thebes , Akhnaton . The book is presented as a thesis that combines with Velikovsky 's series Ages in Chaos , concluding through his revision of Egyptian history that the Greeks who wrote the tragedy of Oedipus may have penned it in likeness of the life and story of Akhnaton , because in the revision Akhnaton would have lived much closer to the time when the legend first surfaced in Greece , providing a historical basis for the story . Each of the major characters in the Greek story are identified with the people involved in Akhnaton 's family and court , and some interesting parallels are drawn . In the late 1960s Ola Rotimi published a novel and play , The Gods Are Not To Blame , which retell the Oedipus myth happening in the Yoruba kingdom . Oedipus or Oedipais ? ( edit ) It has been suggested by Robert Graves and others that in the earliest Ur - myth of the hero , he was called Oedipais : `` child of the swollen sea '' . He was so named because of the method by which his birth parents tried to abandon him -- by placing him in a chest and tossing it into the ocean . The mythic topos of forsaking a child to the sea or a river is well attested , found ( e.g. ) in the myths of Perseus , Telephus , Dionysus , Romulus and Remus and Moses . Over the centuries , however , Oedipais seems to have been corrupted into the familiar Oedipus : `` swollen foot '' . And it was this new name that might have inspired the addition of a bizarre element to the story of Oedipus ' abandonment on Mt . Cithaeron . Exposure on a mountain was in fact a common method of child abandonment in Ancient Greece . It can thus be argued that the ankle - binding was grafted onto the Oedipus myth to update its relevance . The Oedipus complex ( edit ) Main article : Oedipus complex See also : Electra complex Sigmund Freud used the name `` the Oedipus complex '' to explain the origin of certain neuroses in childhood . It is defined as a male child 's unconscious desire for the exclusive love of his mother . This desire includes jealousy towards the father and the unconscious wish for that parent 's death , as well as the unconscious desire for sexual intercourse with the mother . Oedipus himself , as portrayed in the myth , did not suffer from this neurosis -- at least , not towards Jocasta , whom he only met as an adult ( if anything , such feelings would have been directed at Merope -- but there is no hint of that ) . Freud reasoned that the ancient Greek audience , which heard the story told or saw the plays based on it , did know that Oedipus was actually killing his father and marrying his mother ; the story being continually told and played therefore reflected a preoccupation with the theme . The term oedipism is used in medicine for serious self - inflicted eye injury , an extremely rare form of severe self - harm . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oedipus . Greek mythology portal Antigone Epigoni Genetic attraction Myrrha ( the Greek myth of incestual love between father and daughter ) Oedipus at Colonus Oedipus Complex Oedipus Rex Oedipus ( Euripides ) Lille Stesichorus Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Christopher . `` Oedipus : The message in the myth '' , The Open University Jump up ^ Euripides , Phoenissae Jump up ^ Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 1220 -- 1226 ; Euripides , Phoenissae Jump up ^ Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 1026 -- 1030 ; Euripides , Phoenissae Jump up ^ Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 132 -- 137 Jump up ^ Pindar , Second Olympian Ode ; Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 473 -- 488 ; Euripides , Phoenissae Jump up ^ Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 136 , 1578 ; Euripides , Phoenissae Jump up ^ Sophocles , Oedipus Rex 1316 Jump up ^ Pindar , Second Olympian Ode Jump up ^ The Reign of the Phallus : Sexual Politics in Ancient Athenas by Eva Keuls ( Berkeley and Los Angeles , 1993 ) p. 292 . Jump up ^ R. Kannicht , Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta ( TrGF ) vol . 5.1 , Göttingen 2004 ; see also F. Jouan -- H. Van Looy , `` Euripide . tome 8.2 -- Fragments '' , Paris 2000 Jump up ^ Reviewed by Hugh Lloyd - Jones in `` Gnomon '' 35 ( 1963 ) , pp. 446 -- 447 Jump up ^ Joachim Dingel , in `` Museum Helveticum '' 27 ( 1970 ) , 90 -- 96 Jump up ^ Burian , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Inconclusive Conclusion : the Ending ( s ) of Oedipus Tyrannus '' . In Goldhill , S. ; Hall , E. Sophocles and the Greek Tragic Tradition . Cambridge University Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88785 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bibliotheca III. 5.7 Jump up ^ See ( e.g. ) Brown 1976 , 206 -- 19 . Jump up ^ E.F. Watling 's Introduction to Seneca : Four Tragedies and Octavia Jump up ^ Rotimi O. , The Gods are Not to Blame , Three Crown Books , Nigeria 1974 Jump up ^ See ( e.g. ) Lowry 1995 , 879 ; Carloni / Nobili 2004 , 147 n. 1 . Jump up ^ This version of the Oedipus myth is in fact attested in some scholia ( at lines 13 and 26 ) to Euripides ' Phoenician Women . Jump up ^ Bruno Bettelheim ( 1983 ) . Freud and Man 's Soul . Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 52481 - 0 . References ( edit ) Brown , A.L. `` The End of the Seven against Thebes '' The Classical Quarterly 26.2 ( 1976 ) 206 - 19 . Carloni , Glauco and Nobili , Daniela . La Mamma Cattiva : fenomenologia , antropologia e clinica del figlicidio ( Rimini , 2004 ) . Dallas , Ian , Oedipus and Dionysus , Freiburg Press , Granada 1991 . ISBN 1 - 874216 - 02 - 9 . Graves , Robert , The Greek Myths Lowell , Edmunds , Oedipus . ( Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World ) , London / New York : Routledge , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32935 - 4 . Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Oe'dipus '' <Th_colspan="3"> Regnal titles Preceded by Laius Mythical King of Thebes Succeeded by Creon <Th_colspan="3"> Kings of Thebes Kings Calydnus Ogyges Cadmus Pentheus Polydorus Nycteus ( regent for Labdacus ) and Lycus I ( regent for Labdacus ) Labdacus Lycus I ( regent for Laius ) Laius Amphion and Zethus Laius ( second rule ) Creon Oedipus Creon ( second rule ) ( regent for Eteocles and Polynices ) Polynices and Eteocles Creon ( third rule ) ( regent for Laodamas ) Lycus II ( usurper ) Laodamas Thersander Peneleos ( regent for Tisamenus ) Tisamenus Autesion Damasichthon Ptolemy Xanthos In literature Antigone Antigone ( Euripides ) The Bacchae Herakles Iliad Oedipus Oedipus at Colonus Oedipus Rex The Phoenician Women Seven Against Thebes The Thebans Related articles Thebes Necklace of Harmonia <Td_colspan="3"> Book : Theban Kings Category : Theban kings Portal : Ancient Greece <Th_colspan="2"> Oedipus Titles and lineage Theban kings in Greek mythology Laius ( biological father ) Polybus of Corinth ( adoptive father ) Merope ( adoptive mother ) Jocasta / Epicaste ( biological mother / wife ) Creon ( Jocasta 's brother / Laius ' successor ) Antigone ( half sister / daughter ) Eteocles ( half brother / son ) Polynices ( half brother / son ) Ismene ( half sister / daughter ) Euryganeia ( 2nd wife ) Astymedusa ( later wife ) Theban plays Antiquity Aeschylus : Seven Against Thebes Sophocles : Antigone Oedipus Rex Oedipus at Colonus Euripides : Antigone Oedipus The Phoenician Women Seneca : Oedipus Other ( Oedipus ) Oedipus ( Dryden & Lee ) Oedipus ( Voltaire ) The Infernal Machine Greek The Gospel at Colonus Other ( Antigone ) Antigone ( Cocteau ) Antigone ( Anouilh ) The Burial at Thebes Operas Antigona Œdipe à Colone Oedipus rex Œdipe Greek Films Oedipus Rex ( 1957 ) Antigone ( 1961 ) Oedipus Rex ( 1967 ) Oedipus the King ( 1968 ) Funeral Parade of Roses ( 1969 ) Night Warning ( 1982 ) Voyager ( 1991 ) Oedipus Mayor ( 1996 ) Other works Oedipodea Thebaid Theban Cycle Lille Stesichorus The Gods Are Not To Blame Oedipus Tex Related Oedipus complex Electra complex Feminism and the Oedipus complex Hamlet and Oedipus Jocasta complex Phaedra complex GND : 118589393 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oedipus&oldid=856367651 '' Categories : Greek mythological heroes Theban kings Greek regicides Patricides Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 18 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Oedipus - Greek mythology and tragic hero
2. Prophecy and fate in Oedipus' story
3. Oedipus Rex and other plays by Sophocles
4. Oedipus' journey and his unknowing marriage to his mother
5. The Oedipus complex and its significance in psychology |
-7,077,163,392,117,957,000 | autonomy is defined as the value of independence from authority | Autonomy - wikipedia Autonomy Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Autonomy ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Autotomy . This lead needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In moral , political , and bioethical philosophy , autonomy is the capacity to make an informed , un-coerced decision . Autonomous organizations or institutions are independent or self - governing . For example , the Roman Catholic Church is governed by its canon law which applies to all Roman Catholic churches which are thus not considered autonomous . Various denominations of Protestant churches usually have more decentralized power , and churches may be autonomous , thus having their own rules or laws of government , at the national , local , or even individual level . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sociology 2 Politics 3 Philosophy 3.1 According to Piaget 3.2 According to Kohlberg 4 Religion 5 Medicine 6 International human rights law 7 Celebrity Culture on Teenage Autonomy 8 Robotics 9 Various uses 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links Sociology ( edit ) In the sociology of knowledge , a branch of sociology , a controversy over the boundaries of autonomy stopped at the concept of relative autonomy , until a typology of autonomy was created and developed within science and technology studies . According to it , the contemporary form of science 's existing autonomy is the reflexive autonomy : actors and structures within the scientific field are able to translate or to reflect diverse themes presented by social and political fields , as well as influence them regarding the thematic choices on research projects . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Political freedom In governmental parlence , autonomy refers to self - governance . An example of an autonomous jurisdiction was the former United States governance of the Philippine Islands . The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 provided the framework for the creation of an autonomous government under which the Filipino people had broader domestic autonomy than previously , although it reserved certain privileges to the United States to protect its sovereign rights and interests . Another example was the status of Kosovo as the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo under the former Yugoslav government of Marshal Tito . Philosophy ( edit ) Autonomy is a key concept that has a broad impact on different fields of philosophy . In moral philosophy , autonomy refers to subjecting oneself to objective moral law . Kant ( 1724 -- 1804 ) argued that morality presupposes this autonomy ( German : Autonomie ) in moral agents , since moral requirements are expressed in categorical imperatives . An imperative is categorical if it issues a valid command independent of personal desires or interests that would provide a reason for obeying the command . It is hypothetical if the validity of its command , if the reason why one can be expected to obey it , is the fact that one desires or is interested in something further that obedience to the command would entail . `` Do n't speed on the freeway if you do n't want to be stopped by the police '' is a hypothetical imperative . `` It is wrong to break the law , so do n't speed on the freeway '' is a categorical imperative . The hypothetical command not to speed on the freeway is not valid for you if you do not care whether you are stopped by the police . The categorical command is valid for you either way . Autonomous moral agents can be expected to obey the command of a categorical imperative even if they lack a personal desire or interest in doing so . It remains an open question whether they will , however . The Kantian concept of autonomy is often misconstrued , leaving out the important point about the autonomous agent 's self - subjection to the moral law . It is thought that autonomy is fully explained as the ability to obey a categorical command independently of a personal desire or interest in doing so -- or worse , that autonomy is `` obeying '' a categorical command independently of a natural desire or interest ; and that heteronomy , its opposite , is acting instead on personal motives of the kind referenced in hypothetical imperatives . In his Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals , Kant applied the concept of autonomy also to define the concept of personhood and human dignity . Autonomy , along with rationality , are seen by Kant as the two criteria for a meaningful life . Kant would consider a life lived without these not worth living ; it would be a life of value equal to that of a plant or insect . According to Kant autonomy is part of the reason that we hold others morally accountable for their actions . Human actions are morally praise or blameworthy in virtue of our autonomy . Non - autonomous beings such as plants or animals are not blameworthy due to their actions being non-autonomous . Kant 's position on crime and punishment is influenced by his views on autonomy . Brainwashing or drugging criminals into being law - abiding citizens would be immoral as it would not be respecting their autonomy . Rehabilitation must be sought in a way that respects their autonomy and dignity as human beings . In How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , philosopher Iain King developed an ' Autonomy Principle ' , which he defines as `` Let people choose for themselves , unless we know their interests better than they can . '' King argues it is not enough to know someone else 's interests better than the person ; autonomy should only be infringed if a person is unable to know their own interests on a particular matter . Nietzsche wrote about autonomy telling about moral fight In metaphysical philosophy , the concept of autonomy is referenced in discussions about free will , fatalism , determinism , and agency . According to Piaget ( edit ) The Swiss philosopher Jean Piaget ( 1896 - 1980 ) studied the cognitive development of children by analyzing them during their games and through interviews , establishing ( among other principles ) that the children moral maturation process occurs in two phases , the first of heteronomy and the second of autonomy : Heteronomous reasoning : Rules are objective and unchanging . They must be literal , because the authority ordering it , and do not fit exceptions or discussions . The base of the rule is the superior authority ( parents , adults , the State ) , that it should not give reason for the rules imposed or fulfilled them in any case . Autonomous reasoning : Rules are the product of an agreement and , therefore , are modifiable . They can be subject to interpretation and fit exceptions and objections . The base of the rule is its own acceptance , and its meaning has to be explained . Sanctions must be proportionate to the absence , assuming that sometimes offenses can go unpunished , so that collective punishment is unacceptable if it is not the guilty . The circumstances may not punish a guilty . According to Kohlberg ( edit ) The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg ( 1927 - 1987 ) continues the studies of Piaget , this time to pose moral dilemmas to different adult and ordering the answers . His studies collected information from different latitudes to eliminate the cultural variability , and focused on the moral reasoning , and not so much in the behavior or its consequences . In this way , Kohlberg established three stages of morality , each of which is subdivided into two levels . They are read in progressive sense , that is , higher levels indicate greater autonomy . Level 1 : Premoral / Preconventional Morality : Standards are met ( or not met ) depending on the hedonistic or physical consequences . ( Stage 0 : Egocentric Judgment : There is no moral concept independent of individual wishes , including a lack of concept of rules or obligations . ) Stage 1 : Punishment - Obedience Orientation : The rule is obeyed only to avoid punishment . Physical consequences determine goodness or badness and power is deferred to unquestioningly with no respect for the human or moral value , or the meaning of these consequences . Concern is for the self . Stage 2 : Instrumental - Relativist Orientation : Morals are individualistic and egocentric . There is an exchange of interests but always under the point of view of satisfying personal needs . Elements of fairness and reciprocity are present but these are interpreted in a pragmatic way , instead of an experience of gratitude or justice . Egocentric in nature but beginning to incorporate the ability to see things from the perspective of others . Level 2 : Conventional Morality / Role Conformity : Rules are obeyed according to the established conventions of a society . Stage 3 : Good Boy - Nice Girl Orientation : Morals are conceived in accordance with the stereotypical social role . Rules are obeyed to obtain the approval of the immediate group and the right actions are judged based on what would please others or give the impression that one is a good person . Actions are evaluated according to intentions . Stage 4 : Law and Order Orientation : Morals are judged in accordance with the authority of the system , or the needs of the social order . Laws and order are prioritized . Level 3 : Postconventional Morality / Self - Accepted Moral Principles : Standards of moral behavior are internalized . Morals are governed by rational judgment , derived from a conscious reflection on the recognition of the value of the individual inside a conventionally established society . Stage 5 : Social Contract Orientation : There are individual rights and standards that have been lawfully established as basic universal values . Rules are agreed upon by through procedure and society comes to consensus through critical examination in order to benefit the greater good . Stage 6 : Universal Principle Orientation : Abstract ethical principles are obeyed on a personal level in addition to societal rules and conventions . Universal principles of justice , reciprocity , equality and human dignity are internalized and if one fails to live up to these ideals , guilt or self - condemnation results . Religion ( edit ) In Christianity , autonomy is manifested as a partial self - governance on various levels of church administration . During the history of Christianity , there were two basic types of autonomy . Some important parishes and monasteries have been given special autonomous rights and privileges , and the best known example of monastic autonomy is the famous Eastern Orthodox monastic community on Mount Athos in Greece . On the other hand , administrative autonomy of entire ecclesiastical provinces has throughout history included various degrees of internal self - governance . In ecclesiology of Eastern Orthodox Churches , there is a clear distinction between autonomy and autocephaly , since autocephalous churches have full self - governance and independence , while every autonomous church is subjected to some autocephalous church , having a certain degree of internal self - governance . Since every autonomous church had its own historical path to ecclesiastical autonomy , there are significant differences between various autonomous churches in respect of their particular degrees of self - governance . For example , churches that are autonomous can have their highest - ranking bishops , such as an archbishop or metropolitan , appointed or confirmed by the patriarch of the mother church from which it was granted its autonomy , but generally they remain self - governing in many other respects . In the history of Western Christianity the question of ecclesiastical autonomy was also one of the most important questions , specially during the first centuries of Christianity , since various archbishops and metropolitans in Western Europe have often opposed centralizing tendencies of the Church of Rome . Medicine ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a medical context , respect for a patient 's personal autonomy is considered one of many fundamental ethical principles in medicine . Autonomy can be defined as the ability of the person to make his or her own decisions . This faith in autonomy is the central premise of the concept of informed consent and shared decision making . This idea , while considered essential to today 's practice of medicine , was developed in the last 50 years . According to Tom Beauchamp and James Childress ( in Principles of Biomedical Ethics ) , the Nuremberg trials detailed accounts of horrifyingly exploitative medical `` experiments '' which violated the subjects ' physical integrity and personal autonomy . These incidences prompted calls for safeguards in medical research , such as the Nuremberg Code which stressed the importance of voluntary participation in medical research . It is believed that the Nuremberg Code served as the premise for many current documents regarding research ethics . However , autonomy does not only apply in a research context . Users of the health care system have the right to be treated with respect for their autonomy , instead of being dominated by the power of the physician . Through the therapeutic relationship , a thoughtful dialogue between the client and the physician may lead to better outcomes for the client , as he or she is more of a participant in decision - making . The seven elements of informed consent ( as defined by Beauchamp and Childress ) include threshold elements ( competence and voluntariness ) , information elements ( disclosure , recommendation , and understanding ) and consent elements ( decision and authorization ) . Some philosophers such as Harry Frankfurt consider Beauchamp and Childress criteria insufficient . They claim that an action can only be considered autonomous if it involves the exercise of the capacity to form higher - order values about desires when acting intentionally . What this means is that patients may understand their situation and choices but would not be autonomous unless the patient is able to form value judgements about their reasons for choosing treatment options they would not be acting autonomously . There are many different definitions of autonomy , many of which place the individual in a social context . See also : relational autonomy , which suggests that a person is defined through their relationships with others , and `` supported autonomy '' which suggests that in specific circumstances it may be necessary to temporarily compromise the autonomy of the person in the short term in order to preserve their autonomy in the long - term . Other definitions of the autonomy imagine the person as a contained and self - sufficient being whose rights should not be compromised under any circumstance . In certain unique circumstances government may have the right to temporarily override the right to bodily integrity in order to preserve the life and well - being of the person . Such action can be described using the principle of `` supported autonomy '' , a concept that was developed to describe unique situations in mental health ( examples include the forced feeding of a person dying from the eating disorder anorexia nervosa , or the temporary treatment of a person living with a psychotic disorder with antipsychotic medication ) . While controversial , the principle of supported autonomy aligns with the role of government to protect the life and liberty of its citizens . Terrence F. Ackerman has highlighted problems with these situations , he claims that by undertaking this course of action physician or governments run the risk of misinterpreting a conflict of values as a constraining effect of illness on a patient 's autonomy . Despite large scale commitment to promoting patient autonomy , public mistrust of medicine in developed countries has remained . Onora O'Neill has ascribed this lack of trust to medical institutions and professionals introducing measures that benefit themselves , not the patient . O'Neill claims that this focus on autonomy promotion has been at the expense of issues like distribution of healthcare resources and public health . International human rights law ( edit ) The Yogyakarta Principles , a document with no binding effect in international human rights law , contend that `` self - determination '' used as meaning of autonomy on one 's own matters including informed consent or sexual and reproductive rights , is integral for one 's self - defined or gender identity and refused any medical procedures as a requirement for legal recognition of the gender identity of transgender . If eventually accepted by the international community in a treaty , this would make these ideas human rights in the law . The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also defines autonomy as principles of rights of a person with disability including `` the freedom to make one 's own choices , and independence of persons '' . Celebrity culture on teenage autonomy ( edit ) A study conducted by David C. Giles and John Maltby conveyed that after age effecting factors were removed a high emotional autonomy was a significant predictor of celebrity interest , as well as high attachment to peers with a low attachment to parents . Patterns of intense personal interest in celebrities was found to be conjunction with low levels of closeness and security . Furthermore the results suggested that adults with a secondary group of pseudo-friends during development from parental attachment , usually focus solely on one particular celebrity , which could be due to difficulties in making this transition . Robotics ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( October 2014 ) See also : Unmanned aerial vehicle and Cybernetics Autonomy or Autonomous behavior is a contentious term in reference to unmanned vehicles due to the poor understanding of whether something acting without outside commands is doing so through its own ability to make decisions or through a method of decision making pre-programmed into it . It is a quality which is rather abstract in nature and rather difficult to measure . The word is used only in an analogical sense at this point , and the analogical application carries very little of the primary content , which refers to moral choices of rational beings . Automatic means that a system will do exactly as programmed , it has no choice . Autonomous means that a system has a choice to make free of outside influence , i.e. , an autonomous system has free will . Brian T Clough , `` Metrics , Schmetrics ! How The Heck Do You Determine A UAV 's Autonomy Anyway '' An example of semi-autonomous vehicles is unmanned spacecraft . Autonomy is an increasing feature of unmanned vehicles with two objectives Mandatory for new functions : e.g. several spacecraft in formation flight adjust their relative positions so that interferometric measurements with wide basis can be performed Cost reduction : e.g. failure detection and recovery by spacecraft system without ground station involvement reduces Up - / Downlink usage and reduces operational costs on ground . See Robotics : An Autonomous Space Craft might make certain decisions for itself based on imagery observation and a pre-programmed algorithm that will determine the only possible logical outcome and then perform that task without having to ask controllers NAND NOR AND types of parameters . Autonomy in Space does not relate to the socio - political definitions , here we are talking about a device that can make basic or convoluted decisions based on LOGIC ( in an electronic usage ) - see X37b Military Space Plane for an example To have true Autonomy however a device ( or entity ) would need to have a longer leash being able to complete complex missions without human intra direction . Such a system would say further automate the other elements of the total process making the whole of the `` system '' larger by including more devices that multicommunicate with each other without involving ground based technicians or communications . ( the military might not want to send possibly interceptable signals to and from said same ) For example : If they automated the ground based tracking and control sending and or included additional satellites and / or space planes OR other devices ( autonomous air and seacraft ) the X37b Missions could someday become totally Autonomous . Basically : Send it on a mission and recover it when it lands . Obviously Autonomy here too has its authority hierarchy whereby command override is in effect . If the ground controllers want to they can take control of the space craft at any time . A typical mission though will be preprogrammed and perform as directed and land ... OR perform a task WHILE and / or UNTIL ( in a software sense ) a condition is met ( say a signal sent from the ground ) IF / THEN Land the Un-Manned SpaceCraft without further direction from the ground . The systems so happen to interact but that is not a necessary condition for autonomy . As each device becomes more and more autonomous the total network becomes more and more intelligent and at the same time secure Various uses ( edit ) In computing , an autonomous peripheral is one that can be used with the computer turned off Within self - determination theory in psychology , autonomy refers to ' autonomy support versus control ' , `` hypothesizing that autonomy - supportive social contexts tend to facilitate self - determined motivation , healthy development , and optimal functioning . '' In mathematical analysis , an ordinary differential equation is said to be autonomous if it is time - independent . In linguistics , an autonomous language is one which is independent of other languages , for example has a standard , grammar books , dictionaries or literature etc . In robotics , `` autonomy means independence of control . This characterization implies that autonomy is a property of the relation between two agents , in the case of robotics , of the relations between the designer and the autonomous robot . Self - sufficiency , situatedness , learning or development , and evolution increase an agent 's degree of autonomy . '' , according to Rolf Pfeifer . In spaceflight , autonomy can also refer to manned missions that are operating without control by ground controllers . In economics , autonomous consumption is consumption expenditure when income levels are zero , making spending autonomous to income . In politics , autonomous territories are States wishing to retain territorial integrity in opposition to ethnic or indigenous demands for self - determination or independence ( sovereignty ) . In anti-establishment activism , an autonomous space is another name for a non-governmental social center or free space ( for community interaction ) . In social psychology , autonomy is a personality trait characterized by a focus on personal achievement independence , and a preference for solitude , often labeled as an opposite of sociotropy . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Autonomy . Autonomism List of autonomous areas by country Cornelius Castoriadis Direct democracy Equality of autonomy Flat organization Takis Fotopoulos Home rule Personal boundaries Self - determination theory Self - governing colony Sui iuris Teaching for social justice Viable system model Workplace democracy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ancient Greek : αὐτονομία autonomia from αὐτόνομος autonomos from αὐτο - auto - `` self '' and νόμος nomos , `` law '' , hence when combined understood to mean `` one who gives oneself one 's own law '' Jump up ^ BOURDIEU , 2001 ( MARANHÃO , 2005 ; 2006 Archived October 8 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. ; 2007 ; SOBRAL & MARANHÃO , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Philippine Bill of 1902 ( note : Philippine Autonomy Act ) '' . Corpus Juris . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bokovoy , Melissa Katherine ; Irvine , Jill A. ; Lilly , Carol S. ( 1997 ) . State - society relations in Yugoslavia , 1945 -- 1992 . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 295 -- 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 12690 - 2 . Jump up ^ Autonomy in Moral and Political Philosophy ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ) . Plato.stanford.edu . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Shafer - Landau , Russ . `` The fundamentals of ethics . '' ( 2010 ) . p. 161 Jump up ^ Shafer - Landau , Russ . `` The fundamentals of ethics . '' ( 2010 ) . p. 163 Jump up ^ How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , Continuum , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1847 - 063 - 472 . p. 100 . Jump up ^ Chapter 17 , ' Letting People Choose for Themselves ' , of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , Continuum , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1847 - 063 - 472 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Meyendorff 1989 , pp. 59 - 66 , 130 - 139 . Jump up ^ L. , Beauchamp , Tom ( 2013 ) . Principles of biomedical ethics . Childress , James F. ( 7th ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199924585 . OCLC 808107441 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Bernard A ( January 2006 ) . `` A Summary of Important Documents in the Field of Research Ethics '' . Schizophrenia Bulletin . 32 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 80 . doi : 10.1093 / schbul / sbj005 . ISSN 0586 - 7614 . PMC 2632196 . PMID 16192409 . Jump up ^ Informed Consent : Legal Theory and Clinical Practice : Legal Theory and ... - Schools of Law and Medicine Jessica W. Berg Assistant Professor of Law and Bioethics Case Western Reserve University , Paul S. Appelbaum A.F. Zeleznik Distinguished Professor and Chair University of Massachusetts , Medical School and Director of the Center for Mental Health Services Research Charles W. Lidz Research Professor of Psychiatry University of Massachusetts , Center for Bioethics and Health Law University of Pittsburgh Lisa S. Parker Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Education - Google Books . Books.google.ca . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mappes Thomas , A. , and David DeGrazia . `` Biomedical Ethics . '' ( 2006 ) . Pp54 - 55 ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mappes Thomas , A. , and David DeGrazia . `` Biomedical Ethics . '' ( 2006 ) . pp62 Jump up ^ O'neill , Onora . Autonomy and Trust in bioethics . Cambridge University Press , 2002 . Pp3 Jump up ^ The Yogyakarta Principles , Principle 3 , The Right to Recognition before the Law Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Article 3 , ( a ) Jump up ^ Giles , David & Maltby , John . ( 2004 ) . The Role of Media Figures in Adolescent Development : Relations Between Autonomy , Attachment , and Interest in Celebrities . Personality and Individual Differences. 36 . 813 - 822 . 10.1016 / S0191 - 8869 ( 03 ) 00154 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cognitive Therapy and Research . 24 : 763 -- 780 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005599714224 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Sources ( edit ) Meyendorff , John ( 1989 ) . Imperial unity and Christian divisions : The Church 450 - 680 A.D . The Church in history . 2 . Crestwood , NY : St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88 - 141056 - 3 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of autonomy at Wiktionary Kastner , Jens . `` Autonomy '' ( 2015 ) . University Bielefeld - Center for InterAmerican Studies . LCCN : sh85010457 GND : 4003974 - 2 NDL : 00576662 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomy&oldid=811035689 '' Categories : Autonomy Ethical principles Cybernetics Individualism Concepts in ethics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Pages with citations lacking titles Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing German - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from October 2014 All articles needing rewrite Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski עברית Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ייִדיש Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 03 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Autonomy in philosophy and ethics
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-7,942,429,955,684,444,000 | when did they finish filming the dark knight | Heath Ledger - Wikipedia Heath Ledger Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Heath Ledger <Td_colspan="2"> Ledger at the 56th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2006 Heathcliff Andrew Ledger ( 1979 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1979 Perth , Western Australia , Australia 22 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 22 ) ( aged 28 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Cause of death Cardiac arrest brought on by prescription drug intoxication Resting place Karrakatta Cemetery Occupation Actor , music video director Years active 1993 -- 2008 Partner ( s ) Michelle Williams ( 2004 -- 07 ) Children Matilda Ledger Heathcliff Andrew Ledger ( 4 April 1979 -- 22 January 2008 ) was an Australian actor and director . After performing roles in several Australian television and film productions during the 1990s , Ledger left for the United States in 1998 to develop his film career . His work comprised nineteen films , including 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) , The Patriot ( 2000 ) , A Knight 's Tale ( 2001 ) , Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) , Lords of Dogtown ( 2005 ) , Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) , The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) , and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ( 2009 ) , the latter two being posthumous releases . He also produced and directed music videos and aspired to be a film director . For his portrayal of Ennis Del Mar in Brokeback Mountain , Ledger won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor and Best International Actor from the Australian Film Institute , and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Posthumously he shared the 2007 Independent Spirit Robert Altman Award with the rest of the ensemble cast , the director , and the casting director for the film I 'm Not There , which was inspired by the life and songs of American singer - songwriter Bob Dylan . In the film , Ledger portrayed a fictional actor named Robbie Clark , one of six characters embodying aspects of Dylan 's life and persona . Ledger died on 22 January 2008 from an accidental intoxication from prescription drugs . A few months before his death , Ledger had finished filming his performance as The Joker in The Dark Knight . His death occurred during editing of The Dark Knight and in the midst of filming his last role as Tony in The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus . His untimely death cast a shadow over the subsequent promotion of the $185 million Batman production . Ledger received numerous posthumous accolades for his critically acclaimed performance in the film , including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , a Best Actor International Award at the 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards ( for which he became the first actor to win an award posthumously ) , the 2008 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor , the 2009 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture , and the 2009 BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1990s 2.2 2000s 2.3 Directorial work 3 Personal life 3.1 Relationships 4 Press controversies 5 Health issues 6 Death 6.1 Autopsy and toxicology report 6.2 Federal investigation 6.3 Effect on fans 6.4 Controversy over will 7 Legacy 7.1 Memorial tributes and services 7.2 Method and style 7.3 Posthumous films and awards 8 Filmography 8.1 Film 8.2 Television 8.3 Music video 9 Accolades 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Early life Ledger was born in Perth , Western Australia , the son of Sally Ledger ( née Ramshaw ) , a French teacher , and Kim Ledger , a racecar driver and mining engineer whose family established and owned the Ledger Engineering Foundry . The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust is named after his great - grandfather . He had English , Irish , and Scottish ancestry . Ledger attended Mary 's Mount Primary School in Gooseberry Hill , and later Guildford Grammar School , where he had his first acting experiences , starring in a school production as Peter Pan at age 10 . His parents separated when he was 10 and divorced when he was 11 . Ledger 's older sister Kate , an actress and later a publicist , to whom he was very close , inspired his acting on stage , and his love of Gene Kelly inspired his successful choreography , leading to Guildford Grammar 's 60 - member team 's `` first all - boy victory '' at the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge . Ledger 's two half - sisters are Ashleigh Bell ( b . 1990 ) , his mother 's daughter with her second husband and his stepfather Roger Bell , and Olivia Ledger ( b . 1996 ) , his father 's daughter with second wife and his stepmother Emma Brown . Career 1990s After sitting for early graduation exams at age 17 , Ledger left school to pursue an acting career . With Trevor DiCarlo , his best friend since he was three years old , Ledger drove across Australia from Perth to Sydney , returning to Perth to take a small role in Clowning Around ( 1992 ) , the first part of a two - part television series , and to work on the TV series Sweat ( 1996 ) , in which he played a gay cyclist . From 1993 to 1997 , Ledger also had parts in the Perth television series Ship to Shore ( 1993 ) ; in the short - lived Fox Broadcasting Company fantasy - drama Roar ( 1997 ) ; in Home and Away ( 1997 ) , one of Australia 's most successful television shows ; and in the Australian film Blackrock ( 1997 ) , his feature film debut . In 1999 , he starred in the teen comedy 10 Things I Hate About You and in the acclaimed Australian crime film Two Hands , directed by Gregor Jordan . 2000s From 2000 to 2005 , he starred in supporting roles as Gabriel Martin , the eldest son of Benjamin Martin ( Mel Gibson ) , in The Patriot ( 2000 ) , and as Sonny Grotowski , the son of Hank Grotowski ( Billy Bob Thornton ) , in Monster 's Ball ( 2000 ) ; and in leading or title roles in A Knight 's Tale ( 2001 ) , The Four Feathers ( 2002 ) , The Order ( 2003 ) , Ned Kelly ( 2003 ) , Casanova ( 2005 ) , The Brothers Grimm ( 2005 ) , and Lords of Dogtown ( 2005 ) . In 2001 , he won a ShoWest Award as `` Male Star of Tomorrow '' . Ledger 's portrayal of Ennis Del Mar in Brokeback Mountain made him receive his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor in 2005 . Ledger received `` Best Actor of 2005 '' awards from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the San Francisco Film Critics Circle for his performance in Brokeback Mountain , in which he plays Wyoming ranch hand Ennis Del Mar , who has a love affair with aspiring rodeo rider Jack Twist , played by Jake Gyllenhaal . He also received a nomination for Golden Globe Best Actor in a Drama and a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor for this performance , making him , at age 26 , the ninth - youngest nominee for a Best Actor Oscar . In The New York Times review of the film , critic Stephen Holden writes : `` Both Mr. Ledger and Mr. Gyllenhaal make this anguished love story physically palpable . Mr. Ledger magically and mysteriously disappears beneath the skin of his lean , sinewy character . It is a great screen performance , as good as the best of Marlon Brando and Sean Penn . '' In a review in Rolling Stone , Peter Travers states : `` Ledger 's magnificent performance is an acting miracle . He seems to tear it from his insides . Ledger does n't just know how Ennis moves , speaks and listens ; he knows how he breathes . To see him inhale the scent of a shirt hanging in Jack 's closet is to take measure of the pain of love lost . '' After Brokeback Mountain , Ledger costarred with fellow Australian Abbie Cornish in the 2006 Australian film Candy , an adaptation of the 1998 novel Candy : A Novel of Love and Addiction , as young heroin addicts in love attempting to break free of their addiction , whose mentor is played by Geoffrey Rush ; for his performance as sometime poet Dan , Ledger was nominated for three `` Best Actor '' awards , including one of the Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards , which both Cornish and Rush won in their categories . Shortly after the release of Candy , Ledger was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . As one of six actors embodying different aspects of the life of Bob Dylan in the 2007 film I 'm Not There , directed by Todd Haynes , Ledger `` won praise for his portrayal of ' Robbie ( Clark ) , ' a moody , counter-culture actor who represents the romanticist side of Dylan , but says accolades are never his motivation '' . Posthumously , on 23 February 2008 , he shared the 2007 Independent Spirit Robert Altman Award with the rest of the film 's ensemble cast , its director , and its casting director . Ledger posing with Charlotte Gainsbourg at the 64th Venice Film Festival in September 2007 . In his penultimate film performance , Ledger played the Joker in Christopher Nolan 's 2008 film The Dark Knight , released nearly six months after his death . While working on the film in London , Ledger told Sarah Lyall in their New York Times interview that he viewed The Dark Knight 's Joker as a `` psychopathic , mass murdering , schizophrenic clown with zero empathy '' . For his work on The Dark Knight , Ledger won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor with his family accepting it on his behalf , as well as numerous other posthumous awards , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor , which Christopher Nolan accepted for him . At the time of his death on 22 January 2008 , Ledger had completed about half of the work for his final film performance as Tony in Terry Gilliam 's The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus . Gilliam chose to adapt the film after his death by having fellow actors Johnny Depp , Jude Law , and Colin Farrell play `` fantasy transformations '' of his character so that Ledger 's final performance could be seen in theatres . Directorial work Ledger had aspirations to become a film director and had made some music videos , which director Todd Haynes praised highly in his tribute to Ledger upon accepting the ISP Robert Altman Award , which Ledger posthumously shared , on 23 February 2008 . In 2006 , Ledger directed music videos for the title track on Australian hip hop artist N'fa 's CD debut solo album Cause An Effect and for the single `` Seduction Is Evil ( She 's Hot ) '' . Later that year , Ledger inaugurated a new record label , Masses Music , with singer Ben Harper and also directed a music video for Harper 's song `` Morning Yearning '' . At a news conference at the 2007 Venice Film Festival , Ledger spoke of his desire to make a documentary film about the British singer - songwriter Nick Drake , who died in 1974 , at the age of 26 , from an overdose of an antidepressant . Ledger created and acted in a music video set to Drake 's recording of the singer 's 1974 song about depression `` Black Eyed Dog '' -- a title `` inspired by Winston Churchill 's descriptive term for depression '' ( black dog ) ; it was shown publicly only twice , first at the Bumbershoot Festival , in Seattle , held from 1 to 3 September 2007 ; and secondly as part of `` A Place To Be : A Celebration of Nick Drake '' , with its screening of Their Place : Reflections On Nick Drake , `` a series of short filmed homages to Nick Drake '' ( including Ledger 's ) , sponsored by American Cinematheque , at the Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre , in Hollywood , on 5 October 2007 . After Ledger 's death , his music video for `` Black Eyed Dog '' was shown on the Internet and excerpted in news clips distributed via YouTube . He was working with Scottish screenwriter and producer Allan Scott on an adaptation of the 1983 novel The Queen 's Gambit by Walter Tevis , which would have been his first feature film as a director . He also intended to act in the film , with Canadian actress Ellen Page proposed in the lead role . Ledger 's final directorial work , in which he shot two music videos before his death , premiered in 2009 . The music videos , completed for Modest Mouse and Grace Woodroofe , include an animated feature for Modest Mouse 's song , `` King Rat '' , and the Woodroofe video for her cover of David Bowie 's `` Quicksand '' . The `` King Rat '' video premiered on 4 August 2009 . Personal life Ledger at the 56th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2006 Ledger was an avid chess player , winning Western Australia 's junior chess championship at the age of 10 . As an adult , he often played with other chess enthusiasts at Washington Square Park . Ledger also had a keen interest in the West Coast Eagles , a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League and are based in his hometown of Perth . Allan Scott 's film adaptation of the chess - related 1983 novel The Queen 's Gambit , by Walter Tevis , which at the time of his death he was planning to both perform in and direct , would have been Ledger 's first feature film as a director . Relationships Ledger had relationships with actresses Lisa Zane , Heather Graham and Naomi Watts . In 2004 , he met and began dating actress Michelle Williams on the set of Brokeback Mountain . Their daughter , Matilda Rose , was born on 28 October 2005 in New York City . Matilda 's godparents are Brokeback co-star Jake Gyllenhaal and Williams ' Dawson 's Creek co-star Busy Philipps . In January 2006 , Ledger put his residence in Bronte , New South Wales up for sale , and returned to the United States , where he shared a house with Williams , in Boerum Hill , Brooklyn , from 2005 to 2007 . In September 2007 , Williams 's father confirmed to Sydney 's Daily Telegraph that Ledger and Williams had ended their relationship . After his break - up with Williams , in late 2007 and early 2008 , the tabloid press and other public media linked Ledger romantically with supermodels Helena Christensen and Gemma Ward . On 30 January 2011 , Ward stated that the pair began dating in November 2007 and their families spent Christmas together in their home town of Perth . Press controversies Ledger 's relationship with the press in Australia was sometimes turbulent , and it led to his abandonment of plans for his family to reside part - time in Sydney . In 2004 , he strongly denied press reports alleging that `` he spat at journalists on the Sydney set of the film Candy '' , or that one of his relatives had done so later , outside Ledger 's Sydney home . On 13 January 2006 , `` Several members of the paparazzi retaliated ... squirting Ledger and Williams with water pistols on the red carpet at the Sydney premiere of Brokeback Mountain '' . After his performance on stage at the 2005 Screen Actors Guild Awards , when he had giggled in presenting Brokeback Mountain as a nominee for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture , the Los Angeles Times referred to his presentation as an `` apparent gay spoof '' . Ledger called the Times later and explained that his levity resulted from stage fright , saying that he had been told that he would be presenting the award only minutes earlier ; he stated : `` I am so sorry and I apologise for my nervousness . I would be absolutely horrified if my stage fright was misinterpreted as a lack of respect for the film , the topic and for the amazing filmmakers . '' Ledger was quoted in January 2006 in Melbourne 's Herald Sun as saying that he heard that West Virginia had banned Brokeback Mountain , which it had not ; actually , a cinema in Utah had banned the film . He had also referred mistakenly to West Virginia 's having had lynchings as recently as the 1980s , but state scholars disputed his statement , observing that , whereas lynchings did occur in Alabama as recently as 1981 , according to `` the director of state archives and history '' quoted in The Charleston Gazette , `` The last documented lynching in West Virginia took place in Lewisburg in 1931 . '' Health issues In their New York Times interview , published on 4 November 2007 , Ledger told Sarah Lyall that his recently completed roles in I 'm Not There ( 2007 ) and The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) had taken a toll on his ability to sleep : `` Last week I probably slept an average of two hours a night ... I could n't stop thinking . My body was exhausted , and my mind was still going . '' At that time , he told Lyall that he had taken two Ambien pills , after taking just one had not sufficed , and those left him in `` a stupor , only to wake up an hour later , his mind still racing . '' Prior to his return to New York from his last film assignment , in London , in January 2008 , while he was apparently suffering from some kind of respiratory illness , he reportedly complained to his co-star from The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus , Christopher Plummer , that he was continuing to have difficulty sleeping and taking pills to help with that problem : `` Confirming earlier reports that Ledger had n't been feeling well on set , Plummer says , ' we all caught colds because we were shooting outside on horrible , damp nights . But Heath 's went on and I do n't think he dealt with it immediately with the antibiotics ... I think what he did have was the walking pneumonia . ' ( ... ) On top of that , ' He was saying all the time , ' dammit , I ca n't sleep ' ... and he was taking all these pills to help him . ' '' In talking with Interview magazine , after his death , Ledger 's former fiancée Michelle Williams also confirmed reports the actor had experienced trouble sleeping . `` For as long as I 'd known him , he had bouts with insomnia . He had too much energy . His mind was turning , turning , turning -- always turning . '' Death At about 2 : 45 pm ( EST ) , on 22 January 2008 , Ledger was found unconscious in his bed by his housekeeper , Teresa Solomon , and his masseuse , Diana Wolozin , in his fourth - floor loft apartment at 421 Broome Street in the SoHo neighbourhood of Manhattan . According to the police , Wolozin , who had arrived early for a 3 : 00 pm appointment with Ledger , called Ledger 's friend Mary - Kate Olsen for help . Olsen , who was in California , directed a New York City private security guard to go to the scene . At 3 : 26 pm , `` less than 15 minutes after she first saw him in bed and only a few moments after the first call to Ms. Olsen '' , Wolozin telephoned 9 - 1 - 1 `` to say that Mr. Ledger was not breathing '' . At the urging of the 9 - 1 - 1 operator , Wolozin administered CPR , which was unsuccessful in reviving him . Paramedics and emergency medical technicians arrived seven minutes later , at 3 : 33 pm ( `` at almost exactly the same moment as a private security guard summoned by Ms. Olsen '' ) but were also unable to revive him . At 3 : 36 pm , Ledger was pronounced dead , and his body was removed from the apartment . Autopsy and Toxicology report Two weeks later on 6 February 2008 , the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York released its conclusions , based on an initial autopsy of 23 January 2008 and a subsequent complete toxicological analysis . The report concludes , in part , `` Mr. Heath Ledger died as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects of oxycodone , hydrocodone , diazepam , temazepam , alprazolam and doxylamine . '' It states definitively : `` We have concluded that the manner of death is accident , resulting from the abuse of prescribed medications . '' While the medications found in the toxicological analysis may be prescribed in the United States for insomnia , anxiety , pain , or common cold ( doxylamine ) symptoms , the vast majority of physicians in the US are extremely reluctant to prescribe multiple benzodiazepines ( e.g. , diazepam , alprazolam , and temazepam ) to a single patient , let alone prescribe the same to a patient already taking a mix of oxycodone and hydrocodone . Although the Associated Press and other media reported that `` police estimate Ledger 's time of death between 1 pm and 2 : 45 pm '' ( on 22 January 2008 ) , the Medical Examiner 's Office announced that it would not be publicly disclosing the official estimated time of death . The official announcement of the cause and manner of Ledger 's death heightened concerns about the growing problems of prescription drug abuse or misuse and combined drug intoxication ( CDI ) . Dr. Jason Payne - James , a forensic pathologist , has believed that Ledger might have survived if hydrocodone and oxycodone had been left out of the combination of drugs that the actor took just prior to his death . Federal Investigation Late in February 2008 , a DEA investigation of medical professionals relating to Ledger 's death exonerated two American physicians , who practice in Los Angeles and Houston , of any wrongdoing , determining that `` the doctors in question had prescribed Ledger other medications -- not the pills that killed him . '' On 4 August 2008 , citing unnamed sources , Murray Weiss , of the New York Post , first reported that Mary - Kate Olsen had `` refused ( through her attorney , Michael C. Miller ) to be interviewed by federal investigators probing the accidental drug death of her close friend Heath Ledger ... ( without ) ... immunity from prosecution '' and that , when asked about the matter , Miller at first declined further comment . Later that day , after the police confirmed the gist of Weiss 's account to the Associated Press , Miller issued a statement denying that Olsen supplied Ledger with the drugs causing his death and asserting that she did not know their source . In his statement , Miller said specifically , `` Despite tabloid speculation , Mary - Kate Olsen had nothing whatsoever to do with the drugs found in Heath Ledger 's home or his body , and she does not know where he obtained them , '' emphasising that media `` descriptions ( attributed to an unidentified source ) are incomplete and inaccurate . '' After a flurry of further media speculation , on 6 August 2008 , the US Attorney 's Office in Manhattan closed its investigation into Ledger 's death without filing any charges and rendering moot its subpoena of Olsen . With the clearing of the two doctors and Olsen , and the closing of the investigation because the prosecutors in the Manhattan US Attorney 's Office `` do n't believe there 's a viable target , '' it is still not known how Ledger obtained the oxycodone and hydrocodone in the lethal drug combination that killed him . Effect on fans Eleven months after Ledger 's death , on 23 December 2008 , Jake Coyle , writing for the Associated Press , announced that `` Heath Ledger 's death was voted 2008 's top entertainment story by U.S. newspaper and broadcast editors surveyed by The Associated Press '' . He claimed that this was partially a result of the `` shock and confusion '' surrounding the circumstances of Ledger 's death , as well as due to Ledger 's `` legacy ... in a roundly acclaimed performance as the Joker in the year 's biggest box office hit The Dark Knight . '' Controversy over will After Ledger 's death , in response to some press reports about his will , filed in New York City on 28 February 2008 , and his daughter 's access to his financial legacy , his father , Kim Ledger , said that he considered the financial well - being of his granddaughter Matilda Rose an `` absolute priority '' , whilst also stating that her mother , Michelle Williams , was `` an integral part of our family '' . He added , `` They will be taken care of and that 's how Heath would want it to be '' . Some of Ledger 's relatives may be challenging the legal status of his will signed in 2003 , prior to his involvement with Williams and the birth of their daughter and not updated to include them , which divides half of his estate between his parents and half among his siblings ; they claim that there is a second , unsigned will , which leaves most of that estate to Matilda Rose . Williams ' father , Larry Williams , has also joined the controversy about Ledger 's will as it was filed in New York City soon after his death . On 31 March 2008 , stimulating another controversy pertaining to Ledger 's estate , Gemma Jones and Janet Fife - Yeomans published an `` Exclusive '' report , in The Daily Telegraph , citing Ledger 's uncle Haydn Ledger and other family members , who `` believe the late actor may have fathered a secret love child '' when he was 17 , and stating that `` If it is confirmed that Ledger is the girl 's biological father , it could split his multi-million dollar estate between ... Matilda Rose ... and his secret love child . '' A few days later , reports citing telephone interviews with Ledger 's uncles Haydn and Mike Ledger and the family of the other little girl , published in OK ! and Us Weekly , `` denied '' those `` claims '' , with Ledger 's uncles and the little girl 's mother and stepfather describing them as unfounded `` rumors '' distorted and exaggerated by the media . On 15 July 2008 , Fife - Yeomans reported further , via Australian News Limited , that `` While Ledger left everything to his parents and three sisters , it is understood they have legal advice that under Western Australia law , Matilda Rose is entitled to the lion 's share '' of his estate ; its executors , Kim Ledger 's former business colleague Robert John Collins and Geraldton accountant William Mark Dyson , `` have applied for probate in the West Australian Supreme Court in Perth , advertising for ' creditors and other persons ' having claims on the estate to lodge them by 11 August 2008 ... to ensure all debts are paid before the estate is distributed ... '' According to this report by Fife - Yeomans , earlier reports citing Ledger 's uncles , and subsequent reports citing Ledger 's father , which do not include his actual posthumous earnings , `` his entire fortune , mostly held in Australian trusts , is likely to be worth up to $ 20 million . '' On 27 September 2008 , Ledger 's father Kim stated that `` the family has agreed to leave the US $16.3 million fortune to Matilda , '' adding : `` There is no claim . Our family has gifted everything to Matilda . '' In October 2008 , Forbes estimated Ledger 's annual earnings from October 2007 through October 2008 -- including his posthumous share of The Dark Knight 's gross income of `` US $1 billion in box office revenue worldwide '' -- -- as `` US $20 million . '' Legacy Memorial tributes and services Memorial for Ledger , outside 421 Broome Street , SoHo , Manhattan , 23 January 2008 As the news of Ledger 's death became public , throughout the night of 22 January 2008 , and the next day , media crews , mourners , fans , and other onlookers began gathering outside his apartment building , with some leaving flowers or other memorial tributes . The next day , at 10 : 50 am Australian time , Ledger 's parents and sister appeared outside his mother 's house in Applecross , a riverside suburb of Perth , and read a short statement to the media expressing their grief and desire for privacy . Within the next few days , memorial tributes were communicated by family members ; the Prime Minister of Australia , Kevin Rudd ; the Deputy Premier of Western Australia , Eric Ripper ; Warner Bros. ( distributor of The Dark Knight ) and thousands of Ledger 's fans around the world . Several actors made statements expressing their sorrow at Ledger 's death , including Daniel Day - Lewis , who dedicated his Screen Actors Guild Award to him , saying that he was inspired by Ledger 's acting ; Day - Lewis praised Ledger 's performances in Monster 's Ball and Brokeback Mountain , describing the latter as `` unique , perfect '' . Verne Troyer , who was working with Ledger on The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus at the time of his death , had a heart shape , an exact duplicate of a symbol that Ledger scrawled on a piece of paper with his email address , tattooed on his hand in remembrance of Ledger because Ledger `` had made such an impression on ( him ) . '' British indie band Kasabian paid tribute to Ledger in their song ' Vlad the Impaler ' , with the line `` Joker , meet you on the other side '' . Singer Tom Meighan often changes the word `` Joker '' to either `` Ledger '' , or the names of recently deceased celebrities . On 1 February , in her first public statement after Ledger 's death , Michelle Williams expressed her heartbreak and described Ledger 's spirit as surviving in their daughter . After attending private memorial ceremonies in Los Angeles , Ledger 's family members returned with his body to Perth . On 9 February , a memorial service attended by several hundred invited guests was held at Penrhos College , attracting considerable press attention ; afterward Ledger 's body was cremated at Fremantle Cemetery , followed by a private service attended by only 10 closest family members , with his ashes interred later in a family plot at Karrakatta Cemetery , next to two of his grandparents . Later that night , his family and friends gathered for a wake on Cottesloe Beach . In January 2011 , the State Theatre Centre of Western Australia in Ledger 's home town of Perth named a 575 - seat theatre the Heath Ledger Theatre after him . For the opening of the theatre , Ledger 's Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor was on display in the theatre 's foyer along with his Joker costume . Bon Iver 's `` Perth '' was inspired by Heath Ledger . Justin Vernon , the lead singer and songwriter of the American indie folk band , revealed back in 2011 that he had begun working on the song in 2008 and was scheduled to meet with a music video director who was good friends with Ledger , Matt Amato . `` The first thing I worked on , the riff and the beginning melodies , was the first song on the record , ' Perth , ' '' Vernon told Exclaim ! . Amato was directing the band 's `` The Wolves ( Act I & II ) '' music video the day that Ledger died . `` It was no longer about just making a Bon Iver music video anymore , '' Vernon says . `` This was now our chance to be there with Matt as he grieved . It was a three - day wake . '' Amato told Vernon stories about Ledger that eventually became the inspiration for `` Perth , '' the opening track to the band 's second studio album Bon Iver , Bon Iver ( 2011 ) . Method and style `` You know when you see the preachers down South ? And they grab a believer and they go , ' Bwoom ! I touch you with the hand of God ! ' And they believe so strongly , they 're on the ground shaking and spitting . And fuck 's sake , that 's the power of belief ... Now , I do n't believe in Jesus , but I believe in my performance . And if you can understand that the power of belief is one of the great tools of our time and that a lot of acting comes from it , you can do anything . '' -- Ledger ( in 2006 ) on belief , power and acting . Portraying a variety of roles , from romantic heroes to the reluctantly oppressed , Ledger created a hodgepodge of characters that are deliberately unlike one another , stating `` I feel like I am wasting my time if I repeat myself '' . He also reflected on his inability to be happy with his work , `` I feel the same thing about everything I do . The day I say , ' It 's good ' is the day I should start doing something else . '' Ledger liked to wait between jobs so that he would start creatively hungry on new projects . In his own words , acting was about harnessing `` the infinite power of belief , '' thus using belief as a tool for creating . Directors who have worked with the actor praised him for his creativity , seriousness and intuition . `` I 've never felt as old as I did watching Heath explore his talents , '' The Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan has written , expressing amazement over the actor 's working process , genuine curiosity and charisma Mark Foster , who directed Ledger in Monster 's Ball , complimented him as taking the job `` very seriously '' , being disciplined , observant , and understanding and intuitive . In 2007 , director Todd Haynes compared Ledger 's presence to actor James Dean , casting Ledger as Robbie Clarke , a fictive personification of Bob Dylan in I 'm Not There . Drawing on the similar characteristics between the actors , Haynes further highlighted Ledger 's `` precocious seriousness '' and intuition . He also felt that Ledger had a rare maturity beyond his years . '' Ledger , however , disconnected himself and acting from perfectionism . `` I 'm always gon na pull myself apart and dissect ( the work ) . I mean , there 's no such thing as perfection in what ( actors ) do . Pornos are more perfect than we are , because they 're actually fucking . '' `` Some people find their shtick , '' Ledger reflected on the categorization of style . `` I never figured out who ' Heath Ledger ' is on film : ' This is what you expect when you hire me , and it will be recognizable ' ... People always feel compelled to sum you up , to presume that they have you and can describe you . That 's fine . But there are so many stories inside of me and a lot I want to achieve outside of one flat note . '' Posthumous films and Awards Further information : List of accolades received by The Dark Knight Ledger 's death affected the marketing campaign for Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) and also both the production and marketing of Terry Gilliam 's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus , with both directors intending to celebrate and pay tribute to his work in these films . Although Gilliam temporarily suspended production on the latter film , he expressed determination to `` salvage '' it , perhaps using computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) , and dedicated it to Ledger . In February 2008 , as a `` memorial tribute to the man many have called one of the best actors of his generation , '' Johnny Depp , Jude Law , and Colin Farrell signed on to take over Ledger 's role , becoming multiple incarnations of his character , Tony , transformed in this `` magical re-telling of the Faust story '' . The three actors donated their fees for the film to Ledger 's and Williams 's daughter . Speaking of editing The Dark Knight , on which Ledger had completed his work in October 2007 , Nolan recalled , `` It was tremendously emotional , right when he passed , having to go back in and look at him every day ... But the truth is , I feel very lucky to have something productive to do , to have a performance that he was very , very proud of , and that he had entrusted to me to finish . '' All of Ledger 's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming ; in editing the film , Nolan added no `` digital effects '' to alter Ledger 's actual performance posthumously . Nolan dedicated the film in part to Ledger 's memory , as well as to the memory of technician Conway Wickliffe , who was killed during a car accident while preparing one of the film 's stunts . Ledger 's performance of The Joker in the film earned him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , making him the first comic - book movie actor to win an Oscar . Released in July 2008 , The Dark Knight broke several box office records and received both popular and critical accolades , especially with regard to Ledger 's performance as the Joker . Even film critic David Denby , who does not praise the film overall in his pre-release review in The New Yorker , evaluates Ledger 's work highly , describing his performance as both `` sinister and frightening '' and Ledger as `` mesmerising in every scene '' , concluding : `` His performance is a heroic , unsettling final act : this young actor looked into the abyss . '' Attempting to dispel widespread speculations that Ledger 's performance as the Joker had in any way led to his death ( as Denby and others suggest ) , Ledger 's co-star and friend Christian Bale , who played opposite him as Batman , has stressed that , as an actor , Ledger greatly enjoyed meeting the challenges of creating that role , an experience that Ledger himself described as `` the most fun I 've ever had , or probably ever will have , playing a character . '' Terry Gilliam also refuted the claims that playing the Joker made him crazy , calling it `` absolute nonsense '' and going on to say , `` Heath was so solid . His feet were on the ground and he was the least neurotic person I 've ever met . '' Ledger received numerous awards for his Joker role in The Dark Knight . On 10 November 2008 , he was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards related to his work on the film , `` Best Ensemble Cast '' and `` Best Onscreen Match - Up '' ( shared with Christian Bale ) , and Ledger won an award for `` Match - Up '' in the ceremony aired live on CBS in January 2009 . On 11 December 2008 , it was announced that Ledger had been nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture for his performance as the Joker in The Dark Knight ; he subsequently won the award at the 66th Golden Globe Awards ceremony telecast on NBC on 11 January 2009 with Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan accepting on his behalf . Film critics , co-stars Maggie Gyllenhaal and Michael Caine and many of Ledger 's colleagues in the film community joined Bale in calling for and predicting a nomination for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in recognition of Ledger 's achievement in The Dark Knight . Ledger 's subsequent nomination was announced on 22 January 2009 , the anniversary of his death . Ledger went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , becoming the second person to win a posthumous Academy Award for acting ( after fellow Australian actor Peter Finch , who won for 1976 's Network ) , as well as the first comic - book movie actor to win an Oscar for their acting . Ledger 's family attended the ceremony on 22 February 2009 , with his parents and sister accepting the award on stage on his behalf . Following talks with the Ledger family in Australia , the Academy determined that Ledger 's daughter , Matilda Rose , would own the award . However , due to Matilda 's age , she will not gain full ownership of the statuette until her eighteenth birthday in 2023 . Until that time , her mother Michelle Williams , will hold the statuette in trust for Matilda . On 4 April 2017 , a Trailer was released for the upcoming documentary I am Heath Ledger which was released on 3 May 2017 . It features archival footage of Ledger and interviews . Filmography Film Title Year Role Note Blackrock 1997 Toby Ackland Paws Oberon 10 Things I Hate About You 1999 Patrick Verona Two Hands Jimmy The Patriot 2000 Gabriel Martin A Knight 's Tale William Thatcher Monster 's Ball Sonny Grotowski The Four Feathers 2002 Harry Faversham Ned Kelly 2003 Ned Kelly The Order Alex Bernier Lords of Dogtown 2005 Skip Engblom The Brothers Grimm Jacob Grimm Brokeback Mountain Ennis Del Mar Casanova Giacomo Casanova Candy 2006 Dan Carter I 'm Not There 2007 Robbie Clark The Dark Knight 2008 The Joker Posthumous release The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus 2009 Tony Shepard Posthumous release I am Heath Ledger 2017 Himself Documentary Television Title Year Role Note Ship to Shore Cyclist 3 episodes Sweat Snowy Bowles 26 episodes Home and Away 1997 Scott Irwin 9 episodes Roar Conor 13 episodes Storm Hawks 2007 Cyclonian Talon Voice ; one episode Music video Title Year Performer Note `` Cause an Effect '' 2006 N'fa Directed by Ledger `` Seduction is Evil ( She 's Hot ) '' `` Morning Yearning '' Ben Harper `` Black Eyed Dog '' 2007 Nick Drake Directed by and featuring Ledger `` King Rat '' 2009 Modest Mouse Animated video ; conceived by Ledger Accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Heath Ledger See also List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees References ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger , actor , Is Found Dead at 28 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dawtrey , Adam ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` ' Parnassus ' Team Faces Dilemma '' . Variety . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards Database '' . British Academy of Film and Television Awards . Retrieved 16 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Savage , Michael ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger : The Times Obituary '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger Honored at Independent Spirit Awards '' . Entertainment Tonight . 23 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell and James Barron ( contributing ) ( 6 February 2008 ) . `` City Room : Heath Ledger 's Death Is Ruled an Accident '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ledger 's Death Caused by Accidental Overdose '' . CNN . 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heath Ledger Died of Accidental Overdose : 28 - Year - Old Actor Had Oxycodone , Anti-Anxiety , Sleep Aids in His System '' . MSNBC. 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 17 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Halbfinger , David M. ( 9 March 2008 ) . `` Batman 's Burden : A Director Confronts Darkness and Death '' . The New York Times . pp. 1 , 16 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger Honoured at AFI Awards '' . ABC . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Globes : Heath Ledger 's Family ' So Proud ' of Globe Nod '' . People . 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wills , Dominic ( 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger Biography '' . Tiscali TV . US . Archived from the original on 16 April 2008 . Retrieved 22 April 2008 . The Ledger name was well - known in Perth , the family having run a foundry that provided much of the raw material for the famous Perth to Kalgoorlie Pipeline ... The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust , named after Heath 's great - grandfather , was renowned for granting funds to the area 's universities , paying for visiting lecturers and scholarships for gifted students . Jump up ^ ' Heath : A Family 's Tale ' by Janet Fife - Yeomans ( 2009 ) , p. 32 : `` Ledger was a descendant of the Ledger family of Leeds , Yorkshire who arrived in Western Australia from England in 1880 . '' Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger among WA 's Finest Sons , Says Eric Ripper '' . The Sunday Times . Australia . 22 January 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . ' I understand he was a former student at both Mary 's Mount Primary School in Gooseberry Hill and later at Guildford Grammar , ' Mr Ripper said . ^ Jump up to : Lipsky , David ( 23 March 2006 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Lonesome Trail '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . His dad wanted him to race cars . Hollywood wanted him to play Spider - Man . Now he 's a huge star , and he 's not happy about it . Jump up ^ Sessums , Kevin . `` We 're Having a Heath Wave '' . Vanity Fair ( August 2000 ) . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . 6 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showest Awards : Past Award Winners '' . showest.com . ShoWest ( Nielsen Business Media Film Group ) . Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Brokeback Mountain ' leads Golden Globe nominations '' . CNN . 13 December 2005 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The San Francisco Film Critics Circle '' . San Francisco Film . splicedwire.com. 12 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Jen Chaney ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` ' Mountain ' Man Ledger 's Steady Climb to the Top '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HFPA -- Awards Search '' . Golden Globes Official Website . goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Results Page -- Academy Awards Database '' . Awards Database . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Film Review -- Brokeback Mountain -- Riding the High Country , Finding and Losing Love '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 1 December 2005 ) . `` Review : Brokeback Mountain '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Motion Picture Arts , Sciences invites 120 new members '' . USA Today . 5 July 2006 . Retrieved 23 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Honie Stevens ( 18 November 2007 ) . `` Squaring the Ledger '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todd Haynes Dedicates Robert Altman Award to Heath Ledger '' . YouTube . 23 February 2008 . Archived from the original ( video clip ) on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lyall , Sarah ( 4 November 2007 ) . `` Movies : In Stetson or Wig , He 's Hard to Pin Down '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Abramowitz , Rachel ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Accolades flow after Heath Ledger 's ' Dark Knight ' win '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Slumdog Millionaire ' fulfills its Oscar destiny '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : David M. Halbfinger ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` Actor 's Death May Mean Film 's End '' . The New York Times . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Christine Kilpatrick ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Production Suspended on Heath Ledger 's Latest Movie '' . People . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rapper N'FA to Release Heath Ledger - Directed Video SPIN '' . 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seduction Is Evil '' . Inertia Catalogue . inertia.net. 28 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Andrew Drever ( 21 August 2006 ) . `` N'Fa : Frontman for 1200 Techniques May Be Doing Solo Work , But Everything 's Cool '' . The Age . Melbourne . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger Teams Up with Ben Harper to Launch New Record Label '' . Starpulse Entertainment News Blog . starpulse.com. 14 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2008 . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Fraenkel and Rodrigo Perez ( 22 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Video for Nick Drake Song : Eerie Postscript to Actor 's Death '' . MTV . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Anthony Storr ( 1990 ) . Churchill 's Black Dog and Other Phenomena of the Human Mind . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 637566 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Theatre Programming '' ( PDF ) . American Cinematheque Film Calendar . americacinematheque.com. 5 October 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . This very special evening celebrating ( Drake 's ) life and music includes films , guests and a unique art and photographic exhibit . It includes the World Theatrical Premiere of ' Their Place : Reflections On Nick Drake ' , 2007 , Bryter Music , 30 min . Various Directors -- a series of short filmed homages to Nick Drake -- created by admirers including Heath Ledger , Jonas Mekas and Tim Pope . ( NOT ON DVD ! ) ... Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps ( 29 February 2008 ) . `` Footage from Heath Ledger 's Nick Drake Video Surfaces '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . The video , for Drake 's posthumously released song ' Black Eyed Dog , ' was filmed by the actor in late 2007 and included in a multimedia instalment about Drake called ' A Place to Be . ' The project was only screened publicly twice before the actor 's death , and the Ledger family said the ' Black Eyed Dog ' video would not be released . Jump up ^ `` A Place To Be : Reflections Of Nick Drake '' . A Place To Be . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . A Place To Be : a collection , a celebration , in film , photography , painting , drawing and prose , of the impact the music of Nick Drake has had on other artists ( `` Introductory film '' includes excerpts of the music video , Black Eyed Dog , by Heath Ledger , among others . ) Jump up ^ Drake 's song `` Black Eyed Dog '' is featured as track number five on the soundtrack album for the 1974 film Practical Magic , directed by Griffin Dunne and starring Sandra Bullock and Nicole Kidman . ^ Jump up to : Cazzulino , Michelle ( 29 March 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Gambit to Be a Director '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 April 2008 . It was an opportunity tailor - made for Ledger , Scott said . ' The movie is about chess , and what is a little known fact is Heath was very close to being on the grandmaster level . He was a chess whiz , and he intended to get his grandmaster rating before he started shooting the picture . ' Jump up ^ Rob Sharp and Allan Shiach ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger -- A Prophetic Tragedy '' . The Independent . UK . Retrieved 20 March 2008 . Until last month ( January 2008 ) he ( Allan Schiach , aka Allan Scott , ) was working with the late Heath Ledger on a film adaptation of Walter Tevis 's 1983 novel The Queen 's Gambit , about a chess prodigy 's chequered history . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Heath Ledger - directed music video to be released '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ledger music videos to be aired '' . BBC News . 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger music videos on the way '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 17 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger 's Video For Modest Mouse 's `` King Rat '' Premieres `` . Rolling Stone . 4 August 2009 . Retrieved 5 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger obituary : An actor of promise '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . At the same time he showed promise in other areas , as a junior go - kart racing champion and , aged only 10 , as Western Australia 's junior chess champion . Jump up ^ Tapper , Christina ; Stoyoff , Natasha ( 26 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Passion for Chess '' . People . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . No stranger to the New York Washington Square Park chess world , Heath Ledger found joy by screaming the occasional ' checkmate ! ' Jump up ^ Ledger another great who died too young Jump up ^ Newman , Jason ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` ' I Am Heath Ledger ' : 10 Things We Learned From Spike TV Doc '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The truth about Heath Ledger 's women '' . News.com.au. 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Kiki ; Simpson , Eva ; Hedley , Caroline ( 3 March 2006 ) . `` The Heath Is On '' . Daily Mirror . UK . p. 16 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Balogh , Stefanie ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's ex-fiancee Michelle Williams home with baby Matilda '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger Hopes for $3 m Profit on Beach House '' . The Age . Melbourne . 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Alex ( 30 September 2007 ) . `` Brooklyn 's Fragile Eco-System '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Grant , Sarah ( 4 September 2007 ) . `` Michelle Williams ' dad confirms split with Heath Ledger '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitworth , Melissa ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` Fashion shoots '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Supermodel 's Last Call to Heath '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Stansfield , Robert ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Helena Christensen Was on Way to See Heath Ledger '' . Scottish Daily Record . Archived from the original on 22 August 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ; Grant , Sarah ; Saurine , Angela ( 3 January 2008 ) . `` Are Gemma Ward and Heath Ledger Dating ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Fife - Yeomans , Janet ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` Sorrow of Heath Ledger 's Secret Love '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Lohan after Heath Ledger 's death : ' I 'm in love with him ' '' . Fox News . 7 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : WENN ( World Entertainment News Network ) ( 12 January 2006 ) . `` Ledger Slams Spitting Claims '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hawley , Janet ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Tale of an untrained homeboy '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Jump up ^ AAP ( 14 January 2006 ) . `` Sprayed Heath Flies Out '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Emily Dunn and Richard Jinman ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` How a Triumphant Return Turned Sour '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 1 . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Snead ( 30 January 2006 ) . `` The Dish Rag -- Ledger 's Strange SAG Behavior '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 27 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Snead ( 3 February 2006 ) . `` The Dish Rag -- Heath Explains His SAG Giggles '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 28 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger in Damage Control '' . The Age . Melbourne . 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 17 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Walls , Jeannette ( 10 January 2006 ) . `` Ledger lashes out at Utah , West Virginia '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Joe Morris ( 16 January 2006 ) . `` ' Brokeback ' Actor Has W. Va . All Wrong '' . The Charleston Gazette . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( 4 November 2007 ) . `` In Stetson or Wig , He 's Hard to Pin Down '' . The New York Times ( Arts & Leisure Desk ) . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stoynoff , Natasha ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Show Will Go on for Heath 's Last Movie , Says CoStar '' . People . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ UPI ( 16 March 2008 ) . `` Williams Recalls Ledger As Vulnerable '' . NewsTrack / Entertainment . upi.com . Retrieved 16 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Andy Newman and Al Baker ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Autopsy on Actor Is Inconclusive As Calls for Help Are Revealed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News : Housekeeper , Masseuse Found Ledger 's Body '' . WNBC. 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . ( As updated 25 January 2008 . ) Jump up ^ `` Ledger 's Death Caused by Accidental Overdose '' . SHOWBIZ , Movies . CNN . 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Larry King ( 6 February 2008 ) . `` Video : Larry King Live : Ledger Death '' ( Video clip ) . Larry King Live . CNN . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . CNN 's Larry King talks to guests about the finding that actor Heath Ledger died from an accidental drug overdose . Jump up ^ Chris Harris ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Last Hours : New Details Emerge '' . MTV Movie News . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ AAP ( 6 February 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Family Returns to Perth '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Kathy Ehrich ( 5 February 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger Toxicology Test Results Delayed '' . People . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Home deaths from Drug Errors Soar '' . CNN . Associated Press . 28 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Deaths from medication mistakes at home , such as actor Heath Ledger 's accidental overdose , rose dramatically during the past two decades , an analysis of U.S. death certificates finds ... The findings , based on nearly 50 million U.S. death certificates , are published in Monday ( 4 August 2008 ) 's Archives of Internal Medicine . Of those , more than 224,000 involved fatal medication errors , including overdoses and mixing prescription drugs with alcohol or street drugs ... Deaths from medication mistakes at home increased from 1,132 deaths in 1983 to 12,426 in 2004 . Adjusted for population growth , that amounts to an increase of more than 700 percent during that time . Jump up ^ `` Autopsy : The Last Hours of Heath Ledger . '' Autopsy . Exec Prod . Ed Taylor and Michael Kelpie . Nar . Iain Glen . Reelz , 7 Oct. 2017 . Television . Jump up ^ WENN ( World Entertainment News Network ) ( 29 February 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger Doctors Cleared '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Nicole Weisensee Egan ( 28 February 2008 ) . `` Report : Doctors Cleared in Ledger Investigation '' . People . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray Weiss ( 4 August 2008 ) . `` Olsen to Heath Feds : Let 's Deal : Demands Immunity from Probers '' . New York Post . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Mark - Kate Olsen silent on Ledger OD '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff and Agencies ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` Mary - Kate Olsen Denies Supplying Heath Ledger with Drugs '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olsen Seeks Immunity over Ledger '' . BBC News . 5 August 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyer : Mary - Kate Olsen Had ' Nothing to Do ' with Heath Ledger 's Drugs '' . People . 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Nicole Weisensee Egan ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Source : Feds Officially Close Heath Ledger Investigation '' . People . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Adler ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger Investigation Reportedly Closed ; Mary - Kate Olsen Wo n't Have to Testify : U.S. Attorney 's Office Filed No Charges Before Closing Probe into Actor 's Overdose Death '' . MTV . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Investigation into Heath Ledger 's Death Closed '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 6 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( 23 December 2008 ) . `` Ledger 's Death Voted Top 2008 Entertainment Story '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 24 December 2008 . The Top 10 : 1 . Heath Ledger Dies . Jump up ^ Heath Ledger ( 27 March 2008 ) . `` Last Will & Testament '' ( PDF ) . aolcdn.com ( reposted on 12 April 2008 ) . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ TMZ staff ( 27 March 2008 ) . `` Celebrity Justice : Heath 's Will -- No Joke '' . tmz.com . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ledger 's Uncles : Michelle Williams May Have to Fight for Matilda 's Inheritance '' . Fox News . 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2008 . Kim Ledger moved quickly to deny his granddaughter and Michelle Williams would be left without an inheritance and said Matilda was his family 's absolute priority . ' Matilda is our absolute priority and Michelle is an integral part of our family ... They will be taken care of and that 's how Heath would want it to be , ' Kim Ledger says in the statement ... The uncles estimated their nephew 's estate would be worth Australian $ 20 million after his earnings from the latest ' Batman ' movie were calculated . Jump up ^ Sean Cowan ( 15 March 2008 ) . `` Ledger Feud Grows Over ' second ' Will '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Some of Heath Ledger 's relatives may be planning a legal challenge against his will after it emerged the actor may have written a second will after his daughter was born , leaving most of his multimillion - dollar fortune to her ... Ledger 's second will , which is understood to be unsigned , was reportedly drawn up after Matilda 's birth ... The looming battle over which of Ledger 's wills should be used to divide his estate ... has caused waves on this side of the Pacific , with his uncles Mike and Haydn Ledger accusing their brother -- and Heath 's father -- Kim of mismanaging their late grandfather 's ( A ) $ 2 million estate ... Kim Ledger hit back this week , issuing a statement claiming his estranged brothers did not know what they were talking about ... Under the terms of the first will , the division of the estate will be managed by Kim Ledger 's former business colleague Robert John Collins and Geraldton accountant William Mark Dyson . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Peter ( 3 September 2008 ) . `` Ledger 's Estate Sells His Hollywood Hills Home '' . news.com.au . News Limited . Archived from the original on 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 2 September 2008 . ( According to Los Angeles County public records ) , Heath Ledger 's estate has sold ... ( his ) Hollywood Hills home ... for ( US ) US $2.5 million ( A $ 2.99 million ) ( in May 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Melissa Castellanos ( 24 March 2008 ) . `` Williams ' Dad Questions Ledger 's Will : Larry Williams Wants Kim Ledger To Explain Why Estate Is Valued At Only US $145,000 '' . Showbuzz . Archived from the original on 1 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Gemma Jones and Janet Fife - Yeomans ( 31 March 2008 ) . `` Did Heath Ledger Father a Secret Love Child ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . The April will lists only ( US ) US $145,000 in assets and names the late actor 's father , Kim , mother Sally Bell , sister Kate Ledger and half sisters Olivia Ledger and Ashleigh Bell as the only beneficiaries . The New York documents also acknowledge Matilda Rose , as Ledger 's only known child , as an interested party . Jump up ^ Garry Maddox ( 29 March 2009 ) . `` Good Will Hunting '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Beyond the tangled web of Heath Ledger 's estate , two final films and his celebrated Brokeback performance ensure the money will keep flowing . Jump up ^ Nick Squires ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger ' fathered a secret love child ' `` . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . If the claims are proved to be true , Ledger 's multi-million pound estate would have to be divided between the child he fathered in his teens and his two - year - old daughter , Matilda Rose , whose mother is Hollywood actress Michelle Williams ... The actor 's parents , Kim and Sally Ledger , have declined to comment on the reports ( based on comments by other family members , including his uncle Haydn Ledger ) . Jump up ^ `` Denied : No Love Child for Heath Ledger '' . okmagazine.com ( OK ! Magazine , Northern & Shell North America Ltd . ) . 3 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger 's Uncle : Love Child Reports Are ' Absolutely Berserk ' '' . usmagazine.com ( Wenner Media LLC ) . 3 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Janet Fife - Yeomans ( 15 July 2008 ) . `` Entertainment : Heath Ledger 's Daughter Matilda 's Estate Claim Decision '' . news.com.au . News Limited . Archived from the original on 2 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . ( Matilda Rose 's ) mother , actor Michelle Williams , will have to officially lodge a claim with the court supported by an affidavit which could end up in the public domain , legal experts said . ^ Jump up to : Joyce Eng ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Daughter to Inherit Estate '' . TV Guide . OpenGate Capital . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ledger 's Daughter to Inherit Late Actor 's Estate '' . AOL Australia Celebrity Channel . Associated Press . 29 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail Reporter ( 24 October 2008 ) . `` First Photos of Tragic Heath Ledger in His Last Film '' . The Daily Mail . UK . Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Michelle Nichols ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` Elvis Ranked Top - earning Dead Celebrity '' . Thomson Reuters . Reuters.com . Retrieved 10 December 2008 . Forbes.com said it spoke to experts and sources inside the dead celebrities ' estates and researched gross earnings , before taxes , management fees and other costs , from the period of October 2007 to October 2008 to come up with the rankings . Based on its estimates , Nichols reports , Forbes.com ranks Ledger as third among the world 's highest - earning deceased celebrities for that year , following Elvis Presley ( 1 ) and Charles M. Schulz ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ; Gold , Matea ; Lieberman , Paul ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Ledger 's death is a shock to Hollywood , fans '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Minutes after the news of Ledger 's death broke , several hundred people gathered outside the Broome Street apartment building where Ledger had been living ... television crews and area residents were joined by fans , including some Brooklyn acting students . Jump up ^ `` Stars pay tribute to Heath Ledger '' . BBC News . 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 2 April 2009 . Fans have been leaving flowers and candles outside Ledger 's apartment in the SoHo district . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger Loved Life , Family Tell '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Office of the Prime Minister of Australia ( 22 January 2008 ) . `` Media Release '' . Archived from the original on 10 February 2008 . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Pendrill , Lisa ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` Heath 's Family Writes of Heartache '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. ( 25 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Memorial '' . Warner Brothers . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Online Community Pays Tribute to Heath Ledger '' . 901am.com. 25 January 2008 . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Diluna , Amy ; Neumaier , Joe ( 27 January 2008 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis Honors Heath Ledger during Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 16 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Elsworth , Catherine ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Daniel Day Lewis , Julie Christie win at Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother '' . Celebrity Big Brother 2009 . Season 2009 . Episode Day 4 . 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Williams : Heath Ledger Has Broken My Heart '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Williams Breaks Silence on Heath 's Death '' . People . 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Family Heads Home '' . People . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Brenda ( 5 February 2008 ) . `` A Sorrowful Return to Australia for Heath Ledger 's Family '' . People . Retrieved 5 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Kent , Melissa ( 9 February 2008 ) . `` Tears , Tributes Accompany Heath Ledger to His Final Rest '' . The Age . Melbourne . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heath Ledger Farewelled at Perth Funeral '' . news.com.au. 9 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Michelle Williams Arrives in Perth for Heath Ledger 's Funeral '' . International Herald Tribune . Associated Press . 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Cazzalino , Michelle ; Connolly , Ellen ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Last , Sad Farewell for Heath '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Australia . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Record Information : Heath Andrew Ledger '' . Metropolitan Cemeteries Board , Western Australia . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Cazzulino , Michelle ; Corby , Stephen ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Star Swim at Heath Ledger 's Farewell : Ledger Wake Held in Perth '' . news.com.au . Archived from the original on 11 February 2008 . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Caccetta , Wendy ; Cox , Nicole ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Beach Tribute to Heath Ledger '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Cazzulino , Michelle ; Corby , Stephen ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Michelle Williams Swims at Heath Ledger 's Wake '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Act of love for Ledger theatre '' . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Jason ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' I Am Heath Ledger ' : 10 Things We Learned From Spike TV Doc '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brayson , Johnny ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Bon Iver 's ' Perth ' Was Inspired By Heath Ledger & It Makes The Song So Much More Poignant '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lipsky . David . Heath Ledger 's Lonesome Trail , ROLLINGSTONE . From Mars 23 , 2006 . Retrieved on 02 Mars 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lyall , Sarah ( 4 November 2007 ) . `` Heath Ledger -- I 'm Not There - '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nolan . Christopher . CHARISMA AS NATURAL AS GRAVITY . Published 26 Jan ... 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ledger 's Death Puts Last Films in a Bind '' . CNN . 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Larry ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` ' Dark Knight ' Stars , Director Want Film To ' Celebrate ' Heath Ledger 's Work '' . MTV . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ WENN ( World Entertainment News Network ) ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Gilliam Trying to Save Last Ledger Film '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Brady , Matt ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger Dies '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moriarty '' ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` AICN exclusive ! We Know Who 's Paying Tribute To Heath Ledger in Dr. Parnassus Now ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved 17 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` Heath Ledger 's Final Film To Go Forward -- With Johnny Depp , Jude Law , Colin Farrell in His Role '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arts Briefly : Three Actors Replace Heath Ledger '' . The New York Times . 19 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trio Give Fees to Ledger 's Child '' . BBC News . 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott . `` Dark Knight Director Shuns Digital Effects for the Real Thing '' . Wired ( 24 June 2008 ) . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Knight Dedicated to Ledger '' . BBC News . 27 June 2008 . Retrieved 27 June 2008 . The special tribute reads : ' In memory of our friends Heath Ledger and Conway Wickliffe ' . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 23 July 2008 ) . `` News : ' Dark Knight ' Begins Smashingly '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Denby , David . `` The Current Cinema : Past Shock : ' The Dark Knight ' and ' WALL - E ' `` . The New Yorker ( 21 July 2008 ) : 92 -- 93 . Retrieved 17 July 2008 . When Ledger wields a knife , he is thoroughly terrifying ( do not , despite the PG - 13 rating , bring the children ) , and , as you 're watching him , you ca n't help wondering -- in a response that admittedly lies outside film criticism -- how badly he messed himself up in order to play the role this way . ( Postdated ) Jump up ^ Halbfinger , David ( 8 March 2008 ) . `` Could it be any darker ? '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 2 . Retrieved 8 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Gilliam -- The Talks '' . the-talks.com . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Herndon , Jessica ( 10 November 2008 ) . `` Britney Spears , Heath Ledger Get People 's Choice Nods '' . People . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nina Hämmerling ( 28 July 2008 ) . `` Movie News : Ledger 's Knight Costars Call for Posthumous Oscar '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 22 January 2009 ) . `` Heath Ledger Remembered on First Anniversary of His Death '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 27 January 2009 . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Reed ( 23 February 2009 ) . `` For Heath Ledger , a bittersweet salute '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` If Ledger Wins , Oscar Goes To Daughter '' . CBS News . CBS Corporation . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Gornstein , Leslie ( 19 February 2009 ) . `` Why Ca n't Li'l Matilda Have Heath 's ( Potential ) Oscar ? '' . E !. NBCUniversal . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers . `` Heath Ledger as you 've never seen him '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ashley . `` Heath Ledger Documentary Trailer Previews Footage Shot by Late Actor '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Further reading Adler , Shawn. `` Heath Ledger Said He Hoped to Evolve as an Actor and Person in 2005 Interview : Late Actor Was Intelligent , Self - Aware during ' Brokeback Mountain ' Chat . '' MTV.com , 22 January 2008 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . ( Excerpts from transcript of interview with Heath Ledger conducted by John Norris in 2005 . ) Arango , Tim . `` Esquire Publishes a Diary That Is n't '' . The New York Times , nytimes.com , 6 March 2008 , Books . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . ( Rev. of Taddeo . ) `` Death of a Star : Unsolved Mysteries '' . Newsweek , 4 February 2008 : 62 , Newsmakers . Both Web and print versions . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . The Joker vs. The Real Heath : Entertainment Tonight Looks Back at the Career of Heath Ledger , etonline.com ( CBS Studios Inc . ) , July 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ( `` ET takes a look back at Heath Ledger 's career amid the hugely successful launch of ' The Dark Knight , ' which features the late actor portraying the Joker '' ; includes photo album . ) McShane John . Heath Ledger : His Beautiful Life and Mysterious Death . London : John Blake , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 84454 - 633 - 0 ( 10 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84454 - 633 - 6 ( 13 ) . ( Excerpt listed below . ) `` Loves of Heath Ledger 's Life '' . The Courier - Mail , news.com.au , 20 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . ( Book excerpt . ) Nolan , Christopher . `` Transition : Charisma as Natural as Gravity : Heath Ledger , 28 , Actor '' . Newsweek , 4 February 2008 : 9 , Periscope . Both Web ( updated 26 January 2008 ) and print versions . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . ( Eulogy . ) Norris , Chris . `` ( Untitled Heath Ledger Project ) : In Which the Protagonist Dies Mysteriously , and the Audience Analyzes His Final Days for Clues to His Real Character '' . New York , nymag.com , 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Park , Michael Y. `` Christian Bale on ' Kindred Spirit ' Heath Ledger '' . Web . People , 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . ( See Wolf below . ) Robb , Brian J. Heath Ledger : Hollywood 's Dark Star . London : Plexus Publishing Ltd , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 85965 - 427 - 3 ( 10 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85965 - 427 - 2 ( 13 ) . Scott , A.O. `` An Appraisal : Prince of Intensity with a Lightness of Touch '' . The New York Times , nytimes.com , 24 January 2008 , Movies . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Sessums , Kevin , with photographs by Bruce Weber . `` We 're Having a Heath Wave '' . Vanity Fair , August 2000 , vanityfair.com , August 2008 . Web . ( 4 pages . ) Accessed 21 April 2008 . ( Interview with Heath Ledger ; illustrations in `` Perth Album '' , by Bruce Weber . ) Taddeo , Lisa . `` The Last Days of Heath Ledger '' . Esquire ( April 2008 ) , esquire.com , 5 March 2008 . ( Updated 21 July 2008 . ) Accessed 25 July 2008 . ( Fictional account ; cf . rev . by Arango . ) Travers , Peter. `` Sundance : Shock '' . The Travers Take : News and Reviews from Rolling Stone 's Movie Critic , Rolling Stone ( Blog ) , rollingstone.com , 22 January 2008 . Includes hyperlinked feature : Video Review : A Look at Heath Ledger 's Best Performances ( video by Jennifer Hsu , with audio commentary provided by Travers ) , 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Wolf , Jeanne . `` Christian Bale : ' Life Should Never Be Boring ' `` . Parade , 29 June 2008 : 8 -- 9 . Both Web and print formats . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . ( See Park above . ) External links Heath Ledger at Find a Grave Heath Ledger on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for Heath Ledger <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor 1936 -- 1950 Walter Brennan ( 1936 ) Joseph Schildkraut ( 1937 ) Walter Brennan ( 1938 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1939 ) Walter Brennan ( 1940 ) Donald Crisp ( 1941 ) Van Heflin ( 1942 ) Charles Coburn ( 1943 ) Barry Fitzgerald ( 1944 ) James Dunn ( 1945 ) Harold Russell ( 1946 ) Edmund Gwenn ( 1947 ) Walter Huston ( 1948 ) Dean Jagger ( 1949 ) George Sanders ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Karl Malden ( 1951 ) Anthony Quinn ( 1952 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1953 ) Edmond O'Brien ( 1954 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1955 ) Anthony Quinn ( 1956 ) Red Buttons ( 1957 ) Burl Ives ( 1958 ) Hugh Griffith ( 1959 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1960 ) George Chakiris ( 1961 ) Ed Begley ( 1962 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1963 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1964 ) Martin Balsam ( 1965 ) Walter Matthau ( 1966 ) George Kennedy ( 1967 ) Jack Albertson ( 1968 ) Gig Young ( 1969 ) John Mills ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Joel Grey ( 1972 ) John Houseman ( 1973 ) Robert De Niro ( 1974 ) George Burns ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Jason Robards ( 1977 ) Christopher Walken ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1979 ) Timothy Hutton ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) Louis Gossett Jr. ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) Don Ameche ( 1985 ) Michael Caine ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) Kevin Kline ( 1988 ) Denzel Washington ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Jack Palance ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Robin Williams ( 1997 ) James Coburn ( 1998 ) Michael Caine ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Morgan Freeman ( 2004 ) George Clooney ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role 1968 -- 1984 Ian Holm ( 1968 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1969 ) Colin Welland ( 1970 ) Edward Fox ( 1971 ) Ben Johnson ( 1972 ) Arthur Lowe ( 1973 ) John Gielgud ( 1974 ) Fred Astaire ( 1975 ) Brad Dourif ( 1976 ) Edward Fox ( 1977 ) John Hurt ( 1978 ) Robert Duvall ( 1979 ) Ian Holm ( 1981 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1982 ) Denholm Elliott ( 1983 ) Denholm Elliott ( 1984 ) 1985 -- 2009 Denholm Elliott ( 1985 ) Ray McAnally ( 1986 ) Daniel Auteuil ( 1987 ) Michael Palin ( 1988 ) Ray McAnally ( 1989 ) Salvatore Cascio ( 1990 ) Alan Rickman ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1994 ) Tim Roth ( 1995 ) Paul Scofield ( 1996 ) Tom Wilkinson ( 1997 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1998 ) Jude Law ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Christopher Walken ( 2002 ) Bill Nighy ( 2003 ) Clive Owen ( 2004 ) Jake Gyllenhaal ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present Geoffrey Rush ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2012 ) Barkhad Abdi ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Dev Patel ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor 1980 - 2000 Jason Robards ( 1980 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1981 ) Mickey Rourke ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) Ian Holm ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper / Ray Liotta ( 1986 ) R. Lee Ermey ( 1987 ) Dean Stockwell ( 1988 ) Danny Aiello ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1997 ) William H. Macy / Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Fred Willard ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Alan Arkin ( 2002 ) Peter Sarsgaard ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Mark Wahlberg ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Albert Brooks ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller ( 2012 ) James Gandolfini ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor <Td_colspan="2"> Kevin Spacey / Ed Harris ( 1995 ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1997 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture 1943 -- 1960 Akim Tamiroff ( 1943 ) Barry Fitzgerald ( 1944 ) J. Carrol Naish ( 1945 ) Clifton Webb ( 1946 ) Edmund Gwenn ( 1947 ) Walter Huston ( 1948 ) James Whitmore ( 1949 ) Edmund Gwenn ( 1950 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1951 ) Millard Mitchell ( 1952 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1953 ) Edmond O'Brien ( 1954 ) Arthur Kennedy ( 1955 ) Earl Holliman ( 1956 ) Red Buttons ( 1957 ) Burl Ives ( 1958 ) Stephen Boyd ( 1959 ) Sal Mineo ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 George Chakiris ( 1961 ) Omar Sharif ( 1962 ) John Huston ( 1963 ) Edmond O'Brien ( 1964 ) Oskar Werner ( 1965 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1966 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1967 ) Daniel Massey ( 1968 ) Gig Young ( 1969 ) John Mills ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Joel Grey ( 1972 ) John Houseman ( 1973 ) Fred Astaire ( 1974 ) Richard Benjamin ( 1975 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1976 ) Peter Firth ( 1977 ) John Hurt ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas / Robert Duvall ( 1979 ) Timothy Hutton ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 John Gielgud ( 1981 ) Louis Gossett Jr. ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1985 ) Tom Berenger ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) Martin Landau ( 1988 ) Denzel Washington ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) Jack Palance ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Ed Harris ( 1998 ) Tom Cruise ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Clive Owen ( 2004 ) George Clooney ( 2005 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 2015 ) Aaron Taylor - Johnson ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor <Td_colspan="2"> Jason Robards ( 1977 ) Robert Morley ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1979 ) Timothy Hutton ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) John Lithgow ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Adolph Caesar ( 1984 ) John Gielgud ( 1985 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1986 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Alec Guinness ( 1988 ) Danny Aiello ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Michael Lerner ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Don Cheadle ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Bill Murray / Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Bill Nighy ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) William Hurt ( 2005 ) Michael Sheen ( 2006 ) Vlad Ivanov ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Niels Arestrup ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Dwight Henry ( 2012 ) James Franco / Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Michael Shannon ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss <Td_colspan="2"> Anna Chlumsky & Macaulay Culkin in My Girl ( 1992 ) Christian Slater & Marisa Tomei in Untamed Heart ( 1993 ) Demi Moore & Woody Harrelson in Indecent Proposal ( 1994 ) Jim Carrey & Lauren Holly in Dumb and Dumber ( 1995 ) Natasha Henstridge & Anthony Guidera in Species ( 1996 ) Will Smith & Vivica A. Fox in Independence Day ( 1997 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore in The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) Gwyneth Paltrow & Joseph Fiennes in Shakespeare in Love ( 1999 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar & Selma Blair in Cruel Intentions ( 2000 ) Julia Stiles & Sean Patrick Thomas in Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Jason Biggs & Seann William Scott in American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Tobey Maguire & Kirsten Dunst in Spider - Man ( 2003 ) Owen Wilson , Carmen Electra & Amy Smart in Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Ryan Gosling & Rachel McAdams in The Notebook ( 2005 ) Heath Ledger & Jake Gyllenhaal in Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Will Ferrell & Sacha Baron Cohen in Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2007 ) Briana Evigan & Robert Hoffman in Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in Twilight ( 2009 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence & Bradley Cooper in Silver Linings Playbook ( 2013 ) Emma Roberts , Jennifer Aniston & Will Poulter in We 're the Millers ( 2014 ) Ansel Elgort & Shailene Woodley in The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Rebel Wilson & Adam DeVine in Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2016 ) Ashton Sanders & Jharrel Jerome in Moonlight ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> MTV Movie Award for Best Villain <Td_colspan="2"> Rebecca De Mornay ( 1992 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1993 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 1994 ) Dennis Hopper ( 1995 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1996 ) Jim Carrey ( 1997 ) Mike Myers ( 1998 ) Matt Dillon / Stephen Dorff ( 1999 ) † Mike Myers ( 2000 ) Jim Carrey ( 2001 ) Denzel Washington ( 2002 ) Daveigh Chase ( 2003 ) Lucy Liu ( 2004 ) Ben Stiller ( 2005 ) Hayden Christensen ( 2006 ) Jack Nicholson ( 2007 ) Johnny Depp ( 2008 ) Heath Ledger ( 2009 ) Tom Felton ( 2010 ) Tom Felton ( 2011 ) Jennifer Aniston ( 2012 ) ‡ Tom Hiddleston ( 2013 ) Mila Kunis ( 2014 ) Meryl Streep ( 2015 ) Adam Driver ( 2016 ) Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( 2017 ) <Td_colspan="2"> † Tie ; ‡ The Award was re-named Best On - Screen Dirtbag <Th_colspan="2"> New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor 1935 -- 1950 Charles Laughton ( 1935 ) Walter Huston ( 1936 ) Paul Muni ( 1937 ) James Cagney ( 1938 ) James Stewart ( 1939 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1940 ) Gary Cooper ( 1941 ) James Cagney ( 1942 ) Paul Lukas ( 1943 ) Barry Fitzgerald ( 1944 ) Ray Milland ( 1945 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1946 ) William Powell ( 1947 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1948 ) Broderick Crawford ( 1949 ) Gregory Peck ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Arthur Kennedy ( 1951 ) Ralph Richardson ( 1952 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1953 ) Marlon Brando ( 1954 ) Ernest Borgnine ( 1955 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1956 ) Alec Guinness ( 1957 ) David Niven ( 1958 ) James Stewart ( 1959 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1960 ) Maximilian Schell ( 1961 ) No award ( 1962 ) Albert Finney ( 1963 ) Rex Harrison ( 1964 ) Oskar Werner ( 1965 ) Paul Scofield ( 1966 ) Rod Steiger ( 1967 ) Alan Arkin ( 1968 ) Jon Voight ( 1969 ) George C. Scott ( 1970 ) Gene Hackman ( 1971 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1972 ) Marlon Brando ( 1973 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1974 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Robert De Niro ( 1976 ) John Gielgud ( 1977 ) Jon Voight ( 1978 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1979 ) Robert De Niro ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Ben Kingsley ( 1982 ) Robert Duvall ( 1983 ) Steve Martin ( 1984 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1987 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Robert De Niro ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Denzel Washington ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Paul Newman ( 1994 ) Nicolas Cage ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Peter Fonda ( 1997 ) Nick Nolte ( 1998 ) Richard Farnsworth ( 1999 ) Tom Hanks ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Tom Wilkinson ( 2001 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2004 ) Heath Ledger ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) George Clooney ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Brad Pitt ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Robert Redford ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Michael Keaton ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor <Td_colspan="2"> Marty Feldman ( 1974 / 75 ) Jay Robinson ( 1976 ) Alec Guinness ( 1977 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1978 ) Arte Johnson ( 1979 ) Scatman Crothers ( 1980 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1981 ) Richard Lynch ( 1982 ) John Lithgow ( 1983 ) Tracey Walter ( 1984 ) Roddy McDowall ( 1985 ) Bill Paxton ( 1986 ) Richard Dawson ( 1987 ) Robert Loggia ( 1988 ) Thomas F. Wilson ( 1989 / 90 ) William Sadler ( 1991 ) Robin Williams ( 1992 ) Lance Henriksen ( 1993 ) Gary Sinise ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Brent Spiner ( 1996 ) Vincent D'Onofrio ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Ian McKellen ( 2001 ) Andy Serkis ( 2002 ) Sean Astin ( 2003 ) David Carradine ( 2004 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2005 ) Ben Affleck ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Stephen Lang ( 2009 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2010 ) Andy Serkis ( 2011 ) Clark Gregg ( 2012 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2013 ) Richard Armitage ( 2014 ) Adam Driver ( 2015 ) John Goodman ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role <Td_colspan="2"> Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Ed Harris ( 1995 ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Robin Williams ( 1997 ) Robert Duvall ( 1998 ) Michael Caine ( 1999 ) Albert Finney ( 2000 ) Ian McKellen ( 2001 ) Christopher Walken ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Morgan Freeman ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Idris Elba ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) VIAF : 76517158 LCCN : no00025107 ISNI : 0000 0001 1675 581X GND : 133892565 SUDOC : 068867980 BNF : cb140489108 ( data ) NDL : 01204122 NKC : xx0041922 BNE : XX4580473 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heath_Ledger&oldid=804620468 '' Categories : 1979 births 2008 deaths 20th - century Australian male actors 21st - century Australian male actors Accidental deaths in New York ( state ) Australian expatriate male actors in the United States Australian male film actors Australian male television actors Australian music video directors Australian people of English descent Australian people of Irish descent Australian people of Scottish descent Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award winners Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe ( film ) winners Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery Drug - related deaths in New York ( state ) Male actors from Perth , Western Australia Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners People educated at Guildford Grammar School Rock Eisteddfod Challenge participants Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Australian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sámegiella Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 04 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Heath Ledger's career and filmography
2. Personal life and relationships of Heath Ledger
3. Heath Ledger's untimely death and its impact
4. Heath Ledger's directorial work and aspirations
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-5,413,745,147,622,072,000 | where are the most minerals found in the world | Lists of countries by Mineral production - wikipedia Lists of countries by Mineral production Jump to : navigation , search The following list creates a summary of the two major producers of different minerals ( and coal , which is generally not considered a mineral ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fuels 1.1 Fossil fuels 1.2 Atomic fuel 2 Gemstones 3 Metals 4 References Fuels ( edit ) Fossil fuels ( edit ) Fossil fuel Largest Producer second largest producer Complete list Coal China United States List of countries by coal production Natural gas United States Russia List of countries by natural gas production Petroleum Russia Saudi Arabia List of countries by oil production Atomic fuel ( edit ) Atomic fuel Largest Producer Second Largest Producer Complete list Uranium Kazakhstan Canada List of countries by uranium production Thorium India Australia Occurrence of thorium Gemstones ( edit ) Gem Largest Producer Second Largest Producer Complete list Fluorite China Mexico List of countries by fluorite production Diamond Russia Botswana Metals ( edit ) Metal Leading Producer Second Leading Producer Complete list Aluminium China Russia List of countries by aluminium production Bauxite Australia China List of countries by bauxite production Bismuth China Mexico List of countries by bismuth production Copper Chile China List of countries by copper production Gold China Australia List of countries by gold production Iron ore Australia Brazil List of countries by iron ore production Lithium Australia Chile List of countries by lithium production Manganese South Africa Australia List of countries by manganese production Mica India Russia Mica Nickel Philippines Russia Niobium Brazil Canada Palladium Russia South Africa List of countries by palladium production Platinum South Africa Russia List of countries by platinum production Silver Mexico China List of countries by silver production Tin China Indonesia List of countries by tin production Titanium Australia South Africa ( tied ) List of countries by titanium production Zinc China Australia List of countries by zinc production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistical Review of World Energy 2013 . BP . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . CIA . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's top oil producers 2016 '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Uranium Mining '' . World Nuclear Association . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/TE_1450_web.pdf Jump up ^ World Mineral Production 2009 -- 2013 . British Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . geology.com . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Aluminum . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bauxite . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Bismuth . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Copper . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gold . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lithium . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Manganese . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/mica/mcs-2011-mica.pdf Jump up ^ Nickel . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Palladium . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Platinum . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Tin . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Titanium . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Zinc , p. 187 . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Lists of countries by industrial output rankings Metallurgy Aluminium Al O Bauxite Bismuth Copper smelter Gold Iron ore Lithium Magnesium Manganese Palladium Platinum Silver Steel Tin Titanium Uranium reserves Zinc Mineral Antimony Bentonite Feldspar Fluorite Silicon Salt Emissions CO per capita GDP per Greenhouse gas per capita Others Manufacturing Cement Motor vehicles Paper Refrigerators Washing machines <Td_colspan="2"> List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_countries_by_mineral_production&oldid=807755884 '' Categories : Lists of countries by mineral production Lists of lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 23 : 36 . About Wikipedia | 1. Lists of countries by mineral production
2. Fuels: fossil fuels, natural gas, petroleum
3. Gemstones: fluorite, diamond
4. Metals: aluminium, bauxite, bismuth, copper, gold, iron ore, lithium, manganese, mica, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, silver, tin, titanium, zinc
5. References: statistical review of world energy, world uranium mining, world mineral production |
8,613,424,954,515,201,000 | most points given up by steelers in playoffs | Nfl playoff records ( team ) - wikipedia Nfl playoff records ( team ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs attention from an expert in National Football League . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject National Football League may be able to help recruit an expert . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of playoff records set by various teams in various categories in the National Football League during the Super Bowl Era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Wins 2 Losses 3 Scoring 3.1 Touchdowns 3.2 Field Goals 3.3 Safeties 3.4 Shutouts 4 Offense 4.1 Yards Gained 4.2 Passing 4.3 Rushing 4.4 First Downs 5 Defense 5.1 Points Allowed 5.2 Touchdowns Allowed 5.3 Sacks 6 Special teams 6.1 Punting 6.2 Punt Returns 6.3 Kick Returns 7 Turnovers 7.1 Fumbles 7.2 Interceptions 8 Penalties 9 Other 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Wins ( edit ) Most Postseason Games Won , All - Time , 36 Pittsburgh Steelers , 1947 - 2017 Most Postseason Home Games Won , All - Time , 20 San Francisco 49ers , 1971 -- 2012 Most Postseason Road Games Won , All - Time , 10 Baltimore Ravens , 2000 - 2015 Most Consecutive Postseason Games Won , 10 New England Patriots , 2001 , 2003 -- 05 Most Consecutive Postseason Home Games Won , 13 Green Bay Packers , 1939 -- 2002 Most Consecutive Postseason Road Games Won , 5 New York Giants , 2007 , 2011 Highest All - Time Postseason Winning Percentage , 0.652 Baltimore Ravens Losses ( edit ) Most Postseason Games Lost , All - Time , 29 Minnesota Vikings Longest Losing Streak , 9 games Detroit Lions , 1991 , 1993 -- 95 , 1997 , 1999 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 Most Postseason Home Losses , All - Time , 11 Pittsburgh Steelers : 1947 -- 2017 Most Postseason Road Losses , All - Time , 18 Minnesota Vikings : 1968 -- 2017 Scoring ( edit ) Most Points , Single Postseason , 126 San Francisco 49ers , 1989 Most Points per Game , Single Postseason ( min 2 games ) , 42 San Francisco 49ers , 1989 Most Points , Game , 73 Chicago Bears vs Washington Redskins , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Points , Both Teams , Game , 96 Arizona Cardinals ( 51 ) vs Green Bay Packers ( 45 ) , Jan 10 , 2010 ( Wild Card Round ) Fewest Points , Both Teams , Game , 5 Dallas Cowboys ( 5 ) vs Detroit Lions ( 0 ) , Dec 26 , 1970 ( Divisional Round ) Most Points , Shutout Victory , Game , 73 Chicago Bears vs Washington Redskins , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Fewest Points , Shutout Victory , Game , 5 Dallas Cowboys vs Detroit Lions , Dec 26 , 1970 ( Divisional Round ) Most Points Overcome to Win Game , 32 Buffalo Bills vs Houston Oilers , Jan 3 , 1993 ( trailed 3 -- 35 , won 41 -- 38 , OT , Wild Card Round ) Most Points , First Half , 41 Buffalo Bills vs Los Angeles Raiders , Jan 20 , 1991 ( AFC Championship Game ) Jacksonville Jaguars vs Miami Dolphins , Jan 15 , 2000 ( Divisional Round ) Most Points , Second Half , 45 Chicago Bears vs Washington Redskins , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Points , One Half , 45 Chicago Bears vs Washington Redskins , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Points , Both Teams , First Half , 49 New Orleans Saints ( 35 ) vs Arizona Cardinals ( 14 ) , Jan 16 , 2010 ( Divisional Round ) Most Points , Both Teams , Second Half , 56 Green Bay Packers ( 35 ) vs Arizona Cardinals ( 21 ) , Jan 10 , 2010 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Points , Both Teams , One Half , 56 Green Bay Packers ( 35 ) vs Arizona Cardinals ( 21 ) , Jan 10 , 2010 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Points , First Quarter , 28 Oakland Raiders vs Houston Oilers , Dec 21 , 1969 ( Divisional Round ) Most Points , Second Quarter , 35 Washington Redskins vs Denver Broncos , Jan 31 , 1988 ( Super Bowl XXII ) Most Points , Third Quarter , 28 Buffalo Bills vs Houston Oilers , Jan 3 , 1993 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Points , Fourth Quarter , 27 New York Giants vs Chicago Bears , Dec 9 , 1934 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Points , Fourth Quarter , since AFL / NFL Merger , 26 Philadelphia Eagles vs New Orleans Saints , Jan 3 , 1993 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Points , One Quarter , 35 Washington Redskins vs Denver Broncos , Jan 31 , 1988 ( Super Bowl XXII ) Highest Point Differential , Game , 73 Chicago Bears ( 73 ) vs Washington Redskins ( 0 ) , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Highest Point Differential , Season ( min 2 games ) , 100 San Francisco 49ers , 1989 -- 90 ( 126 -- 26 over three games ) Touchdowns ( edit ) Most Touchdowns , Game , 11 Chicago Bears vs Washington Redskins , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Touchdowns , Both Teams , Game , 13 Arizona Cardinals ( 7 ) vs Green Bay Packers ( 6 ) , Jan 10 , 2010 ( Wild Card Round ) Field Goals ( edit ) Most Field Goals Attempted , Game , 6 Oakland Raiders vs Houston Oilers , Dec 31 , 1967 ( AFL Championship Game ) Los Angeles Rams vs Dallas Cowboys , Dec 23 , 1973 ( Divisional Round ) Cleveland Browns vs New York Jets , Jan 3 , 1987 ( OT , Divisional Round ) New York Giants vs San Francisco 49ers , Jan 20 , 1991 ( NFC Championship Game ) Buffalo Bills vs Miami Dolphins , Jan 17 , 1992 ( AFC Championship Game ) St. Louis Rams vs Carolina Panthers , Jan 10 , 2004 ( OT , Divisional Round ) Pittsburgh Steelers vs Kansas City Chiefs , Jan 15 , 2017 ( Divisional Round ) Most Field Goals Attempted , Both Teams , Game , 11 St. Louis Rams ( 6 ) vs Carolina Panthers ( 5 ) , Jan 10 , 2004 ( OT , Divisional Round ) Most Field Goals , Game , 6 Pittsburgh Steelers vs Kansas City Chiefs , Jan 15 , 2017 ( Divisional Round ) Chris Boswell Most Field Goals , Both Teams , Game , 8 New York Giants ( 5 ) vs San Francisco 49ers ( 3 ) , Jan 20 , 1991 ( NFC Championship Game ) St. Louis Rams ( 5 ) vs Carolina Panthers ( 3 ) , Jan 10 , 2004 ( OT , Divisional Round ) Safeties ( edit ) Most Safeties , Game , 1 In many games ; last time : Arizona Cardinals vs Carolina Panthers , Jan 3 , 2015 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Safeties , Both Teams , Game , 1 In many games ; last time : Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) vs Carolina Panthers ( 0 ) , Jan 3 , 2015 ( Wild Card Round ) Shutouts ( edit ) Most Postseason Shutout Games Won , All -- Time , 3 Chicago Bears : 1940 , 1985 ( twice ) Dallas Cowboys : 1970 , 1978 , 1981 Miami Dolphins : 1971 , 1982 , 1992 New York Giants : 1958 , 1986 , 2000 Philadelphia Eagles : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 Most Postseason Shutout Games Won , Single Season , 2 Chicago Bears , 1985 Most Consecutive Shutout Games , 2 Philadelphia Eagles , 1948 , 1949 Chicago Bears , 1985 -- 86 Most Postseason Losses by Shutout , All -- Time , 5 New York Giants : 1939 , 1943 , 1961 , 1985 , 2005 Offense ( edit ) Yards Gained ( edit ) Most Yards Gained , Game , 626 New Orleans Saints vs Detroit Lions , Jan 7 , 2012 ( Wild Card Round ) Fewest Yards Gained , Game , 78 Arizona Cardinals vs Carolina Panthers , Jan 3 , 2015 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Yards Gained , Both Teams , Game , 1,151 New England Patriots ( 613 ) vs Philadelphia Eagles ( 538 ) , Feb 4 , 2018 ( Super Bowl LII ) Fewest Yards Gained , Both Teams , Game , 336 New York Giants ( 154 ) vs Cleveland Browns ( 182 ) , Dec 17 , 1950 ( Divisional Round ) Passing ( edit ) Most Passes Attempted , Game , 66 Miami Dolphins vs Buffalo Bills , Dec 30 , 1995 ( Wild Card Round ) Fewest Passes Attempted , Game , 5 Detroit Lions vs New York Giants , Dec 15 , 1935 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Passes Attempted , Both Teams , Game , 105 New Orleans Saints ( 63 ) vs San Francisco 49ers ( 42 ) , Jan 14 , 2012 ( Divisional Round ) Fewest Passes Attempted , Both Teams , Game , 18 Detroit Lions ( 5 ) vs New York Giants ( 13 ) , Dec 15 , 1935 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Passes Completed , Game , 43 New England Patriots vs Atlanta Falcons , Feb 5 , 2017 ( OT , Super Bowl LI ) Fewest Passes Completed , Game , 2 Detroit Lions vs New York Giants , Dec 15 , 1935 ( NFL Championship Game ) Chicago Cardinals vs Philadelphia Eagles , Dec 19 , 1948 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Passes Completed , Both Teams , Game , 64 San Diego Chargers ( 33 ) vs Miami Dolphins ( 31 ) , Jan 2 , 1982 ( OT , Divisional Round ) New Orleans Saints ( 40 ) vs San Francisco 49ers ( 24 ) , Jan 14 , 2012 ( Divisional Round ) Fewest Passes Completed , Both Teams , Game , 5 Chicago Cardinals ( 3 ) vs Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , Dec 19 , 1948 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Yards Gained , Passing , Game , 506 New England Patriots , Feb 4 , 2018 ( Super Bowl LII ) Fewest Yards Gained , Passing , Game , 7 Chicago Cardinals vs Philadelphia Eagles , Dec 19 , 1948 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Yards Gained , Passing , Both Teams , Game , 881 New England Patriots ( 506 ) vs Philadelphia Eagles ( 375 ) , Feb 4 , 2018 ( Super Bowl LII ) Fewest Yards Gained , Passing , Both Teams , Game , 42 Chicago Cardinals ( 35 ) vs Philadelphia Eagles ( 7 ) , Dec 19 , 1948 ( NFL Championship Game ) New York Giants ( 13 ) vs Cleveland Browns ( 29 ) , Dec 17 , 1950 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Times Sacked , Game , 9 Kansas City Chiefs vs Buffalo Bills , Jan 1 , 1967 ( AFL Championship Game ) Chicago Bears vs San Francisco 49ers , Jan 6 , 1985 ( NFC Championship Game ) New York Jets vs Cleveland Browns , Jan 3 , 1987 ( OT , Divisional Round ) Houston Oilers vs Kansas City Chiefs , Jan 16 , 1994 ( Divisional Round ) Most Times Sacked , Both Teams , Game , 13 Kansas City Chiefs ( 9 ) vs Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , Jan 1 , 1967 ( AFL Championship Game ) New York Jets ( 9 ) vs Cleveland Browns ( 4 ) , Jan 3 , 1987 ( OT , Divisional Round ) Highest Completion Percentage , Game ( minimum 20 attempts ) , 92.9 New England Patriots vs Jacksonville Jaguars , Jan 12 , 2008 ( 26 / 28 passing , Divisional Round ) Lowest Completion Percentage , Game ( minimum 20 attempts ) , 18.5 Tampa Bay Buccaneers vs Los Angeles Rams , Jan 6 , 1980 ( 5 / 27 passing , NFC Championship Game ) Most Touchdowns , Passing , Game , 6 Oakland Raiders vs Houston Oilers , Dec 21 , 1969 ( Divisional Round ) San Francisco 49ers vs San Diego Chargers , Jan 29 , 1995 ( Super Bowl XXIX ) New England Patriots vs Denver Broncos , Jan 14 , 2012 ( Divisional Round ) Most Touchdowns , Passing , Both Teams , Game , 9 St. Louis Rams ( 5 ) vs. Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , 1999 ; Arizona Cardinals ( 5 ) vs. Green Bay Packers ( 4 ) , 2010 Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) vs St. Louis Rams ( 5 ) , Jan 16 , 2000 ( Divisional Round ) Green Bay Packers ( 4 ) vs Arizona Cardinals ( 5 ) , Jan 10 , 2010 ( OT , Wild Card Round ) Rushing ( edit ) Most Rushing Attempts , Game , 65 Detroit Lions vs New York Giants , Dec 15 , 1935 ( NFL Championship Game ) Fewest Rushing Attempts , Game , 8 Miami Dolphins vs San Diego Chargers , Jan 8 , 1995 ( Divisional Round ) Most Rushing Attempts , Both Teams , Game , 109 Detroit Lions ( 65 ) vs New York Giants ( 44 ) , Dec 15 , 1935 ( NFL Championship Game ) Fewest Rushing Attempts , Both Teams , Game , 32 Kansas City Chiefs ( 18 ) vs Houston Oilers ( 14 ) , Jan 16 , 1994 ( Divisional Round ) Most Yards Gained Rushing , Game , 382 Chicago Bears vs Washington Redskins , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Fewest Yards Gained Rushing , Game , − 4 Detroit Lions vs Green Bay Packers , Dec 31 , 1994 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Yards Gained Rushing , Both Teams , Game , 430 Los Angeles Rams ( 92 ) vs Dallas Cowboys ( 338 ) , Dec 28 , 1980 ( Wild Card Round ) Fewest Yards Gained Rushing , Both Teams , Game , 77 Detroit Lions ( -- 4 ) vs Green Bay Packers ( 81 ) , Dec 31 , 1994 ( Wild Card Round ) Highest Average Gain , Rushing , Game , 9.94 San Diego Chargers vs Boston Patriots , Jan 5 , 1964 ( AFL Championship Game ) Lowest Average Gain , Rushing , Game , − 0.27 Detroit Lions vs Green Bay Packers , Dec 31 , 1994 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Touchdowns , Rushing , Game , 7 Chicago Bears vs Washington Redskins , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Touchdowns , Rushing , Both Teams , Game , 7 Chicago Bears ( 7 ) vs Washington Redskins ( 0 ) , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) First Downs ( edit ) Most First Downs , Game , 37 New England Patriots vs Atlanta Falcons , Feb 5 , 2017 ( OT , Super Bowl XL ) Fewest First Downs , Game , 6 Chicago Cardinals vs Philadelphia Eagles , Dec 19 , 1948 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most First Downs , Both Teams , Game , 62 Green Bay Packers ( 32 ) vs Arizona Cardinals ( 30 ) , Jan 10 , 2010 ( OT , Wild Card Round ) Fewest First Downs , Both Teams , Game , 15 Green Bay Packers ( 7 ) vs Boston Redskins ( 8 ) , Dec 13 , 1936 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most First Downs , Rushing , Game , 19 Dallas Cowboys vs Los Angeles Rams , Dec 28 , 1980 ( Wild Card Round ) Fewest First Downs , Rushing , Game , 0 Los Angeles Rams vs Philadelphia Eagles , Dec 18 , 1949 ( NFL Championship Game ) Buffalo Bills vs Boston Patriots , Dec 28 , 1963 ( Divisional Round ) Oakland Raiders vs Pittsburgh Steelers , Dec 29 , 1974 ( AFC Championship Game ) New Orleans Saints vs Minnesota Vikings , Jan 3 , 1988 ( Wild Card Round ) Los Angeles Rams vs San Francisco 49ers , Jan 14 , 1990 ( NFC Championship Game ) Chicago Bears vs New York Giants , Jan 13 , 1991 ( Divisional Round ) Indianapolis Colts vs Pittsburgh Steelers , Dec 29 , 1996 ( Wild Card Round ) Seattle Seahawks vs Miami Dolphins , Jan 9 , 2000 ( Wild Card Round ) Miami Dolphins vs Jacksonville Jaguars , Jan 15 , 2000 ( Divisional Round ) Miami Dolphins vs Oakland Raiders , Jan 6 , 2001 ( Divisional Round ) Baltimore Ravens vs Pittsburgh Steelers , Jan 20 , 2002 ( Divisional Round ) Indianapolis Colts vs New England Patriots , Jan 16 , 2005 ( Divisional Round ) Philadelphia Eagles vs Dallas Cowboys , Jan 9 , 2010 ( Wild Card Round ) Most First Downs , Rushing , Both Teams , Game , 26 Los Angeles Raiders ( 12 ) vs Buffalo Bills ( 14 ) , Jan 20 , 1991 ( AFC Championship Game ) Fewest First Downs , Rushing , Both Teams , Game , 2 St. Louis Rams ( 1 ) vs New Orleans Saints ( 1 ) , Dec 30 , 2000 ( Wild Card Round ) Most First Downs , Passing , Game , 26 New England Patriots vs Atlanta Falcons , Feb 5 , 2017 ( OT , Super Bowl XL ) Fewest First Downs , Passing , Game , 0 Philadelphia Eagles vs Chicago Cardinals , Dec 19 , 1948 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most First Downs , Passing , Both Teams , Game , 42 San Diego Chargers ( 21 ) vs Miami Dolphins ( 21 ) , Jan 2 , 1982 ( OT , Divisional Round ) Cleveland Browns ( 18 ) vs Pittsburgh Steelers ( 24 ) , Jan 5 , 2002 ( Wild Card Round ) Fewest First Downs , Passing , Both Teams , Game , 2 Chicago Cardinals ( 2 ) vs Philadelphia Eagles ( 0 ) , Dec 19 , 1948 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most First Downs , Penalty , Game , 7 New England Patriots vs Oakland Raiders , Dec 18 , 1976 ( Wild Card Round ) Tennessee Titans vs Oakland Raiders , Jan 19 , 2002 ( AFC Championship Game ) Most First Downs , Penalty , Both Teams , Game , 10 Tennessee Titans ( 7 ) vs Oakland Raiders ( 3 ) , Jan 19 , 2002 ( AFC Championship Game ) Defense ( edit ) Points Allowed ( edit ) Fewest Points Allowed ( min 3 games ) , 10 Chicago Bears , 1985 -- 86 Fewest Points Allowed ( min 4 games ) , 23 Baltimore Ravens , 2000 -- 01 Most Points Allowed , Season , 2 games , 90 Arizona Cardinals , 2009 -- 10 Most Points Allowed , Season , 3 games , 99 Denver Broncos , 1989 -- 90 Most Points Allowed , Season , 4 games 103 Buffalo Bills , 1992 -- 93 Most Shutouts , Season , 2 Chicago Bears , 1985 -- 86 Most Points Allowed per Game ( min 2 games ) , 45 Arizona Cardinals , 2009 -- 10 Touchdowns Allowed ( edit ) Fewest Rushing Touchdowns Allowed , Season , 1 San Francisco 49ers , 2011 -- 12 Sacks ( edit ) Most Sacks , Game , Special teams ( edit ) Punting ( edit ) Most Punts , Game , 14 New York Jets vs Cleveland Browns , Jan 3 , 1987 ( 2OT , Divisional Round ) Fewest Punts , Game , Most Punts , Both Teams , Game , 23 New York Giants ( 13 ) vs Chicago Bears ( 10 ) , Dec 17 , 1933 ( NFL Championship Game ) Fewest Punts , Both Teams , Game , 0 Indianapolis Colts ( 0 ) vs Kansas City Chiefs ( 0 ) , Jan 11 , 2004 ( Divisional Round ) Highest Average Distance , Punting , Game ( at least four punts ) , 56.0 yards Oakland Raiders vs San Diego Chargers , Jan 11 , 1981 ( AFC Championship Game ) Lowest Average Distance , Punting , Game ( at least four punts ) , 24.9 yards Washington Redskins vs Chicago Bears , Dec 12 , 1937 ( NFL Championship Game ) Punt Returns ( edit ) Most Punt Returns , Game , 8 Green Bay Packers vs New York Giants , Dec 17 , 1944 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Punt Returns , Both Teams , Game , 13 Houston Oilers ( 7 ) vs Oakland Raiders ( 6 ) , Dec 28 , 1980 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Yards , Punt Returns , Game , 155 Dallas Cowboys , 1967 Fewest Yards , Punt Returns , Game , -- 10 Green Bay Packers , 1965 Most Yards , Punt Returns , Both Teams , Game , 166 Cleveland Browns ( 11 ) vs Dallas Cowboys ( 155 ) , Dec 31 , 1967 ( 1967 NFL Championship Game ) Baltimore Ravens ( 99 ) vs Pittsburgh Steelers ( 67 ) , Jan 20 , 2002 ( Divisional Round ) Fewest Yards , Punt Returns , Both Teams , Game , -- 9 Green Bay Packers ( 0 ) vs Dallas Cowboys ( -- 9 ) , Jan 1 , 1967 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Touchdowns , Punt Returns , Game , 1 by many teams ; last : Denver Broncos vs Baltimore Ravens , Jan 12 , 2013 ( OT , Divisional Round ) Kick Returns ( edit ) Most Kickoff Returns , Game , 10 Los Angeles Rams vs Washington Redskins , Jan 1 , 1984 ( Divisional Round ) Detroit Lions vs Philadelphia Eagles , Dec 30 , 1995 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Kickoff Returns , Both Teams , Game , 15 Miami Dolphins ( 9 ) vs Buffalo Bills ( 6 ) , Jan 12 , 1991 ( Divisional Round ) Fewest Kickoff Returns , Both Teams , Game , 1 Green Bay Packers ( 0 ) vs Boston Redskins ( 1 ) , Dec 13 , 1936 ( NFL Championship Game ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 ) vs San Diego Chargers ( 0 ) , Jan 10 , 1993 ( Divisional Round ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 ) vs Houston Texans ( 0 ) , Jan 9 , 2016 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Yards , Kickoff Returns , Game , 244 San Diego Chargers vs San Francisco 49ers , Jan 29 , 1995 ( Super Bowl XXIX ) Most Yards , Kickoff Returns , Both Teams , Game , 379 Oakland Raiders ( 186 ) vs Baltimore Colts ( 193 ) , Dec 24 , 1977 ( Divisional Round ) Fewest Yards , Kickoff Returns , Both Teams , Game , 5 Kansas City Chiefs ( 5 ) vs San Diego Chargers ( 0 ) , Jan 10 , 1993 ( Divisional Round ) Most Touchdowns , Kickoff Returns , Game , 1 by many teams ; last : Kansas City Chiefs vs Houston Texans , Jan 9 , 2016 ( Wild Card Round ) Most Touchdowns , Kickoff Returns , Both Teams , Game , 2 Baltimore Ravens ( 1 ) vs New York Giants ( 1 ) , Jan 28 , 2001 ( Super Bowl XXXV ) Turnovers ( edit ) Most Turnovers , Game , 9 Washington Redskins vs Chicago Bears , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Detroit Lions vs Cleveland Browns , Dec 26 , 1954 ( NFL Championship Game ) Houston Oilers vs Pittsburgh Steelers , Jan 7 , 1979 ( AFC Championship Game ) Buffalo Bills vs Dallas Cowboys , Jan 31 , 1994 ( Super Bowl XXVIII ) Most Turnovers , Both Teams , Game , 14 Houston Oilers ( 9 ) vs Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 ) , Jan 7 , 1979 ( AFC Championship Game ) Fumbles ( edit ) Most Fumbles , Game , 8 Buffalo Bills vs Dallas Cowboys , Jan 31 , 1993 ( Super Bowl XXVII ) Most Fumbles , Both Teams , Game , 12 Dallas Cowboys ( 4 ) vs Buffalo Bills ( 8 ) , Jan 31 , 1993 ( Super Bowl XXVII ) Most Fumbles Lost , Game , 5 Buffalo Bills vs Dallas Cowboys , Jan 31 , 1993 ( Super Bowl XXVII ) Miami Dolphins vs Jacksonville Jaguars , Jan 15 , 2000 ( Divisional Round ) Most Fumbles Recovered , Own and Opponents , Game , 8 Dallas Cowboys vs Denver Broncos , Jan 15 , 1978 ( 4 own , 4 opponents , Super Bowl XII ) Most Own Fumbles Recovered , Game , 5 Chicago Bears , 1934 ; Cleveland Browns , 1980 Chicago Bears vs New York Giants , Dec 8 , 1934 ( NFL Championship Game ) Cleveland Browns vs Oakland Raiders , Jan 4 , 1981 ( Divisional Round ) Most Touchdowns , Fumbles Recovered , Own and Opponents , Game , 2 Dallas Cowboys vs Buffalo Bills , Jan 31 , 1993 ( Super Bowl XXVII ) Interceptions ( edit ) Most Passes Intercepted , Game , 8 Chicago Bears vs Washington Redskins , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Most Passes Intercepted , Both Teams , Game , 10 Cleveland Browns ( 7 ) vs Los Angeles Rams ( 3 ) , Dec 26 , 1955 ( NFL Championship Game ) Houston Oilers ( 4 ) vs San Diego Chargers ( 6 ) , Dec 24 , 1961 ( AFL Championship Game ) Most Yards Returning Interceptions , Game , 172 Tampa Bay Buccaneers vs Oakland Raiders , Jan 26 , 2003 ( Super Bowl XXXVII ) Most Yards Returning Interceptions , Both Teams , Game , 184 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 172 ) vs Oakland Raiders ( 12 ) , Jan 26 , 2003 ( Super Bowl XXXVII ) Most Touchdowns , Returning Interceptions , Postseason , 4 Tampa Bay Buccaneers , 2002 -- 03 Most Touchdowns Returning Interceptions , Game , 3 Chicago Bears vs Washington Redskins , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) St. Louis Rams vs Green Bay Packers , Jan 20 , 2002 ( Divisional Round ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers vs Oakland Raiders , Jan 26 , 2003 ( Super Bowl XXXVII ) Most Touchdowns Returning Interceptions , Both Teams , Game , 3 Chicago Bears ( 3 ) vs Washington Redskins ( 0 ) , Dec 8 , 1940 ( NFL Championship Game ) Green Bay Packers ( 0 ) vs St. Louis Rams ( 3 ) , Jan 20 , 2002 ( Divisional Round ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 3 ) vs Oakland Raiders ( 0 ) , Jan 26 , 2003 ( Super Bowl XXXVII ) Penalties ( edit ) Fewest Penalties , Game , 0 by many teams ; last : New Orleans Saints vs San Francisco 49ers , Jan 14 , 2012 ( Divisional Round ) Most Penalties , Game , 17 Los Angeles Raiders , 1993 Fewest Penalties , Both Teams , Game , 1 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 ) vs Los Angeles Raiders , Jan 13 , 1991 ( Divisional Round ) Most Penalties , Both Teams , Game , 27 Los Angeles Raiders ( 17 ) vs. Denver Broncos ( 10 ) , 1993 Fewest Yards Penalized , Game , 0 by many teams ; last : New Orleans Saints vs San Francisco 49ers , Jan 14 , 2012 ( Divisional Round ) Most Yards Penalized , Game , 145 San Francisco 49ers vs New York Giants , Jan 3 , 1982 ( Divisional Round ) Fewest Yards Penalized , Both Teams , Game , 5 Cincinnati Bengals ( 5 ) vs Los Angeles Raiders , Jan 13 , 1991 ( Divisional Round ) Most Yards Penalized , Both Teams , Game , 228 Philadelphia Eagles ( 116 ) vs Dallas Cowboys , Jan 9 , 2010 ( Wild Card Round ) Other ( edit ) Team with the lowest winning percentage to reach the playoffs , 7 -- 9 ( 0.438 ) Seattle Seahawks , 2010 Team with the lowest winning percentage to win a playoff game , 7 -- 9 ( 0.438 ) Seattle Seahawks , 2010 Team with the lowest regular season winning percentage to reach the NFC Championship Game , 8 -- 7 ( 0.533 ) Minnesota Vikings , 1987 Team with the lowest regular season winning percentage to reach the AFC Championship Game , 9 -- 7 ( 0.563 ) Seattle Seahawks , 1983 Pittsburgh Steelers , 1984 Indianapolis Colts , 1995 Jacksonville Jaguars , 1996 New York Jets , 2009 Team with the lowest regular season winning percentage to reach the Super Bowl , 9 -- 7 ( 0.563 ) Los Angeles Rams , 1979 Arizona Cardinals , 2008 New York Giants , 2011 Team with the lowest regular season winning percentage to win the Super Bowl , 9 -- 7 ( 0.563 ) New York Giants , 2011 Longest playoff game , 82 minutes , 40 seconds Miami Dolphins vs Kansas City Chiefs , Dec 25 , 1971 ( 2OT , Divisional Round ) Longest Playoff Drought , 25 seasons Washington Redskins , 1946 -- 70 Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals , 1949 -- 73 Longest Playoff Drought , Expansion Team , 20 seasons New Orleans Saints , 1967 -- 86 Longest Playoff Drought , Active , 17 seasons Buffalo Bills , 2000 -- present Most Consecutive Seasons Participating in Playoffs , 9 seasons Dallas Cowboys , 1975 -- 83 Indianapolis Colts , 2002 -- 10 New England Patriots , 2009 - 17 Longest drought without a playoff game won , 50 seasons Chicago / St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals , 1948 -- 97 See also ( edit ) NFL Individual Records NFL Team Records Super Bowl Records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/records/playoffs/team/games Jump up ^ As of 2011 season , Pro-Football-Reference.com : In multiple seasons , from 1940 to 2011 , in the playoffs , playing at home , team won game , sorted by descending Date . Jump up ^ As of 2014 season ( ongoing ) , ( 1 ) Pro-Football-Reference.com : In multiple seasons , from 1940 to 2011 , in the playoffs , playing on the road , team won game , sorted by descending Date . Jump up ^ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/det/playoffs.htm Jump up ^ In multiple seasons , from 1940 to 2017 , in the playoffs , playing at home , team lost game , in conference games only , sorted by most games matching criteria . Jump up ^ Pro -- Football -- Reference.com : Houston Oilers 7 at Oakland Raiders 56 , Sunday , December 21 , 1969 Jump up ^ As of 2011 season , Pro -- Football -- Reference.com : In multiple seasons , from 1940 to 2011 , in the playoffs , team won game , in conference games only , requiring Points Allowed < = 0 , sorted by most games matching criteria . Jump up ^ Filter only goes back to 1940 , Pro -- Football -- Reference.com : In multiple seasons , from 1940 to 2011 , in the playoffs , team lost game , in conference games only , requiring Points For < = 0 , sorted by most games matching criteria . External links ( edit ) NFL.com -- NFL History NFL.com -- Playoff Records <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 400 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_playoff_records_(team)&oldid=824154142 '' Categories : National Football League records and achievements Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from January 2014 Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from January 2014 All articles needing expert attention National Football League articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 17 : 08 . About Wikipedia | 1. NFL playoff records
2. Team records in NFL playoffs
3. Wins and losses in NFL playoffs
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-6,292,452,117,518,340,000 | who has the most runs in odi cricket | List of One Day International cricket records - wikipedia List of One Day International cricket records Jump to : navigation , search Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run - scorer and century maker in ODI cricket Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest wicket - taker in ODI cricket One Day International ( ODI ) cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) as well as the top six Associate and Affiliate members . Unlike Test matches , ODIs consist of one innings per team , having a limit in the number of overs . The limit of overs is currently 50 overs per innings , although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs . ODI cricket is List - A cricket , so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List - A records . The earliest match now recognised as an ODI was played between England and Australia in January 1971 ; since then there have been over 3,000 ODIs played by 26 teams . The frequency of matches has steadily increased , partly because of the increase in the number of ODI - playing countries , and partly as the cricket boards of those nations seek to maximise their revenue and also due to increase of popularity of Cricket . The most successful team in ODI cricket , in terms of win percentage , barring the Asia XI cricket team , is Australia , having won 527 of their 854 ODIs ( 64.58 % ) . In contrast , four teams have failed to win a single ODI : East Africa , Hong Kong , Namibia , and the USA . Notable ODI records include longest winning sequence ( Australia , 21 ) , longest losing sequence ( Bangladesh , 23 ) , highest match by any player ( Sachin , 463 ) highest individual score ( Rohit Sharma , 264 ) , best bowling figures ( Chaminda Vaas , 8 -- 19 ) , most runs in an over ( Herschelle Gibbs , 36 ) and fastest century ( AB De Villiers , 31 deliveries ) . The trend of countries to increase the number of ODI matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players . Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar has scored the most runs in ODIs with a total of 18,426 . Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest ODI wicket - taker with a total of 534 wickets . The record for most dismissals by a wicket - keeper is held by Kumar Sangakkara of Sri Lanka while the record for most catches by a fielder is held by Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardene . Contents ( hide ) 1 Listing criteria 2 Listing notation 3 Team records 3.1 Team wins , losses , ties , and no results 3.2 Result records 3.2. 1 Greatest win margin ( by runs ) 3.2. 2 Greatest win margin ( by balls remaining ) 3.2. 3 Most consecutive wins 3.2. 4 Most consecutive defeats 3.3 Team scoring records 3.3. 1 Highest innings totals 3.3. 2 Highest match aggregate 3.3. 3 Highest runs in successful chasing 3.3. 4 Lowest innings totals 4 Individual records 4.1 Individual records ( batting ) 4.1. 1 Most career runs 4.1. 2 Most runs in each batting position 4.1. 3 Highest individual scores 4.1. 4 Highest individual score in chronological order ( Progressive Record ) 4.1. 5 Highest individual score at the position 4.1. 6 Highest career average 4.1. 7 Highest strike rates 4.1. 8 Most centuries 4.1. 9 Most fifties 4.1. 10 Fastest fifties 4.1. 11 Fastest centuries 4.1. 12 Fastest 150s 4.1. 13 Fastest double centuries 4.1. 14 Most sixes in career 4.1. 15 Most fours in career 4.1. 16 Most sixes in an innings 4.1. 17 Most fours in an innings 4.1. 18 Most runs in a calendar year 4.1. 19 Most runs in an over 4.1. 20 Most runs in a match on the losing side 4.1. 21 Most Number of innings before first duck 4.1. 22 Most Runs in an innings as captain 4.1. 23 Most Runs in an innings as wicketkeeper batsman 4.1. 24 Most Runs in a career without hundred 4.2 Individual records ( bowling ) 4.2. 1 Most wickets 4.2. 2 Best innings figures 4.2. 3 Most runs conceded in an innings 4.2. 4 Best career bowling average 4.2. 5 Best career economy rate 4.2. 6 Best career bowling strike rate 4.2. 7 Most 5 wickets in an innings 4.3 Individual records ( fielding ) 4.3. 1 Most catches in ODI career 4.4 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) 4.4. 1 Most dismissals 4.4. 2 Most catches 4.4. 3 Most stumpings 4.5 Individual records ( other ) 4.5. 1 Most matches played 5 Partnership records 5.1 Highest partnerships 5.2 Highest partnership for each wicket 6 See also 7 References Listing criteria In general the top five are listed in each category ( except when there is a tie for the last place among the five , when all the tied record holders are noted ) . Listing notation Team notation ( 300 -- 3 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed , either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained ( or are able ) to be bowled . ( 300 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out , either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets . Batting notation ( 100 * ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out . ( 175 ) indicates that a batsman scored 175 runs and was out after that . Bowling notation ( 5 -- 40 ) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs . ( 49.5 overs ) indicates that a team bowled 49 complete overs ( each of six legal deliveries ) , and one incomplete over of just five deliveries . Currently playing Record holders who are currently playing ODIs ( i.e. their record details listed could change ) are shown by ‡ . Seasons Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries . Domestic cricket seasons in Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years , and are by convention said to be played in ( e.g. ) `` 2008 -- 09 '' . A cricket season in England is described as a single year . e.g. `` 2009 '' . An international ODI series or tournament may be for a much shorter duration , and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating `` any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season '' . In the record tables , a two - year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries . Team records Team wins , losses , ties , and no results Team First ODI Matches Won Lost Tied No result Win Afghanistan 000000002009 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2009 83 42 39 0 51.85 Africa XI 000000002005 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2005 6 0 20.00 Asia XI 000000002005 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2005 7 0 66.66 Australia 000000001971 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 1971 902 554 305 9 34 64.34 Bangladesh 000000001986 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 1986 332 105 220 0 7 32.30 Bermuda 000000002006 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2006 35 7 28 0 0 20.00 Canada 000000001979 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 1979 77 17 58 0 22.66 East Africa 000000001975 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1975 0 0 0 0.00 England 000000001971 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 1971 692 339 322 8 23 51.27 Hong Kong 000000002004 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 2004 18 6 11 0 35.29 ICC World XI 000000002005 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2005 0 0 25.00 India 000000001974 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 1974 923 471 405 7 40 53.73 Ireland 000000002006 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2006 123 51 62 7 45.25 Kenya 000000001996 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 1996 154 42 107 0 5 28.18 Namibia 000000002003 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 2003 6 0 6 0 0 0.00 Netherlands 000000001996 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1996 76 28 44 39.04 New Zealand 000000001973 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1973 728 323 360 6 39 47.31 Pakistan 000000001973 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1973 879 464 389 8 18 54.35 Papua New Guinea 000000002014 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2014 8 0 0 50.00 Scotland 000000001999 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 1999 91 30 55 0 6 35.29 South Africa 000000001991 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1991 580 358 200 6 16 64.00 Sri Lanka 000000001975 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1975 803 372 390 5 36 48.82 United Arab Emirates 000000001994 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 1994 35 9 26 0 0 25.71 United States 000000002004 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2004 0 0 0 0.00 West Indies 000000001973 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 1973 762 380 347 9 26 52.24 Zimbabwe 000000001983 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 1983 491 129 345 6 11 27.50 <Td_colspan="8"> Last updated : 17 September 2017 The win percentage excludes no results ; a tie counts as half a win Result records Greatest win margin ( by runs ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 290 runs New Zealand ( 402 -- 2 ) beat Ireland ( 112 ) Mannofield Park , Aberdeen 1 July 2008 Scorecard 275 runs Australia ( 417 -- 6 ) beat Afghanistan ( 142 ) WACA , Perth 4 March 2015 Scorecard 272 runs South Africa ( 399 -- 6 ) beat Zimbabwe ( 127 ) Willowmoore Park , Benoni 22 October 2010 Scorecard 258 runs South Africa ( 301 -- 8 ) beat Sri Lanka ( 43 ) Boland Park , Paarl 11 January 2012 Scorecard 257 runs India ( 413 -- 5 ) beat Bermuda ( 156 ) Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain , Trinidad 19 March 2007 Scorecard South Africa ( 408 -- 5 ) beat West Indies ( 151 ) SCG , Sydney 27 February 2015 Scorecard <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 2 September 2016 Greatest win margin ( by balls remaining ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 277 balls † England ( 46 -- 2 ) beat Canada ( 45 ) Old Trafford , Manchester 13 June 1979 Scorecard 274 balls Sri Lanka ( 40 -- 1 ) beat Zimbabwe ( 38 ) SSC , Colombo 8 December 2001 Scorecard 272 balls Sri Lanka ( 37 -- 1 ) beat Canada ( 36 ) Boland Park , Paarl 19 February 2003 Scorecard 264 balls New Zealand ( 95 -- 0 ) beat Bangladesh ( 93 ) Queenstown , New Zealand 31 December 2007 Scorecard 253 balls Australia ( 66 -- 1 ) beat United States ( 65 ) The Rose Bowl , Southampton 13 September 2004 Scorecard <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 2 September 2016 † This match was played with 60 overs per innings Most consecutive wins Wins Team First win Last win 21 Australia England at Hobart , 11 January 2003 West Indies at Port of Spain , 24 May 2003 12 South Africa England at Centurion , 13 February 2005 New Zealand at Port Elizabeth , 30 October 2005 Pakistan India at Jaipur , 18 November 2007 Bangladesh at Dhaka , 8 June 2008 South Africa Ireland at Benoni , 25 September 2016 New Zealand at Hamilton , 19 February 2017 11 West Indies England at Lord 's , 4 June 1984 Sri Lanka at Perth , 2 February 1985 Australia Scotland at Basseterre , 14 March 2007 Sri Lanka at Bridgetown , 28 April 2007 <Td_colspan="4"> No Results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table . Last updated : 22 February 2017 <Td_colspan="4"> Notes : ^ ( a ) This sequence began after a no - result , and was ended by a no - result . The first win was over England in the 7th and final ODI ( ODI 2226 ) of a seven - game series . The 6th ODI ( ODI 2225 ) was a no result , before which South Africa had won the 3rd ( ODI 2221 ) , 4th ( ODI 2223 ) , and 5th ( ODI 2224 ) ODIs . Ignoring this no result , the sequence lasted 15 matches . The last win came against New Zealand in the 3rd ODI ( ODI 2289 ) of a five - game series . The 4th ODI ( ODI 2292 ) was a no result and South Africa won the 5th ODI ( ODI 2293 ) as well as the 1st ODI ( ODI 2297 ) against India in their next series before losing to India in the 2nd ODI ( ODI 2298 ) . Ignoring this no result as well , South Africa 's winning streak is further extended to 17 matches . ^ ( b ) This sequence was ended by a no - result . The last win was the 2007 Cricket World Cup Final ( ODI 2581 ) . Australia 's next ODI ( ODI 2621 ) was the first game of a seven - game series against India ; there was no result . Australia won the next two ODIs of the series ( ODI 2623 and 2625 ) before losing the 4th ODI ( ODI 2627 ) . If this no result is ignored , the second and third ODIs would be included in Australia 's winning streak , extending it to 13 matches . Most consecutive defeats Defeats Team First defeat Last defeat 23 Bangladesh West Indies at Dhaka , 8 October 1999 South Africa at Kimberley , 9 October 2002 22 Bangladesh Pakistan at Moratuwa , 31 March 1986 India at Mohali , 14 May 1998 18 Zimbabwe India at Leicester , 11 June 1983 Australia at Hobart , 14 March 1992 Bangladesh South Africa at Bloemfontein , 22 September 2003 England at Dhaka , 12 November 2003 17 Zimbabwe Sri Lanka at Bulawayo , 20 April 2004 England at Bulawayo , 5 December 2004 <Td_colspan="4"> No results are treated the same as wins and ties in the above table . Last updated : 15 February 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Notes : ^ ( a ) The 23 - game sequence was ended by a no result ( ODI 1904 ) . Another four defeats followed , then another no result ( ODI 1956 ) , and then Bangladesh 's 18 game losing sequence . Ignoring these no results , Bangladesh 's 23 game losing sequence and 18 game losing sequence combine with the intervening four defeats into a single losing streak of 45 matches . Team scoring records Highest innings Totals See also : List of 400 + innings scores in ODIs Score Team Opponent Venue Date Scorecard 444 -- 3 ( 50 overs ) England Pakistan Nottingham 30 August 2016 Scorecard 443 -- 9 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka Netherlands Amstelveen 4 July 2006 Scorecard 439 -- 2 ( 50 overs ) South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 18 January 2015 Scorecard 438 -- 9 ( 49.5 overs ) † South Africa Australia Johannesburg 12 March 2006 Scorecard 438 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) South Africa India Mumbai 25 October 2015 Scorecard <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 31 August 2016 † See the match report for more details about this match , in which several records were set . Highest match aggregate Score Teams Venue Date Scorecard 872 -- 13 ( 99.5 overs ) † Australia ( 434 -- 4 ) v South Africa ( 438 -- 9 ) Johannesburg 12 March 2006 Scorecard 825 -- 15 ( 100 overs ) India ( 414 -- 7 ) v Sri Lanka ( 411 -- 8 ) Rajkot 15 December 2009 Scorecard 763 -- 14 ( 96.0 overs ) New Zealand ( 398 -- 5 ) v England ( 365 -- 9 ) London 12 June 2015 Scorecard 747 -- 14 ( 100 overs ) India ( 381 -- 6 ) v England ( 366 - 8 ) Cuttack 19 January 2017 Scorecard 743 -- 12 ( 99.2 overs ) Australia ( 371 -- 6 ) v South Africa ( 372 -- 6 ) Durban 5 October 2016 Scorecard <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 13 September 2017 † See the match report for more details about this match , in which several records were set . Highest runs in successful chasing Score Team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 438 -- 9 ( 49.5 overs ) † South Africa Australia Johannesburg 12 March 2006 Scorecard 372 -- 6 ( 49.2 overs ) South Africa Australia Durban 5 October 2016 Scorecard 362 -- 1 ( 43.3 overs ) India Australia Jaipur 16 October 2013 Scorecard 356 -- 7 ( 48.1 overs ) India England Pune 15 January 2017 Scorecard 351 -- 4 ( 49.3 overs ) India Australia Nagpur 30 October 2013 Scorecard <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 15 January 2017 † See the match report for more details . Lowest innings totals Score Team Opponent Venue Date Scorecard 35 ( 18 overs ) Zimbabwe Sri Lanka Harare 25 April 2004 Scorecard 36 ( 18.4 overs ) Canada Sri Lanka Paarl 19 Feb 2003 Scorecard 38 ( 15.5 overs ) Zimbabwe Sri Lanka Colombo 8 Dec 2001 Scorecard 43 ( 19.5 overs ) Pakistan West Indies Cape Town 25 Feb 1993 Scorecard 43 ( 20.1 overs ) Sri Lanka South Africa Paarl 11 Jan 2012 Scorecard <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 15 February 2016 Individual records Individual records ( Batting ) Most career runs Runs Innings Player Period 18,426 452 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2012 14,234 404 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 13,704 365 Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 13,430 433 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 12,650 418 Mahela Jayawardene 1998 -- 2015 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 February 2016 Most career runs -- progression of record Runs Player Record held until Duration of record 82 John Edrich 24 August 1972 1 year , 232 days 113 Greg Chappell 26 August 1972 2 days 144 Ian Chappell 28 August 1972 2 days 302 Dennis Amiss 31 March 1974 1 year , 215 days 316 Ian Chappell 13 July 1974 104 days 322 Dennis Amiss 15 July 1974 2 days 400 Keith Fletcher 5 June 1975 325 days 509 Dennis Amiss 11 June 1975 6 days 599 Keith Fletcher 14 June 1975 3 days 859 Dennis Amiss 21 December 1979 4 years , 190 days 867 Greg Chappell 23 December 1979 2 days 883 Viv Richards 26 December 1979 3 days 953 Greg Chappell 16 January 1980 21 days 1,059 Viv Richards 28 May 1980 133 days 1,133 Gordon Greenidge 25 November 1980 181 days 1,154 Greg Chappell 5 December 1980 11 days 1,211 Viv Richards 7 December 1980 2 days 2,331 Greg Chappell 7 December 1983 3 years 6,501 Viv Richards 9 November 1990 6 years , 337 days 8,648 Desmond Haynes 8 November 1996 5 years , 365 days 9,378 Mohammad Azharuddin 15 October 2000 3 years , 342 days 18,426 Sachin Tendulkar Current 7003618100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 337 days <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 21 January 2016 Notes : ^ ( a ) Dennis Amiss finished his career with 859 runs ^ ( b ) Greg Chappell finished his career with 2,331 runs ^ ( c ) Desmond Haynes finished his career with 8,648 runs ^ ( d ) Mohammad Azharuddin finished his career with 9,378 runs ^ ( e ) Sachin Tendulkar finished his career with 18,426 runs Most runs in each batting position Batting position Player Runs Average Opener Sachin Tendulkar 15310 48.30 Number 3 Ricky Ponting 12662 42.49 Number 4 Mahela Jayawardene 6946 35.26 Number 5 Arjuna Ranatunga 4675 38.64 Number 6 MS Dhoni 3739 46.74 Number 7 Chris Harris 2130 31.32 Number 8 Wasim Akram 1208 17.01 Number 9 Mashrafe Mortaza 643 12.61 Number 10 Waqar Younis 478 11.12 Number 11 Muttiah Muralitharan 170 5.48 <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 03 September 2017 Highest individual scores See also : List of highest individual scores in ODIs Runs Player Match Venue Date Scorecard 264 Rohit Sharma India v Sri Lanka Kolkata 13 November 2014 Scorecard 237 * Martin Guptill New Zealand v West Indies Wellington 21 March 2015 Scorecard 219 Virender Sehwag India v West Indies Indore 8 December 2011 Scorecard 215 Chris Gayle West Indies v Zimbabwe Canberra 24 February 2015 Scorecard 209 Rohit Sharma India v Australia Bangalore 2 November 2013 Scorecard <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 3 September 2016 Highest individual score in chronological order ( Progressive Record ) Date Runs Player Match Scorecard Opponent Notes 5 January 1971 82 John Edrich Scorecard Australia First ever ODI fifty Ended up in losing side 24 August 1972 103 Dennis Amiss Scorecard Australia First ever ODI Century Achieved while chasing target 7 September 1973 105 Roy Fredericks Scorecard England Achieved while chasing target 31 August 1974 116 * David Lloyd Scorecard Pakistan Lost the match 7 June 1975 137 Dennis Amiss Scorecard India World Cup Only player to reclaim the record 7 June 1975 171 * Glenn Turner Scorecard East Africa World Cup First ever ODI 150 Faced maximum number of balls ( 209 ) 18 June 1983 175 * Kapil Dev Scorecard Zimbabwe World Cup Fastest century as on date ( 18 June 1983 ) 31 May 1984 189 * Viv Richards Scorecard England Century stand for the last wicket 21 May 1997 194 Saeed Anwar Scorecard India 16 August 2009 194 * Charles Coventry Scorecard Bangladesh Equaled the record but was not out . Lost the match 24 February 2010 200 * Sachin Tendulkar Scorecard South Africa First ever ODI double century in men 's cricket 8 December 2011 219 Virendar Sehwag Scorecard West Indies 13 November 2014 264 Rohit Sharma Scorecard Sri Lanka Current Record Holder First ever ODI 250 First man to achieve two double hundreds in ODI Cricket history <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 31 August 2016 Highest individual score at the position Batting position Player Score Opponent Venue Date Number 1 Martin Guptill 237 * West Indies Eden Gardens 21 March 2015 Number 2 Rohit Sharma 264 Sri Lanka Westpac Stadium 13 November 2014 Number 3 Charles Coventry 194 * Bangladesh Queens Sports Club 16 August 2009 Number 4 Vivian Richards 189 * England Old Trafford 31 May 1984 Number 5 AB de Villiers 162 * West Indies Sydney Cricket Ground 27 February 2015 Number 6 Kapil Dev 175 * Zimbabwe Nevill Ground 18 June 1983 Number 7 Luke Ronchi 170 * Sri Lanka University Oval 23 January 2015 Number 8 Chris Woakes 95 * Sri Lanka Trent Bridge 21 June 2016 Number 9 Andre Russell 92 * India Sir Vivian Richards Stadium 11 June 2011 Number 10 Ravi Rampaul 86 * India ACA - VDCA Stadium 2 December 2011 Number 11 Mohammad Amir 58 England Trent Bridge 30 August 2016 <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 29 January 2017 Highest career average Average Innings Runs Player Period 67.00 32 1,541 Ryan ten Doeschate 2006 -- 2011 55.75 186 8,587 Virat Kohli ‡ 2008 -- present 53.88 31 1,455 Babar Azam ‡ 2015 -- present 53.58 196 6,912 Michael Bevan 1994 -- 2004 53.55 213 9,319 AB de Villiers ‡ 2005 -- present <Td_colspan="5"> Qualification : 20 innings Last updated : 03 September 2017 Highest strike rates Strike rate Runs Balls faced Player Period 130.81 985 753 Andre Russell ‡ 2011 -- present 124.10 1,977 1,593 Glenn Maxwell ‡ 2012 -- present 117.98 2,460 2,085 Jos Buttler ‡ 2012 -- present 117.17 629 535 Kedar Jadhav ‡ 2014 -- present 117.06 590 504 Lionel Cann 2006 -- 2009 <Td_colspan="5"> Qualification : 500 balls faced Last updated : 14 June 2017 Most centuries Centuries Innings Player Period 49 452 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2012 30 186 Virat Kohli ‡ 2008 -- present 365 Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 28 433 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 25 153 Hashim Amla ‡ 2008 -- present 380 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 03 September 2017 Most fifties Fifties Innings Player Period 96 452 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2012 93 380 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 86 314 Jacques Kallis 1996 -- 2014 83 318 Rahul Dravid 1996 -- 2011 350 Inzamam - ul - Haq 1991 -- 2007 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 February 2016 Fastest fifties Balls faced Player Match Venue Date Scorecard 16 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa v West Indies Johannesburg 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 17 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka v Pakistan Singapore Scorecard Kusal Perera ‡ Sri Lanka v Pakistan Kandy 2015 Scorecard Martin Guptill ‡ New Zealand v Sri Lanka Christchurch 2015 -- 16 Scorecard 18 Brendon McCullum New Zealand v England Wellington 2014 -- 15 Scorecard Simon O'Donnell Australia v Sri Lanka Sharjah Scorecard Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Sri Lanka Nairobi Scorecard Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Netherlands Colombo 2002 Scorecard Glenn Maxwell ‡ Australia v India Bangalore 2013 Scorecard Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Bangladesh Dhaka 2014 Scorecard Aaron Finch ‡ Australia v Sri Lanka Dumbulla 2016 Scorecard <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 31 August 2016 Fastest centuries Balls faced Player Match Venue Date Scorecard 31 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa v West Indies Johannesburg 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 36 Corey Anderson ‡ New Zealand v West Indies Queenstown Events Centre 2013 -- 14 Scorecard 37 Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Sri Lanka Nairobi Gymkhana Club Scorecard 44 Mark Boucher South Africa v Zimbabwe Senwes Park 2006 Scorecard 45 Brian Lara West Indies v Bangladesh Dhaka 2006 Scorecard Shahid Afridi Pakistan v India Kanpur 2005 Scorecard <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 31 August 2016 Fastest 150s Balls faced Player Match Venue Date Scorecard 64 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa v West Indies Sydney 2015 Scorecard 83 Shane Watson ‡ Australia v Bangladesh Dhaka 2011 Scorecard 85 Sharjeel Khan ‡ Pakistan v Ireland Malahide 2016 Scorecard 92 Luke Ronchi ‡ New Zealand v Sri Lanka Dunedin 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 95 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka v England Leeds 2006 Scorecard <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 31 August 2016 Fastest double centuries Balls faced Player Match Venue Season Scorecard 138 Chris Gayle ‡ West Indies v Zimbabwe Canberra 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 140 Virender Sehwag India v West Indies Indore 2011 -- 12 Scorecard 147 Sachin Tendulkar India v South Africa Gwalior 2009 -- 10 Scorecard 151 Rohit Sharma ‡ India v Sri Lanka Kolkata 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 152 Martin Guptill ‡ New Zealand v West Indies Wellington 2014 -- 15 Scorecard <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 15 February 2016 Most sixes in career Sixes Player Innings 351 Shahid Afridi 369 270 Sanath Jayasuriya 433 238 Chris Gayle ‡ 264 212 MS Dhoni ‡ 260 200 Brendon McCullum 228 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 17 September 2017 Most fours in career Fours Player Innings 2016 Sachin Tendulkar 452 1500 Sanath Jayasuriya 433 1385 Kumar Sangakkara 380 1231 Ricky Ponting 365 1162 Adam Gilchrist 279 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 15 February 2016 Most sixes in an innings Sixes Runs Player Opposition Venue Match date Scorecard 16 209 Rohit Sharma ‡ Australia Bangalore 02 Nov 2013 Scorecard 149 AB de Villiers ‡ West Indies Johannesburg 18 Jan 2015 Scorecard 215 Chris Gayle ‡ Zimbabwe Canberra 24 Feb 2015 Scorecard 15 185 * Shane Watson Bangladesh Dhaka 11 Apr 2011 Scorecard 14 131 * Corey Anderson ‡ West Indies Queenstown 1 Jan 2014 Scorecard <Td_colspan="7"> Last updated : 31 August 2016 Most fours in an innings Fours Runs Player Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 33 264 Rohit Sharma ‡ Sri Lanka Kolkata 13 November 2014 Scorecard 25 200 * Sachin Tendulkar South Africa Gwalior 24 February 2010 Scorecard 219 Virendar Sehwag West Indies Indore 8 December 2011 Scorecard 24 157 Sanath Jayasuriya Netherlands Amstelveen 4 July 2006 Scorecard 237 * Martin Guptill ‡ West Indies Wellington 21 March 2015 Scorecard 173 David Warner South Africa Cape Town 12 October 2016 Scorecard <Td_colspan="7"> Last updated : 2 December 2016 Most runs in a calendar year Runs Innings Player Year 1894 33 Sachin Tendulkar 1998 1767 41 Sourav Ganguly 1999 1761 43 Rahul Dravid 1999 1611 32 Sachin Tendulkar 1601 30 Matthew Hayden 2007 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 February 2016 Most runs in an over Runs Sequence Batsman Bowler Venue Date Scorecard 36 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 Herschelle Gibbs Daan van Bunge St. Kitts 2006 -- 07 Scorecard 35 6 -- W -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 -- 6 Thisara Perera ‡ Robin Peterson Pallekele 2013 Scorecard 34 4 -- ( N + 6 ) -- 2 -- ( N + 4 ) -- 4 -- 4 -- 2 -- 6 AB de Villiers ‡ Jason Holder Sydney 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 32 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 Shahid Afridi Malinga Bandara ‡ Abu Dhabi 2007 Scorecard 31 1 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 -- 6 -- ( N + 4 ) -- W -- 2 Kane Williamson ‡ James Franklin ‡ Rizwan Cheema ‡ Harvir Baidwan ‡ Mumbai 2010 -- 11 Scorecard <Td_colspan="7"> Last updated : 2 December 2016 <Td_colspan="7"> Key : N -- No ball W -- Wide Notes : ^ ( a ) Kane Williamson faced the first ball of the over before turning over the strike to James Franklin . Rizwan Cheema was taken out of the bowling attack after bowling the no - ball , which was his second above - the - waist full toss bowled in the innings . He was replaced by Harvir Baidwan , who bowled the last two deliveries of the over . Most runs in a match on the losing side Innings Player Runs Opposition Year 1st Charles Coventry 194 * Bangladesh 2009 1st Matthew Hayden 181 * New Zealand 2007 2nd Sachin Tendulkar 175 Australia 2009 2nd David Warner 173 South Africa 2016 1st Rohit Sharma 171 * Australia 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 1 March 2017 Most Number of innings before first duck Innings Player Year 72 Kumar Dharmasena 2001 70 Gordon Greenidge 1986 68 Craig McMillan 2001 67 Chris Cairns 67 Graeme Smith 2005 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 1 March 2017 Most Runs in an innings as captain Runs Player Opponents Year 219 Virender Sehwag West Indies 2011 189 Sanath Jayasuriya India 2000 186 * Sachin Tendulkar New Zealand 1999 181 Sir Vivian Richards Sri Lanka 175 * Kapil Dev Zimbabwe <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 1 March 2017 Most Runs in an innings as wicketkeeper batsman Runs Player Opponents Year 183 * MS Dhoni Sri Lanka 2005 178 Quinton de Kock Australia 2016 172 Adam Gilchrist New Zealand 170 * Luke Ronchi Sri Lanka 2015 169 Kumar Sangakkara South Africa 2013 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 1 March 2017 Most Runs in a career without hundred Runs Player Best Span 5122 Misbah - ul - Haq 96 * 2002 -- 2015 3717 Wasim Akram 86 1984 -- 2003 3266 Moin Khan 72 * 1990 -- 2004 2943 Heath Streak 79 * 1993 -- 2005 2784 Andrew Jones 93 1987 -- 1995 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 1 March 2017 Individual records ( bowling ) Most wickets Wickets Matches Player Period 534 350 Muttiah Muralitharan 1993 -- 2011 502 356 Wasim Akram 1984 -- 2003 416 262 Waqar Younis 1989 -- 2003 400 322 Chaminda Vaas 1994 -- 2008 395 398 Shahid Afridi 1996 -- 2015 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 15 February 2016 Best innings figures Bowling figures Player Match Venue Date 8 / 19 Chaminda Vaas Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe Colombo 8 December 2001 7 / 12 Shahid Afridi Pakistan v West Indies Guyana 14 July 2013 7 / 15 Glenn McGrath Australia v Namibia Potchefstroom 27 February 2003 7 / 18 Rashid Khan Afghanistan v West Indies Gros Islet 9 June 2017 7 / 20 Andy Bichel Australia v England Port Elizabeth 2 March 2003 <Td_colspan="5"> Last updated : 10 June 2017 Most runs conceded in an innings Runs Bowling figures Player Match Venue Year Scorecard 113 10 -- 0 -- 113 -- 0 Mick Lewis Australia v South Africa Johannesburg 2006 Scorecard 110 10 -- 0 -- 110 -- 0 Wahab Riaz Pakistan v England Nottingham 2016 Scorecard 106 10 -- 0 -- 106 -- 1 Bhuvneshwar Kumar ‡ India v South Africa Mumbai 2015 -- 16 Scorecard 105 12 -- 1 -- 105 -- 2 Martin Snedden New Zealand v England The Oval Scorecard 10 -- 0 -- 105 -- 0 Tim Southee ‡ New Zealand v India Christchurch 2009 Scorecard 9 -- 0 -- 105 -- 1 Brian Vitori ‡ Zimbabwe v New Zealand Napier 2012 Scorecard <Td_colspan="7"> Last updated : 30 August 2016 Best career bowling average Bowling average Player Runs Wickets 14.74 Rashid Khan ‡ 929 63 18.84 Joel Garner 2,752 146 18.90 Ryan Harris 832 44 18.97 Tony Gray 835 44 19.45 Mike Hendrick 681 35 <Td_colspan="4"> Qualification : 1000 balls bowled Last updated : 15 June 2017 Best career economy rate Economy rate Player Balls Runs 3.09 Joel Garner 5,330 2,752 3.25 Max Walker 1,006 546 3.27 Mike Hendrick 1,248 681 3.28 Bob Willis 3,595 1,968 3.30 Richard Hadlee 6,182 3,407 <Td_colspan="4"> Qualification : 1000 balls bowled Last updated : 15 February 2016 Best career bowling strike rate Bowling strike rate Player Balls Wickets 22.2 Rashid Khan ‡ 1,401 63 23.4 Ryan Harris 1,031 44 24.2 Mustafizur Rahman ‡ 1,067 44 24.7 Corey Anderson ‡ 1,485 60 24.8 Hasan Ali ‡ 1,044 42 <Td_colspan="4"> Qualification : 1000 balls bowled Last updated : 18 June 2017 . Most 5 wickets in an innings 5 wickets in an innings Player Matches 13 Waqar Younis 262 10 Muttiah Muralitharan 350 9 Brett Lee 221 Shahid Afridi 398 7 Lasith Malinga ‡ 194 Glenn McGrath 250 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 12 June 2017 Individual records ( Fielding ) Most catches in ODI career Catches Player Matches 218 Mahela Jayawardene 448 160 Ricky Ponting 375 156 Mohammed Azharuddin 334 140 Sachin Tendulkar 463 133 Stephen Fleming 280 <Td_colspan="3"> Note : The list excludes catches made as wicket - keeper . Last updated : 15 February 2016 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) Most dismissals Dismissals Player Innings 482 ( 383 catches + 99 stumpings ) Kumar Sangakkara 353 472 ( 417 catches + 55 stumpings ) Adam Gilchrist 281 424 ( 402 catches + 22 stumpings ) Mark Boucher 290 386 ( 285 catches + 101 stumpings ) MS Dhoni ‡ 297 287 ( 214 catches + 73 stumpings ) Moin Khan 209 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 17 September 2017 Note . Sangakkara also took 19 catches in 44 matches when he was not the designated wicket keeper . Most catches Catches Player Innings 417 Adam Gilchrist 281 402 Mark Boucher 290 383 Kumar Sangakkara 353 285 MS Dhoni ‡ 296 227 Brendon McCullum 183 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 17 September 2017 Note . Sangakkara also took 19 catches in 44 matches when he was not the designated wicket keeper . Most stumpings Stumpings Player Innings ODI Career Span 101 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ‡ 297 2004 -- present 99 Kumar Sangakkara 353 2000 -- 2015 75 Romesh Kaluwitharana 185 1990 -- 2004 73 Moin Khan 209 1990 -- 2004 55 Adam Gilchrist 281 1996 -- 2008 <Td_colspan="4"> Last updated : 17 September 2017 Individual records ( other ) Most matches played Matches Player Period 463 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2012 448 Mahela Jayawardene 1998 -- 2015 445 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 404 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 398 Shahid Afridi 1996 -- 2015 <Td_colspan="3"> Last updated : 9 January 2016 Partnership records Highest partnerships Runs Players Opposition Venue Season 372 ( 2nd wicket ) † Chris Gayle ‡ ( 215 ) & Marlon Samuels ‡ ( 133 * ) v Zimbabwe Canberra 2014 -- 15 331 ( 2nd wicket ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 186 * ) & Rahul Dravid ( 153 ) v New Zealand Hyderabad 1999 -- 00 318 ( 2nd wicket ) ( first 300 + ) † Sourav Ganguly ( 183 ) & Rahul Dravid ( 145 ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 286 ( 1st wicket ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 152 ) & Upul Tharanga ‡ ( 109 ) v England Headingley 2006 284 ( 1st wicket ) David Warner ‡ ( 179 ) & Travis Head ‡ ( 100 ) v Pakistan Adelaide 2016 -- 17 <Td_colspan="5"> Note : † indicate partnerships , made in the Cricket World Cup . Last updated : 26 January 2017 Highest partnership for each wicket Wicket Runs Players Opposition Venue Season 1st 286 Upul Tharanga ‡ & Sanath Jayasuriya v England Headingley 2006 2nd 372 Chris Gayle ‡ & Marlon Samuels ‡ v Zimbabwe Canberra 2014 -- 15 3rd 258 Darren Bravo ‡ & Denesh Ramdin ‡ v Bangladesh Basseterre 2014 4th 275 * Mohammad Azharuddin & Ajay Jadeja v Zimbabwe Cuttack 1998 5th 256 * David Miller ‡ & JP Duminy ‡ v Zimbabwe Hamilton 2014 -- 15 6th 267 * Grant Elliott ‡ & Luke Ronchi ‡ v Sri Lanka Dunedin 2015 7th 177 Jos Buttler & Adil Rashid v New Zealand Edgbaston 2015 8th 138 * Justin Kemp & Andrew Hall v India Cape Town 2006 9th 132 Angelo Mathews ‡ & Lasith Malinga ‡ v Australia Melbourne 10th 106 * Viv Richards & Michael Holding v England Manchester 1984 <Td_colspan="6"> Last updated : 15 February 2016 See also Cricket portal List of batsmen who have scored over 10,000 One Day International cricket runs List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks List of Cricket World Cup records List of first - class cricket records List of List A cricket records List of Twenty20 cricket records List of Australia One Day International cricket records List of Bangladesh One Day International cricket records List of England One Day International cricket records List of India One Day International cricket records List of New Zealand One Day International cricket records List of Pakistan One Day International cricket records List of South Africa One Day International cricket records List of Sri Lanka One Day International cricket records List of West Indies One Day International cricket records List of Zimbabwe One Day International cricket records List of Test cricket records List of Twenty20 International records References Jump up ^ `` Classification of Official Cricket '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Most five - wickets - in - an - innings in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Fielding records -- Most catches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most dismissals in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statsguru / KC Sangakkara / One - Day Internationals / Fielding not as wicket keeper '' . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most catches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most stumpings in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships for any wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships by wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . 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2,280,699,084,012,194,000 | when will the next winter olympics be held in america | List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America -- W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII -- 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 <Td_colspan="2"> ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 <Td_colspan="2"> ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . <Th_colspan="2"> Summer Olympic Games host cities <Td_colspan="2"> 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles <Td_colspan="2"> Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II <Th_colspan="2"> Winter Olympic Games host cities <Td_colspan="2"> 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games <Td_colspan="3"> Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD <Td_colspan="3"> Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=834497883 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 01 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. List of Olympic Games host cities
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4. Number of Olympic Games by country
5. Selection process for host cities |
-1,414,106,157,169,093,600 | who are the final four on the four singing competition | The Four : Battle for Stardom - wikipedia The Four : Battle for Stardom Jump to : navigation , search For the recently concluded season , see The Four : Battle For Stardom ( season 1 ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Four : Battle For Stardom <Td_colspan="2"> Also known as The Four Genre Reality television Created by Elwin Vitztelly de Groot Armoza Formats Directed by Phil Heyes Presented by Fergie Judges Current : Sean Combs DJ Khaled Meghan Trainor Previous : Charlie Walk Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 6 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) David George Adam Sher David Eilenberg Becca Walker David Friedman Avi Armoza Nehama Cohen Moshiko Cohen Producer ( s ) Sean Combs Production company ( s ) ITV Entertainment Armoza Formats <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Fox Original release January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website The Four : Battle for Stardom , also known as The Four , is an American reality television music competition show created by Armoza Formats and produced by ITV Entertainment and Armoza Formats . The show , based on an Israeli format called The Final Four , premiered on Fox on January 4 , 2018 . The winner is awarded a recording contract with Republic Records , a division of Universal Music Group , and is named iHeartRadio 's `` On the Verge '' artist . The season one winner was Evvie McKinney . The three judges are Sean Combs , DJ Khaled , and Meghan Trainor . A fourth judge , Charlie Walk , withdrew from the show following sexual assault allegations against him ; he had taped five episodes and left prior to the season finale . The show is hosted by Fergie . On February 8 , 2018 , Fox renewed the series for a second season which is set to air in summer 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Series overview 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Format ( edit ) The Four is a singing competition that differs among similar talent competitions , in that there is no auditions stage . The artists , also known as the challengers , are held in the holding room before singing in front of a live studio audience and the judges . This panel of people in the music industry ultimately decides the best challengers that compete against `` The Four '' . Their decision must be unanimous . The members consist of vocalists of varying genres , and they must win challenges against new fellow artists to keep their seat and remain as a member of `` The Four '' . At the end of six weeks , the last singer standing among `` The Four '' wins the competition . There are two distinct rounds in The Four . In the performances round , new challengers must earn their seat by performing in front of a live studio audience , the panel of judges and `` The Four '' . After the performance , the judges then vote and make a `` Yes '' or `` No '' decision , signifying the challenger 's fate in the competition . If a challenger receives a unanimous four blue rings on stage ( four `` Yes '' from the panel ) , they advance to the next round of the competition . A red ring given to the challenger signifies a `` No '' , ending his or her time in the competition . Artists who advance to the challenge round can compete against a member of `` The Four '' for their seat . In a sing - off style battle , the challenger and `` The Four '' member sing against each other for their seat . After the challenge , the studio audience then votes to decide which of the two should remain in the competition . The winner locks their seat for the rest of the night and can not be challenged again until the next episode . Series overview ( edit ) Season First aired Last aired Winner Runner - up Other finalists Presenter <Th_colspan="4"> Judges January 4 , 2018 February 8 , 2018 Evvie McKinney Candice Boyd Vincint Cannady Fergie Sean Combs DJ Khaled Meghan Trainor Charlie Walk Zhavia Notes ^ Walk withdrew from the show following episode 5 . Season synopses ( edit ) Names in bold type indicate the winner of the season . Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : The Four : Battle For Stardom ( season 1 ) The first season of The Four premiered on January 4 , 2018 . After six episodes , Evvie McKinney was announced as the winner of the season , with Candice Boyd as the runner - up . Along with the former and latter , the final group of `` The Four '' included Vincint Cannady and Zhavia . According to Variety , judge / producer Sean Combs has asked finalist Vincint Cannady to return to The Four for season two . <Td_colspan="6"> The Four Episode Group <Th_colspan="4'"> Members Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Original Four Lex Lu Ash Minor Elanese Lansen Blair Perkins 2nd Four Zhavia Saeed Renaud 3rd Four Cheyenne Elliot Candice Boyd Jason Warrior 4th Four Rell Jerv Tim Johnson Jr . 5th Four Nick Harrison Kendyle Paige 5 6th Four Evvie McKinney Vincint Cannady 5 / 6 Final Four Candice Boyd Zhavia Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The first season of The Four was Fox 's most watched and highest - rated new unscripted series in nearly four years . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 8 : 00 pm 6 January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) 3.75 February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 4.03 2017 - 18 TBD 3.67 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Evvie McKinney crowned the first - ever winner of THE FOUR : BATTLE FOR STARDOM ! '' . Fox . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Nellie Andreeva , Erik ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` ' The Four ' Fox Reality Competition Sets Sean Combs , DJ Khaled , Meghan Trainor & Charlie Walk As Stars , Gets Premiere Date '' . Deadline . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Fox picks up new singing show based on Israeli format '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Four on FOX '' . www.thefourmusic.com . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Upadhyaya , Kayla ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Four : Battle For Stardom ' Debuts on Fox '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Diddy , DJ Khaled Join Panel of Fox Singing Show ' The Four ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sean ' Diddy ' Combs Joins Panel of Fox 's New Singing Competition ' The Four ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Halperin , Shirley ( 17 November 2017 ) . `` Diddy , DJ Khaled , Meghan Trainor , Charlie Walk to Judge Fox 's ' The Four ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Charlie Walk Officially Out of ' The Four ' Finale On Fox '' . Deadline . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The lavish promises made by the host and judges of Fox 's The Four '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` The Four Renewed for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chuba , Kirsten . `` ' The Four ' Judges Talk More Genres , Returning Contestant Possibility in Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four , ' ' Will & Grace , ' everything else unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Four : Battle for Stardom Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Brochure of The Final Four The Four : Battle for Stardom on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Fergie The Dutchess `` Fergalicious '' `` Clumsy '' `` London Bridge '' `` Glamorous '' `` Here I Come '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Finally '' `` Pick It Up '' `` Labels or Love '' Double Dutchess `` Hungry '' `` You Already Know '' `` A Little Work '' `` Life Goes On '' `` M.I.L.F. $ '' `` L.A. Love ( La La ) '' Collaborations `` Impacto '' `` Sing '' `` Beat It 2008 '' `` Party People '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Paradise City '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Gettin ' Over You '' `` All of the Lights '' `` Beautiful Dangerous '' `` Netflix '' Non-album songs `` Feel Alive '' `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' Concert tours Verizon VIP Tour Related articles Discography Wild Orchid The Black Eyed Peas <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> DJ Khaled <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Listennn ... the Album We the Best We Global Victory We the Best Forever Kiss the Ring Suffering from Success I Changed a Lot Major Key Grateful Singles `` Holla at Me '' `` Born - N - Raised '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` I 'm So Hood '' `` Out Here Grindin '' `` Go Hard '' `` Fed Up '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Welcome to My Hood '' `` I 'm on One '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` No New Friends '' `` I Wanna Be With You '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Hold You Down '' `` How Many Times '' `` Gold Slugs '' `` For Free '' `` I Got the Keys '' `` Holy Key '' `` Do You Mind '' `` Shining '' `` I 'm the One '' `` To the Max '' `` Wild Thoughts '' `` Top Off '' `` I Believe '' Featured singles `` 100 Million '' `` Speedin ' ( We the Best Remix ) '' `` Cash Flow '' `` Foolish ( remix ) '' `` Always Strapped ( remix ) '' `` Maybach Music 2.5 '' `` Body 2 Body ( remix ) '' `` Ima Boss ( remix ) '' `` Cold '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Bugatti ( remix ) '' Other songs `` On Everything '' Related articles We the Best Terror Squad Cash Money Demi x Khaled Fat Joe Ace Hood NBA 2K16 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( cameo ) <Th_colspan="2"> Meghan Trainor <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Title Thank You Extended plays Title Singles `` All About That Bass '' `` Lips Are Movin '' `` Dear Future Husband '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` No '' `` Me Too '' `` Better '' `` I 'm a Lady '' `` No Excuses '' Featured singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Hands '' Promotional singles `` Better When I 'm Dancin ' '' `` Watch Me Do '' Other songs `` Title '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Concert tours That Bass Tour MTrain Tour The Untouchable Tour <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Sean Combs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Production discography Accolades Studio albums No Way Out Forever The Saga Continues ... Press Play Last Train to Paris No Way Out 2 Mixtapes MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) Remix albums We Invented the Remix Singles `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Victory '' `` Come with Me '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Bad Boy for Life '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 1 ) '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 2 ) '' `` Come to Me '' `` Tell Me '' `` Last Night '' `` Through the Pain ( She Told Me ) '' `` Angels '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Coming Home '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Finna Get Loose '' `` Workin ( Remix ) '' Featured singles `` No Time '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Honey '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Hate Me Now '' `` All Night Long '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Son of a Gun '' `` Show Stopper '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` I Do ( Wanna Get Close to You ) '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Take You There '' `` Imma Put It on Her '' `` Must Be Love '' `` Better on the Other Side `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' `` Scream & Shout ( Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Records Sean John P. Diddy 's Starmaker The Notorious B.I.G. I Want to Work for Diddy A Raisin in the Sun Diddy -- Dirty Money <Th_colspan="2"> Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle For Stardom ( since 2018 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) LA to Vegas ( since 2018 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell & Back ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Four:_Battle_For_Stardom&oldid=835411388 '' Categories : 2010s American reality television series 2018 American television series debuts American music television series Music competitions in the United States English - language television programs Fox network shows Television series by ITV Studios American television series based on Israeli television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 15 : 20 . About Wikipedia | 1. The Four: Battle for Stardom
2. Reality television music competition
3. Judges: Sean Combs, DJ Khaled, Meghan Trainor
4. Season 1 winner: Evvie McKinney
5. Format: No auditions, challengers compete against "The Four" |
-8,397,327,233,785,744,000 | the american civil liberties union (aclu) was founded in response to what | American civil Liberties Union - wikipedia American civil Liberties Union Jump to : navigation , search American Civil Liberties Union <Td_colspan="2"> Motto Because Freedom Ca n't Protect Itself Predecessor National Civil Liberties Bureau Formation 1920 ; 97 years ago ( 1920 ) Type Non-profit corporation Purpose Civil liberties advocacy Headquarters 125 Broad St. , 18th floor New York , NY 10004 Region served United States Membership 1.2 million members ( 2017 ) President Susan N. Herman Executive Director Anthony Romero Budget $133.4 M ( 2014 ; excludes affiliates ) Staff Nearly 300 staff attorneys Volunteers Several thousand attorneys Website aclu.org The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) is a nonpartisan nonprofit organization whose stated mission is `` to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States . '' It works through litigation and lobbying . The ACLU has over 1,000,000 members and an annual budget of over $100 million . Local affiliates of the ACLU are active in almost all 50 states , the District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . The ACLU provides legal assistance in cases when it considers civil liberties to be at risk . Legal support from the ACLU can take the form of direct legal representation or preparation of amicus curiae briefs expressing legal arguments when another law firm is already providing representation . In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits , the ACLU lobbies for policy positions that have been established by its board of directors . Current positions of the ACLU include : opposing the death penalty ; supporting same - sex marriage and the right of LGBT people to adopt ; supporting birth control and abortion rights ; eliminating discrimination against women , minorities , and LGBT people ; supporting the rights of prisoners and opposing torture ; and opposing government preference for religion over non-religion , or for particular faiths over others . Legally , the ACLU consists of two separate but closely affiliated nonprofit organizations : the American Civil Liberties Union , a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) social welfare group , and the ACLU Foundation , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) public charity . Both organizations engage in civil rights litigation , advocacy , and education , but only donations to the 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) foundation are tax deductible , and only the 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) group can engage in unlimited political lobbying . The two organizations share office space and employees . The ACLU was founded in 1920 by Helen Keller , Roger Baldwin , Crystal Eastman , Walter Nelles , Morris Ernst , Albert DeSilver , Arthur Garfield Hays , Jane Addams , Felix Frankfurter , and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn , and its focus was on freedom of speech , primarily for anti-war protesters . During the 1920s , the ACLU expanded its scope to include protecting the free speech rights of artists and striking workers , and working with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) to decrease racism and discrimination . During the 1930s , the ACLU started to engage in work combating police misconduct and supporting Native American rights . Many of the ACLU 's cases involved the defense of Communist party members and Jehovah 's Witnesses . In 1940 , the ACLU leadership voted to exclude Communists from its leadership positions , a decision rescinded in 1968 . During World War II , the ACLU defended Japanese - American citizens , unsuccessfully trying to prevent their forcible relocation to internment camps . During the Cold War , the ACLU headquarters was dominated by anti-Communists , but many local affiliates defended members of the Communist Party . By 1964 , membership had risen to 80,000 , and the ACLU participated in efforts to expand civil liberties . In the 1960s , the ACLU continued its decades - long effort to enforce separation of church and state . It defended several anti-war activists during the Vietnam War . The ACLU was involved in the Miranda case , which addressed conduct by police during interrogations , and in the New York Times case , which established new protections for newspapers reporting on government activities . In the 1970s and 1980s , the ACLU ventured into new legal areas , involving the rights of homosexuals , students , prisoners , and the poor . In the twenty - first century , the ACLU has fought the teaching of creationism in public schools and challenged some provisions of anti-terrorism legislation as infringing on privacy and civil liberties . Fundraising and membership spiked after the 2016 election ; the ACLU 's current membership is more than 1.2 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Organization 1.1 Leadership 1.2 Funding 1.3 State affiliates 1.4 Positions 1.5 Support and opposition 2 Early years 2.1 CLB era 2.2 Free speech era 2.3 Scopes trial 2.4 First victories 2.5 Free speech 3 1930s 3.1 Expansion 3.2 Depression era and the New Deal 3.3 Jehovah 's Witnesses 3.4 Communism and totalitarianism 4 Mid-century 4.1 World War II 4.2 Cold War era 4.3 Organizational change 4.4 McCarthyism era 5 1960s 5.1 Separation of church and state 5.2 Freedom of expression 5.3 Racial discrimination 5.4 Police misconduct 5.5 Civil liberties revolution of the 1960s 5.6 Vietnam War 6 1970s and 1980s 6.1 Watergate era 6.2 Enclaves and new civil liberties 6.3 Victim groups 6.4 The Reproductive Freedom Project 6.4. 1 History 6.4. 2 Mission 6.4. 3 Major Accomplishments Pertaining to Reproductive Justice 6.4. 4 Current Initiatives 6.5 Privacy 6.6 Allegations of bias 6.7 The Skokie case 6.8 Reagan era 7 Post-Cold War era 7.1 1990 to 2000 7.2 Twenty - first century 7.3 Anti-terrorism issues 7.4 Trump administration 7.5 Shooting of Jocques Clemmons 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Archives 11.2 Selected works sponsored or published by the ACLU 12 External links Organization ( edit ) Leadership ( edit ) The ACLU is led by a president and an executive director , Susan N. Herman and Anthony Romero , respectively , in 2015 . The president acts as chairman of the ACLU 's board of directors , leads fundraising , and facilitates policy - setting . The executive director manages the day - to - day operations of the organization . The board of directors consists of 80 persons , including representatives from each state affiliate , as well as at - large delegates . The organization has its headquarters in 125 Broad Street , a 40 - story skyscraper located in Lower Manhattan , New York City . The leadership of the ACLU does not always agree on policy decisions ; differences of opinion within the ACLU leadership have sometimes grown into major debates . In 1937 , an internal debate erupted over whether to defend Henry Ford 's right to distribute anti-union literature . In 1939 , a heated debate took place over whether to prohibit communists from serving in ACLU leadership roles . During the early 1950s and Cold War McCarthyism , the board was divided on whether to defend communists . In 1968 , a schism formed over whether to represent Dr. Spock 's anti-war activism . In 1973 , there was internal conflict over whether to call for the impeachment of Richard Nixon . In 2005 , there was internal conflict about whether or not a gag rule should be imposed on ACLU employees to prevent publication of internal disputes . Funding ( edit ) In the year ending March 31 , 2014 , the ACLU and the ACLU Foundation had a combined income from support and revenue of $100.4 million , originating from grants ( 50.0 % ) , membership donations ( 25.4 % ) , donated legal services ( 7.6 % ) , bequests ( 16.2 % ) , and revenue ( 0.9 % ) . Membership dues are treated as donations ; members choose the amount they pay annually , averaging approximately $50 per member per year . In the year ending March 31 , 2014 , the combined expenses of the ACLU and ACLU Foundation were $133.4 million , spent on programs ( 86.2 % ) , management ( 7.4 % ) , and fundraising ( 8.2 % ) . ( After factoring in other changes in net assets of + $30.9 million , from sources such as investment income , the organization had an overall decrease in net assets of $2.1 million . ) Over the period from 2011 to 2014 the ACLU Foundation , on the average , has accounted for roughly 70 % of the combined budget , and the ACLU roughly 30 % . The ACLU solicits donations to its charitable foundation . The ACLU is accredited by the Better Business Bureau , and the Charity Navigator has ranked the ACLU with a four - star rating . The local affiliates solicit their own funding ; however , some also receive funds from the national ACLU , with the distribution and amount of such assistance varying from state to state . At its discretion , the national organization provides subsidies to smaller affiliates that lack sufficient resources to be self - sustaining ; for example , the Wyoming ACLU chapter received such subsidies until April 2015 , when , as part of a round of layoffs at the national ACLU , the Wyoming office was closed . In October 2004 , the ACLU rejected $1.5 million from both the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation because the Foundations had adopted language from the USA PATRIOT Act in their donation agreements , including a clause stipulating that none of the money would go to `` underwriting terrorism or other unacceptable activities . '' The ACLU views this clause , both in Federal law and in the donors ' agreements , as a threat to civil liberties , saying it is overly broad and ambiguous . Due to the nature of its legal work , the ACLU is often involved in litigation against governmental bodies , which are generally protected from adverse monetary judgments ; a town , state or federal agency may be required to change its laws or behave differently , but not to pay monetary damages except by an explicit statutory waiver . In some cases , the law permits plaintiffs who successfully sue government agencies to collect money damages or other monetary relief . In particular , the Civil Rights Attorney 's Fees Award Act of 1976 leaves the government liable in some civil rights cases . Fee awards under this civil rights statute are considered `` equitable relief '' rather than damages , and government entities are not immune from equitable relief . Under laws such as this , the ACLU and its state affiliates sometimes share in monetary judgments against government agencies . In 2006 , the Public Expressions of Religion Protection Act sought to prevent monetary judgments in the particular case of violations of church - state separation . The ACLU has received court awarded fees from opponents , for example , the Georgia affiliate was awarded $150,000 in fees after suing a county demanding the removal of a Ten Commandments display from its courthouse ; a second Ten Commandments case in the State , in a different county , led to a $74,462 judgment . The State of Tennessee was required to pay $50,000 , the State of Alabama $175,000 , and the State of Kentucky $121,500 , in similar Ten Commandments cases . State affiliates ( edit ) Howard Simon , executive director of the Florida affiliate , joins in a protest of the Guantanamo Bay detentions with Amnesty International Most of the organization 's workload is performed by its local affiliates . There is at least one affiliate organization in each state except Wyoming , as well as one in Washington , D.C. and in Puerto Rico . California has three affiliates . The affiliates operate autonomously from the national organization ; each affiliate has its own staff , executive director , board of directors , and budget . Each affiliate consists of two non-profit corporations : a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation that does not perform lobbying , and a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) corporation which is entitled to lobby . ACLU affiliates are the basic unit of the ACLU 's organization and engage in litigation , lobbying , and public education . For example , in a twenty - month period beginning January 2004 , the ACLU 's New Jersey chapter was involved in fifty - one cases according to their annual report -- thirty - five cases in state courts , and sixteen in federal court . They provided legal representation in thirty - three of those cases , and served as amicus in the remaining eighteen . They listed forty - four volunteer attorneys who assisted them in those cases . Positions ( edit ) The ACLU 's official position statements , as of January 2012 , included the following policies : Affirmative action -- The ACLU supports affirmative action . Birth control and abortion -- The ACLU supports the right to abortion , as established in the Roe v. Wade decision . The ACLU believes that everyone should have affordable access to the full range of contraceptive options . The ACLU 's Reproductive Freedom Project manages efforts related to reproductive rights . Campaign funding -- The ACLU believes that the current system is badly flawed , and supports a system based on public funding . The ACLU supports full transparency to identify donors . However , the ACLU opposes attempts to control political spending . The ACLU supported the Supreme Court 's decision in Citizens United v. FEC , which allowed corporations and unions more political speech rights . Child pornography -- The Arizona chapter of the ACLU believes that production of child pornography should be illegal , but that possessing it is protected by the right to privacy . `` Our policy is that possessing even pornographic material about children should not itself be a crime . The way to deal with this issue is to prosecute the makers of child pornography for exploiting minors . '' Criminal law reform -- The ACLU seeks an end to what it feels are excessively harsh sentences that `` stand in the way of a just and equal society '' . The ACLU 's Criminal Law Reform Project focuses on this issue . Death penalty -- The ACLU is opposed to the death penalty in all circumstances . The ACLU 's Capital Punishment Project focuses on this issue . Free speech -- The ACLU supports free speech , including the right to express unpopular ideas , such as flag desecration . Gun rights -- The national ACLU 's position is that the Second Amendment protects a collective right to own guns rather than an individual right , despite the Supreme Court 's decision in District of Columbia v. Heller that the Second Amendment is an individual right . The national organization 's position is based on the phrases `` a well regulated Militia '' and `` the security of a free State '' . However , the ACLU opposes any effort to create a registry of gun owners and has worked with the National Rifle Association to prevent a registry from being created , and it has favored protecting the right to carry guns under the 4th Amendment . HIV / AIDS -- The policy of the ACLU is to `` create a world in which discrimination based on HIV status has ended , people with HIV have control over their medical information and care , and where the government 's HIV policy promotes public health and respect and compassion for people living with HIV and AIDS . '' This effort is managed by the ACLU 's AIDS Project . Human rights -- The ACLU 's Human Rights project advocates ( primarily in an international context ) for children 's rights , immigrants rights , gay rights , and other international obligations . Immigrants ' rights -- The ACLU supports civil liberties for immigrants to the United States . Lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender rights -- The ACLU 's LGBT Rights Project supports equal rights for all gays and lesbians , and works to eliminate discrimination . The ACLU supports equal employment , housing , civil marriage and adoption rights for LGBT couples . National security -- The ACLU is opposed to compromising civil liberties in the name of national security . In this context , the ACLU has condemned government use of spying , indefinite detention without charge or trial , and government - sponsored torture . This effort is led by the ACLU 's National Security Project . Prisoners ' rights -- The ACLU 's National Prison Project believes that incarceration should only be used as a last resort , and that prisons should focus on rehabilitation . The ACLU works to ensure that prisons treat prisoners in accordance with the Constitution and domestic law . Privacy and technology -- The ACLU 's Project on Speech , Privacy , and Technology promotes `` responsible uses of technology that enhance privacy protection '' , and opposes uses `` that undermine our freedoms and move us closer to a surveillance society '' . Racial issues -- The ACLU 's Racial Justice Program combats racial discrimination in all aspects of society , including the educational system , justice system , and the application of the death penalty . However , the ACLU opposes state censorship of the Confederate flag . Religion -- The ACLU supports the right of religious persons to practice their faiths without government interference . The ACLU believes the government should neither prefer religion over non-religion , nor favor particular faiths over others . The ACLU is opposed to school - led prayer , but protects students ' right to pray in school . Single sex public education -- The ACLU opposes single sex public education options . It believes that single - sex education contributes to gender stereotyping and compares single - sex education to racial segregation . Voting rights -- The ACLU believes that impediments to voting should be eliminated , particularly if they disproportionately impact minority or poor citizens . The ACLU believes that misdemeanor convictions should not lead to a loss of voting rights . The ACLU 's Voting Rights Project leads this effort . Women 's rights -- The ACLU works to eliminate discrimination against women in all realms . The ACLU encourages government to be proactive in stopping violence against women . These efforts are led by the ACLU 's Women 's Rights project . Support and Opposition ( edit ) The ACLU is supported by a variety of persons and organizations . There were over 500,000 members in 2011 , and the ACLU annually receives thousands of grants from hundreds of charitable foundations . Allies of the ACLU in legal actions have included the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , the American Jewish Congress , People For the American Way , the National Rifle Association , the Electronic Frontier Foundation , Americans United for Separation of Church and State , and the National Organization for Women . The ACLU has been criticized by liberals , such as when it excluded Communists from its leadership ranks , when it defended Neo-Nazis , when it declined to defend Paul Robeson , or when it opposed the passage of the National Labor Relations Act . Conversely , it has been criticized by conservatives , such as when it argued against official prayer in public schools , or when it opposed the Patriot Act . The ACLU has supported conservative figures such as Rush Limbaugh , George Wallace , Henry Ford , and Oliver North ; and it has supported liberal figures such as Dick Gregory , Rockwell Kent , and Dr. Benjamin Spock . A major source of criticism are legal cases in which the ACLU represents an individual or organization that promotes offensive or unpopular viewpoints , such as the Ku Klux Klan , Neo-Nazis , Nation of Islam , North American Man / Boy Love Association , or Westboro Baptist Church . The ACLU responded to these criticisms by stating `` It is easy to defend freedom of speech when the message is something many people find at least reasonable . But the defense of freedom of speech is most critical when the message is one most people find repulsive . '' Early years ( edit ) CLB era ( edit ) Crystal Eastman was one of the co-founders of the CLB , the predecessor to the ACLU The ACLU developed from the National Civil Liberties Bureau ( CLB ) , co-founded in 1917 during World War I by Crystal Eastman , an attorney activist , and Roger Nash Baldwin . The focus of the CLB was on freedom of speech , primarily anti-war speech , and on supporting conscientious objectors who did not want to serve in World War I . Three United States Supreme Court decisions in 1919 each upheld convictions under laws against certain kinds of anti-war speech . In 1919 , the Court upheld the conviction of Socialist Party leader Charles Schenck for publishing anti-war literature . In Debs v. United States , the court upheld the conviction of Eugene Debs . While the Court upheld a conviction a third time in Abrams v. United States , Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote an important dissent which has gradually been absorbed as an American principle : he urged the court to treat freedom of speech as a fundamental right , which should rarely be restricted . In 1918 Crystal Eastman resigned from the organization due to health issues . After assuming sole leadership of the CLB , Baldwin insisted that the organization be reorganized . He wanted to change its focus from litigation to direct action and public education . The CLB directors concurred , and on January 19 , 1920 , they formed an organization under a new name , the American Civil Liberties Union . Although a handful of other organizations in the United States at that time focused on civil rights , such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) and Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) , the ACLU was the first that did not represent a particular group of persons , or a single theme . Like the CLB , the NAACP pursued litigation to work on civil rights , including efforts to overturn the disfranchisement of African Americans in the South that had taken place since the turn of the century . During the first decades of the ACLU , Baldwin continued as its leader . His charisma and energy attracted many supporters to the ACLU board and leadership ranks . Baldwin was ascetic , wearing hand - me - down clothes , pinching pennies , and living on a very small salary . The ACLU was directed by an executive committee , but it was not particularly democratic or egalitarian . The ACLU 's base in New York resulted in its being dominated by people from the city and state . Most ACLU funding came from philanthropies , such as the Garland Fund . Free speech era ( edit ) Norman Thomas was one of the early leaders of the ACLU In the 1920s , government censorship was commonplace . Magazines were routinely confiscated under the anti-obscenity Comstock laws ; permits for labor rallies were often denied ; and virtually all anti-war or anti-government literature was outlawed . Right - wing conservatives wielded vast amounts of power , and activists that promoted unionization , socialism , or government reform were often denounced as un-American or unpatriotic . In one typical instance in 1923 , author Upton Sinclair was arrested for trying to read the First Amendment during an Industrial Workers of the World rally . ACLU leadership was divided on how to challenge the civil rights violations . One faction , including Baldwin , Arthur Garfield Hays and Norman Thomas , believed that direct , militant action was the best path . Hays was the first of many successful attorneys that relinquished their private practices to work for the ACLU . Another group , including Walter Nelles and Walter Pollak felt that lawsuits taken to the Supreme Court were the best way to achieve change . Both groups worked in tandem , but equally revered the Bill of Rights and the US Constitution . During the 1920s , the ACLU 's primary focus was on freedom of speech in general , and speech within the labor movement particularly . Because most of the ACLU 's efforts were associated with the labor movement , the ACLU itself came under heavy attack from conservative groups , such as the American Legion , the National Civic Federation , and Industrial Defense Association and the Allied Patriotic Societies . In addition to labor , the ACLU also led efforts in non-labor arenas , for example , promoting free speech in public schools . The ACLU itself was banned from speaking in New York public schools in 1921 . The ACLU , working with the NAACP , also supported racial discrimination cases . The ACLU defended free speech regardless of the opinions being espoused . For example , the reactionary , anti-Catholic , anti-black Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) was a frequent target of ACLU efforts , but the ACLU defended the KKK 's right to hold meetings in 1923 . There were some civil rights that the ACLU did not make an effort to defend in the 1920s , including censorship of the arts , government search and seizure issues , right to privacy , or wiretapping . The Communist Party USA was routinely harassed and oppressed by government officials , leading it to be the primary client of the ACLU . The Communists were very aggressive in their tactics , often engaging in illegal or unethical conduct , and this led to frequent conflicts between the Communists and ACLU . Communist leaders often attacked the ACLU , particularly when the ACLU defended the free speech rights of conservatives . This uneasy relationship between the two groups continued for decades . Scopes trial ( edit ) When 1925 arrived -- five years after the ACLU was formed -- the organization had virtually no success to show for its efforts . That changed in 1925 , when the ACLU persuaded John T. Scopes to defy Tennessee 's anti-evolution law in The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes . Clarence Darrow , a member of the ACLU National Committee , headed Scopes ' legal team . The prosecution , led by William Jennings Bryan , contended that the Bible should be interpreted literally in teaching creationism in school . The ACLU lost the case and Scopes was fined $100 . The Tennessee Supreme Court later upheld the law but overturned the conviction on a technicality . The Scopes trial was a phenomenal public relations success for the ACLU . The ACLU became well known across America , and the case led to the first endorsement of the ACLU by a major U.S. newspaper . The ACLU continued to fight for the separation of church and state in schoolrooms , decade after decade , including the 1982 case McLean v. Arkansas and the 2005 case Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District . Baldwin himself was involved in an important free speech victory of the 1920s , after he was arrested for attempting to speak at a rally of striking mill workers in New Jersey . Although the decision was limited to the state of New Jersey , the appeals court 's judgement in 1928 declared that constitutional guarantees of free speech must be given `` liberal and comprehensive construction '' , and it marked a major turning point in the Civil Rights Movement , signaling the shift of judicial opinion in favor of civil rights . The most important ACLU case of the 1920s was Gitlow v. New York , in which Benjamin Gitlow was arrested for violating a state law against inciting anarchy and violence , when he distributed literature promoting communism . Although the Supreme Court did not overturn Gitlow 's conviction , it adopted the ACLU 's stance ( later termed the incorporation doctrine ) that the First Amendment freedom of speech applied to state laws , as well as federal laws . First victories ( edit ) Leaders of the ACLU were divided on the best tactics to use to promote civil liberties . Felix Frankfurter felt that legislation was the best long - term solution , because the Supreme Court could not ( and -- in his opinion -- should not ) mandate liberal interpretations of the Bill of Rights . But Walter Pollack , Morris Ernst , and other leaders felt that Supreme Court decisions were the best path to guarantee civil liberties . A series of Supreme Court decisions in the 1920s foretold a changing national atmosphere ; anti-radical emotions were diminishing , and there was a growing willingness to protect freedom of speech and assembly via court decisions . Free speech ( edit ) The ACLU defended H.L. Mencken when he was arrested for distributing banned literature Censorship was commonplace in the early 20th century . State laws and city ordinances routinely outlawed speech deemed to be obscene or offensive , and prohibited meetings or literature that promoted unions or labor organization . Starting in 1926 , the ACLU began to expand its free speech activities to encompass censorship of art and literature . In that year , H.L. Mencken deliberately broke Boston law by distributing copies of his banned American Mercury magazine ; the ACLU defended him and won an acquittal . The ACLU went on to win additional victories , including the landmark case United States v. One Book Called Ulysses in 1933 , which reversed a ban by the Customs Department against the book Ulysses by James Joyce . The ACLU only achieved mixed results in the early years , and it was not until 1966 that the Supreme Court finally clarified the obscenity laws in the Roth v. United States and Memoirs v. Massachusetts cases . The Comstock laws banned distribution of sex education information , based on the premise that it was obscene and led to promiscuous behavior Mary Ware Dennett was fined $300 in 1928 , for distributing a pamphlet containing sex education material . The ACLU , led by Morris Ernst , appealed her conviction and won a reversal , in which judge Learned Hand ruled that the pamphlet 's main purpose was to `` promote understanding '' . The success prompted the ACLU to broaden their freedom of speech efforts beyond labor and political speech , to encompass movies , press , radio and literature . The ACLU formed the National Committee on Freedom from Censorship in 1931 to coordinate this effort . By the early 1930s , censorship in the United States was diminishing . Two major victories in the 1930s cemented the ACLUs campaign to promote free speech . In Stromberg v. California , decided in 1931 , the Supreme Court sided with the ACLU and affirmed the right of a communist party member to salute a communist flag . The result was the first time the Supreme Court used the Due Process Clause of the 14th amendment to subject states to the requirements of the First Amendment . In Near v. Minnesota , also decided in 1931 , the Supreme Court ruled that states may not exercise prior restraint and prevent a newspaper from publishing , simply because the newspaper had a reputation for being scandalous . 1930s ( edit ) The late 1930s saw the emergence of a new era of tolerance in the United States . National leaders hailed the Bill of Rights , particularly as it protected minorities , as the essence of democracy . The 1939 Supreme Court decision in Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization affirmed the right of communists to promote their cause . Even conservative elements , such as the American Bar Association began to campaign for civil liberties , which were long considered to be the domain of left - leaning organizations . By 1940 , the ACLU had achieved many of the goals it set in the 1920s , and many of its policies were the law of the land . Expansion ( edit ) In 1929 , after the Scopes and Dennett victories , Baldwin perceived that there was vast , untapped support for civil liberties in the United States . Baldwin proposed an expansion program for the ACLU , focusing on police brutality , Native American rights , African American rights , censorship in the arts , and international civil liberties . The board of directors approved Baldwin 's expansion plan , except for the international efforts . The ACLU played a major role in passing the 1932 Norris -- La Guardia Act , a federal law which prohibited employers from preventing employees from joining unions , and stopped the practice of outlawing strikes , unions , and labor organizing activities with the use of injunctions . The ACLU also played a key role in initiating a nationwide effort to reduce misconduct ( such as extracting false confessions ) within police departments , by publishing the report Lawlessness in Law Enforcement in 1931 , under the auspices of Herbert Hoover 's Wickersham Commission . In 1934 , the ACLU lobbied for the passage of the Indian Reorganization Act , which restored some autonomy to Native American tribes , and established penalties for kidnapping Native American children . Although the ACLU deferred to the NAACP for litigation promoting civil liberties for African Americans , the ACLU did engage in educational efforts , and published Black Justice in 1931 , a report which documented institutional racism throughout the South , including lack of voting rights , segregation , and discrimination in the justice system . Funded by the Garland Fund , the ACLU also participated in producing the influential Margold Report , which outlined a strategy to fight for civil rights for blacks . The ACLU 's plan was to demonstrate that the `` separate but equal '' policies governing the Southern discrimination were illegal because blacks were never , in fact , treated equally . Depression era and the New Deal ( edit ) In 1932 -- twelve years after the ACLU was founded -- it had achieved significant success ; the Supreme Court had embraced the free speech principles espoused by the ACLU , and the general public was becoming more supportive of civil rights in general . But the Great Depression brought new assaults on civil liberties ; the year 1930 saw a large increase in the number of free speech prosecutions , a doubling of the number of lynchings , and all meetings of unemployed persons were banned in Philadelphia . The Franklin D. Roosevelt administration proposed the New Deal to combat the depression . ACLU leaders were of mixed opinions about the New Deal , since many felt that it represented an increase in government intervention into personal affairs , and because the National Recovery Administration suspended anti-trust legislation . Roosevelt was not personally interested in civil rights , but did appoint many civil libertarians to key positions , including Interior Secretary Harold Ickes , a member of the ACLU . The economic policies of the New Deal leaders were often aligned with ACLU goals , but social goals were not . In particular , movies were subject to a barrage of local ordinances banning screenings that were deemed immoral or obscene . Even public health films portraying pregnancy and birth were banned ; as was Life magazine 's April 11 , 1938 issue which included photos of the birth process . The ACLU fought these bans , but did not prevail . The Catholic Church attained increasing political influence in the 1930s , and used its influence to promote censorship of movies , and to discourage publication of birth control information . This conflict between the ACLU and the Catholic Church led to the resignation of the last Catholic priest from ACLU leadership in 1934 ; a Catholic priest would not be represented there again until the 1970s . The ACLU took no official position on president Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's 1937 court - packing plan , which threatened to increase the number of Supreme Court justices , unless the Supreme Court reversed its course and began approving New Deal legislation . The Supreme Court responded by making a major shift in policy , and no longer applied strict constitutional limits to government programs , and also began to take a more active role in protecting civil liberties . The first decision that marked the court 's new direction was De Jonge v. Oregon , in which a communist labor organizer was arrested for calling a meeting to discuss unionization . The ACLU attorney Osmond Fraenkel , working with International Labor Defense , defended De Jonge in 1937 , and won a major victory when the Supreme Court ruled that `` peaceable assembly for lawful discussion can not be made a crime . '' The De Jonge case marked the start of an era lasting for a dozen years , during which Roosevelt appointees ( led by Hugo Black , William O. Douglas , and Frank Murphy ) established a body of civil liberties law . In 1938 , Justice Harlan F. Stone wrote the famous `` footnote four '' in United States v. Carolene Products Co. in which he suggested that state laws which impede civil liberties would -- henceforth -- require compelling justification . Senator Robert F. Wagner proposed the National Labor Relations Act in 1935 , which empowered workers to unionize . Ironically , the ACLU , after 15 years of fighting for workers ' rights , initially opposed the act ( it later took no stand on the legislation ) because some ACLU leaders feared the increased power the bill gave to the government . The newly formed National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) posed a dilemma for the ACLU , because in 1937 it issued an order to Henry Ford , prohibiting Ford from disseminating anti-union literature . Part of the ACLU leadership habitually took the side of labor , and that faction supported the NLRB 's action . But part of the ACLU supported Ford 's right to free speech . ACLU leader Arthur Garfield Hays proposed a compromise ( supporting the auto workers union , yet also endorsing Ford 's right to express personal opinions ) , but the schism highlighted a deeper divide that would become more prominent in the years to come . The ACLU 's support of the NLRB was a major development for the ACLU , because it marked the first time it accepted that a government agency could be responsible for upholding civil liberties . Until 1937 , the ACLU felt that civil rights were best upheld by citizens and private organizations . Some factions in the ACLU proposed new directions for the organization . In the late 1930s , some local affiliates proposed shifting their emphasis from civil liberties appellate actions , to becoming a legal aid society , centered on store front offices in low income neighborhoods . The ACLU directors rejected that proposal . Other ACLU members wanted the ACLU to shift focus into the political arena , and to be more willing to compromise their ideals in order to strike deals with politicians . This initiative was also rejected by the ACLU leadership . Jehovah 's Witnesses ( edit ) The ACLU 's support of defendants with unpopular , sometimes extreme , viewpoints have produced many landmark court cases and established new civil liberties . One such defendant was the Jehovah 's Witnesses , who were involved in a large number of Supreme Court cases . Cases that the ACLU supported included Lovell v. City of Griffin ( which struck down a city ordinance that required a permit before a person could distribute `` literature of any kind '' ) ; Martin v. Struthers ( which struck down an ordinance prohibiting door - to - door canvassing ) ; and Cantwell v. Connecticut ( which reversed the conviction of a Witness who was reciting offensive speech on a street corner ) . The most important cases involved statutes requiring flag salutes . The Jehovah 's Witnesses felt that saluting a flag was contrary to their religious beliefs . Two children were convicted in 1938 of not saluting the flag . The ACLU supported their appeal to the Supreme Court , but the court affirmed the conviction , in 1940 . But three years later , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , the Supreme court reversed itself and wrote `` If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . '' To underscore its decision , the Supreme Court announced it on Flag Day . Communism and totalitarianism ( edit ) Elizabeth Flynn was voted off the ACLU board in 1940 because of her Communist Party membership , but reinstated posthumously in 1970 The rise of totalitarian regimes in Germany , Russia , and other countries who rejected freedom of speech and association had a large impact on the civil liberties movement in the U.S. ; anti-communist sentiment rose and civil liberties were curtailed . The ACLU leadership was divided over whether or not to defend pro-Nazi speech in the United States ; pro-labor elements within the ACLU were hostile towards Nazism and fascism , and objected when the ACLU defended Nazis . Several states passed laws outlawing the hate speech directed at ethnic groups . The first person arrested under New Jersey 's 1935 hate speech law was a Jehovah 's Witness who was charged with disseminating anti-Catholic literature . The ACLU defended the Jehovah 's Witnesses , and the charges were dropped . The ACLU proceeded to defend numerous pro-Nazi groups , defending their rights to free speech and free association . In the late 1930s , the ACLU allied itself with the Popular Front , a coalition of liberal organizations coordinated by the United States Communist Party . The ACLU benefited because affiliates from the Popular Front could often fight local civil rights battles much more effectively than the New York - based ACLU . The association with the Communist Party led to accusations that the ACLU was a `` communist front '' , particularly because Harry F. Ward was both chairman of the ACLU and chairman of the American League Against War and Fascism , a communist organization . The House Unamerican Activities Committee ( HUAC ) was created in 1938 to uncover sedition and treason within the United States . When witnesses testified at its hearings , the ACLU was mentioned several times , leading the HUAC to mention the ACLU prominently in its 1939 report . This damaged the ACLU 's reputation severely , even though the report said that it could not `` definitely state whether or not '' the ACLU was a communist organization . While the ACLU rushed to defend its image against allegations of being a communist front , it also worked to protect witnesses who were being harassed by the HUAC . The ACLU was one of the few organizations to protest ( unsuccessfully ) against passage of the Smith Act in 1940 , which would later be used to imprison many persons who supported Communism . The ACLU defended many persons who were prosecuted under the Smith Act , including labor leader Harry Bridges . ACLU leadership was split on whether to purge its leadership of communists . Norman Thomas , John Haynes Holmes , and Morris Ernst were anti-communists who wanted to distance the ACLU from communism ; opposing them were Harry Ward , Corliss Lamont and Elizabeth Flynn who rejected any political test for ACLU leadership . A bitter struggle ensued throughout 1939 , and the anti-communists prevailed in February 1940 , when the board voted to prohibit anyone who supported totalitarianism from ACLU leadership roles . Chairman Harry Ward immediately resigned , and -- following a contentious six - hour debate -- Elizabeth Flynn was voted off the ACLU 's board . The 1940 resolution was considered by many to be a betrayal of its fundamental principles . The resolution was rescinded in 1968 , and Flynn was posthumously reinstated to the ACLU in 1970 . Mid-century ( edit ) World War II ( edit ) Despite internal controversy over the issue , the ACLU defended the rights of Japanese Americans , such as the Mochida family , when they were forcibly relocated to internment camps When World War II engulfed the United States , the Bill of Rights was enshrined as a hallowed document , and numerous organizations defended civil liberties . Chicago and New York proclaimed `` Civil Rights '' weeks , and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt announced a national Bill of Rights day . Eleanor Roosevelt was the keynote speaker at the 1939 ACLU convention . In spite of this newfound respect for civil rights , Americans were becoming adamantly anti-communist , and believed that excluding communists from American society was an essential step to preserve democracy . Contrasted with World War I , there was relatively little violation of civil liberties during World War II . President Roosevelt was a strong supporter of civil liberties , but -- more importantly -- there were few anti-war activists during World War II . The most significant exception was the internment of Japanese Americans . Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Roosevelt authorized the creation of military `` exclusion zones '' with Executive Order 9066 , paving the way for the detention of all West Coast Japanese Americans in inland camps . In addition to the non-citizen Issei ( prohibited from naturalization as members of an `` unassimilable '' race ) , over two - thirds of those swept up were American - born citizens . The ACLU immediately protested to Roosevelt , comparing the evacuations to Nazi concentration camps . The ACLU was the only major organization to object to the internment plan , and their position was very unpopular , even within the organization . Not all ACLU leaders wanted to defend the Japanese Americans ; Roosevelt loyalists such as Morris Ernst wanted to support Roosevelt 's war effort , but pacifists such as Baldwin and Norman Thomas felt that Japanese Americans needed access to due process before they could be imprisoned . In a March 20 , 1942 letter to Roosevelt , Baldwin called on the administration to allow Japanese Americans to prove their loyalty at individual hearings , describing the constitutionality of the planned removal `` open to grave question . '' His suggestions went nowhere , and opinions within the organization became increasingly divided as the Army began the `` evacuation '' of the West Coast . In May , the two factions , one pushing to fight the exclusion orders then being issued , the other advocating support for the President 's policy of removing citizens whose `` presence may endanger national security , '' brought their opposing resolutions to a vote before the board and the ACLU 's national leaders . They decided not to challenge the eviction of Japanese American citizens , and on June 22 instructions were sent to West Coast branches not to support cases that argued the government had no constitutional right to do so . The ACLU offices on the West Coast had been more directly involved in addressing the tide of anti-Japanese prejudice from the start , as they were geographically closer to the issue , and were already working on cases challenging the exclusion by this time . The Seattle office , assisting in Gordon Hirabayashi 's lawsuit , created an unaffiliated committee to continue the work the ACLU had started , while in Los Angeles , attorney A.L. Wirin continued to represent Ernest Kinzo Wakayama but without addressing the case 's constitutional questions . ( Wirin would lose private clients because of his defense of Wakayama and other Japanese Americans . ) However , the San Francisco branch , led by Ernest Besig , refused to discontinue its support for Fred Korematsu , whose case had been taken on prior to the June 22 directive , and attorney Wayne Collins , with Besig 's full support , centered his defense on the illegality of Korematsu 's exclusion . The West Coast offices had wanted a test case to take to court , but had a difficult time finding a Japanese American who was both willing to violate the internment orders and able to meet the ACLU 's desired criteria of a sympathetic , Americanized plaintiff . Of the 120,000 Japanese Americans affected by the order , only 12 disobeyed , and Korematsu , Hirabayashi , and two others were the only resisters whose cases eventually made it to the Supreme Court . Hirabayashi v. United States came before the Court in May 1943 , and the justices upheld the government 's right to exclude Japanese Americans from the West Coast ; although it had earlier forced its local office in L.A. to stop aiding Hirabayashi , the ACLU donated $1,000 to the case ( over a third of the legal team 's total budget ) and submitted an amicus brief . Besig , dissatisfied with Osmond Fraenkel 's tamer defense , filed an additional amicus brief that directly addressed Hirabayashi 's constitutional rights . In the meantime , A.L. Wirin served as one of the attorneys in Yasui v. United States ( decided the same day as the Hirabayashi case , and with the same results ) , but he kept his arguments within the perimeters established by the national office . The only case to receive a favorable ruling , ex parte Endo , was also aided by two amicus briefs from the ACLU , one from the more conservative Fraenkel and another from the more putative Wayne Collins . Korematsu v. United States proved to be the most controversial of these cases , as Besig and Collins refused to bow to national pressure to pursue the case without challenging the government 's right to remove citizens from their homes . The ACLU board threatened to revoke the San Francisco branch 's national affiliation , while Baldwin tried unsuccessfully to convince Collins to step down so he could replace him as lead attorney in the case . Eventually Collins agreed to present the case alongside Charles Horsky , although their arguments before the Supreme Court remained based in the unconstitutionality of the exclusion order Korematsu had disobeyed . The case was decided in December 1944 , when the Court once again upheld the government 's right to relocate Japanese Americans , although Korematsu 's , Hirabayashi 's and Yasui 's convictions were later overturned in coram nobis proceedings in the 1980s . Although the ACLU ( somewhat unevenly ) defended the Japanese Americans , it was more reluctant to defend anti-war protesters . A majority of the board passed a resolution in 1942 which declared the ACLU unwilling to defend anyone who interfered with the United States ' war effort . Included in this group were the thousands of Nisei who renounced their U.S. citizenship during the war but later regretted the decision and tried to revoke their applications for `` repatriation . '' ( A significant number of those slated to `` go back '' to Japan had never actually been to the country and were in fact being deported rather than repatriated . ) Ernest Besig had in 1944 visited the Tule Lake Segregation Center , where the majority of these `` renunciants '' were concentrated , and subsequently enlisted Wayne Collins ' help to file a lawsuit on their behalf , arguing the renunciations had been given under duress . The national organization prohibited local branches from representing the renunciants , forcing Collins to pursue the case on his own , although Besig and the Northern California office provided some support . When the war ended in 1945 , the ACLU was 25 years old , and had accumulated an impressive set of legal victories . President Harry S. Truman sent a congratulatory telegram to the ACLU on the occasion of their 25th anniversary . American attitudes had changed since World War I , and dissent by minorities was tolerated with more willingness . The Bill of Rights was more respected , and minority rights were becoming more commonly championed . During their 1945 annual conference , the ACLU leaders composed a list of important civil rights issues to focus on in the future , and the list included racial discrimination and separation of church and state . The ACLU supported the African - American defendants in Shelley v. Kraemer , when they tried to occupy a house they had purchased in a neighborhood which had racially restrictive housing covenants . The African - American purchasers won the case in 1945 . Cold War era ( edit ) Anti-Communist sentiment gripped the United States during the Cold War beginning in 1946 . Federal investigations caused many persons with Communist or left - leaning affiliations to lose their jobs , become blacklisted , or be jailed . During the Cold War , although the United States collectively ignored the civil rights of Communists , other civil liberties -- such as due process in law and separation of church and state -- continued to be reinforced and even expanded . The ACLU was internally divided when it purged Communists from its leadership in 1940 , and that ambivalence continued as it decided whether to defend alleged Communists during the late 1940s . Some ACLU leaders were anti-Communist , and felt that the ACLU should not defend any victims . Some ACLU leaders felt that Communists were entitled to free speech protections , and the ACLU should defend them . Other ACLU leaders were uncertain about the threat posed by Communists , and tried to establish a compromise between the two extremes . This ambivalent state of affairs would last until 1954 , when the civil liberties faction prevailed , leading to the resignation of most of the anti-Communist leaders . In 1947 , President Truman issued Executive Order 9835 , which created the Federal Loyalty Program . This program authorized the Attorney General to create a list of organizations which were deemed to be subversive . Any association with these programs was ground for barring the person from employment . Listed organizations were not notified that they were being considered for the list , nor did they have an opportunity to present counterarguments ; nor did the government divulge any factual basis for inclusion in the list . Although ACLU leadership was divided on whether to challenge the Federal Loyalty Program , some challenges were successfully made . Also in 1947 , the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) subpoenaed ten Hollywood directors and writers , the Hollywood Ten , intending to ask them to identify Communists , but the witnesses refused to testify . All were imprisoned for contempt of Congress . The ACLU supported the appeals of several of the artists , but lost on appeal . The Hollywood establishment panicked after the HUAC hearings , and created a blacklist which prohibited anyone with leftist associations from working . The ACLU supported legal challenges to the blacklist , but those challenges failed . The ACLU was more successful with an education effort ; the 1952 report The Judges and the Judged , prepared at the ACLU 's direction in response to the blacklisting of actress Jean Muir , described the unfair and unethical actions behind the blacklisting process , and it helped gradually turn public opinion against McCarthyism . The ACLU chose not to support Eugene Dennis or other leaders of the U.S. Communist Party , and they were all imprisoned , along with their attorneys The federal government took direct aim at the U.S. Communist party in 1948 when it indicted its top twelve leaders in the Foley Square trial . The case hinged on whether or not mere membership in a totalitarian political party was sufficient to conclude that members advocated the overthrow of the United States government . The ACLU chose to not represent any of the defendants , and they were all found guilty and sentenced to three to five years in prison . Their defense attorneys were all cited for contempt , went to prison and were disbarred . When the government indicted additional party members , the defendants could not find attorneys to represent them . Communists protested outside the courthouse ; a bill to outlaw picketing of courthouses was introduced in Congress , and the ACLU supported the anti-picketing law . The ACLU , in a change of heart , supported the party leaders during their appeal process . The Supreme Court upheld the convictions in the Dennis v. United States decision by softening the free speech requirements from a `` clear and present danger '' test , to a `` grave and probable '' test . The ACLU issued a public condemnation of the Dennis decision , and resolved to fight it . One reason for the Supreme Court 's support of cold war legislation was the 1949 deaths of Supreme Court justices Frank Murphy and Wiley Rutledge , leaving Hugo Black and William O. Douglas as the only remaining civil libertarians on the Court . The Dennis decision paved the way for the prosecution of hundreds of other Communist party members . The ACLU supported many of the Communists during their appeals ( although most of the initiative originated with local ACLU affiliates , not the national headquarters ) but most convictions were upheld . The two California affiliates , in particular , felt the national ACLU headquarters was not supporting civil liberties strongly enough , and they initiated more cold war cases than the national headquarters did . The ACLU also challenged many loyalty oath requirements across the country , but the courts upheld most of the loyalty oath laws . California ACLU affiliates successfully challenged the California state loyalty oath . The Supreme Court , until 1957 , upheld nearly every law which restricted the liberties of Communists . The ACLU , even though it scaled back its defense of Communists during the Cold War , still came under heavy criticism as a `` front '' for Communism . Critics included the American Legion , Senator Joseph McCarthy , the HUAC , and the FBI . Several ACLU leaders were sympathetic to the FBI , and as a consequence , the ACLU rarely investigated any of the many complaints alleging abuse of power by the FBI during the Cold War . In 1950 , Raymond L. Wise , ACLU board member 1933 -- 1951 , defended William Perl , one of the other spies embroiled in the atomic espionage cases ( made famous by the execution of ( ( Julius Rosenberg ) and Ethel Rosenberg ) . Organizational change ( edit ) In 1950 , the ACLU board of directors asked executive director Baldwin to resign , feeling that he lacked the organizational skills to lead the 9,000 ( and growing ) member organization . Baldwin objected , but a majority of the board elected to remove him from the position , and he was replaced by Patrick Murphy Malin . Under Malin 's guidance , membership tripled to 30,000 by 1955 -- the start of a 24 - year period of continual growth leading to 275,000 members in 1974 . Malin also presided over an expansion of local ACLU affiliates . The ACLU , which had been controlled by an elite of a few dozen New Yorkers , became more democratic in the 1950s . In 1951 , the ACLU amended its bylaws to permit the local affiliates to participate directly in voting on ACLU policy decisions . A bi-annual conference , open to the entire membership , was instituted in the same year , and in later decades it became a pulpit for activist members , who suggested new directions for the ACLU , including abortion rights , death penalty , and rights of the poor . McCarthyism era ( edit ) In the 1950s the ACLU chose to not support Paul Robeson and other leftist defendants , a decision that would be heavily criticized in the future During the early 1950s , the ACLU continued to steer a moderate course through the Cold War . When leftist singer Paul Robeson was denied a passport in 1950 , even though he was not accused of any illegal acts , the ACLU chose to not defend him . The ACLU later reversed their stance , and supported William Worthy and Rockwell Kent in their passport confiscation cases , which resulted in legal victories in the late 1950s . In response to communist witch - hunts , many witnesses and employees chose to use the fifth amendment protection against self - incrimination to avoid divulging information about their political beliefs . Government agencies and private organizations , in response , established polices which inferred communist party membership for anyone who invoked the fifth amendment . The national ACLU was divided on whether to defend employees who had been fired merely for pleading the fifth amendment , but the New York affiliate successfully assisted teacher Harry Slochower in his Supreme Court case which reversed his termination . The fifth amendment issue became the catalyst for a watershed event in 1954 , which finally resolved the ACLU 's ambivalence by ousting the anti-communists from ACLU leadership . In 1953 , the anti-communists , led by Norman Thomas and James Fly , proposed a set of resolutions that inferred guilt of persons that invoked the fifth amendment . These resolutions were the first that fell under the ACLU 's new organizational rules permitting local affiliates to participate in the vote ; the affiliates outvoted the national headquarters , and rejected the anti-communist resolutions . Anti-communists leaders refused to accept the results of the vote , and brought the issue up for discussion again at the 1954 bi-annual convention . ACLU member Frank Graham , president of the University of North Carolina , attacked the anti-communists with a counter-proposal , which stated that the ACLU `` stand ( s ) against guilt by association , judgment by accusation , the invasion of privacy of personal opinions and beliefs , and the confusion of dissent with disloyalty . '' The anti-communists continued to battle Graham 's proposal , but were outnumbered by the affiliates . The anti-communists finally gave up and departed the board of directors in late 1954 and 1955 , ending an eight - year reign of ambivalence within the ACLU leadership ranks . Thereafter , the ACLU proceeded with firmer resolve against Cold War anti-communist legislation . The period from the 1940 resolution ( and the purge of Elizabeth Flynn ) to the 1954 resignation of the anti-communist leaders is considered by many to be an era in which the ACLU abandoned its core principles . McCarthyism declined in late 1954 after television journalist Edward R. Murrow and others publicly chastised McCarthy . The controversies over the Bill of Rights that were generated by the Cold War ushered in a new era in American Civil liberties . In 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education , the Supreme Court unanimously overturned state - sanctioned school segregation , and thereafter a flood of civil rights victories dominated the legal landscape . The Supreme Court handed the ACLU two key victories in 1957 , in Watkins v. United States and Yates v. United States , both of which undermined the Smith Act and marked the beginning of the end of communist party membership inquiries . In 1965 , the Supreme Court produced some decisions , including Lamont v. Postmaster General ( in which the plaintiff was Corliss Lamont , a former ACLU board member ) , which upheld fifth amendment protections and brought an end to restrictions on political activity . 1960s ( edit ) The decade from 1954 to 1964 was the most successful period in the ACLU 's history . Membership rose from 30,000 to 80,000 , and by 1965 it had affiliates in seventeen states . During the ACLU 's bi-annual conference in Colorado in 1964 , the Supreme Court issued rulings on eight cases in which the ACLU was involved ; the ACLU prevailed on seven of the eight . The ACLU played a role in Supreme Court decisions reducing censorship of literature and arts , protecting freedom of association , prohibiting racial segregation , excluding religion from public schools , and providing due process protection to criminal suspects . The ACLU 's success arose from changing public attitudes ; the American populace was more educated , more tolerant , and more willing to accept unorthodox behavior . Separation of church and state ( edit ) Supreme Court justice Hugo Black often endorsed the ACLU 's position on the separation of church and state Legal battles concerning the separation of church and state originated in laws dating to 1938 which required religious instruction in school , or provided state funding for religious schools . The Catholic church was a leading proponent of such laws ; and the primary opponents ( the `` separationists '' ) were the ACLU , Americans United for Separation of Church and State , and the American Jewish Congress . The ACLU led the challenge in the 1947 Everson v. Board of Education case , in which Justice Hugo Black wrote `` ( t ) he First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state ... . That wall must be kept high and impregnable . '' It was not clear that the Bill of Rights forbid state governments from supporting religious education , and strong legal arguments were made by religious proponents , arguing that the Supreme Court should not act as a `` national school board '' , and that the Constitution did not govern social issues . However , the ACLU and other advocates of church / state separation persuaded the Court to declare such activities unconstitutional . Historian Samuel Walker writes that the ACLU 's `` greatest impact on American life '' was its role in persuading the Supreme Court to `` constitutionalize '' so many public controversies . In 1948 , the ACLU prevailed in the McCollum v. Board of Education case , which challenged public school religious classes taught by clergy paid for from private funds . The ACLU also won cases challenging schools in New Mexico which were taught by clergy and had crucifixes hanging in the classrooms . In the 1960s , the ACLU , in response to member insistence , turned its attention to in - class promotion of religion . In 1960 , 42 percent of American schools included Bible reading . In 1962 , the ACLU published a policy statement condemning in - school prayers , observation of religious holidays , and Bible reading . The Supreme Court concurred with the ACLU 's position , when it prohibited New York 's in - school prayers in the 1962 Engel v. Vitale decision . Religious factions across the country rebelled against the anti-prayer decisions , leading them to propose the School Prayer Constitutional Amendment , which declared in - school prayer legal . The ACLU participated in a lobbying effort against the amendment , and the 1966 congressional vote on the amendment failed to obtain the required two - thirds majority . However , not all cases were victories ; ACLU lost cases in 1949 and 1961 which challenged state laws requiring commercial businesses to close on Sunday , the Christian Sabbath . The Supreme Court has never overturned such laws , although some states subsequently revoked many of the laws under pressure from commercial interests . Freedom of expression ( edit ) During the 1940s and 1950s , the ACLU continued its battle against censorship of art and literature . In 1948 , the New York affiliate of the ACLU received mixed results from the Supreme Court , winning the appeal of Carl Jacob Kunz , who was convicted for speaking without a police permit , but losing the appeal of Irving Feiner who was arrested to prevent a breach of the peace , based on his oration denouncing president Truman and the American Legion . The ACLU lost the case of Joseph Beahharnais , who was arrested for group libel when he distributed literature impugning the character of African Americans . Cities across America routinely banned movies because they were deemed to be `` harmful '' , `` offensive '' , or `` immoral '' -- censorship which was validated by the 1915 Mutual v. Ohio Supreme Court decision which held movies to be mere commerce , undeserving of first amendment protection . The film The Miracle was banned in New York in 1951 , at the behest of the Catholic Church , but the ACLU supported the film 's distributor in an appeal of the ban , and won a major victory in the 1952 decision Joseph Burstyn , Inc. v. Wilson . The Catholic Church led efforts throughout the 1950s attempting to persuade local prosecutors to ban various books and movies , leading to conflict with the ACLU when the ACLU published it statement condemning the church 's tactics . Further legal actions by the ACLU successfully defended films such as M and la Ronde , leading the eventual dismantling of movie censorship . Hollywood continued employing self - censorship with its own Production Code , but in 1956 the ACLU called on Hollywood to abolish the Code . The ACLU defended beat generation artists , including Allen Ginsberg who was prosecuted for his poem `` Howl '' ; and -- in an unorthodox case -- the ACLU helped a coffee house regain its restaurant license which was revoked because its Beat customers were allegedly disturbing the peace and quiet of the neighborhood . The ACLU lost an important press censorship case when , in 1957 , the Supreme Court upheld the obscenity conviction of publisher Samuel Roth for distributing adult magazines . As late as 1953 , books such as Tropic of Cancer and From Here to Eternity were still banned . But public standards rapidly became more liberal though the 1960s , and obscenity was notoriously difficult to define , so by 1971 prosecutions for obscenity had halted . Racial discrimination ( edit ) A major aspect of civil liberties progress after World War II was the undoing centuries of racism in federal , state , and local governments -- an effort generally associated with the Civil Rights Movement . Several civil liberties organizations worked together for progress , including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , the ACLU , and the American Jewish Congress . The NAACP took primary responsibility for Supreme Court cases ( often led by lead NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall ) , with the ACLU focusing on police misconduct , and supporting the NAACP with amicus briefs . The NAACP achieved a key victory in 1950 with the Henderson v. United States decision that ended segregation in interstate bus and rail transportation . In 1954 , the ACLU filed an amicus brief in the case of Brown v. Board of Education , which led to the ban on racial segregation in U.S. public schools . Southern states instituted a McCarthyism - style witch - hunt against the NAACP , attempting it to disclose membership lists . The ACLU 's fight against racism was not limited to segregation ; in 1964 the ACLU provided key support to plaintiffs , primarily lower income urban residents , in Reynolds v. Sims , which required states to establish the voting districts in accordance with the `` one person , one vote '' principle . Police misconduct ( edit ) The ACLU regularly tackled police misconduct issues , starting with the 1932 case Powell v. Alabama ( right to an attorney ) , and including 1942 's Betts v. Brady ( right to an attorney ) , and 1951 's Rochin v. California ( involuntary stomach pumping ) . In the late 1940s , several ACLU local affiliates established permanent committees to address policing issues . During the 1950s and 1960s , the ACLU was responsible for substantially advancing the legal protections against police misconduct . The Philadelphia affiliate was responsible for causing the City of Philadelphia , in 1958 , to create the nation 's first civilian police review board . In 1959 , the Illinois affiliate published the first report in the nation , Secret Detention by the Chicago Police , which documented unlawful detention by police . Some of the most well known ACLU successes came in the 1960s , when the ACLU prevailed in a string of cases limiting the power of police to gather evidence ; in 1961 's Mapp v. Ohio , the Supreme court required states to obtain a warrant before searching a person 's home . The Gideon v. Wainwright decision in 1963 provided legal representation to indigents . In 1964 , the ACLU persuaded the Court , in Escobedo v. Illinois , to permit suspects to have an attorney present during questioning . And , in 1966 , Miranda v. Arizona federal decision required police to notify suspects of their constitutional rights , which was later extended to juveniles in the following year 's in re Gault ( 1967 ) federal ruling . Although many law enforcement officials criticized the ACLU for expanding the rights of suspects , police officers themselves took advantage of the ACLU . For example , when the ACLU represented New York City policemen in their lawsuit which objected to searches of their workplace lockers . In the late 1960s , civilian review boards in New York City and Philadelphia were abolished , over the ACLU 's objection . Civil Liberties revolution of the 1960s ( edit ) The 1960s was a tumultuous era in the United States , and public interest in civil liberties underwent an explosive growth . Civil liberties actions in the 1960s were often led by young people , and often employed tactics such as sit ins and marches . Protests were often peaceful , but sometimes employed militant tactics . The ACLU played a central role in all major civil liberties debates of the 1960s , including new fields such as gay rights , prisoner 's rights , abortion , rights of the poor , and the death penalty . Membership in the ACLU increased from 52,000 at the beginning of the decade , to 104,000 in 1970 . In 1960 , there were affiliates in seven states , and by 1974 there were affiliates in 46 states . During the 1960s , the ACLU underwent a major transformation tactics ; it shifted emphasis from legal appeals ( generally involving amicus briefs submitted to the Supreme Court ) to direct representation of defendants when they were initially arrested . At the same time , the ACLU transformed its style from `` disengaged and elitist '' to `` emotionally engaged '' . The ACLU published a breakthrough document in 1963 , titled How Americans Protest , which was borne of frustration with the slow progress in battling racism , and which endorsed aggressive , even militant protest techniques . African - American protests in the South accelerated in the early 1960s , and the ACLU assisted at every step . After four African - American college students staged a sit - in in a segregated North Carolina department store , the sit - in movement gained momentum across the United States . During 1960 - 61 , the ACLU defended black students arrested for demonstrating in North Carolina , Florida , and Louisiana . The ACLU also provided legal help for the Freedom Rides in 1961 , the integration of the University of Mississippi , the Birmingham campaign in 1963 , and the 1964 Freedom Summer . The NAACP was responsible for managing most sit - in related cases that made it to the Supreme Court , winning nearly every decision . But it fell to the ACLU and other legal volunteer efforts to provide legal representation to hundreds of protestors -- white and black -- who were arrested while protesting in the South . The ACLU joined with other civil liberties groups to form the Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee ( LCDC ) which subsequently provided legal representation to many of the protesters . The ACLU provided the majority of the funding for the LCDC . In 1964 , the ACLU opened up a major office in Atlanta , Georgia , dedicated to serving Southern issues . Much of the ACLU 's progress in the South was due to Charles Morgan , Jr. , the charismatic leader of the Atlanta office . He was responsible for desegregating juries ( Whitus v. Georgia ) , desegregating prisons ( Lee v. Washington ) , and reforming election laws . The ACLU 's southern office also defended African - American congressman Julian Bond in Bond v. Floyd , when the Georgia congress refused to formally induct Bond into the legislature . Another widely publicized case defended by Morgan was that of Army doctor Howard Levy , who was convicted of refusing to train Green Berets . Despite raising the defense that the Green Berets were committing war crimes in Vietnam , Levy lost on appeal in Parker v. Levy , 417 U.S. 733 ( 1974 ) . In 1969 , the ACLU won a major victory for free speech , when it defended Dick Gregory after he was arrested for peacefully protesting against the mayor of Chicago . The court ruled in Gregory v. Chicago that a speaker can not be arrested for disturbing the peace when the hostility is initiated by someone in the audience , as that would amount to a `` heckler 's veto '' . Vietnam War ( edit ) The ACLU was at the center of several legal aspects of the Vietnam war : defending draft resisters , challenging the constitutionality of the war , the potential impeachment of Richard Nixon , and the use of national security concerns to preemptively censor newspapers . David J. Miller was the first person prosecuted for burning his draft card . The New York affiliate of the ACLU appealed his 1965 conviction ( 367 F. 2d 72 : United States of America v. David J. Miller , 1966 ) , but the Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal . Two years later , the Massachusetts affiliate took the card - burning case of David O'Brien to the Supreme Court , arguing that the act of burning was a form of symbolic speech , but the Supreme Court upheld the conviction in United States v. O'Brien , 391 US 367 ( 1968 ) . Thirteen - year - old Junior High student Mary Tinker wore a black armband to school in 1965 to object to the war , and was suspended from school . The ACLU appealed her case to the Supreme Court and won a victory in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District . This critical case established that the government may not establish `` enclaves '' such as schools or prisons where all rights are forfeit . The ACLU contends that the Bill of Rights protects individuals who burn the U.S. flag as a form of expression The ACLU defended Sydney Street , who was arrested for burning an American flag to protest the reported assassination of civil rights leader James Meredith . In the Street v. New York decision , the court agreed with the ACLU that encouraging the country to abandon one of its national symbols was constitutionally protected form of expression . The ACLU successfully defended Paul Cohen , who was arrested for wearing a jacket with the words `` fuck the draft '' on its back , while he walked through the Los Angeles courthouse . The Supreme Court , in Cohen v. California , held that the vulgarity of the wording was essential to convey the intensity of the message . Non-war related free speech rights were also advanced during the Vietnam war era ; in 1969 , the ACLU defended a Ku Klux Klan member who advocated long - term violence against the government , and the Supreme Court concurred with the ACLU 's argument in the landmark decision Brandenburg v. Ohio , which held that only speech which advocated imminent violence could be outlawed . A major crisis gripped the ACLU in 1968 when a debate erupted over whether to defend Benjamin Spock and the Boston Five against federal charges that they encouraged draftees to avoid the draft . The ACLU board was deeply split over whether to defend the activists ; half the board harbored anti-war sentiments , and felt that the ACLU should lend its resources to the cause of the Boston Five . The other half of the board believed that civil liberties were not at stake , and the ACLU would be taking a political stance . Behind the debate was the longstanding ACLU tradition that it was politically impartial , and provided legal advice without regard to the political views of the defendants . The board finally agreed to a compromise solution that permitted the ACLU to defend the anti-war activists , without endorsing the activist 's political views . Some critics of the ACLU suggest that the ACLU became a partisan political organization following the Spock case . After the Kent State shootings in 1970 , ACLU leaders took another step towards politics by passing a resolution condemning the Vietnam War . The resolution was based in a variety of legal arguments , including civil liberties violations and a claim that the war was illegal . Also in 1968 , the ACLU held an internal symposium to discuss its dual roles : providing `` direct '' legal support ( defense for accused in their initial trial , benefiting only the individual defendant ) , and appellate support ( providing amicus briefs during the appeal process , to establish widespread legal precedent ) . Historically , the ACLU was known for its appellate work which led to landmark Supreme Court decisions , but by 1968 , 90 % of the ACLU 's legal activities involved direct representation . The symposium concluded that both roles were valid for the ACLU . 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) Watergate era ( edit ) The ACLU was the first organization to call for the impeachment of Richard Nixon The ACLU supported The New York Times in its 1971 suit against the government , requesting permission to publish the Pentagon papers . The court upheld the Times and ACLU in the New York Times Co. v. United States ruling , which held that the government could not preemptively prohibit the publication of classified information and had to wait until after it was published to take action . As the Watergate saga unfolded , the ACLU became the first national organization to call for Nixon 's impeachment . This , following the resolution opposing the Vietnam war , was a second major decision that caused critics of the ACLU , particularly conservatives , to claim that the ACLU had evolved into a liberal political organization . Enclaves and New civil Liberties ( edit ) The decade from 1965 to 1975 saw an expansion of the field of civil liberties . Administratively , the ACLU responded by appointing Aryeh Neier to take over from Pemberton as Executive Director in 1970 . Neier embarked on an ambitious program to expand the ACLU ; he created the ACLU Foundation to raise funds , and he created several new programs to focus the ACLU 's legal efforts . By 1974 , ACLU membership had reached 275,000 . During those years , the ACLU led the way in expanding legal rights in three directions : new rights for persons within government - run `` enclaves '' , new rights for victim groups , and privacy rights for mainstream citizens . At the same time , the organization grew substantially . The ACLU helped develop the field of constitutional law that governs `` enclaves '' , which are groups of persons that live in conditions under government control . Enclaves include mental hospital patients , members of the military , and prisoners , and students ( while at school ) . The term enclave originated with Supreme Court justice Abe Fortas 's use of the phrase `` schools may not be enclaves of totalitarianism '' in the Tinker v. Des Moines decision . The ACLU initiated the legal field of student 's rights with the Tinker v. Des Moines case , and expanded it with cases such as Goss v. Lopez which required schools to provide students an opportunity to appeal suspensions . As early as 1945 , the ACLU had taken a stand to protect the rights of the mentally ill , when it drafted a model statute governing mental commitments . In the 1960s , the ACLU opposed involuntary commitments , unless it could be demonstrated that the person was a danger to himself or the community . In the landmark 1975 O'Connor v. Donaldson decision the ACLU represented a non-violent mental health patient who had been confined against his will for 15 years , and persuaded the Supreme Court to rule such involuntary confinements illegal . The ACLU has also defended the rights of mentally ill individuals who are not dangerous , but who create disturbances . The New York chapter of the ACLU defended Billie Boggs , a mentally ill woman who exposed herself and defecated and urinated in public . Prior to 1960 , prisoners had virtually no recourse to the court system , because courts considered prisoners to have no civil rights . That changed in the late 1950s , when the ACLU began representing prisoners that were subject to police brutality , or deprived of religious reading material . In 1968 , the ACLU successfully sued to desegregate the Alabama prison system ; and in 1969 , the New York affiliate adopted a project to represent prisoners in New York prisons . Private attorney Phil Hirschkop discovered degrading conditions in Virginia prisons following the Virginia State Penitentiary strike , and won an important victory in 1971 's Landman v. Royster which prohibited Virginia from treating prisoners in inhumane ways . In 1972 , the ACLU consolidated several prison rights efforts across the nation and created the National Prison Project . The ACLU 's efforts led to landmark cases such as Ruiz v. Estelle ( requiring reform of the Texas prison system ) and in 1996 U.S. Congress enacted the Prison Litigation Reform Act ( PLRA ) which codified prisoners ' rights . Victim groups ( edit ) Ruth Bader Ginsburg co-founded the ACLU 's Women 's Rights Project in 1971 . She was later appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States by President Bill Clinton . The ACLU , during the 1960s and 1970s , expanded its scope to include what it referred to as `` victim groups '' , namely women , the poor , and homosexuals . Heeding the call of female members , the ACLU endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment in 1970 and created the Women 's Rights Project in 1971 . The Women 's Rights Project dominated the legal field , handling more than twice as many cases as the National Organization for Women , including breakthrough cases such as Reed v. Reed , Frontiero v. Richardson , and Taylor v. Louisiana . ACLU leader Harriet Pilpel raised the issue of the rights of homosexuals in 1964 , and two years later the ACLU formally endorsed gay rights . In 1972 , ACLU cooperating attorneys in Oregon filed the first federal civil rights case involving a claim of unconstitutional discrimination against a gay or lesbian public school teacher . The U.S. District Court held that a state statute that authorized school districts to fire teachers for `` immorality '' was unconstitutionally vague , and awarded monetary damages to the teacher . The court refused to reinstate the teacher , and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed that refusal by a 2 to 1 vote . Burton v. Cascade School District , 353 F. Supp. 254 ( D. Or . 1972 ) , aff 'd 512 F. 2d 850 ( 1975 ) . In 1973 the ACLU created the Sexual Privacy Project ( later the Gay and Lesbian Rights Project ) which combated discrimination against homosexuals . This support continues even today . After then - Senator Larry Craig was arrested for soliciting sex in a public restroom , the ACLU wrote an amicus brief for Craig , saying that sex between consenting adults in public places was protected under privacy rights . Rights of the poor was another area that was expanded by the ACLU . In 1966 and again in 1968 , activists within the ACLU encouraged the organization to adopt a policy overhauling the welfare system , and guaranteeing low - income families a baseline income ; but the ACLU board did not approve the proposals . The ACLU played a key role in the 1968 King v. Smith decision , where the Supreme Court ruled that welfare benefits for children could not be denied by a state simply because the mother cohabited with a boyfriend . The Reproductive Freedom Project ( edit ) History ( edit ) The Reproductive Freedom Project is an institution founded in 1974 ( within the larger context of ACLU ) that is committed to defend individuals who feel abused by the government , especially with cases pertaining to a lack of access to abortions , birth control , or sexual education . The ACLU continues to defend individuals who feel abused or improperly treated by the government . Often the American Civil Liberties Union is the group to stand up for an individual when being discriminated against because of their religion , sex , gender , sexuality , race , or class , even when they are not the popular opinion . The Reproductive Freedom Project , however , goes deeper than the ACLU . The Project promotes sexual and reproductive health by providing lessons about contraception , knowing about one 's reproductive rights and assisting with the financial burdens of abortions and all of the logistics that may go into that . Mission ( edit ) The Reproductive Freedom Project of ACLU , according to their mission statement , actively works provide access to any and all reproductive health care for any human , regardless of race , gender , socioeconomic status , sexual orientation , or political standing . In some cases , Reproductive Freedom Programs fund ultrasounds and abortions and any lodging , meals , or transportation that go with that . Because women have reported finding it necessary to cross state lines or wait weeks for an abortion , The Reproductive Freedom Project states that they want to fight for individuals `` state by state and law by law '' until every individual can pursue the kind of lifestyle they want . As stated on their website , `` states have enacted more restrictions to abortion than they did in the previous 10 years combined '' . The ACLU claims to be committed to fighting injustices with access to education on what accessibilities one has to abortions , birth control , religious rights , as well as trying to diminish abstinence - only sexual education , for ACLU claims that abstinence only education promotes a lack of willingness to use contraceptives . Major accomplishments pertaining to Reproductive Justice ( edit ) As referenced in the larger ACLU article , in 1929 , the ACLU defended Margaret Sanger 's right to educate the general public about forms of birth control . In 1980 , the Project filed Poe v. Lynchburg Training School after 8,000 women had been sterilized without their authorization . In 1985 , the state decided to provide counseling and medical treatment for problems caused by what had happened 5 years prior . In 1977 , the ACLU took part in and litigated Walker v. Pierce , the Supreme Court case that created federal regulations to prevent Medicaid patients from being sterilized without their knowledge or consent . In 1981 - 1990 , the Project litigated Hodgson v. Minnesota , a case defending the rights of teenagers who chose not to comply with a state law requiring them to receive parental permission for an abortion . In the 1990s , the Project provided legal assistance and resource kits to those who were being attacked for educating about sexuality and AIDS . In 1995 , the Project filed Curtis v. School Committee of Falmouth , the U.S. 's first condom availability program . Current initiatives ( edit ) The Reproductive Freedom Project is presently working on three ideas : ( 1 ) to `` reverse the shortage of trained abortion providers throughout the country '' ( 2 ) to `` block state and federal welfare `` reform '' proposals that cut off benefits for children who are born to women already receiving welfare , unmarried women , or teenagers '' and ( 3 ) to `` stop the elimination of vital reproductive health services as a result of hospital mergers and health care networks . The Project says they are hoping to achieve these goals through legal action and litigation . Privacy ( edit ) The right to privacy is not explicitly identified in the U.S. Constitution , but the ACLU led the charge to establish such rights in the indecisive 1961 Poe v. Ullman case , which addressed a state statute outlawing contraception . The issue arose again in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) , and this time the Supreme Court adopted the ACLU 's position , and formally declared a right to privacy . The New York affiliate of the ACLU pushed to eliminate anti-abortion laws starting in 1964 , a year before Griswold was decided , and in 1967 the ACLU itself formally adopted the right to abortion as a policy . The ACLU led the defense in United States v. Vuitch which expanded the right of physicians to determine when abortions were necessary . These efforts culminated in one of the most controversial Supreme Court decisions of all time , Roe v. Wade , which legalized abortion in the first three months of pregnancy . The ACLU successfully argued against state bans on interracial marriage , in the case of Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) . Related to privacy , the ACLU engaged in several battles to ensure that government records about individuals were kept private , and to give individuals the right to review their records . The ACLU supported several measures , including the 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act required credit agencies to divulge credit information to individuals ; the 1973 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act , which provided students the right to access their records ; and the 1974 Privacy Act which prevented the federal government from disclosing personal information without good cause . Allegations of bias ( edit ) In the early 1970s , conservatives and libertarians began to criticize the ACLU for being too political and too liberal . Legal scholar Joseph W. Bishop wrote that the ACLU 's trend to partisanship started with its defense of Dr. Spock 's anti-war protests . Critics also blamed the ACLU for encouraging the Supreme Court to embrace judicial activism . Critics claimed that the ACLU 's support of controversial decisions like Roe v. Wade and Griswold v. Connecticut violated the intention of the authors of the Bill of Rights . The ACLU became an issue in the 1988 presidential campaign , when Republican candidate George H.W. Bush accused Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis ( a member of the ACLU ) of being a `` card carrying member of the ACLU '' . The Skokie case ( edit ) Main article : National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie It is the policy of the ACLU to support the civil liberties of defendants regardless of their ideological stance . The ACLU takes pride in defending individuals with unpopular viewpoints , such as George Wallace , George Lincoln Rockwell , and KKK members . The ACLU has defended American Nazis many times , and their actions often brought protests , particularly from American Jews . In 1977 , a small group of American Nazis , led by Frank Collin , applied to the town of Skokie , Illinois for permission to hold a demonstration in the town park . Skokie at the time had a majority population of Jews , totaling 40,000 of 70,000 citizens , some of whom were survivors of Nazi concentration camps . Skokie refused to grant permission , and an Illinois judge supported Skokie and prohibited the demonstration . Skokie immediately passed three ordinances aimed at preventing the group from meeting in Skokie . The ACLU assisted Collin and appealed to federal court . The appeal dragged on for a year , and the ACLU eventually prevailed in Smith v. Collin , 447 F. Supp. 676 . The Skokie case was heavily publicized across America , partially because Jewish groups such as the Jewish Defense League and Anti Defamation League strenuously objected to the demonstration , leading many members of the ACLU to cancel their memberships . The Illinois affiliate of the ACLU lost about 25 % of its membership and nearly one - third of its budget . The financial strain from the controversy led to layoffs at local chapters . After the membership crisis died down , the ACLU sent out a fund - raising appeal which explained their rationale for the Skokie case , and raised over $500,000 ( $1,976,112 in 2016 dollars ) . Reagan era ( edit ) The ACLU defended Oliver North in 1990 , arguing that his conviction was tainted by coerced testimony The inauguration of Ronald Reagan as president in 1981 , ushered in an eight - year period of conservative leadership in the U.S. government . Under his leadership , the government pushed a conservative social agenda , including outlawing abortion , inserting prayer in schools , banning pornography , and resisting gay rights . Fifty years after the Scopes trial , the ACLU found itself fighting another classroom case , the Arkansas 1981 creationism statute , which required schools to teach the biblical account of creation as a scientific alternative to evolution . The ACLU won the case in the McLean v. Arkansas decision . In 1982 , the ACLU became involved in a case involving the distribution of child pornography ( New York v. Ferber ) . In an amicus brief , the ACLU argued that child pornography that violates the three prong obscenity test should be outlawed , but that the law in question was overly restrictive because it outlawed artistic displays and otherwise non-obscene material . The court did not adopt the ACLU 's position . During the 1988 presidential election , Vice President George H.W. Bush noted that his opponent Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis had described himself as a `` card - carrying member of the ACLU '' and used that as evidence that Dukakis was `` a strong , passionate liberal '' and `` out of the mainstream '' . The phrase subsequently was used by the organization in an advertising campaign . In 1990 the ACLU defended Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North , whose conviction was tainted by coerced testimony -- a violation of his fifth amendment rights -- during the Iran -- Contra affair , where Oliver North was involved in illegal weapons sales to Iran in order to illegally fund the Contra guerillas . Post-cold War era ( edit ) 1990 to 2000 ( edit ) A California affiliate of the ACLU sued to remove the Mt . Soledad Cross from public lands in San Diego In 1997 , ruling unanimously in the case of Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union , the Supreme Court voted down anti-indecency provisions of the Communications Decency Act ( the CDA ) , finding they violated the freedom of speech provisions of the First Amendment . In their decision , the Supreme Court held that the CDA 's `` use of the undefined terms ' indecent ' and ' patently offensive ' will provoke uncertainty among speakers about how the two standards relate to each other and just what they mean . '' In 2000 , Marvin Johnson , a legislative counsel for the ACLU , stated that proposed anti-spam legislation infringed on free speech by denying anonymity and by forcing spam to be labeled as such , `` Standardized labeling is compelled speech . '' He also stated , `` It 's relatively simple to click and delete . '' The debate found the ACLU joining with the Direct Marketing Association and the Center for Democracy and Technology in 2000 in criticizing a bipartisan bill in the House of Representatives . As early as 1997 , the ACLU had taken a strong position that nearly all spam legislation was improper , although it has supported `` opt - out '' requirements in some cases . The ACLU opposed the 2003 CAN - SPAM act suggesting that it could have a chilling effect on speech in cyberspace . It has been criticized for this position . In November 2000 , 15 African - American residents of Hearne , Texas , were indicted on drug charges after being arrested in a series of `` drug sweeps '' . The ACLU filed a class - action lawsuit , Kelly v. Paschall , on their behalf , alleging that the arrests were unlawful . The ACLU contended that 15 percent of Hearne 's male African - American population aged 18 to 34 were arrested based only on the `` uncorroborated word of a single unreliable confidential informant coerced by police to make cases . '' On May 11 , 2005 , the ACLU and Robertson County announced a confidential settlement of the lawsuit , an outcome which `` both sides stated that they were satisfied with . '' The District Attorney dismissed the charges against the plaintiffs of the suit . The 2009 film American Violet depicts this case . In 2000 , the ACLU 's Massachusetts affiliate represented the North American Man Boy Love Association ( NAMBLA ) , on first amendment grounds , in the Curley v. NAMBLA wrongful death civil suit . The organization was sued because a man who raped and murdered a child had visited the NAMBLA website . Also in 2000 , the ACLU lost the Boy Scouts of America v. Dale case , which had asked the Supreme Court to require the Boy Scouts of America to drop their policy of prohibiting homosexuals from becoming Boy Scout leaders . Twenty - first century ( edit ) In March 2004 , the ACLU , along with Lambda Legal and the National Center for Lesbian Rights , sued the state of California on behalf of six same - sex couples who were denied marriage licenses . That case , Woo v. Lockyer , was eventually consolidated into In re Marriage Cases , the California Supreme Court case which led to same - sex marriage being available in that state from June 16 , 2008 until Proposition 8 was passed on November 4 , 2008 . The ACLU submitted arguments supporting Rush Limbaugh 's right to privacy during the criminal investigation of his alleged drug use During the 2004 trial regarding allegations of Rush Limbaugh 's drug abuse , the ACLU argued that his privacy should not have been compromised by allowing law enforcement examination of his medical records . In June 2004 , the school district in Dover , Pennsylvania , required that its high school biology students listen to a statement which asserted that the theory of evolution is not fact and mentioning intelligent design as an alternative theory . Several parents called the ACLU to complain , because they believed that the school was promoting a religious idea in the classroom and violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . The ACLU , joined by Americans United for Separation of Church and State , represented the parents in a lawsuit against the school district . After a lengthy trial , Judge John E. Jones III ruled in favor of the parents in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District decision , finding that intelligent design is not science and permanently forbidding the Dover school system from teaching intelligent design in science classes . In April 2006 , Edward Jones and the ACLU sued the City of Los Angeles , on behalf of Robert Lee Purrie and five other homeless people , for the city 's violation of the 8th and 14th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution , and Article I , sections 7 and 17 of the California Constitution ( supporting due process and equal protection , and prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment ) . The Court ruled in favor of the ACLU , stating that , `` the LAPD can not arrest people for sitting , lying , or sleeping on public sidewalks in Skid Row . '' Enforcement of section 41.18 ( d ) 24 hours a day against persons who have nowhere else to sit , lie , or sleep , other than on public streets and sidewalks , is breaking these amendments . The Court said that the anti-camping ordinance is `` one of the most restrictive municipal laws regulating public spaces in the United States '' . Jones and the ACLU wanted a compromise in which the LAPD is barred from enforcing section 41.18 ( d ) ( arrest , seizure , and imprisonment ) in Skid Row between the hours of 9 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 30 am . The compromise plan permits the homeless to sleep on the sidewalk , provided they are not `` within 10 feet of any business or residential entrance '' and only between these hours . One of the motivations for the compromise is the shortage of space in the prison system . Downtown development business interests and the Central City Association ( CCA ) were against the compromise . Police Chief William Bratton said the case had slowed the police effort to fight crime and clean up Skid Row , and that when he was allowed to clean up Skid Row , real estate profited . On September 20 , 2006 , the Los Angeles City Council voted to reject the compromise . On October 3 , 2006 , police arrested Skid Row 's transients for sleeping on the streets for the first time in months . In 2006 , the ACLU of Washington State joined with a pro-gun rights organization , the Second Amendment Foundation , and prevailed in a lawsuit against the North Central Regional Library District ( NCRL ) in Washington for its policy of refusing to disable restrictions upon an adult patron 's request . Library patrons attempting to access pro-gun web sites were blocked , and the library refused to remove the blocks . In 2012 , the ACLU sued the same library system for refusing to temporarily , at the request of an adult patron , disable Internet filters which blocked access to Google Images . In 2006 , the ACLU challenged a Missouri law that prohibited picketing outside of veterans ' funerals . The suit was filed in support of the Westboro Baptist Church and Shirley Phelps - Roper , who were threatened with arrest . The Westboro Baptist Church is well known for their picket signs that contain messages such as , `` God Hates Fags '' , `` Thank God for Dead Soldiers '' and `` Thank God for 9 / 11 '' . The ACLU issued a statement calling the legislation a `` law that infringes on Shirley Phelps - Roper 's rights to religious liberty and free speech '' . The ACLU prevailed in the lawsuit . In 2008 , the ACLU was part of a consortium of legal advocates , including Lambda Legal and the National Center for Lesbian Rights , that challenged California 's Proposition 8 , which declared same - sex marriages illegal . The ACLU and its allies prevailed . In light of the Supreme Court 's Heller decision recognizing that the Constitution protects an individual right to bear arms , ACLU of Nevada took a position of supporting `` the individual 's right to bear arms subject to constitutionally permissible regulations '' and pledged to `` defend this right as it defends other constitutional rights '' . Since 2008 , the ACLU has increasingly assisted gun owners recover firearms that have been seized illegally by law enforcement . In 2009 , the ACLU filed an amicus brief in Citizens United v. FEC , arguing that the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 violated the First Amendment right to free speech by curtailing political speech . This stance on the landmark Citizens United case caused considerable disagreement within the organization , resulting in a discussion about its future stance during a quarterly board meeting in 2010 . On March 27 , 2012 , the ACLU reaffirmed its stance in support of the Supreme Court 's Citizens United ruling , at the same time voicing support for expanded public financing of election campaigns and stating the organization would firmly oppose any future constitutional amendment limiting free speech . In 2010 the ACLU of Illinois was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame as a Friend of the Community . In 2011 the ACLU started its Do n't Filter Me project , countering LGBT - related Internet censorship in public schools in the United States . On January 7 , 2013 , the ACLU reached a settlement with the federal government in Collins v. United States that provided for the payment of full separation pay to servicemembers discharged under `` do n't ask , do n't tell '' since November 10 , 2004 , who had previously been granted only half that . Some 181 were expected to receive about $13,000 each . Anti-terrorism issues ( edit ) The ACLU represented Internet service provider Nicholas Merrill in a 2004 lawsuit which challenged the government 's right to secretly gather information about Internet access After the September 11 attacks , the federal government instituted a broad range of new measures to combat terrorism , including the passage of the Patriot Act . The ACLU challenged many of the measures , claiming that they violated rights regarding due process , privacy , illegal searches , and cruel and unusual punishment . An ACLU policy statement states : Our way forward lies in decisively turning our backs on the policies and practices that violate our greatest strength : our Constitution and the commitment it embodies to the rule of law . Liberty and security do not compete in a zero - sum game ; our freedoms are the very foundation of our strength and security . The ACLU 's National Security Project advocates for national security policies that are consistent with the Constitution , the rule of law , and fundamental human rights . The Project litigates cases relating to detention , torture , discrimination , surveillance , censorship , and secrecy . During the ensuing debate regarding the proper balance of civil liberties and security , the membership of the ACLU increased by 20 % , bringing the group 's total enrollment to 330,000 . The growth continued , and by August 2008 ACLU membership was greater than 500,000 . It remained at that level through 2011 . The ACLU has been a vocal opponent of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 , the PATRIOT 2 Act of 2003 , and associated legislation made in response to the threat of domestic terrorism . In response to a requirement of the USA PATRIOT Act , the ACLU withdrew from the Combined Federal Campaign charity drive . The campaign imposed a requirement that ACLU employees must be checked against a federal anti-terrorism watch list . The ACLU has stated that it would `` reject $500,000 in contributions from private individuals rather than submit to a government ' blacklist ' policy . '' In 2004 , the ACLU sued the federal government in American Civil Liberties Union v. Ashcroft on behalf of Nicholas Merrill , owner of an Internet service provider . Under the provisions of the Patriot Act , the government had issued national security letters to Merrill to compel him to provide private Internet access information from some of his customers . In addition , the government placed a gag order on Merrill , forbidding him from discussing the matter with anyone . In January 2006 , the ACLU filed a lawsuit , ACLU v. NSA , in a federal district court in Michigan , challenging government spying in the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy . On August 17 , 2006 , that court ruled that the warrantless wiretapping program is unconstitutional and ordered it ended immediately . However , the order was stayed pending an appeal . The Bush administration did suspend the program while the appeal was being heard . In February 2008 , the U.S. Supreme Court turned down an appeal from the ACLU to let it pursue a lawsuit against the program that began shortly after the September 11 terror attacks . The ACLU and other organizations also filed separate lawsuits around the country against telecommunications companies . The ACLU filed a lawsuit in Illinois ( Terkel v. AT&T ) which was dismissed because of the state secrets privilege and two others in California requesting injunctions against AT&T and Verizon . On August 10 , 2006 , the lawsuits against the telecommunications companies were transferred to a federal judge in San Francisco . The ACLU represents a Muslim - American who was detained but never accused of a crime in Ashcroft v. al - Kidd , a civil suit against former Attorney General John Ashcroft . In January 2010 , the American military released the names of 645 detainees held at the Bagram Theater Internment Facility in Afghanistan , modifying its long - held position against publicizing such information . This list was prompted by a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit filed in September 2009 by the ACLU , whose lawyers had also requested detailed information about conditions , rules and regulations . The ACLU has also criticized targeted killings of American citizens who fight against the United States . In 2011 the ACLU criticized the killing of radical Muslim cleric Anwar al - Awlaki on the basis that it was a violation of his Fifth Amendment right to not be deprived of life , liberty , or property without due process of law . Trump administration ( edit ) Abdi Soltani , executive director of Northern California ACLU , speaks at a San Francisco protest of the U.S. immigration ban . Following Donald Trump 's election as President on November 8 , 2016 , the ACLU responded on Twitter saying : `` Should President - elect Donald Trump attempt to implement his unconstitutional campaign promises , we 'll see him in court . '' On January 27 , 2017 , President Trump signed an executive order indefinitely barring `` Syrian refugees from entering the United States , suspended all refugee admissions for 120 days and blocked citizens of seven Muslim - majority countries , refugees or otherwise , from entering the United States for 90 days : Iran , Iraq , Libya , Somalia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen '' . The ACLU responded by filing a lawsuit against the ban on behalf of Hameed Khalid Darweesh and Haider Sameer Abdulkhaleq Alshawi , who had been detained at JFK International Airport . On January 28 , 2017 , a US District Court Judge Ann Donnelly granted a temporary injunction against the immigration order , saying it was difficult to see any harm from allowing the newly arrived immigrants from entering the country . In response to Trump 's order , the ACLU raised more than $24 million from more than 350,000 individual online donations in a two - day period . This amounted to six times what the ACLU normally receives in online donations in a year . Celebrities donating included Chris Sacca ( who offered to match other people 's donations and ultimately gave $150,000 ) , Rosie O'Donnell , Judd Apatow , Sia , John Legend , and Adele . The number of members of the ACLU doubled in the time from the election to end of January to 1 million . Shooting of Jocques Clemmons ( edit ) The ACLU of Tennessee protested the shooting of Jocques Clemmons which occurred in Nashville , Tennessee on February 10 , 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , as Glenn Funk , the district attorney of Davidson County , decided not to prosecute police officer Joshua Lippert , they called for an independent community review board and for Nashville police officers to wear body cameras . See also ( edit ) United States portal American Civil Rights Union British Columbia Civil Liberties Association Canadian Civil Liberties Association Civil libertarianism Institute for Justice Liberty , a British equivalent List of court cases involving the American Civil Liberties Union National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee New York Civil Liberties Union Political freedom Southern Poverty Law Center Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About the ACLU '' . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union ... Consolidated Financial Report , March 31 , 2014 . Total expenses , p. 5 . American Civil Liberties Union website , `` Financials '' section , under : `` Audited Financial Statements . '' Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : David Weigel ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ACLU is leading a million - dollar resistance effort against Trump 's policies '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` ACLU History , '' first section , paragraph 3 . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU History , '' section : `` And how we do it , '' paragraph 3 . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU History , '' section : `` And how we do it , '' paragraph 1 . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Amanda Harmon ( 2011 ) . `` American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) . '' Encyclopedia of Social Networks . Ed . George A. Barnett . Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Sage Publications . Vol. 1 . p. 26 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . American Civil Liberties Union . Jump up ^ `` ACLU and ACLU Foundation : What Is the Difference ? '' . American Civil Liberties Union web site . ACLU . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krehely , Jeff ( 2005 ) . `` Maximizing Nonprofit Voices and Mobilizing the Public '' ( PDF ) . Responsive Philanthropy : 9 -- 10 , 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual report fiscal year 2007 '' ( PDF ) . American Civil Liberties Union . p. 2 . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Susan N. Herman , President . '' American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony D. Romero , Executive Director . '' American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bylaws of ACLU , Inc. , Organizational Policy No. 501 ( undated ) . Article V. Officers , Section 5 ( President ) and Section 15 ( Executive Director ) . American Civil Liberties Union website ( www.aclu.org/financials , `` Related Information '' ) . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Croghan , Lore ( February 28 , 2005 ) . `` ACLU is high on Lower Manhattan '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , pp. 102 -- 103 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , pp. 132 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , pp. 176 , 210 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , pp. 284 -- 285 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , pp. 292 -- 294 . The ACLU published a full page newspaper advertisement on October 14 , 1973 , urging impeachment . Jump up ^ Sherman , Scott , `` ACLU v. ACLU '' , The Nation , January 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : American Civil Liberties Union ... Consolidated Financial Report , March 31 , 2014 . American Civil Liberties Union website , `` Financials '' section , under : `` Audited Financial Statements . '' See also pie chart on ACLU `` Finances '' page . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Membership income for the year ending March 31 , 2014 was 5.5 million ( 25.4 % of the total , 0.4 million ) . On its website , under `` History , '' and on 990 Forms , 2010 - 2013 ( part III , 4b , on p. 2 ; retrieved May 10 , 2015 ) the ACLU states only a rough membership figure of 500,000 . Using this rounded figure , the average donation per member for 2014 comes to , 1 . Membership fee is not fixed -- members donate an amount of their choosing . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union ... Consolidated Financial Report , March 31 , 2014 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union Annual Report 2014 , p. 30 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Based on total expenses reported on the 990 forms of the Foundation and the Union , respectively ; see 990 Forms , 2010 - 2013 , American Civil Liberties Union website , `` Financials '' section . Jump up ^ `` Charity Report - American Civil Liberties Union Foundation - give.org '' . bbb.org . Jump up ^ `` Charity Navigator Rating - American Civil Liberties Union Foundation '' . Charity Navigator . Jump up ^ Nickerson , Gregory ( April 1 , 2015 ) . National office closes Wyoming ACLU chapter . Wyofile : People , Places & Policy ( Wyoming news service ) . See paragraph 5 . Nickerson mentions the Puerto Rico office , and a single office for North and South Dakota , as other examples of smaller offices receiving subsidies . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union ... Consolidated Financial Report , March 31 , 2014 , p. 10 , Note 1 . Organization : `` Although the ACLU plays no direct role in the governance of ... the affiliates , the organizations jointly fund - raise and work together on certain programs and the ACLU , through either the Union or Foundation , as appropriate , at its sole discretion provides targeted financial and other support to the affiliates . '' Jump up ^ Stephanie Strom ( October 19 , 2004 ) . `` A.C.L.U. Rejects Foundation Grants Over Terror Language '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ See Kaminer , pp. 68 -- 70 for a discussion of an internal scandal in which Romero was accused of attempting to accept the funds without disclosing the terms to the ACLU board . Jump up ^ `` Title 42 , Chapter 21 , Subchapter I , § 1988 . Proceedings in vindication of civil rights '' . Jump up ^ Report No. 109 - 657 , H.R. 2679 , available at GPO . Jump up ^ ACLU Georgia Press Release , `` Barrow County to Remove 10 Commandments Display '' Archived December 22 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , July 19 , 2007 ( last visited January 6 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ ACLU Georgia , `` 2007 Litigation & Advocacy Docket '' Archived December 26 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ( last visited January 6 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` State pays ACLU $121,500 in Ten Commandments fight '' . Jump up ^ Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance , The Ten Commandments : Developments : Year 2002 , ReligiousTolerance.org Jump up ^ `` Local ACLU Affiliates '' . American Civil Liberties Union web site . ACLU . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Affirmative Action '' . ACLU . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reproductive Freedom Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campaign Finance Reform Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tough Questions about ACLU Positions '' ( PDF ) . acluaz.org . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ . Criminal Law Reform Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Capital Punishment Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Free Speech Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Second Amendment , January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Ralph ( April 5 , 2007 ) . `` Unusual Allies in a Legal Battle Over Texas Drivers ' Gun Rights '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Plum Line '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ HIV / AIDS Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Human Rights Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Immigrant Rights Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ LGBT Rights Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Security Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prisoners ' Rights Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Technology and Liberty Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Racial Justice Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A Test of Free Speech and Bias , Served on a Plate From Texas , New York Times , March 22 , 2015 Jump up ^ Freedom of Religion and Belief - Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Single - Sex Education American Civil Liberties Union . Aclu.org . Retrieved on May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Voting Rights Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Women 's Rights Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finan , Christopher M. ( 2007 ) , From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act : a history of the fight for free speech in America , Beacon Press , pp. 158 -- 159 . ( Robeson ) ^ Jump up to : Walker , pp. 323 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 219 -- 220 ( prayer in school ) . ^ Jump up to : Donaldson - Evans , Catherine ( January 12 , 2004 ) , `` ACLU Comes to Rush Limbaugh 's Defense '' , Fox News Jump up ^ Walker p 242 ( Wallace ) . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 103 . ( Ford ) Jump up ^ Walker , p. 375 . ( North ) Jump up ^ ACLU list of successes ( Gregory ) . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p 82 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 200 . ( Kent ) Jump up ^ ACLU Statement on Defending Free Speech of Unpopular Organizations , August 31 , 2000 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 17 and 20 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 23 -- 24 , 30 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 27 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 66 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p 70 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 67 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 51 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p 52 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p 53 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 55 Jump up ^ Walker , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Walker , p , 58 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 68 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 71 . Jump up ^ University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law , `` Tennessee v. John Scopes : The ' Monkey Trial ' ( 1925 ) '' , Famous Trials in American History , last updated April 25 , 2005 ( last visited January 7 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution - Creationism Controversy : A Chronology '' . Jump up ^ Walker , p 73 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 75 . The newspaper was the St. Louis Post Dispatch . Jump up ^ Berkman , Michael ( 2010 ) , Evolution , Creationism , and the Battle to Control America 's Classrooms , Cambridge University Press , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp 78 -- 79 . The case was in New Jersey , State v. Butterworth . Decision quoted by Walker . Jump up ^ Walker . p 79 . Jump up ^ Walker . p 80 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 81 Jump up ^ Walker , p. 82 . The cases included Gitlow ( 1925 ) , Whitney ( 1927 ) , Powell ( 1932 ) and Patterson ( 1935 ) . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 90 Jump up ^ Walker , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 112 ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 89 . Jump up ^ The Margold Report was named after its principal author , Nathan Ross Margold , a white attorney . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 97 Jump up ^ Walker , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 105 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Court decision quoted by Walker , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Wagner , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 104 . Jump up ^ The ACLU was not the primary legal representative ; the Witnesses had their own legal team , led by Hayden C. Covington during this era . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Justice Robert Jackson quoted by Walker , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 116 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 117 -- 118 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 123 . Jump up ^ The Smith Act was ruled unconstitutional in 1957 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : Niiya , Brian . `` American Civil Liberties Union '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 146 - 147 Jump up ^ Chin , Steven A. When Justice Failed : The Fred Korematsu Story , Raintree , 1992 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Niiya , Niiya . `` Ernest Besig '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 173 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 175 -- 176 . Jump up ^ walker , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 179 ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p 187 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Walter , pp. 188 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 190 . The case was Speiser v. Randall . Jump up ^ Walker , photo caption of Flynn , page following 214 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 193 , 195 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 191 -- 193 . Jump up ^ `` Raymond L. Wise , 91 , Dies ; Former Director of A.C.L.U. '' . New York Times . 8 July 1986 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 205 -- 206 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p 207 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 202 . The case was Slochower v. Board of Higher Education of New York City , 350 U.S. 551 ( 1956 ) . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 208 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Graham 's proposal quoted in Walker Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 210 -- 211 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Corliss Lamont , in particular , portrayed that era as a major lapse of principle . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 213 -- 214 , 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp 240 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 246 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 217 Jump up ^ Membership numbers are from 1955 and 1965 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 219 Jump up ^ Black quoted by Walker . Jump up ^ Black was paraphrasing Thomas Jefferson , who first employed the metaphor of a wall . Urofsky , Melvin , `` Church and State '' , in Bodenhamer , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 223 Jump up ^ Walker , p 223 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 224 ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 229 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 230 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 234 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 238 . Jump up ^ ACLU , ACLU Amicus Brief in Brown v. Board of Education , October 11 , 1952 ( PDF brief ) . Jump up ^ Walker , pp255 -- 257 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 246 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 246 -- 248 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 248 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 249 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 252 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 250 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , pp. 257 , 261 -- 262 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 262 -- 264 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p 262 Jump up ^ The count of affiliates is of affiliates with a permanent staff . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 263 . Characterizations by Samuel Walker . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 263 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 261 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 268 -- 269 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp 270 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 271 . Jump up ^ ACLU list of successes ; the case was Gregory v. Chicago , 394 U.S. 111 ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 280 . Meredith , in fact , was not assassinated . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Walker , p 286 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 289 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 294 Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 314 -- 316 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 299 . Key ACLU leaders in this effort were Ira Glasser and Aryeh Neier Jump up ^ Raskin , James B. ( 2009 ) , `` No Enclaves of Totalitarianism '' , American University Law Review , Vol. 58 : 1193 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 307 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Siegel , F. ( 2013 ) . The Future Once Happened Here : New York , D.C. , L.A. , and the Fate of America 's Big Cities . Encounter Books . p. 205 . ISBN 9781594035555 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Note , `` Beyond the Ken of Courts '' , Yale Law Journal 72 ( 1963 ) : 506 . Cited by Walker , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 310 -- 311 . The ACLU was not involved in the Landman case . Jump up ^ Pullman , Sandra ( March 7 , 2006 ) . `` Tribute : The Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and WRP Staff '' . ACLU.org . Accessed November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 299 . Jump up ^ The ERA was passed by congress in 1972 , but failed to be ratified by the states . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 304 -- 305 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 312 . Jump up ^ State Of Minnesota . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on May 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 313 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU and Center for Reproductive Rights Ask Court to Protect the Health and Rights of a Florida Rape Victim '' . Center for Reproductive Rights . 2014 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` How Is Trump Planning to Attack Reproductive Rights , LGBT Equality , and Religious Minorities ? We 'll Find Out . '' . Common Dreams . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Clara Bell Duvall Reproductive Freedom Project , ACLU of PA - Idealist '' . www.idealist.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU Reproductive Freedom Project Prison Activist Resource Center '' . www.prisonactivist.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Project Directory '' . Tides . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HARTMANN , SUSAN M. , ed. ( 1998 - 01 - 01 ) . The Other Feminists . Activists in the Liberal Establishment . Yale University Press . pp. 53 -- 91 . ISBN 9780300074642 . Jump up ^ `` Richmond Reproductive Freedom Project - National Network of Abortion Funds '' . National Network of Abortion Funds . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Center for Reproductive Rights , Planned Parenthood , ACLU File Challenges to Abortion Restrictions in Three States '' . Center for Reproductive Rights . 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` For Women 's Reproductive Freedom , a Chill Wind Blows '' . The American Prospect . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ABSTINENCE - ONLY EDUCATION IN THE COURTS - ProQuest '' . search.proquest.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ dejanikus , tacie ( 1982 - 01 - 01 ) . `` spousal notification upheld in florida suit '' . Off Our Backs. 12 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU of PA : Clara Bell Duvall Reproductive Freedom Project - Philadelphia - - Philadelphia.pa , Pennsylvania '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 300 -- 301 Jump up ^ Walker , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 303 . The ACLU did not participate directly in Roe v. Wade , but did lead the effort in the companion case Doe v. Bolton . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Joseph W. , `` Politics and the ACLU '' , Commentary 52 ( December 1971 ) : 50 -- 58 . Bishop cited by Walker . Bishop was professor of law at Yale . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 319 , 363 . Bush quoted by Walker . Jump up ^ Walker , p 323 ( Rockwell ) ; Walker p 242 ( Wallace ) . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Ed McManus , `` Nazi March : What 's It All About ? '' , Illinois Issues , v. 13 , Nov. 1978 ( available at Illinois Periodicals Online Archived September 8 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ) . The federal appeal case was Smith v. Collin 447 F. Supp. 676 . See also Supreme Court : Smith v. Collin , 439 U.S. 916 ( 1978 ) , and National Socialist Party v. Skokie , 432 U.S. 43 ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ 30,000 ACLU members resigned in protest . Jump up ^ Philippa Strum , When the Nazis Came to Skokie : Freedom for Speech We Hate ( University Press of Kansas ) ( University of Kansas Press publisher 's catalog description Archived August 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ `` Membership woes hurt ACLU while others gain '' . Jump up ^ `` 2d suit to block Nazis from Skokie march fails '' . Jump up ^ `` The High Cost of Free Speech : A.C.L.U. dilemma : defending `` hateful and heinous '' ideas `` . Time . June 28 , 1978 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 342 -- 343 . McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education , 529 F. Supp. 1255 ( E.D. Ark . 1982 ) ( `` transcription '' by Clark Dorman , January 30 , 1996 , at TalkOrigins ) . Jump up ^ `` Letter to Reps. Smith and Scott on H.R. 4623 , the `` Child Obscenity and Pornography Prevention Act of 2002 '' `` . ACLU.org . May 8 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Debating Our Destiny : The 1988 Debates '' . Jump up ^ Randall Rothenburg ( September 28 , 1988 ) . `` A.C.L.U. Goes Hollywood in Countering Bush 's Campaign of Derision '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ACLU , `` ACLU Statement on Defending Free Speech of Unpopular Organizations '' , August 31 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 375 . The federal appeals court case is North v. United States 910 F. 2d 843 . Jump up ^ `` The Iran - Contra Affair -- 1986 - 1987 '' . Washington Post . March 27 , 1998 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 521 U.S. 844 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Adam S. Marlin , `` First Amendment is obstacle to spam legislation '' , CNN , June 9 , 2000 . Jump up ^ ACLU , `` Letter to the Senate Urging Opposition to S. 877 , the `` Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 '' `` , July 30 , 2003 ( last visited January 7 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ ACLU , `` In Wake of ACLU Civil Rights Lawsuit Settlement , African Americans Affected by Texas Drug Task Force Scandal Call for Reconciliation at Town Meeting `` , June 2 , 2005 ( last visited April 10 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` American Violet '' . Jump up ^ ACLU , `` U.S. Supreme Court Ruling that Boy Scouts Can Discriminate Is ' Damaging but Limited , ' ACLU Says '' , June 28 , 2000 ( last visited October 26 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` California Marriage Case '' , ACLU , retrieved June 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Judge Rejects Teaching Intelligent Design '' , The New York Times , December 21 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` 444 F. 3d 1118 '' . Bulk.resource.org . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Westwater , Brady ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` Handing skid row to the drug dealers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LAPD Gentrifies Skid Row '' . Colorlines . October 3 , 2007 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Articles about Skid Row '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradburn et al. v. North Central Regional Library District ( U.S. District Court , Eastern District of Washington ) , `` ACLU Lawsuit Seeks Access to Lawful Information on Internet for Library Patrons in Eastern Washington '' . November 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Porn is Subject of ACLU lawsuit '' , International Business Times , February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garance Burke , `` ACLU Sues for Anti-Gay Group That Pickets at Troops ' Burials '' , The Washington Post , July 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The ACLU challenged the Missouri law , which was similar to the federal Respect for America 's Fallen Heroes Act . Jump up ^ `` ACLU of Eastern Missouri Challenges Law Banning Pickets and Protests One Hour Before or After a Funeral '' , ACLU , July 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU of Eastern Missouri Applauds Decision in Free Speech Case '' . Jump up ^ `` California 's Prop 8 Update '' , ACLU , November 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Appeals Court Says California Marriage Ban Is Unconstitutional '' , ACLU , February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU of Nevada Supports Individual 's Right to Bear Arms '' . ACLU of Nevada . June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU ' rethinking ' the Second Amendment ? '' . washingtontimes.com . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amicus Curiae Brief of the American Civil Liberties Union in Support of Appellant on Supplemental Question '' ( PDF ) . Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission : 24 . July 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Joeseph ( January 24 , 2010 ) . `` ACLU May Reverse Course on Campaign Finance Limits After Supreme Court Ruling '' . New York Sun . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The ACLU and Citizens United '' . ACLU . March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame '' . glhalloffame.org . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lasar , Matthew ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` '' Do n't filter me `` : ACLU fights schools that block LGBT websites '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` Servicemembers Kicked Out Under Military 's Gay Ban Since ' 04 To Receive Full Separation Pay '' . Buzz Feed . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muñoz , Carlo ( January 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Do n't ask , do n't tell ' dischargees to receive full back pay from DOD '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Security - Recent Court Cases , Issues and Articles American Civil Liberties Union '' . Aclu.org . September 11 , 2001 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Kampeas ( December 2 , 2002 ) . `` ACLU has new constituency after 9 / 11 '' . Associated Press via Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ACLU , `` About Us '' Archived October 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : ACLU , `` Citing Government `` Blacklist '' ; Policy , ACLU Rejects $500,000 from Funding Program `` , July 31 , 2004 ( last visited January 7 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Hamblett , Mark ( December 16 , 2008 ) . `` 2nd Circuit Requires Judicial Review Before Security Letter Gag Order '' . New York Law Journal . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zetter , Kim ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' John Doe ' Who Fought FBI Spying Freed From Gag Order After 6 Years '' . Wired.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Doe , John ( March 23 , 2007 ) . `` My National Security Letter Gag Order '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief ( `` NSA Spying Complaint '' ) , ACLU v. NSA ( E.D. Mich . January 17 , 2006 ) ( PDF of complaint available at ACLU website , `` Safe and Free : NSA Spying '' section of website ) . Jump up ^ Ryan Singel , `` Judge Halts NSA Snooping '' , Wired , August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Marks , Alexandra ( April 3 , 2007 ) . `` Privacy Advocates Fight for Ground Lost After 9 / 11 '' . The Christian Science Monitor . p . USA2 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU of Illinois Responds to Ruling in Terkel v. AT&T , ACLU , July 25 , 2006 , retrieved January 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` ACLU Files Lawsuit in California Court Demanding End to Privacy Violations by AT&T and Verizon '' , ACLU , May 26 , 2006 , retrieved January 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( August 11 , 2006 ) . `` Surveillance lawsuits transferred to judge skeptical of Bush plan '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court to consider Ashcroft bid for immunity '' . Washington Post . p . A2 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Alissa J. ; Rahimi , Sangar ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` Bagram Detainees Named by U.S. '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - US releases names of prisoners at Bagram , Afghanistan '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ ACLU criticizes killing of Anwar al - Awlaki , a U.S. citizen , calling it a ' dangerous ' precedent Need to Know . PBS ( September 30 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU National on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Stack , Liam ( 2017 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Trump 's Executive Order on Immigration : What We Know and What We Do n't '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU and Other Groups Challenge Trump Immigration Ban After Refugees Detained at Airports Following Executive Order '' . Speak Freely ( blog ) . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Judge blocks deportations as Trump order sparks global outrage '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ACLU racks up $24.1 million in donations over weekend '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Outrage over Trump 's immigrant ban helps ACLU raise more money online in one weekend than in all of 2016 '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Ariana ; Tamburin , Adam ; Wadhwani , Anita ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Jocques Clemmons ' family , community leaders call for officer 's firing '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Victims suffer double indignity '' . Wilmington Morning Star ( 109 , no . 47 ) . Wilmington , N.C. December 15 , 1975 . p. 3 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Bodenhamer , David , and Ely , James , Editors ( 2008 ) . The Bill of Rights in Modern America , second edition . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21991 - 6 . Donohue , William ( 1985 ) . The Politics of the American Civil Liberties Union . Transaction Books . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 021 - 2 . Kaminer , Wendy ( 2009 ) . Worst Instincts : Cowardice , Conformity , and the ACLU . Beacon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 4430 - 8 . A dissident member of the ACLU criticizes its post-9 / 11 actions as betraying core principles of its founders . Lamson , Peggy ( 1976 ) . Roger Baldwin : Founder of the American Civil Liberties Union . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 395 - 24761 - 6 . Walker , Samuel ( 1990 ) . In Defense of American Liberties : A History of the ACLU . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504539 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Klein Woody , and Baldwin , Roger Nash ( 2006 ) . Liberties lost : the endangered legacy of the ACLU . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2006 . A collection of essays by Baldwin , each accompanied by commentary from a modern analyst . Krannawitter , Thomas L. and Palm , Daniel C. ( 2005 ) . A Nation Under God ? : The ACLU and religion in American politics . Rowman & Littlefield . Sears , Alan , and Osten , Craig ( 2005 ) . The ACLU vs America : Exposing the Agenda to Redefine Moral Values . B&H Publishing Group . Smith , Frank LaGard ( 1996 ) . ACLU : The Devil 's Advocate : The Seduction of Civil Liberties in America . Marcon Publishers . Archives ( edit ) American Civil Liberties Union of Washington . 1942 -- 1996 . 136.66 cubic feet ( including 13 microfilm reels and 1 videocassette ) plus 62 cartons and 2 rolled posters . Labor Archives of Washington . University of Washington Special Collections . American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan : Detroit Branch Records 1952 - 1966 . This collection documents the early years of the Detroit ACLU branch . The collection contains documents related to academic freedom ; censorship ; church and state ; civil liberties ; police brutality ; HUAC ; and legal assistance to prisoners . Walter P. Reuther Library , Detroit , Michigan . American Civil Liberties Union of Oakland County , Michigan 1970 - 1984 . This collection illustrates that the branch was formed to address issues such as Oakland County jail conditions , lie detector use , senior housing rights , and attempts to reinstate the death penalty . Walter P. Reuther Library , Detroit , Michigan . Selected works sponsored or published by the ACLU ( edit ) Annual Report - American Civil Liberties Union , American Civil Liberties Union , 1921 . Black Justice , ACLU , 1931 . How Americans Protest , American Civil Liberties Union , 1963 . Secret detention by the Chicago police : a report , American Civil Liberties Union , 1959 . Report on lawlessness in law enforcement , Wickersham Commission , Patterson Smith , 1931 . This report was written by the ACLU but published under the auspices of the Wickersham Commission . Miller , Merle , ( 1952 ) , The Judges and the Judged , Doubleday . ACLU organization records , 1947 -- 1995 . Princeton University Library , Mudd Manuscript Library . The Dangers of Domestic Spying by Federal Law Enforcement , American Civil Liberties Union , 2002 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Civil Liberties Union . Wikiquote has quotations related to : American Civil Liberties Union Official website American Civil Liberties Union Records , Princeton University . Document archive 1917 -- 1950 , including the history of the ACLU . The ACLU Freedom Files TV series Debs Pamphlet Collection , Indiana State University Library . An array of annual ACLU reports in PDF . List of 100 most important ACLU victories , New Hampshire Civil Liberties Union . De-classified FBI records on the ACLU <Th_colspan="2"> American Civil Liberties Union Co-founders Crystal Eastman Roger Nash Baldwin Morris Ernst Walter Nelles Albert DeSilver Arthur Garfield Hays Helen Keller Jane Addams Felix Frankfurter Elizabeth Gurley Flynn National leaders Presidents Harry F. Ward ( 1920 -- 1940 ) John Haynes Holmes ( 1940 -- 1950 ) Ernest Angell ( 1950 -- 1969 ) Edward Ennis ( 1969 -- 1977 ) Norman Dorsen ( 1977 -- 1991 ) Nadine Strossen ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Susan N. Herman ( 2008 -- present ) Directors Roger Nash Baldwin ( 1917 -- 1950 ) Patrick Murphy Malin ( 1950 -- 1962 ) Jack Pemberton ( 1962 -- 1970 ) Aryeh Neier ( 1970 -- 1978 ) Ira Glasser ( 1978 -- 2001 ) Anthony D. Romero ( 2001 -- present ) Others Lucille Milner Franklyn Haiman Ruth Bader Ginsburg Chris Hansen Edward A. Ross Regional branches ACLU of Massachusetts American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey New York Civil Liberties Union ACLU of Northern California See also National Civil Liberties Bureau American Union Against Militarism Workers Defense Union List of court cases ACLU Mobile Justice <Th_colspan="2"> Patriot Act <Td_colspan="2"> Titles I -- II -- III -- IV -- V -- VI -- VII -- VIII -- IX -- X Statute Legislative and Judicial History History of the Patriot Act Acts modified Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Electronic Communications Privacy Act Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Money Laundering Control Act Bank Secrecy Act Right to Financial Privacy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Victims of Crime Act of 1984 Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act People George W. Bush John Ashcroft Alberto Gonzales Patrick Leahy Orrin Hatch Jon Kyl Dianne Feinstein Viet D. Dinh Joe Biden Michael Chertoff Barack Obama Eric Holder Jim Dempsey Chuck Schumer Lamar S. Smith Bob Graham Jay Rockefeller Arlen Specter Mike Oxley Dick Armey Paul Sarbanes Trent Lott Tom Daschle Russ Feingold Ellen Huvelle Ron Paul Lisa Murkowski Ron Wyden Dennis Kucinich Larry Craig John E. Sununu Richard Durbin Bernie Sanders Jerrold Nadler John Conyers , Jr . Butch Otter Government organizations Federal Bureau of Investigation Department of Justice Select Committee on Intelligence Department of the Treasury FinCEN Department of State National Institute of Standards and Technology Customs Service U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Non-government organizations American Civil Liberties Union American Library Association Center for Democracy and Technology Center for Public Integrity Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Privacy Information Center Humanitarian Law Project Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_Liberties_Union&oldid=800195827 '' Categories : American Civil Liberties Union 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) nonprofit organizations Civil liberties advocacy groups in the United States Government watchdog groups in the United States Immigration political advocacy groups in the United States Legal advocacy organizations in the United States LGBT political advocacy groups in the United States Non-profit organizations based in New York City Organizations established in 1920 Privacy in the United States Privacy organizations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 01 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
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-8,081,119,932,468,150,000 | how long dose it take for hair to grow | Human hair growth - wikipedia Human hair growth Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The growth of human hair occurs everywhere on the body except for the soles of the feet , the lips , palms of the hands , some external genital areas , the navel , scar tissue , and , apart from eyelashes , the eyelids . Like skin , hair is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium made of multi-layered flat cells whose rope - like filaments provide structure and strength to the hair shaft . Hair follows a specific growth cycle with three distinct and concurrent phases : anagen , catagen , and telogen phases . Each phase has specific characteristics that determine the length of the hair . All three phases occur simultaneously ; one strand of hair may be in the anagen phase , while another is in the telogen phase . The body has different types of hair , including vellus hair and androgenic hair , each with its own type of cellular construction . The different construction gives the hair unique characteristics , serving specific purposes , mainly warmth and protection . Most humans develop the longest thickest hair on their scalps and ( mostly observed in males ) faces . This hair will usually grow to several feet before terminating , but many humans develop much longer hair . Contents ( hide ) 1 Growth cycle 1.1 Anagen phase 1.2 Catagen phase 1.3 Telogen phase 2 Growth inhibitors and disorders 2.1 Chemotherapy 2.2 Alopecia - related syndromes 2.3 Radiation therapy to the head 2.4 UV - B 3 Hair - growth stimulants 4 See also 5 References Growth cycle ( edit ) Play media Hair - follicle cycling Hair grows at different speeds and different lengths . Its composition causes different colors and textures , which influence how long the hair strands grow . Marianne Ernst , a German `` Long hair model '' . The three stages of hair growth are the anagen , catagen , and telogen phases . Each strand of hair on the human body is at its own stage of development . Once the cycle is complete , it restarts and a new strand of hair begins to form . The rate or speed of hair growth is about 1.25 centimetres or 0.5 inches per month , or about 15 centimetres or 6 inches per year . Anagen phase ( edit ) The anagen phase is known as the growth phase . It begins in the papilla and can last from two to six years . The span at which the hair remains in this stage of growth is determined by genetics . The longer the hair stays in the anagen phase , the longer it will grow . During this phase , the cells in the papilla divide to produce new hair fibers , and the follicle buries itself into the dermal layer of the skin to nourish the strand . About 85 % of the hairs on one 's head are in the anagen phase at any given time Catagen phase ( edit ) Signals sent out by the body ( that only selectively affect 1 percent of all hair of one 's body at any given time ) determine when the anagen phase ends and the catagen phase begins . The first sign of catagen is the cessation of melanin production in the hair bulb and apoptosis of follicular melanocytes . The catagen phase , also known as the transitional phase , allows the follicle to , in a sense , renew itself . During this time , which lasts about two weeks , the hair follicle shrinks due to disintegration and the papilla detaches and `` rests , '' cutting the hair strand off from its nourishing blood supply . Ultimately , the follicle is 1 / 6 its original length , causing the hair shaft to be pushed upward . While hair is not growing during this phase , the length of the terminal fibers increase when the follicle pushes them upward . Telogen phase ( edit ) During the telogen or resting phase the follicle remains dormant for one to four months . Ten to fifteen percent of the hairs on one 's head are in this phase of growth at any given time . In this phase the epidermal cells lining the follicle channel continue to grow as normal and may accumulate around the base of the hair , temporarily anchoring it in place and preserving the hair for its natural purpose without taxing the body 's resources needed during the growth phase . At some point , the follicle will begin to grow again , softening the anchor point of the shaft initially . The hair base will break free from the root and the hair will be shed . Within two weeks the new hair shaft will begin to emerge once the telogen phase is complete . The process results in normal hair loss known as shedding . Growth inhibitors and disorders ( edit ) Chemotherapy ( edit ) Most chemotherapy drugs work by attacking fast - replicating cells . Rapid cell replication is one of the hallmarks of cancer ; however , hair follicle cells also grow and divide quickly . Consequently , the chemotherapy drugs usually inhibit hair growth . The dose and type of medicine determine the severity of hair loss , but once the chemotherapy has ended , new hair growth may begin after three to 10 months . Alopecia - related syndromes ( edit ) Main article : Baldness Alopecia is a hair loss disease that can occur in anyone at any stage of life . Specifically Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that causes hair to spontaneously fall out . It is mainly characterized by bald patches on the scalp or other parts of the body , and can ultimately cause baldness across the entire body . This disease interferes with the hair growth cycle by causing a follicle to prematurely leave the anagen , or active growth , phase and enter the resting , or telogen phase . The hair growth in the affected follicles is lessened or stopped completely . Traction alopecia is caused by adding too much strain on the hair on one 's head . Tight ponytails and other styles that require added tension to the hair are often what cause this disease . It can also occur on the face in areas where the hair is often styled . Plucking or waxing one 's eyebrows frequently , for example , can yield suppressed hair growth in the area . On the scalp , the hair is usually known to be lost around the hair line , leaving the densest amount of hair at the crown . Small vellus hair will often replace the hair that is lost . In most people , scalp hair growth will halt due to follicle devitalization after reaching a length of generally two or three feet . Exceptions to this rule can be observed in individuals with hair development abnormalities , which may cause an unusual length of hair growth . Radiation therapy to the head ( edit ) Human hair follicles are very sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy administered to the head , most commonly used to treat cancerous growths within the brain . Hair shedding may start as soon as two weeks after the first dose of radiation and will continue for a couple of weeks . Hair follicles typically enter the resting telogen phase and regrowth should commence 2.5 to 3 months after the hair begins to shed . Regrowth may be sparser after treatment . UV - B ( edit ) UV levels of either 20 or 50 mJ cm in the UV - B range have been shown to inhibit hair growth , reduce hair melanin and damage hair follicles . Hair - growth stimulants ( edit ) Minoxidil Finasteride See also ( edit ) LIN28 Evolution of hair References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A.Y. Elzouki ; H.A. Harfi ; H. Nazer ; William Oh ; F.B. Stapleton ; R.J. Whitley ( eds . ) . Textbook of clinical pediatrics ( 2 . ed . ) . Berlin : Springer . p. 1489 . ISBN 9783642022012 . Jump up ^ Braun - Falco , Otto ( 2000 ) . Dermatology ( 2. , completely rev . ed . ) . Berlin : Springer . p. 1101 . ISBN 9783540594529 . Jump up ^ Rita , Araújo ; Margarida , Fernandes ; Artur , Cavaco - Paulo ; Andreia , Gomes ( 2010 ) . `` Biology of Human Hair : Know Your Hair to Control It '' ( PDF ) . Adv Biochem Engin / Biotechnol . Jump up ^ `` Profiling the Response of Human Hair Follicles to Ultraviolet Radiation '' . Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 129 : 1790 -- 1804 . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 2008.418 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . <Th_colspan="2"> Development of skin Skin Overview Epidermis Ectoderm Neural crest Ectomesenchyme Mesenchyme Dermis Dermatomal mesenchyme Skin appendage Hair Growth Nail <Th_colspan="2"> Human hair <Td_colspan="2"> List of hairstyles / facial hairstyles Classification by type Lanugo Androgenic Terminal Vellus by location Nose Ear Eyebrow Eyelash Underarm Chest Abdominal Pubic Leg <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Human hair color Hair color Black Blond Brown ( varieties : Chestnut Auburn ) Red ( varieties : Auburn Titian ) White / Grey Hair coloring Blue rinse Grecian Formula Hair dye stripping Hair highlighting Henna Hydrogen peroxide Blue hair Other Disappearing blonde gene Fischer -- Saller scale Fischer scale Melanocortin 1 receptor Hairstyles Afro Asymmetric cut Bangs Beehive Big hair Blowout Bob cut Bouffant Bowl cut Braid or Plait Brush cut Bun ( odango ) Bunches Burr Businessman cut Butch cut Buzz cut Caesar cut Chignon Chonmage Chupryna Comb over Conk Cornrows Crew cut Crochet braids Croydon facelift Curtained hair Devilock Dido flip Digital perm Dreadlocks Duck 's ass Extensions Feathered hair Finger wave Flattop Fontange French braid French twist Frosted tips Harvard clip High and tight Hime cut Historical Christian hairstyles Hi - top fade Induction cut Ivy League Jewfro Jheri curl Kiss curl Layered hair Liberty spikes Long hair Lob cut Marcelling Mod cut Mohawk Mullet 1950s 1980s Pageboy Part Payot Pigtail Pixie cut Pompadour Ponytail Punch perm Princeton Professional cut Queue Quiff Rattail Razor cut Regular haircut Regular taper cut Ringlets Shag Shape - Up Short back and sides Short brush cut Short hair Spiky hair Standard haircut Surfer hair Taper cut Tonsure Updo Undercut Waves Wings Facial hair Beard Chin curtain Chinstrap Designer stubble Goatee Moustache Fu Manchu handlebar horseshoe pencil toothbrush walrus Neckbeard Shenandoah Sideburns Soul patch Van Dyke Hair loss Cosmetic Removal waxing threading plucking chemical electric laser IPL Shaving head leg cream brush soap Razor electric safety straight other Alopecia areata totalis universalis Male - pattern hair loss Glabrousness Hypertrichosis Management Trichophilia Trichotillomania Pogonophobia Haircare Products Brush Clay Clipper Comb Conditioner Dryer Gel Hot comb Iron Mousse Pomade Relaxer Rollers Shampoo Spray Wax Haircare Techniques Backcombing Crimping Curly Girl Method Perm Shampoo and set Straightening Documentaries My Nappy Roots : A Journey Through Black Hair - itage ( 2008 ) Good Hair ( 2009 ) Related Topics Afro - textured hair Bearded lady Barber ( pole ) Eponymous hairstyle Good hair ( phrase ) Hairdresser Hair fetishism ( pubic ) Hair follicle Hair growth Hypertrichosis Trichotillomania Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_hair_growth&oldid=800594272 '' Categories : Human hair Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 14 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Human hair growth cycle
2. Anagen, catagen, and telogen phases
3. Factors affecting hair growth
4. Hair growth inhibitors and disorders
5. Hair growth stimulants |
-8,365,587,935,724,223,000 | eeny meeny miny moe put the baby on the po | Eeny , meeny , miny , moe - wikipedia Eeny , meeny , miny , moe Jump to : navigation , search `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' -- which can be spelled a number of ways -- is a children 's counting rhyme , used to select a person in games such as tag . It is one of a large group of similar rhymes in which the child who is pointed to by the chanter on the last syllable is either `` chosen '' or `` counted out '' . The rhyme has existed in various forms since well before 1820 , and is common in many languages with similar - sounding nonsense syllables . Since many similar counting rhymes existed earlier , it is difficult to ascertain this rhyme 's exact origin . The rhyme can be controversial because of racist versions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current versions 2 Origins 3 Earlier version 4 Variations 5 Controversies 6 Popular culture 6.1 Music 6.2 Literature 6.3 Film and television 7 See also 8 References Current versions ( edit ) A common modern version is : Eeny , meeny , miny , moe , Catch a tiger by the toe . If he hollers , let him go , Eeny , meeny , miny , moe . There are many common variations , such as replacing tiger with `` piggy '' , `` tinker '' , `` tigger '' , a two - syllable name , etc. ; and changing the verb in the third line to `` screams '' , `` wiggles '' , `` squeals '' or another verb . Sometimes additional lines are added at the end of the rhyme to draw out or manipulate the selection process or make it seem less predetermined , such as : My mother told me / says to pick the very best one , and that is Y-O-U Or alternatively : O-U-T spells out , you are not it . Pig snout you are out . ( Kiwis only ) Out goes Y-O-U . Occasionally the line copies ' Ip dip ' : Not because you 're dirty , Not because you 're clean , Just because you kissed a boy / girl behind the magazine . Origins ( edit ) The first record of a similar rhyme is from about 1815 , when children in New York City are said to have repeated the rhyme : Hana , man , mona , mike ; Barcelona , bona , strike ; Hare , ware , frown , vanac ; Harrico , warico , we wo , wac . The `` Hana , man '' was found by Henry Carrington Bolton in the US , Ireland and Scotland in the 1880s but was unknown in England until later in the century . Bolton also found a similar rhyme in German : Ene , tene , mone , mei , Pastor , lone , bone , strei , Ene , fune , herke , berke , Wer ? Wie ? Wo ? Was ? Variations of this rhyme , with the nonsense / counting first line have been collected since the 1820s , such as this Scottish one : Hickery Pickery , pease scon Where will this young man gang ? He 'll go east , he 'll go west , he 'll go to the crow 's nest . Hickery Pickery , Hickery Pickery More recognizable as a variation , which even includes the ' toe ' and ' olla ' from Kipling 's version , is : Eenie , Meenie , Tipsy , toe ; Olla bolla Domino , Okka , Pokka dominocha , Hy ! Pon ! Tush ! This was one of many variants of `` counting out rhymes '' collected by Bolton in 1888 . A Cornish version collected in 1882 runs : Ena , mena , mona , mite , Bascalora , bora , bite , Hugga , bucca , bau , Eggs , butter , cheese , bread . Stick , stock , stone dead -- OUT . One theory about the origins of the rhyme is that it is descended from Old English or Welsh counting , similar to the old Shepherd 's count `` Yan Tan Tethera '' or the Cornish `` Eena , mea , mona , mite '' . Another possibility is that British colonials returning from the Sub-Continent introduced a doggerel version of an Indian children 's rhyme used in the game of carom billiards : ubi eni mana bou , baji neki baji thou , elim tilim latim gou . The rhyme inspired the song `` Eena Meena Deeka '' in the 1957 Bollywood film Aasha . Another possible origin is from a Swahili poem brought to the Americas by enslaved Africans : Iino ya mmiini maiini mo . Most likely the origin is a centuries - old , possibly Old Saxon diviner rhyme , as was shown in 1957 by the Dutch philologist dr . Jan Naarding , supported by prof . dr . Klaas Heeroma at the Nedersaksisch Instituut ( Low Saxon Institute ) at the University of Groningen . They published their findings in an article called Een oud wichellied en zijn verwanten ( An old diviner rhyme and its relatives ) . In part I of the article Naarding explains , why the counting rhyme he found in Twents - Achterhoeks woordenboek ( 1948 ) , a dictionary by G.H. Wanink , stands close to an early mediaeval or even older archetype . That same version was recorded in 1904 in Goor in Twente by Nynke van Hichtum : Anne manne miene mukke , Ikke tikke takke tukke , Eere vrouwe grieze knech , Ikke wikke wakke weg . Naarding calls its origin ' a heathen priest song , that begs the highest goddess for an oracle while divining , an oracle that may decide about life and death of a human ' . The first lines can be translated as ' foremother of mankind , give me a sign , I take the cut off pieces of a branch ( = the rune wands ) . '' This explanation was revived and extended in 2016 by Goaitsen van der Vliet , founder of the Twentse Taalbank ( Twents Language Bank ) . The last line of the rhyme ( in the Netherlands degenerated to ' iet wiet waait weg ' ) can be translated as ' I weigh it up ' ( in Dutch ' ik wik en weeg ' ) . Earlier version ( edit ) Some older versions of this rhyme had the word nigger instead of tiger : Eeny , meena , mina , mo , Catch a nigger by the toe ; If he hollers let him go , Eena , meena , mina , mo . This version was similar to that reported by Henry Carrington Bolton as the most common version among American schoolchildren in 1888 . It was used in the chorus of Bert Fitzgibbon 's 1906 song `` Eeny , Meeny , Miny , Mo '' : Eeny , Meeny , Miny , Mo , Catch a nigger by his toe , If he wo n't work then let him go ; Skidum , skidee , skidoo . But when you get money , your little bride Will surely find out where you hide , So there 's the door and when I count four , Then out goes you . It was also used by Rudyard Kipling in his `` A Counting - Out Song '' , from Land and Sea Tales for Scouts and Guides , published in 1935 . This may have helped popularise this version in the United Kingdom where it seems to have replaced all earlier versions until the late twentieth century . Iona and Peter Opie pointed out in The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes that the word `` nigger '' was common in American folk - lore , but unknown in any English traditional rhyme or proverb . This , combined with evidence of various other versions of the rhyme in the British Isles pre-dating this version , would seem to suggest that it originated in North America , although the apparently American word `` holler '' was first recorded in written form in England in the fourteenth century , whereas according to the Oxford English Dictionary the words `` Niger '' or `` ' nigger '' were first recorded in England in the sixteenth century with their current disparaging meaning . The ' olla ' and ' toe ' are found as nonsense words in some nineteenth century versions of the rhyme , and it could possibly be that the original ' Where do all the Frenchmen Go ? ' ( probably originating during one of the periods of Anglo - French warfare ) was later on replaced by the earlier version in the United States , using some of the nonsense words . Variations ( edit ) There are considerable variations in the lyrics of the rhyme , including from early twentieth century in the United States of America : Eeny , meeny , miny moe , Catch a tiger by the toe . If he hollers make him pay , Fifty dollars every day . A distinct version of the rhyme in the United Kingdom , collected in the 1950s & 1960s , is : Eeeny , meeny , miney , mo . Put the baby on the po . When he 's done , Wipe his bum . And tell his mother what he 's done . ( Alternatively : Shove the paper up the lum ) Versions collected in New Zealand in 2002 include : Eeny , meeny , miny mangi , Catch a mangi by the tangi . If he squeals , steal his wheels , Eeny , meeny , miny mangi . In Latin America the children play a game to choose or discard players , or to draw a winner / loser , singing : `` De tin marín , de dos pingué , cúcara mácara títere fue . Yo no fuí , fue Teté , pégale pégale a quien fue '' . Controversies ( edit ) In 1993 , a high school teacher in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , provoked a student walkout when she asked her students about their poor test scores , `` What did you do ? Just go eeny , meeny , miny , moe , catch a nigger by the toe ? '' The school 's district superintendent recommended the teacher `` lose three days of pay , undergo racial sensitivity training , and have placed in her personnel file '' along with a disciplinary pay cut . A jocular use of a form of the rhyme by a Southwest Airlines flight attendant , encouraging passengers to sit down so the plane could take off , led to a 2003 lawsuit charging the airline with intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligent infliction of emotional distress . Two versions of the rhyme were attested in court ; both `` Eeny meeny miny mo , Please sit down it 's time to go '' and `` Pick a seat , it 's time to go '' . The passengers in question were African American and stated that they were humiliated due to what they called the `` racist history '' of the rhyme . A jury returned a verdict in favor of Southwest and the plaintiffs ' appeal was denied . In May 2014 , an unbroadcast outtake of BBC motoring show Top Gear showed presenter Jeremy Clarkson reciting the rhyme and deliberately mumbling a line which some took to be `` catch a nigger by his toe '' . In response to accusations of racism , Clarkson apologised to viewers that his attempts to obscure the line `` were n't quite good enough '' . In 2017 , the retailer Primark pulled a T - shirt from its stores that featured the rhyme overlaid with an image of The Walking Dead character Negan 's baseball bat `` Lucille . '' A customer , minister Ian Lucraft , had complained the T - shirt was `` fantastically offensive '' and claimed the imagery `` relates directly to the practice of assaulting black people in America . '' Popular culture ( edit ) There are many scenes in books , films , plays , cartoons and video games in which a variant of `` Eeny meeny ... '' is used by a character who is making a choice , either for serious or comic effect . Notably , the rhyme has been used by killers to choose victims in the 1994 films Pulp Fiction and Natural Born Killers , the 2003 film Elephant , and the sixth - season finale of the AMC television series The Walking Dead . Other uses of the phrase in popular culture include : Music ( edit ) The vinyl release of Radiohead 's album OK Computer ( 1997 ) uses the words `` eeny meeny miny moe '' ( rather than letter or numbers ) on the labels of Sides A , B , C and D respectively . Eenie Meenie Records is a Los Angeles - based music record label . The names of many songs include some or all of the phrase , including : Eeny Meeny Miny Moe by the Dutch group Luv in 1979 `` Eenie Meenie '' by Jeffrey Osborne on self - titled 1982 album . `` Eenie , Meenie , Miney , Mo '' by Danish pop group Toy - Box in 1999 from their first album `` Fantastic . '' `` Eenie Meenie '' by Jamaican - American singer Sean Kingston and Canadian singer Justin Bieber in 2010 . `` Eenie Meenie Minie Moe '' by Peach Kelli Pop from album `` Peach Kelli Pop I '' recorded in 2010 . `` Eeny , Meeny , Miny , Moe '' is a song on A Shared Dream , a 2012 album by South Korea group U-KISS . `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe ! '' by Japanese dance and vocal unit Sandaime J Soul Brothers on 2015 album `` Planet Seven '' . `` Eeny Meeny Miny Moe '' is a song by Arizona hip hop trio Injury Reserve on their 2016 album `` Floss '' Literature ( edit ) The title of Chester Himes 's novel If He Hollers Let Him Go ( 1945 ) refers to the rhyme . In Salman Rushdie 's The Moor 's Last Sigh ( 1995 ) , the leading character and his three sisters are nicknamed Ina , Minnie , Mynah and Moor . Rex Stout wrote a 1962 Nero Wolfe novella titled Eeny Meeny Murder Mo . Film and television ( edit ) In the 1930s , animation producer Walter Lantz introduced the cartoon characters Meany , Miny , and Moe ( later Meeny , Miney and Mo ) . First appearing in Oswald Rabbit cartoons , then in their own series . The 1933 Looney Tunes cartoon Bosko 's Picture Show parodies MGM as `` TNT pictures '' , whose logo is a roaring and burping lion with the motto `` Eenie Meanie Minie Moe '' in the place of MGM 's `` Ars Gratia Artis '' . The rhyme appears towards the end of 1949 British black comedy , Kind Hearts and Coronets . The use of the word nigger was censored for the American market , being replaced by sailor . See also ( edit ) Nursery rhyme Ip dip En Den Dino References ( edit ) Jump up ^ I. & P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 1952 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Donna Wood ( 1971 ) . Move , Sing , Listen , Play . Alfred Music Publishing . p. 75 . ISBN 1 - 4574 - 9680 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 156 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : L. and W. Bauer , `` Choosing Who 's In / It '' ( PDF ) . 2002 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ R.D. Abrahams and L. Rankin , Counting - out Rhymes : a Dictionary ( University of Texas Press , 1980 ) , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Charles Taylor Chatterings of the Pica ( 1820 ) Jump up ^ H. Bolton , H. , The Counting - Out Rhymes of Children : Their Antiquity , Origin and Wide Distribution ( 1888 ) Jump up ^ Fred Jago The Glossary of the Cornish Dialect ( 1882 ) Jump up ^ Nihar Ranjan Mishra , From Kamakhya , a socio - cultural study ( New Delhi : D.K. Printworld , 2004 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Bennett , P.R. ( 1974 ) . Remarks on a little - known Africanism . Ba Shiru , 6 ( 1 ) , 69 - 71 . Jump up ^ J. Naarding en K.H. Heeroma , Een oud wichellied en zijn verwanten , in : Driemaandelijkse Bladen , 1957 , p. 37 - 43 . Online at the Twentse Taalbank . Jump up ^ Goaitsen van der Vliet , Germaans uit Goor , in : Aold Hoksebarge , nummer 49.2 ( juli 2016 ) , p. 4216 - 4218 . Online at Historiek ( titled : ' Iene miene mutte ' komt voort uit oud Oostnederlands wichellied ) . Jump up ^ H. Bolton , H. , The Counting - Out Rhymes of Children : Their Antiquity , Origin and Wide Distribution ( 1888 , Kessinger Publishing , 2006 ) , pp. 46 and 105 . Jump up ^ B. Fitzgibbon , Words and music , `` Eeny , meeny , miny , mo '' F.B. Haviland Publishing Co ( 1906 ) . Jump up ^ R. Kipling , R.T. Jones , G. Orwell , eds The Works of Rudyard Kipling ( Wordsworth Editions , 1994 ) , p. 771 . Jump up ^ I. Opie and P. Opie , Children 's Games in Street and Playground ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1969 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Mills , Anne E. ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` The Acquisition of Gender : A Study of English and German '' . Springer Science & Business Media -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sink , Lisa ( 1993 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Longer suspension for teacher urged '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sawyer v. Southwest Airlines '' . Ca10.washburnlaw.edu. 2005 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson : I did n't mean to use N - word -- video News The Week UK '' . Theweek.co.uk. 2014 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Josh Halliday , Nicholas Watt and Kevin Rawlinson . `` Jeremy Clarkson ' begs forgiveness ' over N - word footage Media '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Burke , Darren ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Primark pulls `` shocking '' and `` racist '' Walking Dead t - shirt from stores after Sheffield man 's angry complaint `` . The Star . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ S. Willis , High Contrast : Race and Gender in Contemporary Hollywood Film ( Duke University Press , 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 8223 - 2041 - X , p. 199 . Jump up ^ J. Naisbitt , N. Naisbitt and D. Philips , High Tech High Touch : Technology and Our Accelerated Search for Meaning ( Nicholas Brealey Publishing , 2001 ) , ISBN 1 - 85788 - 260 - 1 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ A. Young , The Scene of Violence : Cinema , Crime , Affect ( Routledge , 2009 ) , ISBN 1 - 134 - 00872 - 4 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ D. Griffiths , OK Computer ( Continuum , 2004 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ G.H. Muller , Chester Himes ( Twayne , 1989 ) , ISBN 0 - 8057 - 7545 - 5 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ M. Kimmich , Offspring Fictions : Salman Rushdie 's Family Novels ( Rodopi , 2008 ) , ISBN 9042024909 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ J. Lenburg Who 's Who in Animated Cartoons : An International Guide to Film & Television 's Award - Winning and Legendary Animators ( Hal Leonard , 2006 ) , ISBN 1 - 55783 - 671 - X , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Slide , Anthony ( 1998 ) . Banned in the U.S.A.. : British Films in the United States and Their Censorship , 1933 -- 1966 . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 254 - 3 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . p. 90 . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eeny,_meeny,_miny,_moe&oldid=807491335 '' Categories : Counting - out rhymes Folklore Sampling ( statistics ) Works of unknown authorship Nursery rhymes of uncertain origin Roud Folk Song Index songs Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 吴语 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 08 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Children's counting rhyme
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8,376,087,446,960,333,000 | the pagoda of the japanese buddhist horyuji temple serves as a | Hōryū - ji - wikipedia Hōryū - ji Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Hōryū - ji 法隆寺 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Basic information Location 1 - 1 Hōryū - ji Sannai , Ikaruga - chō , Ikoma - gun , Nara Prefecture Affiliation Shōtoku Deity Shaka Nyorai ( Śākyamuni ) Country Japan Website http://www.horyuji.or.jp/ <Th_colspan="2"> Architectural description Founder Empress Suiko , Prince Shōtoku Completed 607 Part of a series on Buddhism in Japan Schools ( show ) Jōjitsu Hosso Sanron Kegon Ritsu Kusha Tendai Shingon Pure Land Zen Nichiren Founders ( show ) Saichō Kūkai Hōnen Shinran Dōgen Eisai Ingen Nichiren Sacred texts ( show ) Avataṃsaka Sūtra Lotus Sūtra Prajñāpāramitā Heart Sūtra Infinite Life Sūtra Mahāvairocana Sūtra Vajraśekhara Sūtra Glossary of Japanese Buddhism Hōryū - ji ( 法隆寺 , lit . Temple of the Flourishing Law ) is a Buddhist temple that was once one of the powerful Seven Great Temples , in Ikaruga , Nara Prefecture , Japan . Its full name is Hōryū Gakumonji ( 法 隆 学問 寺 ) , or Learning Temple of the Flourishing Law , the complex serving as both a seminary and monastery . The temple 's pagoda is widely acknowledged to be one of the oldest wooden buildings existing in the world , underscoring Hōryū - ji 's place as one of the most celebrated temples in Japan . In 1993 , Hōryū - ji was inscribed together with Hokki - ji as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū - ji Area . The Japanese government lists several of its structures , sculptures and artifacts as National Treasures . A 2001 study of its shinbashira , the central wooden column almost suspended inside the Tō , concluded the building to be a century older than previously thought . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Reconstruction controversy 2 Architecture 2.1 Present complex 2.2 Characteristics 2.3 Pagoda 2.4 Kondō 2.5 Yumedono ( Hall of Dreams ) 3 Treasures 3.1 Kudara Kannon 3.2 Murals 3.3 Shaka Triad 3.4 Tamamushi Shrine 3.5 Yakushi Nyorai 3.6 Yumedono ( Guze ) Kannon 4 Serving the needs of architectural research 5 Images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Shichidō garan The temple was originally commissioned by Prince Shōtoku ; at the time it was called Ikaruga - dera ( 斑鳩 寺 ) , a name that is still sometimes used . This first temple is believed to have been completed by 607 . Hōryū - ji was dedicated to Yakushi Nyorai , the Buddha of healing and in honor of the prince 's father . Excavations done in 1939 confirmed that Prince Shotoku 's palace , the Ikaruga - no - miya ( 斑鳩 宮 ) , occupied the eastern part of the current temple complex , where the Tō - in ( 東院 ) sits today . Also discovered were the ruins of a temple complex which was southwest of the prince 's palace and not completely within the present temple complex . The original temple , named by modern historians and archaeologists Wakakusa - garan ( 若草 伽藍 ) , was lost , probably burned to the ground after being hit by lightning in 670 . The temple was reconstructed but slightly reoriented in a northwest position , which is believed to have been completed by around 711 . The temple was repaired and reassembled in the early twelfth century , in 1374 , and 1603 . In 1950 the maintainers of the temple broke away from the Hossō sect . The owners currently call the temple the headquarters of the `` Shōtoku '' sect . Reconstruction controversy ( edit ) After the long controversy ignited by architecture historian Sekino in 1905 , the majority consensus view as of 2006 is that the current precinct is a reconstruction . The excavations in 1939 that uncovered the older temple site including architectural remains of a Kondō and a pagoda , are accepted as conclusive proof . The original complex , Wakakusa - garan , probably burned down , but there is still a debate as to whether a fire actually occurred in 670 , as recorded in the Nihon Shoki , or whether there was another reason . Architecture ( edit ) The Chūmon ( Inner Gate ) with its entasis columns Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū - ji Area Closer look of wooden carving in Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū - ji Area . Present complex ( edit ) The current temple is made up of two areas , the Sai - in ( 西院 ) in the west and the Tō - in ( 東院 ) in the east . The western part of the temple contains the Kondō ( 金堂 , sanctuary Hall ) and the temple 's five - story pagoda . The Tō - in area holds the octagonal Yumedono Hall ( 夢殿 , Hall of Dreams ) and sits 122 meters east of the Sai - in area . The complex also contains monk 's quarters , lecture halls , libraries , and dining halls . Characteristics ( edit ) The belfry of the East Precinct The reconstructed buildings embrace significant cultural influences from the Three Kingdoms of Korea , particularly those of Baekje , as well as from Eastern Han to Northern Wei of China . The Chinese influence comes via Baekje , since Baekje had permanent trading relation with China . With its origin dating back to early 7th century , the reconstruction has allowed Hōryū - ji to absorb and feature a unique fusion of early Asuka period style elements , added with some distinct ones only seen in Hōryū - ji . There are many features that suggest the current precinct of Hōryu - ji is entirely not related to the Asuka period style ( a style that seems nonexistent ) . Pagoda ( edit ) The pagoda has certain characteristics unique to Hōryū - ji The five - storey pagoda , located in Sai - in area , stands at 32.45 meters in height ( 122 feet ) and is approximately 20X20 in width and is one of the oldest wooden buildings in the world . The wood used in the center pillar of the pagoda is estimated through a dendrochronological analysis to have been felled in 594 . The central pillar rests three meters below the surface of the massive foundation stone , stretching into the ground . At its base is enshrined what is believed to be a fragment of one of Buddha 's bones . Around it , four sculpted scenes from the life of the Buddha face north , east , south and west . Although the pagoda is five - storied , there is no access to the interior ; it is rather designed to inspire people with its external view . Kondō ( edit ) The kondō The kondō , located side - by - side to the Pagoda in Sai - in , is another one of the oldest wood buildings extant in the world . The hall measures 18.5 meters by 15.2 meters . The hall is two storied , with roofs curved in the corners but only the first story has a double roof ( 裳 階 mokoshi ) . This was added later in the Nara period with extra posts to hold up the original first roof because it extended more than four meters past the building . Due to a fire that broke out on January 26 , 1949 , severe damage was caused to the building , mainly its first floor , and the murals . As a result of the restoration ( completed in 1954 ) , it is estimated that about fifteen to twenty percent of the original seventh century Kondo materials is left in the current building , while the charred members were carefully removed and rebuilt to a separate fireproof warehouse for future research . Through a recent dendrochronological analysis carried out using the materials preserved during the restorations done in the 1950s , it has turned out that some of them were felled prior to 670 , suggesting a possibility that the current kondō was already under construction when `` the fire in 670 '' , as recorded in the Nihon Shoki , burned the former Wakakusa - garan down . The hall holds the famous Shaka Triad , together with a bronze Yakushi and Amida Nyorai statues , and other national treasures . The wall paintings shown today in the Kondō are a reproduction from 1967 . Yumedono , a hall associated with Prince Shōtoku Yumedono ( hall of Dreams ) ( edit ) Yumedono is one of the main constructions in the Tō - in area , built on the ground which was once Prince Shōtoku 's private palace , Ikaruga no miya . The present incarnation of this hall was built in 739 to assuage the Prince 's spirit . The hall acquired its present - day common name in the Heian period , after a legend that says a Buddha arrived as Prince Shōtoku and meditated in a hall that existed here . The hall also contains the famous Yumedono Kannon ( also Kuse - , or Guze Kannon ) ; which is only displayed at certain times of the year . Treasures ( edit ) The treasures of the temple are considered to be a time capsule of Buddhist art from the sixth and seventh century . Much of the frescoes , statues , and other pieces of art within the temple , as well as the architecture of the temple 's buildings themselves show the strong cultural influence from China , Korea and India and demonstrated the international connection of the countries of East Asia . The Tokyo National Museum holds over 300 objects which were donated to the Imperial Household by Hōryu - ji in 1878 . Some of these items are on public display , and all are available for study as part of the museum 's digital collection . Kudara Kannon ( edit ) Kudara Kannon Kudara Kannon ( lit . Baekje Guanyin ) is one of the best representative Buddhist sculptures in the Asuka period , with Guze Kannon in Yumedono . Probably made in the early -- middle 7th century . It is 209cm in height and has a quite slim figure . While frontality is a prominent characteristic of the Shaka Triad by Tori Busshi , this statue intends to be seen rather from a side . Most parts of it are made of Cinnamomum camphora . Initially some parts , such as its bare body , were finished with lacquer , and colored vividly , but now severely damaged . The origin of the statue is veiled in mystery . Ancient catalogs for Hōryūji 's treasures , even one written in the late Kamakura period , never mention it . The first surviving record ( 法隆寺 諸 堂 仏 躰 数量 記 ) which referred to it , was from 1698 C.E. , and which implies that it was moved from somewhere sometime after the Kamakura period . The record calls it Kokūzō Bosatsu ( Ākāśagarbha Bodhisattva ) , not Kannon Bosatsu ( Guanyin ) , and says `` it came from Baekje , but was made in India . '' At least in the Edo period , there remained no record anymore about which temple it came from , but only a somewhat made - up legend . Although it is called confusingly Kudara Kannon today , the name can not date back to before the early 20th century . All documents from the Edo period to the Meiji period left in Hōryūji , and its oral tradition had regarded it as Kokūzō Bosatsu . The research record made by the Japanese government in 1886 , however , named it in the Korean manner Kannon ( 朝鮮 風 観音 ) at the first time , which was probably suggested by Okakura Tenshin . In 1911 , the crown with the curved Amitabha , a typical attribute for Kannon , for this statue was found in a storehouse of Hōryūji , and thus it proved undoubtedly to be Kannon . The name Kudara Kannon firstly appeared in a book published in 1917 . It said it was `` A tradition of the temple to call the statue Kudara Kannon , '' although there was no such tradition was handed down in fact . Today it is widely accepted by the authorities that the statue was made in Japan . The chief reasons are , in the first place , it is made of Cinnamomum camphora , which was a very typical medium for Japanese Buddhist sculptures in the 7th century . On the other hand , there are no example made of this wood found in Korea . In the second place , the style of flower ornaments in the crown closely resemble those of Guze Kannon and the Four Devas in the Kondō . The origin of the style is still controversial and has no consensus . From the South dynasty ( Kobayashi , Mochizuki etc . ) , from Northern Qi , Northern Zhou or Sui dynasty ( Ueno , Machida etc . ) are all possibilities . The scantiness of surviving Chinese Buddhist sculptures makes it difficult . Murals ( edit ) Amidhaba paradise before fire The murals of the kondō comprise fifty walls ; four larger walls , eight mid-sized walls and thirty - eight small wall areas inside the building . The original murals were removed after the fire incident in 1949 and are kept in a non-public treasure house . Twenty small wall paintings , unscathed from the 1949 fire , are in their original places while reproductions replaced the parts that were removed due to damage . It is generally believed that the paintings on the large walls represent the Pure Land ( 浄土 jōdo ) with Shaka , Amida , Miroku and Yakushi Nyorai Buddhas . Some of the artistic choices , including the way the robes are modeled , are similar to murals found in Ajanta Caves ( India ) or Dunhuang ( China . ) Also observed are Tang and Indian flavors of the Bosatsu and Kannon drawn on the sides of the Amida . Judging from the early Tang influences , the present day consensus on the time of creation of the paintings is end of 7th century . Thus ruling out the possibilities of authorship by those early 7th century figures who were once believed to be the creator , e.g. Tori or Donchō , there is no clear or accepted author of this work . Shaka triad ( edit ) Tori Busshi is credited with the casting of this massive Buddhist statue . It is a triad and so Sakyamuni , the center Buddha , is attended by two other figures , Bhaisajyaguru to its right and Amitābha to its left . The statues are dated to 623 and the style originates in Northern Wei art . The style of the statue is also known as Tori style and is characterized by the two - dimensionality of the figure and the repetitive pattern - like depictions of the cloth the triad sits upon . At each corner of the triad stand four wooden Shitennō statues from the end of the Asuka period . They are the oldest examples of Shitennō statues in Japan . Tamamushi shrine ( edit ) The Tamamushi Shrine , Tamamushi - no - zushi , a miniature shrine once decorated with the iridescent wings of the tamamushi beetle ( Chrysochroa fulgidissima ) Further information : Tamamushi Shrine The Tamamushi Shrine is a common example of painting that derived from Baekje and provides important evidence for the Korean peninsula 's and the Chinese mainland 's strong cultural transfer to the Japanese islands . The shrine is named for the many wings of the tamamushi beetle that once adorned it but have since deteriorated . The paintings that cover building and dais are of Jataka tales , bodhisattvas , the Four Heavenly Kings , and other buddhist iconography . The front panels of the building show the Four Guardian Kings clad in armor with long flowing scarves . On the side doors are bodhisattvas holding lotus blossoms and forming a mudra . On the back is represented a sacred landscape with heights topped with pagodas . The dais shows on its front relics , seated monks making offerings , and apsara . On the back is depicted Mount Sumeru . The right side shows a scene from the Nirvana Sutra , where the Buddha offers his life in return for more of the sacred teachings , before being caught in his plummet by Indra . On the left panel of the dais is a scene from the Golden Light Sutra of a bodhisattva removing his upper garments before casting himself from a cliff to feed a hungry tigress and her cubs . Yakushi Nyorai ( edit ) The statue of Yakushi of the original temple was saved during the fire of 670 . While the temple was being rebuilt the Shaka Triad was commissioned or had been already cast . Yumedono ( Guze ) Kannon ( edit ) This Kannon is a statue that supposedly is the representation of Prince Shotoku . It is approximate six feet and one inch and some sources believe that Shotoku was that height . It is 197 centimeters in height . The kannon is made of gilded wood . It is suggested that the statue was made to assuage the dead prince 's spirit based on the fact that the halo was attached to the statue by a nail driven through the head . The statue bears a close resemblance to extant portraiture of the prince . The Kannon retains most of its gilt . It is in superb condition because it was kept in the Dream Hall and wrapped in five hundred meters of cloth and never viewed in sunlight . The statue was held to be sacred and was never seen until it was unwrapped at the demand of Ernest Fenollosa , who was charged by the Japanese government to catalogue the art of the state and later became a curator at the Boston Museum of Fine Art . Art historians suggest that this figure is based on the Tori Busshi style . Inscription on the halo of Bhaisajyaguru A replica of The Heart Sutra and Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra manuscript in Siddham script on palm - leaf in 609 CE . First page and the first line of second page is The Heart Sutra second page is Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra Hōryū - ji , Japan . The last line is a complete Sanskrit syllabary in Siddhaṃ script Serving the needs of architectural research ( edit ) The Nihon Shoki records the arrival of a carpenter and a buddhist sculptor in 577 , along with the monks , from Baekje to Japan , which is an underlying fact of importing the mainland expertise through this Korean kingdom with whom Japan enjoyed close relations , in order to build temples locally . These experts are recorded to have stationed in Naniwa , or present - day Osaka , where the Shitennō - ji was built . There is no record , on the other hand , as to who exactly were the people that have engaged in the constructing of Hōryū - ji , although the Nihon Shoki records the existence of 46 temples in 624 . The bracket work of Hōryū - ji resembles that of the partial remainder of a miniature Baekje gilt bronze pagoda . Images ( edit ) Kudarakan'nondō Kondō and pagoda Bronze lantern Yumedono roof decoration Guardian statue Reidō and the Cloister of Toin Onigawara roof tile Dragon ornaments on the roof The Horyu - ji complex Panoramic view See also ( edit ) Japan portal Buddhism portal Architecture portal Hokki - ji Masaoka Shiki Nanto Shichi Daiji , Seven Great Temples of Nanto . Buddhist temples in Japan Japanese architecture Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū - ji Area List of National Treasures of Japan ( crafts - others ) List of National Treasures of Japan ( sculptures ) List of National Treasures of Japan ( temples ) For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism , Japanese Buddhist art , and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture , see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism . Tourism in Japan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu - ji Area , UNESCO World Heritage '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : June Kinoshita ; Nicholas Palevsky ( 1998 ) . Gateway to Japan , `` A Japanese Prince and his temple '' . Kodansha International . ISBN 9784770020185 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : John Whitney Hall ( 1988 ) . The Cambridge history of Japan `` The Asuka Enlightenment '' p. 175 . Cambridge University . ISBN 9780521223522 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Web Japan , sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Japan . `` One hundred years older than supposed ? : World Heritage Pagoda '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Marstein , Nils ; Knut Einar Larsen ( 2000 ) . Conservation of Historic Timber Structures : an ecological approach . Elsevier . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3434 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Hōryū Temple '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . One of the Seven Great Temples of Nara , the Hōryū is also the centre of the Shōtoku sect of Buddhism . Jump up ^ Ryōshin Takada 高田 良信 ( 2007 ) . sekai bunka isan Horyuji o kataru 世界 文化 遺産 法隆寺 を 語る ( Horyuji , a World Heritage described ) . Yanagihara Shuppan 柳原 出版 . pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/nara/horyujiindex.htm ^ Jump up to : Banister Fletcher , , Dan ( EDT ) Cruickshank ( 1996 ) . Banister Fletcher 's A History of Architecture , p731 . Architectural Press . ISBN 9780750622677 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ryōshin Takada 高田 良信 ( 2007 ) . sekai bunka isan Horyuji o kataru 世界 文化 遺産 法隆寺 を 語る ( Horyuji , a World Heritage described ) . Yanagihara Shuppan 柳原 出版 . pp. 185 -- 190 . During the reconstruction of the pagoda in the 1950s , the reliquary was shortly removed from the hollow for restoration , then placed back . ^ Jump up to : Seiroku Noma ( 2003 ) . The Arts of Japan , p40 . John Rosenfeld ( Trans . ) . Kodansha International . ISBN 9784770029775 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Crouch , Dora P ; Johnson , June G ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0195088913 p20 . ISBN 9780195088915 . Not retrievable on the web as of April 2nd , 2007 Jump up ^ Nils Marstein ; Knut Einar Larsen . Conservation of Historic Timber Structures : an ecological approach p21 . Elsevier . ISBN 9780750634342 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Niels Gutschow ; Siegfried RCT Enders ( 1998 ) . Hozon : architectural and urban conservation in Japan , p48 . Edition Axel Menges . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Find rekindles debate over Horyuji Temple '' . The Japan Times Ltd. 2004 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Usually in spring and autumn , for about a month period each . Jump up ^ `` The Archeology of Korea and Cultural Features '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ John Whitney Hall ( 1988 ) . The Cambridge history of Japan `` The Asuka Enlightenment '' p. 176 . Cambridge University . ISBN 9780521223522 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 東京 国立 博物館 - 展示 法隆寺 宝物 館 '' . Tnm.go.jp . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : 小泉 惠 英 ( 1998 ) , `` 百済 観音 ( Kudara Kannon ) '' , in 大橋 一 章 ( ed . ) `` 法隆寺 美術 論争 と 視点 ( The Art of Horyuji , the perspectives of controversy ) '' , グラフ 社 , pp. 121 - 150 . Jump up ^ James Huntley Grayson ( 2002 ) . Korea : A Religious History `` Early Korea '' p36 . Routledge . ISBN 9780700716050 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Takada , Ryoshin ( 1998 ) . Horyu - ji no nazo 法隆寺 の 謎 Mysteries of Horyu - ji . Shogakukan . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 4 - 09 - 387265 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Tsuneko S. Sadao ; Stephanie Wada ( 2003 ) . Discovering the Arts of Japan : A Historical Overview , p42 . Kodansha International . ISBN 9784770029393 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Chatfield Pier , Garrett ( 2005 ) . Temple Treasures of Japan . Kessinger Publishing . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 6569 - X . Jump up ^ Hōryūji ( tourist brochure ) . Kyoto , Japan : Benrido Co. , Ltd. 2007 . pp. 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Mizuno Seiichi ( 1974 ) . Asuka Buddhist Art : Horyuji . Weatherhill . pp. 40 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Tamamushi no zushi '' . Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sentaibutsu '' . Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Treat Paine ( 1981 ) . The Art and Architecture of Japan , p300 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300053339 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kinoshita , June ; Nicholas Palevsky ( 1998 ) . Gateway to Japan . Kodansha . pp. 587 -- 588 . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2018 - X . Jump up ^ `` Asian Historical Architecture , Horyuji Temple '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Ryoshin Takada ( 2007 ) . 世界 文化 遺産 法隆寺 を 語る sekai bunka isan Horyuji o kataru '' ( Horyuji , a World Heritage described ) . Yanagihara Shoten . pp. 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Shin Young - hoon . `` Audio / Slide Program for Use in Korean Studies , ARCHITECTURE , Indiana University '' . Indiana University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Horyuji ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Horyuji . 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-3,690,658,610,862,206,500 | who is liam's dad in coronation street | Liam Connor - wikipedia Liam Connor Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Liam Connor , see Liam Connor ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Liam Connor <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Coronation Street character Portrayed by Rob James - Collier Duration 2006 -- 2008 First appearance Episode 6369 30 August 2006 Last appearance Episode 6928 17 October 2008 Created by Steve Frost Book appearances Coronation Street : The Complete Saga Classification Former ; regular <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Occupation Businessman <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family Father Barry Connor Mother Helen Connor Brothers Paul Connor Sisters Michelle Connor Wife Maria Sutherland ( 2008 ) Sons Paul Connor Jr . Liam Connor Jr . Nephews Alex Neeson Ryan Connor ( adoptive ) First cousins Tom Kerrigan Aidan Connor Kate Connor Other relatives Carla Connor Liam Barrington Connor is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , played by Rob James - Collier from 2006 to 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Creation 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References Storylines ( edit ) Liam first appeared on Coronation Street in August 2006 when he and nephew Ryan ( Ben Thompson ) visit his sister Michelle at the Rovers Return Inn . Whilst there he overhears Adam Barlow ( Sam Robertson ) discussing his unhappiness running local factory Underworld with his half - brother , Danny Baldwin ( Bradley Walsh ) . Liam calls on his wealthy brother Paul ( Sean Gallagher ) to help him purchase the factory . The brothers manage to convince the teenager to sell his 40 % share for £ 80,000 , less than half its value . Liam also briefly romances Frankie Baldwin , putting himself in a difficult situation with Frankie 's husband and the Connor brothers ' new business partner Danny . The death of Dean , Michelle 's late partner , in a car crash , is later discovered not to have been caused by Dean 's own driving , when in 2007 Liam confesses to Michelle that their brother , Paul , was driving that night , and that Paul and Liam had moved Dean 's body into the driving seat so that Paul would not face criminal charges . Michelle initially disowns her brothers but is reconciled with Liam after Paul 's death . Liam dates Leanne Battersby ( Jane Danson ) , thinking that she is an estate agent but she is secretly working as a female escort . Liam 's sister - in - law , Carla , goes shopping regularly with Leanne , and one day one of Leanne 's clients sees them together and asks Carla if she is an escort too . Carla reluctantly agrees to keep Leanne 's secret from Liam . Paul discovers Leanne 's secret when he books an escort to come to a hotel room he has booked and Leanne turns up ; they agree to keep each other 's secret until Carla finds out , and refuses to believe that Paul and Leanne have n't slept together . In an attempt to convince her , Paul kidnaps Leanne and locks her in his car boot . After jumping a red traffic light at a crossroads , Paul 's Mercedes crashes into a skip and overturns . Liam rescues Leanne from the boot of the car , but Carla reveals that Leanne is working as a prostitute , and their relationship does not survive the revelation . Paul dies of his injuries in hospital and Liam is devastated by his brother 's death and blames Leanne . Liam is attracted to Maria Sutherland , with whom he begins a casual relationship . A few weeks into their relationship , Maria discovers that she is pregnant , and they decide to abort the child . Liam is happy with this initially but after comments made by Carla , he proposes to Maria . He asks her to keep the baby and she agrees happily , unaware of Liam 's hidden feelings for Carla . Maria buys Liam a dog , Ozzy . During a trip to the Lake District in January 2008 , Liam falls down a ravine while searching for Ozzy . While semi-conscious , he calls out for Carla , making Maria feel insecure . In an attempt to cement their relationship , she brings their wedding forward to 11 February 2008 . Liam is a little shocked , but agrees . During an argument with Carla about her new boyfriend , Liam and Carla kiss passionately . She pulls away , leaving them confused about their feelings for each other . Liam tries to concentrate on his relationship with Maria and their baby but Carla starts interfering between him and Maria . She attempts to create opportunities to seduce Liam , such as booking a double room at a hotel for a conference they are to attend together . Carla 's plans are ruined when Tony turns up at the hotel . Carla tries to warn Maria off Liam . Prior to the wedding , Maria spots Carla kissing him , and almost calls off the wedding . When Maria refuses to get out of the car , he goes outside and convinces her that she is the one for him . He insists that all he wants was a life with her and their baby and they marry , even though he knows that he really loves Carla . During April 2008 , after a row with Liam about him spending the night at Carla 's , Maria is horrified to discover that her baby has stopped kicking . She goes with sonographer Marcus Dent ( Charlie Condou ) for an emergency scan and is told that her child has died . On 30 April , still estranged from Liam , she goes into hospital and gives birth to the deceased infant . She decides not to tell Liam that she has lost the baby because she fears that Liam has only married her because she was pregnant . Maria keeps the news of the stillbirth from Liam and stays at Audrey Roberts 's ( Sue Nicholls ) . Liam only finds out about his child 's death from the midwife when she calls to check on Maria . The newly married couple have a huge argument , which climaxes in Maria declaring that the marriage is over , just under three months into it . With Maria leaving him , Liam sinks into depression and seeks comfort in Carla , sleeping with her . Later that day , Liam is just leaving Carla 's flat when they stop in the doorway for a goodbye kiss unaware that up the road walking is their assistant Rosie Webster ( Helen Flanagan ) . On catching glimpse of the lovers , Rosie quickly jumps out of their sight and seizing an opportunity , takes a video of the tender moment before Liam drives off . Liam and Carla later agree that he will tell Maria about their relationship but instead Maria apologises for not telling him sooner that she lost the baby and asks him to give her a second chance . So , that day , he tells Carla that he and Maria are back together and are off on holiday . On their return , Carla 's revenge is to insist that Liam sell his share of Underworld to Tony or she would tell Maria about them sleeping together . Liam gives in , as he and Maria are discussing trying for another baby . Bored at home all day , Liam and his cousin , Tom Kerrigan ( Philip McGinley ) start a new business called Lad Rags . Tom , however , fails to persuade the bank to loan them £ 50K so he asks Carla to invest , which she does . Liam is furious when he finds out , telling Tom that her 25 % share is coming out of his half of the business . Knowing that neither Tony or Maria would be pleased about them working together , they agree to keep it a secret from them and it is clear that Liam and Carla still have strong feelings for each other . In September 2008 , Rosie Webster decides to seduce Tony and invites him to a hotel room . When he arrives , he is stunned to find Rosie draped over the bed semi-naked and it all becomes clear to Tony what her game is . He subsequently harshly rejects Rosie , telling her he only has eyes for Carla and that she is nothing but a silly little girl . Humiliated , Rosie exacts her revenge and shows Tony the video footage of Liam and Carla kissing . Upon seeing the footage , Tony is silenced and leaves the hotel with Rosie 's phone , which he later dumps in the canal after copying the video . Initially hesitant , Tony sees red when he catches Carla with Liam once again , and plans his revenge . The next day Tony surprises Carla by taking her , Liam and Maria to the lakes on a weekend away , raising suspicion with Liam and Carla who begin to question what he is up to . At the lakes , Tony leads Liam astray on a country walk and the pair end up stood at the edge of a cave cliff with Liam clearly very anxious as it brings back memories of his fall in the Lake District in January that year . Liam is left stunned however when Tony chooses that moment to ask him to be his best man at his wedding to Carla . As they hug , Tony jokingly says that he is going to push Liam over the edge , an ominous sign of Liam 's fate . The following week , upon seeing Carla in her wedding dress , Liam reignites his passion with her as they sleep together once more , with Tony almost catching them in the act as he dashs home . The next day , as the stag and hen parties are about to commence , Liam meets Carla in secret to remind her that he loves her and desperately urges her to call off the wedding . In a moment alone during her hen party , Carla sits down for a heart - to - heart with best friend Leanne , who tells her to follow her heart . Her words strike a chord and Carla finally decides she is going to end her engagement to Tony to be with Liam but when Michelle and Maria return to the table , Michelle shares her suspicion that Maria is pregnant , which she happily confirms to the group . Carla is heartbroken and , not wanting to be the one to take away the unborn child 's father , urges Maria to tell Liam the news . That night , as the boys are on a pub crawl , Liam realises he has left his wallet behind in the pub that they have just left and is told by Tony to go back and get it . However , as Liam is walking across the road , he is hit and killed instantly by a car at high speed driven by Jimmy Dockerson ( Robert Beck ) , the man who Tony had hired to kill Liam . In tears , Tony falls to the floor , and orders everyone to move out of the way and call an ambulance . Moments after the incident , Maria arrives to tell Liam her news but is distraught to find him lying motionless on the road . Carla , meanwhile , is forced to hold back the true extent of her own devastation as husband - to - be Tony looms over the lifeless body . Later , Tony heads to the canal and out of his pocket he pulls Liam 's wallet which he had stolen earlier as part of his elaborate plan to kill his love rival . Tony then callously takes out the cash in the wallet throws it into the water below . Liam 's funeral is held on 27 October 2008 . Creation ( edit ) Coronation Street 's Connor family were introduced by producer Steve Frost after Kym Marsh made a series of guest appearances as singer Michelle Connor . Marsh was soon given a regular role , and a family for her character were brought into the storyline , including a pair of brothers who were likened by newspaper reports to the Gallagher brothers from Rock band Oasis and the Mitchell brothers Phil and Grant from rival soap opera EastEnders . In July 2006 , Rob James - Collier was announced as Michelle 's brother Liam , described as `` a loveable rogue '' with `` an eye for the ladies '' . It was said that , upon his arrival , he would set his sights on Frankie Baldwin ( Debra Stephenson ) . Rob , who had worked as a marketing assistant before becoming an actor , said that the role was `` a dream come true '' . Development ( edit ) After two years in the show , Collier announced in February 2008 his decision to quit his role as Liam at the end of the year because of his fear of being typecast . It was reported the following June that Liam was to be killed off at the express request of Collier , and that Liam would meet his fate at the hands of one of those closest to him , the three main suspects being his wife Maria Connor ( Samia Ghadie ) , his lover Carla Connor ( Alison King ) and Carla 's husband Tony Gordon ( Gray O'Brien ) . Three endings were filmed , with only one being shown on television . In September 2008 , producers revealed that a week of episodes would unfold in `` real time '' , set over a period of 24 hours following the events leading to his impending exit . Reception ( edit ) The character of Liam Connor has been widely praised since his introduction . Upon his exit in 2008 , columnist Jim Shelley described Liam as `` the most handsome , charming , likeable character in the series '' . Gareth McLean of the Guardian however , criticised Rob James - Collier 's acting skills : `` Apparently , Liam ( Rob James - Collier ) is leaving Coronation Street for fear of being type - cast . ( As what ? A sideboard ? A life - sized wooden replica of a person ? ) '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 10 September 2006 ) . `` Liam signs over his share of the factory to Liam '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 29 April 2007 ) . `` Liam reveals all to Michelle '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 30 May 2006 ) . `` Kym Marsh 's on - screen brothers still not cast '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Wylie , Ian ( 28 July 2006 ) . `` Meet the Connors of Coronation Street '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 29 July 2006 ) . `` The Connors descend on ' Coronation Street ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Brian ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Coronation Street 's Liam Connor to be murdered '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Corrie favourite killed in ' whodunnit ' murder '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie bosses keep viewers guessing over the murder of Liam Connor with THREE different endings '' . Daily Mail . 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Green , Kris ( 24 September 2008 ) . `` Corrie to air ' 24 ' - style murder week '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Jim ( 19 October 2008 ) . `` Murderers , hoodies , arson , fraud , paedos ... What 's happened to Coronation Street ? '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ McLean , Gareth ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Soap gone crazy '' . Guardian . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . <Th_colspan="2"> Coronation Street characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Present and future characters <Td_colspan="2"> Ken Barlow Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Gina Seddon Sarah Platt Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Daniel Osbourne Roy Cropper Robert Preston Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Todd Grimshaw Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Aadi Alahan Asha Alahan Michelle Connor Carla Connor Anna Windass Gary Windass Mary Taylor Liam Connor Jr . Izzy Armstrong Max Turner Jack Webster Hope Stape Faye Windass Eva Price Beth Tinker Craig Tinker Joseph Brown Ruby Dobbs Tim Metcalfe Sinead Tinker Jake Windass Lily Platt Pat Phelan Luke Britton Alya Nazir Yasmeen Nazir Dr. Susan Gaddas Zeedan Nazir Gemma Winter Billy Mayhew Cathy Matthews Aidan Connor Alex Warner Johnny Connor Kate Connor Rana Habeeb Harry Platt Seb Franklin Shona Ramsey Jude Appleton Oliver Battersby Nicola Rubinstein Summer Spellman Moira Pollock Angie Appleton George Appleton Abi Franklin <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Past characters <Td_colspan="2"> Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Lewis Archer Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Emily Bishop Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Ryan Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Jim McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Denise Osbourne Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Nick Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of characters <Td_colspan="2"> 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Original characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liam_Connor&oldid=809174456 '' Categories : Coronation Street characters Fictional English people of Irish descent Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional British people of Irish descent Fictional English people Fictional British people Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use British English from May 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Liam Connor - Coronation Street character
2. Rob James-Collier - actor who portrayed Liam Connor
3. Liam's relationships with Maria Sutherland and Carla Connor
4. Liam's tragic death and the mystery surrounding it
5. Reception and popularity of the character |
-5,428,076,473,966,688,000 | 2 words having the same spelling or pronunciation | Homonym - wikipedia Homonym For homonyms in scientific nomenclature , see Homonym ( biology ) . In linguistics , homonyms , broadly defined , are words which sound alike or are spelled alike , but have different meanings . A more restrictive definition sees homonyms as words that are simultaneously homographs ( words that share the same spelling , regardless of their pronunciation ) and homophones ( words that share the same pronunciation , regardless of their spelling ) -- that is to say they have identical pronunciation and spelling , whilst maintaining different meanings . The relationship between a set of homonyms is called homonymy . Examples of homonyms are the pair stalk ( part of a plant ) and stalk ( follow / harass a person ) and the pair left ( past tense of leave ) and left ( opposite of right ) . A distinction is sometimes made between true homonyms , which are unrelated in origin , such as skate ( glide on ice ) and skate ( the fish ) , and polysemous homonyms , or polysemes , which have a shared origin , such as mouth ( of a river ) and mouth ( of an animal ) . In non-technical contexts , the term `` homonym '' may be used ( somewhat confusingly ) to refer to words that are either homographs or homophones . The words row ( propel with oars ) and row ( argument ) and row ( a linear arrangement of seating ) are considered homographs , while the words read ( peruse ) and reed ( waterside plant ) would be considered homophones ; under this looser definition , both groups of words represent groups of homonyms . The adjective homonymous can additionally be used wherever two items share the same name , independent of how close they are or are n't related in terms of their meaning or etymology . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Related terms 3 Further examples 4 Homonyms in historical linguistics 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Etymology ( edit ) The word homonym comes from the Greek ὁμώνυμος ( homonymos ) , meaning `` having the same name '' , which is the conjunction of ὁμός ( homos ) , `` common , same , similar '' and ὄνομα ( onoma ) meaning `` name '' . Thus , it refers to two or more distinct concepts sharing the `` same name '' or signifier . Note : for the h sound , see rough breathing and smooth breathing . Related terms ( edit ) Term Meaning Spelling Pronunciation Homonym Different Same Same Homograph Different Same ( No requirement ) Homophone Different ( No requirement ) Same Heteronym Different Same Different Heterograph Different Different Same Polyseme Different but related Same ( No requirement ) Oronym Different Different Same to varying degree Capitonym Different when capitalized Same except for capitalization ( No requirement ) Synonym Same Different Different Antonym Different Different Different Synophone Different Different ( No requirement ) Euler diagram showing the relationships between homonyms ( between blue and green ) and related linguistic concepts . Several similar linguistic concepts are related to homonymy . These include : Homographs ( literally `` same writing '' ) are usually defined as words that share the same spelling , regardless of how they are pronounced . If they are pronounced the same then they are also homophones ( and homonyms ) -- for example , bark ( the sound of a dog ) and bark ( the skin of a tree ) . If they are pronounced differently then they are also heteronyms -- for example , bow ( the front of a ship ) and bow ( a ranged weapon ) . Homophones ( literally `` same sound '' ) are usually defined as words that share the same pronunciation , regardless of how they are spelled . If they are spelled the same then they are also homographs ( and homonyms ) ; if they are spelled differently then they are also heterographs ( literally `` different writing '' ) . Homographic examples include rose ( flower ) and rose ( past tense of rise ) . Heterographic examples include to , too , two , and there , their , they 're . Due to their similar yet non-identical pronunciation in American English , ladder and latter do not qualify as homophones , but rather synophones . Heteronyms ( literally `` different name '' ) are the subset of homographs ( words that share the same spelling ) that have different pronunciations ( and meanings ) . Such words include desert ( to abandon ) and desert ( arid region ) ; tear ( to rip ) and tear ( a drop of moisture formed in one eye ) ; row ( to argue or an argument ) and row ( as in to row a boat or a row of seats - a pair of homophones ) . Heteronyms are also sometimes called heterophones ( literally `` different sound '' ) . Polysemes are words with the same spelling and distinct but related meanings . The distinction between polysemy and homonymy is often subtle and subjective , and not all sources consider polysemous words to be homonyms . Words such as mouth , meaning either the orifice on one 's face , or the opening of a cave or river , are polysemous and may or may not be considered homonyms . Capitonyms are words that share the same spelling but have different meanings when capitalized ( and may or may not have different pronunciations ) . Such words include polish ( make shiny ) and Polish ( from Poland ) ; march ( walk in step ) and March ( the third month of the Year ) and the pair : reading ( using a book ) and Reading ( towns in , among other places , England ) . Further examples ( edit ) A further example of a homonym , which is both a homophone and a homograph , is fluke . Fluke can mean : A fish , and a flatworm . The end parts of an anchor . The fins on a whale 's tail . A stroke of luck . These meanings represent at least three etymologically separate lexemes , but share the one form , fluke. * Note that fluke is also a capitonym , in that Fluke Corporation ( commonly referred to as simply `` Fluke '' ) is a manufacturer of industrial testing equipment . Similarly , a river bank , a savings bank , a bank of switches , and a bank shot in the game of pool share a common spelling and pronunciation , but differ in meaning . The words bow and bough are examples where there are two meanings associated with a single pronunciation and spelling ( the weapon and the knot ) ; two meanings with two different pronunciations ( the knot and the act of bending at the waist ) , and two distinct meanings sharing the same sound but different spellings ( bow , the act of bending at the waist , and bough , the branch of a tree ) . In addition , it has several related but distinct meanings -- a bent line is sometimes called a ' bowed ' line , reflecting its similarity to the weapon . Even according to the most restrictive definitions , various pairs of sounds and meanings of bow , Bow and bough are homonyms , homographs , homophones , heteronyms , heterographs , capitonyms and are polysemous . bow -- a long wooden stick with horse hair that is used to play certain string instruments such as the violin bow -- to bend forward at the waist in respect ( e.g. `` bow down '' ) bow -- the front of the ship ( e.g. `` bow and stern '' ) bow -- a kind of tied ribbon ( e.g. bow on a present , a bowtie ) bow -- to bend outward at the sides ( e.g. a `` bow - legged '' cowboy ) Bow -- a district in London bow -- a weapon to shoot projectiles with ( e.g. a bow and arrow ) The words there , their , and they 're are examples of three words that are of a singular pronunciation ( in American English ) , have different spellings and vastly different meanings . These three words are commonly misused ( or misspelled if you want to look at it that way ) in American English . there - `` The bow shot the arrow there . '' , He said as He pointed . `` The bow shot the arrow there . '' , She said as She pointed . their - `` It was their bow and arrow . '' the Mother said . they 're - They 're not going to get to shoot the bow again after puncturing the tire on Daddy 's car . ( Contraction of They and Are . ) Homonyms in historical linguistics ( edit ) Homonymy can lead to communicative conflicts and thus trigger lexical ( onomasiological ) change . This is known as homonymic conflict . See also ( edit ) List of true homonyms Heterography and homography Synonyms , different words with identical or very similar meanings ( conceptual inversion of `` homonym '' ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some sources restrict the term `` homograph '' to words that have the same spelling but different pronunciations . See , for example , The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems , p. 215 ( Wiley - Blackwell , 1999 ) and The Encyclopædia Britannica ( 14th Edition ) ( entry for `` homograph '' ) . Jump up ^ Some sources restrict the term `` homophone '' to words that have the same pronunciation but different spellings . See , for example , The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems , p. 202 ( Wiley - Blackwell , 1999 ) and The Encyclopædia Britannica ( 14th Edition ) ( entry for `` homograph '' ) . Jump up ^ Some sources do not require that heteronyms have different pronunciations . See , for example , the archived Encarta dictionary entry ( which states that heteronyms `` often '' differ in pronunciation ) and the `` Fun with Words '' website ( which states that heteronyms `` sometimes '' have different pronunciations ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : homonym , Random House Unabridged Dictionary at dictionary.com Jump up ^ `` Linguistics 201 : Study Sheet for Semantics '' . Pandora.cii.wwu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Semantics : a coursebook , p. 123 , James R. Hurford and Brendan Heasley , Cambridge University Press , 1983 Jump up ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homonymous Jump up ^ https://www.wordnik.com/words/homonymous Jump up ^ ὁμώνυμος , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ ὁμός , King George V Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicons , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ ὄνομα , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ Gnanasundaram , D. ; Venkatesh , L. ( 2006 ) . Synophones & Homophones . Sura Books . ISBN 9788172543167 . Jump up ^ `` The Online Etymological Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ On this phenomenon see Williams , Edna R. ( 1944 ) , The Conflict of Homonyms in English , ( Yale Studies in English 100 ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , Grzega , Joachim ( 2004 ) , Bezeichnungswandel : Wie , Warum , Wozu ? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie , Heidelberg : Winter , p. 216ff. , and Grzega , Joachim ( 2001d ) , `` Über Homonymenkonflikt als Auslöser von Wortuntergang '' , in : Grzega , Joachim ( 2001c ) , Sprachwissenschaft ohne Fachchinesisch : 7 aktuelle Studien für alle Sprachinteressierten , Aachen : Shaker , p. 81 - 98 . BNF : cb11976819c ( data ) GND : 4160606 - 1 LCCN : sh85061773 NDL : 00577095 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homonym&oldid=844642227 '' Categories : Lexical semantics Types of words Homonymy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Gaeilge Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Нохчийн Norsk Олык марий Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 05 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Homonyms in linguistics
2. Definition of homonyms
3. Examples of homonyms
4. Homonyms vs. polysemes
5. Homonyms in scientific nomenclature |
-3,908,172,531,789,945,000 | where do they drive on left side of road | Left - and right - hand traffic - wikipedia Left - and right - hand traffic Jump to : navigation , search Countries by handedness of traffic , c. 2017 Right - hand traffic Left - hand traffic Change of traffic directions at the Thai -- Lao Friendship Bridge The terms left - hand traffic ( LHT ) and right - hand traffic ( RHT ) refer to regulations requiring all bidirectional traffic , unless otherwise directed , to keep to the left side or to the right side of the road , respectively . This is so fundamental to traffic flow that it is sometimes referred to as the rule of the road . One hundred and sixty - three countries and territories use RHT , with the remaining seventy - six countries and territories using LHT . Countries that use LHT account for about a sixth of the world 's area and a quarter of its roads . In the early 1900s some countries including Canada , Spain , and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country . During the 1900s many countries standardised within their jurisdictions , and changed from LHT to RHT , mostly to conform with regional custom . In 1919 , 104 of the world 's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT . From 1919 to 1986 , 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT . Many of the countries with LHT are former British colonies in the Caribbean , Southern Africa , Southeast Asia , South Asia , Australia , and New Zealand . Japan , Thailand , Nepal , Bhutan , Mozambique , Suriname , East Timor , and Indonesia are among those LHT countries outside the former British Empire . In Europe , only four countries still drive on the left : the United Kingdom , Ireland , Malta , and Cyprus , all of which are on islands that have no direct road connections with countries driving on the right . Nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory . Most exceptions are due to historical considerations and / or involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country . China is RHT except the Special Administrative Regions of China of Hong Kong and Macau . The United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands . The United Kingdom is LHT , but its overseas territories of Gibraltar and British Indian Ocean Territory are RHT . According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea , water traffic is RHT . For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations provide for passing on the right , both in the air and on water . On a double - track railways , rail traffic generally runs to one side of a line , not always the same side as road traffic . Thus in Belgium , China , France ( apart from the former German Alsace and Lorraine ) , Sweden ( apart from Malmö and further south ) , Switzerland and Italy for example , the railways use LHT , while the roads use RHT , often because of the influence of the British on early railway systems . In countries such as Indonesia , it is the reverse ( RHT for railways and LHT for roads ) . Light rail vehicles generally operate on the same side as road traffic in a country . There is no technical reason to prefer one side over the other . In healthy populations , traffic safety is thought to be the same regardless of handedness , although some researchers have speculated that LHT may be safer for ageing populations since humans are more commonly right - eye dominant than left - eye dominant . Contents 1 History 1.1 Changing sides 1.1. 1 Europe 1.1. 2 Asia and the Pacific 1.1. 3 Africa 2 Changing sides at borders 3 Road vehicle configurations 3.1 Driver seating position 3.2 Headlamps and other lighting equipment 3.2. 1 Rear fog lamps 3.3 Crash Testing differences 4 Worldwide distribution by country 5 Traffic behaviour 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Left - hand traffic in Vienna , Austria circa 1930 . Ancient Greek , Egyptian , and Roman troops kept to the left when marching . In 1998 , archaeologists found a well - preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon , in southern England . The grooves in the road on the left side ( viewed facing down the track away from the quarry ) were much deeper than those on the right side , suggesting LHT , at least at this location , since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded , and enter it empty . The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756 , with regard to London Bridge . Hong Kong drives on the left . Mainland China drives on the right . Some historians , such as C. Northcote Parkinson , believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left , since most people were right handed . If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight , each would edge toward the left . In the year 1300 , Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left . In the late 1700s , traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters ' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses . The wagons had no driver 's seat , so the ( typically right - handed ) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse . Seated on the left , the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons . In France , traditionally foot traffic had kept right , while carriage traffic kept left . Following the French Revolution , all traffic kept right . Following the Napoleonic Wars , the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe . During the colonial period , RHT was introduced by the French in New France , French West Africa , the Maghreb , French Indochina , the West Indies , French Guiana and the Réunion , among others . Meanwhile , LHT was introduced by the British in Atlantic Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the East Africa Protectorate , British India , Southern Rhodesia and the Cape Colony ( now Zimbabwe and South Africa ) , British Malaya ( now Malaysia , Brunei and Singapore ) , British Guiana , and British Hong Kong . LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau , Colonial Brazil , East Timor , Portuguese Mozambique , and Angola . The first keep - right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike . New York formalized RHT in 1804 , New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821 . Changing sides ( edit ) Traffic moves from left to right in Stockholm , Sweden , on 3 September 1967 Europe ( edit ) Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention , which advised driving on the right - hand side of the road , in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders . This was despite the fact that left - hand traffic was still widespread : in 1915 for example , LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro - Hungarian Empire . However , three years later the Empire was split up into several countries , and they all changed eventually to RHT , notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938 - 39 . Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967 , despite having land borders with RHT countries , and approximately 90 percent of cars being left - hand drive ( LHD ) vehicles . A referendum was held in 1955 , with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT . Nevertheless , some years later the government ordered a conversion , which took place at 5 am on Sunday , 3 September 1967 . The accident rate dropped sharply after the change , but soon rose back to near its original level . The day was known as Dagen H ( `` H - Day '' ) , the ' H ' being for Högertrafik ( `` right traffic '' ) . When Iceland switched the following year , it was known as H - dagurinn , again meaning `` H - Day '' . In the late 1960s , the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT , but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built - up nation . Road building standards , for motorways in particular , allow asymmetrically designed road junctions , where merge and diverge lanes differ in length . Asia and the Pacific ( edit ) China adopted RHT in 1946 . Taiwan changed to driving on the right at the same time . Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT . Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japan which was defeated and surrendered by the Allies . Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970 . Samoa , a former German colony , had been RHT for more than a century . It switched to LHT in 2009 , being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch . The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right hand drive ( RHD ) vehicles imported from Australia , New Zealand or Japan , and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations . A political party , The People 's Party , was formed to try to protest against the change , a protest group which launched a legal challenge , and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it . The motor industry was also opposed , as 14,000 of Samoa 's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion . After months of preparation , the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration . There were no reported incidents . At 05 : 50 local time , Monday 7 September , a radio announcement halted traffic , and an announcement at 6 : 00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT . The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat - belt laws . That day and the following day were declared public holidays , to reduce traffic . The change included a three - day ban on alcohol sales , while police mounted dozens of checkpoints , warning drivers to drive slowly . The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish and American colonial periods , as well as during the Commonwealth era . During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT , also because LHT had been required by the Japanese ; but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement . RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945 . Africa ( edit ) A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries . Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971 , Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974 . Before this period The Gambia , a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal , had officially switched to RHT in 1965 . Rwanda , a former Belgian colony in central Africa , is RHT but is considering switching to LHT , to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community ( EAC ) . A survey , carried out in 2009 , indicated that 54 % of Rwandans were in favour of the switch . Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model , easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries . The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents . In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT . In 2015 , the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted ; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe . Changing sides at borders ( edit ) A road sign in the British county of Kent placed on the right - hand side of the road . Border between Sweden and Norway in 1934 While most LHT jurisdictions are on islands , there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area . LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbours : Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar . Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch , but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic . There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China . In 2006 , the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100 . The next largest is Man Kam To , where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one - way streets with a main road . The Takutu River Bridge ( which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil ) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides . Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel , the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high ; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year , by rail , between the UK and France . Road vehicle configurations ( edit ) Driver seating position ( edit ) Bolivia is RHT , with the exception of Yungas Road which is LHT to help drivers see their outer wheel . In RHT jurisdictions , vehicles are configured with LHD , with the driver sitting on the left side . In LHT jurisdictions , the reverse is true . The driver 's side , the side closest to the centre of the road , is sometimes called the offside , while the passenger side , the side closest to the side of the road , is sometimes called the nearside . Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic . Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD . In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America , arguing that with RHD and RHT , the passenger was obliged to `` get out on the street side and walk around the car '' and that with steering from the left , the driver `` is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger . '' By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford 's lead , due to the popularity of the Model T . In specialised cases , the driver will sit on the nearside , or kerbside . Examples include : Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside , e.g. street sweepers , or vehicles driven along unstable road edges . Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside , e.g. delivery vehicles . The Grumman LLV postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America . Some Unimogs are designed to be switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck . Generally , the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left , and kickstands are usually on the left which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside as is the case in LHT . Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a sidecar to a motorcycle 's offside . Headlamps and other lighting equipment ( edit ) Main article : Headlamp Bird 's - eye view of low beam light pattern for RH traffic , with long seeing range on the right and short cutoff on the left so oncoming drivers are not dazzled . Most low - beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical beam distribution suitable for use on only one side of the road . Low beam headlamps for use in LH - traffic countries throw most of their light forward - leftward ; those for RH - traffic countries throw most of their light forward - rightward , thus illuminating obstacles and road signs an adequate distance ahead on the driver 's own side of the road while limiting glare to oncoming traffic on the other side of the road . Within Europe , headlamps designed and approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road , as for example on holiday or in transit . This adaptation may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a designated part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded . Some varieties of the projector - type headlamp can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LH - or RH - traffic beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly . Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car 's GPS detects that the vehicle has moved from LH to RH traffic or vice versa . Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before Dagen H change from left - to right - hand traffic . Opaque decal blocks lens portion that would provide low beam upkick to the right , and bears warning `` Not to be removed before 3 September 1967 '' . Because blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps , most countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic - handedness . Without sidecars attached , motorcycles , motor scooters , mopeds , and bicycles are almost symmetric with their handlebars in the centre . However , motorcycles are often equipped with automotive - type asymmetrical - beam headlamps that likewise require adjustments or replacement when brought into a country with opposite traffic - handedness . Rear fog lamps ( edit ) Within the European Union , vehicles must be equipped with one or two rear - facing red rear fog lamps . A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle 's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver 's side of the vehicle . When importing a vehicle to a country which drives on the opposite side of the road , this sometimes requires the purchase and installation of local - market lighting components . Crash testing differences ( edit ) Some crash test results indicate that the RHD variant of a vehicle primarily developed for a LHD country may not protect the driver as well as the LHD variant , although differences in testing methodology could also cause the results to vary . One of the possible causes of this difference in crash test results is the RHD variant will not be an exact mirror image of the LHD variant . The number of differences in chassis , bodywork and parts needed to produce the RHD variant will be minimised to reduce the cost . The RHD vehicle is usually a variant of the LHD markets , due to potentially lower sales volumes of the RHD variant . When minimising the changes needed for the RHD variant , there is a possibility that key strengthening structures that would protect the driver in a crash may not be transferred to the driver side in the RHD variant . ( There are no easily reference - able sources for LHD variant performing less well in crash testing than the RHD variant where the vehicle is primarily manufactured for / in RHD markets ) . It is commonplace in Europe for only the LHD variant of a vehicle to be tested under the Euro NCAP crash testing scheme , although the result will be used in the promotion of the RHD variant in European countries which operate LHT . Worldwide distribution by country ( edit ) Of the 193 countries currently recognised by the United Nations ( and the unrecognised Palestine ) , 140 use RHT and 54 use LHT . A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once . Country Road traffic Road switched sides Multi-track rail traffic generally Notes Afghanistan RHT RHT / LHT Was LHT until the 1950s , in line with neighbouring British Raj and later Pakistan . Albania RHT RHT Algeria RHT RHT Andorra RHT Angola RHT 1928 Antigua and Barbuda LHT Argentina RHT 10 June 1945 LHT The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial ( road safety day ) . The Metrotranvía Mendoza uses RHT . Armenia RHT RHT Australia LHT LHT Commonwealth . Includes Christmas Island , Cocos Islands , Norfolk Island Austria RHT 1921 in Vorarlberg , 1930 in North Tyrol , 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol , 1938 in the rest of the country . RHT Originally LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Azerbaijan RHT RHT Bahamas LHT In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby USA . Bahrain RHT 1967 Former British protectorate . Switched to same side as neighbours . Bangladesh LHT LHT Barbados LHT Belgium RHT 1899 LHT The Brussels Metro uses RHT . Belarus RHT RHT Belize RHT 1961 Former British colony . Switched to same side as neighbours . Benin RHT Bhutan LHT Under British protection before 1949 . Bolivia RHT Botswana LHT Brazil RHT 1928 RHT A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century , switched some states still using LHT to RHT in 1928 . Most metro systems use RHT . Brunei LHT Bosnia and Herzegovina RHT RHT Switched sides after the collapse of Austria - Hungary . Bulgaria RHT RHT Burkina Faso RHT Burundi RHT Considering switching to LHT in line with neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Cambodia RHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . RHD cars , many of which were smuggled from Thailand , were banned from 2001 , even though they accounted for 80 % of vehicles in the country . Cameroon RHT 1961 Canada RHT 1920s RHT Territories now in Canada have always been RHT , except British Columbia , which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923 , and New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922 , 1923 , and 1924 respectively . Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire , two years before joining Canada . Cape Verde RHT 1928 Central African Republic RHT Chad RHT Chile RHT 1916 LHT The Santiago Metro uses RHT . China RHT 1946 RHT / LHT At one time , northern provinces were RHT due to American influence , while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence . LHT was uniform in the 1930s . Hong Kong and Macau are all on LHT . Colombia RHT RHT Comoros RHT Congo RHT Democratic Republic of Congo RHT Costa Rica RHT Côte d'Ivoire RHT Croatia RHT RHT Istria and Dalmatia were RHT , while Croatia - Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria - Hungary . The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . Cuba RHT Cyprus LHT Former British colony . Czech Republic RHT 1939 RHT Was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary , switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia . Denmark RHT RHT Includes Faroe Islands and Greenland Djibouti RHT Dominica LHT Former British colony . Dominican Republic RHT East Timor LHT 1976 Originally LHT , like its colonial power Portugal . Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928 . Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor , changed back to LHT in 1976 . Ecuador RHT LHT The Quito Metro and Cuenca tram system will use RHT Egypt RHT LHT Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence , but railway system was built by British companies . El Salvador RHT Equatorial Guinea RHT Eritrea RHT 1964 Estonia RHT RHT Ethiopia RHT 1964 LHT The Addis Ababa Light Rail runs on the right . Fiji LHT Finland RHT 1858 RHT / LHT Formerly ruled by LHT Sweden , switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree . Majority of Helsinki commuter rail uses LHT . France RHT 1792 LHT / RHT Includes French Polynesia , New Caledonia , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Guiana , Réunion , Saint Barthélemy , Collectivity of Saint Martin , Guadeloupe , Mayotte . Railways in Alsace and Lorraine use RHT as a former part of German Empire . CDGVAL uses RHT . Most metro systems use RHT , except for the Lyon Metro . Gabon RHT Gambia RHT 1965 Georgia RHT RHT About 40 % vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to low cost of used cars from Japan . Germany RHT RHT Ghana RHT Former British colony . When changing to RHT a Twi language slogan was `` Nifa , Nifa Enan '' or `` Right , Right , Fourth '' . Greece RHT RHT Grenada LHT Guatemala RHT Guinea RHT Guinea - Bissau RHT 1928 Guyana LHT Haiti RHT Honduras RHT Hungary RHT 1941 RHT Originally LHT , like most of Austria - Hungary . Iceland RHT 1968 The day of the switch was known as H - dagurinn . Most passenger cars were already LHD . Iran RHT RHT Iraq RHT LHT India LHT LHT Former British colony . Indonesia LHT RHT The Jakarta MRT will use LHT . Ireland LHT LHT Former British Dominion . Israel RHT LHT The Jerusalem Light Rail uses RHT . Italy RHT 1920s LHT Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT . Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926 . Alfa Romeo and Lancia did not produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively , as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls . The metro systems in Brescia , Genoa , Milan , and Turin use RHT , as well as all tram systems . Jamaica LHT Japan LHT LHT Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT . It was returned to Japan in 1972 went LHT in 1978 . The conversion operation was known as 730 ( Nana - San - Maru , which means Nana ( 7 ) - San ( 3 ) - Maru ( 0 ) ) . Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century . Jordan RHT RHT , despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946 . Kazakhstan RHT RHT Kenya LHT British colony until 1963 . Kiribati LHT North Korea and South Korea RHT 1946 LHT Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s . Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945 . Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT ( exceptions include Seoul Subway Line 1 and the Bundang Line ) ; metro system in Pyongyang uses a mixture of RHT and LHT . Kuwait RHT Kyrgyzstan RHT RHT Former part of RHT Soviet Union . In 2012 , over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan . Laos RHT LHT RHT implemented while part of French Indochina . Latvia RHT RHT Lebanon RHT Former French mandate . Lesotho LHT Liberia RHT Libya RHT Liechtenstein RHT RHT Lithuania RHT RHT Luxembourg RHT RHT Macedonia RHT RHT Madagascar RHT Malawi LHT Malaysia LHT LHT Former British colony . Maldives LHT Mali RHT Malta LHT British colony until 1964 . Marshall Islands RHT Mauritania RHT Mining roads between Fdérik and Zouérat are LHT . Mauritius LHT Former British colony . Island nation . Mexico RHT RHT Micronesia RHT Moldova RHT RHT Monaco RHT LHT Mongolia RHT RHT Montenegro RHT RHT Morocco RHT RHT Mozambique LHT LHT Myanmar RHT 1970 LHT Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT , most cars are pre-owned RHD vehicles , imported from Japan . Netherlands RHT 1906 RHT Rotterdam was LHT until 1917 . Includes Curaçao , Sint Maarten , and Aruba Namibia LHT 1918 RHT as a German colony . After South Africa occupied German South - West Africa during World War I , switched to LHT . South - West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations , and the new rule of the road was established in law . Nauru LHT 1918 Nepal LHT New Zealand LHT LHT Includes territories Niue and Cook Islands Nicaragua RHT Niger RHT Nigeria RHT 1972 LHT Former British colony . Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies . Norway RHT RHT Oman RHT Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign - registered RHD vehicles . Palau RHT RHT Palestine RHT Pakistan LHT LHT Panama RHT 1943 Papua New Guinea LHT Paraguay RHT 1945 Peru RHT LHT Philippines RHT 1946 RHT LHT up until the Battle of Manila in 1945 Poland RHT RHT Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT . Partitions that were part of Austria - Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s . Portugal RHT 1928 LHT Colonies Goa , Macau and Mozambique , which had land borders with LHT countries , did not switch and continue to drive on the left . The Porto Metro uses RHT . Qatar RHT Romania RHT RHT Russia RHT RHT In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan . Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT . Sormovskaya line in Nizhny Novgorod Metro also uses LHT . Rwanda RHT Former Belgian mandate . Considering switching to LHT like its neighbours Tanzania , Kenya and Uganda . Saint Kitts and Nevis LHT Saint Lucia LHT Saint Vincent and the Grenadines LHT Samoa LHT 2009 Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia , New Zealand and Japan . San Marino RHT São Tomé and Príncipe RHT 1928 Saudi Arabia RHT LHT The Makkah Metro uses RHT . Senegal RHT Serbia RHT RHT Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria - Hungary . Seychelles LHT Sierra Leone RHT 1971 Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013 . Singapore LHT LHT Former British colony . Slovakia RHT 1939 -- 41 RHT Slovenia RHT LHT Solomon Islands LHT Somalia RHT 1968 South Africa LHT LHT Former British colony . South Sudan RHT 1973 Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule . Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence . Spain RHT 1924 RHT Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT , and Madrid was LHT until 1924 . The Madrid and Bilbao metro systems use LHT . Sri Lanka LHT LHT Former British Colony . Sudan RHT 1973 Former British Colony . Suriname LHT Swaziland LHT Sweden RHT 3 September 1967 LHT The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD . The tram systems in Gothenburg and Norrköping use RHT ; the tram system in Stockholm is mostly RHT but some LHT . The railways in Malmö uses RHT due to the connection to Denmark . Switzerland RHT LHT The tram system in Zurich and the Lausanne Metro use RHT . Syria RHT Taiwan RHT 1946 LHT Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule . The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China . Most metro systems use RHT . Tajikistan RHT RHT Tanzania LHT Thailand LHT LHT One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony . Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia . Togo RHT Tonga LHT Trinidad and Tobago LHT Former British colony . Tunisia RHT LHT French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881 . Turkey RHT RHT Turkmenistan RHT RHT Tuvalu LHT Uganda LHT Ukraine RHT 1922 RHT West Ukraine was LHT , like most of former Austria - Hungary . Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary . The rest of Ukraine , having been part of the Russian Empire , already drove on the right . Some sections of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side , which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms . United Arab Emirates RHT RHT United Kingdom LHT ( Mainland UK ) RHT ( Gibraltar ) LHT Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Isle of Man , Guernsey , Jersey , Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Falkland Islands , Montserrat , Pitcairn Islands , Turks and Caicos Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension , Tristan da Cunha are all left hand drive . Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain . The Channel Islands ( Jersey and Guernsey ) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945 . The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982 . United States RHT LHT ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) RHT / LHT Includes American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico . U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT , like much of the Caribbean . Uruguay RHT 1945 LHT Became LHT in 1918 , but as in some other countries in South America , changed to RHT on 2 September 1945 . A speed limit of 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) was observed until 30 September for safety . Uzbekistan RHT RHT Vanuatu RHT Venezuela RHT LHT The Caracas Metro uses RHT . Vietnam RHT LHT Became RHT as French Indochina . Yemen RHT 1977 South Yemen , formerly the British colony of Aden , changed to RHT 1977 . A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued . North Yemen was already RHT . Zambia LHT Zimbabwe LHT LHT Former British colony . In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles . Traffic behaviour ( edit ) LHT RHT Manoeuvre LHT RHT Unless overtaking stay on the left right In roundabouts traffic rotates clockwise anticlockwise Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the right left Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning right left Most traffic signs are on the left right Pedestrians crossing a two - way road look first for traffic from their right left Dual carriageway ramps are on the left right After stopping at a red light it may be legal to turn left right Gallery ( edit ) Gibraltar is RHT ( since 1929 ) A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge . Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland See also ( edit ) Hook turn Traffic - light signalling and operation World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations References ( edit ) ^ Draper , Geoff ( 1993 ) . `` Harmonized Headlamp Design for Worldwide Application '' . Motor Vehicle Lighting . Society of Automotive Engineers . pp. 23 -- 36 . ^ Kincaid , Peter ( December 1986 ) . The Rule of the Road : An International Guide to History and Practice . Greenwood Press . pp. 50 , 86 -- 88 , 99 -- 100 , 121 -- 122 , 198 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25249 - 1 . ^ Barta , Patrick . `` Shifting the Right of Way to the Left Leaves Some Samoans Feeling Wronged '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ( subscription required ) ^ Watson , Ian . `` The rule of the road , 1919 - 1986 : A case study of standards change '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ `` Travel Tips US Virgin Islands '' . Usvitourism.vi . 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Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ `` Manila , Queen of the Pacific 1938 '' . YouTube . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Goupal , Lou ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Manila Nostalgia : Dewey Boulevard during the Japanese occupation '' . YouTube . Manila Nostalgia . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Original video clips from a Japanese propaganda film shot in early 1942 . ^ Tadeo , Patrick Everett ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` How the Philippines became a left - hand - drive country '' . Top Gear Philippines . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ `` Executive Order No. 34 , s . 1945 '' . www.officialgazzete.gov.ph . ^ `` Rwanda wants to drive on the left '' . Independent.co.ug. 3 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ `` East Africa : Rwanda Looks to the Left '' . allAfrica.com. 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Bari , Dr Mahabubul ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` The study of the possibility of switching driving side in Rwanda '' . European Transport Research Review . 6 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 453 . doi : 10.1007 / s12544 - 014 - 0144 - 2 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Right - hand - drive vehicles return on Rwandan roads , The East African , March 13 , 2015 ^ Tumwebaze , Peterson ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Govt okays importation of RHD trucks , to decide on other vehicle categories in October '' . The New Times . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jennings , Ken . `` What Happens When Left - Hand Roads Meet Right - Hand Roads '' . Conde Nast Traveler . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . ^ `` Hong Kong 2006 -- Transport -- Cross-Boundary Traffic '' . Yearbook.gov.hk. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ `` Takutu bridge opens to traffic '' . Stabroeknews.com. 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ `` Nearside ( dictionary definition ) '' . Dictionary.reverso.net . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ Miller , Wayne ( 2015 ) . Car Crazy : The Battle for Supremacy between Ford and Olds and the Dawn of the Automobile Age . PublicAffairs . p. 279 . ISBN 9781610395526 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . ^ LHD Specialist : Location of the Steering Wheel Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Hinchliffe , Mark . `` How to mount your motorbike '' . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ `` MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING A MOTORCYCLE '' . Motorcycle Test Tips . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ `` S.I. No. 5 / 2003 - Road Traffic ( Construction and Use of Vehicles ) Regulations 2003 '' . Irish Statute Book . 42 . ( 1 ) . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . where a side -- car is attached to a mechanically propelled bicycle , the side -- car shall be ... fitted on the left side of the vehicle ; `` Motorcycle Sidecar & Trailer legislation '' . MAG Ireland . Irish Motorcyclists Association . 9 Feb 2014 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ `` The Road Vehicles ( Construction and Use ) Regulations 1986 - Section 93 '' . UK Government . 25 June 1986 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . ^ `` UN Regulation 112 , `` Motor vehicle headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam or a driving beam or both and equipped with filament lamps '' '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` UNECE Homepage '' ( PDF ) . www.unece.org . ^ `` Popular family SUV Hyundai Tucson slammed for ' four - star ' Australian crash test result '' . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . ^ L.R. Reddy ( 2002 ) . Inside Afghanistan : End of the Taliban Era ? . APH Publishing . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ `` Worldwide Driving Orientation by Country '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ `` 10 de Junio : Día Mundial de la Seguridad Vial '' . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ `` Right - Hand Traffic versus Left - Hand Traffic '' . The Basement Geographer . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ New Scientist , Volume 112 , IPC Magazines , 1986 , page 18 ^ http://caribya.com/bahamas/driving/ ^ Bahrain Government Annual Reports , Times of India Press , 1968 , page 158 ^ `` História '' . Touring Club do Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . `` '' Já na década de 1920 ( ... ) Em um país onde os documentos veiculares só tinham validade municipal e alguns estados adotavam a mão - inglesa '' ( Translation : In the 1920s ( ... ) In a country where vehicular documents were valid only citywide and some states adopted left - hand traffic . ) ^ `` Decreto 18.323 / 1928 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . `` Art . 31 . São obrigações communs a todos os conductores de vehiculos : a ) conservar sua direita , trafegando o mais proximo possivel da beira da estrada , e sempre deixando a seu lado esquerdo espaço livre para passagem dos vehiculos que tiverem de passar á frente ou que transitarem em senttido contrario . '' ( Translation : article 31 : The common obligations to vehicle drivers are ; a ) Keep to the right , driving the closest as possible to the roadside , letting their left side free for vehicles overtaking or for oncoming traffic . ) , the first nationwide traffic legislation , cited unambiguously RHT as the standard for the country . ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqL4Ky7ebRQ ^ Nkwame , Marc ( 27 July 2013 ) . `` Burundi , Rwanda to start driving on the left '' . DailyNews Online . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . ^ `` Cambodia bans right - hand drive cars '' . BBC News . 1 January 2001 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . ^ `` Change of Rule of Road in British Columbia 1920 '' ( PDF ) . The British Columbia Road Runner . March 1966 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Griffin , Kevin ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Week In History : Switching from the left was the right thing to do '' . Vancouver Sun . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . ^ Smith , Ivan . `` Highway Driving Rule Changes Sides '' . History of Automobiles - The Early Days in Nova Scotia , 1899 - 1949 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Dyer , Gwynne ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` A triumph for left over right '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Baedeker , Karl ( 1900 ) . `` Austria , including Hungary , Transylvania , Dalmatia and Bosnia '' . p. xiii - xiv . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . In Styria , Upper and Lower Austria , Salzburg , Carniola , Croatia , and Hungary we keep to the left , and pass to the right in overtaking ; in Carinthia , Tyrol , and the Austrian Littoral ( Adriatic coast : Trieste , Gorizia and Gradisca , Istria and Dalmatia ) we keep to the right and overtake to the left . Troops on the march always keep to the right side of the road , so in whatever part of the Empire you meet them , keep to the left . ^ `` ; Hvorfor kører nogle lande i højre side ? ( Why do some countries drive on the right side ? ) '' . videnskab.dk . Retrieved 31 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Högertrafik i Sverige och Finland '' . aland.net . ^ ' Left is right on the road ' , Mick Hamer New Scientist , 25 December 1986 -- 1 January 1987 No 1540 / 1541 , p. 16 . ^ https://sputnik-georgia.ru/reviews/20170602/236203054/Vyzhivut-li-pravorulnye-mashiny-v-Gruzii.html ^ Hillger , Don ; Toth , Garry . `` Right - Hand / Left - Hand Driving Customs '' . Colorado State University . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . ^ Phil Bartle . `` Studies Among the Akan People of West Africa Community , Society , History , Culture ; With Special Focus on the Kwawu by Phil Bartle , PhD '' . Cec.vcn.bc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ hadi anto ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` indonesia train compilation '' -- via YouTube . ^ `` Sight for sure eyes , Honest John 's Agony Column '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . ^ Nick Georgano , ed. ( 2000 ) . `` Lancia '' . The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile ( Vol. 2 : G-O ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 867 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 293 - 1 . ^ `` Why Does Japan Drive On The Left '' . 2pass.co.uk . Retrieved 11 August 2006 . ^ Andrew H. Malcolm ( 5 July 1978 ) . `` U-Turn for Okinawa : From Right - Hand Driving to Left ; Extra Policemen Assigned '' . The New York Times . p . A2 . ^ `` Customs Services Department -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . KRA . Retrieved 12 December 2010 . ^ `` Over 20,000 Right Hand Drive Cars Imported in Kyrgyzstan in 2012 '' . The Gazette of Central Asia . Satrapia. 8 May 2013 . ^ `` Photo of All Change . Swop Over Point for the Traffic ! '' . Panoramio . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Mozambique : memoirs of a revolution , John Paul , Penguin , 1975 , page 41 ^ Myanmar 's car market set to take new direction , Motokazu Matsui and Takemi Nakagawa , Financial Times , 2 January 2017 ^ Peter van Ammelrooy . `` De Claim links rijden '' ( in Dutch ) . Volkskrant.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ `` De geschiedenis van het linksrijden '' . Engelfriet.net . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 14 . ^ The Laws of South West Africa , Volume 2 , J. Meibert , 1961 ^ `` 2.1 `` Keeping Left '' -- Land Transport ( Road User ) Rule 2004 -- New Zealand Legislation `` . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . ^ THE SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF STEERING CONVERSION OF VEHICLES FROM RIGHT TO LEFT HAND DRIVE , Federal Road Safety Commission ^ `` Travel advice by country , Oman '' . Foreign & Commonwealth Office ( fco.gov.uk ) . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . ^ Panama Shifts To Right Handed Driving Of Cars , Chicago Tribune , April 25 , 1943 ^ `` Paraguay Decree 6956 of 25 January 1945 '' . Glin.gov . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . ^ `` Krakowska Komunikacja Miejska -- autobusy , tramwaje i krakowskie inwestycje drogowe -- History of the Cracow tram network '' . Komunikacja.krakow.eurocity.pl. 28 November 1982 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . ^ `` Russian Far East is still attached to Japanese cars '' . Russia behind the headlines . 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . ^ Peter . `` Rwanda to adopt EAC driving standards '' . Rwanda Transport . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . ^ The Rising Sun : A History of the All People 's Congress Party of Sierra Leone , A.P.C. Secretariat , 1982 , page 396 ^ Sierra Leone Bans Right - Hand Vehicles as Hazards , Voice of America , Nina de Vries , 17 September 2013 ^ `` Somalia -- Visa service and travel information '' . Travcour . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ `` Road Rules '' . SACarRental.com . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ `` Driving in South Africa Information '' . drivesouthafrica.co.za . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Moya , Aurora . `` Metro de Madrid , 1919 -- 1989 . Setenta años de historia '' , Chapter 1 ^ Taplin , Michael ( 1995 ) . Light Rail in Europe . Capital Transport . pp. 126 , 128 . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 180 - 5 . ^ Passed by the Legislative Yuan ( 1946 ) . `` 違 警 罰 法 ( Act Governing the Punishment of Police Offences ) '' . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . ^ Trinidad and Tobago Adventure Guide , Kathleen O'Donnell , Stassi Pefkaros , Hunter Publishing , Inc , 2000 , page 53 ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Mqng0q_pWI ^ Colonial Reports , Annual , Volumes 1480 - 1499 , 1930 , page 76 ^ The Channel Islands War : 1940 - 1945 , Peter King , Hale , 1991 , page 31 ^ Tobar , Hector ( 1 April 2002 ) . `` ' 82 Falklands Conflict Left a Legacy of Tragedy , Hope '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . ^ `` Which side of the road do they drive on ? '' . brianlucas.ca . ^ `` RHD / LHD Country Guide '' . toyota-gib.com . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ `` South Yemen -- Postage stamps -- 1977 '' . stampworld.com . ^ Left - hand vehicles to stay , NewsDay , 30 January 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Left - and right - hand traffic . 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4,062,304,175,717,627,400 | who plays wolf in robin hood prince of thieves | Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves - wikipedia Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1991 U.S. film . For other uses , see Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( disambiguation ) . `` Prince of Thieves '' redirects here . For other uses , see Prince of Thieves ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Kevin Reynolds Produced by Pen Densham Richard Barton Lewis John Watson Screenplay by Pen Densham John Watson Story by Pen Densham Starring Kevin Costner Morgan Freeman Christian Slater Alan Rickman Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Music by Michael Kamen Cinematography Douglas Milsome Edited by Peter Boyle Production company Morgan Creek Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $48 million Box office $390.5 million Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film . The film , an iteration of the legendary English folk tale , was directed by Kevin Reynolds . The film 's principal cast includes Kevin Costner as Robin Hood , Morgan Freeman as Azeem , Christian Slater as Will Scarlet , Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Maid Marian , and Alan Rickman as the Sheriff of Nottingham . The film grossed over $390 million worldwide , ranking as the second - highest - grossing film of 1991 . For his role as George , Sheriff of Nottingham , Rickman received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film 's theme song , `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' , by Bryan Adams , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song and won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Reception 5.2 Box office 6 Adaptations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Robin of Locksley -- an English nobleman who joined Richard the Lionheart , King of England in the Third Crusade -- is imprisoned in Jerusalem along with his comrade , Peter Dubois . Facing the amputation of his hand by the Ayyubid prison guards , Robin escapes with Peter , saving the life of a Moor named Azeem in the process . Robin , Peter , and Azeem escape through a sewer and into an alley , but Peter is shot and mortally wounded by an archer . Before making his last stand against the approaching guards , he has Robin swear to protect his sister , Marian . Robin returns to England with Azeem , who has vowed to accompany him until Azeem 's life - debt to Robin is repaid . In England , with King Richard still away ( in France ) , the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham rules over the land , aided by his cousin , Guy of Gisbourne , the witch Mortianna , and the corrupt Bishop of Hereford ( Harold Innocent ) . At Locksley Castle , Robin 's father , who is loyal to King Richard , is killed by the Sheriff 's men after refusing to join them . Robin returns to England to find his father dead , his home in ruins , and the Sheriff and his men oppressing the people . After telling Marian of Peter 's demise , and while fleeing the Sheriff 's forces afterwards , Robin and Azeem encounter a band of outlaws hiding in Sherwood Forest , led by Little John . Among the band is Will Scarlet , who holds a belligerent grudge against Robin . Robin ultimately assumes command of the group , encourages his men to fight against Nottingham , and trains them to defend themselves . They rob soldiers and convoys that pass through the forest , then distribute the stolen wealth among the poor . One of their early targets is Friar Tuck , who subsequently joins these Merry Men . Marian begins to sympathize with the band and renders Robin any aid she can muster . Robin 's successes infuriate the Sheriff , who increases the mistreatment of the people , resulting in greater local support for Robin Hood . The Sheriff kills Gisbourne for his failure to prevent the looting of several convoys , and hires Celtic warriors from Scotland to assist his forces in assaulting the hideout . The Sheriff manages to locate the outlaws ' hideout and launches an attack , destroying the forest refuge and capturing most of the outlaws . He confines Marian when she tries to summon help from France . In order to consolidate his claim to the throne , the Sheriff proposes to Marian ( who is Richard 's cousin ) , claiming that if she accepts he will spare the lives of the captured outlaws . Nevertheless , several of the rebels are due to be executed by hanging as part of the wedding celebration . Among the captured is Will Scarlet , who makes a deal with the Sheriff to find and kill Robin in exchange for his freedom . Will meets back with Robin and a handful of his most trusted aides who survived the assault by the Celts . Instead of attacking Robin , Will informs him of the Sheriff 's plans to marry Marian and execute Robin 's men . Will continues to display anger against Robin , which motivates Robin to question why Will hates him so much . Will then reveals himself to be Robin 's younger illegitimate half - brother ; Will 's mother was a peasant woman with whom Robin 's father took comfort after Robin 's mother had died . Robin 's anger toward his father caused him to separate from her and leave Will fatherless . Despite his anger , Robin is overjoyed to learn that he has a brother , and reconciles with Will . On the day of the wedding and hangings , Robin and his men infiltrate Nottingham Castle , freeing the prisoners . Although Robin 's band originally planned to free their friends and retreat , Azeem reveals himself and his willingness to fight the Sheriff , inciting the peasants to revolt . After a fierce fight , Robin kills the Sheriff but is attacked by Mortianna , who charges with a spear . Azeem slays Mortianna , fulfilling his vow to repay his life debt . Tuck kills the Bishop , burdening him with treasure and throwing him out a window . Robin and Marian profess their love for each other and marry in the forest . Their wedding is briefly interrupted by the return of King Richard , who blesses the marriage and thanks Robin for his deeds . Cast ( edit ) Kevin Costner as Robin Hood ( Robin of Locksley ) Morgan Freeman as Azeem Christian Slater as Will Scarlet Alan Rickman as George , Sheriff of Nottingham Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marian Dubois Geraldine McEwan as Mortianna Mike McShane as Friar Tuck Brian Blessed as Lord Locksley Michael Wincott as Guy of Gisborne Nick Brimble as Little John Harold Innocent as the Bishop of Hereford Walter Sparrow as Duncan Daniel Newman as Wulf Sean Connery ( uncredited ) as King Richard Jack Wild as Much the miller 's son Daniel Peacock as Bull Production ( edit ) Sycamore Gap at Hadrian 's Wall . Today known as the `` Robin Hood Tree '' . Rickman turned down the role of the Sheriff twice before he was told he could have carte blanche with his interpretation of the character . On the DVD commentary for ITV 's Robin of Sherwood television series , which ran from 1983 to 1986 , writer and creator Richard Carpenter explains that the stunt coordinator from the Robin of Sherwood series , Terry Walsh , was hired to do stunt work for Prince of Thieves . While on set , Walsh noticed that there was a Saracen assassin character named Nasir in the film . That character was a creation of Carpenter and is exclusive to the Robin of Sherwood series . Once the creators of Prince of Thieves realized there was potential copyright infringement , they changed the character 's name from Nasir to Azeem . Carpenter also explains that Costner and others involved in Prince of Thieves have admitted to watching Robin of Sherwood as inspiration for their film . Filming ( edit ) Principal exteriors were shot on location in the United Kingdom . A second unit filmed the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude , France , for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle . Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire -- restored in an early shot using a matte painting . Marian 's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland . Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed throughout England : Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws ' encampment , Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John , and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin bathing . Sycamore Gap on Hadrian 's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the Sheriff 's men . Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters , Sussex were used as the locale for Robin 's return to England from the Crusades . Interior scenes were completed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England . Soundtrack ( edit ) The original music score was composed , orchestrated and conducted by Michael Kamen . An excerpt from the main title music was subsequently used as the logo music for Morgan Creek . <Th_colspan="2"> Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( Original Soundtrack ) <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by Michael Kamen Released July 2 , 1991 Length 60 : 22 Label Morgan Creek Productions `` Overture / A Prisoner of the Crusades '' ( 8 : 27 ) `` Sir Guy of Gisborne / The Escape to Sherwood '' ( 7 : 27 ) `` Little John / The Band in the Forest '' ( 4 : 52 ) `` The Sheriff and His Witch '' ( 6 : 03 ) `` Maid Marian '' ( 2 : 57 ) `` Training / Robin Hood , Prince of Thieves '' ( 5 : 15 ) `` Marian at the Waterfall '' ( 5 : 34 ) `` The Abduction / The Final Battle at the Gallows '' ( 9 : 53 ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams ( 6 : 33 ) `` Wild Times '' -- Jeff Lynne ( 3 : 12 ) Release ( edit ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves was submitted for classification from the British Board of Film Classification and required 14 seconds to be cut from the film in order to obtain a PG rating . Reception ( edit ) Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert praised Freeman 's performance as well as Rickman 's , but ultimately decried the film as a whole , giving it two stars and stating , `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves is a murky , unfocused , violent , and depressing version of the classic story ... The most depressing thing about the movie is that children will attend it expecting to have a good time . '' The New York Times gave the film a negative review , with Vincent Canby writing that the movie is `` a mess , a big , long , joyless reconstruction of the Robin Hood legend that comes out firmly for civil rights , feminism , religious freedom and economic opportunity for all . '' The Los Angeles Times found the movie unsatisfactory as well . Costner was criticised for not attempting an English accent . Lanre Bakare , writing in The Guardian calls Rickman 's Sheriff , for which he won a BAFTA , a `` genuinely great performance '' . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 52 critics to give the film a score of 50 % . Prince of Thieves was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards : Kevin Costner `` won '' the Worst Actor award for his performance as Robin Hood , while Christian Slater received a nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performances in this film and Mobsters but `` lost '' to Dan Aykroyd for Nothing but Trouble . In 2005 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores . Box office ( edit ) Despite mixed critical reception , the film was a box office hit . It made $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second . The film would eventually make $390,493,908 at the global box office , making it the second - highest - grossing film of 1991 , immediately behind Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . It enjoyed the second - best opening for a non-sequel , at the time . Adaptations ( edit ) A tie - in video game of the same name was released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy . Developed by Sculptured Software Inc. and Bits Studios , respectively , and published by Virgin Games , Inc. , it was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine . A toy line was released by Kenner , consisting of action figures and playsets . Notably , all but one of the figures were slightly modified from Kenner 's well known Super Powers line , while Friar Tuck , as well as the vehicles and playset , were modified from Star Wars : Return of the Jedi toys . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Princess of Thieves -- 2001 television movie Robin Hood -- English folk tale Robin Hood : Men in Tights -- 1993 parody film Robin Hood -- 1991 British film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( 1990 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Costner May Put Morgan Creek Ahead of Robin Hood Pack '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` ROBIN HOOD - PRINCE OF THIEVES ( PG ) ( CUT ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 4 , 1991 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( March 18 , 1991 ) . `` Robin Hood Freshens Up A Film Legend '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 1991 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Grammy Awards '' . metrolyrics.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( 1991 - 06 - 09 ) . `` FILM ; Hollywood 's Superhunk Heads for Nottingham '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( 1991 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Robin Hood ' and the uncertain science of hype '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sycamore Gap , a section of the wall between two crests just east of Milecastle 39 , is locally known as the `` Robin Hood Tree '' for its use in the 1991 film Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Garth ; Green , Simon ( 1991 ) . Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves . Bdd Promotional Book Co. pp. 22 -- 34 . ISBN 9780792456339 . Jump up ^ Else , David & Sandra Bardwell , Belinda Dixon , Peter Dragicevich ( 2007 ) . Lonely Planet : Walking in Britain . Lonely Planet . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 7410 - 4202 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pirani , Adam ( May 1991 ) . `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves '' . Starlog . p. 40 . Jump up ^ David Victor ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Studio Logo Music '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 1991 - 06 - 14 ) . `` A Polite Robin Hood In a Legend Recast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 1991 - 06 - 14 ) . `` ' Robin ' : Medieval Dash , New Age Muddle '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( 1991 - 06 - 23 ) . `` A look inside Hollywood and the movies '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bakare , Lanre . `` My guilty pleasure -- Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves '' , The Guardian , March 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2005 ) . The Official Razzie Movie Guide : Enjoying the Best of Hollywood 's Worst . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 0 - 446 - 69334 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood prince of summer flicks with $18.3 million weekend '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( 1991 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Robin Hood Still Riding Ahead of Box Office Pack '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( 1991 - 06 - 18 ) . `` ' Robin ' Hits Impressive Box Office Bull 's - Eye '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Can ' Robin Hood ' Keep Up Its Box - office Momentum ? '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Tilden , Gail , ed . ( July 1991 ) . Nintendo Power . Vol 26 . ISSN 1041 - 9551 . Jump up ^ Salvatore , Ron . `` The recycling of the Force - Starwars '' . The Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves on IMDb Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at the TCM Movie Database Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at Box Office Mojo Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at Rotten Tomatoes `` The Battle of Sherwood Forest '' , a 1991 Entertainment Weekly cover story about the film 's tumultuous production . Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Transcript <Th_colspan="2"> Robin Hood Characters Robin Hood Maid Marian Merry Men Much the Miller 's Son Little John Friar Tuck Alan - a-Dale Will Scarlet Will Stutely Gilbert Whitehand Arthur a Bland David of Doncaster The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield Sheriff of Nottingham Guy of Gisbourne Prince John Bishop of Hereford Richard at the Lee King Richard Settings Sherwood Forest Nottingham Loxley Barnsdale Wentbridge Screen Film Robin Hood ( 1912 ) Robin Hood ( 1922 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) Son of the Guardsman ( 1946 ) The Prince of Thieves ( 1948 ) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) The Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1954 ) Sword of Sherwood Forest ( 1960 ) A Challenge for Robin Hood ( 1967 ) The Scalawag Bunch ( 1971 ) Wolfshead : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Arrows of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) Aaj Ka Robin Hood ( 1988 ) O Mistério de Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) TV Robin Hood ( 1953 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1955 ) The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin of Sherwood ( 1984 ) The New Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1997 ) Robin Hood ( 2006 ) Animated Robin Hood Makes Good ( 1939 ) Rabbit Hood ( 1949 ) Robin Hood Daffy ( 1958 ) Robin Hoodwinked ( 1958 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Young Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Parody When Things Were Rotten ( 1975 ) The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1984 ) Maid Marian and Her Merry Men ( 1989 ) Robin Hood : Men in Tights ( 1993 ) Alternate settings Mexicali Rose ( 1939 film ) Robin and the 7 Hoods ( 1964 film ) Naan Sigappu Manithan ( 1985 Tamil film ) Nyayam Meere Cheppali ( 1985 Telugu film ) Catch Me Now ( 2008 Chinese TV series ) Alyas Robin Hood ( 2016 Philippines TV Series ) Popular culture Robin Hood ( Once Upon a Time character ) Robin Hood ( DC Comics character ) Child ballads 8 : Erlinton 102 : Willie and Earl Richard 's Daughter 103 : Rose the Red and White Lily 115 : Robyn and Gandeleyn 117 : A Gest of Robyn Hode 118 : Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne 119 : Robin Hood and the Monk 120 : Robin Hood 's Death 121 : Robin Hood and the Potter 123 : Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar 124 : The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield 126 : Robin Hood and the Tanner 127 : Robin Hood and the Tinker 128 : Robin Hood Newly Revived 129 : Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon 130 : Robin Hood and the Scotchman 131 : Robin Hood and the Ranger 132 : The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood 136 : Robin Hood 's Delight 138 : Robin Hood and Allan - a-Dale 139 : Robin Hood 's Progress to Nottingham 140 : Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires 141 : Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly 142 : Little John a Begging 143 : Robin Hood and the Bishop 144 : Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford 145 : Robin Hood and Queen Katherine 146 : Robin Hood 's Chase 147 : Robin Hood 's Golden Prize 148 : The Noble Fisherman 149 : The Noble Fisherman 151 : The King 's Disguise , and Friendship with Robin Hood 152 : Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow 153 : Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight 154 : A True Tale of Robin Hood Stage / Theatre The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington ( 1598 and 1601 plays ) The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1871 operetta ) Robin Hood ( 1890 opera ) The Foresters ( 1892 play ) Twang ! ! ( 1965 musical parody ) Robin Hood ( 1934 opera ) Robin Hood ( 1998 ballet ) Robin des Bois ( 2013 musical ) Video games Robin of the Wood ( 1985 ) The Curse of Sherwood ( 1987 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Conquests of the Longbow : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : The Legend of Sherwood ( 2002 ) Robin Hood : Defender of the Crown ( 2003 ) Volume ( 2015 ) Literature Ivanhoe ( 1819 ) Maid Marian ( 1822 ) The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1883 ) Bows against the Barons ( 1934 ) The Outlaws of Sherwood ( 1988 ) Through a Dark Mist ( 1991 ) Lady of the Forest ( 1992 ) In the Shadow of Midnight ( 1994 ) The Last Arrow ( 1997 ) Lady of Sherwood ( 1999 ) Ronin Hood of the 47 Samurai ( 2005 ) King Raven Trilogy ( 2006 ) Music Legend ( 1984 soundtrack ) Robin Hood ( 2006 soundtrack ) Robin Hood -- czwarta strzała ( 1997 ) `` Love '' ( song ) `` Not in Nottingham '' ( song ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( song ) The Tale of Gamelyn Alan Dale Outlaw ( 2009 ) Holy Warrior ( 2010 ) King 's Man ( 2011 ) Related Miss Robin Hood The Son of Robin Hood The Bandit of Sherwood Forest Princess of Thieves Robin Hood Morality Test `` Robot of Sherwood '' `` Robin Good and His Not - So - Merry Men '' Once Upon a Time <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Kevin Reynolds <Td_colspan="2"> Fandango ( 1985 ) The Beast ( 1988 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Rapa - Nui ( 1994 ) Waterworld ( 1995 ) One Eight Seven ( 1997 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) Risen ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves&oldid=799979130 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s action films 1990s adventure films 1990s romantic drama films 1991 soundtracks Action adventure films American action films American adventure films American romantic drama films American films British action films British adventure films British romantic drama films British films Crusades films Film scores by Michael Kamen Films directed by Kevin Reynolds Films set in Jerusalem Films set in Kent Films set in Cumbria Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in East Sussex Films shot in France Films shot in Hampshire Films shot in North Yorkshire Films shot in Northumberland Films shot in Wiltshire Michael Kamen albums Morgan Creek Productions films Robin Hood films Shepperton Studios films Warner Bros. films Films adapted into video games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 23 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
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-6,641,108,219,362,297,000 | improvisation based on scale patterns like the ancient lydian or phrygian scales | Pentatonic scale - wikipedia Pentatonic scale Jump to : navigation , search For the record label , see Pentatone ( record label ) . For the a capella group , see Pentatonix . The first two phrases of the melody from Stephen Foster 's `` Oh ! Susanna '' are based on the major pentatonic scale Play ( help info ) . Pentatonic scale in Ravel 's Ma Mère l'Oye III . `` Laideronnette , Impératrice des Pagodes '' , mm . 9 -- 13 . Play ( help info ) Presumably D ♯ minor pentatonic . Pentatonic scale in Debussy 's Voiles , Preludes , Book I , no . 2 , mm . 43 -- 45 . Play ( help info ) A pentatonic scale is a musical scale with five notes per octave , in contrast to the more familiar heptatonic scale that has seven notes per octave ( such as the major scale and minor scale ) . Pentatonic scales are encountered all over the world , for example ( just to name a few ) Chinese music and US country music and blues . Pentatonic scales are divided into those with semitones ( hemitonic ) and those without ( anhemitonic ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pervasiveness 2 Types 2.1 Hemitonic and anhemitonic 2.2 Major pentatonic scale 2.3 Minor pentatonic scale 2.4 Five black - key pentatonic scales of the piano 3 Pythagorean tuning 4 Further pentatonic musical traditions 5 Use in education 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Pervasiveness ( edit ) Pentatonic scales occur in the following traditions : Peruvian Chicha cumbia Celtic folk music English folk music German folk music Nordic folk music Hungarian folk music Croatian folk music West African music African - American spirituals Gospel music Bluegrass music American folk music Music of Ethiopia Jazz Blues Rock music Sami joik singing Children 's song The music of ancient Greece Greek traditional music and polyphonic songs from Epirus in northwest Greece Music of southern Albania Folk songs of peoples of the Middle Volga region ( such as the Mari , the Chuvash and Tatars ) The tuning of the Ethiopian krar and the Indonesian gamelan Philippine kulintang Native American music , especially in highland South America ( the Quechua and Aymara ) , as well as among the North American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Most Turkic , Mongolic and Tungusic music of Siberia and the Asiatic steppe is written in the pentatonic scale Melodies of China , Korea , Laos , Thailand , Cambodia , Malaysia , Japan , and Vietnam ( including the folk music of these countries ) Traditional Japanese court music Shōmyō chanting Andean music Afro - Caribbean music Polish highlanders from the Tatra Mountains Western Impressionistic composers such as French composer Claude Debussy . Examples of its use include Chopin 's Etude in G - flat major , op . 10 , no . 5 , the `` Black Key '' etude , in the major pentatonic . Types ( edit ) Hemitonic and anhemitonic ( edit ) Main article : Anhemitonic scale Minyō scale on D , equivalent to yo scale on D , with brackets on fourths Play ( help info ) . Miyako - bushi scale on D , equivalent to in scale on D , with brackets on fourths Play ( help info ) . Musicology commonly classifies pentatonic scales as either hemitonic or anhemitonic . Hemitonic scales contain one or more semitones and anhemitonic scales do not contain semitones . ( For example , in Japanese music the anhemitonic yo scale is contrasted with the hemitonic in scale . ) Hemitonic pentatonic scales are also called `` ditonic scales '' , because the largest interval in them is the ditone ( e.g. , in the scale C -- E -- F -- G -- B -- C , the interval found between C -- E and G -- B ) . This should not be confused with the identical term also used by musicologists to describe a scale including only two notes . Major pentatonic scale ( edit ) Anhemitonic pentatonic scales can be constructed in many ways . The major pentatonic scale may be thought of as a gapped or incomplete major scale . However , the pentatonic scale has a unique character and is complete in terms of tonality . One construction takes five consecutive pitches from the circle of fifths ; starting on C , these are C , G , D , A , and E. Transposing the pitches to fit into one octave rearranges the pitches into the major pentatonic scale : C , D , E , G , A . Another construction works backward : It omits two pitches from a diatonic scale . If one were to begin with a C major scale , for example , one might omit the fourth and the seventh scale degrees , F and B . The remaining notes then makes up the major pentatonic scale : C , D , E , G , and A . Omitting the third and seventh degrees of the C major scale obtains the notes for another transpositionally equivalent anhemitonic pentatonic scale : F , G , A , C , D. Omitting the first and fourth degrees of the C major scale gives a third anhemitonic pentatonic scale : G , A , B , D , E . The black keys on a piano keyboard comprise a G - flat major ( or equivalently , F - sharp major ) pentatonic scale : G - flat , A-flat , B - flat , D - flat , and E-flat , which is exploited in Chopin 's black key étude . Minor pentatonic scale ( edit ) Although various hemitonic pentatonic scales might be called minor , the term is most commonly applied to the relative minor pentatonic derived from the major pentatonic , using scale tones 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 7 of the natural minor scale . It may also be considered a gapped blues scale . The C minor pentatonic is C , E-flat , F , G , B - flat . The A minor pentatonic , the relative minor of C , comprises the same tones as the C major pentatonic , starting on A , giving A , C , D , E , G . This minor pentatonic contains all three tones of an A minor triad . Five black - key pentatonic scales of the piano ( edit ) The five pentatonic scales found by running up the black keys on the piano are : Mode number Name ( s ) Black keys Ratios ( just ) White - key transpositions Minor pentatonic E ♭ - G ♭ - A ♭ - B ♭ - D ♭ - E ♭ 30 : 36 : 40 : 45 : 54 : 60 ACDEGA , DFGACD or EGABDE Major pentatonic G ♭ - A ♭ - B ♭ - D ♭ - E ♭ - G ♭ 24 : 27 : 30 : 36 : 40 : 48 CDEGAC , FGACDF or GABDEG Egyptian , suspended A ♭ - B ♭ - D ♭ - E ♭ - G ♭ - A ♭ 24 : 27 : 32 : 36 : 42 : 48 DEGACD , GACDFG or ABDEGA Blues minor , Man Gong ( 慢 宮調 ) B ♭ - D ♭ - E ♭ - G ♭ - A ♭ - B ♭ 15 : 18 : 20 : 24 : 27 : 30 EGACDE , ACDFGA or BDEGAB 5 Blues major , Ritsusen ( 律 旋 ) , yo scale D ♭ - E ♭ - G ♭ - A ♭ - B ♭ - D ♭ 24 : 27 : 32 : 36 : 40 : 48 GACDEG , CDFGAC or DEGABD ( A minor seventh can be 7 : 4 , 16 : 9 , or 9 : 5 ; a major sixth can be 27 : 16 or 5 : 3 . Both were chosen to minimize ratio parts . ) Ricker assigned the major pentatonic scale mode I while Gilchrist assigned it mode III . Pythagorean tuning ( edit ) Ben Johnston gives the following Pythagorean tuning for the minor pentatonic scale : Note Solfege <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Ratio <Td_colspan="2"> 1 / 1 <Td_colspan="2"> 32 / 27 <Td_colspan="2"> 4 / 3 <Td_colspan="2"> 3 / 2 <Td_colspan="2"> 16 / 9 <Td_colspan="2"> 2 / 1 Natural <Td_colspan="2"> 54 <Td_colspan="2"> 64 <Td_colspan="2"> 72 <Td_colspan="2"> 81 <Td_colspan="2"> 96 <Td_colspan="2"> 108 Audio <Td_colspan="2"> 1 ( help info ) <Td_colspan="2"> 3 ( help info ) <Td_colspan="2"> 4 ( help info ) <Td_colspan="2"> 5 ( help info ) <Td_colspan="2"> 7 ( help info ) <Td_colspan="2"> 8 ( help info ) Step Name <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> m3 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> m3 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="1"> Ratio <Td_colspan="2"> 32 / 27 <Td_colspan="2"> 9 / 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 9 / 8 <Td_colspan="2"> 32 / 27 <Td_colspan="2"> 9 / 8 Play ( help info ) Just pentatonic tuning of Lou Harrison 's `` American gamelan '' , Old Granddad . This gives the proportions 24 : 27 : 30 : 36 : 40 . Play ( help info ) Naturals in that table are not the alphabetic series A to G without sharps and flats : Naturals are reciprocals of terms in the Harmonic series ( mathematics ) , which are in practice multiples of a fundamental frequency . This may be derived by proceeding with the principle that historically gives the Pythagorean diatonic and chromatic scales , stacking perfect fifths with 3 : 2 frequency proportions ( C-G-D-A-E ) . Considering the anhemitonic scale as a subset of a just diatonic scale , it is tuned thus : 20 : 24 : 27 : 30 : 36 ( A-C-D-E-G = 5 / 3 - 1 / 1 - 9 / 8 - 5 / 4 - 3 / 2 ) . Assigning precise frequency proportions to the pentatonic scales of most cultures is problematic as tuning may be variable . Slendro approximated in Western notation . Play ( help info ) For example , the slendro anhemitonic scale and its modes of Java and Bali are said to approach , very roughly , an equally - tempered five - note scale , but their tunings vary dramatically from gamelan to gamelan . Composer Lou Harrison has been one of the most recent proponents and developers of new pentatonic scales based on historical models . Harrison and William Colvig tuned the slendro scale of the gamelan Si Betty to overtones 16 : 19 : 21 : 24 : 28 ( 1 / 1 - 19 / 16 - 21 / 16 - 3 / 2 - 7 / 4 ) . They tuned the Mills gamelan so that the intervals between scale steps are 8 : 7 - 7 : 6 - 9 : 8 - 8 : 7 - 7 : 6 . ( 1 / 1 - 8 / 7 - 4 / 3 - 3 / 2 - 12 / 7 - 2 / 1 = 42 : 48 : 56 : 63 : 72 ) Further pentatonic musical traditions ( edit ) The major pentatonic scale is the basic scale of the music of China and the music of Mongolia as well as many Southeast Asian musical traditions such as that of the Karen people ( whose music has sometimes been described as sounding `` Scottish '' ) . The fundamental tones ( without meri or kari techniques ) rendered by the five holes of the Japanese shakuhachi flute play a minor pentatonic scale . The yo scale used in Japanese shomyo Buddhist chants and gagaku imperial court music is an anhemitonic pentatonic scale shown below , which is the fourth mode of the major pentatonic scale . play ( help info ) In Javanese gamelan music , the slendro scale has five tones , of which four are emphasized in classical music ( MIDI sample ( help info ) ) . Another scale , pelog , has seven tones , and is generally played using one of three five - tone subsets known as pathet , in which certain notes are avoided while others are emphasized . Ethiopian music uses a distinct modal system that is pentatonic , with characteristically long intervals between some notes . As with many other aspects of Ethiopian culture and tradition , tastes in music and lyrics are strongly linked with those in neighboring Eritrea , Somalia , Djibouti and Sudan . In Scottish music , the pentatonic scale is very common . Seumas MacNeill suggests that the Great Highland bagpipe scale with its augmented fourth and diminished seventh is `` a device to produce as many pentatonic scales as possible from its nine notes '' . Roderick Cannon explains these pentatonic scales and their use in more detail , both in Piobaireachd and light music . It also features in Irish traditional music , either purely or almost so . The minor pentatonic is used in Appalachian folk music . Blackfoot music most often uses anhemitonic tetratonic or pentatonic scales . In Andean music , the pentatonic scale is used substantially minor , sometimes major , and seldom in scale . In the most ancient genres of Andean music being performed without string instruments ( only with winds and percussion ) , pentatonic melody is often leaded with parallel fifths and fourths , so formally this music is hexatonic . Hear example : Pacha Siku ( help info ) . Jazz music commonly uses both the major and the minor pentatonic scales . Pentatonic scales are useful for improvisers in modern jazz , pop , and rock contexts because they work well over several chords diatonic to the same key , often better than the parent scale . For example , the blues scale is predominantly derived from the minor pentatonic scale , a very popular scale for improvisation in the realms of blues and rock alike . Rock guitar solo almost all over B minor pentatonic ( help info ) For instance , over a C major triad ( C , E , G ) in the key of C major , the note F can be perceived as dissonant as it is a half step above the major third ( E ) of the chord . It is for this reason commonly avoided . Using the major pentatonic scale is an easy way out of this problem . The scale tones 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 ( from the major pentatonic ) are either major triad tones ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) or common consonant extensions ( 2 , 6 ) of major triads . For the corresponding relative minor pentatonic , scale tones 1 , ♭ 3 , 4 , 5 , ♭ 7 work the same way , either as minor triad tones ( 1 , ♭ 3 , 5 ) or as common extensions ( 4 , ♭ 7 ) , as they all avoid being a half step from a chord tone . U.S. military cadences , or jodies , which keep soldiers in step while marching or running , also typically use pentatonic scales . Hymns and other religious music sometimes use the pentatonic scale ; for example , the melody of the hymn `` Amazing Grace '' , one of the most famous pieces in religious music . The common pentatonic major and minor scales ( C-D-E-G-A and C-E ♭ - F-G-B ♭ , respectively ) are useful in modal composing , as both scales allow a melody to be modally ambiguous between their respective major ( Ionian , Lydian , Mixolydian ) and minor ( Aeolian , Phrygian , Dorian ) modes ( Locrian excluded ) . With either modal or non-modal writing , however , the harmonization of a pentatonic melody does not necessarily have to be derived from only the pentatonic pitches . Use in education ( edit ) The pentatonic scale plays a significant role in music education , particularly in Orff - based , Kodály - based , and Waldorf methodologies at the primary or elementary level . The Orff system places a heavy emphasis on developing creativity through improvisation in children , largely through use of the pentatonic scale . Orff instruments , such as xylophones , bells and other metallophones , use wooden bars , metal bars or bells , which can be removed by the teacher , leaving only those corresponding to the pentatonic scale , which Carl Orff himself believed to be children 's native tonality . Children begin improvising using only these bars , and over time , more bars are added at the teacher 's discretion until the complete diatonic scale is being used . Orff believed that the use of the pentatonic scale at such a young age was appropriate to the development of each child , since the nature of the scale meant that it was impossible for the child to make any real harmonic mistakes . In Waldorf education , pentatonic music is considered to be appropriate for young children due to its simplicity and unselfconscious openness of expression . Pentatonic music centered on intervals of the fifth is often sung and played in early childhood ; progressively smaller intervals are emphasized within primarily pentatonic as children progress through the early school years . At around nine years of age the music begins to center on first folk music using a six - tone scale , and then the modern diatonic scales , with the goal of reflecting the children 's developmental progress in their musical experience . Pentatonic instruments used include lyres , pentatonic flutes , and tone bars ; special instruments have been designed and built for the Waldorf curriculum . See also ( edit ) Jazz scale Quartal and quintal harmony Raga Suspended chord Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony Pentatonix References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bruce Benward and Marilyn Nadine Saker ( 2003 ) , Music : In Theory and Practice , seventh edition ( Boston : McGraw Hill ) , vol . I , p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 294262 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bruce Benward and Marilyn Nadine Saker , Music in Theory and Practice , eighth edition ( Boston : McGraw Hill , 2009 ) : vol. II , p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 310188 - 0 . Jump up ^ June Skinner Sawyers ( 2000 ) . Celtic Music : A Complete Guide . ( United States ) : Da Capo Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81007 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ernst H. Meyer , Early English Chamber Music : From the Middle Ages to Purcell , second edition , edited by Diana Poulton ( Boston : Marion Boyars Publishers , Incorporated , 1982 ) : p. 48 . ISBN 9780714527772 . Jump up ^ Judit Frigyesi ( 2013 ) . Is there such a thing as Hungarian - Jewish music ? In Pál Hatos & Attila Novák ( Eds . ) ( 2013 ) . Between Minority and Majority : Hungarian and Jewish / Israeli ethnical and cultural experiences in recent centuries . Budapest : Balassi Institute. page 129 . ISBN 978 - 963 - 89583 - 8 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin Suchoff ( Ed . ) ( 1997 ) . Béla Bartók Studies in Ethnomusicology . Lincoln : U of Nebraska Press . p. 198 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4247 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Richard Henry ( n.d. ) . Culture and the Pentatonic Scale : Exciting Information On Pentatonic Scales . n.p. : World Wide Jazz . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Erik Halbig ( 2005 ) . Pentatonic Improvisation : Modern Pentatonic Ideas for Guitarists of All Styles , Book & CD . Van Nuys , CA. : Alfred Music Publishing . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7390 - 3765 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lenard C. Bowie , DMA ( 2012 ) . AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSICAL HERITAGE : An Appreciation , Historical Summary , and Guide to Music Fundamentals . Philadelphia : Xlibris Corporation . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4653 - 0575 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jesper Rübner - Petersen ( 2011 ) . The Mandolin Picker 's Guide to Bluegrass Improvisation . Pacific , MO. : Mel Bay Publications . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61065 - 413 - 5 . Jump up ^ William Duckworth ( 2009 ) . A Creative Approach to Music Fundamentals . Boston : Schirmer / Cengage Learning . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 111 - 78406 - X . Jump up ^ Kurt Johann Ellenberger ( 2005 ) . Materials and Concepts in Jazz Improvisation . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Keystone Publication / Assayer Publishing . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9709811 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Edward Komara , ( Ed . ) ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues . New York : Routledge . p. 863 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92699 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Joe Walker ( 6 January 2012 ) . `` The World 's Most - Used Guitar Scale : A Minor Pentatonic '' . DeftDigits Guitar Lessons . Jump up ^ Kathryn Burke . `` The Sami Yoik '' . Sami Culture . Jump up ^ Jeremy Day - O'Connell ( 2007 ) . Pentatonicism from the Eighteenth Century to Debussy . Rochester : University Rochester Press . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 248 - 8 . Jump up ^ M.L. West ( 1992 ) . Ancient Greek Music . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 163 -- 64 . ISBN 0198149751 . Jump up ^ A. - F. Christidis ; Maria Arapopoulou ; Maria Christi ( 2007 ) . A History of Ancient Greek : From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 1432 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83307 - 3 . Jump up ^ Meri - Sofia Lakopoulos ( 2015 ) . The Traditional Iso - polyphonic song of Epirus . The International Research Center for Traditional Polyphony . June 2015 , Issue 18 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Spiro J. Shetuni ( 2011 ) . Albanian Traditional Music : An Introduction , with Sheet Music and Lyrics for 48 Songs . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8630 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simon Broughton ; Mark Ellingham ; Richard Trillo ( 1999 ) . World Music : Africa , Europe and the Middle East . London : Rough Guides . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85828 - 635 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Phillips ( 2002 ) . GCSE Music . Oxford : Heinemann . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 81318 - 5 . Jump up ^ Willi Apel ( 1969 ) . Harvard Dictionary of Music . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . p. 665 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 37501 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dale A. Olsen & Daniel E. Sheehy ( Eds . ) ( 1998 ) . The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music , Volume 2 : South America , Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . New York : Taylor & Francis . p. 217 . ISBN 0824060407 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ( Thomas Turino ( 2004 ) points out that the pentatonic scale , although widespread , can not be considered to be predominant in the Andes : Local practices among the Aymara and Kechua in Conima and Canas , Southern Peru in Malena Kuss ( Ed . ) ( 2004 ) . Music in Latin America and the Caribbean : an encyclopedic history . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 141 . ISBN 0292702981 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ) Jump up ^ Burton William Peretti ( 2009 ) . Lift Every Voice : The History of African American Music . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5811 - 3 . Jump up ^ Anna Czekanowska ; John Blacking ( 2006 ) . Polish Folk Music : Slavonic Heritage - Polish Tradition - Contemporary Trends . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 02797 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Day - O'Connell ( 2009 ) . `` Debussy , Pentatonicism , and the Tonal Tradition '' ( PDF ) . Music Theory Spectrum. 31 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 261 . Jump up ^ Susan Miyo Asai ( 1999 ) . Nōmai Dance Drama , p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30698 - 3 . Jump up ^ Minoru Miki , Marty Regan , Philip Flavin ( 2008 ) . Composing for Japanese instruments , p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 273 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jeff Todd Titon ( 1996 ) . Worlds of Music : An Introduction to the Music of the World 's Peoples , Shorter Version . Boston : Cengage Learning . ISBN 9780028726120 . page 373 . Jump up ^ Anon. , `` Ditonus '' , The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell ( London : Macmillan Publishers , 2001 ) ; Bence Szabolcsi , `` Five - Tone Scales and Civilization '' , Acta Musicologica 15 , nos. 1 -- 4 ( January -- December 1943 ) : pp. 24 -- 34 , citation on p. 25 . Jump up ^ Benward & Saker ( 2003 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Paul Cooper , Perspectives in Music Theory : An Historical - Analytical Approach ( New York : Dodd , Mead , 1973 ) , p. 18 ... ISBN 0 - 396 - 06752 - 2 . Jump up ^ Steve Khan ( 2002 ) . Pentatonic Khancepts . Alfred Music Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7579 - 9447 - 0 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ramon Ricker ( 1999 ) . Pentatonic Scales for Jazz Improvisation . Lebanon , Ind. : Studio P / R , Alfred Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4574 - 9410 - 9 . cites Annie G. Gilchrist ( 1911 ) . `` Note on the Modal System of Gaelic Tunes '' . Journal of the Folk - Song Society . 4 ( 16 ) : 150 -- 53 . JSTOR 4433969 . -- via JSTOR ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Ben Johnston , `` Scalar Order as a Compositional Resource '' , Perspectives of New Music 2 , no . 2 ( Spring -- Summer 1964 ) : pp. 56 -- 76 . Citation on p. 64 ( 1 ) . ( subscription required ) Accessed 01 / 04 2009 02 : 05 . Jump up ^ Leta E. Miller and Fredric Lieberman ( Summer 1999 ) . `` Lou Harrison and the American Gamelan '' , p. 158 , American Music , Vol. 17 , No. 2 , pp. 146 -- 78 . Jump up ^ `` The representations of slendro and pelog tuning systems in Western notation shown above should not be regarded in any sense as absolute . Not only is it difficult to convey non-Western scales with Western notation ... '' Jennifer Lindsay , Javanese Gamelan ( Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 ) , pp. 39 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 588582 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lindsay ( 1992 ) , p. 38 -- 39 : `` Slendro is made up of five equal , or relatively equal , intervals '' . Jump up ^ `` ... in general , no two gamelan sets will have exactly the same tuning , either in pitch or in interval structure . There are no Javanese standard forms of these two tuning systems . '' Lindsay ( 1992 ) , pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Miller & Lieberman ( 1999 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Miller & Lieberman ( 1999 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Japanese Music , Cross-Cultural Communication : World Music , University of Wisconsin -- Green Bay . Jump up ^ Sumarsam ( 1988 ) Introduction to Javanese Gamelan . Jump up ^ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi ( 2001 ) . Culture and Customs of Somalia . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31333 - 4 . Somali music , a unique kind of music that might be mistaken at first for music from nearby countries such as Ethiopia , the Sudan , or even Arabia , can be recognized by its own tunes and styles . Jump up ^ Tekle , Amare ( 1994 ) . Eritrea and Ethiopia : from conflict to cooperation . The Red Sea Press . p. 197 . ISBN 0 - 932415 - 97 - 0 . Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Somalia and Sudan have significant similarities emanating not only from culture , religion , traditions , history and aspirations ( ... ) They appreciate similar foods and spices , beverages and sweets , fabrics and tapestry , lyrics and music , and jewelry and fragrances . Jump up ^ Seumas MacNeil and Frank Richardson Piobaireachd and its Interpretation ( Edinburgh : John Donald Publishers Ltd , 1996 ) : p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 85976 - 440 - 0 Jump up ^ Roderick D. Cannon The Highland Bagpipe and its Music ( Edinburgh : John Donald Publishers Ltd , 1995 ) : pp. 36 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 85976 - 416 - 8 Jump up ^ Bruno Nettl , Blackfoot Musical Thought : Comparative Perspectives ( Ohio : The Kent State University Press , 1989 ) : p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 370 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Pentatonic and Blues Scale '' . How To Play Blues Guitar. 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NROTC Cadences '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Steve Turner , Amazing Grace : The Story of America 's Most Beloved Song ( New York : HarperCollins , 2002 ) : p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 000219 - 0 . Jump up ^ Beth Landis ; Polly Carder ( 1972 ) . The Eclectic Curriculum in American Music Education : Contributions of Dalcroze , Kodaly , and Orff . Washington D.C. : Music Educators National Conference . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 940796 - 03 - 4 . Jump up ^ Amanda Long . `` Involve Me : Using the Orff Approach within the Elementary Classroom '' . The Keep . Eastern Illinois University . p. 7 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrea Intveen , Musical Instruments in Anthroposophical Music Therapy with Reference to Rudolf Steiner 's Model of the Threefold Human Being Further reading ( edit ) Jeremy Day - O'Connell , Pentatonicism from the Eighteenth Century to Debussy ( Rochester : University of Rochester Press 2007 ) -- the first comprehensive account of the increasing use of the pentatonic scale in 19th - century Western art music , including a catalogue of over 400 musical examples . Trần Văn Khê , `` Le pentatonique est - il universel ? Quelques reflexions sur le pentatonisme '' , The World of Music 19 , nos. 1 -- 2 : 85 -- 91 ( 1977 ) . English translation : `` Is the pentatonic universal ? A few reflections on pentatonism '' pp. 76 -- 84 . -- via JSTOR ( subscription required ) Kurt Reinhard , `` On the problem of pre-pentatonic scales : particularly the third - second nucleus '' , Journal of the International Folk Music Council 10 ( 1958 ) . -- via JSTOR ( subscription required ) Yamaguchi Masaya ( New York : Charles Colin , 2002 ; New York : Masaya Music , Revised 2006 ) . Pentatonicism in Jazz : Creative Aspects and Practice . ISBN 0 - 9676353 - 1 - 4 Jeff Burns , Pentatonic Scales for the Jazz - Rock Keyboardist ( Lebanon , Ind. : Houston Publishing , 1997 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7935 - 7679 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Look up pentatonic in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( 2 ) Pentatonic Scales for Guitar - A brief introduction Alternative uses for the pentatonic scale Video : How to Play Pentatonic Panflute by Brad White Detailed Examination of pentatonic scales in Southern Appalachian folksongs Pentatonic music of Aka Pygmies ( Central Africa ) with photos and soundscapes The Power of the Pentatonic Scale on World Science Festival Pentatonic Scale Improvisation Study Pentatonic Minor Scale -- Analysis Pentatonic Major Scale -- Analysis <Th_colspan="2"> Musical scales ( list ) Main Western Major Minor Chromatic Types Bebop Diatonic Distance model Enharmonic Jazz Symmetric Synthetic mode Synthetic scale Name Acoustic Adonai malakh mode Alpha Altered Beta Blues Bohlen -- Pierce Double harmonic Enigmatic Flamenco mode Gamma Half diminished Harmonic major Harmonic Jazz minor Lydian dominant Major Locrian Misheberak Phrygian dominant Ptolemy 's intense diatonic Scale of harmonics Whole tone Ethnic origin Algerian Arabic Double harmonic Major Locrian Quarter tone 17 equal temperament Brazil Escala nordestina Gamelan Pelog Slendro Gypsy Hungarian gypsy Hungarian minor Istrian Japanese Neapolitan Persian Ukrainian Dorian Ukrainian minor Modes <Th_colspan="2"> Modes in Western music Gregorian Authentic Dorian Phrygian Lydian Mixolydian Plagal Hypodorian Hypophrygian Hypolydian Hypomixolydian Other Ionian Hypoionian Aeolian Hypoaeolian Locrian Hypolocrian Reciting tone Diatonic Ionian ( I ) Dorian ( II ) Phrygian ( III ) Lydian ( IV ) Mixolydian ( V ) Aeolian ( VI ) Locrian ( VII ) Jazz minor Ascending melodic minor ( I ) Dorian ♭ 2 ( II ) Lydian Augmented ( III ) Lydian Dominant ( IV ) Mixolydian ♭ 13 ( V ) Locrian ♮ 2 ( VI ) Altered ( VII ) Number of tones Monotonic ( 1 ) Ditonic ( 2 ) Tritonic ( 3 ) Tetratonic ( 4 ) Pentatonic ( 5 ) Hexatonic ( 6 ) Heptatonic ( 7 ) Octatonic ( 8 ) Chromatic ( 12 ) GND : 4127999 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pentatonic_scale&oldid=824927127 '' Categories : Pentatonic scales Musical scales 5 ( number ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 11 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Pentatonic scale
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-7,290,615,416,948,944,000 | who has to register as a federal lobbyist | Lobbying in the United States - Wikipedia Lobbying in the United States Jump to : navigation , search See also : Direct lobbying in the United States K Street NW at 19th Street in Washington D.C. , the location of many `` K Street lobbyist '' and law firm office buildings . Lobbying in the United States describes paid activity in which special interests hire well - connected professional advocates , often lawyers , to argue for specific legislation in decision - making bodies such as the United States Congress . It is a highly controversial phenomenon , often seen in a negative light by journalists and the American public , with some critics describing it as a legal form of bribery or extortion . While lobbying is subject to extensive and often complex rules which , if not followed , can lead to penalties including jail , the activity of lobbying has been interpreted by court rulings as constitutionally protected free speech and a way to petition the government for the redress of grievances , two of the freedoms protected by the First Amendment of the Constitution . Since the 1970s , lobbying activity has grown immensely in the United States in terms of the numbers of lobbyists and the size of lobbying budgets , and has become the focus of much criticism of American governance . It is possible for foreign nations to influence the foreign policy of the United States through lobbying or by supporting lobbying organizations directly or indirectly . For example , in 2016 , Taiwanese officials hired American senator - turned - lobbyist Bob Dole to set up a controversial phone call between president - elect Donald Trump and Taiwanese President Tsai Ing - Wen , a move marking a shift in US foreign policy . There are reports that the National Rifle Association , a U.S. - based lobbying group advocating for gun rights , has been the target of a decade - long infiltration effort by Russian president Vladimir Putin , with allegations that Putin funneled cash through the NRA to aid the election of Donald Trump . Since lobbying rules require extensive disclosure , there is a large amount of information in the public sphere about which entities lobby , how , at whom , and for how much . The current pattern suggests much lobbying is done primarily by corporations , although a wide variety of coalitions representing diverse groups also occurs . Lobbying takes place at every level of government , including federal , state , county , municipal , and even local governments . In Washington , D.C. , lobbying usually targets members of Congress , although there have been efforts to influence executive agency officials as well as Supreme Court appointments . Lobbying can have an important influence on the political system ; for example , a study in 2014 suggested that special interest lobbying enhanced the power of elite groups and was a factor shifting the nation 's political structure toward an oligarchy in which average citizens have `` little or no independent influence '' . While the number of lobbyists in Washington is estimated to be over twelve thousand , those with real clout number in the dozens , and a small group of firms handles much of lobbying in terms of expenditures . A report in The Nation in 2014 suggested that while the number of 12,281 registered lobbyists was a decrease since 2002 , lobbying activity was increasing and `` going underground '' as lobbyists use `` increasingly sophisticated strategies '' to obscure their activity . Analyst James A. Thurber estimated that the actual number of working lobbyists was close to 100,000 and that the industry brings in $9 billion annually . Lobbying has been the subject of academic inquiry in various fields , including law , public policy , and economics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Different types of lobbying 2.1 The focus of lobbying efforts 2.2 Paid versus free lobbying 2.3 Single issue versus multiple issue lobbying 2.4 Inside versus outside lobbying 3 History of lobbying 4 Lobbying as a business 4.1 Key players 4.1. 1 Lobbyists 4.1. 2 Corporations 4.1. 3 Unions 4.1. 4 Other players 4.2 Lobbying methods and techniques 4.3 Lobbyists as educators and advisors 4.4 A growing billion dollar business 4.5 Examples of lobbying 4.6 Lobbying as a career 4.7 Effectiveness of lobbying 5 Lobbying controversies 5.1 Unfavorable image 5.2 Revolving door 5.3 Insider 's game 5.4 Choice - making problems 5.5 Governmental focus 5.6 Methodological problems 5.7 Expansion of lobbying 5.8 Potential for reform 5.9 Arguments for lobbying 6 The regulatory environment 6.1 Disclosure and domestic regulations 6.2 Foreign lobbying 7 See also 8 References 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links Overview ( edit ) Political scientist Thomas R. Dye once said that politics is about battling over scarce governmental resources : who gets them , where , when , why and how . Since government makes the rules in a complex economy such as the United States , it is logical that various organizations , businesses , individuals , nonprofits , trade groups , religions , charities and others -- which are affected by these rules -- will exert as much influence as they can to have rulings favorable to their cause . And the battling for influence has happened in every organized society since the beginning of civilization , whether it was Ancient Athens , Florence during the time of the Medici , Late Imperial China , or the present - day United States . Modern - day lobbyists in one sense are like the courtiers of the Ancien Régime . If voting is a general way for a public to control a government , lobbying is a more specific , targeted effort , focused on a narrower set of issues . The lobby of the House of Commons . Painting 1886 by Liborio Prosperi . The term lobby has etymological roots in the physical structure of the British Parliament , in which there was an intermediary covered room outside the main hall . People pushing an agenda would try to meet with members of Parliament in this room , and they came to be known , by metonymy , as lobbyists , although one account in 1890 suggested that the application of the word `` lobby '' is American and that the term is not used as much in Britain . The term lobbying in everyday parlance can describe a wide variety of activities , and in its general sense , suggests advocacy , advertising , or promoting a cause . In this sense , anybody who tries to influence any political position can be thought of as `` lobbying '' , and sometimes the term is used in this loose sense . A person who writes a letter to a congressperson , or even questions a candidate at a political meeting , could be construed as being a lobbyist . However , the term `` lobbying '' generally means a paid activity with the purpose of attempting to `` influence or sway '' a public official -- including bureaucrats and elected officials -- towards a desired specific action often relating to specific legislation . If advocacy is disseminating information , including attempts to persuade public officials as well as the public and media to promote the cause of something and support it , then when this activity becomes focused on specific legislation , either in support or in opposition , then it crosses the line from advocacy and becomes lobbying . This is the usual sense of the term `` lobbying . '' One account suggested that much of the activity of nonprofits was not lobbying per se , since it usually did not mean changes in legislation . A lobbyist , according to the legal sense of the word , is a professional , often a lawyer . Lobbyists are intermediaries between client organizations and lawmakers : they explain to legislators what their organizations want , and they explain to their clients what obstacles elected officials face . One definition of a lobbyist is someone `` employed to persuade legislators to pass legislation that will help the lobbyist 's employer . '' Many lobbyists work in lobbying firms or law firms , some of which retain clients outside lobbying . Others work for advocacy groups , trade associations , companies , and state and local governments . Lobbyists can be one type of government official , such as a governor of a state , who presses officials in Washington for specific legislation . A lobbyist may put together a diverse coalition of organizations and people , sometimes including lawmakers and corporations , and the whole effort may be considered to be a lobby ; for example , in the abortion issue , there is a `` pro-choice lobby '' and a `` pro-life lobby '' . An estimate from 2007 reported that more than 15,000 federal lobbyists were based in Washington , DC ; another estimate from 2011 suggested that the count of registered lobbyists who have actually lobbied was closer to 12,000 . While numbers like these suggest that lobbying is a widespread activity , most accounts suggest that the Washington lobbying industry is an exclusive one run by a few well - connected firms and players , with serious barriers to entry for firms wanting to get into the lobbying business , since it requires them to have been `` roaming the halls of Congress for years and years . '' Different types of lobbying ( edit ) The focus of lobbying efforts ( edit ) Lobbying depends on cultivating personal relationships over many years . Photo : Lobbyist Tony Podesta ( left ) with former Senator Kay Hagan ( center ) and her husband . Generally , lobbyists focus on trying to persuade decision - makers : Congress , executive branch agencies such as the Treasury Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Supreme Court , and state governments ( including governors ) . Federal agencies have been targeted by lobbyists since they write industry - specific rules ; accordingly , interest groups spend `` massive sums of money '' trying to persuade them to make so - called `` carve - outs '' or try to block specific provisions from being enacted . A large fraction of overall lobbying is focused on only a few sets of issues , according to one report . It is possible for one level of government to lobby another level ; for example , the District of Columbia has been lobbying Congress and the President for greater power , including possible statehood or voting representation in Congress ; one assessment in 2011 suggested that the district needed to rethink its lobbying strategy , since its past efforts have only had `` mixed results '' . Many executive branch agencies have the power to write specific rules and are a target of lobbying . Federal agencies such as the State Department make rules such as giving aid money to countries such as Egypt , and in one example , an Egyptian - American businessman named Kais Menoufy organized a lobby to try to halt U.S. aid to Egypt . Since the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review and can render a congressional law unconstitutional , it has great power to influence the course of American life . For example , in the Roe v. Wade decision , it ruled on the legality of abortion . A variety of forces use lobbying tactics to pressure the court to overturn this decision . Lobbyists represent their clients ' or organizations ' interests in state capitols . An example is a former school superintendent who has been lobbying state legislatures in California , Michigan and Nevada to overhaul teacher evaluations , and trying to end the `` Last In , First Out '' teacher hiring processes ; according to one report , Michelle Rhee is becoming a `` political force . '' State governments can be lobbied by groups which represent other governments within the state , such as a city authority ; for example , the cities of Tallahassee and St. Petersburg lobbied the Florida legislature using paid lobbyists to represent the city 's interests . There is lobbying activity at the county and municipal levels , especially in larger cities and populous counties . For example , officials within the city government of Chicago called aldermen became lobbyists after serving in municipal government , following a one - year period required by city ethics rules to abstain from lobbying . Paid versus free lobbying ( edit ) While the bulk of lobbying happens by business and professional interests who hire paid professionals , some lobbyists represent non-profits pro-bono for issues in which they are personally interested . Pro bono publico clients offer activities to meet and socialize with local legislators at events like fundraisers and awards ceremonies . Single issue versus multiple issue lobbying ( edit ) Lobbies which push for a single issue have grown in importance during the past twenty years , according to one source . Corporations generally would be considered as single issue lobbies . If a corporation wishes to change public policy , or to influence legislation which impacts its success as a business , it may use lobbying as a `` primary avenue '' for this purpose . One research study suggested that single issue lobbies often operate in different kinds of institutional venues , sometimes bringing the same message to different groups . Lobbies which represent groups such as labor unions , business organizations , trade associations and such are sometimes considered to be multiple issue lobbies , and to succeed they must be somewhat more flexible politically and be willing to accept compromise . Inside versus outside lobbying ( edit ) Inside lobbying , or sometimes called direct lobbying , describes efforts by lobbyists to influence legislation or rule - making directly by contacting legislators and their assistants , sometimes called staffers or aides . Outside lobbying , or sometimes indirect lobbying , includes attempts by interest group leaders to mobilize citizens outside the policymaking community , perhaps by public relations methods or advertising , to prompt them to pressure public officials within the policymaking community . One example of an outside lobbying effort is a film entitled InJustice , made by a group promoting lawsuit reform . Some lobbyists are now are using social media to reduce the cost of traditional campaigns , and to more precisely target public officials with political messages . History of lobbying ( edit ) Main article : History of lobbying in the United States The Federalist Papers , in which Framers Madison , Hamilton and Jay strove to sway public opinion , could be considered according to current usage as an outside lobbying effort . The Constitution was crafted in part to solve the problem of special interests , today usually represented by lobbies , by having these factions compete . James Madison identified a faction as `` a number of citizens , whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community '' , and Madison argued in Federalist No. 10 that there was less risk of injury by a narrowly focused faction in a large republic if any negative influence was counteracted by other factions . In addition , the Constitution protected free speech , including the right to petition the government , and these rights have been used by lobbying interests throughout the nation 's history . There has been lobbying at every level of government , particularly in state governments during the nineteenth century , but increasingly directed towards the federal government in the twentieth century . The last few decades have been marked by an exponential increase in lobbying activity and expenditures . Lobbying as a business ( edit ) Key players ( edit ) Lobbyists ( edit ) The number of registered Washington lobbyists is substantial . In 2009 , the Washington Post estimated that there were 13,700 registered lobbyists , describing the nation 's Capitol as `` teeming with lobbyists . '' . In 2011 , The Guardian estimated that in addition to the approximately 13,000 registered lobbyists , thousands more unregistered lobbyists could exist in Washington . The ratio of lobbyists employed by the healthcare industry , compared with every elected politician , was six to one , according to one account . Nevertheless , the numbers of lobbyists actively engaged in lobbying is considerably less , and the ones occupied with lobbying full - time and making significant money is even less . Law firms . Several law firms , including Patton Boggs , Akin Gump and Holland & Knight , had sizable departments devoted to so - called `` government relations '' . One account suggested that the lobbying arms of these law firms were not held as separate subsidiaries , but that the law practices involved in government lobbying were integrated into the overall framework of the law firm . A benefit to an integrated arrangement was that the law firm and the lobbying department could `` share and refer clients back and forth '' . Holland & Knight earned $13.9 million from lobbying revenue in 2011 . One law firm employs so - called `` power brokers '' including former Treasury department officials such as Marti Thomas , and former presidential advisers such as Daniel Meyer . There was a report that two law firms were treating their lobbying groups as separate business units , and giving the non-lawyer lobbyists an equity stake in the firm . Lobbying firms . These firms usually have some lawyers in them , and are often founded by former congressional staffers , legislators , or other politicians . Some lobbying groups have been bought by large advertising conglomerates . Defense contractors such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin sell extensively to the government and must , of necessity , engage in lobbying to win contracts . Corporations ( edit ) Corporations which lobby actively tend to be few in number , large , and often sell to the government . Most corporations do not hire lobbyists . One study found that the actual number of firms which do lobbying regularly is fewer than 300 , and that the percent of firms engaged in lobbying was 10 % from 1998 to 2006 , and that they were `` mainly large , rich firms getting in on the fun . '' These firms hired lobbyists year after year , and there was not much evidence of other large firms taking much interest in lobbying . Corporations considering lobbying run into substantial barriers to entry : corporations have to research the relevant laws about lobbying , hire lobbying firms , and cultivate influential people and make connections . When an issue regarding a change in immigration policy arose , large corporations currently lobbying switched focus somewhat to take account of the new regulatory world , but new corporations -- even ones likely to be affected by any possible rulings on immigration -- stayed out of the lobbying fray , according to the study . Still , of all the entities doing lobbying in Washington , the biggest overall spenders are , in fact , corporations . In the first decade of the 2000s , the most lucrative clients for Gerald Cassidy 's lobbying firm were corporations , displacing fees from the appropriations business . Wall Street lobbyists and the financial industry spent upwards of $100 million in one year to `` court regulators and lawmakers '' , particularly since they were `` finalizing new regulations for lending , trading and debit card fees . '' One academic analysis in 1987 found that firms were more likely to spend on lobbying if they were both large and concerned about `` adverse financial statement consequences '' if they did not lobby . Big banks were `` prolific spenders '' on lobbying ; JPMorgan Chase has an in - house team of lobbyists who spent $3.3 million in 2010 ; the American Bankers Association spent $4.6 million on lobbying ; an organization representing 100 of the nation 's largest financial firms called the Financial Services Roundtable spent heavily as well . A trade group representing Hedge Funds spent more than $1 million in one quarter trying to influence the government about financial regulations , including an effort to try to change a rule that might demand greater disclosure requirements for funds . Amazon.com spent $450,000 in one quarter lobbying about a possible online sales tax as well as rules about data protection and privacy . Corporations which sell substantially to the government tend to be active lobbiers . For example , aircraft manufacturer Boeing , which has sizeable defense contracts , pours `` millions into lobbying '' : Boeing Co. is one of the most influential companies in airline manufacturing and has continually shown its influence in lobbying Congress ... Between January and September , Boeing spent a total of $12 million lobbying according to research by the Center for Responsive Politics . Additionally , Boeing has its own political action committee , which donated more than $2.2 million to federal candidates during the 2010 election cycle . Of that sum , 53 percent went to Democrats ... Through September , Boeing 's PAC has donated $748,000 to federal politicians . -- Chicago Sun - Times quoting OpenSecrets.org , 2011 Credit reporting agency Equifax lobbied Congress extensively in 2016 and 2017 , giving thousands of dollars to the campaign of GOP representative Barry Loudermilk ; Loudermilk , in turn , advanced legislation to roll back consumer protections and limit damage awards . In the spring of 2017 , there was a fierce lobbying effort by Internet service providers ( ISPs ) such as Comcast and AT&T , and tech firms such as Google and Facebook , to undo regulations protecting consumer privacy . Rules passed by the Obama administration in 2016 required ISPs to get `` explicit consent '' from consumers before gathering browsing histories , locations of businesses visited and applications used , but trade groups wanted to be able to sell this information for profit without consent . Lobbyists connected with Republican senator Jeff Flake and Republican representative Marsha Blackburn to sponsor legislation to dismantle Internet privacy rules ; Flake received $22,700 in donations and Blackburn received $20,500 in donations from these trade groups . On March 23 , 2017 , abolition of privacy restrictions passed on a narrow party - line vote , and the lobbying effort achieved its result . In 2017 , credit reporting agency Equifax lobbied Congress extensively , spending $1.1 million in 2016 and $500,000 in 2017 , seeking rules to limit damage from lawsuits and less regulatory oversight ; in August 2017 , Equifax 's databases were breached and the confidential data of millions of Americans was stolen by hackers and identity thieves , potentially opening up the firm to numerous class action lawsuits . Unions ( edit ) One report suggested the United Food & Commercial Workers International Union spent $80,000 lobbying the federal government on issues relating to `` the tax code , food safety , immigration reform and other issues . '' Other players ( edit ) Other possible players in the lobbying arena are those who might influence legislation : House & Senate colleagues , public opinion in the district , the White House , party leaders , union leaders , and other influential persons and groups . Interest groups are often thought of as `` nonparty organizations '' which regularly try to change or influence government decision - making . Lobbying methods and techniques ( edit ) Lobbying has much in common with highly people - intensive businesses such as management consulting and public relations , but with a political and legal sensibility . Like lawmakers , many lobbyists are lawyers , and the persons they are trying to influence have the duty of writing laws . That the disciplines of law and lobbying are intertwined could be seen in the case of a Texas lawyer who had been seeking compensation for his unfairly imprisoned client ; since his exonerated - prisoner client had trouble paying the legal expenses , the lawyer lobbied the Texas state legislature to raise the state 's payment for unfairly imprisoned prisoners from $50,000 per year to $80,000 per year ; it succeeded , making it possible for his newly freed client to pay the lawyer 's fees . Connections count : Congressman Tom Perriello with lobbyist Heather Podesta at an inauguration party for Barack Obama . Well - connected lobbyists work in Washington for years , know the issues , are highly skilled advocates , and have cultivated close connections with members of Congress , regulators , specialists , and others . They understand strategy and have excellent communication skills ; many are well suited to be able to choose which clients they would like to represent . Lobbyists patiently cultivate networks of powerful people , over many years , trying to build trust and maintain confidence and friendships . When a client hires them to push a specific issue or agenda , they usually form coalitions to exert political pressure . Lobbying , as a result , depends on trying to be flexible to new opportunities , but at the same time , to act as an agent for a client . As one lobbyist put it : It 's my job to advance the interests of my association or client . Period . -- comment by a lobbyist Access is important and often means a one - on - one meeting with a legislator . Getting access can sometimes be difficult , but there are various avenues : email , personal letters , phone calls , face - to - face meetings , meals , get - togethers , and even chasing after congresspersons in the Capitol building : My style of lobbying is not to have big formal meetings , but to catch members on the fly as they 're walking between the House and the office buildings . -- a lobbyist commenting on access When getting access is difficult , there are ways to wear down the walls surrounding a legislator . Jack Abramoff explained : Access is vital in lobbying . If you ca n't get in your door , you ca n't make your case . Here we had a hostile senator , whose staff was hostile , and we had to get in . So that 's the lobbyist safe - cracker method : throw fundraisers , raise money , and become a big donor . -- Lobbyist Jack Abramoff in 2011 Lobbyists often assist congresspersons with campaign finance by arranging fundraisers , assembling PACs , and seeking donations from other clients . Many lobbyists become campaign treasurers and fundraisers for congresspersons . This helps incumbent members cope with the substantial amounts of time required to raise money for reelection bids ; one estimate was that congresspersons had to spend a third of their working hours on fundraising activity . PACs are fairly easy to set up ; it requires a lawyer and about $300 , roughly . An even steeper possible reward which can be used in exchange for favors is the lure of a high - paying job as a lobbyist ; according to Jack Abramoff , one of the best ways to `` get what he wanted '' was to offer a high - ranking congressional aide a high - paying job after they decided to leave public office . When such a promise of future employment was accepted , according to Abramoff , `` we owned them '' . This helped the lobbying firm exert influence on that particular congressperson by going through the staff member or aide . At the same time , it is hard for outside observers to argue that a particular decision , such as hiring a former staffer into a lobbying position , was purely as a reward for some past political decision , since staffers often have valuable connections and policy experience needed by lobbying firms . Research economist Mirko Draca suggested that hiring a staffer was an ideal way for a lobbying firm to try to sway their old bosses -- a congressperson -- in the future . Lobbyists , according to several sources , strive for communications which are clear , straightforward , and direct . In a one - on - one meeting with a lobbyist , it helps to understand precisely what goal is wanted . A lobbyist wants action on a bill ; a legislator wants to be re-elected . The idea is to persuade a legislator that what the lobbyist wants is good public policy . Lobbyists often urge lawmakers to try to persuade other lawmakers to approve a bill . Senator Robert Byrd in 2005 . Still , persuasion is a subtle business , requiring a deft touch , and carelessness can boomerang . In one instance of a public relations reversal , a lobbying initiative by the Cassidy firm which targeted Senator Robert C. Byrd blew up when the Cassidy - Byrd connection was published in the Washington Post ; this resulted in a furious Byrd reversing his previous pro-Cassidy position and throwing a `` theatrical temper tantrum '' regarding an $18 million facility . Byrd denounced `` lobbyists who collect exorbitant fees to create projects and have them earmarked in appropriation bills ... for the benefit of their clients . '' Since it often takes a long time to build the network of relationships within the lobbying industry , ethical interpersonal dealings are important . A maxim in the industry is for lobbyists to be truthful with people they are trying to persuade ; one lobbyist described it this way : `` what you 've basically got is your word and reputation '' . An untruth , a lie is too risky to the successful development of a long - term relationship and the potential gain is not worth the risk . One report suggested that below - the - belt tactics generally do not work . One account suggest that groping for `` personal dirt '' on opponents was counterproductive since it would undermine respect for the lobbyist and their clients . And , by reverse logic , if an untruth is told by an opponent or opposing lobby , then it makes sense to publicize it . But the general code among lobbyists is that unsubstantiated claims are bad business . Even worse is planting an informant in an opponent 's camp , since if this subterfuge is ever discovered , it will boomerang negatively in a hundred ways , and credibility will drop to zero . The importance of personal relationships in lobbying can be seen in the state of Illinois , in which father - son ties helped push a smart - grid energy bill , although there were accusations of favoritism . And there is anecdotal evidence that a business firm seeking to profitably influence legislation has to pay particular attention to which lobbyist it hires . Strategic considerations for lobbyists , trying to influence legislation , include `` locating a power base '' or a constituency logically predisposed to support a given policy . Timing , as well , is usually important , in the sense of knowing when to propose a certain action and having a big - picture view of the possible sequence of desired actions . Strategic lobbying tries to estimate the possible responses of different groups to a possible lobby approach ; one study suggested that the `` expectations of opposition from other interests '' was a key factor helping to determine how a lobby should operate . Increasingly , lobbyists seek to put together coalitions and use outside lobbying by swaying public opinion . Bigger , more diverse and deep pocketed coalitions tend to be more effective in outside lobbying , and the `` strength in numbers '' principle often applies . Interest groups try to build `` sustainable coalitions of similarly situated individual organizations in pursuit of like - minded goals '' . According to one study , it is often difficult for a lobbyist to influence a staff member in Congress directly , since staffers tend to be well - informed and subject to views from competing interests . As an indirect tactic , lobbyists can try to manipulate public opinion which , in turn , can sometimes exert pressure on congresspersons . Activities for these purposes include trying to use the mass media , cultivating contacts with reporters and editors , encouraging them to write editorials and cover stories to influence public opinion , which may have the secondary effect of influencing Congress . According to analyst Ken Kollman , it is easier to sway public opinion than a congressional staff member since it is possible to bombard the public with `` half - truths , distortion , scare tactics , and misinformation . '' Kollman suggests there should be two goals : ( 1 ) communicate that there is public support behind an issue to policymakers and ( 2 ) increase public support for the issue among constituents . Kollman suggested outside lobbying was a `` powerful tool '' for interest group leaders . In a sense , using these criteria , one could consider James Madison as having engaged in outside lobbying , since after the Constitution was proposed , he wrote many of the 85 newspaper editorials arguing for people to support the Constitution , and these writings later became the Federalist Papers . As a result of this `` lobbying '' effort , the Constitution was ratified , although there were narrow margins of victory in four of the state legislatures . Lobbying today generally requires mounting a coordinated campaign , using targeted blitzes of telephone calls , letters , emails to congressional lawmakers , marches down the Washington Mall , bus caravans , and such , and these are often put together by lobbyists who coordinate a variety of interest group leaders to unite behind a hopefully simple easy - to - grasp and persuasive message . It is important for lobbyists to follow rules governing lobbying behavior . These can be difficult and complex , take time to learn , require full disclosure , and mistakes can land a lobbyist in serious legal trouble . Gifts for congresspersons and staffers can be problematic , since anything of sizeable value must be disclosed and generally such gifts are illegal . Failure to observe gift restrictions was one factor which caused lobbyist Jack Abramoff to eventually plead guilty to a `` raft of federal corruption charges '' and led to convictions for 20 lobbyists and public officials , including congressperson Bob Ney and Bush deputy interior secretary Stephen Griles . Generally gifts to congresspersons or their staffs or federal officials are not allowed , but with a few exceptions : books are permitted , provided that the inside cover is inscribed with the congressperson 's name and the name of one 's organization . Gifts under $5 are allowed . Another exception is awards , so it is permitted to give a congressperson a plaque thanking him or her for support on a given issue . Cash gifts payable by check can only be made to campaign committees , not to a candidate personally or to his or her staff ; it is not permitted to give cash or stock . Wealthy lobbyists often encourage other lobbying clients to donate to a particular cause , in the hope that favors will be returned at a later date . Lobbyist Gerald Cassidy encouraged other clients to give for causes dear to a particular client engaged in a current lobbying effort . Some lobbyists give their own money : Cassidy reportedly donated a million dollars on one project , according to one report , which noted that Cassidy 's firm received `` many times that much in fees from their clients '' paid in monthly retainers . And their clients , in turn , had received `` hundreds of millions in earmarked appropriations '' and benefits worth `` hundreds of millions more '' . The dynamics of the lobbying world make it fairly easy for a semi-skilled operator to defraud a client . This is essentially what happened in the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal . There was a concerned client -- in this case , an Indian casino -- worried about possible ill - effects of legislation on its gambling business ; and there were lobbyists such as Jack Abramoff who knew how to exploit these fears . The lobbyists actively lobbied against their own casino - client as a way to ratchet up their fears of adverse legislation as well as stoke possible future contributions ; the lobbyists committed other violations such as grossly overbilling their clients as well as violating rules about giving gifts to congresspersons . Numerous persons went to jail after the scandal . The following are factors which can make fraud a fairly easy - to - do activity : that lobbyists are paid only to try to influence decision - makers , and may or may not succeed , making it hard to tell if a lobbyist did actual work ; that much of what happens regarding interpersonal relations is obscure despite rather strict disclosure and transparency requirements ; that there are sizable monies involved -- factors such as these almost guarantee that there will be future scandals involving fraudulent lobbying activity , according to one assessment . A fraud similar to Abramoff 's was perpetrated in Maryland by lobbyist Gerard E. Evans , who was convicted of mail and wire fraud in 2000 in a case involving falsely creating a `` fictitious legislative threat '' against a client , and then billing the client to work against this supposed threat . Lobbyists routinely monitor how congressional officials vote , sometimes checking the past voting records of congresspersons . One report suggested that reforms requiring `` publicly recorded committee votes '' led to more information about how congresspersons voted , but instead of becoming a valuable resource for the news media or voters , the information helped lobbyists monitor congressional voting patterns . As a general rule , lawmakers must vote as a particular interest group wishes them to vote , or risk losing support . Strategy usually dictates targeting specific office holders . On the state level , one study suggested that much of the lobbying activity targeted the offices of governors as well as state - level executive bureaucrats ; state lobbying was an `` intensely personal game '' with face - to - face contact being required for important decisions . Lobbying can be a counteractive response to the lobbying efforts of others . One study suggested this was particularly true for battles surrounding possible decisions by the Supreme Court which is considered as a `` battleground for public policy '' in which differing groups try to `` etch their policy preferences into law '' . Sometimes there are lobbying efforts to slow or derail other legislative processes ; for example , when the FDA began considering a cheaper generic version of the costly anti-clotting drug Lovenox , the French pharmaceutical firm Sanofi `` sprang into action to try and slow the process . '' Lobbyists are often assembled in anticipation of a potential takeover bid , particularly when there are large high - profile companies , or a large foreign company involved , and substantial concern that the takeover may be blocked by regulatory authorities . An example may illustrate . The company Tyco had learned that there had been discussion about a possible new tax provision that might have cost it $4 billion overall . So the firm hired Jack Abramoff and paid him a retainer of $100,000 a month . He assembled dozens of lobbyists with connections to key congressional committees with the ultimate objective being to influence powerful Senator Charles Grassley . Abramoff began with a fundraising effort to round up `` every check '' possible . He sought funds from his other lobbying clients : I had my clients understand that just as other clients who had nothing to do with them , would step up and give contributions to congressmen they needed to have some sway with , so similarly they needed to do the same . I went to every client I could , and rounded up every check we could for him . -- Lobbyist Jack Abramoff in 2011 Lobbyists as educators and advisors ( edit ) This section contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since government has grown increasingly complex , having to deal with new technologies , the task of writing rules has become more complex . `` Government has grown so complex that it is a virtual certainty that more than one agency would be affected by any piece of legislation , '' according to one view . Lobbyists , therefore , spend considerable time learning the ins and outs of issues , and can use their expertise to educate lawmakers and help them cope with difficult issues . Lobbyists ' knowledge has been considered to be an intellectual subsidy for lawmakers . Some lobbyists become specialists with expertise in a particular set of issues , although one study suggested that of two competing criteria for lobbyists -- expertise or access -- that access was far more important . Lobby groups and their members sometimes also write legislation and whip bills , and in these instances , it is helpful to have lawyers skilled in writing legislation to assist with these efforts . It is often necessary to research relevant laws and issues beforehand . In many instances lobbyists write the actual text of the proposed law , and hire lawyers to `` get the language down pat '' -- an omission in wording or an unclear phrase may open up a loophole for opponents to wrangle over for years . And lobbyists can often advise a lawmaker on how to navigate the approval process . Lobbying firms can serve as mentors and guides . For example , after months of protesting by the Occupy Wall Street , one lobbying firm prepared a memo to its clients warning that Republicans may `` turn on big banks , at least in public '' which may have the effect of `` altering the political ground for years to come . '' Here are parts of the memo which were broadcast on the MSNBC network . Leading Democratic party strategists have begun to openly discuss the benefits of embracing the growing and increasingly organized Occupy Wall Street ( OWS ) movement ... This would mean more than just short - term discomfort for Wall Street firms . If vilifying the leading companies of this sector is allowed to become an unchallenged centerpiece of a coordinated Democratic campaign , it has the potential to have very long - lasting political , policy and financial impacts on the companies in the center of the bullseye ... the bigger concern should be that Republicans will no longer defend Wall Street companies ... -- Clark , Lytle , Geduldig , Cranford , law / lobbying firm , to a Wall Street client A growing billion dollar business ( edit ) Top lobbying sectors 1998 -- 2010 Client Amount Spent % Finance , Insurance & Real Estate $4,274,060,331 15 % Health $4,222,427,808 15 % Misc Business $4,149,842,571 14 % Communications / Electronics $3,497,881,399 12 % 5 Energy & Natural Resources $3,104,104,518 11 % 6 Transportation $2,245,118,222 8 % 7 Other $2,207,772,363 7 % 8 Ideological / Single - Issue $1,477,294,241 5 % 9 Agribusiness $1,280,824,983 4 % 10 Defense $1,216,469,173 4 % 11 Construction $480,363,108 2 % 12 Labor $427,355,408 1 % 13 Lawyers & Lobbyists themselves $336,170,306 1 % Total $28,919,684,431 99 % Note : Amounts do not include campaign contributions . Since the 1970s , there has been explosive growth in the lobbying industry , particularly in Washington D.C. . By 2011 , one estimate of overall lobbying spending nationally was $30 + billion dollars . An estimate of lobbying expenses in the federal arena was $3.5 billion in 2010 , while it had been only $1.4 billion in 1998 . And there is prodigious data since firms are required to disclose lobbying expenditures on a quarterly basis . The industry , however , is not immune to economic downturns . If Congress is gridlocked , such as during the summer and early fall of 2011 , lobbying activity dipped considerably , according to The Washington Post . Lobbying firm Patton Boggs reported drops in revenue during that year , from $12 million in 2010 to $11 million in 2011 . To cope with the downturn , some law firms compensated by increasing activity in litigation , regulatory work , and representing clients in congressional investigations . A sea - change in government , such as a shift in control of the legislature from one political party to the other , can affect the lobbying business profoundly . For example , the primarily Democratic - serving lobbying firm Cassidy & Associates learned that control of Congress would change hands from Democrats to Republicans in 1994 , and the firm acquired Republican lobbyists before the congressional handover of power , and the move helped the lobbying firm stay on top of the new political realities . Examples of lobbying ( edit ) There are numerous examples of lobbying activity reported by the media . One report chronicled a somewhat unusual alliance of consumer advocates and industry groups to boost funding for the Food and Drug Administration ; the general pattern of lobbying efforts had been to try to reduce the regulatory oversight of such an agency . In this case , however , lobbying groups wanted the federal watchdog agency to have tougher policing authority to avert expensive problems when oversight was lax ; in this case , industry and consumer groups were in harmony , and lobbyists were able to persuade officials that higher FDA budgets were in the public interest . Religious consortiums , according to one report , have engaged in a $400 million lobbying effort on such issues as the relation between church and state , civil rights for religious minorities , bioethics issues including abortion and capital punishment and end - of - life issues , and family issues . Lobbying as a CAREER ( edit ) While national - level lobbyists working in Washington have the highest salaries , many lobbyists operating at the state level can earn substantial salaries . The table shows the top lobbyists in one state -- Maryland -- in 2011 . Top Maryland lobbyists ( 2011 ) Lobbyist Income Gerard E. Evans $ 7006123200000000000 ♠ 1,232,000 Timothy A. Perry $ 7006121779300000000 ♠ 1,217,793 Joel D. Rozner $ 7006121516100000000 ♠ 1,215,161 Robin F. Shaivitz $ 7006115636800000000 ♠ 1,156,368 Gregory S. Proctor Jr . $ 7006110714400000000 ♠ 1,107,144 John R. Stierhoff $ 7006105976600000000 ♠ 1,059,766 Michael V. Johansen $ 7006105023400000000 ♠ 1,050,234 Nicholas G. Manis $ 7006101625000000000 ♠ 1,016,250 D. Robert Enten $ 7005863193000000000 ♠ 863,193 Lisa Harris Jones $ 7005857000000000000 ♠ 857,000 Source : State Ethics Commission Top power - brokers such as Gerald Cassidy have made fortunes from lobbying : Cassidy 's reaction to his own wealth has been complicated . He lives large , riding around town in his chauffeured car , spending thousands on custom - made clothes , investing big money in , for example , the Charlie Palmer Steak restaurant at the foot of Capitol Hill just for the fun of it . He has fashioned a wine cellar of more than 7,000 bottles . He loves to go to England and live like a gentleman of the kind his Irish antecedents would have considered an anathema . -- journalist Robert G. Kaiser in 2007 in the Washington Post Effectiveness of lobbying ( edit ) There is general agreement that money is a key variable in lobbying . The general consensus view is that lobbying generally works overall in achieving sought - after results for clients , particularly since it has become so prevalent with substantial and growing budgets , although there are dissenting views . A study by the investment - research firm Strategas which was cited in The Economist and the Washington Post compared the 50 firms that spent the most on lobbying relative to their assets , and compared their financial performance against that of the S&P 500 in the stock market ; the study concluded that spending on lobbying was a `` spectacular investment '' yielding `` blistering '' returns comparable to a high - flying hedge fund , even despite the financial downturn of the past few years . A 2009 study by University of Kansas professor Raquel Meyer Alexander suggested that lobbying brought a substantial return on investment . A 2011 meta - analysis of previous research findings found a positive correlation between corporate political activity and firm performance . There are numerous reports that the National Rifle Association or NRA successfully influenced 45 senators to block a proposed rule to regulate assault weapons , despite strong public support for gun control . The NRA spends heavily to influence gun policy ; it gives $3 million annually to the re-election campaigns of congresspersons directly , and gives additional money to PACs and others to influence legislation indirectly , according to the BBC in 2016 . There is widespread agreement that a key ingredient in effective lobbying is money . This view is shared by players in the lobbying industry . Deep pockets speak ; the money trumps it all . -- Anonymous lobbyist , 2002 Still , effectiveness can vary depending on the situational context . One view is that large multiple - issue lobbies tend to be effective in getting results for their clients if they are sophisticated , managed by a legislative director familiar with the art of compromise , and play `` political hardball '' . But if such lobbies became too big , such as large industrial trade organizations , they became harder to control , often leading to lackluster results . A study in 2001 which compared lobbying activity in US - style congressional against European - style parliamentary systems , found that in congressional systems there was an advantage favoring the `` agenda - setters '' , but that in both systems , `` lobbying has a marked effect on policies '' . One report suggested that the 1,000 registered lobbyists in California were highly influential such that they were called the Third House . Studies of lobbying by academics in previous decades painted a picture of lobbying being an ineffectual activity , although many of these studies were done before lobbying became prevalent in American politics . A study in 1963 by Bauer , Pool , & Dexter suggested lobbyists were mostly `` impotent '' in exerting influence . Studies in the early 1990s suggested that lobbying exerted influence only `` marginally '' , although it suggested that when lobbying activity did achieve political impacts , that the results of the political choices were sufficient to justify the expenditure on lobbying . A fairly recent study in 2009 is that Washington lobbies are `` far less influential than political rhetoric suggests '' , and that most lobbying campaigns do not change any views and that there was a strong entrenchment of the status quo . But it depends on what is seen as `` effective '' , since many lobbying battles result in a stalemate , since powerful interests battle , and in many cases , merely keeping the `` status quo '' could be seen as a victory of sorts . What happens often is that varying coalitions find themselves in `` diametrical opposition to each other '' and that stalemates result . There is anecdotal evidence from numerous newspaper accounts of different groups battling that lobbying activity usually achieves results . For example , the Obama administration pledged to stop for - profit colleges from `` luring students with false promises '' , but with this threat , the lobbying industry sprang into action with a $16 million campaign , and their efforts succeeded in watering down the proposed restrictions . How did the lobbying campaign succeed ? Actions taken included : spent $16 million hired `` all - star list '' of prominent players including Democrats with White House ties plotted strategy worked with `` fund - raising bundler '' Jamie Rubin , a former Obama communications director won support from influential people including congressperson - turned - lobbyist Dick Gephardt , senator - turned - lobbyist John Breaux , lobbyist Tony Podesta , Washington Post CEO Donald E. Graham , education entrepreneur and University of Phoenix founder John Sperling , others key leaders made `` impassioned appeals '' mobilization effort produced 90,000 public documents to the Education department advocating against changes And sometimes merely keeping the status quo could be seen as a victory . When gridlock led to the supposed supercommittee solution , numerous lobbyists from all parts of the political spectrum worked hard , and a stalemate resulted , but with each side defended their own special interests . And while money is an important variable , it is one among many variables , and there have been instances in which huge sums have been spent on lobbying only to have the result backfire . One report suggested that the communications firm AT&T failed to achieve substantial results from its lobbying efforts in 2011 , since government antitrust officials rejected its plan to acquire rival T - Mobile . Lobbying is a practical necessity for firms that `` live and die '' by government decisions , such as large government contractors such as Boeing . A study done in 2006 by Bloomberg News suggested that lobbying was a `` sound money - making strategy '' for the 20 largest federal contractors . The largest contractor , Lockheed Martin Corporation , received almost $40 billion in federal contracts in 2003 - 4 , and spent $16 million on lobbying expenses and campaign donations . For each dollar of lobbying investment , the firm received $2,517 in revenues , according to the report . When the lobbying firm Cassidy & Associates began achieving results with earmarks for colleges and universities and medical centers , new lobbying firms rose to compete with them to win `` earmarks of their own '' , a clear sign that the lobbying was exceedingly effective . Lobbying controversies ( edit ) Lobbying has been the subject of much debate and discussion . There is general consensus that lobbying has been a significant corrupting influence in American politics , although criticism is not universal , and there have been arguments put forward to suggest that the system is working properly . Unfavorable image ( edit ) Generally the image of lobbyists and lobbying in the public sphere is not a positive one , although this is not a universal sentiment . Lobbyists have been described as a `` hired gun '' without principles or positions . Scandals involving lobbying have helped taint the image of the profession , such as ones involving lobbyist Jack Abramoff , and congressmen Randy `` Duke '' Cunningham , and Bob Ney and others , and which featured words such as `` bribery '' , `` lobbyist '' , `` member of Congress '' and `` prison '' tending to appear together in the same articles . Negative publicity can sully lobbying 's image to a great extent : high - profile cases of lobbying fraud such as Abramoff 's ; dubious father - son exchange - of - favors ties ; public officials such as Newt Gingrich being accused and then denying accusations of having done lobbying and earning $1.6 million from `` strategic advice '' . There are a variety of reasons why lobbying has acquired a negative image in public consciousness . While there is much disclosure , much of it happens in hard - to - disclose personal meetings , and the resulting secrecy and confidentiality can serve to lower lobbying 's status . Revolving door ( edit ) Main article : Revolving door ( politics ) The image of a revolving door has been used to describe the relation between working in government and for lobbyists . Since the 1980s , congresspersons and staffers have been `` going downtown '' -- becoming lobbyists -- and the big draw is money . The `` lucrative world of K Street '' means that former congresspersons with even `` modest seniority '' can move into jobs paying $1 million or more annually , without including bonuses for bringing in new clients . The general concern of this revolving - door activity is that elected officials -- persons who were supposed to represent the interests of citizens -- have instead become entangled with the big - money interests of for - profit corporations and interest groups with narrow concerns , and that public officials have been taken over by private interests . In July 2005 , Public Citizen published a report entitled `` The Journey from Congress to K Street '' : the report analyzed hundreds of lobbyist registration documents filed in compliance with the Lobbying Disclosure Act and the Foreign Agents Registration Act among other sources . It found that since 1998 , 43 percent of the 198 members of Congress who left government to join private life have registered to lobby . A similar report from the Center for Responsive Politics found 370 former members were in the `` influence - peddling business '' , with 285 officially registered as federal lobbyists , and 85 others who were described as providing `` strategic advice '' or `` public relations '' to corporate clients . The Washington Post described these results as reflecting the `` sea change that has occurred in lawmakers ' attitudes toward lobbying in recent years . '' The report included a case study of one particularly successful lobbyist , Bob Livingston , who stepped down as Speaker - elect and resigned his seat in 1999 . In the six years since his resignation , The Livingston Group grew into the 12th largest non-law lobbying firm , earning nearly $40 million by the end of 2004 . During roughly the same time period , Livingston , his wife , and his two political action committees ( PACs ) contributed over $500,000 to the campaign funds of various candidates . Numerous reports chronicle the revolving door phenomenon . A 2011 estimate suggested that nearly 5,400 former congressional staffers had become federal lobbyists over a ten - year period , and 400 lawmakers made a similar jump . It is a `` symbiotic relationship '' in the sense that lobbying firms can exploit the `` experience and connections gleaned from working inside the legislative process '' , and lawmakers find a `` ready pool of experienced talent . '' There is movement in the other direction as well : one report found that 605 former lobbyists had taken jobs working for lawmakers over a ten - year period . A study by the London School of Economics found 1,113 lobbyists who had formerly worked in lawmakers ' offices . The lobbying option is a way for staffers and lawmakers to `` cash in on their experience '' , according to one view . Before the 1980s , staffers and aides worked many years for congresspersons , sometimes decades , and tended to stay in their jobs ; now , with the lure of higher - paying lobbying jobs , many would quit their posts after a few years at most to `` go downtown . '' Lawmaker turned lobbyist : Democratic congressperson Dick Gephardt switched to lobbying and has been making millions annually working for clients such as Goldman Sachs . And it is not just staffers , but lawmakers as well , including high - profile ones such as congressperson Richard Gephardt . He represented a `` working - class '' district in Missouri for many years but after leaving Congress , he became a lobbyist . In 2007 , he began his own lobbying firm called `` Gephardt Government Affairs Group '' and in 2010 it was earning close to $7 million in revenues with clients including Goldman Sachs , Boeing , Visa Inc. , Ameren Corporation , and Waste Management Inc ... Senators Robert Bennett and Byron Dorgan became lobbyists too . Mississippi governor Haley Barbour became a lobbyist . In 2010 , former representative Billy Tauzin earned $11 million running the drug industry 's lobbying organization , called Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America ( PhRMA ) . His bill to provide prescription drug access to Medicare recipients gave major concessions to the pharmaceutical industry : ( 1 ) Medicare was prevented from negotiating lower costs for prescription drugs ( 2 ) the reimportation of drugs from first world countries was not allowed ( 3 ) Medicare D was undermined by a policy of Medigap D. After the bill passed a few months later , Tauzin retired from Congress and took an executive position at PhRMA to earn an annual salary of $2 million . Many former representatives earned over $1 million in one year , including James Greenwood and Daniel Glickman . Insider 's game ( edit ) Occupy Wall Street protesters have been critical of lobbying in government . A similar concern voiced by critics of lobbying is that Washington politics has become dominated by elites , and that it is an `` insider 's game '' excluding regular citizens and which favors entrenched firms . Individuals generally can not afford to lobby , and critics question whether corporations with `` deeper pockets '' should have greater power than regular persons . In this view , the system favors the rich , such that the `` rich have gotten richer , the weak weaker '' , admits lobbyist Gerald Cassidy . There is concern that those having more money and better political connections can exert more influence than others . However , analyst Barry Hessenius made a case that the excessive for - profit lobbying could be counteracted if there were more efforts to increase nonprofit lobbying and boost their effectiveness . There is so much money that it has been described as a `` flood '' that has a `` corrupting influence '' , so that the United States appears to be `` awash '' in interest groups . If coalitions of different forces battle in the political arena for favorable treatment and better rules and tax breaks , it can be seen as fair if both sides have equal resources and try to fight for their interests as best they can . Gerald Cassidy said : In a lot of areas , the stakes are between big companies , and it 's hard to argue that one solution is better than another solution with regard to the consumer 's interest ... The issue ... is whether Company A 's solution , or Company B 's solution , based on their technology or their footprint , is the right one . -- Lobbyist Gerald Cassidy A related but slightly different criticism is that the problem with lobbying as it exists today is that it creates an `` inequity of access to the decision - making process '' . As a result , important needs get left out of the political evaluation , such that there are no anti-hunger lobbies or lobbies seeking serious solutions to the problem of poverty . Nonprofit advocacy has been `` conspicuously absent '' from lobbying efforts , according to one view . Critics suggest that when a powerful coalition battles a less powerful one , or one which is poorly connected or underfunded , the result may be seen as unfair and potentially harmful for the entire society . The increasing number of former lawmakers becoming lobbyists has led Senator Russ Feingold ( D - WI ) to propose paring back the many Capitol Hill privileges enjoyed by former senators and representatives . His plan would deprive lawmakers - turned - lobbyists of privileges such as unfettered access to otherwise `` members only '' areas such as the House and Senate floors and the House gym . Choice - making problems ( edit ) Studies have linked problems in the housing industry with lobbying efforts . A concern among many critics is that influence peddling hurts overall decision making , according to this criticism . Proposals with merit are dropped in favor of proposals backed by political expediency . An example cited in the media is the recent battling between food industry lobbyists and healthcare lobbyists regarding school lunches . A group supported by the United States Department of Agriculture proposed healthier lunches as a way to combat childhood obesity by limiting the number of potatoes served , limiting salty foods , and adding more fresh vegetables , but this group was countered by a strong food lobby backed by Coca - Cola , Del Monte , and makers of frozen pizza . The food lobbyists succeeded in blocking the proposed reforms , even writing rules suggesting that the tomato paste on a pizza qualified as a vegetable , but overall , according to critics , this case appeared to be an example where business interests won out over health concerns . Critics use examples such as these to suggest that lobbying distorts sound governance . A study by IMF economists found that the `` heaviest lobbying came from lenders making riskier loans and expanding their mortgage business most rapidly during the housing boom , '' and that there were indications that heavy - lobbying lenders were more likely to receive bailout funds . The study found a correlation between lobbying by financial institutions and excessive risk - taking during 2000 -- 2007 , and the authors concluded that `` politically active lenders played a role in accumulation of risks and thus contributed to the financial crisis '' . Another study suggested that governments tend to protect domestic industries , and have a habit of shunting monies to ailing sectors ; the study suggested that `` it is not that government policy picks losers , it is that losers pick government policy . '' One critic suggested that the financial industry has successfully blocked attempts at regulation in the aftermath of the 2008 financial collapse . Governmental focus ( edit ) Lobbyists collided over school lunches . Pizza can be served to schoolchildren since tomato paste can be considered as a vegetable and part of a healthy meal . Critics have contended that when lawmakers are drawn into battles to determine issues such as the composition over school lunches or how much an ATM fee should be , more serious issues such as deficit reduction or global warming or social security are neglected . It leads to legislative inertia . The concern is that the preoccupation with what are seen as superficial issues prevents attention to long - term problems . Critics suggested that the 2011 Congress spent more time discussing per - transaction debit - card fees while neglecting issues seen as more pressing . Methodological problems ( edit ) In this line of reasoning , critics contend that lobbying , in and of itself , is not the sole problem , but only one aspect of a larger problem with American governance . Critics point to an interplay of factors : citizens being uninvolved politically ; congresspersons needing huge sums of money for expensive television advertising campaigns ; increased complexity in terms of technologies ; congresspersons spending three days of every week raising money ; and so forth . Given these temptations , lobbying came along as a logical response to meet the needs of congresspersons seeking campaign funds and staffers seeking personal enrichment . In a sense , in competitive politics , the common good gets lost : I know what my client wants ; no one knows what the common good is . -- Anonymous lobbyist A lobbyist can identify a client 's needs . But it is hard for a single individual to say what is best for the whole group . The intent of the Constitution 's Framers was to have built - in constitutional protections to protect the common good , but according to these critics , these protections do not seem to be working well : The structure of representative government , elected by the people , was to be our system 's built - in protection of the whole of us -- fairly elected officeholders were to represent their constituent groups , free from any obligations to special interests . Unfortunately , money has corrupted the system and compromised both the fairness of the electoral process as well as the independence and impartiality of elected officials . -- Barry Hessenius in Hardball Lobbying for Nonprofits , 2007 Former convicted lobbyist Jack Abramoff ( left ) listens to Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig in 2011 . Lawrence Lessig , a professor at Harvard Law School and author of Republic , Lost , suggested that the moneyed persuasive power of special interests has insinuated itself between the people and the lawmakers . He quoted congressperson Jim Cooper who remarked that Congress had become a `` Farm League for K Street '' in the sense that congresspersons were focused on lucrative lobbying careers after Congress rather than on serving the public interest while in office . In a speech , Lessig suggested the structure of incentives was such that legislators were tempted to propose unnecessary regulations as a way to further lobbying industry activity . According to one view , major legislation such as proposed Wall Street reforms have spurred demand for `` participating in the regulatory process . '' Lessig suggested the possibility that it was not corporations deciding to take up lobbying , but Congress choosing to debate less - than - important issues to bring well - heeled corporations into the political fray as lobbyists . As a result of his concerns , Lessig has called on state governments to summon a Second Constitutional Convention to propose substantive reform . Lessig believes that a constitutional amendment should be written to limit political contributions from non-citizens , including corporations , anonymous organizations , and foreign nationals . Our current tax system with all its complexities is in part designed to make it easier for candidates , in particular congressmen , to raise money to get back to congress ... All sorts of special exceptions which expire after a limited period of time are just a reason to pick up the phone and call somebody and say ' Your exception is about to expire , here 's a good reason for you to help us fight to get it to extend . ' And that gives them the opportunity to practice what is really a type of extortion -- shaking the trees of money in the private sector into their campaign coffers so that they can run for congress again . -- Lawrence Lessig , 2011 Scholars such as Richard Labunski , Sanford Levinson , Glenn Reynolds , Larry Sabato , as well as newspaper columnist William Safire , and activists such as John Booth of RestoringFreedom.org have called for constitutional changes that would curb the powerful role of money in politics . Expansion of lobbying ( edit ) Law in the United States is generally made by Congress , but as the federal government has expanded during much of the twentieth century , there are a sizeable number of federal agencies , generally under the control of the president . These agencies write often industry - specific rules and regulations regarding such things as automobile safety and air quality . Unlike elected congresspersons who are constantly seeking campaign funds , these appointed officials are harder to influence , generally . However , there are indications that lobbyists seek to expand their influence from the halls of Congress deeper into the federal bureaucracy . President Obama pledged during the election campaign to rein in lobbying . As president in January 2009 , he signed two executive orders and three presidential memoranda to help ensure his administration would be more open , transparent , and accountable . These documents attempted to bring increased accountability to federal spending and limit the influence of special interests , and included a lobbyist gift ban and a revolving door ban . In May 2009 , the Recovery Act Lobbying Rules . The Executive Branch Reform Act , H.R. 985 , was a bill which would have required over 8,000 Executive Branch officials to report into a public database nearly any `` significant contact '' from any `` private party . '' The purpose was to identify lobbying activity . The bill was supported by proponents as an expansion of `` government in the sunshine '' including groups such as Public Citizen . The National Association of Realtors is a special interest representing home - selling agents . Photo : its Washington headquarters . But the proposals ran into serious opposition from various groups including the lobbying industry itself . Opponents argued that the proposed reporting rules would have infringed on the right to petition , making it difficult not just for lobbyists , but for regular citizens to communicate their views on controversial issues without having their names and viewpoints entered into a government database . Opposition groups suggested that although the proposed rules were promoted as a way to regulate `` lobbyists , '' persons described as a `` private party '' could be practically anybody , and that anybody contacting a federal official might be deemed to be a `` lobbyist '' . The U.S. Department of Justice raised constitutional and other objections to the bill . Opponents mobilized over 450 groups including the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and National Association of Realtors with letter writing campaigns against the proposed restrictions . Lobbyist Howard Marlowe argued in a `` stern letter '' that the restriction on gift - giving to federal employees would create `` fear of retribution for political donations '' : Since your announcement to seek the Presidency you have consistently attacked the honorable profession of lobbying ... Lobbyists play an important role in the legislative process , serving as educators to elected officials . It is in the best interest to government to have informed individuals who serve as experts in every arena of public policy . Our ability to access and navigate the legislative process and push issues forward through a bureaucratic cluster is a vital service to the nation . The Draft Order would inhibit one of the most vital tools in the advocate 's arsenal by creating fear of retribution for political donations . Making this kind of disclosure a part of the bidding process tarnishes a competition based on qualifications , adds an unneeded level of bureaucracy , and endangers the protection of free speech afforded to all Americans by the First Amendment of the Constitution ... -- Howard Marlowe , president of the All American League of Lobbyists , in a letter to President Obama , May 31 , 2011 In 2011 , there were efforts to `` shift regulatory power from the executive branch to Congress '' by requiring that any `` major rule '' which may cost the economy more than $100 million must be decided by Congress with an up - or - down vote . But skeptics think that such a move proposed by Republican lawmakers could `` usher in a lobbying bonanza from industry and other special - interest groups '' to use campaign contributions to reshape the regulatory milieu . Potential for reform ( edit ) Critics suggest that Congress has the power to fix itself , but is reluctant to sacrifice money and power . One report suggested that those in control had an `` unbroken record of finding ways to navigate around reform laws or turn regulatory standards to their own advantage . '' Arguments for lobbying ( edit ) There are counterarguments that the system is working as it should , despite being rather messy . According to this line of argument , the Madisonian view of politics -- in which factions were supposed to compete with other factions -- is working exactly as it should . Competing factions , or in this case , competing interest groups , square off . Battling happens within the federal government , but instead of by settling arguments by elections , arguments are settled by powerful interest groups fighting each other , often financially . And it might appear to members of groups which lost in a lobbying battle that the reason for their loss was that the other side lobbied unfairly using more money . There are numerous instances in which opposed lobbies stalemate , and instances in which these stalemates have been seen as a positive result . And sometimes powerful financial interests lose the battle . Lobbying brings valuable information to policymakers , according to another argument in favor of lobbying . Since lobbyists often become highly knowledgeable about a specific issue by studying it in depth over years , they can bring considerable expertise to help legislators avoid errors as well as grasp the nuances of complex issues . This information can also help Congress oversee numerous federal agencies which often regulate complex industries and issue highly detailed and specific rulings . Accordingly , it is difficult for Congress to keep track of what these agencies do . It has been argued that lobbyists can help Congress monitor this activity by possibly raising `` red flags '' about proposed administrative rulings . Further , congresspersons can quickly gauge where they stand about a proposed administrative ruling simply by seeing which lobbying groups support the proposal , and which oppose it . Another argument in support of lobbying is that different interest groups and lobbyists , while trying to build coalitions and win support , often amend or soften or change their positions in this process , and that interest groups and lobbyists regulate each other , in a sense . But a more general sentiment supporting the lobbying arrangement is that every citizen can be construed as being `` represented '' by dozens of special interests : Every citizen is a special interest ... Blacks , consumers , teachers , pro-choicers , gun control advocates , handicapped people , aliens , exporters , and salesmen -- are all special interests ... There is not an American today who is not represented ( whether he or she knows it or not ) by at least a dozen special interest groups ... One person 's special interest is another person 's despotism ... -- Donald E. deKieffer , author of The Citizen 's Guide to Lobbying Congress , 2007 This is what users saw when they tried to access English . Wikipedia on January 18 , 2012 . English Wikipedia participated in a lobbying campaign by blacking out the encyclopedia for a day , and encouraged users to contact congresspersons to support positions it favored as part of an outside lobbying effort . If powerful groups such as the oil industry succeed in winning a battle in government , consumers who drive gas - powered cars can benefit a bit , according to this view . Even readers of Wikipedia could be conceived as being a special interest and represented by various lobbies . For example , opponents of the Stop Online Piracy Act believed that the act might restrict sites such as Wikipedia ; on January 18 , 2012 , as a form of protest and as a way to encourage readers and contributors of English Wikipedia to write their congresspersons , the online encyclopedia was `` blacked out for a day as part of an effort to lobby the government . Another view in support of lobbying is that it serves a helpful purpose as helping guard against extremism . According to this view , lobbying adds `` built - in delays '' and permits and encourages opposing lobbies to battle . In the battling , possibly damaging decrees and incorrect decisions are stymied by seemingly unhelpful delays and waits . A slightly different view is that lobbying is no different from other professions : Lobbying is no more perfect than is the practice of law or the practice of medicine . -- Lobbyist Gerald S.J. Cassidy , 2007 The regulatory environment ( edit ) Disclosure and domestic regulations ( edit ) Generally , the United States requires systematic disclosure of lobbying , and it may be one of the few countries to have such extensive requirements . Disclosure in one sense allows lobbyists and public officials to justify their actions under the banner of openness and with full compliance of the law . The rules often specify how much a lobbyist can spend on specific activities , and how to report expenses ; many of the laws and guidelines are specified in the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 . Transparency and disclosure requirements mean that there are volumes of statistics available for all kinds of analyses -- by journalists , by the public , by rival lobbying efforts . Researchers can subdivide lobbying expenditures by numerous breakdowns , such as by contributions from energy companies . Sometimes defining clearly who is a `` lobbyist '' and what precisely are lobbying activities can be difficult . According to the Lobbying Disclosure Act , several authorized definitions include : Lobbying activities means `` lobbying contacts and efforts in support of such contacts , including preparation and planning activities , research and other background work that is intended , at the time it is performed , for use in contacts , and coordination with the lobbying activities of others . '' Lobbying contact means `` any oral or written communication ( including an electronic communication ) to a covered executive branch official or a covered legislative branch official '' . Still , distinguishing lobbyists from a strategic adviser can be difficult , since the duties of each can often overlap and are hard to define precisely . There have been issues raised about what constitutes the difference between a lobbyist and a bundler ; one report described bundlers as `` supporters who contribute their own money to his campaign and solicit it from others '' , and there was a question whether such persons were really lobbyists involved with raising campaign monies for the election of Barack Obama , and whether Obama had broken his own pledge not to receive money from lobbyists . The legal ramifications of lobbying are further intertangled with aspects of campaign finance reform , since lobbyists often spend time seeking donations for the reelection efforts of congresspersons ; sorting out these issues can pose ethical challenges . There are numerous regulations governing the practice of lobbying , often ones requiring transparency and disclosure . People paid to lobby must register with the secretary of the Senate and the clerk of the House of Representatives within 45 days of contacting a legislator for the first time , or 45 days after being employed . An exception is that lobbyists who earn less than $3,000 per client for each fiscal quarter , or whose total lobbying expenses are less than $11,500 each quarter , do not need to register . Part - time lobbyists are exempt from registering unless they spend more than 20 % of their working hours doing lobbying activities in any quarter . If lobbyists have two or more contacts with a legislator as a lobbyist , then they must register . Requirements for registering also apply to companies that specialize in lobbying , or ones that have an in - house lobbyist , particularly if they spend more than $11,500 on lobbying . Generally , nonprofit organizations , other than churches , are exempt from registering if they hire an outside lobbying firm . Filing must be made each quarter , and a separate file is needed for each of the lobbyist 's clients , and include information such as the name and title of the client , an estimate of lobbying expenses , and an estimate of income the lobbyist achieved after doing the lobbying . States , in addition , are moving in the direction of greater disclosure and transparency regarding lobbying activities . California has an online database called Cal - Access although there were reports that it has been underfunded . Money collected from registration fees are often used to pay for the disclosure services such as Cal - Access . There were complaints in Illinois that the disclosure requirements were often not rigorous enough and allowed lobbyists to work `` without public notice '' and with possible `` conflicts of interest '' . Many local municipalities are requiring legislative agents register as lobbyists to represent the interests of clients to local city council members such as in the swing state of Ohio cities such as Columbus and Cincinnati . Laws requiring disclosure have been more prevalent in the twentieth century . In 1946 , there was a so - called `` sunshine law '' requiring lobbyists to disclose what they were doing , on whose behalf , and how much they received in payment . The resulting Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946 governed lobbying rules up until 1995 when the Lobbying Disclosure Act replaced it . The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 , later amended in 2002 as the McCain Feingold Act , had rules governing campaign contributions . Each branch of Congress has rules as well . Legislation generally requires reports containing an accounting of major expenditures as well as legislation that was influenced ; the wording of some of the pertinent laws can be found in 2 U.S.C. ch. 26 . The American Bar Association published a book about lobbying regulations . Lobbying law is a constantly evolving field ; the American Bar Association published a book of guidelines in 2009 with over 800 pages . The laws are often rather specific , and when not observed , can lead to serious trouble . Failing to file a quarterly report , or knowingly filing an incorrect report , or failing to correct an incorrect report , can lead to fines up to $200,000 and imprisonment up to five years . Penalties can apply to lobbyists who fail to list gifts made to a legislator . In other situations , the punishment can be light : for example , Congressional aide - turned - lobbyist Fraser Verrusio spent a few hours in jail after pleading guilty to taking a client to a World Series baseball game and failing to report it . Tax rules can apply to lobbying . In one situation , the charity Hawaii Family Forum risked losing its tax - exempt status after it had engaged in lobbying activity ; federal tax law requires charities such as that one to limit their lobbying to 20 % of their overall expenditures or else be eligible for being taxed like a for - profit corporation . Lobbyists sometimes support rules requiring greater transparency and disclosure : Our profession is at a critical point where we can either embrace the constructive changes and reforms by Congress or we can seek out loopholes and continue the slippery slide into history along side the ranks of snake oil salesmen . -- Lobbyist Gerald S.J. Cassidy , 2007 . Scandals can spur impetus towards greater regulation as well . The Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal , which started in the 1990s and led to a guilty plea in 2006 , inspired the Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 ( S. 2349 ) . According to Time Magazine the Senate bill : barred lobbyists themselves from buying gifts and meals for legislators , but left a loophole in which firms and organizations represented by those lobbyists could still dole out gifts and perks ; allowed privately funded trips if lawmakers got prior approval from a commissioned ethics committee ; required lobbyists to file frequent and detailed activity reports and have them posted publicly . The bill was approved in 2006 by a 90 -- 8 vote . In 1995 , the 104th Congress tried to reform Lobbying by passing the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 which defines and requires lobbyists who are compensated for their actions to register with congressional officials . The legislation was later amended by the Lobbying Disclosure Technical Amendments Act of 1998 . There were subsequent modifications leading to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 . The Lobbying Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 ( H.R. 4975 ) legislation modified Senate rules , although some senators and a coalition of good - government groups assailed the bill as being too weak . The Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 was a comprehensive ethics and lobbying reform bill , ( H.R. 2316 ) , which passed in 2007 in the House and Congress by a large majority . A parallel Senate version of the legislation , ( S. 1 ) , passed in 2007 by a nearly unanimous vote . After the House & Senate resolved their differences and passed an amended revision , President Bush signed the enrolled bill into law ( Pub. L. 110 -- 81 ) . Some states have considered banning government employees permanently from lobbying on issues they had worked on . For example , there was a proposal along these lines to prevent county employees in Maryland from ever lobbying on issues they had worked on . The proposal insisted that county officials post financial disclosures as well as prohibit gifts from contractors . Jack Abramoff , emerging from prison , has spoken publicly about lobbying . In his view , regulations designed to rein in the excesses of lobbying have not been effective , and reforms and regulations have not cleaned up the system `` at all '' . Abramoff said lobbyists could `` find a way around just about any reform Congress enacted '' , and gave an example : You ca n't take a congressman to lunch for $25 and buy him a hamburger or a steak or something like that ... But you can take him to a fund - raising lunch and not only buy him that steak , but give him $25,000 extra and call it a fund - raiser -- and have all the same access and all the same interactions with that congressman . -- Jack Abramoff , commenting on 60 Minutes , according to CNN A similar view suggested that lobbying reform efforts have been `` fought tooth and nail to prevent its passage '' since the people with the power to reform would curtail their own powers and income flows . Foreign lobbying ( edit ) Since commerce worldwide is becoming more integrated , with firms headquartered in one country increasingly doing business in many other countries , it is logical to expect that lobbying efforts will reflect the increasing globalization . Sometimes foreign - owned corporations will want to lobby the United States government , and in such instances , new rules can apply , since it can be particularly thorny resolving whether national security interests are at stake and how they might be affected . In 1938 , the Foreign Agents Registration Act required an explicit listing of all political activities undertaken by a lobbyist on behalf of any foreign principal . There were serious concerns about lobbying firms representing foreign entities -- and potentially values opposed to American principles -- after Axis power agitprop was planted in American soils during World War II through the efforts of public - relations specialist Ivy Lee 's proxy firm `` German Dye Trust '' . As a result , in 1938 , the Foreign Agents Registration Act or FARA was passed by Congress , and this law required foreign lobbyists to share information about their contracts with the Justice Department . FARA 's mandate was to disclose to policymakers the sources of information that influenced public opinions , policies , and law . However , the goal was not to restrict the speech of the lobbyist or the content of the lobbying . Nonetheless , it was estimated that less than half of foreign lobbyists who should have registered under FARA actually did so . By the 1960s , perceived failures in FARA 's enforcement led to public outcry against lobbying excesses , while revelations of foreign bribery circulated regularly well into the early 1970s . This prompted legislation proposed to reduce the autonomy of foreign firms , most of which was not ratified for concerns over a lack of constitutionality . While the House of Representatives passed a rule to increase public scrutiny of foreign lobbying , one estimate was that about 75 % of lobbyists were exempt from a registration requirement , including individuals representing foreign interests . A general trend is that the number of lobbyists representing foreign companies is rising . The case of Washington 's APCO Worldwide , a firm which represented the dictatorship of General Sani Abacha of Nigeria in 1995 whose regime had hanged nine pro-democracy activists , attracted negative publicity . While current law forbids foreign nations from contributing to federal , state , or local elections , loopholes allow American subsidiaries of foreign corporations to establish so - called separated segregated funds or SSFs to raise money . According to one view , the definition of which firms are defined as `` foreign '' was unclear , and the lack of clarity undermines the ability to regulate their activity . Foreign - funded lobbying efforts include those of Israel , Saudi Arabia , Turkey , Egypt , Pakistan , Libya , and China lobbies . In 2010 , foreign governments spent approximately $460 million on lobbying Congress and the U.S. Government . Between 2015 -- 2017 , the Saudi Arabia paid $18 million to 145 registered lobbyists to influence the U.S. government . While Congress has tried to quell criticisms against the leverage of domestic lobbying firms by updating domestic lobbying legislation -- such as the revision of the Lobbyist Disclosure Act in 1997 ) -- there was a report that its inaction in rectifying loopholes in foreign lobbying regulation has led to scandals . There was a report of an upsurge of lobbying by foreign - owned U.S. subsidiaries against Democratic efforts to limit campaign spending in early 2010 . The proposed was to restrict lobbying by U.S. subsidiaries of foreign firms . In 2011 , the Chinese firm Alibaba hired a lobbying firm in Washington when it began contemplating a purchase of the U.S. firm Yahoo !. There was a case in which a lobbying effort described as `` extraordinary '' was trying to change the designation of a fringe Iranian opposition group from being a terrorist organization to being a benign organization . Lobbyists seeking to downgrade the designation hired influential foreign affairs officials , including former CIA directors , a former FBI director , and others to advocate for the change of designation . But there have been others accused of illegally lobbying for foreign nations or who failed to register as a foreign agent who may face prison time as a result . See also ( edit ) United States Chamber of Commerce History of lobbying in the United States Political action committee National Rifle Association Second Constitutional Convention of the United States AARP ( formerly the American Association of Retired Persons ) Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 Israel lobby in the United States American Israel Public Affairs Committee Diaspora politics in the United States Turkish lobby in the United States Libya lobby in the United States Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States Fossil fuels lobby Florida Institute of CPAs Albanian American Civic League American Automobile Association Center for Responsive Politics Arab lobby in the United States Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal Jerry Lewis - Lowery lobbying firm controversy Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 Money loop Mothers Against Drunk Driving United States v. Harriss NARFE ( National Active and Retired Federal Employees ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Evangeline Marzec of Demand Media ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` What Is Corporate Lobbying ? '' . Chron.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Reich , June 9 , 2015 , Salon magazine , Robert Reich : Lobbyists are snuffing our democracy , one legal bribe at a time , Retrieved May 30 , 2017 , `` ... This second scandal is perfectly legal but it 's a growing menace ... the financial rewards from lobbying have mushroomed , as big corporations and giant Wall Street banks have sunk fortunes into rigging the game to their advantage ... '' Jump up ^ Mike Masnick , April 12 , 2012 , Tech Dirt , Is Lobbying Closer To Bribery ... Or Extortion ? , Retrieved May 30 , 2017 , Jump up ^ `` Trump risks showdown with China after call with Taiwan '' . CNN . December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump speaks with Taiwanese president , a major break with decades of U.S. policy on China '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ JULIE HIRSCHFELD DAVIS and ERIC LIPTON , The New York Times , December 6 , 2016 , Bob Dole Worked Behind the Scenes on Trump - Taiwan Call , Retrieved December 7 , 2016 , `` ... Former Senator Bob Dole , acting as a foreign agent for the government of Taiwan , worked behind the scenes ... to establish high - level contact between Taiwanese officials and President Donald J. Trump 's staff , ... culminated last week in an unorthodox telephone call between Mr. Trump and Taiwan 's president ... '' Jump up ^ Tim Dickinson , April 2 , 2018 , Rolling Stone magazine , Inside the Decade - Long Russian Campaign to Infiltrate the NRA and Help Elect Trump : Femme fatales , lavish Moscow parties and dark money -- how Russia worked the National Rifle Association , Retrieved April 11 , 2018 , `` ... Putin has a long track record of illegally financing nationalist opposition groups in the West ... Kremlin 's NRA outreach culminated in pumping vast sums into the group 's coffers ... '' Jump up ^ Josh Delk , March 17 , 2018 , The Hill , FEC reviewing whether NRA accepted illegal Russian donations in 2016 : report , Retrieved April 11 , 2018 Jump up ^ March 24 , 2018 , BY PETER STONE AND GREG GORDON , McClatchy Report , Lawyer who worked for NRA said to have had concerns about group 's Russia ties , Retrieved April 11 , 2018 , `` ... '' Jump up ^ Gilens , Martin ; Page , Benjamin I. ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' . Perspectives on Politics . 12 ( 03 ) : 564 -- 581 . doi : 10.1017 / S1537592714001595 . ISSN 1541 - 0986 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Plumer ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Corporate lobbying is a very exclusive club '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee Fang , March 10 , 2014 , The Nation , Where Have All the Lobbyists Gone ? On paper , the influence - peddling business is drying up . But lobbying money is flooding into Washington , DC , like never before . What 's going on ? , Accessed March 21 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Ronald J. Hrebenar ; Bryson B. Morgan ( 2009 ) . `` Lobbying in America '' . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 112 - 1 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . see Preface page xv Jump up ^ John Joseph Lalor ( editor ) ( 1890 ) . `` Cyclopaedia of political science , political economy ... '' Charles E. Merrill & Co . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . see page 78 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Donald E. deKieffer ( 2007 ) . `` The Citizen 's Guide to Lobbying Congress : Revised and Updated '' . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 718 - 0 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . see Ch. 1 ^ Jump up to : Barry Hessenius ( 2007 ) . `` Hardball Lobbying for Nonprofits : Real advocacy for nonprofits in the new century '' . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 8202 - 3 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa Magloff of Demand Media ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Federal Lobbying Guidelines '' . chron.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Donald H. Haider ( 1974 ) . `` When governments come to Washington : Governors , mayors , and intergovernmental lobbying '' . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 913370 - X . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Washington Representatives ( 32 ed . ) . Bethesda , MD : Columbia Books . November 2007 . p. 949 . ISBN 1 - 880873 - 55 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Lobbyists '' . Lobbying Database . Center for Responsive Politics . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Hedge fund group spent $1 million lobbying in 3Q '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa A. Solowiej ; Paul M. Collins jr ( July 2009 ) . `` Counteractive Lobbying in the U.S. Supreme Court '' . American Politics Research . 37 ( 4 ) : 670 -- 699 . doi : 10.1177 / 1532673X08328674 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Suzy Khimm ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Would shifting regulatory power to Congress usher in a lobbying bonanza ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Baumgartner , Berry , Hojnacki , Kimball , Leach ( 2009 ) . `` Lobbying and Policy Change : Who wins , who loses , and why '' . The University of Chicago Press . Back cover . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 03946 - 6 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Washington lobbies are far less influential than political rhetoric suggests . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ben Pershing ( April 16 , 2011 ) . `` As frustrations mount , does D.C. need new lobbying strategy ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Magagnini of the Sacramento Bee ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` California man leads lobbying to halt U.S. aid to Egypt '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greg Toppo ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` Former D.C. schools chief busy lobbying , helping politicians '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MARTHA BRANNIGAN ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Mayor Gimenez vetoes new Tallahassee lobbying contracts : Asserting the county commission failed in its aim to cut spending , Miami - Dade Mayor Carlos Gimenez vetoed a measure that would have paid $450,000 to lobbying firms '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ William Mansell ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` Florida 's Lobbying Powerhouses Vie for City of St. Pete Contract '' . Old Northeast - Downtown St. Pete Patch . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alison Knezevich ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` County ethics bill would restrict lobbying , add enforcement '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ TIM NOVAK ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Seven former Chicago aldermen now lobbying City Hall '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : William Kerr ; William Lincoln ; Prachi Mishra ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` The dynamics of firm lobbying '' . VOX . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas T. Holyoke . `` Choosing Battlegrounds : Interest Group Lobbying Across Multiple Venues '' . Political Research Quarterly . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . September 2003 vol. 56 no . 3 325 -- 336 ^ Jump up to : Ken Kollman ( 1998 ) . `` Outside Lobbying : Public Opinion & Interest Group Strategies '' . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01740 - 9 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ( See Preface & Introduction ) Jump up ^ Dan Eggen & T.W. Farnam ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` The Influence Industry : Coming soon to a screen near you -- a lobbying campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kia Kokalitcheva , July 13 , 2016 , Fortune magazine , Government Lobbyists Are More Nimble Than Ever , Retrieved August 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Right to Petition '' . Illinois First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A NOTED LOTTERY MAN DEAD. ; CAREER OF CHARLES T. HOWARD , OF THE LOUISIANA COMPANY '' . The New York Times . June 1 , 1885 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robert G. Kaiser ; Alice Crites ( research contributor ) ( 2007 ) . `` How lobbying became Washington 's biggest business -- Big money creates a new capital city . As lobbying booms , Washington and politics are transformed '' . Citizen K Street . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Harris ( November 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' America is better than this ' : paralysis at the top leaves voters desperate for change '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Catherine Ho ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` Lobbying practices leave law firms for more independence , equity for non-lawyers '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Catherine Ho ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Holland & Knight 's lobbying group to shed traditional hourly billing '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : BEN PROTESS ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` Alibaba Taps Lobbying Firm '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salamon , Lester M , and John J Siegfried ( 1977 ) , `` Economic Power and Political Influence : The Impact of Industry Structure on Public Policy , '' American Political Science Review 71 . Jump up ^ Masters , Marick F , and Gerald D Keim ( 1985 ) , `` Determinants of PAC Participation Among Large Corporations , '' Journal of Politics 47 . Jump up ^ Bombardini , Matilde ( 2008 ) , `` Firm Heterogeneity and Lobby Participation , '' Journal of International Economics 75 ^ Jump up to : BEN PROTESS ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Wall Street Continues to Spend Big on Lobbying '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jere R. Francis ( Spring 1987 ) . `` Lobbying against proposed accounting standards : The case of employers ' pension accounting '' . Journal of Accounting and Public Policy . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Volume 6 , Issue 1 , Pages 35 -- 57 Jump up ^ staff writer ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Amazon spent $450,000 lobbying gov 't in Q3 '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn Sweet ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Chicago based Boeing flexing lobbying , political muscle '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Renae Merle and Hamza Shaban , September 19 , 2017 , Washington Post , Before the breach , Equifax sought to limit exposure to lawsuits , Retrieved September 20 , 2017 , `` ... Equifax ... the company lobbied Congress on legislation to limit how much it could be forced to pay if sued by consumers ... it pressed lawmakers to roll back the powers of its regulators ... Republican Rep. Barry Loudermilk said at a Sept. 7 hearing on the proposal ... '' ^ Jump up to : Kimberly Kindy , May 30 , 2017 , Washington Post , How Congress dismantled federal Internet privacy rules , Retrieved May 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Associated Press ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` UFCW union spent $80 K lobbying federal gov 't '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ JOHN SCHWARTZ ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Exonerated Inmates Fight Lawyer 's Lobbying Fees '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Woodstock Theological Center ( 2002 ) . `` The Ethics of Lobbying : Organized Interests , Political Power , and the Common Good '' . Georgetown University Press . ISBN 0 - 8784 - 0905 - X . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ( see page 1 of `` The Ethics of Lobbying '' chapter ) ^ Jump up to : Willard C. Richan ( 2006 ) . `` Lobbying for Social Change : Third Edition '' . The Haworth Press . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Tuesday Podcast : Jack Abramoff On Lobbying '' . NPR . December 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CNN Wire Staff ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Abramoff : Lobbying reforms have n't fixed ' flawed ' system '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : T.W. Farnam , ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Revolving door of employment between Congress , lobbying firms , study shows '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Robert G. Kaiser ; Alice Crites ( research contributor ) ( 2007 ) . `` How lobbying became Washington 's biggest business -- Big money creates a new capital city . As lobbying booms , Washington and politics are transformed '' . Citizen K Street . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : JOHN SULLIVAN , FREDRIC N. TULSKY and KRISTEN McQUEARY ( January 7 , 2012 ) . `` Public Officials Found Helping Clients of Family '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Plumer ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` The outsized returns from lobbying '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 ... Hiring a top - flight lobbyist looks like a spectacular investment ... Jump up ^ Dara Olmsted ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Lobbying for waterways '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Wagner ( January 2 , 2012 ) . `` Evans regains top lobbying spot in Annapolis '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 ... Evans was convicted ... accusations of concocting a fictitious legislative threat that he charged clients to lobby against ... ^ Jump up to : THOMAS B. EDSALL ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Putting Political Reform Right Into the Pockets of the Nation 's Voters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anthony J. Nownes ; Krissy Walker DeAlejandro ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` Lobbying in the New Millennium : Evidence of Continuity and Change in Three States '' . State Politics & Policy Quarterly . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . vol. 9 no . 4 pages 429 -- 455 Jump up ^ Nancy Cordes ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` Senators rail at big pharma 's secretive lobbying '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Stein ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Lobbying Group For Lobbyists Demands Obama Drop Executive Order On Contracting Donations '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RICHARD L. HALL and ALAN V. DEARDORFF ( 2006 ) . Lobbying as Legislative Subsidy . American Political Science Review , 100 , pp 69 -- 84 doi : 10.1017 / S0003055406062010 Jump up ^ Bertrand , Marianne , Matilde Bombardini , and Francesco Trebbi ( 2011 ) , `` Is It Whom You Know or What You Know ? An Empirical Assessment of the Lobbying Process , '' University of British Columbia Working Paper . Jump up ^ Blanes i Vidal , Jordi , Mirko Dracaz , and Christian Fons - Rosen ( 2011 ) , `` Revolving Door Lobbyists , '' London School of Economics Working Paper . ^ Jump up to : Jason Cherkis ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` Lobbying Firm Memo To Advise Wall Street Clients On Occupy Movement '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lobbying Database '' . Open Secrets . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ranked Sectors '' . Open Secrets . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Note : numbers do not add to 100 % because of rounding error . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Sachs , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . The Price of Civilization . New York : Random House . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6841 - 8 . Center for Responsive Politics , cited in The Price of Civilization by Jeffrey D. Sachs ( p. 112 ) Numbers for 1998 to 2011 in USD billions : Finance , Insurance and Real Estate $4.5 ; Health $4.5 ; Miscellaneous Business $4.5 ; Communications and Electronics $3.7 ; Energy and Natural Resources $3.3 ; Transportation $2.4 ; Other $2.3 ; Ideology / Single - Issue $1.5 ; Agribusiness $1.3 ; Defense $1.3 ; Construction $0.5 ; Labor $0.5 ; Lawyers and Lobbyists $0.4 ^ Jump up to : Catherine Ho ( October 30 , 2011 ) . `` Lobbying revenue lags in wake of gridlocked Congress '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert G. Kaiser ; Alice Crites ( research contributor ) ( 2007 ) . `` How lobbying became Washington 's biggest business -- Big money creates a new capital city . As lobbying booms , Washington and politics are transformed '' . Citizen K Street . Washington Post . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dina ElBoghdady ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` FDA funding boosted through lobbying effort '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gilgoff ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Report tracks explosion of religious lobbying in Washington '' . CNN . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Wagner ( January 2 , 2012 ) . `` Evans regains top lobbying spot in Annapolis '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Raquel Meyer Alexander , Stephen W. Mazza , Susan Scholz . `` Measuring Rates of Return for Lobbying Expenditures : An Empirical Case Study of Tax Breaks for Multinational Corporations '' , April 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lux , Sean ; Crook , T. Russell ; Woehr , David J. ( January 2011 ) . `` Mixing Business With Politics : A Meta - Analysis of the Antecedents and Outcomes of Corporate Political Activity '' . Journal of Management . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . doi : 10.1177 / 0149206310392233 Journal of Management ; vol. 37 no . 1 223 -- 247 Jump up ^ Bill Daley ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Heidi Heitkamp betrayed me on gun control '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 ... Heitkamp ... voted to block legislation to make gun background checks more comprehensive ... along with those of 41 Republicans and three other Democrats -- was a key reason the measure fell short of the 60 votes needed for passage ... nine in 10 Americans ... support ... background check ... she heard from the gun lobby ... Jump up ^ Barack Obama ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` President Obama 's Speech On Gun Control Bill Defeat ( Transcript ) `` Sooner or later , we are going to get this right . The memories of these children demand it . And so do the American people . '' `` . Time magazine . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 ... That 's why 90 percent of the American people supported it ... the gun lobby willfully lied about the bill ... Jump up ^ `` US gun control : What is the NRA and why is it so powerful ? It is one of the most powerful players in one of the most hotly - debated issues in the US -- gun control -- but what exactly is the NRA ? Here 's a quick guide '' . BBC . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 ... The NRA ... officially spends about $3 m per year to influence gun policy ... considerable sums are spent elsewhere via PACs and independent expenditures -- funds which are difficult to track ... Jump up ^ Tony Burman ( December 17 , 2011 ) . `` Burman : Campaign funding in U.S. makes a joke of democracy '' . The Star . Toronto . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Helpman , Elhanan ; Persson , Torsten ( November 3 , 2001 ) . `` Lobbying and Legislative Bargaining '' . Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Vol. 1 : Iss. 1 , Article 3 . Jump up ^ Karen de Sá ( December 26 , 2011 ) . `` State senator aims to double lobby fee in California -- to 14 cents a day '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 ... California 's 1,000 registered lobbyists are so influential they 're known as `` The Third House . '' ... Jump up ^ Morten Bennedsena ; Sven E. Feldmann ( May 2006 ) . `` Informational lobbying and political contributions '' . Journal of Public Economics . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Volume 90 , Issues 4 -- 5 , May 2006 , Pages 631 -- 656 ^ Jump up to : ERIC LICHTBLAU ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` With Lobbying Blitz , For - Profit Colleges Diluted New Rules '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alex M. Parker ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Super-Committee Lobbying Begins in Earnest '' . US News . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jim Puzzanghera ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` AT&T finds big - money lobbying , ad efforts do n't always pay off '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 ... But the rejection of its proposed $39 - billion purchase of T - Mobile USA showed that money ca n't necessarily buy you love from antitrust officials ... Jump up ^ National Public Radio , 2006 , STEVE INSKEEP ( host ) , GOP Faces Ney Departure , Leadership Decision , Accessed April 17 , 2014 , `` ... Congressman Bob Ney was identified by lobbyist Jack Abramoff in his guilty plea on corruption charges ... '' Jump up ^ Nia - Malika Henderson ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Newt Gingrich insists he did ' no lobbying of any kind ' while working for Freddie Mac '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Gingrich ... earned $1.6 million for providing the lender strategic advice ... ^ Jump up to : THOMAS B. EDSALL ( December 18 , 2011 ) . `` The Trouble With That Revolving Door '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Catalina Camia ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Two ex-senators join major lobbying firm '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lucy Madison ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` Haley Barbour will return to lobbying after governorship ends '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Legacy of Billy Tauzin -- The White House PhRMA - Deal , Sunlight Foundation , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Casey B. Mulligan ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Financial Lobbying and the Housing Crisis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 ... The study by the I.M.F. economists found that the heaviest lobbying came from lenders making riskier loans ... Jump up ^ Alan Zibel ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Lobbying Titans Square Off Over Loan Limits '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : KJ Dell'Antonia ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Lobbying Against the Too - Healthy School Lunch '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Gandel ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Wall Street and Markets : Did Lobbying Cause the Financial Crisis ? '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 ... The IMF economists found that lenders that lobbied the most also tended to make riskier loans ... areas of the country dominated by lenders who spent the most lobbying dollars also tended to higher rates of default ... ^ Jump up to : Igan , Deniz ; Mishra , Prachi ; Tressel , Thierry ( 2012 ) . `` A Fistful of Dollars : Lobbying and the Financial Crisis '' . NBER Macroeconomics Annual . 26 ( 1 ) : 195 -- 230 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.167. 2455 . doi : 10.1086 / 663992 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Baldwin ; Frédéric Robert - Nicoud ( December 13 , 2010 ) . `` Entry and Asymetric Lobbying : Why Governments Pick Losers '' . Journal of the European Economic Association . 5 : 1064 -- 1093 . doi : 10.1162 / JEEA. 2007.5. 5.1064 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ NPR Staff ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` Occupy Wall Street , Tea Party : United In Distrust '' . NPR . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tamara Keith ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Banks , Retailers In Lobbying Race Over Debit Fees '' . NPR . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : - Tom Ashbrook ( January 2 , 2012 ) . `` Lawrence Lessig on Money , Corruption and Politics '' . 90.9 wbur ( Boston 's NPR ) . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Margaret Carlson of Bloomberg News ( December 26 , 2011 ) . `` Book review : Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig offers plan to smash culture of money in politics '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Lessig ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It '' . Google , YouTube , Huffington Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ( see 32.06 minutes into the video ) Jump up ^ Lessig , Lawrence ( June 19 , 2007 ) . `` Required Reading : the next 10 years ( Lessig Blog ) '' . Lessig.org . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lessig , L. ( 2011 ) Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It Archived April 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( New York City : Hachette / Twelve ) excerpt ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Lessig ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` How to Get Our Democracy Back '' . CBS News , The Nation . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Lessig ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It '' . Google , YouTube . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hill , Adriene ( October 4 , 2011 ) `` Campaign finance , lobbying major roadblocks to effective government '' Marketplace Morning Report ( American Public Media ) Jump up ^ James O'Toole ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Constitutional convention call gains traction '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's constitution : If it ai n't broke '' . The Economist . November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Letter to the editor ( October 10 , 1987 ) . `` In Defense of John Jay , Our First Chief Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Howard Marlowe , president ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` ( letter from All American League of Lobbyists to President Obama , May 31 , 2011 ) '' . docstoc.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Ethics Jump up ^ Jesse Lee ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Update on Recovery Act Lobbying Rules : New Limits on Special Interest Influence '' . White House . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fredreka Schouten ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Proposed lobbying restrictions upset business groups '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Memorandum Archived April 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. : `` Congressman Waxman advances grave new threat to citizens ' ' right to petition ' government officials , '' by Douglas Johnson and Susan Muskett , J.D. , National Right to Life Committee , February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Letter from Richard D. Hertling Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Acting Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legislative Affairs , U.S. Department of Justice , to the Honorable Henry A. Waxman , Chairman , Committee on Oversight and Government Reform , U.S. House of Representatives , March 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , David ; Sharyn O'Halloran ( October 1995 ) . `` A Theory of Strategic Oversight : Congress , Lobbyists , and the Bureaucracy '' . Journal of Law , Economics , & Organization . 11 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 255 . JSTOR 764997 . Jump up ^ Tiffany Hsu & Andrea Chang ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Websites go dark to protest SOPA , PIPA bills : Thousands of popular websites including Wikipedia , Reddit and Boing Boing have shut down for as long as 24 hours to protest congressional antipiracy bills they say amount to censorship '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SOPA and PIPA -- Learn more '' . Wikimedia . January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . ( Screen image when readers tried to access Wikipedia :) ... Right now , the U.S. Congress is considering legislation that could fatally damage the free and open Internet . For 24 hours , to raise awareness , we are blacking out Wikipedia ... ^ Jump up to : FREDRIC N. TULSKY & JOHN SULLIVAN ( January 7 , 2012 ) . `` Disclosure Often Spotty or Inaccurate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : via the New York Times ( 2005 ) . `` Most popular lobbying firms for energy policy '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ERIC LICHTBLAU ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama Backers Tied to Lobbies Raise Millions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patrick McGreevy ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` CalAccess database for campaign money crashes again ... and again '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Times ' Opinion Staff ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Lobbying ... for just pennies a day ! '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Karen de Sá ( December 26 , 2011 ) . `` State senator aims to double lobby fee in California -- to 14 cents a day '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1946 law ( 60 Stat. 839 ) August 2 , 1946 . Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act Jump up ^ `` Lobbying Reform : Background and Legislative Proposals , 109th Congress '' (. pdf ) . R. Eric Petersen . Retrieved January 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ William V. Luneburg , Thomas M. Susman and Rebecca H. Gordon , editors ( 2009 ) . `` The Lobbying Manual : A Complete Guide to Federal Lobbying Law and Practice -- Fourth Edition '' . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ASSOCIATED PRESS ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` Hours - Long Sentence Is Given in Lobbying Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's lobbying , and it 's taxable ( editorial ) '' . Staradvertiser . September 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Statement of Reform Groups on Lobbying Legislation Passed by Senate , March 29 , 2006 . Campaign Legal Center , Common Cause , Democracy 21 , the League of Women Voters , Public Citizen and U.S. PIRG . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2316 : Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 '' . GovTrack.us . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Turner , Trish ; Associated Press ( July 31 , 2007 ) . `` House Approves Tighter Earmark , Lobbying Rules '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 52 Stat. 631 ) of June 8 , 1938 Jump up ^ The Harvard Law Reviews Association . `` ' Foreign ' Campaign Contributions and the First Amendment . Harvard Law Review , 110.8 ( 1986 ) : 1886 -- 1903 ^ Jump up to : Silverstein , Ken . `` Their Men in Washington : Undercover with D.C. 's lobbyists for hire '' . Harpers Magazine . July 2007. < http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/07/0081591 > ^ Jump up to : Silverstein , Ken . `` Their Men in Washington : Undercover with D.C. 's lobbyists for hire '' . Harpers Magazine . July 2007 . < http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/07/0081591 > Jump up ^ Zhang , Juyan . `` World system and its agents : An analysis of the registrants of Foreign Agent Registration Act ( FARA ) '' Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association , New Orleans Sheraton , New Orleans , LA , May 27 , 2004 < Not Available >. 2009 - 05 - 26 < http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112875_index.html > Jump up ^ Atieh , Jahad . `` Foreign Agents : Updating FARA to Protect American Democracy . '' University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law . pp. 1051 -- 1088 , Fall 2009 : 1052 ^ Jump up to : Keffer , Jone M. and Hill , Roland Paul . `` Ethical Approach to Lobbying Activities of Businesses in the United States '' , Journal of Business Ethics , 16.12 / 13 ( 1997 ) : 1371 -- 1379 Jump up ^ Bill S. 349 in 1994 by a vote of 315 -- 110 Jump up ^ Dunham , R.S. : 1994 , ' Why Lobbying Reform Could Get Lobbied to Death ' , Business Week , 57 Jump up ^ Zhang , Juyan . `` World system and its agents : An analysis of the registrants of Foreign Agent Registration Act ( FARA ) '' Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association , New Orleans Sheraton , New Orleans , LA , May 27 , 2004 . 2009 - 05 - 26 < http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p112875_index.html > Jump up ^ The Harvard Law Reviews Association . `` Foreign '' Campaign Contributions and the First Amendment . Harvard Law Review , 110.8 ( 1986 ) : 1886 -- 1903 Jump up ^ `` Lobbying by Foreign Countries Decreases '' . Roll Call . September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` As Trump Travels to Saudi Arabia , the Kingdom 's D.C. Lobbying Surge Is Paying Off '' . The Intercept . May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atieh , Jahad . `` Foreign Agents : Updating FARA to Protect American Democracy . '' University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law . 1052 ( Fall 2009 ) : 1051 -- 1088 ^ Jump up to : Bravin , Jess and Mullins , Brody . `` Foreign Spending on Politics Fought '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : SCOTT SHANE ( November 26 , 2011 ) . `` For Obscure Iranian Exile Group , Broad Support in U.S. '' The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard A. Serrano ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Pair charged with illegally lobbying for Pakistan : Two U.S. citizens are accused of secretly being paid by Pakistan 's spy service and failing to register as foreign agents . The charges are likely to further strain Washington - Islamabad relations . '' Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ C.M. Matthews ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Former Congressman Gets One Year For Lobbying For Terror Sponsor '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 56 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 58 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 60 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . Further Reading ( edit ) Balogh , Brian `` ' Mirrors of Desires ' : Interest Groups , Elections , and the Targeted Style in Twentieth - Century America , '' in Meg Jacobs , William J. Novak , and Julian Zelizer , eds . The Democratic Experiment : New Directions in American Political Theory , ( 2003 ) , 222 -- 49 Baumgartner , Frank R. , and Beth L. Leech . Basic Interests : The Importance of Groups in Politics and in Political Science ( 1998 ) , 64 -- 82 , reviews the political science literature on interest groups Blanes i Vidal , Jordi ; Mirko Draca and Christian Fons - Rosen : Revolving Door Lobbyists , 5th Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies Paper , July 2010 Clemens , Elisabeth S . The People 's Lobby : Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest - Group Politics in the United States , 1890 -- 1925 ( 1997 ) Hansen , John M. Gaining Access : Congress and the Farm Lobby , 1919 -- 1981 ( 1991 ) ; Kaiser , Robert G. `` So Damn Much Money : The Triumph of Lobbying and the Corrosion of American Government '' ( 2009 ) . Loomis , Christopher M. `` The Politics of Uncertainty : Lobbyists and Propaganda in Early Twentieth - Century America , '' Journal of Policy History Volume 21 , Number 2 , 2009 in Project MUSE Lux , S. , Crook , T.R. , and Woehr , D. 2011 . Mixing business with politics : A meta - analysis of the antecedents and outcomes of corporate political activity . Journal of Management , 37 ( 1 ) : 223 -- 247 . Thompson , Margaret S . The `` Spider Web '' : Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant ( 1985 ) on 1870s Tichenor , Daniel J. and Richard A. Harris , `` Organized Interests and American Political Development , '' Political Science Quarterly 117 ( Winter 2002 -- 3 ) : 587 -- 612 online Zelizer , Julian E. Arsenal of Democracy : The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Fang , Lee . With These Hires , Congress Becomes Even More Like a Corporation ( Feb. 2015 ) , The Nation Fang , Lee . Where Have All the Lobbyists Gone ? ( March 2014 ) . `` On paper , the influence - peddling business is drying up . But lobbying money is flooding into Washington , DC , like never before . What 's going on ? '' The Nation External links ( edit ) Lobbying Database from OpenSecrets.org FollowtheMoney.org Government Accountability Groups ( from `` 500 Leading U.S. Progressive Organizations by Category '' ) Sourcewatch Lobbyists.info database of lobbyists and government relations professionals Open Secrets glossary Lawrence Lessig TED talk on lobbying Sunlight Foundation US Senate Lobbying - Database Search US House of Representatives - Lobby Contributions Search Report on AIPAC lobbying Lobbyists 4 Good Moral lobbying techniques for persuading state legislators <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Lobbying in the United States Topics Political action committee 527 organization Campaign finance ( reform ) Major industrial and business lobbies Agricultural Energy Health Insurance Organized labor Software Tobacco Transportation Major single - issue lobbies Administration Abortion Environmental Federal leadership Feminism Foreign policy Guns Immigration LGBT `` Homosexual agenda '' Retirees Taxes Diaspora and ethnic lobbies Arab Egypt Libya Saudi Arabia Armenia China Cuba ( Anti Castro ) Greece Ireland Israel `` Jewish lobby '' Anti-Israel lobby Pakistan Turkey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobbying_in_the_United_States&oldid=841751043 '' Categories : Lobbying in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with peacock terms from January 2013 All articles with peacock terms All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 20 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Lobbying in the United States
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-746,436,707,564,148,400 | who was the egyptian queen who became pharaoh | Hatshepsut - wikipedia Hatshepsut Jump to : navigation , search For other ancient Egyptians called Maatkare , see Maatkare . <Th_colspan="2"> Hatshepsut <Td_colspan="2"> Statue of Hatshepsut on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art <Th_colspan="2"> Pharaoh Reign c. 1478 -- 1458 BC ( 18th Dynasty ) Predecessor Thutmose II Successor Thutmose III <Td_colspan="2"> Royal titulary Prenomen ( Praenomen ) Maatkare Truth Ma'at is the Ka of Re Nomen Khnumt - Amun Hatshepsut Joined with Amun , Foremost of Noble Ladies <Td_colspan="2"> , , Horus name Wesretkau Mighty of Kas <Td_colspan="2"> Nebty name Wadjrenput Flourishing of years Golden Horus Netjeretkhau Divine of appearance . Consort Thutmose II Children Neferure Father Thutmose I Mother Ahmose c. 1507 BC 1458 BC ( aged 50 ) Burial KV20 ( possibly re-interred in KV60 ) Monuments Temple of Karnak , Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut , Speos Artemidos Chapelle Rouge Hatshepsut ( / hætˈʃɛpsʊt / ; also Hatchepsut ; Egyptian : ḥ3. t - šps. wt `` Foremost of Noble Ladies '' ; 1507 -- 1458 BC ) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt . She was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh , the first being Sobekneferu . ( Various other women may have also ruled as pharaohs regnant or at least regents before Hatshepsut , as early as Neithhotep around 1,600 years prior . ) Hatshepsut came to the throne of Egypt in 1478 BC . Officially , she ruled jointly with Thutmose III , who had ascended to the throne the previous year as a child of about two years old . Hatshepsut was the chief wife of Thutmose II , Thutmose III 's father . She is generally regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs , reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty . According to Egyptologist James Henry Breasted she is also known as `` the first great woman in history of whom we are informed . '' Hatshepsut was the daughter and only child of Thutmose I and his primary wife Ahmose . Her husband Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a secondary wife named Mutnofret , who carried the title King 's daughter and was probably a child of Ahmose I. Hatshepsut and Thutmose II had a daughter named Neferure . After having their daughter , Hatshepsut could not birth anymore children . Unable to have a son , Thutmose II fathered Thutmose III with Iset , a secondary wife . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reign 2 Major accomplishments 2.1 Trade routes 2.2 Building projects 3 Comparison with other female rulers 3.1 Official lauding 4 Death , burial , and mummification 5 Changing recognition 5.1 Tyldesley hypothesis 5.2 `` Hatshepsut Problem '' 5.3 Archaeological discoveries 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Reign ( edit ) Jar bearing the cartouche of Hatshepsut . Filled in with cedar resin . Calcite , unfinished . Foundation deposit . 18th Dynasty . From Deir el - Bahari , Egypt . The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , London Trade with other countries was re-established ; here trees transported by ship from Punt are shown being moved ashore for planting in Egypt -- relief from Hatshepsut mortuary temple Although contemporary records of her reign are documented in diverse ancient sources , Hatshepsut was thought by early modern scholars as only having served as a co-regent from approximately 1479 to 1458 BC , during years seven to twenty - one of the reign previously identified as that of Thutmose III . Today Egyptologists generally agree that Hatshepsut assumed the position of pharaoh . Hatshepsut was described as having a reign of about 21 years by ancient authors . Josephus and Julius Africanus both quote Manetho 's king list , mentioning a woman called Amessis or Amensis who has been identified ( from the context ) as Hatshepsut . In Josephus ' work , her reign is described as lasting 21 years and nine months , while Africanus stated it was twenty - two years . At this point in the histories , records of the reign of Hatshepsut end , since the first major foreign campaign of Thutmose III was dated to his 22nd year , which also would have been Hatshepsut 's 22nd year as pharaoh . Dating the beginning of her reign is more difficult , however . Her father 's reign began in either 1526 or 1506 BC according to the high and low estimates of her reign , respectively . The length of the reigns of Tuthmosis I and Tuthmosis II , however , can not be determined with absolute certainty . With short reigns , Hatshepsut would have ascended the throne 14 years after the coronation of Tuthmosis I , her father . Longer reigns would put her ascension 25 years after Tuthmosis I 's coronation . Thus , Hatshepsut could have assumed power as early as 1512 BC , or , as late as 1479 BC . The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut as pharaoh occurs in the tomb of Ramose and Hatnofer , where a collection of grave goods contained a single pottery jar or amphora from the tomb 's chamber -- which was stamped with the date Year 7 . Another jar from the same tomb -- which was discovered in situ by a 1935 -- 36 Metropolitan Museum of Art expedition on a hillside near Thebes -- was stamped with the seal of the `` God 's Wife Hatshepsut '' while two jars bore the seal of The Good Goddess Maatkare . The dating of the amphorae , `` sealed into the ( tomb 's ) burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut 's own tomb , '' is undisputed , which means that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as king , and not queen , of Egypt by Year 7 of her reign . Major accomplishments ( edit ) Trade routes ( edit ) A tree in front of Hatshepsut 's temple , claimed to have been brought from Punt by Hatshepsut 's Expedition which is depicted on the Temple walls Hatshepsut established the trade networks that had been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period , thereby building the wealth of the eighteenth dynasty . She oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission to the Land of Punt . This trading expedition to Punt was roughly during Hatshepsut 's ninth year of reign . It set out in her name with five ships , each measuring 70 feet ( 21 m ) long bearing several sails and accommodating 210 men that included sailors and 30 rowers . Many trade goods were bought in Punt , notably frankincense and myrrh . Hatshepsut 's delegation returned from Punt bearing 31 live myrrh trees , the roots of which were carefully kept in baskets for the duration of the voyage . This was the first recorded attempt to transplant foreign trees . It is reported that Hatshepsut had these trees planted in the courts of her mortuary temple complex . Egyptians also returned with a number of other gifts from Punt , among which was frankincense . Hatshepsut would grind the charred frankincense into kohl eyeliner . This is the first recorded use of the resin . Hatshepsut had the expedition commemorated in relief at Deir el - Bahri , which is also famous for its realistic depiction of the Queen of the Land of Punt , Queen Ati . The Puntite Queen is portrayed as relatively tall and her physique was generously proportioned , with large breasts and rolls of fat on her body . Due to the fat deposits on her buttocks , it has sometimes been argued that she may have had steatopygia . However , according to the pathologist Marc Armand Ruffer , the main characteristic of a steatopygous woman is a disproportion in size between the buttocks and thighs , which was not the case with Ati . She instead appears to have been generally obese , a condition that was exaggerated by excessive lordosis or curvature of the lower spine . Hatshepsut also sent raiding expeditions to Byblos and Sinai shortly after the Punt expedition . Very little is known about these expeditions . Although many Egyptologists have claimed that her foreign policy was mainly peaceful , it is possible that she led military campaigns against Nubia and Canaan . Building projects ( edit ) Djeser - Djeseru is the main building of Hatshepsut 's mortuary temple complex at Deir el - Bahri . Designed by Senemut , her vizier , the building is an example of perfect symmetry that predates the Parthenon , and it was the first complex built on the site she chose , which would become the Valley of the Kings Copper or bronze sheet bearing the name of Hatshepsut . From a foundation deposit in `` a small pit covered with a mat '' found at Deir el - Bahri , Egypt . 18th Dynasty . The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , London Hatshepsut was one of the most prolific builders in ancient Egypt , commissioning hundreds of construction projects throughout both Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt . Arguably , her buildings were grander and more numerous than those of any of her Middle Kingdom predecessors ' . Later pharaohs attempted to claim some of her projects as theirs . She employed the great architect Ineni , who also had worked for her father , her husband , and for the royal steward Senemut . During her reign , so much statuary was produced that almost every major museum with Ancient Egyptian artefacts in the world has Hatshepsut statuary among their collections ; for instance , the Hatshepsut Room in New York City 's Metropolitan Museum of Art is dedicated solely to some of these pieces . Following the tradition of most pharaohs , Hatshepsut had monuments constructed at the Temple of Karnak . She also restored the original Precinct of Mut , the ancient great goddess of Egypt , at Karnak that had been ravaged by the foreign rulers during the Hyksos occupation . It later was ravaged by other pharaohs , who took one part after another to use in their pet projects and awaits restoration . She had twin obelisks , at the time the tallest in the world , erected at the entrance to the temple . One still stands , as the tallest surviving ancient obelisk on Earth ; the other has broken in two and toppled . The official in charge for those obelisks was the high steward Amenhotep . Another project , Karnak 's Red Chapel , or Chapelle Rouge , was intended as a barque shrine and originally may have stood between her two obelisks . It was lined with carved stones that depicted significant events in Hatshepsut 's life . She later ordered the construction of two more obelisks to celebrate her 16th year as pharaoh ; one of the obelisks broke during construction and a third was therefore constructed to replace it . The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in Aswan , where it still remains . Known as The Unfinished Obelisk , it demonstrates how obelisks were quarried . Colonnaded design of Hatshepsut temple The Temple of Pakhet was built by Hatshepsut at Beni Hasan in the Minya Governorate south of Al Minya . The name , Pakhet , was a synthesis that occurred by combining Bast and Sekhmet , who were similar lioness war goddesses , in an area that bordered the north and south division of their cults . The cavernous underground temple , cut into the rock cliffs on the eastern side of the Nile , was admired and called the Speos Artemidos by the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt , known as the Ptolemaic Dynasty . They saw the goddess as akin to their hunter goddess Artemis . The temple is thought to have been built alongside much more ancient ones that have not survived . This temple has an architrave with a long dedicatory text bearing Hatshepsut 's famous denunciation of the Hyksos that has been translated by James P. Allen . They had occupied Egypt and cast it into a cultural decline that persisted until a revival brought about by her policies and innovations . This temple was altered later and some of its inside decorations were usurped by Seti I , in the nineteenth dynasty , attempting to have his name replace that of Hatshepsut . Following the tradition of many pharaohs , the masterpiece of Hatshepsut 's building projects was a mortuary temple . She built hers in a complex at Deir el - Bahri . It was designed and implemented by Senenmut at a site on the West Bank of the Nile River near the entrance to what now is called the Valley of the Kings because of all the pharaohs who later chose to associate their complexes with the grandeur of hers . Her buildings were the first grand ones planned for that location . The focal point was the Djeser - Djeseru or `` the Sublime of Sublimes '' , a colonnaded structure of perfect harmony nearly one thousand years before the Parthenon was built . Djeser - Djeseru sits atop a series of terraces that once were graced with lush gardens . Djeser - Djeseru is built into a cliff face that rises sharply above it . Djeser - Djeseru and the other buildings of Hatshepsut 's Deir el - Bahri complex are considered to be significant advances in architecture . Another one of her great accomplishments is the Hatshepsut needle ( also known as the granite obelisks ) . Comparison with other female rulers ( edit ) Although it was uncommon for Egypt to be ruled by a woman , the situation was not unprecedented . As a regent , Hatshepsut was preceded by Merneith of the first dynasty , who was buried with the full honors of a pharaoh and may have ruled in her own right . Nimaathap of the third dynasty may have been the dowager of Khasekhemwy , but certainly acted as regent for her son , Djoser , and may have reigned as pharaoh in her own right . Nitocris may have been the last pharaoh of the sixth dynasty . Her name is found in the Histories of Herodotus and writings of Manetho , but her historicity is uncertain . Queen Sobekneferu of the twelfth dynasty is known to have assumed formal power as ruler of `` Upper and Lower Egypt '' three centuries earlier than Hatshepsut . Ahhotep I , lauded as a warrior queen , may have been a regent between the reigns of two of her sons , Kamose and Ahmose I , at the end of the seventeenth dynasty and the beginning of Hatshepsut 's own eighteenth dynasty . Amenhotep I , also preceding Hatshepsut in the eighteenth dynasty , probably came to power while a young child and his mother , Ahmose - Nefertari , is thought to have been a regent for him . Other women whose possible reigns as pharaohs are under study include Akhenaten 's possible female co-regent / successor ( usually identified as either Nefertiti or Meritaten ) and Twosre . Among the later , non-indigenous Egyptian dynasties , the most notable example of another woman who became pharaoh was Cleopatra VII , the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt . Perhaps in an effort to ease anxiety over the prospect of a female pharaoh , Hatshepsut claimed a divine right to rule based on the authority of the god Amun . In comparison with other female pharaohs , Hatshepsut 's reign was much longer and more prosperous . She was successful in warfare early in her reign , but generally is considered to be a pharaoh who inaugurated a long peaceful era . She re-established international trading relationships lost during a foreign occupation and brought great wealth to Egypt . That wealth enabled Hatshepsut to initiate building projects that raised the calibre of Ancient Egyptian architecture to a standard , comparable to classical architecture , that would not be rivaled by any other culture for a thousand years . She managed to rule for about 20 years . One of the most famous things that she did was build Hatshepsut 's temple ( see above ) . Official lauding ( edit ) Hyperbole is common to virtually all royal inscriptions of Egyptian history . While all ancient leaders used it to laud their achievements , Hatshepsut has been called the most accomplished pharaoh at promoting her accomplishments . This may have resulted from the extensive building executed during her time as pharaoh , in comparison with many others . It afforded her many opportunities to laud herself , but it also reflected the wealth that her policies and administration brought to Egypt , enabling her to finance such projects . Aggrandizement of their achievements was traditional when pharaohs built temples and their tombs . Large granite sphinx bearing the likeness of the pharaoh Hatshepsut , depicted with the traditional false beard , a symbol of her pharaonic power -- Metropolitan Museum of Art Women had a relatively high status in ancient Egypt and enjoyed the legal right to own , inherit , or will property . A woman becoming pharaoh was rare , however ; only Sobekneferu , Khentkaus I and possibly Nitocris preceded her . The existence of this last ruler is disputed and is probably a mis - translation of a male king . Nefernferuaten and Twosret may have been the only women to succeed her among the indigenous rulers . In Egyptian history , there was no word for a `` queen regnant '' as in contemporary history , `` king '' being the Ancient Egyptian title regardless of gender , and by the time of her reign , pharaoh had become the name for the ruler . Hatshepsut is not unique , however , in taking the title of king . Sobekneferu , ruling six dynasties prior to Hatshepsut , also did so when she ruled Egypt . Hatshepsut had been well trained in her duties as the daughter of the pharaoh . During her father 's reign she held the powerful office of God 's Wife . She had taken a strong role as queen to her husband and was well experienced in the administration of her kingdom by the time she became pharaoh . There is no indication of challenges to her leadership and , until her death , her co-regent remained in a secondary role , quite amicably heading her powerful army -- which would have given him the power necessary to overthrow a usurper of his rightful place , if that had been the case . Hatshepsut assumed all of the regalia and symbols of the pharaonic office in official representations : the Khat head cloth , topped with the uraeus , the traditional false beard , and shendyt kilt . Many existing statues alternatively show her in typically feminine attire as well as those that depict her in the royal ceremonial attire . Statues portraying Sobekneferu also combine elements of traditional male and female iconography and , by tradition , may have served as inspiration for these works commissioned by Hatshepsut . After this period of transition ended , however , most formal depictions of Hatshepsut as pharaoh showed her in the royal attire , with all of the pharaonic regalia . At her mortuary temple , in Osirian statues that regaled the transportation of the pharaoh to the world of the dead , the symbols of the pharaoh as the deity Osiris were the reason for the attire and they were much more important to be displayed traditionally , her breasts are obscured behind her crossed arms holding the regal staffs of the two kingdoms she ruled . This became a pointed concern among writers who sought reasons for the generic style of the shrouded statues and led to misinterpretations . Understanding of the religious symbolism was required to interpret the statues correctly . Interpretations by these early scholars varied and often , were baseless conjectures of their own contemporary values . The possible reasons for her breasts not being emphasized in the most formal statues were debated among some early Egyptologists , who failed to understand the ritual religious symbolism , to take into account the fact that many women and goddesses portrayed in ancient Egyptian art often lack delineation of breasts , and that the physical aspect of the gender of pharaohs was never stressed in the art . With few exceptions , subjects were idealized . Osirian statues of Hatshepsut at her tomb , one stood at each pillar of the extensive structure , note the mummification shroud enclosing the lower body and legs as well as the crook and flail associated with Osiris -- Deir el - Bahri Modern scholars , however , have theorized that by assuming the typical symbols of pharaonic power , Hatshepsut was asserting her claim to be the sovereign rather than a `` King 's Great Wife '' or queen consort . The gender of pharaohs was never stressed in official depictions ; even the men were depicted with the highly stylized false beard associated with their position in the society . Moreover , the Osirian statues of Hatshepsut -- as with other pharaohs -- depict the dead pharaoh as Osiris , with the body and regalia of that deity . All of the statues of Hatshepsut at her tomb follow that tradition . The promise of resurrection after death was a tenet of the cult of Osiris . Since many statues of Hatshepsut depicted in this fashion have been put on display in museums and those images have been widely published , viewers who lack an understanding of the religious significance of these depictions have been misled . Aside from the face depicting Hatshepsut , these statues closely resemble those of other kings as Osiris , following religious traditions . Most of the official statues commissioned of Hatshepsut show her less symbolically and more naturally , as a woman in typical dresses of the nobility of her day . Notably , even after assuming the formal regalia , Hatshepsut still described herself as a beautiful woman , often as the most beautiful of women , and although she assumed almost all of her father 's titles , she declined to take the title `` The Strong Bull '' ( the full title being , The Strong Bull of his Mother ) , which tied the pharaoh to the goddesses Isis , the throne , and Hathor , ( the cow who gave birth to and protected the pharaohs ) -- by being her son sitting on her throne -- an unnecessary title for her , since Hatshepsut became allied with the goddesses , herself , which no male pharaoh could . Rather than the strong bull , Hatshepsut , having served as a very successful warrior during the early portion of her reign as pharaoh , associated herself with the lioness image of Sekhmet , the major war deity in the Egyptian pantheon . Religious concepts were tied into all of these symbols and titles . By the time of Hatshepsut 's reign , the merger of some aspects of these two goddesses provided that they would both have given birth to , and were the protectors of , the pharaohs . They became interchangeable at times . Hatshepsut also traced her lineage to Mut , a primal mother goddess of the Egyptian pantheon , which gave her another ancestor who was a deity as well as her father and grandfathers , pharaohs who would have become deified upon death . While Hatshepsut was depicted in official art wearing regalia of a pharaoh , such as the false beard that male pharaohs also wore , it is most unlikely that she ever wore such ceremonial decorations , just as it is unlikely that the male pharaohs did . Statues such as those at the Metropolitan Museum of Art , depicting her seated wearing a tight - fitting dress and the nemes crown , are thought to be a more accurate representation of how she would have presented herself at court . As a notable exception , only one male pharaoh abandoned the rigid symbolic depiction that had become the style of the most official artwork representing the ruler , Pharaoh Amenhotep IV ( later Akhenaten ) of the same eighteenth dynasty , whose wife , Nefertiti , also may have ruled in her own right following the death of her husband . The Hawk of the Pharaoh , Hatshepsut -- Temple at Luxor One of the most famous examples of the legends about Hatshepsut is a myth about her birth . In this myth , Amun goes to Ahmose in the form of Thutmose I and awakens her with pleasant odors . At this point Amun places the ankh , a symbol of life , to Ahmose 's nose , and Hatshepsut is conceived by Ahmose . Khnum , the god who forms the bodies of human children , is then instructed to create a body and ka , or corporal presence / life force , for Hatshepsut . Heket , the goddess of life and fertility , and Khnum then lead Ahmose along to a lioness ' bed where she gives birth to Hatshepsut . Reliefs depicting each step in these events are at Karnak and in her mortuary temple . The Oracle of Amun proclaimed that it was the will of Amun that Hatshepsut be pharaoh , further strengthening her position . She reiterated Amun 's support by having these proclamations by the god Amun carved on her monuments : Welcome my sweet daughter , my favorite , the King of Upper and Lower Egypt , Maatkare , Hatshepsut . Thou art the Pharaoh , taking possession of the Two Lands . Hatshepsut claimed that she was her father 's intended heir and that he made her the heir apparent of Egypt . Almost all scholars today view this as historical revisionism , or prolepsis , on Hatshepsut 's part since it was Thutmose II -- a son of Thutmose I by Mutnofret -- who was her father 's heir . Moreover , Thutmose I could not have foreseen that his daughter Hatshepsut would outlive his son within his own lifetime . Thutmose II soon married Hatshepsut and the latter became both his senior royal wife and the most powerful woman at court . Biographer Evelyn Wells , however , accepts Hatshepsut 's claim that she was her father 's intended successor . Once she became pharaoh herself , Hatshepsut supported her assertion that she was her father 's designated successor with inscriptions on the walls of her mortuary temple : Then his majesty said to them : `` This daughter of mine , Khnumetamun Hatshepsut -- may she live ! -- I have appointed as my successor upon my throne ... she shall direct the people in every sphere of the palace ; it is she indeed who shall lead you . Obey her words , unite yourselves at her command . '' The royal nobles , the dignitaries , and the leaders of the people heard this proclamation of the promotion of his daughter , the King of Upper and Lower Egypt , Maatkare -- may she live eternally . American humorist Will Cuppy wrote an essay on Hatshepsut which was published after his death in the book The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody . Regarding one of her wall inscriptions , he wrote , For a general notion of Hatshepsut 's appearance at a certain stage of her career , we are indebted to one of those wall inscriptions . It states that `` to look upon her was more beautiful than anything ; her splendor and her form were divine . '' Some have thought it odd that the female Pharaoh should have been so bold , fiftyish as she was . Not at all . She was merely saying how things were about thirty - five years back , before she had married Thutmose II and slugged it out with Thutmose III . `` She was a maiden , beautiful and blooming '' , the hieroglyphics run , and we have no reason to doubt it . Surely there is no harm in telling the world how one looked in 1515 B.C. Death , burial , and mummification ( edit ) See also : KV20 A stone statue of Hatshepsut Hatshepsut died as she was approaching what we would consider middle age given typical contemporary lifespans , in her twenty - second regnal year . The precise date of Hatshepsut 's death -- and the time when Thutmose III became the next pharaoh of Egypt -- is considered to be Year 22 , II Peret day 10 of her reign , as recorded on a single stela erected at Armant or January 16 , 1458 BC . This information validates the basic reliability of Manetho 's kinglist records since Hatshepsut 's known accession date was I Shemu day 4 ( i.e. : Hatshepsut died nine months into her 22nd year as king , as Manetho writes in his Epitome for a reign of 21 years and nine months ) . No contemporary mention of the cause of her death has survived . If the recent identification of her mummy is correct , however , the medical evidence would indicate that she suffered from diabetes and died from bone cancer which had spread throughout her body while she was in her fifties . It also would suggest that she had arthritis and bad teeth . Hatshepsut had begun construction of a tomb when she was the Great Royal Wife of Thutmose II , but the scale of this was not suitable for a pharaoh , so when she ascended the throne , preparation for another burial started . For this , KV20 , originally quarried for her father , Thutmose I , and probably the first royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings , was extended with a new burial chamber . Hatshepsut also refurbished the burial of her father and prepared for a double interment of both Thutmose I and her within KV20 . It is likely , therefore , that when she died ( no later than the twenty - second year of her reign ) , she was interred in this tomb along with her father . During the reign of Thutmose III , however , a new tomb , ( KV38 ) , together with new burial equipment was provided for Thutmose I , who then was removed from his original tomb and re-interred elsewhere . At the same time Hatshepsut 's mummy might have been moved into the tomb of her nurse , Sitre In , in KV60 . It is possible that Amenhotep II , son to Thutmose III by a secondary wife , was the one motivating these actions in an attempt to assure his own uncertain right to succession . Besides what was recovered from KV20 during Howard Carter 's clearance of the tomb in 1903 , other funerary furniture belonging to Hatshepsut has been found elsewhere , including a lioness `` throne '' ( bedstead is a better description ) , a senet game board with carved lioness - headed , red - jasper game pieces bearing her pharaonic title , a signet ring , and a partial shabti figurine bearing her name . In the Royal Mummy Cache at DB320 , a wooden canopic box with an ivory knob was found that was inscribed with the name of Hatshepsut and contained a mummified liver or spleen as well as a molar tooth . There was a royal lady of the twenty - first dynasty of the same name , however , and for a while it was thought possible that it could have belonged to her instead . In 1903 , Howard Carter had discovered a tomb ( KV60 ) in the Valley of the Kings that contained two female mummies , one identified as Hatshepsut 's wetnurse , and the other unidentified . In the spring of 2007 , the unidentified body was finally removed from the tomb by Dr. Zahi Hawass and brought to Cairo 's Egyptian Museum for testing . This mummy was missing a tooth , and the space in the jaw perfectly matched Hatshepsut 's existing molar , found in the DB320 `` canopic box '' . Her death has since been attributed to a carcinogenic skin lotion found in possession of the Pharaoh , which led to her having bone cancer . `` There is a lot that speaks for this hypothesis , '' according to Helmut Wiedenfeld of the University of Bonn 's pharmaceutical institute . `` If you imagine that the queen had a chronic skin disease and that she found short - term improvement from the salve , she may have exposed herself to a great risk over the years . '' Changing recognition ( edit ) Toward the end of the reign of Thutmose III and into the reign of his son , an attempt was made to remove Hatshepsut from certain historical and pharaonic records . This elimination was carried out in the most literal way possible . Her cartouches and images were chiselled off some stone walls , leaving very obvious Hatshepsut - shaped gaps in the artwork . At the Deir el - Bahari temple , Hatshepsut 's numerous statues were torn down and in many cases , smashed or disfigured before being buried in a pit . At Karnak , there even was an attempt to wall up her obelisks . While it is clear that much of this rewriting of Hatshepsut 's history occurred only during the close of Thutmose III 's reign , it is not clear why it happened , other than the typical pattern of self - promotion that existed among the pharaohs and their administrators , or perhaps saving money by not building new monuments for the burial of Thutmose III and instead , using the grand structures built by Hatshepsut . Amenhotep II , the son of Thutmose III , who became a co-regent toward the end of his father 's reign , is suspected by some as being the defacer during the end of the reign of a very old pharaoh . He would have had a motive because his position in the royal lineage was not so strong as to assure his elevation to pharaoh . He is documented , further , as having usurped many of Hatshepsut 's accomplishments during his own reign . His reign is marked with attempts to break the royal lineage as well , not recording the names of his queens and eliminating the powerful titles and official roles of royal women , such as God 's Wife of Amun . For many years , presuming that it was Thutmose III acting out of resentment once he became pharaoh , early modern Egyptologists presumed that the erasures were similar to the Roman damnatio memoriae . This appeared to make sense when thinking that Thutmose might have been an unwilling co-regent for years . This assessment of the situation probably is too simplistic , however . It is highly unlikely that the determined and focused Thutmose -- not only Egypt 's most successful general , but an acclaimed athlete , author , historian , botanist , and architect -- would have brooded for two decades of his own reign before attempting to avenge himself on his stepmother and aunt . According to renowned Egyptologist Donald Redford : Here and there , in the dark recesses of a shrine or tomb where no plebeian eye could see , the queen 's cartouche and figure were left intact ... which never vulgar eye would again behold , still conveyed for the king the warmth and awe of a divine presence . The erasures were sporadic and haphazard , with only the more visible and accessible images of Hatshepsut being removed ; had it been more complete , we would not now have so many images of Hatshepsut . Thutmose III may have died before these changes were finished and it may be that he never intended a total obliteration of her memory . In fact , we have no evidence to support the assumption that Thutmose hated or resented Hatshepsut during her lifetime . Had that been true , as head of the army , in a position given to him by Hatshepsut ( who was clearly not worried about her co-regent's loyalty ) , he surely could have led a successful coup , but he made no attempt to challenge her authority during her reign and , her accomplishments and images remained featured on all of the public buildings she built for twenty years after her death . Tyldesley hypothesis ( edit ) Joyce Tyldesley hypothesized that it is possible that Thutmose III , lacking any sinister motivation , may have decided toward the end of his life to relegate Hatshepsut to her expected place as the regent -- which was the traditional role of powerful women in Egypt 's court as the example of Queen Ahhotep attests -- rather than king . Tyldesley fashions her concept as , that by eliminating the more obvious traces of Hatshepsut 's monuments as pharaoh and reducing her status to that of his co-regent , Thutmose III could claim that the royal succession ran directly from Thutmose II to Thutmose III without any interference from his aunt . The deliberate erasures or mutilations of the numerous public celebrations of her accomplishments , but not the rarely seen ones , would be all that was necessary to obscure Hatshepsut 's accomplishments . Moreover , by the latter half of Thutmose III 's reign , the more prominent high officials who had served Hatshepsut would have died , thereby eliminating the powerful religious and bureaucratic resistance to a change in direction in a highly stratified culture . Hatshepsut 's highest official and closest supporter , Senenmut , seems either to have retired abruptly or died around Years 16 and 20 of Hatshepsut 's reign , and was never interred in either of his carefully prepared tombs . According to Tyldesley , the enigma of Senenmut 's sudden disappearance `` teased Egyptologists for decades '' given `` the lack of solid archaeological or textual evidence '' and permitted `` the vivid imagination of Senenmut - scholars to run wild '' resulting in a variety of strongly held solutions `` some of which would do credit to any fictional murder / mystery plot . '' In such a scenario , newer court officials , appointed by Thutmose III , also would have had an interest in promoting the many achievements of their master in order to assure the continued success of their own families . Presuming that it was Thutmose III ( rather than his co-regent son ) , Tyldesley also put forth a hypothesis about Thutmose suggesting that his erasures and defacement of Hatshepsut 's monuments could have been a cold , but rational attempt on his part to extinguish the memory of an `` unconventional female king whose reign might possibly be interpreted by future generations as a grave offence against Ma'at , and whose unorthodox coregency '' could `` cast serious doubt upon the legitimacy of his own right to rule . Hatshepsut 's crime need not be anything more than the fact that she was a woman . '' Tyldesley conjectured that Thutmose III may have considered the possibility that the example of a successful female king in Egyptian history could demonstrate that a woman was as capable at governing Egypt as a traditional male king , which could persuade `` future generations of potentially strong female kings '' to not `` remain content with their traditional lot as wife , sister and eventual mother of a king '' and assume the crown . Dismissing relatively recent history known to Thutmose III of another woman who was king , Sobekneferu of Egypt 's Middle Kingdom , she conjectured further that he might have thought that while she had enjoyed a short , approximately four - year reign , she ruled `` at the very end of a fading ( 12th dynasty ) Dynasty , and from the very start of her reign the odds had been stacked against her . She was , therefore , acceptable to conservative Egyptians as a patriotic ' Warrior Queen ' who had failed '' to rejuvenate Egypt 's fortunes . In contrast , Hatshepsut 's glorious reign was a completely different case : she demonstrated that women were as capable as men of ruling the two lands since she successfully presided over a prosperous Egypt for more than two decades . If Thutmose III 's intent was to forestall the possibility of a woman assuming the throne , as proposed by Tyldesley , it was a failure since Twosret and Neferneferuaten ( possibly ) , a female co-regent or successor of Akhenaten , assumed the throne for short reigns as pharaoh later in the New Kingdom . `` Hatshepsut problem '' ( edit ) The erasure of Hatshepsut 's name -- whatever the reason or the person ordering it -- almost caused her to disappear from Egypt 's archaeological and written records . When nineteenth - century Egyptologists started to interpret the texts on the Deir el - Bahri temple walls ( which were illustrated with two seemingly male kings ) their translations made no sense . Jean - François Champollion , the French decoder of hieroglyphs , was not alone in feeling confused by the obvious conflict between words and pictures : If I felt somewhat surprised at seeing here , as elsewhere throughout the temple , the renowned Moeris ( Thutmose III ) , adorned with all the insignia of royalty , giving place to this Amenenthe ( Hatshepsut ) , for whose name we may search the royal lists in vain , still more astonished was I to find upon reading the inscriptions that wherever they referred to this bearded king in the usual dress of the Pharaohs , nouns and verbs were in the feminine , as though a queen were in question . I found the same peculiarity everywhere ... The `` Hatshepsut Problem '' was a major issue in late 19th century and early 20th century Egyptology , centering on confusion and disagreement on the order of succession of early 18th dynasty pharaohs . The dilemma takes its name from confusion over the chronology of the rule of Queen Hatshepsut and Thutmose I , II , and III . In its day , the problem was controversial enough to cause academic feuds between leading Egyptologists and created perceptions about the early Thutmosid family that persisted well into the 20th century , the influence of which still can be found in more recent works . Chronology-wise , the Hatshepsut problem was largely cleared up in the late 20th century , as more information about her and her reign was uncovered . Archaeological discoveries ( edit ) The 2006 discovery of a foundation deposit including nine golden cartouches bearing the names of both Hatshepsut and Thutmose III in Karnak may shed additional light on the eventual attempt by Thutmose III and his son Amenhotep II to erase Hatshepsut from the historical record and the correct nature of their relationships and her role as pharaoh . Sphinx of Hatshepsut with unusual rounded ears and ruff that stress the lioness features of the statue , but with five toes - newel post decorations from the lower ramp of her tomb complex These two statues once resembled each other , however , the symbols of her pharaonic power : the Uraeus , Double Crown , and traditional false beard have been stripped from the left image ; many images portraying Hatshepsut were destroyed or vandalized within decades of her death , possibly by Amenhotep II at the end of the reign of Thutmose III , while he was his co-regent , in order to assure his own rise to pharaoh and then , to claim many of her accomplishments as his . The image of Hatshepsut has been deliberately chipped away and removed - Ancient Egyptian wing of the Royal Ontario Museum Dual stela of Hatshepsut ( centre left ) in the blue Khepresh crown offering wine to the deity Amun and Thutmose III behind her in the hedjet white crown , standing near Wosret - Vatican Museum Hieroglyphs showing Thutmose III on the left and Hatshepsut on the right , she having the trappings of the greater role -- Red Chapel , Karnak A Fallen obelisk of Hatshepsut - Karnak . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) Farah Ali Abd El Bar portrayed her in the Discovery Channel documentary , Secrets of Egypt 's Lost Queen . Sarah Hadland portrayed her in the 2009 TV adaptation of Horrible Histories ( written by Terry Deary ) . `` The Woman Who Would Be King '' by Kara Cooney , 2014 A reincarnated Hatshepsut is the subject of the Tina Turner song I Might Have Been Queen . Hatshepsut has appeared as a fictional character in many novels . Some of them include : Patricia L. O'Neil - The Hatshepsut Trilogy : Her Majesty the King . New Holland Publishers ( Australia ) . 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1921517082 . The Horus Throne . New Holland Publishers ( Australia ) . 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1921517105 . The Eye of Re . New Holland Publishers ( Australia ) . 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1742571942 . Marek Halter : Zipporah : Wife of Moses . New York : Crown ( 1st US Edition ) . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1400052790 . ( US ) location =| Eloise Jarvis McGraw : Mara : Daughter of the Nile . New York : Puffin. 1985 . ISBN 978 - 0140319293 . Pauline Gedge : Child of the Morning . Macmillan Company of Canada . 1977 . ISBN 978 - 0770515201 . The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Hatshepsut . See also ( edit ) Djehuty , overseer of the treasuries under Hatshepsut 's rule . Honorary male Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Queen Hatshepsut '' . Phouka . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Wilford , John Noble ( June 27 , 2007 ) . `` Tooth May Have Solved Mummy Mystery '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . A single tooth and some DNA clues appear to have solved the mystery of the lost mummy of Hatshepsut , one of the great queens of ancient Egypt , who reigned in the 15th century B.C. Jump up ^ `` Hatshepsut '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Toby ( 2010 ) . The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt . London : Bloomsbury . pp. 181 , 230 . ISBN 9781408810026 . Jump up ^ `` QUEEN HATSHEPSUT ( 1500 BCE ) '' . nbufront.org . Jump up ^ Martin , G. ( 2012 - 12 - 23 ) . African Political Thought . Springer . ISBN 9781137062055 . Jump up ^ Roehig , Catherine ; Dreyfus , Renee ; Keller , Cathleen ( 2015 ) . Hatshepsut : from Queen to Pharaoh . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . Jump up ^ Dodson , Aidan ; Dyan , Hilton ( 2004 ) . The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05128 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Joann ( 2013 ) . The Search For Nefertiti . Hachette UK . p. 156 . ISBN 9781444780543 . Jump up ^ Stiebing Jr. , William H. ( 2016 ) . Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture . Routledge . p. 177 . ISBN 9781315511160 . Jump up ^ Josephus : Josephus . Against Apion. 1.1. 15 . , Perseus Project Ap. 1.15 , . Error : link = parameter is deprecated . To hide Josephus ' name , use author - mask = 0 . when using ( ( Cite Josephus ) ) Jump up ^ Steindorff , George ; Seele , Keith ( 1942 ) . When Egypt Ruled the East . University of Chicago . p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Grimal , Nicolas ( 1988 ) . A History of Ancient Egypt . Librairie Arthéme Fayard . p. 204 . Jump up ^ Gabolde , Luc ( 1987 ) , La Chronologie du règne de Tuthmosis II , ses conséquences sur la datation des momies royales et leurs répercutions sur l'histoire du développement de la Vallée des Rois , SAK 14 : pp. 61 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Joyce ( 1996 ) . Hatchepsut : The Female Pharaoh ( hardback ed . ) . Penguin Books . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 024464 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Njoku , Raphael Chijioke ( 2013 ) . The History of Somalia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 0313378576 . Jump up ^ Isaac , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Historical Atlas of Oman . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 14 . ISBN 0823945006 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Joyce Tyldesley , Hatchepsut : The Female Pharaoh , Penguin Books , 1998 paperback , pp. 137 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Ruffer , Marc Armand ( 1921 ) . Studies in the Palaeopathology of Egypt . University of Chicago Press . p. 45 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Margaret Bunson , Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt , p. 161 . Jump up ^ JJ Shirley : The Power of the Elite : The Officials of Hatshepsut 's Regency and Coregency , in : J. Galán , B.M. Bryan , P.F. Dorman ( eds . ) : Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut , Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 69 , Chicago 2014 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61491 - 024 - 4 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Peter Tyson , The Unfinished Obelisk , NOVA online adventure , March 16 , 1999 . Jump up ^ James P. Allen , `` The Speos Artemidos Inscription of Hatshepsut '' Archived 2007 - 04 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 16 ( 2002 ) , pp. 1 -- 17 , pls. 1 + 2 . Jump up ^ Gray , Martin . `` Obelisk of Queen Hapshetsut , Karnak '' . Places of Peace and Power . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Martin , K.I. ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` Women in Power : BC 4500 - 1000 '' . Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership . Retrieved August 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shaw and Nicholson , p. 28 . Jump up ^ John Ray , Reflections of Osiris : Lives from Ancient Egypt ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2002 ) , 47 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hatshepsut '' . pbs.org . Jump up ^ Nevine El - Aref , `` Back in the limelight '' , Al - Ahram Weekly . Jump up ^ Callender / Shaw , p. 170 . Jump up ^ `` Eternal Egypt '' . eternalegypt.org . Jump up ^ Breasted , James Henry , Ancient Records of Egypt : Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest , The University of Chicago Press , 1906 , pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Hatshepsut , Female Pharaoh of Egypt by Caroline Seawright . Jump up ^ Will Cuppy , The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody , New York : Barnes & Noble Books , reprint 1992 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , pp. 210 . Jump up ^ Joyce Tyldesley , Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt , Thames & Hudson , 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ James P. Allen , `` The Military Campaign of Thutmose III '' in Hatshepsut : From Queen to Pharaoh , ed . Catherine Roehrig , The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York , Yale University Press , 2005 , p. 261 . Allen writes here that the Armant stela is considered by scholars to mark the occasion of Thutmose III 's sole reign since he uses the epithet `` Thutmose , Ruler of Maat '' twice on this document for the first time in his reign . This means he was asserting his own claim to the administration of Egypt subsequent to that of Hatshepsut , who by then had probably died Jump up ^ Jürgen von Beckerath , Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten . Mainz , Philipp von Zabern. 1997 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ `` Tooth Clinches Identification of Egyptian Queen '' . Reuters . June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dennis C. Forbes , Maatkare Hatshepset : The Female Pharaoh , KMT , Fall 2005 , pp. 26 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Bickerstaffe , Dylan , `` The Discovery of Hatshepsut 's ' Throne ' '' , KMT , Spring 2002 , pp. 71 -- 77 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Gallery : Mummy of Egypt 's Lost Queen Found '' . nationalgeographic.com . Jump up ^ Ed Pilkington and Mark Tran ( June 27 , 2007 ) . `` Tooth solves Hatshepsut mummy mystery '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jennie Cohen , `` Did Skin Cream Kill Egypt 's Queen Hatshepsut ? '' , History , August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Alan , Egypt of the Pharaohs , Oxford University Press , 1964 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Redford , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , p. 207 , Tyldesley notes on p. 252 that a detailed discussion of Senenmut 's disappearance and a useful list of other publications on this topic is given in A.R. Schulman 's 1969 -- 70 paper `` Some Remarks on the Alleged ' Fall ' of Senmut , '' JARCE 8 , pp. 29 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Hatchepsut , pp. 225 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Champollion le Jeune , Nouvelle Edition , 1868 . `` Thèbes , 18 juin 1829 - Lettres écrites d'Égypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829 '' . gutenberg.org ( in French ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bediz , David . `` The Story of Hatshepsut '' . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mensan , Romain ( Spring 2007 ) . `` Tuthmosid foundation deposits at Karnak '' . Egyptian Archaeology. 30 : 21 . Jump up ^ Place Settings . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved on August 6 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Brown , Chip ( April 2009 ) . `` The King Herself '' . National Geographic : 88 -- 111 . Fairman , H.W. ; B. Grdseloff ( 1947 ) . `` Texts of Hatshepsut and Sethos I inside Speos Artemidos '' . Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 33 : 12 -- 33 . doi : 10.2307 / 3855434 . Fakhry , Ahmed ( 1939 ) . `` A new speos from the reign of Hatshepsut and Thutmosis III at Beni - Hasan '' . Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 39 : 709 -- 723 . Gardiner , Alan Henderson ( 1946 ) . `` Davies 's copy of the great Speos Artemidos inscription '' . Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 32 : 43 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 3855414 . Harbin , Michael A. ( 2005 ) . The Promise and the Blessing : A Historical Survey of the Old and New Testaments . Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan . ISBN 0 - 310 - 24037 - 9 . Nadig , Peter ( 2014 ) . Hatschepsut . Mainz : von Zabern . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8053 - 4763 - 1 . Redford , Donald B. ( 1967 ) . History and Chronology of the 18th dynasty of Egypt : Seven studies . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . Shaw , Ian , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280293 - 3 . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 1996 ) . Hatchepsut : The Female Pharaoh . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 85976 - 1 . Wells , Evelyn ( 1969 ) . Hatshepsut . Garden City , NY : Doubleday . Aldred , Cyril ( 1952 ) . The Development of Ancient Egyptian Art from 3200 to 1315 BC . London : A. Tiranti . Edgerton , William F. ( 1933 ) . The Thutmosid Succession . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Gardiner , Sir Alan ( 1961 ) . Egypt of the Pharaohs . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Hayes , William C. ( 1973 ) . `` Egypt : Internal Affairs from Thuthmosis I to the Death of Amenophis III '' . Cambridge Ancient History : History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region , c. 1800 -- 1380 BC ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Cambridge University Press . Maspero , Gaston ( 1903 -- 1906 ) . History of Egypt , Chaldea , Syria , Babylonia , and Assyria . London : Grolier Society . Nims , Charles F. ( 1965 ) . Thebes of the Pharaohs : Pattern for Every City . New York : Stein and Day . Roehrig , Catharine H. ; Dreyfus , Renée ; Keller , Cathleen A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Hatshepsut : From Queen to Pharaoh . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 1 - 58839 - 172 - 8 . Wilson , John A. ( 1951 ) . The Burden of Egypt . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHatshepsutat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Hatshepsut - Archaeowiki.org Mummy Of Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut Found Interactive , panoramic online view of Hatshepsut 's mortuary temple at Deir el - Bahari , Egypt Video tour the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's gallery of Hatshepsut sculptures Hatshepsut - the fifth ruler of the 18th Dynasty 360 ° Panorama images BBC Radio 4 In Our Time : Hatshepsut <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Pharaohs <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period ( < 3150 -- 2040 BC ) <Td_colspan="2"> Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain Protodynastic ( pre-3150 BC ) Lower Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh Double Falcon Upper Scorpion I Crocodile Iry - Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic ( 3150 -- 2686 BC ) Narmer / Menes Hor - Aha Djer Djet Merneith Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra / Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg - Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth - Peribsen Sekhemib - Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Nebka Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Khaba Qahedjet Huni IV Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah 1 Intermediate ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period ( 2040 -- 1550 BC ) <Td_colspan="2"> Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1802 BC ) XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu 2 Intermediate ( 1802 -- 1550 BC ) XIII Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre ' Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Webenre Nebsenre Sekheperenre Djedkherewre Bebnum ' Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub - Har XV Semqen ' Aper - ' Anati Sakir - Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi XVI Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre - Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period ( 1550 -- 664 BC ) <Td_colspan="2"> Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain New Kingdom ( 1550 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III Hatshepsut Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI 3 Intermediate ( 1069 -- 664 BC ) XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Osorkon IV XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Late Period and Hellenistic Period ( 664 -- 30 BC ) <Td_colspan="2"> Period Dynasty Pharaohs ( male female ) uncertain Late ( 664 -- 332 BC ) XXVI Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II XXX Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III Hellenistic ( 332 -- 30 BC ) Argead Alexander the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy X Alexander I Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Berenice IV Cleopatra Ptolemy XV Caesarion <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Dynastic genealogies <Td_colspan="2"> 11 12 18 19 20 21 to 23 25 26 27 30 31 Ptolemaic <Td_colspan="2"> List of pharaohs VIAF : 67741469 LCCN : n79075097 ISNI : 0000 0000 9518 9141 GND : 118546732 SUDOC : 027382419 BNF : cb11943631b ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatshepsut&oldid=826624602 '' Categories : Hatshepsut 16th - century BC births 1458 BC deaths Female pharaohs Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ancient Egyptian women in warfare 16th - century BC women rulers 15th - century BC women rulers Historical deletion in ancient Egypt 15th - century BC clergy Ancient Egyptian mummies Androgyny Thutmose I Thutmose II Hidden categories : Articles with incorrect citation syntax Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with trivia sections from February 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Hatshepsut - fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
2. Reign - ruled jointly with Thutmose III, longest reigning female pharaoh
3. Building projects - commissioned numerous construction projects, including the Temple of Karnak and her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri
4. Trade routes - re-established trade networks and led a trading expedition to the Land of Punt
5. Comparison with other female |
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( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents 1 Uncommon shapes 2 Stars 2.1 Four - pointed 2.2 Five - pointed 2.2. 1 One pentagram in center 2.2. 2 One five - pointed star in center 2.2. 3 One five - pointed star on left side 2.2. 4 Multiple five - pointed stars of equal size 2.2. 4.1 Circle of five - pointed stars 2.2. 5 Multiple five - pointed stars in different sizes 2.3 Six - pointed 2.3. 1 Hexagram 2.4 Many - pointed 2.4. 1 One many - pointed star 2.4. 2 Multiple many - pointed stars 2.5 Southern Cross 2.6 Stars and stripes 3 Crescent 3.1 Facing up 3.2 Facing right 3.3 Facing diagonally 4 Circle 4.1 One circle in center 4.2 One circle on left side 4.3 One broken or implied circle 5 Triangle 5.1 Triangle ( s ) in centre 5.2 Triangle ( s ) on left side 5.3 Triangle ( s ) on right side 6 Stripes 6.1 Horizontal 6.1. 1 Two colors 6.1. 1.1 Two unequal horizontal stripes 6.1. 1.2 Two equal horizontal stripes 6.1. 1.3 Three equal horizontal stripes in two colors 6.1. 1.4 Three thin - and - thick horizontal stripes in two colors 6.1. 1.5 Three fimbriated thin - and - thick horizontal stripes in two colors 6.1. 1.6 Three thick - and - thin horizontal stripes in two colors 6.1. 1.7 Three fimbriated thick - and - thin horizontal stripes in two colors 6.1. 1.8 Three unequal horizontal stripes in two colors 6.1. 1.9 Many thin - and - thick horizontal stripes in two colors 6.1. 1.10 Many equal horizontal stripes in two colors 6.1. 2 Three colors 6.1. 2.1 Three equal horizontal stripes in three colors 6.1. 2.2 Three fimbriated equal horizontal stripes in three colors 6.1. 2.3 Three unequal horizontal stripes in three colors 6.1. 2.4 Five unequal horizontal stripes in three colors 6.1. 2.5 Three fimbriated unequal horizontal stripes in three colors 6.1. 2.6 Five thin - and - thick horizontal stripes in three colors 6.1. 2.7 Many equal horizontal stripes in three colors 6.1. 3 Four colors 6.1. 3.1 Four equal horizontal stripes in four colors 6.1. 3.2 Seven equal horizontal stripes in four colors 6.1. 3.3 Seven unequal horizontal stripes in three colors 6.2 Vertical 6.2. 1 Two equal vertical stripes in two colors 6.2. 2 Two unequal serrated vertical stripes in two colors 6.2. 3 Three equal vertical stripes in two colors 6.2. 4 Three equal vertical stripes in three colors 6.2. 5 Flags based on the French tricolor 6.2. 6 Three unequal vertical stripes 6.2. 7 Four unequal vertical stripes in four colors 6.2. 8 Two crossing horizontal and vertical stripes 6.3 Diagonal 6.3. 1 Two diagonal stripes 6.3. 2 Three diagonal stripes 6.3. 3 Three fimbriated diagonal stripes 6.3. 4 Many diagonal stripes 6.3. 4.1 Many radiating diagonal stripes 6.3. 4.2 Pall 6.3. 5 Two crossing diagonal stripes 7 Cross 7.1 Upright centred cross 7.2 Diagonal cross 7.3 Nordic Cross 7.3. 1 Nordic Cross in two colours 7.3. 2 Nordic Cross in three colours 7.4 One cross in upper left corner 7.5 One cross in emblem 7.6 Upright and diagonal centred crosses 7.7 Union Jack 7.8 Crosses of different sizes 8 Divide 8.1 Divide horizontally and divide top space vertically 8.2 Divide upper left square and other space 8.3 Divide one vertical stripe from left side 8.4 Divide four equal squares from center 8.5 Divide four equal triangles from center 9 Other symbols and pictures 9.1 Sun 9.2 Moon 9.3 Animal 9.4 Coat of arms 9.5 Weaponry 9.6 Agricultural and industrial tools / things 9.7 Plants 9.8 Map 9.9 Shield 9.10 Key 9.11 Trapezium 9.12 Square 9.13 Other Central Emblems 10 Text 10.1 Country name 10.2 Mottos 11 Flags of another country 12 Notes Uncommon shapes ( edit ) National flag of Nepal Belgium Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Gabon Israel Monaco Nepal Niger Papua New Guinea Qatar San Marino Switzerland Vatican Stars ( edit ) Four - pointed ( edit ) Aruba ( a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ) NATO ( an organization ) Five - pointed ( edit ) One pentagram in center ( edit ) National flag of Morocco Ethiopia Morocco One five - pointed star in center ( edit ) National flag of Somalia Burkina Faso Burma Cameroon Ghana Mohéli Paraguay Senegal Somalia Somaliland Unrecognized Suriname Vietnam Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1943 -- 1992 ) See also the list of flags featuring crescents , below , many of which include a five - pointed star in the crescent . One five - pointed star on left side ( edit ) National flag of Cuba Chile Cuba Djibouti Guinea - Bissau Liberia Puerto Rico ( US overseas commonwealth ) North Korea South Sudan Republic of West Papua ( Morning Star Flag ) Timor - Leste ( East Timor ) Togo Multiple five - pointed stars of equal size ( edit ) National flag of Honduras Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 9 ) Comoros ( 4 ) Honduras ( 5 ) Kosovo ( 6 ) Vojvodina ( 3 ) Panama ( 2 ) Philippines ( 3 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 4 ) São Tomé and Príncipe ( 2 ) Singapore ( 5 ) United States ( varies , based on number of states , currently 50 ) Venezuela ( 8 ) Circle of five - pointed stars ( edit ) Cape Verde ( 10 stars ) Cook Islands ( 15 stars ) ( Associated state of New Zealand ) Cook Islands ( 1973 -- 1979 ) ( 15 stars , but yellow on green ) Dominica ( 10 stars ) European Union ( 12 stars ) Tajikistan ( 12 stars , but only half a circle with 7 are showing ) Multiple five - pointed stars in different sizes ( edit ) Brazil ( 27 ) New Zealand ( 4 ) Niue ( 5 stars ) ( Overseas territory of New Zealand ) Papua New Guinea ( 5 ) People 's Republic of China ( 5 ) Samoa ( 5 ) Tokelau ( 4 ) ( Overseas territory of New Zealand ) Six - pointed ( edit ) National flag of Israel Croatia Burundi Slovenia Equatorial Guinea Hexagram ( edit ) Israel Many - pointed ( edit ) One many - pointed star ( edit ) National flag of the Marshall Islands Azerbaijan ( 8 points ) Jordan ( 7 points ) Nauru ( 12 points ) Malaysia ( 14 points ) Marshall Islands ( 24 points ) Multiple many - pointed stars ( edit ) National flag of Nepal Australia ( 1 five - pointed star , 5 7 - pointed ) Nepal ( 2 stars , 1 with 16 and 1 with 12 ) Southern Cross ( edit ) National flag of New Zealand See also : Southern Cross Australia Brazil New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Tokelau Stars and stripes ( edit ) National flag of the United States of America Abkhazia Aruba Azerbaijan Cape Verde Chile Comoros Croatia Cuba Djibouti Estelada , flag of Catalan separatism Guinea - Bissau Honduras Jordan North Korea Liberia Libya Malaysia Nauru Philippines Puerto Rico Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Unrecognised São Tomé and Príncipe Singapore Slovenia Somaliland South Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Texas Togo United States Uzbekistan Venezuela Republic of West Papua Crescent ( edit ) Facing up ( edit ) National flag of Nepal Brunei Mauritania Mayotte Mongolia Nepal Qormi Facing right ( edit ) National flag of Turkey Algeria Anjouan Azerbaijan Cocos Islands Comoros Grande Comore Jammu and Kashmir Libya Malaysia Maldives Northern Cyprus Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Singapore Tunisia Turkey Uzbekistan Colorado Facing diagonally ( edit ) National flag of Pakistan Azad Kashmir Comoros ( 1978 -- 1992 ) Croatia Moldova Pakistan South Carolina Turkmenistan Circle ( edit ) One circle in center ( edit ) National flag of India Burundi Ethiopia Grenada Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Laos Lord Howe Island Shan State Macedonia Niger Paraguay Santander Tunisia India Brazil Uganda Bangladesh One circle on left side ( edit ) National flag of Palau Bangladesh Greenland New Caledonia Portugal Palau Namibia Rwanda Niue North Korea Sápmi One broken or implied circle ( edit ) National flag of Eritrea Afghanistan Cook Islands Cook Islands ( 1973 -- 1979 ) Dominica Eritrea European Union French Polynesia Francophonie NATO ( an organization ) Northern Mariana Islands Rhode Island Triangle ( edit ) Triangle ( s ) in centre ( edit ) National flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina Antigua and Barbuda Bosnia and Herzegovina Saint Lucia Israel ( 6 that make up the shape , 2 to draw it ) Triangle ( s ) on left side ( edit ) National flag of the Czech Republic See also : Chevron ( flag ) Bahamas Comoros Cuba Czech Republic Djibouti Eritrea Equatorial Guinea Guyana Jamaica Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front India , Pakistan Jordan Marquesas Islands Mozambique Philippines Puerto Rico ( US overseas commonwealth ) Palestine Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Unregonized São Tomé and Príncipe Seychelles ( 1976 -- 1977 ) South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tuva Timor - Leste Tuvalu ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Vanuatu Zimbabwe Triangle ( s ) on right side ( edit ) American Samoa ( US territory ) Jamaica Seychelles ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Stripes ( edit ) Horizontal ( edit ) Two colors ( edit ) Two unequal horizontal stripes ( edit ) National flag of Belarus Belarus Chuvashia Two equal horizontal stripes ( edit ) National flag of Indonesia National flag of Poland Angola Benin Burkina Faso Czech Republic Djibouti Guinea - Bissau Haiti Indonesia Madagascar Monaco Philippines Poland Singapore San Marino Ukraine Three equal horizontal stripes in two colors ( edit ) National flag of Argentina National flag of Austria Argentina Austria Bahamas Belarus ( 1991 -- 1995 ) Honduras Nicaragua El Salvador Confederate States of America Three thin - and - thick horizontal stripes in two colors ( edit ) National flag of Cambodia Armenia ( Constituent republic of the Soviet Union ) Cambodia Laos Lebanon Moldavia ( Constituent republic of the Soviet Union ) French Polynesia São Tomé and Príncipe Spain Transnistria Ingushetia Three fimbriated thin - and - thick horizontal stripes in two colors ( edit ) National flag of North Korea See also : Fimbriation Kirghizia ( Constituent republic of the Soviet Union ) Kyrgyzstan ( 1991 -- 1992 ) North Korea Suriname Swaziland Turkmenistan ( Constituent republic of the Soviet Union ) Turkmenistan ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Three thick - and - thin horizontal stripes in two colors ( edit ) National flag of Nauru Latvia Nauru Three fimbriated thick - and - thin horizontal stripes in two colors ( edit ) Flag of Uzbekistan within the Soviet Union Botswana Uzbekistan ( Constituent republic of the Soviet Union ) Three unequal horizontal stripes in two colors ( edit ) Flag of Kazakhstan within the Soviet Union Curaçao Kazakhstan ( Constituent republic of the Soviet Union ) Kyrgyzstan ( Constituent republic of the Soviet Union ) Many thin - and - thick horizontal stripes in two colors ( edit ) Israel Many equal horizontal stripes in two colors ( edit ) National flag of Greece Abkhazia ( 7 ) Cuba ( 5 ) Greece ( 9 ) British Indian Ocean Territory ( 6 wavy stripes ) Liberia ( 11 ) Malaysia ( 14 ) Puerto Rico ( 5 stripes ) ( US overseas commonwealth ) Seborga ( 18 stripes ) Togo ( 5 ) Uruguay ( 9 ) United States ( 13 , representing the 13 colonies ) Republic of West Papua ( 13 ) ( Morning Star Flag ) Three colors ( edit ) Three equal horizontal stripes in three colors ( edit ) National flag of Estonia National flag of Germany National flag of Russia National flag of the Netherlands National flag of Yemen National flag of Bolivia National flag of Lithuania National flag of Armenia National flag of Luxembourg National flag of Sierra Leone National flag of Bulgaria National flag of Hungary National flag of Gabon National flag of Yemen ( rotated upside down ) , old flag of the German Empire Armenia Azerbaijan Bulgaria Biafra Bolivia Croatia Germany Egypt Estonia Ethiopia Gabon Germany German Empire ( 1886 - 1871 ) Ghana Ghana ( 1962 -- 1966 ) Equatorial Guinea Hungary India Iran Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Jordan Kuwait Lithuania Luxembourg Lebanon Malawi Burma Nagorno - Karabakh New Caledonia Niger Netherlands Oman Paraguay Palestine Russian Federation Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Sudan Sudan ( 1956 -- 1971 ) Sierra Leone Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Somaliland South Ossetia Syria United Arab Emirates Venezuela Yemen Zanzibar Three fimbriated equal horizontal stripes in three colors ( edit ) National flag of Kenya Kenya Mozambique South Sudan Uzbekistan Three unequal horizontal stripes in three colors ( edit ) National flag of Rwanda Antigua and Barbuda Buryatia Mordovia Colombia Ecuador Libya Lesotho Rwanda Tajikistan Crimea Five unequal horizontal stripes in three colors ( edit ) National flag of Cape Verde Cape Verde Three fimbriated unequal horizontal stripes in three colors ( edit ) National flag of The Gambia Gambia Five thin - and - thick horizontal stripes in three colors ( edit ) National flag of Costa Rica Costa Rica Thailand Suriname Swaziland Many equal horizontal stripes in three colors ( edit ) National flag of Uganda Hawaii ( 8 ) Uganda ( 6 ) Four colors ( edit ) Four equal horizontal stripes in four colors ( edit ) National flag of Mauritius Central African Republic Comoros Mauritius Seven equal horizontal stripes in four colors ( edit ) National flag of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Seven unequal horizontal stripes in three colors ( edit ) National flag of Kiribati Kiribati Vertical ( edit ) Two equal vertical stripes in two colors ( edit ) National flag of Algeria Algeria Malta Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Constituent republic of the Soviet Union ) Pakistan Portugal Vatican City Two unequal serrated vertical stripes in two colors ( edit ) National flag of Bahraiin Bahrain Qatar Three equal vertical stripes in two colors ( edit ) National flag of Guatemala Barbados Guatemala Mongolia Nigeria Peru Three equal vertical stripes in three colors ( edit ) Further information : Tricolour ( flag ) National flag of France National flag of Guinea National flag of Chad National flag of Mali National flag of Italy National flag of Ivory Coast Afghanistan Belgium Canary Islands Ivory Coast Cameroon France Guinea Italy Ireland Mexico Mali Moldova Romania Rwanda ( 1962 -- 2001 ) Senegal Chad Flags based on the French tricolor ( edit ) Acadia France French Southern and Antarctic Lands Wallis and Futuna Three unequal vertical stripes ( edit ) National flag of Canada Further information : Canadian pale Andorra Canada Norfolk Island Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Four unequal vertical stripes in four colors ( edit ) South Moluccas Sápmi Zambia Two crossing horizontal and vertical stripes ( edit ) National flag of Switzerland Denmark Dominica Dominican Republic England Finland Georgia Greece Iceland Malta Norway Sweden Switzerland Tonga United Kingdom Diagonal ( edit ) Two diagonal stripes ( edit ) National flag of Papua New Guinea Bhutan Christmas Island French Guiana ( France ) Papua New Guinea Three diagonal stripes ( edit ) Bonaire ( Netherlands ) Republic of the Congo Sealand Solomon Islands Three fimbriated diagonal stripes ( edit ) National flag of Tanzania Democratic Republic of the Congo Namibia Saint Kitts and Nevis Tanzania Trinidad and Tobago Zanzibar ( Tanzania ) Many diagonal stripes ( edit ) National flag of Brunei Brunei ( 4 ) Friesland ( 7 ) Many radiating diagonal stripes ( edit ) National flag of the Marshall Islands Guyana ( 5 ) Eritrea ( 2 ) Marshall Islands ( 4 ) Seychelles ( 5 ) Pall ( edit ) National flag of South Africa South Africa Vanuatu Tuva Two crossing diagonal stripes ( edit ) See # Diagonal cross Cross ( edit ) Upright centred cross ( edit ) National flag of the Dominican Republic Switzerland England ( UK constituent country ) Dominica Dominican Republic Kingdom of Great Britain Quebec ( Canadian province ) United Kingdom Diagonal cross ( edit ) National flag of Jamaica Scotland ( UK constituent country ) Burundi Jamaica Seychelles ( 1976 -- 1977 ) United Kingdom Nordic Cross ( edit ) Further information : Nordic Cross Nordic Cross in two colours ( edit ) National flag of Finland Denmark Finland Sweden Nordic Cross in three colours ( edit ) National flag of Iceland Åland Islands ( Autonomous region of Finland ) Faroe Islands ( Self - governing country in the Kingdom of Denmark ) Iceland Norway One cross in upper left corner ( edit ) National flag of Greece Greece Tonga One cross in emblem ( edit ) National flag of Slovakia Kyrgyzstan Marshall Islands Moldova Montenegro Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovakia Spain Vatican City Upright and diagonal centred crosses ( edit ) National flag of the United Kingdom Naval Jack of Estonia ( Naval Jack ) Naval Jack of Bulgaria ( Naval Jack ) Naval Jack of Latvia ( Naval Jack ) Naval Ensign of Georgia ( Naval Ensign ) Basque Country ( Autonomous Community of Spain and France ) Lord Howe Island Macedonia United Kingdom Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) Union Jack ( edit ) See also : British ensign and Flags of the British Empire National flag of Fiji flag of Bermuda flag of the United Kingdom flag of South Africa ( 1928 -- 1994 National flag of Canada 1957 -- 1965 Australia Australia ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Australia ( 1903 -- 1909 ) Bermuda ( 1910 -- 1999 ) Canada ( 1868 -- 1921 ) Canada ( 1921 -- 1957 ) Canada ( 1957 -- 1965 ) Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) Fiji New Zealand Newfoundland ( 1907 -- 1949 ) South Africa ( 1928 -- 1994 ) South Africa ( 1910 -- 1928 ) Tuvalu Tuvalu ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Tuvalu ( 1978 -- 1996 ) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States ( 1775 -- 1777 ) Additionally , the Union Jack features in many territorial and sub-national flags . These are often Red Ensigns ( e.g. , Bermuda ) or Blue Ensigns ( e.g. , New South Wales ) . A small number have backgrounds of other colours ( e.g. British Antarctic Territory and Niue ) or a unique pattern in the field ( e.g. British Indian Ocean Territory and Hawaii ) . A small number put the Union Jack somewhere other than the canton ( e.g. British Columbia ) . Unofficial flags , such as Ross Dependency also use it . Crosses of different sizes ( edit ) National flag of Georgia Georgia Divide ( edit ) Divide horizontally and divide top space vertically ( edit ) National flag of Chile Chile Divide upper left square and other space ( edit ) National flag of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Abkhazia Greece Liberia Malaysia Myanmar ( 1974 -- 2010 ) Republic of China Samoa Southern Cameroons Tonga United States Divide one vertical stripe from left side ( edit ) National flag of Seborga North Carolina Belarus Benin Guinea - Bissau Khakassia Madagascar Oman Seborga Texas Republic of West Papua United Arab Emirates South African Republic ( 1852 - 1902 ) Divide four equal squares from center ( edit ) National flag of the Dominican Republic Ceuta Dominican Republic Panama Maryland Divide four equal triangles from center ( edit ) National flag of Jamaica Burundi Grenada Jamaica Seychelles ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Other symbols and pictures ( edit ) Sun ( edit ) National flag of Uruguay Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bangladesh Greenland Japan Kazakhstan Kiribati Kyrgyzstan Malawi Macedonia Namibia Nepal Niger Rwanda Philippines Republic of China Uruguay Moon ( edit ) National flag of Palau See also # Crescent Laos Mongolia Niger Palau Sápmi Shan State Animal ( edit ) National flag of Albania Albania -- double - headed eagle Andorra -- cow , goat Bhutan -- Druk the thunder dragon Croatia -- goat , marten Dominica -- sisserou parrot Egypt -- Eagle of Saladin Fiji -- White pelican and yellow lion Kazakhstan -- steppe eagle Kiribati -- frigatebird Malta -- St. George on a horse , fighting a dragon . Moldova -- eagle , cow Montenegro -- double - headed eagle , lion Papua New Guinea -- raggiana bird - of - paradise Serbia -- double - headed eagle Sri Lanka -- yellow lion Uganda -- grey crowned crane Wales ( UK constituent country ) -- Welsh Dragon Zambia -- African fish eagle Zimbabwe -- Zimbabwe Bird Coat of arms ( edit ) Anguilla Bermuda Canada ( 1868 -- 1928 ) Canada ( 1921 -- 1957 ) Canada ( 1957 -- 1965 ) Cayman Islands Costa Rica Croatia Ecuador Equatorial Guinea El Salvador Falkland Islands Fiji Guam Guatemala Haiti Mexico Moldova Montenegro Nicaragua Paraguay Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Weaponry ( edit ) National flag of Haiti Angola -- machete Barbados ( trident - head ) Kenya -- spears and Maasai shield Mozambique -- AK - 47 with a bayonet Oman -- swords and Khanjar Saudi Arabia -- sword Swaziland -- spears and shield Agricultural and industrial tools / things ( edit ) National flag of the Soviet Union ( 1955 - 1991 ) , bright red used in 1980 . Angola -- half - gear and machete Mozambique -- hoe Myanmar ( 1974 -- 2010 ) -- gear Soviet Union ( 1917 -- 1991 ) -- hammer and sickle Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Transnistria -- hammer and sickle ( non-communist ) Plants ( edit ) National flag of Canada Canada -- maple leaf Cyprus -- olive branches Grenada -- clove of nutmeg Eritrea -- olive branch Lebanon -- Lebanon cedar Myanmar ( 1974 -- 2010 ) -- rice plant Map ( edit ) National flag of Cyprus Antarctica Christmas Island Cyprus Kosovo * Tuvalu Wake Island Shield ( edit ) National flag of Kenya Kenya Swaziland * Key ( edit ) National flag of Vatican City Vatican Trapezium ( edit ) National flag of Kuwait Kuwait Square ( edit ) National flag of Switzerland Switzerland Vatican City Other Central Emblems ( edit ) National flag of India Abkhazia - Hand with stars Cambodia -- Angkor Wat Danzig ( 1920 - 1939 ) ( King 's Crown ) India ( Ashoka Chakra ) Iran ( Emblem of Iran ) Mongolia ( Soyombo ) Kyrgyzstan ( sun with a crown of the traditional Kyrgyz yurt ) Lesotho ( mokorotlo ) Mozambique -- book Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( diamonds in a V pattern ) South Korea ( Taegeuk and four black trigrams ) Text ( edit ) Country name ( edit ) National flag of Paraguay Afghanistan -- the lowest line of text reads Afghanistan in the Pashto alphabet , and the calligraphic text at the top is the Shahada with Allah Akbar written beneath it Brunei -- the lower line of text reads Brunei Darussalam in the Jawi script Egypt -- the text reads Jumhūriyyat Miṣr al - ʿArabiyyah in Arabic meaning Arab Republic of Egypt Mayotte Nicaragua Paraguay El Salvador Guam Mottos ( edit ) Andorra National flag of Brazil Brazil -- Their text reads ' Order and Progress ' in Portuguese . Iran Iraq Malta San Marino Saudi Arabia -- Their flag reads ' There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet ' in Arabic . Spain Flags of another country ( edit ) National flag of the Falkland Islands Australia Canada ( 1868 -- 1921 ) Canada ( 1921 -- 1957 ) Canada ( 1957 -- 1965 ) British West Indies Fiji Falkland Islands New Zealand North Borneo Former Colony of the British Empire British Raj Former Colony of the British Empire Cook Islands Tuvalu Notes ( edit ) ^ The Southern Cross <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of flags <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of flags State - related Civil flag State flag War flag Civil ensign Naval ensign Diplomatic flag Country Date of Adoption Historical flags Arab states Mobile Air Forces Roundels Air Forces Fin Flashes Civil air ensign Other entities Ethnic Country subdivisions Oceania By design Color by number by combination Two - sided Aspect ratio By nations Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Brazil Cambodia Canada Chile China People 's Republic of China ( Mainland China ) Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Hong Kong Macau Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Denmark Dem . Rep. Congo Dominican Republic Egypt Estonia Finland France regions Germany Georgia Greece Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Israel Iraq Italy regions Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea North Korea South Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malaysia Myanmar Mexico Malta Moldova Morocco Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan State of Palestine Peru Philippines Poland naval and maritime voivodeships Portugal Rhodesia Romania Russia / Soviet Union federal subjects Russian Navy republics Soviet Navy Saudi Arabia Serbia Kosovo Singapore South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Falkland Islands Gibraltar United States states Puerto Rico CSA Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yugoslavia Zimbabwe By continent Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Oceania South America <Td_colspan="2"> Names in italics indicate non-sovereign ( dependent ) territories , disputed states and / or former countries . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_style_of_national_flags&oldid=801317549 '' Categories : Lists of countries Lists and galleries of flags Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 All articles that may contain original research Pages using Flagg with specified image instead of data template image Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français پنجابی اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 23 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. List of countries by style of national flags
2. Uncommon shapes of national flags
3. Stars on national flags
4. Crescent on national flags
5. Stripes on national flags |
-4,800,820,302,967,648,000 | how many seats did labour win in 2015 | United Kingdom general election , 2015 - Wikipedia United Kingdom general election , 2015 Jump to : navigation , search United Kingdom general election , 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2010 7 May 2015 2017 → <Td_colspan="2"> ← outgoing members elected members → <Th_colspan="2"> All 650 seats in the House of Commons 326 seats needed for a majority <Td_colspan="2"> Opinion polls Turnout 66.4 % ( 1.3 % ) <Td_colspan="2"> First party Second party Leader David Cameron Ed Miliband Party Conservative Labour Leader since 6 December 2005 25 September 2010 Leader 's seat Witney Doncaster North Last election 306 seats , 36.1 % 258 seats , 29.0 % Seats won 330 * 232 Seat change 24 26 Popular vote 11,334,226 9,347,273 Percentage 36.8 % 30.4 % Swing 0.7 % 1.5 % <Td_colspan="4"> Third party Fourth party Leader Nicola Sturgeon Nick Clegg Party SNP Liberal Democrat Leader since 14 November 2014 18 December 2007 Leader 's seat Did not stand Sheffield Hallam Last election 6 seats , 1.7 % 57 seats , 23.0 % Seats won 56 8 Seat change 50 49 Popular vote 1,454,436 2,415,916 Percentage 4.7 % 7.9 % Swing 3.1 % 15.2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Colours denote the winning party , as shown in the main table of results . * Figure does not include the Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow , who was included in the Conservative seat total by some media outlets . <Td_colspan="2"> Prime Minister before election David Cameron Conservative Subsequent Prime Minister David Cameron Conservative 2001 election MPs 2005 election MPs 2010 election MPs 2015 election MPs 2017 election MPs The United Kingdom general election of 2015 was held on 7 May 2015 to elect 650 members to the House of Commons . It was the first general election at the end of a fixed - term Parliament . Local elections took place in most areas on the same day . Polls and commentators had predicted the outcome would be too close to call and would result in a second hung parliament similar to the 2010 election . Opinion polls were eventually proven to have underestimated the Conservative vote as they unexpectedly won an outright majority , which bore resemblance to their victory at the 1992 general election . Having governed in coalition with the Liberal Democrats since 2010 , the Conservatives won 330 seats and 36.9 % of the vote , this time winning a working majority of twelve seats . The British Polling Council began an inquiry into the substantial variance between opinion polls and the actual result . Forming the first Conservative majority government since 1992 , David Cameron became the first Prime Minister to continue in office immediately after a term of at least four years with a larger popular vote share since 1900 , and the only Prime Minister other than Margaret Thatcher to continue in office immediately after a term of at least four years with a greater number of seats . The Labour Party , led by Ed Miliband , saw a small increase in its share of the vote to 30.4 % , but incurred a net loss of seats to return 232 MPs . This was its lowest seat tally since the 1987 general election . Senior Labour Shadow Cabinet members , notably Ed Balls , Douglas Alexander , and Scottish Labour leader Jim Murphy , were defeated . The Scottish National Party , enjoying a surge in support since the 2014 Scottish independence referendum , recorded a number of huge swings of over 30 % ( including a record - breaking swing of 39.3 % achieved in Glasgow North East ) from Labour , as it won 56 of the 59 Scottish seats to become the third - largest party in the Commons . The Liberal Democrats , led by outgoing Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg , had their worst result since their formation in 1988 , holding just eight out of their previous 57 seats with Cabinet ministers Vince Cable , Ed Davey and Danny Alexander losing their seats . UKIP came third in terms of votes with 12.6 % , but only won one seat , with party leader Nigel Farage failing to win the seat of South Thanet . The Green Party won its highest - ever share of the vote with 3.8 % , and retained the Brighton Pavilion seat with an increased majority , though did not win any additional seats . Labour 's Miliband ( as national leader ) and Murphy ( as Scottish leader ) both resigned , as did Clegg . Farage claimed that his resignation was rejected by his party , and he remained in post . In Northern Ireland , the Ulster Unionist Party returned to the Commons with two MPs after a five - year absence , while the Alliance Party lost its only seat despite an increase in total vote share . The Conservative Party majority meant that Cameron was able to fulfil a manifesto commitment to renegotiate British membership of the European Union . That renegotiation was followed by a referendum in June 2016 , which resulted in the British electorate voting to withdraw from the European Union by 52 % to 48 % and led to the resignation of Cameron as Prime Minister . The new Prime Minister , Theresa May , called in April 2017 for a snap general election with the stated aim of securing a majority for Brexit negotiations ; it received parliamentary approval the following day , and was arranged for Thursday 8 June 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Election process 2 Date of the election 2.1 Timetable 3 MPs not standing for re-election 4 Contesting political parties and candidates 4.1 Overview 4.2 Great Britain - based 4.2. 1 Minor parties 4.3 Northern Ireland 4.4 Pacts and possible coalitions 4.5 Candidates 5 Campaign 5.1 Possibility of a hung Parliament 5.2 Government finance 6 Television debates 7 Endorsements 8 Opinion polling 8.1 Predictions one month before the vote 8.2 Final predictions before the vote 8.3 Exit poll 8.4 Opinion polling inaccuracies and scrutiny 9 Results 9.1 Geographic voting distribution 9.2 Outcome 9.3 Voter demographics 9.4 Gender 9.5 Seats which changed allegiance 9.6 General election records broken in 2015 9.6. 1 Youngest elected MP 9.6. 2 Largest swing 9.6. 3 Lowest winning vote share 10 Aftermath 10.1 Resignations 10.2 Financial markets 10.3 Electoral reform 10.4 Daily Telegraph investigation of abuse of Wikipedia 10.5 Telegraph Media Group fined 10.6 Election petition 10.7 Party election spending investigation 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 External links 14.1 Polls and forecasts 14.2 Constitutional issues 14.3 News sites 14.4 Manifestos 14.5 Boundary Commissions 14.6 Results Election process ( edit ) See also : Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 The Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 ( as amended by the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 ) led to the dissolution of the 55th Parliament on 30 March 2015 and the scheduling of the election on 7 May , the House of Commons not having voted for an earlier date . There were local elections on the same day in most of England , with the exception of Greater London . No other elections were scheduled to take place in Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland , apart from any local by - elections . All British , Irish and Commonwealth citizens over the age of 18 on the date of the election were permitted to vote . In general elections , voting takes place in all parliamentary constituencies of the United Kingdom to elect members of parliament ( MPs ) to seats in the House of Commons , the dominant ( historically termed the lower ) house of Parliament . Each parliamentary constituency of the United Kingdom elects one MP to the House of Commons using the `` first - past - the - post '' system . If one party obtains a majority of seats , then that party is entitled to form the Government . If the election results in no single party having a majority , then there is a hung parliament . In this case , the options for forming the Government are either a minority government or a coalition government . Although the Conservative Party planned the number of parliamentary seats to be reduced from 650 to 600 , through the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies under the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 , the review of constituencies and reduction in seats was delayed by the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 amending the 2011 Act . The next boundary review is now set to take place in 2018 ; thus , the 2015 general election was contested using the same constituencies and boundaries as in 2010 . Of the 650 constituencies , 533 were in England , 59 in Scotland , 40 in Wales and 18 in Northern Ireland . In addition , the 2011 Act mandated a referendum in 2011 on changing from the current `` first - past - the - post '' system to an alternative vote ( instant - runoff ) system for elections to the Commons . The Conservative -- Liberal Democrat coalition agreement committed the coalition government to such a referendum . The referendum was held in May 2011 and resulted in the retention of the existing voting system . Before the previous general election the Liberal Democrats had pledged to change the voting system , and the Labour Party pledged to have a referendum about any such change . The Conservatives , however , promised to keep the first - past - the - post system , but to reduce the number of constituencies by 10 % . Liberal Democrat plans were to reduce the number of MPs to 500 , and for them to be elected using a proportional system . Ministers increased the amount of money that parties and candidates were allowed to spend on the election by 23 % , a move decided against Electoral Commission advice . The election saw the first cap on spending by parties in individual constituencies during the 100 days before Parliament 's dissolution on 30 March : £ 30,700 , plus a per - voter allowance of 9p in county constituencies and 6p in borough seats . An additional voter allowance of more than £ 8,700 is available after the dissolution of Parliament . UK political parties spent £ 31.1 m in the 2010 general election , of which the Conservative Party spent 53 % , the Labour Party spent 25 % and the Liberal Democrats 15 % . This was the first UK general election to use individual rather than household voter registration . Date of the election ( edit ) A church used as a polling station in Bath on 7 May 2015 See also : Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 An election is called following the dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The 2015 general election was the first to be held under the provisions of the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 . Prior to this , the power to dissolve Parliament was a royal prerogative , exercised by the sovereign on the advice of the prime minister . Under the provisions of the Septennial Act 1716 , as amended by the Parliament Act 1911 , an election had to be announced on or before the fifth anniversary of the beginning of the previous parliament , barring exceptional circumstances . No sovereign had refused a request for dissolution since the beginning of the 20th century , and the practice had evolved that a prime minister would typically call a general election to be held at a tactically convenient time within the final two years of a Parliament 's lifespan , to maximise the chance of an electoral victory for his or her party . Prior to the 2010 general election , the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats pledged to introduce fixed - term elections . As part of the Conservative -- Liberal Democrat coalition agreement , the Cameron ministry agreed to support legislation for fixed - term Parliaments , with the date of the next general election being 7 May 2015 . This resulted in the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , which removed the prime minister 's power to advise the monarch to call an early election . The Act only permits an early dissolution if Parliament votes for one by a two - thirds supermajority , or if a vote of no confidence is passed by a majority and no new government is subsequently formed within 14 days . However , the prime minister had the power , by order made by Statutory Instrument under section 1 ( 5 ) of the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , to fix the polling day to be up to two months later than 7 May 2015 . Such a Statutory Instrument must be approved by each House of Parliament . Under section 14 of the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 , the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 was amended to extend the period between the dissolution of Parliament and the following general election polling day from 17 to 25 working days . This had the effect of moving forward the date of the dissolution of the Parliament to 30 March 2015 . Timetable ( edit ) The key dates were : Monday 30 March Dissolution of Parliament ( the 55th ) and campaigning officially began Saturday 2 May Last day to file nomination papers , to register to vote , and to request a postal vote Thursday 7 May Polling day Monday 18 May New Parliament ( the 56th ) assembled Wednesday 27 May State Opening of Parliament MPs not standing for re-election ( edit ) Main article : List of MPs who stood down at the United Kingdom general election , 2015 While at the previous election there had been a record 148 MPs not standing for re-election , the 2015 election saw 90 MPs standing down . These comprised 38 Conservative , 37 Labour , 10 Liberal Democrat , 3 Independent , 1 Sinn Féin and 1 Plaid Cymru MP . The highest - profile members of parliament leaving were : Gordon Brown , a former Prime Minister , Leader of the Labour Party ( both 2007 -- 2010 ) and Chancellor of the Exchequer ( 1997 -- 2007 ) ; and William Hague , the outgoing First Secretary of State and Leader of the House of Commons and former Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( 2010 -- 2014 ) , Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition ( both 1997 -- 2001 ) . Alongside Brown and Hague , 17 former cabinet ministers stood down at the election , including Stephen Dorrell , Jack Straw , Alistair Darling , David Blunkett , Sir Malcolm Rifkind and Dame Tessa Jowell . The highest profile Liberal Democrat to stand down was former leader Sir Menzies Campbell , while the longest - serving MP ( the `` Father of the House '' ) Sir Peter Tapsell also retired , having served from 1959 to 1964 and then continuously since the 1966 general election . Contesting political parties and candidates ( edit ) A sign in Woking showing opening hours of polling stations , including the advice that people queueing outside polling stations at 10.00 pm `` will be entitled to apply for a ballot paper '' Overview ( edit ) Main article : List of parties contesting the United Kingdom general election , 2015 As of 9 April 2015 , the deadline for standing for the general election , the Electoral Commission 's Register of Political Parties included 428 political parties registered in Great Britain , and 36 in Northern Ireland . Candidates who did not belong to a registered party could use an `` independent '' label , or no label at all . The Conservative Party and the Labour Party had been the two biggest parties since 1922 , and had supplied all UK prime ministers since 1935 . Polls predicted that these parties would together receive between 65 % and 75 % of votes , and would together win between 80 % and 85 % of seats ; and that , as such , the leader of one of those parties would be the prime minister after the election . The Liberal Democrats had been the third party in the UK for many years ; but as described by various commentators , other parties had risen relative to the Liberal Democrats since the 2010 election . The Economist described a `` familiar two - and - a-half - party system '' ( Conservatives , Labour , and the Liberal Democrats ) that `` appears to be breaking down '' with the rise of the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) , the Greens and the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) . Newsnight and The Economist described the country as moving into a six - party system , with the Liberal Democrats , SNP , UKIP and Greens all being significant . Ofcom , in their role regulating election coverage in the UK , ruled that , for the general election and local elections in May 2015 , the major parties in Great Britain were the Conservatives , Labour and Liberal Democrats , with UKIP a major party in England and Wales , the SNP a major party in Scotland , and Plaid Cymru ( PC ) in Wales , and that the Greens were not a major party . The BBC 's guidelines were similar but excluded UKIP from the category of `` larger parties '' in Great Britain , and instead stated that UKIP should be given `` appropriate levels of coverage in output to which the largest parties contribute and , on some occasions , similar levels of coverage '' . Seven parties ( Conservative , Labour , Liberal Democrat , UKIP , SNP , PC and Green ) participated in the election leadership debates . Great Britain - based ( edit ) The Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron stood for a second - term in office . Ed Miliband was leader of the opposition and leader of the Labour Party after winning a leadership election against his brother David Miliband . Nick Clegg and the Liberal Democrats showed a great fall in the polls after entering a coalition government with the Conservatives . UK Independence Party leader Nigel Farage stood in the South Thanet constituency . Nicola Sturgeon is the fifth First Minister of Scotland and the leader of the Scottish National Party , in office since 2014 . She is the first woman to hold either position . Natalie Bennett , leader of the Green Party of England and Wales . She contested in Holborn and St Pancras . The main Great Britain - based parties -- several parties operate in Northern Ireland only , which has a mainly separate political culture -- are listed below in order of seats being contested : Conservative Party : led by David Cameron , the prime minister . The Conservative Party was the larger party in the coalition government , having won the most seats ( 306 ) at the 2010 election . The party stood in 647 seats ( every seat except for two in Northern Ireland and the Speaker 's seat ) . Labour Party : led by Ed Miliband , the leader of the opposition . Labour had been in power from 1997 to 2010 . The party constituted Her Majesty 's Most Loyal Opposition ( also called the Official Opposition ) after the 2010 election , having won 258 seats . It stood in 631 of Great Britain 's 632 constituencies , missing only the Speaker 's seat . Liberal Democrats : led by Nick Clegg , the deputy prime minister . The Liberal Democrats were the junior member of the 2010 -- 15 coalition government , having won 57 seats . They contested the same 631 seats as the Labour Party . UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) : led by Nigel Farage , a Member of the European Parliament , who had not previously been in parliament but was standing in South Thanet in the general election . UKIP won the fourth-most votes at the 2010 election , but failed to win any seats . It subsequently won two seats at by - elections in 2014 - both having been sitting Conservative MPs who resigned from the party , stood down voluntarily from their seat to fight a by - election , and won it for their new party - and won the highest share of votes at the 2014 European elections . It contested 624 seats across the United Kingdom . Green parties : two distinct but co-operating Green parties operate in Great Britain : the Green Party of England and Wales ( GPEW ) and the Scottish Green Party , with opinion polling generally making no distinction between the two . The Green Party of England and Wales is led by Natalie Bennett , who had not previously been elected to Westminster , but stood in Holborn and St Pancras at the general election . The GPEW won the fourth - largest share of votes in the 2014 European elections , ahead of the Liberal Democrats . The Scottish Green Party is co-led by Patrick Harvie MSP and councillor Maggie Chapman , neither of whom were standing for election to Westminster . Caroline Lucas was elected as the only Green MP in 2010 , in which the two parties received a combined 1 % of the vote and were seventh overall . The Greens stood in 568 seats in Great Britain . Scottish National Party ( SNP ) : led by Nicola Sturgeon , who is First Minister of Scotland and did not stand in the general election . The SNP only contested seats in Scotland and stood in all 59 Scottish constituencies . The party received the second-most votes in Scotland and sixth-most overall in 2010 , winning six seats . It won the 2011 election to the Scottish Parliament and had a surge of support since the Scottish independence referendum in September 2014 , in which it was the main political party behind the losing Yes campaign . Most projections suggested that it would be the third - largest party overall after the 2015 election , in terms of seats won , overtaking the Liberal Democrats . Plaid Cymru : led by Leanne Wood , who is a member of the Welsh Assembly and did not stand in the general election . Plaid Cymru organises only in Wales , where it contested all 40 Welsh constituencies . The party has three MPs and was fourth in Wales ( eighth in Great Britain ) by vote share in 2010 , later finishing third in the 2011 Welsh Assembly elections . Minor parties ( edit ) Dozens of other minor parties stood in Great Britain . The Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition , founded as an electoral alliance of socialist parties in 2010 , had 135 candidates and was the only other party to have more than 40 candidates . Respect came into the election with one MP ( George Galloway ) , who was elected at the 2012 Bradford West by - election , but stood just four candidates . The British National Party , which finished fifth with 1.9 % of the vote for its 338 candidates at the 2010 general election , stood only eight candidates following a collapse in support . 753 other candidates stood at the general election , including all independents , Northern Ireland - based party candidates , and candidates from other parties . Northern Ireland ( edit ) See also : List of political parties in Northern Ireland The main parties in Northern Ireland ( which had 18 constituencies ) described by Ofcom , the BBC and others , in alphabetical order , were : Alliance Party of Northern Ireland : the Alliance Party had one MP , Naomi Long , who had been elected for the first time in 2010 . ( Long lost her seat in 2015 . ) It was fifth in the 2010 election by vote share , fifth overall in 2011 and sixth in 2014 . Alliance has a relationship with the Liberal Democrats in Great Britain : the party 's former leader sits in the House of Lords as a Liberal Democrat , but Alliance 's one MP elected in 2010 sat on the opposition benches in the Commons and not with the Liberal Democrats on the government benches . The party contested all 18 Northern Irish constituencies in 2015 . Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) : the DUP won eight seats in 2010 , making it the largest Northern Ireland political party , and the fourth biggest in the UK as a whole . The party also won the 2011 Northern Ireland Assembly election , but was second in the 2014 European election . It contested 16 Northern Irish constituencies , having entered into an electoral pact with the Ulster Unionist Party in the remaining two . Sinn Féin : Sinn Féin won the most votes in Northern Ireland in 2010 , but came second in seats , winning five constituencies . It was second in the 2011 Assembly elections , but first in the 2014 European elections . Sinn Féin follows an abstentionist policy with respect to the Commons , and has never so far taken its seats there . The party also operates in the Republic of Ireland , where it does take seats in parliament . It was standing in all 18 Northern Irish constituencies . Michelle Gildernew lost her seat in 2015 , which she had held by only 4 votes in 2010 , thus reducing the SF MPs from 5 to 4 . Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) : the SDLP was third in terms of votes and seats in the 2010 and 2011 elections , and fourth in the 2014 European elections . Prior to dissolution , the party had three MPs . The SDLP has a relationship with the Labour Party in Great Britain , with SDLP MPs generally following the Labour whip . The party was expected to have supported Labour in the event of a hung Parliament and contested all 18 constituencies at the election . Ulster Unionist Party ( UUP ) : in 2010 the UUP shared an electoral alliance with the Conservative Party , and finished fourth in terms of votes in Northern Ireland , but won no seats . The party has one MEP , having placed third in the 2014 European elections . It was fourth in the 2011 Assembly elections . The UUP contested 15 seats ; the party did not run in two seats because of its electoral pact with the DUP , and also did not nominate a candidate against former UUP member and incumbent independent MP Sylvia Hermon . Smaller parties in Northern Ireland included Traditional Unionist Voice ( standing in seven seats ) and the Green Party in Northern Ireland ( standing in five seats ) . In 2015 TUV and the Greens each held one seat in the Legislative Assembly . The North Down seat was retained by independent Sylvia Hermon . The Northern Ireland Conservatives and UKIP fielded candidates , whereas Labour and the Liberal Democrats do not contest elections in Northern Ireland . Pacts and possible coalitions ( edit ) Coalitions have been rare in the United Kingdom , because the first - past - the - post system has usually led to one party winning an overall majority in the Commons . However , with the outgoing Government being a coalition and with opinion polls not showing a large or consistent lead for any one party , there was much discussion about possible post-election coalitions or other arrangements , such as confidence and supply agreements . Some UK political parties that only stand in part of the country have reciprocal relationships with parties standing in other parts of the country . These include : Labour ( in Great Britain ) and SDLP ( in Northern Ireland ) Liberal Democrats ( in Great Britain ) and Alliance ( in Northern Ireland ) SNP ( in Scotland ) and Plaid Cymru ( in Wales ) Plaid Cymru also recommended supporters in England to vote Green , while the SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon said she would vote for Plaid Cymru were she in Wales , and Green were she in England . Green Party of England and Wales ( in England and Wales ) , Scottish Greens ( in Scotland ) and the Green Party in Northern Ireland ( in Northern Ireland ) On 17 March 2015 the Democratic Unionist Party and the Ulster Unionist Party agreed an election pact , whereby the DUP would not stand candidates in Fermanagh and South Tyrone ( where Michelle Gildernew , the Sinn Féin candidate , won by only four votes in 2010 ) and in Newry and Armagh . In return the UUP would stand aside in Belfast East and Belfast North . The SDLP rejected a similar pact suggested by Sinn Féin to try to ensure that an agreed nationalist would win that constituency . The DUP also called on voters in Scotland to support whichever pro-Union candidate was best placed to beat the SNP . Candidates ( edit ) Main article : Candidates standing in the United Kingdom general election , 2015 The deadline for parties and individuals to file candidate nomination papers to the acting returning officer ( and the deadline for candidates to withdraw ) was 4 p.m. on 9 April 2015 . The total number of candidates was 3,971 ; the second - highest number in history , slightly down from the record 4,150 candidates at the last election in 2010 . There were a record number of female candidates standing in terms of both absolute numbers and percentage of candidates : 1,020 ( 26.1 % ) in 2015 , up from 854 ( 21.1 % ) in 2010 . The proportion of female candidates for major parties ranged from 41 % of Alliance Party candidates to 12 % of UKIP candidates . According to UCL 's Parliamentary Candidates UK project the major parties had the following percentages of black and ethnic minority candidates : the Conservatives 11 % , the Liberal Democrats 10 % , Labour 9 % , UKIP 6 % , the Greens 4 % . The average age of the candidates for the seven major parties was 45 . The youngest candidates were all aged 18 : Solomon Curtis ( Labour , Wealden ) ; Niamh McCarthy ( Independent , Liverpool Wavertree ) ; Michael Burrows ( UKIP , Inverclyde ) ; Declan Lloyd ( Labour , South East Cornwall ) ; and Laura - Jane Rossington ( Communist Party , Plymouth Sutton and Devonport ) . The oldest candidate was Doris Osen , 84 , of the Elderly Persons ' Independent Party ( EPIC ) , who was standing in Ilford North . Other candidates aged over 80 included three long - serving Labour MPs standing for re-election : Sir Gerald Kaufman ( aged 84 ; Manchester Gorton ) , Dennis Skinner ( aged 83 ; Bolsover ) and David Winnick ( aged 81 ; Walsall North ) . A number of candidates -- including two for Labour and two for UKIP -- were suspended from their respective parties after nominations were closed . Independent candidate Ronnie Carroll died after nominations were closed . Campaign ( edit ) Possibility of a hung Parliament ( edit ) Hung Parliaments have been unusual in post-War British political history , but with the outgoing Government a coalition and opinion polls not showing a large or consistent lead for any one party , it was widely expected and predicted throughout the election campaign that no party would gain an overall majority , which could have led to a new coalition or other arrangements such as confidence and supply agreements . This was also associated with a rise in multi-party politics , with increased support for UKIP , the SNP and the Greens . The question of what the different parties would do in the event of a hung result dominated much of the campaign . Smaller parties focused on the power this would bring them in negotiations ; Labour and the Conservatives both insisted that they were working towards winning a majority government , while they were also reported to be preparing for the possibility of a second election in the year . In practice , Labour were prepared to make a `` broad '' offer to the Liberal Democrats in the event of a hung Parliament . Most predictions saw Labour as having more potential support in Parliament than the Conservatives , with several parties , notably the SNP , having committed to keeping out a Conservative government . Conservative campaigning sought to highlight what they described as the dangers of a minority Labour administration supported by the SNP . This proved effective at dominating the agenda of the campaign and at motivating voters to support them . The Conservative victory was `` widely put down to the success of the anti-Labour / SNP warnings '' , according to a BBC article and others . Labour , in reaction , produced ever stronger denials that they would co-operate with the SNP after the election . The Labour , Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties rejected the idea of a coalition with the SNP . This was particularly notable for Labour , to whom the SNP had previously offered support : their manifesto stated that `` the SNP will never put the Tories into power . Instead , if there is an anti-Tory majority after the election , we will offer to work with other parties to keep the Tories out . '' SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon later confirmed in the Scottish leaders ' debate on STV that she was prepared to `` help make Ed Miliband prime minister . '' However , on 26 April , Miliband ruled out a confidence and supply arrangement with the SNP too . Miliband 's comments suggested to many that he was working towards forming a minority government . The Liberal Democrats said that they would talk first to whichever party won the most seats . They later campaigned on being a stabilising influence should either the Conservatives or Labour fall short of a majority , with the slogan `` We will bring a heart to a Conservative Government and a brain to a Labour one . '' Both Labour and the Liberal Democrats ruled out coalitions with UKIP . Ruth Davidson , leader of the Scottish Conservatives , asked about a deal with UKIP in the Scottish leaders ' debate , replied , `` No deals with UKIP . '' She continued that her preference and the Prime Minister 's preference in a hung Parliament was for a minority Conservative government . UKIP say they could support a minority Conservative government through a confidence and supply arrangement in return for a referendum on EU membership before Christmas 2015 . They also spoke of the DUP joining UKIP in this arrangement . UKIP and DUP said they would work together in Parliament . The DUP welcomed the possibility of a hung Parliament and the influence that this would bring them . The party 's deputy leader , Nigel Dodds , said the party could work with the Conservatives or Labour , but that the party is `` not interested in a full - blown coalition government '' . Their leader , Peter Robinson , said that the DUP would talk first to whichever party wins the most seats . The DUP said they wanted , for their support , a commitment to 2 % defence spending , a referendum on EU membership , and a reversal of the under - occupation penalty . They opposed the SNP being involved in government . The UUP also indicated that they would not work with the SNP if it wanted another independence referendum in Scotland . The Green Party of England & Wales , Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party all ruled out working with the Conservatives , and agreed to work together `` wherever possible '' to counter austerity . Each would also make it a condition of any agreement with Labour that Trident nuclear weapons was not replaced ; the Green Party of England and Wales stated that `` austerity is a red line . '' Both Plaid Cymru and the Green Party stated a preference for a confidence and supply arrangement with Labour , rather than a coalition . The leader of the SDLP , Alasdair McDonnell , said , `` We will be the left - of - centre backbone of a Labour administration '' , and that , `` the SDLP will categorically refuse to support David Cameron and the Conservative Party '' . Sinn Féin reiterated their abstentionist stance . In the event , the Conservatives did secure an overall majority , rendering much of the speculation and positioning moot . Government Finance ( edit ) The deficit , who was responsible for it and plans to deal with it were a major theme of the campaign . While some smaller parties opposed austerity , the Conservatives , Labour , Liberal Democrats and UKIP all supported some further cuts , albeit to different extents . Conservative campaigning sought to blame the deficit on the previous Labour government . Labour , in return , sought to establish their fiscal responsibility . With the Conservatives also making several spending commitments ( e.g. on the NHS ) , commentators talked of the two main parties ' `` political crossdressing '' , each trying to campaign on the other 's traditional territory . Television debates ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom general election debates , 2015 The first series of televised leaders ' debates in the United Kingdom was held in the previous election . After much debate and various proposals , a seven - way debate with the leaders of Labour , the Conservatives , Liberal Democrats , UKIP , Greens , SNP and Plaid Cymru was held . with a series of other debates involving some of the parties . The campaign was notable for the absence of party posters on roadside hoardings . It was suggested that 2015 saw `` the death of the campaign poster '' . Endorsements ( edit ) Main article : Endorsements in the United Kingdom general election , 2015 Various newspapers , organisations and individuals endorsed parties or individual candidates for the election . Opinion polling ( edit ) Main articles : Opinion polling for the 2015 United Kingdom general election and Opinion polling in United Kingdom constituencies , 2010 -- 15 Conservative Labour Liberal Democrats UKIP Greens Throughout the 55th parliament of the United Kingdom , first and second place in the polls without exception alternated between the Conservatives and Labour . Labour took a lead in the polls in the second half of 2010 , driven in part by a collapse in Liberal Democrat support . This lead rose up to approximately 10 points over the Conservative Party during 2012 , whose ratings dipped alongside an increase in UKIP support . UKIP passed the Liberal Democrats as the third-most popular party at the start of 2013 . Following this , Labour 's lead over the Conservatives began to fall as UKIP gained support from them as well , and by the end of the year Labour were polling at 39 % , compared to 33 % for the Conservative Party and 11 % for UKIP . UKIP received 26.6 % of the vote at the European elections in 2014 , and though their support in the polls for Westminster never reached this level , it did rise up to over 15 % through that year . 2014 was also marked by the Scottish independence referendum . Despite the ' No ' vote winning , support for the Scottish National Party rose quickly after the referendum , and had reached 43 % in Scotland by the end of the year , up 23 points from the 2010 general election , largely at the expense of Labour ( − 16 points in Scotland ) and the Liberal Democrats ( − 13 points ) . In Wales , where polls were less frequent , the 2012 -- 2014 period saw a smaller decline in Labour 's lead over the second - placed Conservative Party , from 28 points to 17 . These votes went mainly to UKIP ( + 8 points ) and Plaid Cymru ( + 2 points ) . The rise of UKIP and SNP , alongside the smaller increases for Plaid Cymru and the Green Party ( from around 2 % to 6 % ) saw the combined support of the Conservative and Labour party fall to a record low of around 65 % . Within this the decline came predominantly from Labour , whose lead fell to under 2 points by the end of 2014 . Meanwhile , the Liberal Democrat vote , which had held at about 10 % since late 2010 , declined further to about 8 % . Early 2015 saw the Labour lead continue to fall , disappearing by the start of March . Polling during the election campaign itself remained relatively static , with the Labour and Conservative parties both polling between 33 -- 34 % and neither able to establish a consistent lead . Support for the Green Party and UKIP showed slight drops of around 1 -- 2 points each , while Liberal Democrat support rose up to around 9 % . In Scotland , support for the SNP continued to grow with polling figures in late March reaching 54 % , with the Labour vote continuing to decline accordingly , while Labour retained their ( reduced ) lead in Wales , polling at 39 % by the end of the campaign , to 26 % for the Conservatives , 13 % for Plaid Cymru , 12 % for UKIP and 6 % for the Liberal Democrats . The final polls showed a mixture of Conservative leads , Labour leads and ties with both between 31 -- 36 % , UKIP on 11 -- 16 % , the Lib Dems on 8 -- 10 % , the Greens on 4 -- 6 % , and the SNP on 4 -- 5 % of the national vote . In addition to the national polls , Lord Ashcroft funded from May 2014 a series of polls in marginal constituencies , and constituencies where minor parties were expected to be significant challengers . Among other results , Lord Ashcroft 's polls suggested that the growth in SNP support would translate into more than 50 seats ; that there was little overall pattern in Labour and Conservative Party marginals ; that the Green Party MP Caroline Lucas would retain her seat ; that both Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg and UKIP leader Nigel Farage would face very close races to be elected in their own constituencies ; and that Liberal Democrat MPs would enjoy an incumbency effect that would lose fewer MPs than their national polling implied . As with other smaller parties , their proportion of MPs remained likely to be considerably lower than that of total , national votes cast . Several polling companies included Ashcroft 's polls in their election predictions , though several of the political parties disputed his findings . Predictions one month before the vote ( edit ) The first - past - the - post system used in UK general elections means that the number of seats won is not closely related to vote share . Thus , several approaches were used to convert polling data and other information into seat predictions . The table below lists some of the predictions . ElectionForecast was used by Newsnight and FiveThirtyEight . May2015.com is a project run by the New Statesman magazine . Seat predictions draw from nationwide polling , polling in the constituent nations of Britain and may additionally incorporate constituency level polling , particularly the Ashcroft polls . Approaches may or may not use uniform national swing ( UNS ) . Approaches may just use current polling , i.e. a `` nowcast '' ( e.g. Electoral Calculus , May2015.com and The Guardian ) , or add in a predictive element about how polling shifts based on historical data ( e.g. ElectionForecast and Elections Etc . ) . An alternative approach is to use the wisdom of the crowd and base a prediction on betting activity : the Sporting Index column below covers bets on the number of seats each party will win with the midpoint between asking and selling price , while FirstPastThePost.net aggregates the betting predictions in each individual constituency . Some predictions cover Northern Ireland , with its distinct political culture , while others do not . Parties are sorted by current number of seats in the House of Commons : Party ElectionForecast ( Newsnight Index ) as of 9 April 2015 Electoral Calculus as of 12 April 2015 Elections Etc as of 3 April 2015 The Guardian as of 12 April 2015 May2015.com as of 12 April 2015 Sporting Index as of 12 April 2015 First Past the Post as of 12 April 2015 Conservatives 284 278 289 281 271 267 283 Labour 274 284 266 271 277 272 279 Liberal Democrats 28 17 22 29 26 25 28 DUP 8 Included under Other GB forecast only Included under Other Included under Other No market 8.7 SNP 41 48 49 50 54 42 38 UKIP 5 6 7 SDLP Included under Other GB forecast only Included under Other Included under Other No market 2.7 Plaid Cymru 3.3 Greens 1.25 Other 8 18 ( including 18 NI seats ) GB forecast only , but above may not sum to 632 due to rounding 18 ( including 18 NI seats ) 19 ( including 18 NI seats & Respect 1 ) No market Respect 0.5 UUP 0.9 Speaker 1 Sinn Féin 4.5 Independent Unionist 1 Overall result ( probability ) Hung parliament ( 93 % ) Hung parliament ( 60 % ) Hung parliament ( 80 % ) Hung parliament Hung parliament Hung parliament Hung parliament Other predictions were published . An election forecasting conference on 27 March 2015 yielded 11 forecasts of the result in Great Britain ( including some included in the table above ) . Averaging the conference predictions gives Labour 283 seats , Conservatives 279 , Liberal Democrats 23 , UKIP 3 , SNP 41 , Plaid Cymru 3 and Greens 1 . In that situation , no two parties ( excluding a Lab - Con coalition ) would have been able to form a majority without the support of a third . On 27 April , Rory Scott of the bookmaker Paddy Power predicted Conservatives 284 , Labour 272 , SNP 50 , UKIP 3 , and Greens 1 . LucidTalk for the Belfast Telegraph predicted for Northern Ireland : DUP 9 , Sinn Féin 5 , SDLP 3 , Sylvia Hermon 1 , with the only seat change being the DUP gaining Belfast East from Alliance . Final predictions before the vote ( edit ) Percentage shares of votes , as predicted in the first week of May : Party BMG TNS - BNRB Opinium ICM YouGov Ipsos MORI Ashcroft Comres Panelbase Populus Survation Average Conservative 33.7 33 35 34 34 36 33 35 31 33 31.4 33.6 Labour 33.7 32 34 35 34 35 33 34 33 33 31.4 33.5 UKIP 12 14 12 11 12 11 11 12 16 14 15.7 12.7 Liberal Democrats 10 8 8 9 10 8 10 9 8 10 9.6 10.0 Green 6 6 5 6 5 5 4.8 4.5 SNP 5 5 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.6 Other 2.6 0.5 1.9 1.8 Lead Tie Con + 1 Con + 1 Lab + 1 Tie Con + 1 Tie Con + 1 Lab + 2 Tie Tie Tie Includes Plaid Cymru Seats predicted on 7 May : Party ElectionForecast ( Newsnight Index ) Electoral Calculus Elections Etc The Guardian May2015.com Sporting Index First Past the Post Mean Conservatives 278 280 285 273 273 286 279 279.1 Labour 267 274 262 273 268 269 270 269.0 SNP 53 52 53 52 56 46 49 51.6 Liberal Democrats 27 21 25 27 28 26.5 25 25.6 DUP 8 Included under Other GB forecast only Included under Other Included under Other No market 8.7 UKIP 3.3 2.5 SDLP Included under Other GB forecast only Included under Other Included under Other No market 2.7 Plaid Cymru 3.35 3.1 3.2 Greens 1.15 0.7 1.0 Other Sinn Féin 5 UUP 1 Sylvia Hermon 1 Speaker 1 18 ( including 18 NI seats ) 1 , although its GB forecast only , 18 NI seats 18 ( including 18 NI seats ) 19 ( including 18 NI seats & Respect 1 ) No market Sinn Féin 4.7 Hermon 1 Speaker 1 UUP 1 Respect 0.6 Overall result ( probability ) Hung parliament ( 100 % ) Hung parliament ( 92 % ) Hung parliament ( 91 % ) Hung parliament Hung parliament Hung parliament Hung parliament Hung parliament Exit poll ( edit ) A surprising exit poll , collected by Ipsos MORI and GfK on behalf of the BBC , ITN and Sky News , was published at 10 pm at the end of voting : <Th_colspan="2"> Parties Seats Conservative Party 316 Labour Party 239 Scottish National Party 58 Liberal Democrats 10 UK Independence Party Green Party Others 23 <Th_colspan="3"> Conservatives 10 short of majority This predicted the Conservatives to be 10 seats short of an absolute majority , although with the 5 predicted Sinn Féin MPs not taking their seats , it was likely to be enough to govern . ( In the event , Michelle Gildernew lost her seat , reducing the number of Sinn Féin MPs to 4 . ) The exit poll was markedly different from the pre-election opinion polls , which had been fairly consistent ; this led many pundits and MPs to speculate that the exit poll was inaccurate , and that the final result would have the two main parties closer to each other . Former Liberal Democrat leader Paddy Ashdown vowed to `` eat his hat '' and former Labour `` spin doctor '' Alastair Campbell promised to `` eat his kilt '' if the exit poll , which predicted huge losses for their respective parties , was right . As it turned out , the results were even more favourable to the Conservatives than the poll predicted , with the Conservatives obtaining 330 seats , an absolute majority . Ashdown and Campbell were presented with hat - and kilt - shaped cakes ( labelled `` eat me '' ) on BBC Question Time on 8 May . Opinion polling inaccuracies and scrutiny ( edit ) Polling results for the 2015 UK General Election , compared to the actual result With the eventual outcome in terms of both votes and seats varying substantially from the bulk of opinion polls released in the final months before the election , the polling industry received criticism for their inability to predict what was a surprisingly clear Conservative victory . Several theories have been put forward to explain the inaccuracy of the pollsters . One theory was that there had simply been a very late swing to the Conservatives , with the polling company Survation claiming that 13 % of voters made up their minds in the final days and 17 % on the day of the election . The company also claimed that a poll they carried out a day before the election gave the Conservatives 37 % and Labour 31 % , though they said they did not release the poll ( commissioned by the Daily Mirror ) on the concern that it was too much of an outlier with other poll results . However , it was reported that pollsters had in fact picked up a late swing to Labour immediately prior to polling day , not the Conservatives . It was reported after the election that private pollsters working for the two largest parties actually gathered more accurate results , with Labour 's pollster James Morris claiming that the issue was largely to do with surveying technique . Morris claimed that telephone polls that immediately asked for voting intentions tended to get a high `` Do n't know '' or anti-government reaction , whereas longer telephone conversations conducted by private polls that collected other information such as views on the leaders ' performances placed voters in a much better mode to give their true voting intentions . Another theory was the issue of ' shy Tories ' not wanting to openly declare their intention to vote Conservative to pollsters . A final theory , put forward after the election , was the ' Lazy Labour ' factor , which claimed that Labour voters tend to not vote on polling day whereas Conservative voters have a much higher turnout . The British Polling Council announced an inquiry into the substantial variance between the opinion polls and the actual election result . The inquiry published preliminary findings in January 2016 , concluding that `` the ways in which polling samples are constructed was the primary cause of the polling miss '' . Their final report was published in March 2016 . The British Election Study team have suggested that weighting error appears to be the cause . Results ( edit ) Votes , of total , by party Conservative ( 36.8 % ) Labour ( 30.4 % ) UKIP ( 12.6 % ) Liberal Democrats ( 7.9 % ) SNP ( 4.7 % ) Green ( 3.8 % ) DUP ( 0.6 % ) Plaid Cymru ( 0.6 % ) Sinn Féin ( 0.6 % ) UUP ( 0.4 % ) SDLP ( 0.3 % ) Other ( 1.3 % ) MPs , of total , by party Conservative ( 50.8 % ) Labour ( 35.7 % ) SNP ( 8.6 % ) Liberal Democrats ( 1.2 % ) DUP ( 1.2 % ) Sinn Féin ( 0.6 % ) Plaid Cymru ( 0.5 % ) Social Democratic & Labour Party ( 0.5 % ) UUP ( 0.3 % ) Green ( 0.2 % ) Speaker ( 0.2 % ) Independent Unionist ( 0.2 % ) UKIP ( 0.2 % ) For results by county / region and analysis , see Results breakdown of the United Kingdom general election , 2015 . For results by constituency , see Results of the United Kingdom general election , 2015 by parliamentary constituency . Main article : List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2015 After all 650 constituencies had been declared , the results were : <Th_colspan="2"> Party Leader <Th_colspan="3"> MPs <Th_colspan="3"> Votes Of total Of total Conservative Party David Cameron 330 50.8 % 330 / 650 11,299,609 36.8 % Labour Party Ed Miliband 232 35.7 % 232 / 650 9,347,273 30.4 % Scottish National Party Nicola Sturgeon 56 8.6 % 56 / 650 1,454,436 4.7 % Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg 8 1.2 % 8 / 650 2,415,916 7.9 % Democratic Unionist Party Peter Robinson 8 1.2 % 8 / 650 184,260 0.6 % Sinn Féin Gerry Adams 0.6 % 4 / 650 176,232 0.6 % Plaid Cymru Leanne Wood 0.5 % 3 / 650 181,704 0.6 % Social Democratic & Labour Party Alasdair McDonnell 0.5 % 3 / 650 99,809 0.3 % Ulster Unionist Party Mike Nesbitt 0.3 % 2 / 650 114,935 0.4 % UK Independence Party Nigel Farage 0.2 % 1 / 650 3,881,099 12.6 % Green Party Natalie Bennett 0.2 % 1 / 650 1,157,630 3.8 % Speaker John Bercow 0.2 % 1 / 650 34,617 0.1 % Independent Unionist Sylvia Hermon 0.2 % 1 / 650 17,689 0.06 % ↓ 330 24 8 56 232 Conservative SNP Labour The following table shows final election results as reported by BBC News and The Guardian . e d Summary of the May 2015 House of Commons of the United Kingdom results <Th_colspan="2"> Political party Leader <Th_colspan="6"> MPs <Th_colspan="3"> Votes Candidates Total Gained Lost Net Of total ( % ) Total Of total ( % ) Change ( % ) Conservative David Cameron 647 330 38 10 + 28 50.8 11,299,609 36.9 + 0.8 Labour Ed Miliband 631 232 24 48 − 24 35.7 9,347,273 30.4 + 1.5 UKIP Nigel Farage 624 0 − 1 0.2 3,881,099 12.6 + 9.5 Liberal Democrat Nick Clegg 631 8 0 48 − 48 1.2 2,415,916 7.9 − 15.1 SNP Nicola Sturgeon 59 56 50 0 + 50 8.6 1,454,436 4.7 + 3.1 Green Natalie Bennett England & Wales Patrick Harvie / Maggie Chapman Scotland Steven Agnew Northern Ireland 575 0 0 0 0.2 1,157,630 3.8 + 2.8 DUP Peter Robinson 16 8 0 1.2 184,260 0.6 0.0 Plaid Cymru Leanne Wood 40 0 0 0 0.5 181,704 0.6 0.0 Sinn Féin Gerry Adams 18 0 − 1 0.6 176,232 0.6 0.0 UUP Mike Nesbitt 15 0 + 2 0.3 114,935 0.4 N / A SDLP Alasdair McDonnell 18 0 0 0 0.5 99,809 0.3 0.0 Independent N / A 170 0 − 4 0.2 101,897 0.3 N / A Alliance David Ford 18 0 0 − 1 0 61,556 0.2 + 0.1 TUSC Dave Nellist 128 0 0 0 0 0 36,490 0.1 + 0.1 Speaker John Bercow 0 0 0 0.2 34,617 0.1 0.0 National Health Action Richard Taylor & Clive Peedell 13 0 0 0 0 0 12,999 0.1 0.0 TUV Jim Allister 7 0 0 0 0 0 16,538 0.1 0.0 Respect George Galloway 0 0 − 1 0 9,989 0.0 − 0.1 CISTA Paul Birch 34 0 0 0 0 0 6,566 0.0 New Other parties N / A 0 0 0 0 0 65,537 0.0 N / A People Before Profit Collective 0 0 0 0 0 6,978 0.0 0.0 Yorkshire Party Richard Carter 14 0 0 0 0 0 6,811 0.0 New English Democrat Robin Tilbrook 35 0 0 0 0 0 6,531 0.0 − 0.2 Mebyon Kernow Dick Cole 6 0 0 0 0 0 5,675 0.0 0.0 Lincolnshire Independent Marianne Overton 5 0 0 0 0 0 5,407 0.0 0.0 Liberal Steve Radford 0 0 0 0 0 4,480 0.0 0.0 Monster Raving Loony Alan `` Howling Laud '' Hope 27 0 0 0 0 0 3,898 0.0 0.0 Independent Save Withybush Save Lives Chris Overton 0 0 0 0 0 3,729 0.0 New Socialist Labour Arthur Scargill 8 0 0 0 0 0 3,481 0.0 0.0 Christian Peoples Sidney Cordle 17 0 0 0 0 0 3,260 0.0 0.0 Christian Jeff Green 9 0 0 0 0 0 3,205 0.0 − 0.1 No description N / A 0 0 0 0 0 3,012 0.0 N / A Workers ' Party John Lowry 5 0 0 0 0 0 2,724 0.0 0.0 North East Party Hilton Dawson 0 0 0 0 0 2,138 0.0 0.0 Poole People Mike Howell 0 0 0 0 0 1,766 0.0 New BNP Adam Walker 8 0 0 0 0 0 1,667 0.0 − 1.9 Residents for Uttlesford John Lodge 0 0 0 0 0 1,658 0.0 New Rochdale First Party Farooq Ahmed 0 0 0 0 0 1,535 0.0 New Communist Robert David Griffiths 9 0 0 0 0 0 1,229 0.0 New Pirate Laurence Kaye 6 0 0 0 0 0 1,130 0.0 0.0 National Front Kevin Bryan 7 0 0 0 0 0 1,114 0.0 0.0 Communities United Kamran Malik 5 0 0 0 0 0 1,102 0.0 New Reality Mark `` Bez '' Berry 0 0 0 0 0 1,029 0.0 New The Southport Party David Cobham 0 0 0 0 0 992 0.0 New All People 's Party Prem Goyal 0 0 0 0 0 981 0.0 New Peace John Morris 0 0 0 0 0 957 0.0 New Bournemouth Independent Alliance David Ross 0 0 0 0 0 903 0.0 New Socialist ( GB ) Collective 10 0 0 0 0 0 899 0.0 New Scottish Socialist Executive Committee 0 0 0 0 0 875 0.0 0.0 Alliance for Green Socialism Mike Davies 0 0 0 0 0 852 0.0 0.0 Your Vote Could Save Our Hospital Sandra Allison 0 0 0 0 0 849 0.0 New Wigan Independents Gareth Fairhurst 0 0 0 0 0 768 0.0 New Animal Welfare Vanessa Hudson 0 0 0 0 0 736 0.0 0.0 Something New James Smith 0 0 0 0 0 695 0.0 New Consensus Helen Tyrer 0 0 0 0 0 637 0.0 New National Liberal National Council 0 0 0 0 0 627 0.0 New Independents Against Social Injustice Steve Walmsley 0 0 0 0 0 603 0.0 New Independence from Europe Mike Nattrass 5 0 0 0 0 0 578 0.0 New Whig Waleed Ghani 0 0 0 0 0 561 0.0 New Guildford Greenbelt Group Susan Parker 0 0 0 0 0 538 0.0 New Class War Ian Bone 7 0 0 0 0 0 526 0.0 New Above and Beyond Mark Flanagan 5 0 0 0 0 0 522 0.0 New Northern Mark Dawson 5 0 0 0 0 0 506 0.0 New Workers Revolutionary Sheila Torrance 7 0 0 0 0 0 488 0.0 0.0 Left Unity Kate Hudson 0 0 0 0 0 455 0.0 New Liberty GB Paul Weston 0 0 0 0 0 418 0.0 New People First Collective 0 0 0 0 0 407 0.0 New <Th_colspan="3"> Total 3,921 650 30,697,525 Jump up ^ 66 parties are grouped together as ' other parties ' . None of those parties contested more than 2 constituencies , or gained more than 300 votes Jump up ^ This column shows the change in vote share percentage from the 2010 general election to the 2015 general election . It does not account for by - elections . Jump up ^ BBC News includes the Speaker of the House of Commons , John Bercow , in the MP tally and the vote tally for the Conservatives . See About these results , BBC News ( 30 April 2015 ) . In this table , however , the speaker ( who usually does not vote in the Commons ) is listed separately , and has been removed from the Conservative tally . Jump up ^ The UUP did not run itself in 2010 ; instead , it ran candidates under the Ulster Conservatives and Unionists banner . Jump up ^ Several MPs who were each formally affiliated with a party at the beginning of the 55th Parliament were either suspended or had resigned from their parties by the time Parliament was dissolved and became independents ; see here for details . Jump up ^ BBC News lists the National Health Action Party together with Independent Community and Health Concern ( formerly known as Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern ) , which is affiliated with the larger party , for a total of 20,210 votes . The Guardian lists each party separately . Health Concern received 7,211 of the votes attributed to the National Health Action Party . Jump up ^ 66 parties , none of which contested more than 2 constituencies , each with under 300 votes Jump up ^ The BBC groups together the votes under the Scottish Christian Party ( 1,467 votes ) ; Christian Party ( 1,040 votes ) ; and Christian ( 698 votes ) labels , for a total of 3,205 votes . The Guardian lists these designations separately . Jump up ^ Candidates who do not specify a party or Independent are categorised as No description <Th_colspan="5"> Vote share <Td_colspan="2"> Conservative <Td_colspan="2"> 36.8 % <Td_colspan="2"> Labour <Td_colspan="2"> 30.4 % <Td_colspan="2"> UK Independence <Td_colspan="2"> 12.6 % <Td_colspan="2"> Liberal Democrat <Td_colspan="2"> 7.9 % <Td_colspan="2"> Scottish National <Td_colspan="2"> 4.7 % <Td_colspan="2"> Green <Td_colspan="2"> 3.8 % <Td_colspan="2"> Others <Td_colspan="2"> 3.7 % <Th_colspan="5"> Parliamentary seats <Td_colspan="2"> Conservative <Td_colspan="2"> 50.8 % <Td_colspan="2"> Labour <Td_colspan="2"> 35.7 % <Td_colspan="2"> Scottish National <Td_colspan="2"> 8.6 % <Td_colspan="2"> Liberal Democrat <Td_colspan="2"> 1.2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Democratic Unionist <Td_colspan="2"> 1.2 % <Td_colspan="2"> Others <Td_colspan="2"> 2.4 % Geographic voting distribution ( edit ) One result of the 2015 general election was that a different political party won the popular vote in each of the countries of the United Kingdom . This was reflected in terms of MPs elected : The Conservatives won in England with 319 MPs out of 533 constituencies , the SNP won in Scotland with 56 out of 59 , Labour won in Wales with 25 out of 40 , and the Democratic Unionist Party won in Northern Ireland with 8 out of 18 . Change to 2015 from 2010 Turn out Conservatives Labour UKIP Liberal Democrat Green SNP / Plaid Cymru / Mebyon Kernow / Sinn Féin Outcome ( edit ) Despite most opinion polls predicting that the Conservatives and Labour were neck and neck , the Conservatives secured a surprise victory after having won a clear lead over their rivals and incumbent Prime Minister David Cameron was able to form a majority single - party government with a working majority of 12 ( in practice increased to 15 due to Sinn Féin 's 4 MPs ' abstention ) . Thus the result bore resemblance to 1992 . The Conservatives gained 38 seats while losing 10 , all to Labour , with Employment Minister Esther McVey the most senior Conservative to lose her seat . Cameron became the first Prime Minister since Lord Salisbury in 1900 to increase his popular vote share after a full term , and is sometimes credited as being the only Prime Minister other than Margaret Thatcher ( in 1983 ) to be re-elected with a greater number of seats for his party after a ' full term ' . A map of the results , showing each constituency as a hexagon of equal size , with the black lines showing separations in regions . The Labour Party polled below expectations and won 30.4 % of the vote and 232 seats , 24 fewer than their previous result in 2010 , even though in 222 constituencies there was a Conservative to Labour swing , as against 151 constituencies where there was a Labour to Conservative swing . Their net loss of seats were mainly a result of their resounding defeat in Scotland , where the Scottish National Party took 40 of their 41 seats , unseating key Labour politicians such as shadow Foreign Secretary Douglas Alexander and Scottish Labour leader Jim Murphy . Labour also lost a further nine seats to the Conservatives to record their lowest share of the seats since the 1987 general election . Ed Miliband subsequently tendered his resignation as Labour leader . The Scottish National Party had a stunning election , rising from just 6 seats to 56 -- winning all but 3 of the constituencies in Scotland and securing 50 % of the popular vote in Scotland . They recorded a number of record breaking swings of over 30 % including the new record of 39.3 % in Glasgow North East . They also won the seat of former Prime Minister , Gordon Brown , overturning a majority of 23,009 to win by a majority of 9,974 votes and saw Mhairi Black , then a 20 - year - old student , defeat Labour 's Shadow Foreign Secretary Douglas Alexander with a swing of 26.9 % . The Liberal Democrats , who had been in government as coalition partners , suffered the worst defeat they or the previous Liberal Party had suffered since the 1970 general election . Winning just eight seats , the Liberal Democrats lost their position as the UK 's third party and found themselves tied in fourth place with the Democratic Unionist Party of Northern Ireland in the House of Commons , with Nick Clegg being one of the few MPs from his party to retain his seat . The Liberal Democrats gained no seats , and lost 49 : 27 to the Conservatives , 12 to Labour and 10 to the SNP . The United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) were only able to hold one of their two seats and gain no new ones , despite increasing their vote share to 12.9 % ( which was third in terms of votes . ) Party leader Nigel Farage , having failed to win the constituency of South Thanet , tendered his resignation , though this was rejected by his party 's executive council and he stayed on as leader . In Northern Ireland , the Ulster Unionist Party returned to the Commons with two MPs after a five - year absence , gaining one seat from the Democratic Unionist Party and one from Sinn Féin , while Alliance lost its only Commons seat to the DUP despite an increase in total vote share . Voter demographics ( edit ) Polling after the election suggested the following demographic breakdown : <Th_colspan="10"> The 2015 UK General Election vote in Great Britain Social group Con : Lab : Lib Dem : SNP : Plaid : UKIP : Green : Other / DK : Total vote 37 31 8 5 13 <Th_colspan="9"> Gender Male 37 29 8 5 15 Female 38 33 8 0 12 <Th_colspan="9"> Age 18 -- 29 32 36 9 5 9 7 30 -- 39 36 34 8 5 0 10 5 40 -- 49 33 33 7 5 14 50 -- 59 36 32 7 5 16 60 + 45 25 7 0 16 <Th_colspan="9"> Age and Gender 18 -- 29 Male 34 31 10 5 10 6 30 -- 39 Male 38 31 8 5 11 5 40 -- 49 Male 34 31 7 6 16 50 -- 59 Male 33 31 7 6 18 60 + Male 44 24 7 0 18 18 -- 29 Female 29 41 8 7 8 30 -- 39 Female 33 37 8 5 0 9 5 40 -- 49 Female 33 36 7 5 12 50 -- 59 Female 38 32 7 0 14 60 + Female 46 25 8 0 14 <Th_colspan="9"> Social Class AB 44 28 10 9 C1 38 30 9 5 11 5 C2 36 31 6 5 17 DE 29 37 6 5 0 18 <Th_colspan="9"> Highest Educational Level GCSE or Lower 38 30 5 0 20 A-Level 37 31 8 6 11 5 University 35 34 11 5 6 6 Other 41 27 8 5 0 13 DK / Refused 32 33 6 0 18 <Th_colspan="9"> Housing Status Own Outright 47 23 8 0 15 Mortgage 42 29 8 0 12 Social Housing 20 45 5 7 0 18 Private Rented 34 32 9 0 12 7 Do n't Know 31 38 8 0 10 6 <Th_colspan="9"> Work Sector Private Sector 43 26 7 0 14 Public Sector 33 36 9 5 11 <Th_colspan="9"> Household Income Under £ 20,000 29 36 7 5 17 £ 20,000 - £ 39,999 37 32 8 0 14 £ 40,000 - £ 69,999 42 29 9 5 10 £ 70,000 + 51 23 10 0 7 <Th_colspan="9"> Newspaper Daily Express 51 13 5 0 27 Daily Mail 59 14 5 0 19 Daily Mirror / Daily Record 11 67 5 6 0 9 Daily Star 25 41 0 26 The Sun 47 24 0 19 The Daily Telegraph 69 8 8 0 0 12 The Guardian 6 62 11 14 The Independent 17 47 16 11 The Times 55 20 13 6 Gender ( edit ) The election led to an increase in the number of female MPs , to 191 ( 29 % of the total , including 99 Labour ; 68 Conservative ; 20 SNP ; 4 other ) from 147 ( 23 % of the total , including 87 Labour ; 47 Conservative ; 7 Liberal Democrat ; 1 SNP ; 5 other ) . As before the election , the region with the largest proportion of women MPs was North East England . Seats which changed allegiance ( edit ) Main article : List of MPs who lost their seat in the United Kingdom general election , 2015 111 seats changed hands compared to the result in 2010 plus three by - election gains reverted to the party that won the seat at the last general election in 2010 . Labour to SNP ( 40 ) Aberdeen North Aberdeen South Airdrie and Shotts Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock Central Ayrshire Coatbridge , Chryston and Bellshill Cumbernauld , Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East Dumfries and Galloway Dundee West Dunfermline and West Fife East Kilbride , Strathaven and Lesmahagow East Lothian East Renfrewshire Edinburgh East Edinburgh North and Leith Edinburgh South West Falkirk Glasgow Central Glasgow North Glasgow North West Glasgow South Glasgow South West Glenrothes Inverclyde Kilmarnock and Loudoun Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath Lanark and Hamilton East Linlithgow and East Falkirk Livingston Midlothian Motherwell and Wishaw North Ayrshire and Arran Ochil and South Perthshire Paisley and Renfrewshire North Paisley and Renfrewshire South Rutherglen and Hamilton West Stirling Ochil and South Perthshire Paisley and Renfrewshire North West Dunbartonshire Liberal Democrat to Conservative ( 23 ) Bath Berwick - upon - Tweed Brecon and Radnorshire Cheadle Cheltenham Chippenham Colchester Eastbourne Eastleigh Hazel Grove Kingston and Surbiton Lewes North Cornwall North Devon Portsmouth South Solihull St Austell and Newquay St Ives Taunton Deane Torbay Twickenham Wells Yeovil Liberal Democrat to Labour ( 10 ) Birmingham , Yardley Bradford East Brent Central Bristol West Burnley Cardiff Central Hornsey and Wood Green Manchester , Withington Norwich South Redcar Liberal Democrat to SNP ( 10 ) Argyll and Bute Berwickshire , Roxburgh and Selkirk Caithness , Sutherland and Easter Ross East Dunbartonshire Edinburgh West Gordon Inverness , Nairn , Badenoch and Strathspey North East Fife Ross , Skye and Lochaber West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine Conservative to Labour ( 10 ) Brentford and Isleworth City of Chester Dewsbury Ealing Central & Acton Enfield North Hove Ilford North Lancaster and Fleetwood Wirral West Wolverhampton South West Labour to Conservative ( 8 ) Bolton West Derby North Gower Morley and Outwood Plymouth Moor View Southampton , Itchen Telford Vale of Clwyd Conservative to UKIP ( 1 ) Clacton DUP to UUP ( 1 ) South Antrim UUP to Sinn Féin ( 1 ) Fermagh and South Tyrone Alliance to DUP ( 1 ) Belfast East General election records broken in 2015 ( edit ) Youngest elected MP ( edit ) Mhairi Black , Scottish National Party , elected aged 20 years 237 days . Largest swing ( edit ) A swing of 39.3 % from Labour to the SNP was recorded in Glasgow North East . Lowest winning vote share ( edit ) Alasdair McDonnell of the SDLP won the seat of Belfast South on 24.5 % of the vote . Aftermath ( edit ) Resignations ( edit ) On 8 May , three party leaders announced their resignations within an hour of each other : Ed Miliband ( Labour ) and Nick Clegg ( Liberal Democrat ) resigned due to their parties ' worse - than - expected results in the election , although both had been re-elected to their seats in Parliament . Nigel Farage ( UKIP ) offered his resignation because he had failed to be elected as MP for Thanet South , but said he might re-stand in the resulting leadership election . However , on 11 May , the UKIP executive rejected his resignation on the grounds that the election campaign had been `` a great success '' , and Farage agreed to continue as party leader . Alan Sugar , a Labour peer in the House of Lords , also announced his resignation from the Labour Party for running what he perceived to be an anti-business campaign . In response to Labour 's poor performance in Scotland , Scottish Labour leader Jim Murphy initially resisted calls for his resignation by other senior party members . Despite surviving a no - confidence vote by 17 -- 14 from the party 's national executive , Murphy announced he would step down as leader on or by 16 May . Financial markets ( edit ) Financial markets reacted positively to the result , with the pound sterling rising against the Euro and US dollar when the exit poll was published , and the FTSE 100 stock market index rising 2.3 % on 8 May . The BBC reported : `` Bank shares saw some of the biggest gains , on hopes that the sector will not see any further rises in levies . Shares in Lloyds Banking Group rose 5.75 % while Barclays was 3.7 % higher '' , adding , `` Energy firms also saw their share prices rise , as Labour had wanted a price freeze and more powers for the energy regulator . British Gas owner Centrica rose 8.1 % and SSE shares were up 5.3 % '' . BBC economics editor Robert Peston noted : `` To state the obvious , investors love the Tories ' general election victory . There are a few reasons . One ( no surprise here ) is that Labour 's threat of breaking up banks and imposing energy price caps has been lifted . Second is that investors have been discounting days and weeks of wrangling after polling day over who would form the government -- and so they are semi-euphoric that we already know who 's in charge . Third , many investors tend to be economically Conservative and instinctively Conservative . '' Electoral reform ( edit ) See also : Electoral reform § United Kingdom The disparity between the numbers of votes and the number of seats obtained by the smaller parties gave rise to increased calls for replacement of the ' first - past - the - post ' voting system with a more proportional system . For example , UKIP had 3.9 million votes per seat , whereas SNP had just 26,000 votes per seat , about 150 times greater representation for each vote cast . It is worth noting , however , that UKIP stood in 10 times as many seats as the SNP . Noting that UKIP 's 13 % share of the overall votes cast had resulted in the election of just one MP , Nigel Farage argued that the UK 's voting system needed reforming , saying , `` Personally , I think the first - past - the - post system is bankrupt '' . Re-elected Green Party MP Caroline Lucas agreed , saying `` The political system in this country is broken ( ... ) It 's ever clearer tonight that the time for electoral reform is long overdue , and it 's only proportional representation that will deliver a Parliament that is truly legitimate and better reflects the people it is meant to represent . '' Daily Telegraph investigation of abuse of Wikipedia ( edit ) Following the election , The Daily Telegraph detailed changes to Wikipedia pages made from computers with IP addresses inside Parliament raising suspicion that `` MPs or their political parties deliberately hid information from the public online to make candidates appear more electable to voters '' and a deliberate attempt to hide embarrassing information from the electorate . Telegraph media Group fined ( edit ) On 21 December 2015 , the UK Information Commissioner 's Office fined the Telegraph Media Group £ 30,000 for sending ' hundreds of thousands of emails on the day of the general election urging readers to vote Conservative ... in a letter from Daily Telegraph editor Chris Evans , attached to the paper 's usual morning e-bulletin ' . The ICO concluded that subscribers had not expressed their consent to receive this kind of direct marketing . Election petition ( edit ) Four electors from Orkney and Shetland lodged an election petition on 29 May 2015 attempting to unseat Alistair Carmichael and force a by - election over what became known as ' Frenchgate ' . The issue centred around the leaking of a memo from the Scotland Office about comments allegedly made by the French ambassador Sylvie Bermann about Nicola Sturgeon , claiming that Sturgeon had privately stated she would `` rather see David Cameron remain as PM '' , in contrast to her publicly stated opposition to a Conservative government . The veracity of the memo was quickly denied by the French ambassador , French consul general and Sturgeon . At the time of the leak , Carmichael denied all knowledge of the leaking of the memo in a television interview with Channel 4 News . but after the election Carmichael accepted the contents of the memo were incorrect , admitted that he had lied , and that he had authorised the leaking of the inaccurate memo to the media after a Cabinet Office enquiry identified Carmichael 's role in the leak . On 9 December , an Election Court decided that although he had told a `` blatant lie '' in a TV interview , it had not been proven beyond reasonable doubt that he had committed an `` illegal practice '' under the Representation of the People Act and he was allowed to retain his seat . Party election spending investigation ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom general election , 2015 party spending investigation At national party level , the Electoral Commission fined the three largest parties for breaches of spending regulations , levying the highest fines since its foundation : £ 20,000 for Labour in October 2016 , £ 20,000 for the Liberal Democrats in December 2016 , and £ 70,000 for the Conservative Party in March 2017 . The higher fine for the Conservatives reflected both the extent of the wrongdoing ( which extended to the 2014 parliamentary by - elections in Clacton , Newark and Rochester and Strood ) and ' the unreasonable uncooperative conduct by the Party ' . The Commission also found that the Party Treasurer , Simon Day , may not have fulfilled his obligations under the Political Parties , Elections and Referendums Act 2000 and referred him for investigation to the Metropolitan Police Service . At constituency level , related alleged breaches of spending regulations led to ' unprecedented ' police investigations for possible criminal conduct of between 20 and 30 Conservative Party MPs . However , on 9 May 2017 , the Crown Prosecution service decided not to prosecute the vast majority of suspects , saying that ' in order to bring a charge , it must be proved that a suspect knew the return was inaccurate and acted dishonestly in signing the declaration . Although there is evidence to suggest the returns may have been inaccurate , there is insufficient evidence to prove to the criminal standard that any candidate or agent was dishonest . ' However , on 2 June 2017 , charges were brought under the Representation of the People Act 1983 against Craig Mackinlay , who was elected Conservative MP for South Thanet in 2015 , his agent Nathan Gray , and a party activist , Marion Little . Appearing at Westminster Magistrates ' Court on 4 July 2017 , the three pleased not guilty and were released on unconditional bail pending an appearance at Southwark Crown Court on 1 August 2017 . The investigation of Party Treasurer Simon Day remained ongoing . See also ( edit ) The disproportionality of parliament in the 2015 election was 15.04 according to the Gallagher Index , mainly between the UKIP and Conservative Parties . British politics portal Category : UK MPs 2015 -- 17 List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2015 List of MPs for constituencies in England 2015 -- 17 List of MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland 2015 -- 17 List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland 2015 -- 17 List of MPs for constituencies in Wales 2015 -- 17 United Kingdom local elections , 2015 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ SNP party leader Nicola Sturgeon , a Member of the Scottish Parliament and First Minister of Scotland , participated in some of the main UK - wide televised debates , but did not stand for a Commons seat at this election . Angus Robertson , MP for Moray at the time , was the leader of the SNP delegation to the House of Commons . Jump up ^ After nominations had closed and ballot papers were printed , the Labour candidate in Banff and Buchan , Sumon Hoque , was suspended from the Labour Party when he was charged with multiple driving offences , and the Labour candidate in Wellingborough , Richard Garvie , was also suspended after a conviction for fraud Jump up ^ After nominations had closed and ballot papers were printed , two UKIP candidates were suspended from the party for offensive comments . Jump up ^ In the 20th Century so few Parliaments lasted the full five - year term that some commentators regarded four years as being a ' full term ' , thus calling the 1979 -- 83 Parliament a ' full term ' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The May 2015 UK elections : Report on the administration of the 7 May 2015 elections , including the UK Parliamentary general election '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : Inquiry into opinion poll failures '' . BBC News . 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bawden , Tom ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` A victorious Caroline Lucas has perfectly summed up how negative our politics is '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full text : Farage never resigned from UKIP '' . The Spectator. 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theresa May on calling an early election : full statement '' . www.newstatesman.com . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` General election timetable 2015 '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Another hung Parliament : what next ? . YouTube . 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Closure of 2013 Review '' . Boundary Commission for England . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sixth Periodic Review -- Index '' . Boundary Commission for Scotland . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland '' . The Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statement Regarding the 2013 Review of Parliamentary Constituencies '' . Boundary Commission for Wales . 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Full text : Conservative - LibDem deal '' . BBC News . 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where They Stand : Guide to party election policies '' . BBC News . 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Strong is the Case for Reducing the Number of MPs ? '' ( PDF ) . Democratic Audit . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A -- Boundary Changes '' . BBC News . 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tories accused of ' trying to buy election ' with 23 % hike to campaign spending '' . The Guardian . 13 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 election campaign officially begins on Friday '' . BBC News . 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Twentieth - Century British Political Facts 1900 -- 2000 , by David Butler and Gareth Butler ( Macmillan Press 2000 ISBN 0 - 333 - 77222 - 9 ) , page 451 Use of Royal Power Jump up ^ `` Full text of the Conservative -- Liberal Democrat coalition deal '' . The Guardian . London , UK . 12 May 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Debate 5 July 2010 c 23 '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Research Paper 07 / 31 : Election Timetables '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . Jump up ^ `` A post-war record for MPs standing down '' . BBC News . 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MPs Standing Down in 2015 '' . Parliamentary Candidates.org . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Farewell to William Hague -- and the 85 other MPs standing down '' . BBC News . 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Party Finance -- the Electoral Commission '' . Electoral Commission . 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Search -- The Electoral Commission '' . Electoral Commission . 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who is ahead in the polls ? '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can any party win a majority ? '' . New Statsement . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` May2015 's 100 - graph guide to the election -- every issue covered '' . May2015 : 2015 General Election Guide . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Nardelli , Alberto . `` Election polls point to Tory - Labour tie and three - party alliance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refighting old battles '' , The Economist ( 10 -- 16 January 2015 ) , 414 ( 8290 ) : 23 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Newsnight , BBC2 , 5 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` The great fracturing '' , The Economist ( 21 -- 7 February 2015 ) , 414 ( 8296 ) : 11 ^ Jump up to : `` Review of Ofcom list of major political parties for elections taking place on 7 May 2015 '' ( PDF ) . OFCOM . Jump up ^ `` BBC Election Guidelines '' ( PDF ) . BBC . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Trust approves the BBC 's guidelines for its coverage of the May 2015 election -- BBC Trust '' . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron denies ' running scared ' of TV election debates '' . BBC News . 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Trends in 2014 and lessons for the 2015 General Election '' . Second reading . Jump up ^ `` Party co-founded by Bob Crow to launch manifesto '' . ITV.com . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eardley , Nick ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Election 2015 : The candidates in numbers '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Trust launches further consultation on the BBC 's guidelines for its coverage of the May 2015 elections -- BBC Trust '' . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Henry ( 15 November 2014 ) . `` Northern Ireland : SDLP rules out general election pact with Sinn Féin '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Ulster Unionist Party to back Lady Sylvia Hermon in North Down Ulster Unionist Party , 25 February 2015 Jump up ^ Ukip fills a vacuum left by Westminster parties in Northern Ireland New Statesmen , 27 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` Here 's what we already know about the 24 hours after the election '' . May2015 : 2015 General Election Guide . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Williamson , David ( 28 January 2015 ) . `` Plaid Cymru urges supporters living in England to vote Green '' . walesonline . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Politics Live -- 16 March '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Arlene Foster says DUP and UUP in election pact talks '' . BBC News . 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SDLP rejects call for electoral pact with Sinn Fein '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : SDLP reject Sinn Féin proposal for pact '' . BBC News . 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Watt , Nicholas ( 26 April 2015 ) . `` Conservative Party is losing our support over Scotland , warns DUP '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Election 2015 timetable '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : Scottish nominations close '' . BBC News . 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of General Election candidates published '' . UTV. 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Election nominations close '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 9 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Google Sheets -- create and edit spreadsheets online , for free '' . Google . Jump up ^ Warnes , Sophie ; Scott , Patrick ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` General Election 2015 : Where are all the female candidates ? '' . The Mirror . ^ Jump up to : Parliamentary Candidates UK , School of Public Policy , University College London . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Fathan , Matt ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` General Election 2015 : Natalie Bennett admits the Green party has a problem over its lack of black and ethnic minority candidates '' . The Independent . London , UK . Jump up ^ Woods , Lauren ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` Meet the 18 - year - old girl standing in Liverpool against Labour '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : Merrill , James ; De Caria , Federica ( 22 March 2014 ) . `` Election 2015 : Meet the top 12 wacky candidates seeking your vote in May '' . The Independent . London , UK . Jump up ^ `` Communist Party launches election manifesto '' . BBC News . 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gosling , Francesce ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` Labour 's candidate for Wellingborough and Rushden Richard Garvie suspended after conviction for fraud '' . Northampton Chronicle & Echo . Jump up ^ `` Labour candidate Sumon Hoque appears at Aberdeen Sheriff Court -- Aberdeen & North '' . STV News . Jump up ^ `` UKIP candidate Jack Sen suspended over Jewish slur tweet '' . BBC News . 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin . `` Ukip candidate suspended for threatening to ' put a bullet in ' Tory rival '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Carroll : Former Eurovision singer and election candidate dies '' . BBC News . 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what we already know about the 24 hours after the election '' . May2015 : 2015 General Election Guide . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hung parliament predictions harden , coalition recedes -- Gary Gibbon on Politics '' . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The undoing of Ed Miliband -- and how Labour lost the election '' . The Guardian . 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : Polls suggest Ed Miliband is likely to become Prime Minister '' . May2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rentoul , John ( 22 March 2015 ) . `` The Tories are on to a loser if the election comes down to horse trading '' . The Independent . London , UK . Jump up ^ Causes and implications of the Liberal Democrats ' 2015 election result , inside-politics.org , 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Marr , Why pundits got it wrong and what parties should do next , New Statesman . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Labour lost election , The Guardian , 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ The Nick Clegg catastrophe , The Guardian , 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The SNP and fox - hunting in England and Wales '' . BBC News . 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Fear of SNP won election for David Cameron , The Courier . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clegg dismisses any coalition deal with Labour involving SNP '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : Coalition must not be held hostage -- Clegg '' . BBC News . 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Campaign countdown : Wednesday 11 March '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` stronger for scotland '' ( PDF ) . scottish national party . Jump up ^ `` Ed Miliband rules out SNP coalition after election '' . BBC News . 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sparrow , Andrew . `` Scottish leaders ' debate : Sturgeon hints at second independence referendum after 2016 -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Watt , Nicholas ( 26 April 2015 ) . `` Ed Miliband rules out ' confidence and supply ' deal with SNP '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Robert ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` Miliband to Dare Others to Vote Down Labour Minority Government '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Labour minority government ? Miliband appeals for trade union backing '' . Russia : RT . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Swinford , Steven ; Holehouse , Matthew ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` Ed Miliband 's plot to become Prime Minister -- even if he does not win the election '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Liberal Democrats -- some considerations on negotiations ( Part One ) -- Westminster Advisers '' . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Nick ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Election 2015 : We will bring a heart to a Tory Government and a brain to a Labour one '' . The Independent . London , UK . Jump up ^ Sparrow , Andrew . `` Nick Clegg 's interview on the Andrew Marr show -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland Debates '' . STV STV Player . Jump up ^ Wigmore , Tom ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` The rise of the `` anti-Ukip '' party : how the Greens are hammering Labour `` . New Statesman . Jump up ^ `` UKIP 's Nigel Farage offers post-election deal with Tories '' . BBC News . 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ukip launches 10 Westminster hopefuls and pledges DUP link - up '' . newsletter.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` DUP leader Nigel Dodds : `` We can do business with Miliband '' `` . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Speech is set for May 27 -- this is what will happen before then '' . May2015 : 2015 General Election Guide . Jump up ^ Newsnight , BBC 2 , 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Election Live -- 12 April '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : Tax cuts top Ulster Unionist manifesto '' . BBC News . 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Perraudin , Frances . `` SNP , Plaid Cymru and Greens plan to join forces against austerity '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` SNP , Plaid & Greens : A new approach to politics '' . ^ Jump up to : `` SNP , Plaid Cymru and the Greens : Austerity has Failed . Time for a New Approach to Politics '' . ^ Jump up to : Wintour , Patrick . `` Green party outlines plan for basic citizen 's income for all adults '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Riley - Smith , Ben ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` Scrap Trident , ditch Barnett , reverse the cuts -- the price of power for Miliband and Cameron in a hung parliament '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Rentoul , John ( 5 April 2015 ) . `` General Election 2015 : Rainbow coalition , here we come , as the parties cosy up '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` The Cross Dressers '' . The Economist. 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Will There Be Election Debates in 2015 , And Who Will Fight Them ? '' . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV election debates : DUP to seek judicial review of BBC 's decision '' . BBC News . 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Election TV debate : Parties claim spoils after seven - way battle BBC News , 3 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : The death of the campaign poster '' . BBC News . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` end of year roundup labour '' . UK Polling Report . Jump up ^ `` Happy New Year '' . UK Polling Report . ^ Jump up to : `` Six Public Opinion Trends from 2013 '' . UK Polling Report . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Six opinion poll findings from 2014 '' . UK Polling Report . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Tom . `` Labour set for a bloodbath in Scotland in general election , poll says '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Scully , Roger . `` What the Welsh Polls Say ( and have said ) '' . Elections in Wales . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ian . `` The political story of 2014 in 14 charts : part one '' . UK General Election 2015 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Weeks to go '' . UK Polling Report . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ian . `` How the polls have behaved during the campaign '' . UK General Election 2015 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Static Campaign '' . UK Polling Report . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Simon ( 29 April 2015 ) . `` Poll : SNP on course for clean sweep in Scotland '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Labour has one - point lead over Tories in final Guardian / ICM poll '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Harry . `` Election 2015 : Stunning Ashcroft polls show the SNP could win every seat in Scotland '' . May2015 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More Conservative - Labour marginals '' . Lord Ashcroft . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigmore , Tim . `` Brighton Pavilion : Can Caroline Lucas survive in the Green Party 's only fiefdom ? '' . May2015 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ; Perraudin , Frances . `` Clegg to lose seat and Tories to beat Farage , Ashcroft poll suggests '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tall , Stephen . `` Ashcroft 's poll of Lib Dem battleground seats : incumbency is alive and well but 2015 will be a survival election for the party '' . Lib Dem Voice . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bush , Stephen . `` Are the Ashcroft Polls Wrong '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Would you like 5 million votes and 4 seats , or 1 million votes and 56 seats ? '' . May2015 : 2015 General Election Guide . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Harry . `` Welcome to May2015.com '' . may2015.com . ^ Jump up to : Hanretty , Chris . `` ElectionForecast.co.uk '' . electionforecast.co.uk . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Electoral Calculus '' . electoralcalculus.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Elections Etc '' . Elections Etc . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : The Guardian poll projection '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seat Calculator '' . May2015 : 2015 General Election Guide . ^ Jump up to : `` Politics Spread Betting -- UK General Election : Seats Markets '' . Sporting Index . ^ Jump up to : `` First Past the Post '' . First Past the Post . Jump up ^ Sparrow , Andrew . `` Miliband challenges Cameron to defend Fink -- but wo n't describe Fink as ' dodgy ' : Politics Live blog '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Election 2015 -- A distribution of general election forecasts '' . General Election 2015 . Jump up ^ Whiteley , Paul ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Will Britain be governable after the election ? '' . The Conversation . Jump up ^ `` Election Live -- 27 April '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Westminster election forecast 2015 '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Upper Bann : Jo - Anne Dobson closing in on David Simpson as poll shows drop in DUP support '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : New exclusive poll puts Labour and Tories on exactly 33.7 per cent each '' . May2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TNS Poll -- Parties have reached stalemate '' . TNS . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Political Polling 4th May '' . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` YouGov / The Sun / The Times Survey Results '' ( PDF ) . YouGov . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ipsos MORI -- Final Election Poll '' ( PDF ) . Ipsos MORI . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ashcroft , Michael . `` Ashcroft National Poll -- Pre Election . CATI Fieldwork : Tuesday / Wednesday 5 / 6 May 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Lord Ashcroft . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mail / ITV News Final Poll 6th May 2015 '' . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panelbase Poll 6th May 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Panelbase . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion Poll ONLINE Fieldwork : 5th -- 7th May 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Populus . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Polls '' . UK Polling Report . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.K. General Election Predictions '' . FiveThirtyEight . Jump up ^ `` Elections Etc '' . Elections Etc . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : The Guardian poll projection '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Cowling , David ( 3 May 2015 ) . `` Election 2015 : The highs and lows of election exit polls '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Election results : Conservatives win majority '' . BBC News . 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Election 2015 , BBC ^ Jump up to : General Election 2015 : Paddy Ashdown handed chocolate hat on Question Time , then Alastair Campbell receives edible kilt The Independent , 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ Kirkup , James ; Coles , Malcolm ; Bennett , Asa ; Henderson , Barney ; Walton , Gregory ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` UK election results -- what does it all mean ? As it happened '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where 's the late swing ? '' ComRes `` . comres.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Survation alleges it called the British General Election 2015 results accurately , did n't publish -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider. 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Europe -- UK election : Final polls show late surge for Labour , but hung parliament still likely '' . France 24 . Jump up ^ `` Late swing ? Labour 's private polls showed Tories ahead before Christmas '' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ `` Labour pollster under Ed Miliband 's leadership knew they were down last year '' . Daily Mail . London , UK . 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Shriver , Lionel . `` If you want more accurate polls , stop shaming shy Tories '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Election 2015 : who voted for whom , The Guardian , 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ General Election : 7 May 2015 British Polling Council , 8 May 2015 Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : Inquiry into opinion poll failures '' . BBC News . 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Election Opinion Poll Inquiry releases preliminary findings '' ( PDF ) . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Inquiry into the 2015 British general election opinion polls '' ( PDF ) . 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Missing non-voters and mis - weighted samples '' . British Election Study . Jump up ^ `` 2015 UK general election results '' . Th3 Electoral Commission . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker 's results : Election 2015 '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News election results '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 - Results '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Osborn , Matt ; Clarke , Sean ; Franklin , Will ; Straumann , Ralph . `` UK 2015 general election results in full '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Number of known 2015 candidates per party '' . Your Next MP . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollwatch : Winning the Disunited Kingdom By Tom Mludzinski , Head of Political Polling , COMRES . Retrieved 2 January 2016 Jump up ^ Results England BBC . Retrieved 28 December 2015 ^ Jump up to : Results Scotland BBC . Retrieved 28 December 2015 Jump up ^ Results Wales BBC . Retrieved 28 December 2015 Jump up ^ Results Northern Ireland BBC . Retrieved 28 December 2015 Jump up ^ `` It is 1992 all over again for David Cameron 's Conservatives '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Promises Britain ' Something Special ' '' . Sky News . 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gareth Piggott ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` The 2015 election -- the numbers behind the result '' . data.london.gov.uk . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Live election results '' . The Guardian . 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Oakeshott , Matthew . `` Our democracy has been shown up . We must now work to change it '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : UUP win two seats and make biggest gain '' . BBC News . 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General `` Election 2015 : How Britain Really Voted '' , YouGov , 8 June 2015 `` . Jump up ^ `` Survey Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Election 2015 : Number of women in Parliament rises by a third , BBC News , 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , Ewen ; Ratcliffe , Rebecca ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Mhairi Black : the 20 - year - old who beat a Labour heavyweight '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 : SNP wins 56 of 59 seats in Scots landslide '' . BBC News . 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Ben ( 9 May 2015 ) . `` McDonnell won S. Belfast with lowest ever vote share by a UK MP '' . The News Letter . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Dan ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` 52 minutes that shook Britain : Miliband , Clegg and Farage all resign in election bloodbath '' . Mirror . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Labour election results : Ed Miliband resigns as leader '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Election results : Nick Clegg resigns after Lib Dem losses '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Miliband to step down as Labour leader '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2015 Live : Nick Clegg resigns as Lib Dem leader after ' heartbreaking result ' '' . The Guardian . 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UKIP Rejects Nigel Farage 's Resignation '' . Sky News . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Farage to remain Ukip leader after resignation rejected '' . ITV News . Jump up ^ Gayle , Damien . `` Alan Sugar resigns from Labour party over ' shift to left ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Labour leader Jim Murphy to resign '' . BBC News . 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Peston , Robert ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Shares and pound surge on election outcome '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Nigel Farage resigns as UKIP leader as the party vote rises '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 8 May 2015 ) . `` Election 2015 : Greens ' Caroline Lucas wins in Brighton '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Riley - Smith ( 26 May 2015 ) . `` Expenses and sex scandal deleted from MPs ' Wikipedia pages by computers inside Parliament '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ ' ICO fines Telegraph Media Group for election day email campaign ' ( 21 December 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Carmichael facing legal challenge as campaigners raise £ 43,000 the Herald , 29 May 2015 Jump up ^ `` Alistair Carmichael legal campaign reaches £ 60,000 target '' . BBC News . 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mundell criticised for refusing to say what he knew of ' Frenchgate ' memo The Herald ( Glasgow ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 Jump up ^ John , Simon ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` Nicola Sturgeon secretly backs David Cameron '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Settle , Michael . `` Carmichael caught in his own tangled web of deceit '' . The Herald . Glasgow . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carmichael : Sturgeon memo could have come from anywhere in government '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alistair Carmichael case : Legal bid to oust Lib Dem MP fails '' . BBC News . 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alistair Carmichael : election court throws out attempt to unseat MP '' . The Guardian . 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Laura Hughes , ' Conservatives fined £ 70,000 and MP reported to the police following an investigation into election campaign expenses ' , The Daily Telegraph ( 16 March 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Jessica Elgot , ' Labour fined £ 20,000 for undeclared election spending including for Ed Stone ' , The Guardian ( 25 October 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Rowena Mason , ' Lib Dems fined £ 20,000 for undeclared election spending ' , The Guardian ( 25 October 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ed Howker and Guy Basnett , ' The inside story of the Tory election scandal ' , The Guardian ( 23 March 2017 ) . Jump up ^ The Electoral Commission , ' Investigation in respect of the Conservative and Unionist Party campaign spending returns for the 2014 European Parliamentary Election , and 2015 UK Parliamentary General Election , and in respect of the 2014 parliamentary by - elections in Clacton , Newark and Rochester and Strood ' ( 16 March 2017 ) , quoting p. 38 . Jump up ^ The Electoral Commission , ' Investigation in respect of the Conservative and Unionist Party campaign spending returns for the 2014 European Parliamentary Election , and 2015 UK Parliamentary General Election , and in respect of the 2014 parliamentary by - elections in Clacton , Newark and Rochester and Strood ' ( 16 March 2017 ) , § § 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ ' CPS statement on election expenses ' ( 10 May 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` CPS statement on election expenses CPS statement on election expenses '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Conservative candidate Craig Mackinlay charged over election expenses ' , http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-40129826 . Jump up ^ `` Tory MP Craig Mackinlay appears in court over election expenses '' . Jump up ^ `` Tory MP Craig Mackinlay denies election spending charges '' . Jump up ^ Rowena Mason , Anushka Asthana and Rajeev Syal , ' Tory candidates did nothing wrong on election expenses , May claims ' , The Guardian ( 10 May 2017 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2015 UK General election . Progress updates , independent observers Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights Polls and forecasts ( edit ) Election 2015 polls and predictions UK Polling Report Blog UK Polling Report -- 2015 Election Guide UK 2015 Parliamentary Election Forecast Constitutional issues ( edit ) Another hung Parliament : what next ? , video from UCL Constitution Unit BBC Q&A on what happens if no - one wins the election News sites ( edit ) General Election 2015 -- BBC News General Election 2015 at the Guardian General Election 2015 at the Daily Telegraph Manifestos ( edit ) Alliance Party of Northern Ireland : Step forward , not back Communist Party of Britain : 2015 Communist Party general election manifesto Conservative Party : Strong leadership , a clear economic plan , a brighter , more secure future Democratic Unionist Party : Standing Up for Northern Ireland English Democrats Party : Putting England First Green Party in Northern Ireland : For the Common Good Green Party of England and Wales : For the common good Labour Party : Britain can be better Liberal Democrats : Stronger economy . Fairer society . Opportunity for everyone Liberal Party : General election mini manifesto 2015 Mebyon Kernow : Vote for Cornwall ... and a new approach to politics Plaid Cymru : Working For Wales Scottish Green Party : An economy for the people , a society for all Scottish National Party : Stronger for Scotland Scottish Socialist Party : For an independent socialist Scotland : Standing up for Scotland 's working class majority Sinn Féin : Equality not austerity Social Democratic and Labour Party : Prosperity not austerity Socialist Labour Party : Socialist Labour Party manifesto Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition : TUSC 's general election policies UK Independence Party : Believe in Britain Ulster Unionist Party : One day , one vote , one chance for change Boundary Commissions ( edit ) Boundary Commission for England Boundary Commission for Northern Ireland Boundary Commission for Scotland Boundary Commission for Wales ( in Welsh ) Results ( edit ) Election 2015 : The Results and Tables , Rallings , Thrasher & Borisyuk , University of Plymouth House of Commons Library Briefing Paper CBP7186 , 28 July 2015 : General Election 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> United Kingdom general election , 2015 <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2010 election Constituencies Debates MPs elected MPs who stood down MPs who lost their seat MPs by seniority Endorsements Opinion polling Parties Target seats 56th Parliament Results breakdown Results by constituency Seat gains and losses <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Prime Minister : David Cameron ( Conservative ) Subsequent Prime Minister : David Cameron ( Conservative ) Incumbent Deputy Prime Minister : Nick Clegg ( Liberal Democrats ) Subsequent Deputy Prime Minister : None Parties elected to the House of Commons Conservative ( David Cameron ) Labour ( Ed Miliband ) Scottish National Party ( Nicola Sturgeon ) Liberal Democrats ( Nick Clegg ) Democratic Unionist Party ( Peter Robinson ) Sinn Féin ( Gerry Adams ) Plaid Cymru ( Leanne Wood ) Social Democratic and Labour Party ( Alasdair McDonnell ) Ulster Unionist Party ( Mike Nesbitt ) UK Independence Party ( Nigel Farage ) Green Party of England and Wales ( Natalie Bennett ) Parties only represented in Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland , London , or the European Parliament Green Party in Northern Ireland ( Steven Agnew ) Scottish Green Party ( Patrick Harvie / Maggie Chapman ) Traditional Unionist Voice ( Jim Allister ) Alliance Party of Northern Ireland ( David Ford ) Other Full list of parties standing candidates Results by area Northern Ireland ( list ) Scotland ( list ) Wales ( list ) England ( list ) <Td_colspan="2"> United Kingdom local elections , 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> Elections and referendums in the United Kingdom General elections 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 ( Jan ) 1910 ( Dec ) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 ( Feb ) 1974 ( Oct ) 1979 1992 1997 2001 2005 2015 2017 Next Local elections 1889 1890 1892 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 European elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2009 2014 Referendums 2011 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> United Kingdom European Union membership referendum , 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> Renegotiation Results Aftermath Brexit Referendum question `` Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union ? '' Legislation European Union Referendum Act 2015 European Union ( Referendum ) Act 2016 ( Gibraltar ) Background Treaty of Rome UK Accession to the European Communities Treaty of Accession 1972 European Communities Act 1972 1973 EC enlargement 1975 European Communities membership referendum Single European Act European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1986 UK rebate Black Wednesday Maastricht treaty European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1993 European Economic Area European Economic Area Act 1993 Treaty of Amsterdam European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 1998 Treaty of Nice European Communities ( Amendment ) Act 2002 Treaty of Accession 2003 European Union ( Accessions ) Act 2003 European Constitution European Union Bill 2004 - 05 Lisbon Treaty European Union ( Amendment ) Act 2008 European Union Act 2011 European Union ( Referendum ) Bill 2013 -- 14 2014 UK European Parliament election 2015 UK general election Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom Campaign 2016 referendum campaign Issues Opinion polling Endorsements Project Fear Campaign organisations Remain Official campaign Britain Stronger in Europe Other campaigns Labour In for Britain Leave Official campaign Vote Leave Other campaigns Leave.EU Grassroots Out Labour Leave Campaign for an Independent Britain The Freedom Association Better Off Out Get Britain Out Bruges Group Televised debates The European Union : In or Out ( 2014 ) Aftermath International reactions Conservative Party leadership election Labour Party leadership election UK Independence Party leadership election ( September ) UK Independence Party leadership election ( November ) 2017 UK general election Brexit R ( Miller ) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union Brexit negotiations Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar Effects of Brexit on science and technology WTO Option Brexit legislation European Union ( Notification of Withdrawal ) Act 2017 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill 2017 - 19 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill 2017 - 19 ( Gibraltar ) Related Brexit : The Movie ( 2016 documentary ) Change Britain `` Enemies of the People '' London independence More United The New European ( newspaper ) Open Britain Proposed second Scottish independence referendum United Ireland Status of Akrotiri and Dhekelia and Gibraltar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_general_election,_2015&oldid=809064814 '' Categories : United Kingdom general election , 2015 2015 elections in the United Kingdom General elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom May 2015 events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 22 : 39 . 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-772,537,439,964,344,400 | who will be the next supreme court chief justice | Chief justice of the United States - wikipedia Chief justice of the United States <Th_colspan="2"> Chief Justice of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the U.S. Supreme Court <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent John Roberts since September 29 , 2005 <Td_colspan="2"> United States Supreme Court Federal judiciary of the United States Style Mr. Chief Justice ( informal ) Your Honor ( when addressed in court ) The Honorable ( formal ) Status Chief Justice Head of a court system Highest judicial officer Member of Supreme Court Judicial Conference Administrative Office of the Courts Seat Supreme Court Building , Washington , D.C. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length Life tenure Constituting instrument United States Constitution Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) First holder John Jay as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ( September 26 , 1789 ) Website www.supremecourt.gov This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the nine - member Supreme Court of the United States , the highest judicial body in the United States . As such , the chief justice is the highest - ranking judge of the federal judiciary -- one of the three branches of the federal government . Article II , Section 2 , Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the President of the United States to nominate , and with the advice and consent ( confirmation ) of the United States Senate , appoint a chief justice , who serves until they resign , are impeached and convicted , retire , or die . The Chief Justice has significant influence in the selection of cases for review , presides when oral arguments are held , and leads the discussion of cases among the justices . Additionally , when the Court renders an opinion , the chief justice -- if in the majority -- chooses who writes the Court 's opinion . When deciding a case , however , the chief justice 's vote counts no more than that of any associate justice . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 of the Constitution designates the chief justice to preside during presidential impeachment trials in the Senate ; this has occurred twice . Also , while nowhere mandated , the presidential oath of office is typically administered by the Chief Justice . Additionally , the Chief Justice serves as a spokesperson for the federal government 's judicial branch and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts . The Chief Justice presides over the Judicial Conference and , in that capacity , appoints the director and deputy director of the Administrative Office . The Chief Justice is also an ex officio member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution and , by custom , is elected chancellor of the board . Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 17 people have served as chief justice . The first was John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) . The current chief justice is John Roberts ( since 2005 ) . Four -- Edward Douglass White , Charles Evans Hughes , Harlan Fiske Stone , and William Rehnquist -- were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately . Contents 1 Origin , title , and appointment to office 2 Duties 2.1 Impeachment trials 2.2 Seniority 2.3 Oath of office 2.4 Other duties 2.5 Disability or vacancy 3 List of Chief Justices 3.1 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Origin , title , and appointment to office ( edit ) John Jay , by Gilbert Stuart The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice , but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 : `` When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside . '' Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office . Article III , Section 1 , which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court , refers to all members of the Court simply as `` judges '' . The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . In 1866 , at the urging of Salmon P. Chase , Congress restyled the chief justice 's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States . The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888 . The associate justices ' title was not altered in 1866 , and remains as originally created . The chief justice , like all federal judges , is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate . Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior '' . This language means that the appointments are effectively for life , and that , once in office , justices ' tenure ends only when they die , retire , resign , or are removed from office through the impeachment process . Since 1789 , 15 presidents have made a total of 22 official nominations to the position . The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress ; the current ( 2018 ) annual salary is $267,000 , which is slightly higher than that of associate justices , which is $255,300 . The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition ; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice , it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom . There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court . Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with , and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice . Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice : Edward Douglass White in 1910 , Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941 , and William Rehnquist in 1986 . A fourth , Abe Fortas , was nominated to the position in 1968 , but was not confirmed . As an associate justice does not have to resign his or her seat on the Court in order to be nominated as chief justice , Fortas remained an associate justice . Similarly , when associate justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796 , but declined the office , he too remained on the Court . Two former associate justices subsequently returned to service on the Court as chief justice . John Rutledge was the first . President Washington gave him a recess appointment in 1795 . However , his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate , and he left office and the Court . In 1933 , former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice . Additionally , in December 1800 , former chief justice John Jay was nominated and confirmed to the position a second time , but ultimately declined it , opening the way for the appointment of John Marshall . Duties ( edit ) Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court , the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill . Impeachment trials ( edit ) Article I , section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate . Two Chief Justices , Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist , have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president -- Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton . Both presidents were subsequently acquitted . Seniority ( edit ) John Marshall , the fourth and longest serving chief justice ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Many of the Court 's procedures and inner workings are governed by the rules of protocol based on the seniority of the justices . The chief justice always ranks first in the order of precedence -- regardless of the length of the officeholder 's service ( even if shorter then that of one or more associate justices ) . This elevated status has enabled successive chief justices to define and refine both the Court 's culture and its judicial priorities . The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari , to decide whether to hear or deny each case . The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it . While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda , in practice this initial agenda - setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court . Nonetheless , a chief justice 's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices ' understanding of legal principles ; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari . Despite the chief justice 's elevated stature , his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice . Additionally , he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them . The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority . Thus , when the chief justice is in the majority , he always assigns the opinion . Early in his tenure , Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court 's national prestige . In doing so , Marshall would often write the opinions himself , and actively discouraged dissenting opinions . Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice : one justice writes an opinion for the majority , and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not , whether concurring or dissenting . The chief justice 's formal prerogative -- when in the majority -- to assign which justice will write the Court 's opinion is perhaps his most influential power , as this enables him to influence the historical record . He `` may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition , to an ideologically amenable colleague , or to himself . '' Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion ; two justices in the same majority , given the opportunity , might write very different majority opinions . A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much -- by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court -- to affect the general character or tone of an opinion , which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come . Additionally , the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices . He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion . Although the chief justice votes first -- the Court votes in order of seniority -- he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired . It is reported that : Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned , and even vilified in some quarters , for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court 's agenda through opinion assignment . Indeed , Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition , cast `` phony votes '' by voting against his preferred position , and declined to express a position at conference . Oath of office ( edit ) The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States . This is a tradition , rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice ; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular , simply that it be taken by the president . Law empowers any federal and state judge , as well as notaries public ( such as John Calvin Coolidge , Sr . ) , to administer oaths and affirmations . If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated , the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court . Seven times , someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President . Robert Livingston , as Chancellor of the State of New York ( the state 's highest ranking judicial office ) , administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration ; there was no Chief Justice of the United States , nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration . William Cushing , an associate justice of the Supreme Court , administered Washington 's second oath of office in 1793 . Calvin Coolidge 's father , a notary public , administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding . This , however , was contested upon Coolidge 's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling , Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia . Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt 's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office . On November 22 , 1963 , after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Judge Sarah T. Hughes , a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas , administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane . In addition , the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices , whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president . Other duties ( edit ) Since the tenure of William Howard Taft , the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals . The Chief Justice also : Serves as the head of the federal judiciary . Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts . The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules , which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court ( subject to disapproval by Congress under the Congressional Review Act ) , to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts . Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools . Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) , a `` secret court '' which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies ( primarily the F.B.I. ) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States . ( see 50 U.S.C. § 1803 ) . Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation , a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts . Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents , and by custom as the Chancellor , of the Smithsonian Institution . Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law Library of the Library of Congress . Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other `` office of trust or profit '' of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats , the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions . Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so - called Jay Treaty ( also known as the Treaty of London of 1794 ) , Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis , and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President 's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy . As described above , the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress . Disability or vacancy ( edit ) Under 28 U.S.C. § 3 , when the chief justice is unable to discharge his functions , or when that office is vacant , the chief justice 's duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice until the disability or vacancy ends . Currently , since August 2018 , Clarence Thomas is the most senior associate justice . List of chief justices ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice : <Th_colspan="3"> Chief Justice Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Prior position John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington Acting United States Secretary of State ( 1789 -- 1790 ) John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court of Common Pleas and Sessions ( 1791 -- 1795 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1789 -- 1791 ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days United States Senator from Connecticut ( 1789 -- 1796 ) John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days John Adams 4th United States Secretary of State ( 1800 -- 1801 ) 5 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days Andrew Jackson 12th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1833 -- 1834 ) 6 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days Abraham Lincoln 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1861 -- 1864 ) 7 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days Ulysses S. Grant Ohio State Senator ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Presiding officer , Ohio constitutional convention ( 1873 ) 8 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days Grover Cleveland President , Illinois State Bar Association ( 1886 ) Illinois State Representative ( 1863 -- 1865 ) 9 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days William Howard Taft Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1894 -- 1910 ) 10 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 27th President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1913 ) 11 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 44th United States Secretary of State ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1910 -- 1916 ) 12 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days Franklin D. Roosevelt Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1925 -- 1941 ) 13 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days Harry S. Truman 53rd United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1945 -- 1946 ) 14 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 30th Governor of California ( 1943 -- 1953 ) 15 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1956 -- 1969 ) 16 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days Ronald Reagan Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1972 -- 1986 ) 17 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003477500000000000 ♠ 13 years , 27 days George W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The start date given here for each chief justice is the day they took the oath of office , and the end date is the day of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . Jump up ^ Listed here ( unless otherwise noted ) is the position -- either with a U.S. state or the federal government -- held by the individual immediately prior to becoming Chief Justice of the United States . Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . The nomination of a sitting associate justice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process . See also ( edit ) Lists of United States Supreme Court cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Administrative Agencies : Office of the Chief Justice , 1789 -- present '' . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McMillion , Barry J. ; Rutkus , Denis Steven ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` Supreme Court Nominations , 1789 to 2017 : Actions by the Senate , the Judiciary Committee , and the President '' ( PDF ) . fas.org ( Federation of American Scientists ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pettys , Todd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Choosing a Chief Justice : Presidential Prerogative or a Job for the Court ? '' . Journal of Law & Politics . The University of Iowa College of Law . 22 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 281 . SSRN 958829 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judiciary '' . Ithaca , New York : Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Frank B. ; Lindquist , Stefanie ( June 2006 ) . `` The decisional significance of the Chief Justice '' ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Law School . 154 ( 6 ) : 1665 -- 1707 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Timothy R. ; Spriggs II , James F. ; Wahlbeck , Paul J. ( June 2005 ) . `` Passing and Strategic Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Law & Society Review . Law and Society Association , through Wiley . 39 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 377 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugurations : Presidential Oaths of Office '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Coolidge 's autobiography '' . Historicvermont.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prologue : Selected Articles '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Swearing - In Ceremony , Part 5 of 6 '' . Inaugural.senate.gov . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Legacy : A Brief History of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . March 6 , 2006 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7 . Flanders , Henry . The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1874 at Google Books . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Chief Justice of the United States at Wikimedia Commons <Th_colspan="3"> Chief Justices of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ; cases ) John Rutledge ( 1795 ; cases ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1796 -- 1800 ; cases ) John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ; cases ) Roger B. Taney ( 1836 -- 1864 ; cases ) Salmon P. Chase ( 1864 -- 1873 ; cases ) Morrison Waite ( 1874 -- 1888 ; cases ) Melville Fuller ( 1888 -- 1910 ; cases ) Edward Douglass White ( 1910 -- 1921 ; cases ) William Howard Taft ( 1921 -- 1930 ; cases ) Charles Evans Hughes ( 1930 -- 1941 ; cases ) Harlan F. Stone ( 1941 -- 1946 ; cases ) Fred M. Vinson ( 1946 -- 1953 ; cases ) Earl Warren ( 1953 -- 1969 ; cases ) Warren E. 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2,140,083,880,918,975,000 | what's the atomic number on the periodic table | Periodic table - wikipedia Periodic table Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the table used in chemistry . For other uses , see Periodic table ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on the Periodic table Periodic table forms ( show ) 18 - column large cells 32 - column ( large cells ) Alternative forms Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step Beyond period 7 Fricke large cells Pyykkö Periodic table history ( show ) Dmitri Mendeleev predictions Discovery of elements Naming & etymology for places for scientists controversies ( in East Asia ) Systematic element names Sets of elements By periodic table structure ( show ) Groups ( 1 -- 18 ) 1 ( alkali metals ) 2 ( alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( pnictogens ) 16 ( chalcogens ) 17 ( halogens ) 18 ( noble gases ) Periods ( 1 -- 7 ... ) 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks ( s , p , d , f , ... ) Atomic orbitals Aufbau principle By metallic classification ( show ) Metals alkali alkaline earth transition post-transition lanthanide actinide ( super - / eka - super - ) Metalloids dividing metals & nonmetals Nonmetals polyatomic diatomic monatomic ( noble gas ) By other characteristics ( show ) Coinage metals Platinum - group metals Precious metals Refractory metals Heavy metals Light metals Native metals Noble metals Main - group elements Rare - earth elements Transuranium , transplutonium elements Major , minor & trans - actinides Elements List of chemical elements ... ( show ) by abundance ( in human body ) by atomic properties by isotope stability by annual production by symbol Properties of elements ( show ) Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity configuration Electronegativity ( ( Allen ) ) ( ( Pauling ) ) Goldschmidt classification Nutrition Valence Data pages for elements ( show ) Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity / configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity / of fusion / of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity / expansion coefficient Vapor pressure Book Category Chemistry Portal The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements , ordered by their atomic number , electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties . This ordering shows periodic trends , such as elements with similar behaviour in the same column . It also shows four rectangular blocks with some approximately similar chemical properties . In general , within one row ( period ) the elements are metals on the left , and non-metals on the right . The rows of the table are called periods ; the columns are called groups . Six groups have generally accepted names as well as numbers : for example , group 17 elements are the halogens ; and group 18 , the noble gases . The periodic table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements , and predict the properties of new elements yet to be discovered or synthesized . The periodic table provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behaviour , and is widely used in chemistry and other sciences . The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published the first widely recognized periodic table in 1869 . He developed his table to illustrate periodic trends in the properties of the then - known elements . Mendeleev also predicted some properties of then - unknown elements that would be expected to fill gaps in this table . Most of his predictions were proved correct when the elements in question were subsequently discovered . Mendeleev 's periodic table has since been expanded and refined with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and the development of new theoretical models to explain chemical behaviour . All elements from atomic numbers 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) have been discovered or synthesized , with the most recent additions ( nihonium , moscovium , tennessine , and oganesson ) being confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in 2015 and officially named in 2016 : they complete the first seven rows of the periodic table . The first 94 elements exist naturally , although some are found only in trace amounts and were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature . Elements with atomic numbers from 95 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors . Synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is being pursued . Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Grouping methods 2.1 Groups 2.2 Periods 2.3 Blocks 2.4 Metals , metalloids and nonmetals 3 Periodic trends and patterns 3.1 Electron configuration 3.2 Atomic radii 3.3 Ionization energy 3.4 Electronegativity 3.5 Electron affinity 3.6 Metallic character 3.7 Linking or bridging groups 4 History 4.1 First systemization attempts 4.2 Mendeleev 's table 4.3 Second version and further development 5 Different periodic tables 5.1 The long - or 32 - column table 5.2 Tables with different structures 6 Open questions and controversies 6.1 Placement of hydrogen and helium 6.2 Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 6.2. 1 Lanthanum and actinium 6.2. 2 Lutetium and lawrencium 6.2. 3 Lanthanides and actinides 6.3 Groups included in the transition metals 6.4 Elements with unknown chemical properties 6.5 Further periodic table extensions 6.6 Element with the highest possible atomic number 6.7 Optimal form 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Overview For large cell versions , see Periodic table ( large cells ) . <Th_colspan="20"> ( hide ) Periodic table Group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Period Hydrogen 1H <Td_colspan="17"> Helium 2He Lithium 3Li Beryllium 4Be <Td_colspan="11"> Boron 5B Carbon 6C Nitrogen 7N Oxygen 8O Fluorine 9F Neon 10 Ne Sodium 11 Na Magnesium 12 Mg <Td_colspan="11"> Aluminium 13 Al Silicon 14 Si Phosphorus 15 P Sulfur 16 S Chlorine 17 Cl Argon 18 Ar Potassium 19 K Calcium 20 Ca Scandium 21 Sc Titanium 22 Ti Vanadium 23 V Chromium 24 Cr Manganese 25 Mn Iron 26 Fe Cobalt 27 Co Nickel 28 Ni Copper 29 Cu Zinc 30 Zn Gallium 31 Ga Germanium 32 Ge Arsenic 33 As Selenium 34 Se Bromine 35 Br Krypton 36 Kr 5 Rubidium 37 Rb Strontium 38 Sr Yttrium 39 Y Zirconium 40 Zr Niobium 41 Nb Molybdenum 42 Mo Technetium 43 Tc Ruthenium 44 Ru Rhodium 45 Rh Palladium 46 Pd Silver 47 Ag Cadmium 48 Cd Indium 49 In Tin 50 Sn Antimony 51 Sb Tellurium 52 Te Iodine 53 I Xenon 54 Xe 6 Caesium 55 Cs Barium 56 Ba Lanthanum 57 La Hafnium 72 Hf Tantalum 73 Ta Tungsten 74 W Rhenium 75 Re Osmium 76 Os Iridium 77 Ir Platinum 78 Pt Gold 79 Au Mercury 80 Hg Thallium 81 Tl Lead 82 Pb Bismuth 83 Bi Polonium 84 Po Astatine 85 At Radon 86 Rn 7 Francium 87 Fr Radium 88 Ra Actinium 89 Ac Rutherfordium 104 Rf Dubnium 105 Db Seaborgium 106 Sg Bohrium 107 Bh Hassium 108 Hs Meitnerium 109 Mt Darmstadtium 110 Ds Roentgenium 111 Rg Copernicium 112 Cn Nihonium 113 Nh Flerovium 114 Fl Moscovium 115 Mc Livermorium 116 Lv Tennessine 117 Ts Oganesson 118 Og <Td_colspan="20"> Cerium 58 Ce Praseodymium 59 Pr Neodymium 60 Nd Promethium 61 Pm Samarium 62 Sm Europium 63 Eu Gadolinium 64 Gd Terbium 65 Tb Dysprosium 66 Dy Holmium 67 Ho Erbium 68 Er Thulium 69 Tm Ytterbium 70 Yb Lutetium 71 Lu Thorium 90 Th Protactinium 91 Pa Uranium 92 U Neptunium 93 Np Plutonium 94 Pu Americium 95 Am Curium 96 Cm Berkelium 97 Bk Californium 98 Cf Einsteinium 99 Es Fermium 100 Fm Mendelevium 101 Md Nobelium 102 No Lawrencium 103 Lr <Td_colspan="20"> <Td_colspan="20"> black = solid green = liquid red = gas gray = unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element <Td_colspan="11"> Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : <Td_colspan="6"> Metal Metalloid <Td_colspan="3"> Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Each chemical element has a unique atomic number ( Z ) representing the number of protons in its nucleus . Most elements have differing numbers of neutrons among different atoms , with these variants being referred to as isotopes . For example , carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes : all of its atoms have six protons and most have six neutrons as well , but about one per cent have seven neutrons , and a very small fraction have eight neutrons . Isotopes are never separated in the periodic table ; they are always grouped together under a single element . Elements with no stable isotopes have the atomic masses of their most stable isotopes , where such masses are shown , listed in parentheses . In the standard periodic table , the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z ( the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom ) . A new row ( period ) is started when a new electron shell has its first electron . Columns ( groups ) are determined by the electron configuration of the atom ; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns ( e.g. oxygen and selenium are in the same column because they both have four electrons in the outermost p - subshell ) . Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table , although in the f - block , and to some respect in the d - block , the elements in the same period tend to have similar properties , as well . Thus , it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it . As of 2016 , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements , from element 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( oganesson ) . Elements 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 , the most recent discoveries , were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in December 2015 . Their proposed names , nihonium ( Nh ) , moscovium ( Mc ) , tennessine ( Ts ) and oganesson ( Og ) respectively , were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016 . The first 94 elements occur naturally ; the remaining 24 , americium to oganesson ( 95 -- 118 ) occur only when synthesized in laboratories . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , 83 are primordial and 11 occur only in decay chains of primordial elements . No element heavier than einsteinium ( element 99 ) has ever been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form , nor has astatine ( element 85 ) ; francium ( element 87 ) has been only photographed in the form of light emitted from microscopic quantities ( 300,000 atoms ) . Grouping methods Groups Main article : Group ( periodic table ) A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table . Groups usually have more significant periodic trends than periods and blocks , explained below . Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain group trends by proposing that elements within the same group generally have the same electron configurations in their valence shell . Consequently , elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number . However , in some parts of the periodic table , such as the d - block and the f - block , horizontal similarities can be as important as , or more pronounced than , vertical similarities . Under an international naming convention , the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column ( the alkali metals ) to the rightmost column ( the noble gases ) . Previously , they were known by roman numerals . In America , the roman numerals were followed by either an `` A '' if the group was in the s - or p - block , or a `` B '' if the group was in the d - block . The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today 's naming convention ( e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB , and the group 14 elements were group IVA ) . In Europe , the lettering was similar , except that `` A '' was used if the group was before group 10 , and `` B '' was used for groups including and after group 10 . In addition , groups 8 , 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple - sized group , known collectively in both notations as group VIII . In 1988 , the new IUPAC naming system was put into use , and the old group names were deprecated . Some of these groups have been given trivial ( unsystematic ) names , as seen in the table below , although some are rarely used . Groups 3 -- 10 have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers or by the name of the first member of their group ( such as `` the scandium group '' for group 3 ) , since they display fewer similarities and / or vertical trends . Elements in the same group tend to show patterns in atomic radius , ionization energy , and electronegativity . From top to bottom in a group , the atomic radii of the elements increase . Since there are more filled energy levels , valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus . From the top , each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound . Similarly , a group has a top - to - bottom decrease in electronegativity due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus . There are exceptions to these trends , however : for example , in group 11 , electronegativity increases farther down the group . <Th_colspan="21"> ( hide ) Groups in the periodic table <Td_colspan="2"> IUPAC group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 <Td_colspan="2"> Mendeleev ( I -- VIII ) IA II A III B IV B VB VI B VII B <Td_colspan="3"> VIII B IB II B III B IV B VB VI B VII B <Td_colspan="2"> CAS ( US , A-B-A ) IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB <Td_colspan="3"> VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA <Td_colspan="2"> old IUPAC ( Europe , A-B ) IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA <Td_colspan="3"> VIII B IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB 0 <Td_colspan="2"> Trivial name Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Coinage metals Volatile metals Icosagens Crystallogens Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases <Td_colspan="2"> Name by element Lithium group Beryllium group Scandium group Titanium group Vanadium group Chromium group Manganese group Iron group Cobalt group Nickel group Copper group Zinc group Boron group Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen group Fluorine group Helium or Neon group <Td_colspan="2"> Period 1 He <Td_colspan="2"> Period 2 Li Be O Ne <Td_colspan="2"> Period 3 Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar <Td_colspan="2"> Period 4 Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr <Td_colspan="2"> Period 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe <Td_colspan="2"> Period 6 Cs Ba La Ce -- Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn <Td_colspan="2"> Period 7 Fr Ra Ac Th -- Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og <Td_colspan="21"> Group 3 has scandium ( Sc ) and yttrium ( Y ) . For the rest of the group , sources differ as either being ( 1 ) lutetium ( Lu ) and lawrencium ( Lr ) , or ( 2 ) lanthanum ( La ) and actinium ( Ac ) , or ( 3 ) the whole set of 15 + 15 lanthanides and actinides . IUPAC has initiated a project to standardize the definition as either ( 1 ) Sc , Y , Lu and Lr , or ( 2 ) Sc , Y , La and Ac . <Td_colspan="21"> Group 18 , the noble gases , were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev 's original table . Later ( 1902 ) , Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence , and they could be placed in a new `` group 0 '' , consistently and without breaking the periodic table principle . <Td_colspan="21"> Group name as recommended by IUPAC . <Td_colspan="21"> Hydrogen ( H ) , while placed in group 1 , is not considered to be part of the alkali metals . Periods Main article : Period ( periodic table ) A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table . Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends , there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends , such as the f - block , where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements . Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius , ionization energy , electron affinity , and electronegativity . Moving left to right across a period , atomic radius usually decreases . This occurs because each successive element has an added proton and electron , which causes the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus . This decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to increase when moving from left to right across a period . The more tightly bound an element is , the more energy is required to remove an electron . Electronegativity increases in the same manner as ionization energy because of the pull exerted on the electrons by the nucleus . Electron affinity also shows a slight trend across a period . Metals ( left side of a period ) generally have a lower electron affinity than nonmetals ( right side of a period ) , with the exception of the noble gases . Blocks Main article : Block ( periodic table ) Left to right : s - , f - , d - , p - block in the periodic table Specific regions of the periodic table can be referred to as blocks in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled . Each block is named according to the subshell in which the `` last '' electron notionally resides . The s - block comprises the first two groups ( alkali metals and alkaline earth metals ) as well as hydrogen and helium . The p - block comprises the last six groups , which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC group numbering ( 3A to 8A in American group numbering ) and contains , among other elements , all of the metalloids . The d - block comprises groups 3 to 12 ( or 3B to 2B in American group numbering ) and contains all of the transition metals . The f - block , often offset below the rest of the periodic table , has no group numbers and comprises lanthanides and actinides . Metals , metalloids and nonmetals Metals , metalloids , nonmetals , and elements with unknown chemical properties in the periodic table . Sources disagree on the classification of some of these elements . According to their shared physical and chemical properties , the elements can be classified into the major categories of metals , metalloids and nonmetals . Metals are generally shiny , highly conducting solids that form alloys with one another and salt - like ionic compounds with nonmetals ( other than the noble gases ) . The majority of nonmetals are coloured or colourless insulating gases ; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals feature covalent bonding . In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids , which have intermediate or mixed properties . Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that show a gradation from metallic to non-metallic properties , when going left to right in the rows . The metals are subdivided into the highly reactive alkali metals , through the less reactive alkaline earth metals , lanthanides and actinides , via the archetypal transition metals , and ending in the physically and chemically weak post-transition metals . The nonmetals are simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals , which , being nearest to the metalloids , show some incipient metallic character ; the diatomic nonmetals , which are essentially nonmetallic ; and the monatomic noble gases , which are nonmetallic and almost completely inert . Specialized groupings such as the refractory metals and the noble metals , which are subsets ( in this example ) of the transition metals , are also known and occasionally denoted . Placing the elements into categories and subcategories based on shared properties is imperfect . There is a spectrum of properties within each category and it is not hard to find overlaps at the boundaries , as is the case with most classification schemes . Beryllium , for example , is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or post-transition metal . Radon is classified as a nonmetal and a noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that is more characteristic of a metal . Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories , or crystalline structures . Categorizing the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be drawn on the periodic table to show elements having like properties , such as the metals and the nonmetals , or the gaseous elements . Periodic trends and patterns Main article : Periodic trends Electron configuration Main article : Electronic configuration Approximate order in which shells and subshells are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule The electron configuration or organisation of electrons orbiting neutral atoms shows a recurring pattern or periodicity . The electrons occupy a series of electron shells ( numbered shell 1 , shell 2 , and so on ) . Each shell consists of one or more subshells ( named s , p , d , f and g ) . As atomic number increases , electrons progressively fill these shells and subshells more or less according to the Madelung rule or energy ordering rule , as shown in the diagram . The electron configuration for neon , for example , is 1s 2s 2p . With an atomic number of ten , neon has two electrons in the first shell , and eight electrons in the second shell -- two in the s subshell and six in the p subshell . In periodic table terms , the first time an electron occupies a new shell corresponds to the start of each new period , these positions being occupied by hydrogen and the alkali metals . Periodic table trends ( arrows show an increase ) Since the properties of an element are mostly determined by its electron configuration , the properties of the elements likewise show recurring patterns or periodic behaviour , some examples of which are shown in the diagrams below for atomic radii , ionization energy and electron affinity . It is this periodicity of properties , manifestations of which were noticed well before the underlying theory was developed , that led to the establishment of the periodic law ( the properties of the elements recur at varying intervals ) and the formulation of the first periodic tables . Atomic radii Main article : Atomic radius Atomic number plotted against atomic radius Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table . For instance , the radii generally decrease along each period of the table , from the alkali metals to the noble gases ; and increase down each group . The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period . These trends of the atomic radii ( and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements ) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom ; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory . The electrons in the 4f - subshell , which is progressively filled from cerium ( element 58 ) to ytterbium ( element 70 ) , are not particularly effective at shielding the increasing nuclear charge from the sub-shells further out . The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii that are smaller than would be expected and that are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them . Hence hafnium has virtually the same atomic radius ( and chemistry ) as zirconium , and tantalum has an atomic radius similar to niobium , and so forth . This is known as the lanthanide contraction . The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum ( element 78 ) , after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect . The d - block contraction , which is a similar effect between the d - block and p - block , is less pronounced than the lanthanide contraction but arises from a similar cause . Ionization energy Ionization energy : each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals , and ends at a maximum for the noble gases Main article : Ionization energy The first ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove one electron from an atom , the second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a second electron from the atom , and so on . For a given atom , successive ionization energies increase with the degree of ionization . For magnesium as an example , the first ionization energy is 738 kJ / mol and the second is 1450 kJ / mol . Electrons in the closer orbitals experience greater forces of electrostatic attraction ; thus , their removal requires increasingly more energy . Ionization energy becomes greater up and to the right of the periodic table . Large jumps in the successive molar ionization energies occur when removing an electron from a noble gas ( complete electron shell ) configuration . For magnesium again , the first two molar ionization energies of magnesium given above correspond to removing the two 3s electrons , and the third ionization energy is a much larger 7730 kJ / mol , for the removal of a 2p electron from the very stable neon - like configuration of Mg . Similar jumps occur in the ionization energies of other third - row atoms . Electronegativity Main article : Electronegativity Graph showing increasing electronegativity with growing number of selected groups Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus . The higher its electronegativity , the more an element attracts electrons . It was first proposed by Linus Pauling in 1932 . In general , electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period , and decreases on descending a group . Hence , fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements , while caesium is the least , at least of those elements for which substantial data is available . There are some exceptions to this general rule . Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon respectively because of the d - block contraction . Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d - electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge , and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity . The anomalously high electronegativity of lead , particularly when compared to thallium and bismuth , appears to be an artifact of data selection ( and data availability ) -- methods of calculation other than the Pauling method show the normal periodic trends for these elements . Electron affinity Main article : Electron affinity Dependence of electron affinity on atomic number . Values generally increase across each period , culminating with the halogens before decreasing precipitously with the noble gases . Examples of localized peaks seen in hydrogen , the alkali metals and the group 11 elements are caused by a tendency to complete the s - shell ( with the 6s shell of gold being further stabilized by relativistic effects and the presence of a filled 4f sub shell ) . Examples of localized troughs seen in the alkaline earth metals , and nitrogen , phosphorus , manganese and rhenium are caused by filled s - shells , or half - filled p - or d - shells . The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion . Although electron affinity varies greatly , some patterns emerge . Generally , nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals . Chlorine most strongly attracts an extra electron . The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been measured conclusively , so they may or may not have slightly negative values . Electron affinity generally increases across a period . This is caused by the filling of the valence shell of the atom ; a group 17 atom releases more energy than a group 1 atom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable . A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected . The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus . As such this electron would be less attracted to the nucleus and would release less energy when added . However , in going down a group , around one - third of elements are anomalous , with heavier elements having higher electron affinities than their next lighter congenors . Largely , this is due to the poor shielding by d and f electrons . A uniform decrease in electron affinity only applies to group 1 atoms . Metallic character The lower the values of ionization energy , electronegativity and electron affinity , the more metallic character the element has . Conversely , nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties . Given the periodic trends of these three properties , metallic character tends to decrease going across a period ( or row ) and , with some irregularities ( mostly ) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons , and relativistic effects , tends to increase going down a group ( or column or family ) . Thus , the most metallic elements ( such as caesium and francium ) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements ( oxygen , fluorine , chlorine ) at the top right . The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair - shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables , and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line , or elements adjacent to those elements , as metalloids . Linking or bridging groups Hydrogen <Td_colspan="30"> Helium Lithium Beryllium <Td_colspan="24"> Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium <Td_colspan="24"> Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium <Td_colspan="14"> Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium <Td_colspan="13"> Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson 32 - column periodic table showing , from left to right , the location of group 3 ; lutetium and lawrencium ; groups 11 -- 12 ; and the noble gases From left to right across the four blocks of the long - or 32 - column form of the periodic table are a series of linking or bridging groups of elements , located approximately between each block . These groups , like the metalloids , show properties in between , or that are a mixture of , groups to either side . Chemically , the group 3 elements , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium behave largely like the alkaline earth metals or , more generally , s block metals but have some of the physical properties of d block transition metals . Lutetium and lawrencium , at the end of the end of the f block , may constitute another linking or bridging group . Lutetium behaves chemically as a lanthanide but shows a mix of lanthanide and transition metal physical properties . Lawrencium , as an analogue of lutetium , would presumable display like characteristics . The coinage metals in group 11 ( copper , silver , and gold ) are chemically capable of acting as either transition metals or main group metals . The volatile group 12 metals , zinc , cadmium and mercury are sometimes regarded as linking the d block to the p block . Notionally they are d block elements but they have few transition metal properties and are more like their p block neighbors in group 13 . The relatively inert noble gases , in group 18 , bridge the most reactive groups of elements in the periodic table -- the halogens in group 17 and the alkali metals in group 1 . History Main article : History of the periodic table First systemization attempts The discovery of the elements mapped to significant periodic table development dates ( pre - , per - and post - ) In 1789 , Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements , grouping them into gases , metals , nonmetals , and earths . Chemists spent the following century searching for a more precise classification scheme . In 1829 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many of the elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties . Lithium , sodium , and potassium , for example , were grouped together in a triad as soft , reactive metals . Döbereiner also observed that , when arranged by atomic weight , the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third ; this became known as the Law of Triads . German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system , and by 1843 he had identified ten triads , three groups of four , and one group of five . Jean - Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals . Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements , they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all . In 1857 , German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it . Methane , for example , has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms . This concept eventually became known as valency ; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms . In 1862 , Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , published an early form of periodic table , which he called the telluric helix or screw . He was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois showed that elements with similar properties seemed to occur at regular intervals . His chart included some ions and compounds in addition to elements . His paper also used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram ; as a result , it received little attention until the work of Dmitri Mendeleev . In 1864 , Julius Lothar Meyer , a German chemist , published a table with 44 elements arranged by valency . The table showed that elements with similar properties often shared the same valency . Concurrently , William Odling ( an English chemist ) published an arrangement of 57 elements , ordered on the basis of their atomic weights . With some irregularities and gaps , he noticed what appeared to be a periodicity of atomic weights among the elements and that this accorded with `` their usually received groupings '' . Odling alluded to the idea of a periodic law but did not pursue it . He subsequently proposed ( in 1870 ) a valence - based classification of the elements . Newlands ' periodic table , as presented to the Chemical Society in 1866 , and based on the law of octaves English chemist John Newlands produced a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when the elements were listed in order of increasing atomic weight , similar physical and chemical properties recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music . This so termed Law of Octaves , however , was ridiculed by Newlands ' contemporaries , and the Chemical Society refused to publish his work . Newlands was nonetheless able to draft a table of the elements and used it to predict the existence of missing elements , such as germanium . The Chemical Society only acknowledged the significance of his discoveries five years after they credited Mendeleev . In 1867 , Gustavus Hinrichs , a Danish born academic chemist based in America , published a spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra and weights , and chemical similarities . His work was regarded as idiosyncratic , ostentatious and labyrinthine and this may have militated against its recognition and acceptance . Mendeleev 's table Dmitri Mendeleev , watercolour by Ilya Repin Mendeleev 's periodic table from his book An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether A version of Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table : An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities . This early arrangement presents the periods vertically , and the groups horizontally . Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870 , respectively . Mendeleev 's table was his first published version ; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his ( Meyer 's ) table of 1864 . They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat . The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev 's table came from two decisions he made . The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered . Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so , but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements , such as gallium and germanium . The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements , such as tellurium and iodine , to better classify them into chemical families . Later in 1913 , Henry Moseley determined experimental values of the nuclear charge or atomic number of each element , and showed that Mendeleev 's ordering actually corresponds to the order of increasing atomic number . The significance of atomic numbers to the organization of the periodic table was not appreciated until the existence and properties of protons and neutrons became understood . Mendeleev 's periodic tables used atomic weight instead of atomic number to organize the elements , information determinable to fair precision in his time . Atomic weight worked well enough in most cases to ( as noted ) give a presentation that was able to predict the properties of missing elements more accurately than any other method then known . Substitution of atomic numbers , once understood , gave a definitive , integer - based sequence for the elements , and Moseley predicted ( in 1913 ) that the only elements still missing between aluminium ( Z = 13 ) and gold ( Z = 79 ) were Z = 43 , 61 , 72 and 75 , all of which were later discovered . The sequence of atomic numbers is still used today even as new synthetic elements are being produced and studied . Second version and further development Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table with eight groups of elements . Dashes represented elements unknown in 1871 . Eight - column form of periodic table , updated with all elements discovered to 2016 In 1871 , Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form , with groups of similar elements arranged in columns rather than in rows , and those columns numbered I to VIII corresponding with the element 's oxidation state . He also gave detailed predictions for the properties of elements he had earlier noted were missing , but should exist . These gaps were subsequently filled as chemists discovered additional naturally occurring elements . It is often stated that the last naturally occurring element to be discovered was francium ( referred to by Mendeleev as eka - caesium ) in 1939 . However , plutonium , produced synthetically in 1940 , was identified in trace quantities as a naturally occurring element in 1971 . The popular periodic table layout , also known as the common or standard form ( as shown at various other points in this article ) , is attributable to Horace Groves Deming . In 1923 , Deming , an American chemist , published short ( Mendeleev style ) and medium ( 18 - column ) form periodic tables . Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming 's 18 - column medium table , in 1928 , which was widely circulated in American schools . By the 1930s Deming 's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry . It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent - Welch Scientific Company . With the development of modern quantum mechanical theories of electron configurations within atoms , it became apparent that each period ( row ) in the table corresponded to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . Larger atoms have more electron sub-shells , so later tables have required progressively longer periods . Glenn T. Seaborg who , in 1945 , suggested a new periodic table showing the actinides as belonging to a second f - block series In 1945 , Glenn Seaborg , an American scientist , made the suggestion that the actinide elements , like the lanthanides , were filling an f sub-level . Before this time the actinides were thought to be forming a fourth d - block row . Seaborg 's colleagues advised him not to publish such a radical suggestion as it would most likely ruin his career . As Seaborg considered he did not then have a career to bring into disrepute , he published anyway . Seaborg 's suggestion was found to be correct and he subsequently went on to win the 1951 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthesizing actinide elements . Although minute quantities of some transuranic elements occur naturally , they were all first discovered in laboratories . Their production has expanded the periodic table significantly , the first of these being neptunium , synthesized in 1939 . Because many of the transuranic elements are highly unstable and decay quickly , they are challenging to detect and characterize when produced . There have been controversies concerning the acceptance of competing discovery claims for some elements , requiring independent review to determine which party has priority , and hence naming rights . In 2010 , a joint Russia -- US collaboration at Dubna , Moscow Oblast , Russia , claimed to have synthesized six atoms of tennessine ( element 117 ) , making it the most recently claimed discovery . It , along with nihonium ( element 113 ) , moscovium ( element 115 ) , and oganesson ( element 118 ) , are the four most recently named elements , whose names all became official on 28 November 2016 . Different periodic tables The long - or 32 - column table The periodic table in 32 - column format The modern periodic table is sometimes expanded into its long or 32 - column form by reinstating the footnoted f - block elements into their natural position between the s - and d - blocks . Unlike the 18 - column form this arrangement results in `` no interruptions in the sequence of increasing atomic numbers '' . The relationship of the f - block to the other blocks of the periodic table also becomes easier to see . Jensen advocates a form of table with 32 columns on the grounds that the lanthanides and actinides are otherwise relegated in the minds of students as dull , unimportant elements that can be quarantined and ignored . Despite these advantages the 32 - column form is generally avoided by editors on account of its undue rectangular ratio ( compared to a book page ratio ) , and the familiarity of chemists with the modern form ( as introduced by Seaborg ) . Tables with different structures Main article : Alternative periodic tables Within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev 's table in 1869 it has been estimated that around 700 different periodic table versions were published . As well as numerous rectangular variations , other periodic table formats have been shaped , for example , like a circle , cube , cylinder , building , spiral , lemniscate , octagonal prism , pyramid , sphere , or triangle . Such alternatives are often developed to highlight or emphasize chemical or physical properties of the elements that are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables . Theodor Benfey 's spiral periodic table A popular alternative structure is that of Theodor Benfey ( 1960 ) . The elements are arranged in a continuous spiral , with hydrogen at the centre and the transition metals , lanthanides , and actinides occupying peninsulas . Most periodic tables are two - dimensional ; however , three - dimensional tables are known to as far back as at least 1862 ( pre-dating Mendeleev 's two - dimensional table of 1869 ) . More recent examples include Courtines ' Periodic Classification ( 1925 ) , Wringley 's Lamina System ( 1949 ) , Giguère 's Periodic helix ( 1965 ) and Dufour 's Periodic Tree ( 1996 ) . Going one further , Stowe 's Physicist 's Periodic Table ( 1989 ) has been described as being four - dimensional ( having three spatial dimensions and one colour dimension ) . The various forms of periodic tables can be thought of as lying on a chemistry -- physics continuum . Towards the chemistry end of the continuum can be found , as an example , Rayner - Canham 's `` unruly '' Inorganic Chemist 's Periodic Table ( 2002 ) , which emphasizes trends and patterns , and unusual chemical relationships and properties . Near the physics end of the continuum is Janet 's Left - Step Periodic Table ( 1928 ) . This has a structure that shows a closer connection to the order of electron - shell filling and , by association , quantum mechanics . A somewhat similar approach has been taken by Alper , albeit criticized by Eric Scerri as disregarding the need to display chemical and physical periodicity . Somewhere in the middle of the continuum is the ubiquitous common or standard form of periodic table . This is regarded as better expressing empirical trends in physical state , electrical and thermal conductivity , and oxidation numbers , and other properties easily inferred from traditional techniques of the chemical laboratory . Its popularity is thought to be a result of this layout having a good balance of features in terms of ease of construction and size , and its depiction of atomic order and periodic trends . <Th_colspan="33"> ( hide ) Left - step periodic table ( by Charles Janet ) f f f f f f f f f f f f f f d d d d d d d d d d p p p p p p s s 1s <Td_colspan="30"> He 2s <Td_colspan="30"> Li Be 2p 3s <Td_colspan="24"> O Ne Na Mg 3p 4s <Td_colspan="24"> Al Si Cl Ar Ca 3d 4p 5s <Td_colspan="14"> Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr 4d 5p 6s <Td_colspan="14"> Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba 4f 5d 6p 7s La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra 5f 6d 7p 8s Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og 119 120 <Td_colspan="33"> <Td_colspan="14"> f - block <Td_colspan="10"> d - block <Td_colspan="6"> p - block <Td_colspan="2"> s - block <Td_colspan="33"> This form of periodic table is more congruent with the order in which electron shells are ideally filled according to Madelung 's rule , as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin ( read from top to bottom , left to right ) . In reality , the filling of electron shells is characterized by a number of irregularities . Open questions and controversies Placement of hydrogen and helium Simply following electron configurations , hydrogen ( electronic configuration 1s ) and helium ( 1s ) should be placed in groups 1 and 2 , above lithium ( ( He ) 2s ) and beryllium ( ( He ) 2s ) . However , such placing is rarely used outside of the context of electron configurations : When the noble gases ( then called `` inert gases '' ) were first discovered around 1900 , they were known as `` group 0 '' , reflecting no chemical reactivity of these elements known at that point , and helium was placed on the top that group , as it did share the extreme chemical inertness seen throughout the group . As the group changed its formal number , many authors continued to assign helium directly above neon , in group 18 ; one of the examples of such placing is the current IUPAC table . Hydrogen 's chemical properties are not very close to those of the alkali metals , which occupy group 1 , and on that basis hydrogen is sometimes placed elsewhere : one of the most common alternatives is in group 17 ; one of the factors behind it is the strictly univalent predominantly non-metallic chemistry of hydrogen , and that of fluorine ( the element placed on the top of group 17 ) is strictly univalent and non-metallic . Sometimes , to show how hydrogen has properties both corresponding to those of the alkali metals and the halogens , it may be shown in two columns simultaneously . Another suggestion is above carbon in group 14 : placed that way , it fits well into the trends of increasing ionization potential values and electron affinity values , and is not too far from the electronegativity trend , even though hydrogen can not show the tetravalence characteristic of the heavier group 14 elements . Finally , hydrogen is sometimes placed separately from any group ; this is based on how general properties of hydrogen differ from that of any group . The other period 1 element , helium , is sometimes placed separately from any group as well . The property that distinguishes helium from the rest of the noble gases ( even though the extraordinary inertness of helium is extremely close to that of neon and argon ) is that in its closed electron shell , helium has only two electrons in the outermost electron orbital , while the rest of the noble gases have eight . Group 3 and its elements in periods 6 and 7 Although scandium and yttrium are always the first two elements in group 3 , the identity of the next two elements is not completely settled . They are commonly lanthanum and actinium , and less often lutetium and lawrencium . The two variants originate from historical difficulties in placing the lanthanides in the periodic table , and arguments as to where the f block elements start and end . It has been claimed that such arguments are proof that , `` it is a mistake to break the ( periodic ) system into sharply delimited blocks '' . A third variant shows the two positions below yttrium as being occupied by the lanthanides and the actinides . Chemical and physical arguments have been made in support of lutetium and lawrencium but the majority of authors seem unconvinced . Most working chemists are not aware there is any controversy . In December 2015 an IUPAC project was established to make a recommendation on the matter . Lanthanum and actinium La and Ac below Y Lanthanum and actinium are commonly depicted as the remaining group 3 members . It has been suggested that this layout originated in the 1940s , with the appearance of periodic tables relying on the electron configurations of the elements and the notion of the differentiating electron . The configurations of caesium , barium and lanthanum are ( Xe ) 6s , ( Xe ) 6s and ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Lanthanum thus has a 5d differentiating electron and this establishes `` it in group 3 as the first member of the d - block for period 6 '' . A consistent set of electron configurations is then seen in group 3 : scandium ( Ar ) 3d 4s , yttrium ( Kr ) 4d 5s and lanthanum ( Xe ) 5d 6s . Still in period 6 , ytterbium was assigned an electron configuration of ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s and lutetium ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s , `` resulting in a 4f differentiating electron for lutetium and firmly establishing it as the last member of the f - block for period 6 '' . Later spectroscopic work found that the electron configuration of ytterbium was in fact ( Xe ) 4f 6s . This meant that ytterbium and lutetium -- the latter with ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s -- both had 14 f - electrons , `` resulting in a d - rather than an f - differentiating electron '' for lutetium and making it an `` equally valid candidate '' with ( Xe ) 5d 6s lanthanum , for the group 3 periodic table position below yttrium . Lanthanum , however , has the advantage of incumbency since the 5d electron appears for the first time in its structure whereas it appears for the third time in lutetium , having also made a brief second appearance in gadolinium . In terms of chemical behaviour , and trends going down group 3 for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium are similar to their group 1 -- 2 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the most common ( trivalent ) ions of the f - block elements consistently matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the trivalent ions of the first three f - block elements are Ce 1 , Pr 2 and Nd 3 . Lutetium and lawrencium Lu and Lr below Y In other tables , lutetium and lawrencium are the remaining group 3 members . Early techniques for chemically separating scandium , yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so - called `` yttrium group '' whereas La and Ac occurred together in the `` cerium group '' . Accordingly , lutetium rather than lanthanum was assigned to group 3 by some chemists in the 1920s and 30s . Several physicists in the 1950s and 60s favoured lutetium , in light of a comparison of several of its physical properties with those of lanthanum . This arrangement , in which lanthanum is the first member of the f - block , is disputed by some authors since lanthanum lacks any f - electrons . However , it has been argued that this is not valid concern given other periodic table anomalies -- thorium , for example , has no f - electrons yet is part of the f - block . As for lawrencium , its gas phase atomic electron configuration was confirmed in 2015 as ( Rn ) 5f 7s 7p . Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly , regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f - block or the d - block , as the only potentially applicable p - block position has been reserved for nihonium with its predicted configuration of ( Rn ) 5f 6d 7s 7p . Chemically , scandium , yttrium and lutetium ( and presumably lawrencium ) behave like trivalent versions of the group 1 -- 2 metals . On the other hand , trends going down the group for properties such as melting point , electronegativity and ionic radius , are similar to those found among their group 4 -- 8 counterparts . In this variant , the number of f electrons in the gaseous forms of the f - block atoms usually matches their position in the f - block . For example , the f - electron counts for the first five f - block elements are La 0 , Ce 1 , Pr 3 , Nd 4 and Pm 5 . Lanthanides and actinides Markers below Y A few authors position all thirty lanthanides and actinides in the two positions below yttrium ( usually via footnote markers ) . This variant emphasizes similarities in the chemistry of the 15 lanthanide elements ( La -- Lu ) , possibly at the expense of ambiguity as to which elements occupy the two group 3 positions below yttrium , and a 15 - column wide f block ( there can only be 14 elements in any row of the f block ) . Groups included in the transition metals The definition of a transition metal , as given by IUPAC , is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell , or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell . By this definition all of the elements in groups 3 -- 11 are transition metals . The IUPAC definition therefore excludes group 12 , comprising zinc , cadmium and mercury , from the transition metals category . Some chemists treat the categories `` d - block elements '' and `` transition metals '' interchangeably , thereby including groups 3 -- 12 among the transition metals . In this instance the group 12 elements are treated as a special case of transition metal in which the d electrons are not ordinarily involved in chemical bonding . The 2007 report of mercury ( IV ) fluoride ( HgF ) , a compound in which mercury would use its d electrons for bonding , has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury can be regarded as a transition metal . Other commentators , such as Jensen , have argued that the formation of a compound like HgF can occur only under highly abnormal conditions ; indeed , its existence is currently disputed . As such , mercury could not be regarded as a transition metal by any reasonable interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the term . Still other chemists further exclude the group 3 elements from the definition of a transition metal . They do so on the basis that the group 3 elements do not form any ions having a partially occupied d shell and do not therefore exhibit any properties characteristic of transition metal chemistry . In this case , only groups 4 -- 11 are regarded as transition metals . However , though the group 3 elements show few of the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals , they do show some of their characteristic physical properties ( on account of the presence in each atom of a single d electron ) . Elements with unknown chemical properties Although all elements up to oganesson have been discovered , of the elements above hassium ( element 108 ) , only copernicium ( element 112 ) , nihonium ( element 113 ) , and flerovium ( element 114 ) have known chemical properties , and only for the copernicium is there enough evidence for a conclusive categorisation at present . The other elements may behave differently from what would be predicted by extrapolation , due to relativistic effects ; for example , flerovium has been predicted to possibly exhibit some noble - gas - like properties , even though it is currently placed in the carbon group . More recent experiments have suggested , however , that flerovium behaves chemically like lead , as expected from its periodic table position . Further periodic table extensions Main article : Extended periodic table Hydrogen <Td_colspan="31"> Helium Lithium Beryllium <Td_colspan="25"> Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium <Td_colspan="25"> Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium <Td_colspan="15"> Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium <Td_colspan="14"> Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ununennium Unbinilium Unbiunium Unquadquadium Unquadpentium Unquadhexium Unquadseptium Unquadoctium Unquadennium Unpentnilium Unpentunium Unpentbium Unpenttrium Unpentquadium Unpentpentium Unpenthexium Unpentseptium Unpentoctium Unpentennium Unhexnilium Unhexunium Unhexbium Unhextrium Unhexquadium Unhexpentium Unhexhexium Unhexseptium Unhexoctium Unhexennium Unseptnilium Unseptunium Unseptbium <Td_colspan="3"> Unbibium Unbitrium Unbiquadium Unbipentium Unbihexium Unbiseptium Unbioctium Unbiennium Untrinilium Untriunium Untribium Untritrium Untriquadium Untripentium Untrihexium Untriseptium Untrioctium Untriennium Unquadnilium Unquadunium Unquadbium Unquadtrium Periodic table with eight rows , extended to element 172 It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8 , or require further adaptations or adjustments . Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly , so that it would include a two - element s - block for elements 119 and 120 , a new g - block for the next 18 elements , and 30 additional elements continuing the current f - , d - , and p - blocks , culminating in element 168 , the next noble gas . More recently , physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule , which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table . There are currently several competing theoretical models for the placement of the elements of atomic number less than or equal to 172 . Element with the highest possible atomic number The number of possible elements is not known . A very early suggestion made by Elliot Adams in 1911 , and based on the arrangement of elements in each horizontal periodic table row , was that elements of atomic weight greater than 256 ± ( which would equate to between elements 99 and 100 in modern - day terms ) did not exist . A higher -- more recent -- estimate is that the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability , which is expected to centre around element 126 , as the extension of the periodic and nuclides tables is restricted by proton and neutron drip lines . Other predictions of an end to the periodic table include at element 128 by John Emsley , at element 137 by Richard Feynman , and at element 155 by Albert Khazan . Bohr model The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137 , as any element with an atomic number greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be travelling faster than c , the speed of light . Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is inaccurate when applied to such an element . Relativistic Dirac equation The relativistic Dirac equation has problems for elements with more than 137 protons . For such elements , the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory rather than bound , and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra , as in the Klein paradox . More accurate calculations taking into account the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds the limit for elements with more than 173 protons . For heavier elements , if the innermost orbital ( 1s ) is not filled , the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum , resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron ; however , this does not happen if the innermost orbital is filled , so that element 173 is not necessarily the end of the periodic table . Optimal form The many different forms of periodic table have prompted the question of whether there is an optimal or definitive form of periodic table . The answer to this question is thought to depend on whether the chemical periodicity seen to occur among the elements has an underlying truth , effectively hard - wired into the universe , or if any such periodicity is instead the product of subjective human interpretation , contingent upon the circumstances , beliefs and predilections of human observers . An objective basis for chemical periodicity would settle the questions about the location of hydrogen and helium , and the composition of group 3 . Such an underlying truth , if it exists , is thought to have not yet been discovered . In its absence , the many different forms of periodic table can be regarded as variations on the theme of chemical periodicity , each of which explores and emphasizes different aspects , properties , perspectives and relationships of and among the elements . See also Chemistry portal Book : Periodic table Abundance of the chemical elements Atomic electron configuration table Element collecting List of chemical elements List of periodic table - related articles Names for sets of chemical elements Table of nuclides The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Timeline of chemical element discoveries Notes Jump up ^ The elements discovered initially by synthesis and later in nature are technetium ( Z = 43 ) , promethium ( 61 ) , astatine ( 85 ) , neptunium ( 93 ) , and plutonium ( 94 ) . Jump up ^ An element zero ( i.e. a substance composed purely of neutrons ) , is included in a few alternate presentations , for example , in the Chemical Galaxy . Jump up ^ There is an inconsistency and some irregularities in this convention . Thus , helium is shown in the p - block but is actually an s - block element , and ( for example ) the d - subshell in the d - block is actually filled by the time group 11 is reached , rather than group 12 . Jump up ^ The noble gases , astatine , francium , and all elements heavier than americium were left out as there is no data for them . Jump up ^ While fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements under the Pauling scale , neon is the most electronegative element under other scales , such as the Allen scale . Jump up ^ While Lr is thought to have p rather than d electron in its ground - state electron configuration , and would therefore be expected to be volatile metal capable of forming a + 1 cation in solution , no evidence of either of these properties has been able to be obtained despite experimental attempts to do so . It was originally expected to have ad electron in its electron configuration and this may still be the case for metallic lawrencium , whereas gas phase atomic lawrencium is very likely thought to have ap electron . Jump up ^ An antecedent of Deming 's 18 - column table may be seen in Adams ' 16 - column Periodic Table of 1911 . Adams omits the rare earths and the `` radioactive elements '' ( i.e. the actinides ) from the main body of his table and instead shows them as being `` careted in only to save space '' ( rare earths between Ba and eka - Yt ; radioactive elements between eka - Te and eka - I ) . See : Elliot Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 687 ) . Jump up ^ A second extra-long periodic table row , to accommodate known and undiscovered elements with an atomic weight greater than bismuth ( thorium , protactinium and uranium , for example ) , had been postulated as far back as 1892 . Most investigators , however , considered that these elements were analogues of the third series transition elements , hafnium , tantalum and tungsten . The existence of a second inner transition series , in the form of the actinides , was not accepted until similarities with the electron structures of the lanthanides had been established . See : van Spronsen , J.W. ( 1969 ) . The periodic system of chemical elements . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 315 -- 316 , ISBN 0 - 444 - 40776 - 6 . Jump up ^ See The Internet database of periodic tables for depictions of these kinds of variants . Jump up ^ But for the existence of the lanthanides the composition of group 3 would not have been a source of any special interest , since scandium , yttrium , lanthanum and actinium exhibit the same gradual change in properties as do calcium , strontium , barium and radium in group 2 . Jump up ^ The detachment of the lanthanides from the main body of the periodic table has been attributed to the Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner who , in 1902 , allocated all of them ( `` Ce etc . '' ) to one position in group 4 , below zirconium . This arrangement was referred to as the `` asteroid hypothesis '' , in analogy to asteroids occupying a single orbit in the solar system . Before this time the lanthanides were generally ( and unsuccessfully ) placed throughout groups I to VIII of the older 8 - column form of periodic table . Although predecessors of Brauner 's 1902 arrangement are recorded from as early as 1895 , he is known to have referred to the `` chemistry of asteroids '' in an 1881 letter to Mendeleev . Other authors assigned all of the lanthanides to either group 3 , groups 3 and 4 , or groups 2 , 3 and 4 . In 1922 Niels Bohr continued the detachment process by locating the lanthanides between the s - and d - blocks . In 1949 Glenn T. Seaborg ( re ) introduced the form of periodic table that is popular today , in which the lanthanides and actinides appear as footnotes . Seaborg first published his table in a classified report dated 1944 . It was published again by him in 1945 in Chemical and Engineering News , and in the years up to 1949 several authors commented on , and generally agreed with , Seaborg 's proposal . In that year he noted that the best method for presenting the actinides seemed to be by positioning them below , and as analogues of , the lanthanides . See : Thyssen P. and Binnemans K. ( 2011 ) . `` Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis '' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 94 ; Seaborg G.T. ( 1994 ) . Origin of the Actinide Concept ' . In K.A. Gschneider Jr. ( ed ) . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths. 18 . Amsterdam : Elsevier , pp. 1 -- 27 . Jump up ^ For examples of this table see Atkins et al. ( 2006 ) . Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press Myers et al. ( 2004 ) . Holt Chemistry . Orlando : Holt , Rinehart & Winston Chang R. ( 2000 ) . Essential Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Sc - Y - Lu - Lr table see Rayner - Canham G. & Overton T. ( 2013 ) . Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Brown et al. ( 2009 ) . Chemistry : The Central Science ( 11th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Education Moore et al. ( 1978 ) . Chemistry . Tokyo : McGraw - Hill Kogakusha Jump up ^ The phenomenon of different separation groups is caused by increasing basicity with increasing radius , and does not constitute a fundamental reason to show Lu , rather than La , below Y . Thus , among the Group 2 alkaline earth metals , Mg ( less basic ) belongs in the `` soluble group '' and Ca , Sr and Ba ( more basic ) occur in the `` ammonium carbonate group '' . Nevertheless , Mg , Ca , Sr and Ba are routinely collocated in Group 2 of the periodic table . See : Moeller et al. ( 1989 ) . Chemistry with Inorganic Qualitative Analysis ( 3rd ed . ) . SanDiego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , pp. 955 -- 956 , 958 . Jump up ^ Even if metallic lawrencium has a p electron , simple modelling studies suggest it will behave like a lanthanide , ( as do the rest of the late actinides ) . Jump up ^ For examples of the group 3 = Ln and An table see Housecroft C.E. & Sharpe A.G. ( 2008 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . Harlow : Pearson Education Halliday et al. ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Physics ( 7th ed . ) . Hoboken , NewJersey : John Wiley & Sons Nebergall et . al. ( 1980 ) . General Chemistry ( 6th ed . ) . Lexington : D.C. Heath and Company Jump up ^ Karol ( 2002 , p. 63 ) contends that gravitational effects would become significant when atomic numbers become astronomically large , thereby overcoming other super-massive nuclei instability phenomena , and that neutron stars ( with atomic numbers on the order of 10 ) can arguably be regarded as representing the heaviest known elements in the universe . See : Karol P.J. ( 2002 ) . `` The Mendeleev -- Seaborg periodic table : Through Z = 1138 and beyond '' . Journal of Chemical Education 79 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Scerri , one of the foremost authorities on the history of the periodic table , favoured the concept of an optimal form of periodic table but has recently changed his mind and now supports the value of a plurality of periodic tables . References Jump up ^ `` Chemistry : Four elements added to periodic table '' . BBC News . 4 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2016 . 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Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 69 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6973 - 4 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemans , K. ( 2011 ) . Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Bünzli , J-C. G ; Vecharsky , Bünzli , eds . Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table : A Historical Analysis . Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hevesy , G. ( 1929 ) . Redkie zemeli s tochki zreniya stroeniya atoma ( Rare earths from the point of view of structure of atom ) ( cited in Trifonov 1970 , p. 188 ) ( in Russian ) . Leningrad : NKhTI . Jump up ^ Stewart , P.J. ( 2008 ) . `` The Flyleaf Table : An Alternative '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 85 ( 11 ) : 1490 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1490 S . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1490 . Jump up ^ Thyssen , P. ; Binnemanns , K. ( 2011 ) . `` 1 : Accommodation of the rare earths in the periodic table : A historical analysis '' . In Gschneidner Jr. , K.A. ; Büzli , J-C. J. ; Pecharsky , V.K. Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 41 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53590 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keeler , J. ; Wothers , P. ( 2014 ) . Chemical Structure and Reactivity : An Integrated Approach . Oxford : Oxford University . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960413 - 5 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Mendeleev 's Periodic Table Is Finally Completed and What To Do about Group 3 ? '' . Chemistry International . 34 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Castelvecchi , D. ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Exotic atom struggles to find its place in the periodic table '' . Nature News . Archived from the original on 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution of group 3 of the periodic table '' . IUPAC. 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Emsley , J. ( 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks ( new ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . p. 651 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 960563 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : William B. Jensen ( 1982 ) . `` The Positions of Lanthanum ( Actinium ) and Lutetium ( Lawrencium ) in the Periodic Table '' . J. Chem. Educ. 59 ( 8 ) : 634 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1982JChEd ... 59 ... 634J . doi : 10.1021 / ed059p634 . Jump up ^ Trifonov , D.N. ( 1970 ) . Rare - earth elements and their position in the periodic system ( translated from Russian ) . New Delhi : Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre . pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , N.N. ; Harrington , T.J. ( 1973 ) . The chemistry of the transition elements . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 855435 - 4 . Jump up ^ Aylward , G. ; Findlay , T. ( 2008 ) . SI chemical data ( 6th ed . ) . Milton , Queensland : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 81638 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wiberg , N. ( 2001 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . San Diego : Academic Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wulfsberg , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Periodic table : Trends in the properties of the elements '' . Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry . New York : John Wiley & Sons . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 86210 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Cotton , S. ( 2007 ) . Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 01006 - 8 . Jump up ^ Scerri , E. ( 2015 ) . `` Five ideas in chemical education that must die -- part five '' . educationinchemistryblog . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . It is high time that the idea of group 3 consisting of Sc , Y , La and Ac is abandoned Jump up ^ Jensen , W.B. ( 2015 ) . `` Some Comments on the Position of Lawrencium in the Periodic Table '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ Xu , W-H. ; Pyykkö , P. ( 2016 ) . `` Is the chemistry of lawrencium peculiar ? '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 ( 26 ) : 17351 -- 17355 . Bibcode : 2016PCCP ... 1817351X . doi : 10.1039 / C6CP02706G . Jump up ^ King , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements . New York : Wiley - VCH . p. 289 . ISBN 1 - 56081 - 679 - 1 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` transition element '' . Jump up ^ Xuefang , W. ; Andrews , L. ; Riedel , S. ; Kaupp , M. ( 2007 ) . `` Mercury Is a Transition Metal : The First Experimental Evidence for HgF '' . Angew . Chem. Int . Ed . 46 ( 44 ) : 8371 -- 8375 . PMID 17899620 . doi : 10.1002 / anie. 200703710 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , W.B. ( 2008 ) . `` Is Mercury Now a Transition Element ? '' . J. Chem. Educ. 85 ( 9 ) : 1182 -- 1183 . Bibcode : 2008JChEd ... 85.1182 J . doi : 10.1021 / ed085p1182 . Jump up ^ Rayner - Canham , G. ; Overton , T. Descriptive inorganic chemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : WH Freeman . pp. 484 -- 485 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8963 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schändel , M. ( 2003 ) . The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 277 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 1250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Scerri 2011 , pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Fricke , B. ; Greiner , W. ; Waber , J.T. ( 1971 ) . `` The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172 . The chemistry of superheavy elements '' . Theoretica chimica acta . Springer - Verlag. 21 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 260 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01172015 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Frazier , K. ( 1978 ) . `` Superheavy Elements '' . Science News . 113 ( 15 ) : 236 -- 238 . JSTOR 3963006 . doi : 10.2307 / 3963006 . Jump up ^ Pyykkö , P. ( 2011 ) . `` A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172 , based on Dirac -- Fock calculations on atoms and ions '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2011PCCP ... 13 ... 161P . PMID 20967377 . doi : 10.1039 / c0cp01575j . Jump up ^ Elliot , Q.A. ( 1911 ) . `` A modification of the periodic table '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 33 ( 5 ) : 684 -- 688 ( 688 ) . doi : 10.1021 / ja02218a004 . Jump up ^ Seaborg , G. ( c. 2006 ) . `` transuranium element ( chemical element ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cwiok , S. ; Heenen , P. - H. ; Nazarewicz , W. ( 2005 ) . `` Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei '' . Nature . 433 ( 7027 ) : 705 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433 ... 705C . PMID 15716943 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03336 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , P. ( November 2010 ) . `` Would Element 137 Really Spell the End of the Periodic Table ? Philip Ball Examines the Evidence '' . Chemistry World . Royal Society of Chemistry . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisberg , R. ; Resnick , R. ( 1985 ) . Quantum Physics of Atoms , Molecules , Solids , Nuclei and Particles . Wiley . Jump up ^ Bjorken , J.D. ; Drell , S.D. ( 1964 ) . Relativistic Quantum Mechanics . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Greiner , W. ; Schramm , S. ( 2008 ) . `` American Journal of Physics '' . 76 : 509 . , and references therein . Jump up ^ Sella , Andrea ( 7 August 2013 ) . `` An elementary history lesson '' . New Scientist ( 2929 ) . Archived from the original on 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Scerri , Eric ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Is there an optimal periodic table and other bigger questions in the philosophy of science '' . ericscerri23.blogspot.com.au . Eric Scerri . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Bibliography Ball , P. ( 2002 ) . The Ingredients : A Guided Tour of the Elements . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 284100 - 9 . Chang , R. ( 2002 ) . Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Higher Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 284100 - 1 . Gray , T. ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 814 - 2 . Greenwood , N.N. ; Earnshaw , A. ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Oxford : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 . Huheey , J.E. ; Keiter , E.A. ; Keiter , R.L. Principles of structure and reactivity ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Harper Collins College Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 042995 - X . Moore , J.T. ( 2003 ) . Chemistry For Dummies . For Dummies ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Wiley Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 5430 - 8 . Scerri , E. ( 2007 ) . The periodic table : Its story and its significance . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . Scerri , E. ( 2011 ) . The periodic table : A very short introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958249 - 5 . Venable , F.P. ( 1896 ) . The Development of the Periodic Law . Easton , Pennsylvania : Chemical Publishing Company . External links Find more aboutPeriodic tableat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity IUPAC . `` Periodic Table of the Elements '' . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Note : There is no IUPAC ruling on the composition of Group 3 . M. Dayah . `` Dynamic Periodic Table '' . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Brady Haran . `` The Periodic Table of Videos '' . University of Nottingham . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Mark Winter . `` WebElements : the periodic table on the web '' . University of Sheffield . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Mark R. Leach . `` The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables '' . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Periodic table <Td_colspan="2"> ( Large cells ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="14"> 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 <Td_colspan="30"> He Li Be <Td_colspan="24"> O Ne Na Mg <Td_colspan="24"> Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc <Td_colspan="14"> Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y <Td_colspan="14"> Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og <Td_colspan="2"> Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties <Th_colspan="2"> Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - 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-7,795,970,230,044,886,000 | where was the beach scene in the patriot filmed | The Patriot ( 2000 film ) - wikipedia The Patriot ( 2000 film ) For other uses , see The Patriot . <Th_colspan="2"> The Patriot <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Roland Emmerich Produced by Dean Devlin Mark Gordon Gary Levinsohn Written by Robert Rodat Starring Mel Gibson Heath Ledger Joely Richardson Jason Isaacs Chris Cooper Tchéky Karyo René Auberjonois Tom Wilkinson Music by John Williams Cinematography Caleb Deschanel Edited by David Brenner Julie Monroe Production companies Centropolis Entertainment Mutual Film Company Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date June 30 , 2000 ( 2000 - 06 - 30 ) Running time 164 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $215.3 million The Patriot is a 2000 American epic historical fiction war film directed by Roland Emmerich , written by Robert Rodat , and starring Mel Gibson , Chris Cooper , Heath Ledger , and Jason Isaacs . The film mainly takes place in rural Berkeley County , South Carolina , and depicts the story of an American Colonist , nominally loyal to the British Crown , who is swept into the American Revolutionary War when his family is threatened . Benjamin Martin is a composite figure the scriptwriter claims is based on four factual figures from the American Revolutionary War : Andrew Pickens , Francis Marion , Daniel Morgan , and Thomas Sumter . The film takes place during the events of the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War but attracted controversy over its fictional portrayal of historical British figures and atrocities . Professor Mark Glancy , teacher of film history at Queen Mary , University of London has said : `` It 's horrendously inaccurate and attributes crimes committed by the Nazis in the 1940s to the British in the 1770s . '' While it is clear that the actions of then - Colonel Banastre Tarleton were certainly despicable , they were nowhere near the atrocities in the film , especially with the infamous `` Burning church '' scene , of which there is no historical or written record . Australian film critic David Edwards asserts that `` this fictional story is set around actual events , but it is not a history of what America was , or even an image of what it has become -- it 's a dream of what it should be ... The Patriot is a grand epic full of action and emotion ... But it 's also surprisingly insightful in its evaluation of the American ideal -- if not the reality . '' While , as critic Roger Ebert states , `` None of it has much to do with the historical reality of the Revolutionary War '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Script 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Controversy 4.3 Box office 4.4 Accolades 5 Historical authenticity 5.1 Criticism of Benjamin Martin as based on Francis Marion 5.2 Criticism of Tavington as based on Tarleton 5.3 Depiction of atrocities in the Revolutionary War 5.4 The concept of patriotism 6 Homages 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) During the American Revolution in 1776 , Benjamin Martin , a veteran of the French and Indian War and a widower with seven children , is called to Charleston to vote in the South Carolina General Assembly on a levy supporting the Continental Army . Fearing war against Great Britain , Benjamin abstains ; the vote is nonetheless passed and , against his father 's wishes , Benjamin 's eldest son Gabriel joins the Continentals . Two years later Charleston falls to the British and a wounded Gabriel returns home carrying dispatches . The Martins care for both British and American wounded from a nearby battle , before British Dragoons , led by the ruthless Colonel William Tavington , arrive , arrest Gabriel , and take captive the African American free men and women who work Benjamin 's land . When Benjamin 's second son Thomas tries to free Gabriel , he is shot and killed by Tavington , who then orders the Martins ' house burned , and wounded Americans executed . After the British leave , Benjamin gives his next two eldest sons rifles , and they ambush the British unit escorting a tied Gabriel . Benjamin skillfully , yet brutally , kills many soldiers with his tomahawk . A British survivor tells Tavington of the attack , earning Benjamin the moniker of the `` Ghost '' . Gabriel decides to rejoin the Continentals and Benjamin soon follows , leaving the younger children in the care of Benjamin 's sister - in - law , Charlotte . On their way to the Continental Army 's camp , they witness the southern Continental Army under General Horatio Gates engaging the British Army . Benjamin recognizes the foolishness of the action ; sure enough , the Continentals are decisively routed . Benjamin meets his former commanding officer , Colonel Harry Burwell , who makes him colonel of the local colonial militia due to his combat experience and also places Gabriel under Benjamin 's command . Benjamin is tasked with keeping Lord Cornwallis 's regiments pinned south through guerrilla warfare . French Major Jean Villeneuve helps train the militia and promises more French aid . Gabriel asks why Villeneuve and others often mention Benjamin 's role in something called `` Fort Wilderness . '' Benjamin , having been hesitant to answer the question up to now , finally tells his son the story . Benjamin had been fighting in the British Army in the French and Indian War when he and several other soldiers discovered a French atrocity at a fort that Benjamin and his comrades had been trying to reinforce . In a bloodthirsty rage , Benjamin and his comrades caught up with the French at Fort Wilderness , where Benjamin and his unit literally cut the defending French soldiers apart slowly . Benjamin reveals that he has been haunted by guilt ever since . Benjamin 's militia harass British supply lines , even capturing some of Cornwallis ' personal effects and his two Great Danes , and burn half the bridges and ferries leading to Charleston . Lord Cornwallis blames Tavington for creating this reaction with his brutal tactics . However , irritated at the lack of progress , and insulted by Benjamin 's clever ploy to free some of the captured militia , Cornwallis reluctantly allows Tavington to stop Benjamin by any means necessary . With the reluctant aid of the Loyalist Captain Wilkins , Tavington learns the identities of some militia members and proceeds to attack their families and burn their homes . Benjamin 's family flees Charlotte 's plantation as it is burned to live in a Gullah settlement with former black slaves . There , Gabriel marries his betrothed Anne . Tavington 's brigade rides into the town that supplies the militia . He assembles all the townspeople , including Anne , into the church promising freedom in exchange for the whereabouts of the rebels . However , after the location is given the doors are barricaded , trapping the people as Tavington orders the church burned , killing them all in a cold - blooded act of mass - murder . After discovering the tragedy , Gabriel and several others race to attack Tavington 's encampment . In the ensuing fight , Tavington mortally wounds Gabriel before fleeing . Benjamin arrives soon after , only to have another of his sons die in his arms . Benjamin mourns and wavers in his commitment to continue fighting , but is resolved when reminded of his son 's dedication to the cause by finding an American flag he repaired personally . Martin 's militia , along with a larger Continental Army regiment , confronts Cornwallis ' regiment in a decisive battle at the Battle of Cowpens . The British appear to have the upper hand until Benjamin rallies the troops forward against their lines and Tavington rushes to personally target him . The two duel and Tavington gains the upper hand , delivering several wounds to Benjamin . A beaten Benjamin slumps to his knees , and Tavington prepares to deliver the coup de grâce . At the last second , however , Benjamin dodges the attack and stabs Tavington to death , avenging his sons ' deaths . The battle is a Continental victory and Cornwallis is forced to retreat . After many eventual retreats , Cornwallis is besieged at Yorktown , Virginia where he surrenders to the surrounding Continental Army and the long - awaited French naval force . After the conflict ends , Benjamin returns with his family and discovers his militia men rebuilding his homestead in their new nation . Cast ( edit ) Mel Gibson as Benjamin Martin A veteran of the French and Indian War as the hero of the fictional Fort Wilderness and widowed father of seven children , Benjamin does what he can to avoid fighting in the Revolutionary War knowing the implications surrounding it . In addition , he does not want to reveal to his family of what he is capable of in violence . When his oldest son , Gabriel joins up , and his second born son , Thomas is killed , he takes it upon himself to join and fight with the colonial militia . He is nicknamed `` The Ghost '' by the British . He is based on a composite of historical characters which include Thomas Sumter , Daniel Morgan , Nathanael Greene , Andrew Pickens , and Francis Marion . Heath Ledger as Gabriel Edward Martin Benjamin 's eldest child , and the husband of Anne Patricia Howard Martin . He decides to join up with the Continental Army against his father 's wishes . He is killed during an attack on the Green Dragoons ' camp , while seeking revenge against Colonel Tavington for his wife 's murder . Gregory Smith as Thomas Martin Benjamin 's second son , he , like Gabriel , is anxious to fight in the war , but Benjamin says he has to wait because of his age . He is shot and killed by Tavington when he protests against Gabriel 's arrest . Tavington rebukes him as a `` stupid boy '' for his actions afterward . Benjamin takes Thomas 's set of toy tin soldiers and , over the course of the film , melts them down into bullets for his pistol . Trevor Morgan as Nathan Martin Third son , he and Samuel help around the farm . When Gabriel is taken prisoner and Thomas is killed , he and Samuel help their father on a rescue mission . Unlike Samuel , he is `` glad '' to kill British soldiers . Bryan Chafin as Samuel Martin Fourth son , he is usually seen helping Nathan around the farm . When Gabriel is taken prisoner and Thomas is killed , he helps his father , Benjamin , rescue Gabriel by killing several British soldiers , even though he does n't want to kill . For a short while , he becomes scared of his father after he witnesses him brutally killing and mutilating , post-mortem , a British soldier with a tomahawk . Logan Lerman as William Martin : Benjamin 's fifth and youngest son . This character was not originally in the script and was only added because Mel Gibson wanted to have seven children in the film ( like in real life ) rather than six . Though present throughout the film , his only line is during the opening credits . Mika Boorem as Margaret Martin Benjamin 's older daughter , she is often seen taking care of her younger siblings . Skye McCole Bartusiak as Susan Martin The younger daughter and child among Benjamin 's seven children , she has a problem with speaking , which may be a post-traumatic reaction to the death of their mother ; only later on does she finally open up . Her feelings towards her father change radically as the film progresses , and after Benjamin leaves from the furlough to rejoin his militia , in an extremely emotional scene , she seemingly forgives him and tells him she 'll say anything he wants to make him stay , to which Benjamin can only promise to return , which Susan accepts . Joely Richardson as Charlotte Selton Benjamin 's sister - in - law and love interest in the film . She is the owner of a plantation that is later burned down in the film . She looks after Benjamin 's children while he is fighting , eventually she and Benjamin married and expecting a child . Jason Isaacs as Colonel William Tavington Colonel of the Green Dragoons , he is portrayed as a charismatic sociopath and a brutal commander . Long ago , his late father wasted away the family money , along with William 's inheritance . He suggests to Cornwallis that he be allowed to acquire the Ohio territory as payment after the war since the brutality his commander wants from him sacrifices his social standing in English society . He is nicknamed `` The Butcher '' by Brigadier General O'Hara . The character is based on Banastre Tarleton . Chris Cooper as Colonel Harry Burwell One of Benjamin 's commanding officers in the French and Indian War and a colonel of the Continental Army . He fought in the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill . When his wife gives birth to their firstborn son , they name him after Benjamin 's late eldest son , Gabriel . His character is loosely based on Lieutenant Colonel Henry `` Light Horse Harry '' Lee . Tchéky Karyo as Major Jean Villeneuve A French officer who trains Martin 's militia , he holds a grudge against Martin for his part in the French and Indian War , but they become close friends by the war 's end . He explains in the film that he watched his wife and two daughters , 12 - year - old Violette and 10 - year - old Pauline ( both green - eyed ) , being burned in the ship that carried them by the British , which explains his hatred for them . He serves as Martin 's second - in - command . René Auberjonois as Reverend Oliver A minister of Pembroke who volunteers to fight with the militia . He also tries to give spiritual advice to his fellow soldiers . He is one of the eighteen captured men taken to Fort Carolina and released later on by Benjamin . He aides Gabriel in killing Captain Bordon , but is mortally shot by Tavington . Before dying , he courageously tosses his musket to Gabriel so that he may finish off Tavington . Lisa Brenner as Anne Patricia Howard Martin Gabriel 's childhood friend and love interest , whom he marries later in the film . She is killed in the town church along with the rest of the town on Tavington 's orders . Tom Wilkinson as Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis , 2nd Earl Cornwallis A general of the British army . While pompous and arrogant , he is disgusted by Tavington 's savage and ungentlemanly - like tactics . Cornwallis is a skilled commander , with Martin calling him a genius , but he sees militia as nothing more than `` farmers with pitchforks '' and is easily duped by Martin in a key scene . His two Great Danes , Jupiter and Mars , are a gift from king George III . Peter Woodward as Brigadier General Charles O'Hara Cornwallis ' second - in - command . Like Cornwallis , he does not share Tavington 's views on war . Donal Logue as Dan Scott One of Benjamin 's men . He is a racist and bullies the former slave Occam , but grows to befriend him , especially when saved by him while wounded . In the last part of the film , they stand side by side in the final battle and the raising of Martin 's new house . Leon Rippy as John Billings One of Benjamin 's neighbors and oldest friends who joins the militia . He is one of the 18 captured men taken to Fort Carolina and released later on by Benjamin . Afterward , John helps Charlotte Selton and Benjamin 's children escape the burning of the Selton plantation . He commits suicide , in full view of his comrades , after finding that Tavington 's men have killed his wife and son . Afterward , Benjamin gives the militia a furlough . Adam Baldwin as Captain James Wilkins An officer in the Loyalist Colonial militia recruited into the Green Dragoons by Captain Bordon . He knows everything about Benjamin Martin , and is called upon by Tavington to divulge such information when required . Earlier on , at the South Carolina Assembly in Charleston , he is one of the twelve out of forty to vote against a levy for the Continental Army . He fights alongside Tavington , and also shares these brutal views on how `` all those who stand against England deserve to die a traitor 's death . '' When he is forced to burn the church at Pembroke , with town residents inside by Tavington , only then does he regret his own words and realize what kind of man his commanding officer really is . He is last seen fighting alongside the British in the final battle of the movie . His fate is not shown . Jamieson K. Price as Captain Bordon Tavington 's second - in - command of the Green Dragoons and chief intelligence officer . He is just as ruthless as his commander , `` strong - arming '' prisoners during interrogations . He is killed by Gabriel in the youth 's raid against the Dragoons . Jay Arlen Jones as Occam An African slave who is sent to fight in his master 's place . He is taunted and bullied by the other members of the militia , but is treated as an equal by Benjamin , Gabriel , Jean , and later on by Dan Scott and the others . He gives out information of the captured eighteen militia men at Fort Carolina while escaping Tavington 's trap . After serving a year in the Continental Army , he becomes a free man , but nonetheless still serves with the militia until the end of the war , and later aids , alongside his former adversary Dan Scott , in raising a new house for Martin . ( See also : African Americans in the Revolutionary War ) Joey D. Vieira as Peter Howard Anne Howard 's father , who lost his left leg and most of his hearing while fighting the French and Indian War . He likens British taxation policies to the British taking his other leg . Zach Hanner as British field officer . Terry Layman as General George Washington . Andy Stahl as General Nathanael Greene . Grahame Wood as a friendly British Lieutenant at Martin 's farm who interacts with both Benjamin Martin and Colonel Tavington . He sees Tavington 's orders to kill the Colonial wounded and other prisoners revolting , but remains silent and follows through with the orders without question , largely out of fear for his own life . He dies shortly afterwards in Martin 's skirmish to rescue his son , Gabriel . Production ( edit ) Script ( edit ) Screenwriter Robert Rodat wrote seventeen drafts of the script before there was an acceptable one . In an early version , Anne is pregnant with Gabriel 's child when she dies in the burning church . Rodat wrote the script with Gibson in mind for Benjamin Martin , and gave the Martin character six children to signal this preference to studio executives . After the birth of Gibson 's seventh child , the script was changed so that Martin had seven children . Like the character William Wallace , which Gibson portrayed in Braveheart five years earlier , Martin is a man seeking to live his life in peace until revenge drives him to lead a cause against a national enemy after the life of an innocent family member is taken . Casting ( edit ) Joshua Jackson , Elijah Wood , Jake Gyllenhaal and Brad Renfro were considered to play Gabriel Martin . The producers and director narrowed their choices for this role to Ryan Phillippe and Heath Ledger , with the latter chosen because the director thought he possessed `` exuberant youth '' . Filming ( edit ) The film 's German director Emmerich said `` these were characters I could relate to , and they were engaged in a conflict that had a significant outcome -- the creation of the first modern democratic government . '' The film was shot entirely on location in South Carolina , including Charleston , Rock Hill -- for many of the battle scenes , and Lowrys -- for the farm of Benjamin Martin , as well as nearby Fort Lawn . Other scenes were filmed at Mansfield Plantation , an antebellum rice plantation in Georgetown , Middleton Place in Charleston , South Carolina , at the Cistern Yard on the campus of College of Charleston , and Hightower Hall and Homestead House at Brattonsville , South Carolina , along with the grounds of the Brattonsville Plantation in McConnells , South Carolina . Producer Mark Gordon said the production team `` tried their best to be as authentic as possible '' because `` the backdrop was serious history , '' giving attention to details in period dress . Producer Dean Devlin and the film 's costume designers examined actual Revolutionary War uniforms at the Smithsonian Institution prior to shooting . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Patriot ( soundtrack ) The musical score for The Patriot was composed by John Williams and was nominated for an Academy Award . David Arnold , who composed the scores to Emmerich 's Stargate , Independence Day , and Godzilla , created a demo for The Patriot that was ultimately rejected . As a result , Arnold never returned to compose for any of Emmerich 's subsequent films and was replaced by Harald Kloser and Thomas Wanker . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The Patriot received mildly favorable reviews from critics . The film scored a `` Fresh '' rating of 61 % rating among all critics on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 134 reviews and with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 , which notes that it `` can be entertaining to watch , but it relies too much on formula and melodrama . '' The Patriot is one of two Emmerich films to ever be given a `` fresh '' rating from that website ( the other is Independence Day ) . Rotten Tomatoes also notes that , `` While his hero is conscience - stricken about killing , Emmerich sure enjoys serving it up in generous helpings . '' On Metacritic , the film earned a rating of 63 out of 100 , based on reviews from 35 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The New York Times critic Elvis Mitchell gave the film a generally negative review , although he praised its casting and called Mel Gibson `` an astonishing actor '' , particularly for his `` on - screen comfort and expansiveness '' . He said the film is a `` gruesome hybrid , a mix of sentimentality and brutality '' . Jamie Malanowski , also writing in The New York Times , said The Patriot `` will prove to many a satisfying way to spend a summer evening . It 's got big battles and wrenching hand - to - hand combat , a courageous but conflicted hero and a dastardly and totally guilt - free villain , thrills , tenderness , sorrow , rage and a little bit of kissing '' . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Original Score , Best Cinematography , and Best Sound . Controversy ( edit ) A highly positive review was purportedly written by a critic named David Manning , who was credited to The Ridgefield Press , a small Connecticut weekly news publication . During an investigation into Manning 's quotes , Newsweek reporter John Horn discovered that the newspaper had never heard of him . The story emerged at around the same time as an announcement that Sony had used employees posing as moviegoers in television commercials to praise the film . These occurrences , in tandem , raised questions and controversy about ethics in movie marketing practices . On June 10 , 2001 , the episode of Le Show , host Harry Shearer conducted an in - studio interview with Manning , whose `` review '' of the film was positive . The voice of Manning was provided by a computer voice synthesizer . On August 3 , 2005 , Sony made an out - of - court settlement and agreed to refund $5 each to dissatisfied customers who saw this and four other films in American theatres , as a result of Manning 's reviews . Box Office ( edit ) The Patriot opened in 3,061 venues at # 2 with $22,413,710 domestically in its opening weekend , falling slightly short of expectations ( predictions had the film opening # 1 with roughly $25 million ahead ) . The film opened behind Warner Bros The Perfect Storm , which opened at # 1 with $41,325,042 . The film closed on October 16 , 2000 with $113,330,342 domestically , which barely recouped its budget of $110 million . It was successful overseas grossing $101,964,000 with a grand total of $215,294,342 . Accolades ( edit ) The Patriot was nominated for three Academy Awards : Best Sound Mixing ( Kevin O'Connell , Greg P. Russell and Lee Orloff ) , Best Cinematography , and Best Original Score . It also received several guild awards , including the American Society of Cinematographers award to Caleb Deschanel for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography and the Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Award for Best Period Makeup and Best Period Hair Styling . Historical authenticity ( edit ) During development , Emmerich and his team consulted with experts at the Smithsonian Institution on set , props , and costumes ; advisor Rex Ellis even recommended the Gullah village as an appropriate place for Martin 's family to hide . In addition , screenwriter Robert Rodat read through many journals and letters of colonists as part of his preparation for writing the screen play . Producer Mark Gordon said that in making the film , `` while we were telling a fictional story , the backdrop was serious history '' . Some of the resulting characters and events thus were composites of real characters and events that were designed to serve the fictional narrative without losing the historical flavor . Rodat said of Gibson 's character : `` Benjamin Martin is a composite character made up of Thomas Sumter , Daniel Morgan , Andrew Pickens , and Francis Marion , and a few bits and pieces from a number of other characters . '' Rodat also indicated that the fictional Colonel William Tavington is `` loosely based on Colonel Banastre Tarleton , who was particularly known for his brutal acts '' . While some events , such as Tarleton 's pursuit of Francis Marion and his fellow irregular soldiers who escaped by disappearing into the swamps of South Carolina , were loosely based on history , and others were adapted , such as the final battle in the film which combined elements of the Battles of Cowpens and Battle of Guilford Court House , most of the plot events in the film are pure fiction . Criticism of Benjamin Martin as based on Francis Marion ( edit ) The film was harshly criticized in the British press in part because of its connection to Francis Marion , a militia leader in South Carolina known as the `` Swamp Fox '' . After the release of The Patriot , the British newspaper The Guardian denounced Marion as `` a serial rapist who hunted Red Indians for fun . Historian Christopher Hibbert said of Marion : `` The truth is that people like Marion committed atrocities as bad , if not worse , than those perpetrated by the British . '' The Patriot does not depict the American character Benjamin Martin as innocent of atrocities ; a key plot point revolves around the character 's guilt over acts he engaged in , such as torturing , killing , and mutilating prisoners during the French and Indian War , while not mentioning his crimes against fellow colonists during the Revolutionary War . In Hibbert 's book Redcoats and Rebels : The American Revolution Through British Eyes , written before The Patriot was released , Hibbert included no criticism of Marion . Conservative radio host Michael Graham rejected Hibbert 's criticism of Marion in a commentary published in National Review : `` Was Francis Marion a slave owner ? Was he a determined and dangerous warrior ? Did he commit acts in an 18th century war that we would consider atrocious in the current world of peace and political correctness ? As another great American film hero might say : ' You 're damn right . ' `` That 's what made him a hero , 200 years ago and today . '' Graham also refers to what he describes as `` the unchallenged work of South Carolina 's premier historian '' Dr. Walter Edgar , who claimed in his 1998 South Carolina : A History that Marion 's partisans were `` a ragged band of both black and white volunteers '' . Amy Crawford , in Smithsonian magazine , stated that modern historians such as William Gilmore Simms and Hugh Rankin have written accurate biographies of Marion , including Simms ' The Life of Francis Marion . The introduction to the 2007 edition of Simms ' book was written by Sean Busick , a professor of American history at Athens State University in Alabama , who wrote : `` Marion deserves to be remembered as one of the heroes of the War for Independence ... Francis Marion was a man of his times : he owned slaves , and he fought in a brutal campaign against the Cherokee Indians ... Marion 's experience in the French and Indian War prepared him for more admirable service . '' During pre-production , the producers debated on whether Martin would own slaves , ultimately deciding not to make him a slave owner . This decision received criticism from Spike Lee , who in a letter to The Hollywood Reporter accused the film 's portrayal of slavery as being `` a complete whitewashing of history '' . Lee wrote that after he and his wife went to see the film , `` we both came out of the theatre fuming . For three hours The Patriot dodged around , skirted about or completely ignored slavery . '' Gibson himself remarked : `` I think I would have made him a slave holder . Not to seems kind of a cop - out . '' Criticism of Tavington as based on Tarleton ( edit ) After release , several British voices criticized the film for its depiction of the film 's villain Tavington and defended the historical character of Banastre Tarleton . Ben Fenton , commenting in the Daily Telegraph , wrote : `` There is no evidence that Tarleton , called ' Bloody Ban ' or ' The Butcher ' in rebel pamphlets , ever broke the rules of war and certainly did not ever shoot a child in cold blood . '' Although Tarleton gained the reputation among Americans as a butcher for his involvement in the Waxhaw massacre in South Carolina , he was a hero in Liverpool , England . Liverpool City Council , led by Mayor Edwin Clein , called for a public apology for what they viewed as the film 's `` character assassination '' of Tarleton . What happened during the Battle of The Waxhaws , known to the Americans as the Buford Massacre or as the Waxhaw massacre , is the subject of debate . According to an American field surgeon named Robert Brownfield who witnessed the events , the Continental Army Col. Buford raised a white flag of surrender , `` expecting the usual treatment sanctioned by civilized warfare '' . While Buford was calling for quarter , Tarleton 's horse was struck by a musket ball and fell . This gave the Loyalist cavalrymen the impression that the Continentals had shot at their commander while asking for mercy . Enraged , the Loyalist troops charged at the Virginians . According to Brownfield , the Loyalists attacked , carrying out `` indiscriminate carnage never surpassed by the most ruthless atrocities of the most barbarous savages '' . In Tarleton 's own account , he stated that his horse had been shot from under him during the initial charge in which he was knocked out for several minutes and that his men , thinking him dead , engaged in `` a vindictive asperity not easily restrained '' . Tarleton 's role in the Revolutionary War in the Carolinas is examined by Ben Rubin who shows that historically , while the actual events of the Battle of the Waxhaws were presented differently according to which side was recounting them , the story of Tarleton 's atrocities at Waxhaws and on other occasions became a rallying cry , particularly at the Battle of King 's Mountain . The tales of Tarleton 's atrocities were a part of standard U.S. accounts of the war and were described by Washington Irving and by Christopher Ward in his 1952 history , The War of the Revolution , where Tarleton is described as `` cold - hearted , vindictive , and utterly ruthless . He wrote his name in letters of blood all across the history of the war in the South . '' Not until Anthony Scotti 's 2002 book , Brutal Virtue : The Myth and Reality of Banastre Tarleton , were Tarleton 's actions fully reexamined . Scotti challenged the factual accounts of atrocities and stressed the `` propaganda value that such stories held for the Americas both during and after the war '' . Scotti 's book , however , did not come out until two years after The Patriot . Screenwriters consulting American works to build the character Tavington based on Tarleton would have commonly found descriptions of him as barbaric and accounts of his name being used for recruiting and motivation during the Revolutionary War itself . Whereas Tavington is depicted as aristocratic but penniless , Tarleton came from a wealthy Liverpool merchant family . Tarleton did not die in battle or from impalement , as Tavington did in the film . Tarleton died on January 16 , 1833 , in Leintwardine , Herefordshire , England , at the age of 78 , nearly 50 years after the war ended . He outlived Col. Francis Marion who died in 1795 , by 38 years . Before his death , Tarleton had achieved the military rank of General , equal to that held by the overall British Commanders during the American Revolution , and became a baronet and a member of the British Parliament . Depiction of atrocities in the Revolutionary War ( edit ) The Patriot was criticized for misrepresenting atrocities during the Revolutionary War , including the killing of prisoners of war and wounded soldiers and burning a church filled with townsfolk . While atrocities occurred during the war , the most striking of the film 's depictions of British atrocities -- the burning of a church full of unarmed colonial civilians -- had virtually no factual basis nor parallel in the American or European 18th century wars , with the exception of the Massacre at Lucs - sur - Boulogne in 1794 . The New York Post film critic Jonathan Foreman was one of several focusing on this distortion in the film and wrote the following in an article at Salon.com : `` The most disturbing thing about The Patriot is not just that German director Roland Emmerich ( director of Independence Day ) and his screenwriter Robert Rodat ( who was criticized for excluding the roles played by British , Canadian ( Juno Beach ) and other Allied troops in the Normandy landings from his script for Saving Private Ryan ) depicted British troops as committing savage atrocities , but that those atrocities bear such a close resemblance to war crimes carried out by German troops -- particularly the SS in World War II . It 's hard not to wonder if the filmmakers have some kind of subconscious agenda ... They have made a film that will have the effect of inoculating audiences against the unique historical horror of Oradour -- and implicitly rehabilitating the Nazis while making the British seem as evil as history 's worst monsters ... So it 's no wonder that the British press sees this film as a kind of blood libel against the British people . '' The Washington Post film critic Stephen Hunter , a historian of the era , said : `` Any image of the American Revolution which represents you Brits as Nazis and us as gentle folk is almost certainly wrong . It was a very bitter war , a total war , and that is something that I am afraid has been lost to history ... ( T ) he presence of the Loyalists ( colonists who did not want to join the fight for independence from Britain ) meant that the War of Independence was a conflict of complex loyalties . '' The historian Richard F. Snow , editor of American Heritage magazine , said of the church - burning scene : `` Of course it never happened -- if it had do you think Americans would have forgotten it ? It could have kept us out of World War I . '' The concept of patriotism ( edit ) Slate columnist Michael Lind criticized the identification of the leading character 's actions with patriotism . Specifically , Lind stated that `` this movie is deeply subversive patriotism . Indeed , patriotism is a concept that neither the screenwriter ... nor the director ... seems to understand '' . He further wrote that `` the message of The Patriot is that country is an abstraction , family is everything . It should have been called The Family Man '' . In contrast , historian Ben Rubin argues that because the American Revolution was a conflict that as often pitted neighbor against neighbor -- Whigs ( advocates of Revolution ) against Tories ( loyalists to Britain ) -- as it pitted nascent Americans against the British , many people stayed neutral until goaded into taking a stand in reaction to perceived atrocities . From this perspective , Benjamin Martin 's joining of the militia becomes , according to commentator Jon Roland , a deep patriotism that `` shows them being called up , not as an act of an official , but by private persons aware of a common threat ... ( reacting to a ) militia duty to defend one another '' . Homages ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the film , Gibson 's character asks , `` Why should I trade one tyrant three thousand miles away for three thousand tyrants one mile away ? '' `` They Call me a brainless Tory , '' said ( Doctor ) Reverend Mather Byles while watching three thousand Sons of Liberty parading the streets of Boston , `` but tell me my young friend , which is better , to be ruled by one tyrant three thousand miles away or three thousand tyrants not a mile away '' . Paul Revere And The World He Lived In by Ester Forbes Riverside Press Cambridge , Massachusetts 1942 The Patriot : The Official Companion by Suzanne Fritz and Rachel Aberly The Patriot : A Novel by Stephen Molstad Home media ( edit ) The Patriot was released on DVD on October 24 , 2000 , a Blu - Ray release followed on July 3 , 2007 . The Patriot was later released on 4K UHD Blu - Ray on May 22 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Patriot ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 22 , 2000 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Patriot ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . October 16 , 2000 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bettridge , Daniel ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` How accurate is Hollywood history ? We asked an expert which films got their facts wrong '' . Yahoo Movies , U.K. & Ireland . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edwards , David . `` The Patriot '' ( review ) . Urban Cinefile . July 2000 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Patriot '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Patriot ( DVD ) . Columbia Pictures . 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7678 - 5846 - 8 . Special features -- True Patriots featurette Jump up ^ `` The Patriot on TNT '' . TNT ( TV network ) . 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Movies Filmed in South Carolina -- The Patriot '' . South Carolina Information Highway . SCIway.net. 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : The Patriot ( John Williams ) '' . Filmtracks.com . June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Patriot Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews for The Patriot '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Patriot , retrieved October 20 , 2017 Jump up ^ Mitchell , Elvis ( June 28 , 2000 ) . `` Film Review ; A Gentle Farmer Who 's Good at Violence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malanowski , Jamie ( July 2 , 2000 ) . `` The Revolutionary War Is Lost on Hollywood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Horn , John ( June 2 , 2001 ) . `` The Reviewer Who Was n't There '' . MSNBC . Newsweek . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2001 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shearer , Harry ( June 10 , 2001 ) . `` le Show '' . HarryShearer.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sony to pay $1.5 m for film hoax , '' Irish Independent , August 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for June 30 -- July 2 , 2000 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . July 3 , 2000 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 73rd Academy Awards ( 2001 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 15th Annual ASC Awards -- 2000 '' . ASC Roster . American Society of Cinematographers. 2000 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards , 2001 , IMDb : Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Moore , Lucinda ( July 2000 ) . `` Capturing America 's Fight for Freedom '' . Smithsonian . Jump up ^ Malanowski , Jamie ( July 2 , 2000 ) . `` Film : The Revolutionary War is Lost on Hollywood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Amy ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` The Swamp Fox -- Elusive and crafty , Francis Marion outwitted British troops during the American Revolution '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spike Lee slams Patriot '' . The Guardian . London . July 6 , 2000 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Mel Gibson 's latest hero : a rapist who hunted Indians for fun ' , Guardian Unlimited , June 15 , 2000 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Michael ( June 26 , 2000 ) . `` The British Are Crying , the British Are Crying ( guest column ) '' . National Review . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Crawford , Amy ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` The Swamp Fox '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spike Lee slams Patriot '' , Guardian Unlimited , July 6 , 2000 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dunkel , Tom ( June 2000 ) . `` Mel Gibson Pops an American Myth '' . George . Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( June 19 , 2000 ) . `` Truth is first casualty in Hollywood 's war '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Patriotic Liverpool up in arms over Gibson 's blockbuster '' . Guardian Unlimited . London . June 30 , 2000 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Kennedy . `` American Revolution : Battle of Waxhaws '' . About.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Ben . `` The Rhetoric of Revenge : Atrocity and Identity in Revolutionary Carolinas '' . Journal of Backcountry Studies , vol. 5 , No. 2 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rubin , 2010 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Scotti , Anthony , Jr . ( July 2002 ) . Brutal Virtue : The Myth and Reality of Banastre Tarleton . Boise , MD : Heritage Books . ISBN 978 - 0788420993 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rubin , 2010 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Foreman , ' The Nazis , er , the Redcoats are coming ! ' , Salon.com , July 3 , 2000 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( June 19 , 2000 ) . `` Truth is first casualty in Hollywood 's war '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` The Patriot : more flag - waving rot with Mel Gibson '' . The Guardian . London . July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Parsons Column : Danger in Mel 's deceit '' . The Free Library . Farlex . Jump up ^ Lind , Michael ( July 28 , 2000 ) . `` Unpatriotic : Gibson 's patriot is Sonny Corleone , not Sgt . York '' . Slate . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Ben ( 2010 ) . `` The Rhetoric of Revenge : Atrocity and Identity in Revolutionary Carolinas '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Backcountry Studies . 102 ( 84 ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Patriot not just about the American Revolution , Review by Jon Roland '' . July 4 , 2000 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , John Howard ( Fall 2001 ) . `` The Irrepressible Rev. Mather Byles , Sr. : Loyalist Wit '' . DLAR News : The Newsletter of the David Library of the American Revolution . 5 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Patriot DVD Release Date October 24 , 2000 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` High Def Digest Blu - ray and Games News and Reviews in High Definition '' . ultrahd.highdefdigest.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Patriot ( 2000 film ) The Patriot on IMDb The Patriot at Box Office Mojo The Patriot at Rotten Tomatoes The Patriot at Metacritic Government info on Southern Campaign , Banastre Tarleton , and Benjamin Martin <Th_colspan="2"> hide Films directed by Roland Emmerich <Td_colspan="2"> The Noah 's Ark Principle ( 1984 ) Joey ( 1985 ) Hollywood - Monster ( 1987 ) Moon 44 ( 1990 ) Universal Soldier ( 1992 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Godzilla ( 1998 ) The Patriot ( 2000 ) The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) 10,000 BC ( 2008 ) 2012 ( 2009 ) Anonymous ( 2011 ) White House Down ( 2013 ) Stonewall ( 2015 ) Independence Day : Resurgence ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Patriot_(2000_film)&oldid=843080874 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films American films 2000s action films 2000s drama films 2000s historical films 2000s war films American action films American drama films American epic films American historical films American Revolutionary War films American war films Action drama films Anti-British sentiment Films scored by John Williams Films directed by Roland Emmerich Films set in Charleston , South Carolina Films set in South Carolina Films set in Virginia Films set in the 1770s Films set in the 1780s Films shot in South Carolina War epic films Epic films based on actual events Mutual Film Company films Columbia Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 18 : 57 . 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4. Historical accuracy
5. Battle scenes |
-238,923,927,064,722,900 | the musicians on coltrane's ascension album stressed the use of | Ascension ( John Coltrane album ) - wikipedia Ascension ( John Coltrane album ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ascension <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by John Coltrane Released February 1966 Recorded June 28 , 1965 at Van Gelder Studio , Englewood Cliffs Genre Free jazz , avant - garde jazz Length 40 : 49 ( Edition II ) 38 : 30 ( Edition I ) 79 : 19 ( CD release ) Label Impulse ! Producer Bob Thiele <Th_colspan="2"> John Coltrane chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The John Coltrane Quartet Plays ( 1965 ) Ascension ( 1966 ) New Thing at Newport ( 1965 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating Allmusic The Penguin Guide to Jazz ( crown ) Rolling Stone Album Guide The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide Ascension is a jazz album by John Coltrane recorded in 1965 and released in 1966 . It is often considered to be a cornerstone of Coltrane 's work , with the albums released before it being more conventional in structure and the albums released after it being looser , free jazz inspired works . In addition , it signaled Coltrane 's interest in moving away from the quartet format . Coltrane described Ascension in a radio interview as a `` big band thing '' , although it resembles no big band recording made before it . The most obvious antecedent is Ornette Coleman 's octet ( or `` double quartet '' ) recording , Free Jazz : A Collective Improvisation , which -- like Ascension -- is a continuous 40 - minute performance with ensemble passages and without breaks . Jazz musician Dave Liebman , commenting on Ascension , recalled that the album was the `` torch that lit the free jazz thing '' . Contents 1 Music 2 Order of soloists and ensembles 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 References 6 Sources Music ( edit ) Coltrane 's horn section is moored to a monolithic rhythm section , centered on pianist McCoy Tyner , double bassists Jimmy Garrison and Art Davis , and drummer Elvin Jones . On Ascension ( and unlike on Ornette Coleman 's Free Jazz ) , group ensembles alternate with solos , and take up about equal space . The basic theme stated in the opening and closing ensembles is a variation on the major motif of Coltrane 's previous album A Love Supreme ( 1965 ) , particularly the opening bass riff stated on said album 's opening track , `` Acknowledgment '' . Coltrane gave the musicians no directions for their solos , other than that they were to end with a crescendo . The ensemble passages are more structured . There were chords , but apparently they were optional ; it is more accurate to say that the ensembles consist of a progression of modes rather than chords , with mode changes signaled by Coltrane , pianist McCoy Tyner , and trumpeter Freddie Hubbard . By comparison to Free Jazz , Ascension features a much expanded `` front line '' , with two altos , three tenors , and two trumpeters . The horn section consisted mostly of younger players , most of whom would soon attain some degree of fame on the ( free ) jazz scene . A notable exception is trumpeter Dewey Johnson , who plays the first solo of the album after Coltrane . Plagued by mental illness , Johnson never made another professional recording ( he had played previously on Paul Bley 's 1964 album Barrage ) , eventually disappearing in New York City in the 1980s . He currently resides in Coler Specialty Hospital and Nursing Home on Roosevelt Island in New York City . Because of Johnson 's obscurity , and his prominent place on the album , his solo is sometimes mistaken for Hubbard 's . Order of soloists and ensembles ( edit ) The solo order differs slightly between the takes ; Edition II also features no drum solo by Elvin Jones . Edition II ( Opening Ensemble ) Coltrane solo ( 3 : 10 -- 5 : 48 ) ( Ensemble ) Johnson solo ( 7 : 45 -- 9 : 30 ) ( Ensemble ) Sanders solo ( 11 : 55 -- 14 : 25 ) ( Ensemble ) Hubbard solo ( 15 : 40 -- 17 : 40 ) ( Ensemble ) Tchicai solo ( 18 : 50 -- 20 : 00 ) ( Ensemble ) Shepp solo ( 21 : 10 -- 24 : 10 ) ( Ensemble ) Brown solo ( 25 : 10 -- 27 : 16 ) ( Ensemble ) Tyner solo ( 29 : 55 -- 33 : 26 ) Davis and Garrison duet ( 33 : 26 -- 35 : 50 ) ( Concluding Ensemble ) Edition I ( Opening Ensemble ) Coltrane solo ( 4 : 05 -- 6 : 05 ) ( Ensemble ) Johnson solo ( 7 : 58 -- 10 : 07 ) ( Ensemble ) Sanders solo ( 11 : 15 -- 13 : 30 ) ( Ensemble ) Hubbard solo ( 14 : 53 -- 17 : 50 ) ( Ensemble ) Shepp solo ( 18 : 55 -- 21 : 40 ) ( Ensemble ) Tchicai solo ( 23 : 11 -- 24 : 56 ) ( Ensemble ) Brown solo ( 26 : 23 -- 28 : 31 ) ( Ensemble ) Tyner solo ( 29 : 39 -- 31 : 36 ) Davis and Garrison duet ( 31 : 36 -- 33 : 30 ) Jones solo ( 33 : 30 -- 33 : 55 ) ( Concluding Ensemble ) Track listing ( edit ) Two recordings of `` Ascension '' exist , called Edition I and Edition II . Edition I is the second recorded take of the composition and was originally released on Impulse in February 1966 ( catalog number A-95 ) . Because of vinyl limitations , it was divided into two parts . Edition II is the first take and Coltrane 's preferred version . It replaced Edition I ( also as A-95 , with `` EDITION II '' etched on the vinyl runout circle ) some months after the original release . Both versions are available on the single - CD version released by Impulse ! / Verve / Universal in 2000 and were previously available on the 1992 double - disc collection The Major Works of John Coltrane on Impulse ! / GRP / MCA . Edition I `` Ascension '' ( John Coltrane ) -- 38 : 30 Edition II `` Ascension '' ( Coltrane ) -- 40 : 49 Personnel ( edit ) Freddie Hubbard -- trumpet Dewey Johnson -- trumpet Marion Brown -- alto saxophone John Tchicai -- alto saxophone John Coltrane -- tenor saxophone Pharoah Sanders -- tenor saxophone Archie Shepp -- tenor saxophone McCoy Tyner -- piano Art Davis -- bass Jimmy Garrison -- bass Elvin Jones -- drums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard Feb 5 , 1966 Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Cook , Richard ; Morton , Brian ( 2008 ) . The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings ( 9th ed . ) . Penguin . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 03401 - 0 . Jump up ^ All Music Guide Info and Review . Jump up ^ Swenson , J. , ed. ( 1985 ) . The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide . USA : Random House / Rolling Stone . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 72643 - X . Jump up ^ `` John Coltrane -- Ascension ( Edition II ) ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ascension ( CD insert , CD back cover ) . John Coltrane . Impulse. 2009 . 0602517920248 . Sources ( edit ) Kahn , Ashley . A Love Supreme : The Creation of John Coltrane 's Classic Album , Granta Books , paperback 2003 , ISBN 1 - 86207 - 602 - 2 <Th_colspan="2"> John Coltrane <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Prestige albums Bahia The Believer Black Pearls The Cats Cattin ' with Coltrane and Quinichette Coltrane Dakar Interplay John Coltrane with the Red Garland Trio Kenny Burrell and John Coltrane The Last Trane Lush Life Settin ' the Pace Soultrane Standard Coltrane Stardust Tenor Conclave Two Tenors Wheelin ' and Dealin ' Blue Note albums Blue Train Coltrane Time Atlantic albums The Avant - Garde Bags & Trane Coltrane Jazz Coltrane Plays the Blues Coltrane 's Sound Giant Steps My Favorite Things Olé Coltrane Impulse ! albums Africa / Brass The Africa / Brass Sessions , Volume 2 Ascension Ballads Coltrane Cosmic Music Crescent Duke Ellington & John Coltrane Expression First Meditations Impressions Infinity Interstellar Space John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman The John Coltrane Quartet Plays Kulu Sé Mama A Love Supreme Meditations Om Selflessness : Featuring My Favorite Things Stellar Regions Sun Ship Transition Infinity Both Directions at Once : The Lost Album With Miles Davis Miles : The New Miles Davis Quintet Basic Miles ' Round About Midnight Workin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet Steamin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet Relaxin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet Cookin ' with The Miles Davis Quintet Miles Davis Quintet at Peacock Alley Milestones 1958 Miles Miles & Monk at Newport Kind of Blue Someday My Prince Will Come Jazz at the Plaza Vol . I With Ray Draper The Ray Draper Quintet featuring John Coltrane A Tuba Jazz With Wilbur Harden Mainstream 1958 Jazz Way Out Tanganyika Strut With Thelonious Monk The Complete 1957 Riverside Recordings Thelonious Himself Monk 's Music Thelonious Monk Quartet with John Coltrane at Carnegie Hall Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane Live albums Afro Blue Impressions Bye Bye Blackbird The European Tour Live at Birdland Live at the Half Note : One Down , One Up Live ! at the Village Vanguard Live at the Village Vanguard Again ! The Complete 1961 Village Vanguard Recordings Live in Japan Live in Paris Live in Seattle Newport ' 63 New Thing at Newport The Olatunji Concert : The Last Live Recording The Paris Concert Offering : Live at Temple University Compilations Alternate Takes The Best of John Coltrane The Classic Quartet : The Complete Impulse ! Recordings Coltrane for Lovers The Coltrane Legacy The Complete Columbia Recordings of Miles Davis with John Coltrane The Prestige Recordings Countdown : The Savoy Sessions Dial Africa : The Savoy Sessions Feelin ' Good Gleanings Gold Coast The Heavyweight Champion : The Complete Atlantic Recordings High Step The Major Works of John Coltrane Jupiter Variation Ken Burns Jazz : John Coltrane The Last Giant : Anthology Living Space To the Beat of a Different Drum Trane 's Blues Trane 's Modes Compositions `` 26 - 2 '' `` Alabama '' `` Equinox '' `` Giant Steps '' `` Impressions '' `` Lazy Bird '' `` Moment 's Notice '' `` Mr. P.C. '' `` Naima '' `` Ogunde '' Documentaries The Church of Saint Coltrane The World According to John Coltrane Trane Tracks : The Legacy of John Coltrane Related List of sessions Coltrane changes Sheets of sound Ravi Coltrane Alice Coltrane Flying Lotus Dix Hills home Philadelphia house 5893 Coltrane asteroid John W. Coltrane Cultural Society Blues for Coltrane : A Tribute to John Coltrane Before John Was a Jazz Giant : A Song of John Coltrane <Th_colspan="2"> Freddie Hubbard <Td_colspan="2"> Years given are for the recording ( s ) , including the soundtrack albums , not first release . Albums as leader or co-leader Open Sesame ( 1960 ) Goin ' Up ( 1960 ) Hub Cap ( 1961 ) Minor Mishap / Dedication ! ( Hubbard / Duke Pearson , 1961 ) Ready for Freddie ( 1961 ) The Artistry of Freddie Hubbard ( 1962 ) Hub - Tones ( 1962 ) Here to Stay ( 1962 ) The Body & the Soul ( 1963 ) Breaking Point ! ( 1964 ) Jam Gems : Live at the Left Bank ( with Jimmy Heath , 1965 ) The Night of the Cookers ( 1965 ) Blue Spirits ( 1965 -- 66 ) Backlash ( 1966 ) High Blues Pressure ( 1967 ) A Soul Experiment ( 1968 -- 69 ) The Black Angel ( 1969 ) The Hub of Hubbard ( 1970 ) Red Clay ( 1970 ) Straight Life ( 1970 ) Sing Me a Song of Songmy ( with İlhan Mimaroğlu , 1970 ) First Light ( 1971 ) Polar AC ( 1971 -- 73 ) Sky Dive ( 1972 ) Keep Your Soul Together ( 1973 ) Freddie Hubbard / Stanley Turrentine in Concert Volume One ( 1973 ) In Concert Volume Two ( with Stanley Turrentine , 1974 ) High Energy ( 1974 ) Gleam ( 1975 ) Liquid Love ( 1975 ) Windjammer ( 1976 ) Bundle of Joy ( 1977 ) Super Blue ( 1978 ) The Love Connection ( 1979 ) Skagly ( 1979 ) Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival , 1980 ( 1980 ) The Alternate Blues ( with Clark Terry , Dizzy Gillespie & Oscar Peterson , 1980 ) The Trumpet Summit Meets the Oscar Peterson Big 4 ( with Terry , Gillespie & Peterson , 1980 ) Born to Be Blue ( 1981 ) Keystone Bop : Sunday Night ( 1981 ) Outpost ( 1981 ) Rollin ' ( 1981 ) Splash ( 1981 ) Above & Beyond ( 1982 ) Back to Birdland ( 1982 ) Face to Face ( with Oscar Peterson , 1982 ) Ride Like the Wind ( 1982 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1983 ) Sweet Return ( 1983 ) Double Take ( with Woody Shaw , 1985 ) Life Flight ( 1987 ) The Eternal Triangle ( with Woody Shaw , 1987 ) Feel the Wind ( with Art Blakey , 1988 ) Times Are Changing ( 1989 ) Topsy -- Standard Book ( 1989 ) Bolivia ( 1990 -- 91 ) At Jazz Jamboree Warszawa ' 91 : A Tribute to Miles ( 1991 ) Live at Fat Tuesday 's ( 1991 ) Blues for Miles ( 1992 ) MMTC : Monk , Miles , Trane & Cannon ( 1994 -- 95 ) New Colors ( 2000 ) On the Real Side ( 2007 ) Sideman with Art Blakey / The Jazz Messengers Mosaic ( 1961 ) Buhaina 's Delight ( 1961 ) Blues March ( 1961 ) Three Blind Mice ( 1961 ) Caravan ( 1962 ) Ugetsu ( 1963 ) Kyoto ( 1964 ) Free for All ( 1964 ) Golden Boy ( 1965 ) Soul Finger ( 1965 ) Sideman with Dexter Gordon Doin ' Allright ( 1961 ) Clubhouse ( 1965 ) Generation ( 1973 ) The Other Side of Round Midnight ( 1986 ) Sideman with Herbie Hancock Takin ' Off ( 1962 ) Empyrean Isles ( 1964 ) Maiden Voyage ( 1965 ) Blow - Up ( soundtrack album , 1966 ) V.S.O.P. ( 1977 ) V.S.O.P. : The Quintet ( 1977 ) V.S.O.P. Tempest in the Colosseum ( 1977 ) V.S.O.P. Live Under the Sky ( 1977 ) Round Midnight ( soundtrack album , 1985 ) Sideman with Bobby Hutcherson Dialogue ( 1965 ) Components ( 1965 ) Knucklebean ( 1977 ) Highway One ( 1978 ) Sideman with Quincy Jones I Dig Dancers ( 1960 ) The Quintessence ( 1962 ) Golden Boy ( 1964 ) I / We Had a Ball ( 1964 -- 65 ) Walking in Space ( 1969 ) Gula Matari ( 1970 ) Sideman with Wayne Shorter Wayning Moments ( 1961 ) Speak No Evil ( 1964 ) The Soothsayer ( 1965 ) The All Seeing Eye ( 1965 ) Sideman with others The Soul of the City ( Manny Albam , 1966 ) The Other Side of Abbey Road ( George Benson , 1969 ) Out of This World ( Walter Benton , 1960 ) True Blue ( Tina Brooks , 1960 ) God Bless the Child ( Kenny Burrell , 1971 ) Cables ' Vision ( George Cables , 1979 ) Droppin ' Things ( Betty Carter , 1990 ) Free Jazz ( Ornette Coleman , 1960 ) Olé Coltrane ( John Coltrane , 1961 ) Africa / Brass ( John Coltrane , 1961 ) Ascension ( John Coltrane , 1965 ) Muses for Richard Davis ( 1969 ) Outward Bound ( Eric Dolphy , 1960 ) Out to Lunch ! ( Eric Dolphy , 1964 ) Undercurrent ( Kenny Drew , 1960 ) Leaving This Planet ( Charles Earland , 1973 ) Booker ' n ' Brass ( Booker Ervin , 1967 ) Interplay ( Bill Evans , 1962 ) Sonic Text ( Joe Farrell , 1979 ) Boss of the Soul - Stream Trombone ( Curtis Fuller , 1960 ) Soul Trombone ( Curtis Fuller , 1961 ) Cabin in the Sky ( Curtis Fuller , 1962 ) Take a Number from 1 to 10 ( Benny Golson , 1961 ) Pop + Jazz = Swing ( Benny Golson , 1962 ) Slide Hampton and His Horn of Plenty ( 1959 ) Sister Salvation ( Slide Hampton , 1960 ) Drum Suite ( Slide Hampton , 1962 ) The Quota ( Jimmy Heath , 1961 ) Triple Threat ( Jimmy Heath , 1962 ) Big Band ( Joe Henderson , 1996 ) Pax ( Andrew Hill , 1965 ) Compulsion ( Andrew Hill , 1965 ) Sunflower ( Milt Jackson , 1972 ) Goodbye ( Milt Jackson , 1973 ) 52nd Street ( Billy Joel , 1978 ) Reg Strikes Back ( Elton John , 1988 ) J.J. Inc . ( J.J. Johnson , 1960 ) Echoes of an Era ( Chaka Khan , 1982 ) Essence ( John Lewis , 1960 -- 62 ) Water Sign ( Jeff Lorber , 1979 ) Doin ' the Thang ! ( Ronnie Mathews , 1963 ) Bluesnik ( Jackie McLean , 1961 ) MJQ & Friends : A 40th Anniversary Celebration ( Modern Jazz Quartet , 1994 ) Fingerpickin ' ( Wes Montgomery , 1958 ) Roll Call ( Hank Mobley , 1960 ) The Blues and the Abstract Truth ( Oliver Nelson , 1961 ) Sweet Honey Bee ( Duke Pearson , 1966 ) The Right Touch ( Duke Pearson , 1967 ) Contours ( Sam Rivers , 1965 ) Drums Unlimited ( Max Roach , 1965 ) East Broadway Run Down ( Sonny Rollins , 1966 ) Numbers ( Rufus , 1978 ) Once a Thief and Other Themes ( Lalo Schifrin , 1965 ) Giant Box ( Don Sebesky , 1973 ) Sugar ( Stanley Turrentine , 1970 ) Together ( McCoy Tyner , 1978 ) Quartets 4 X 4 ( McCoy Tyner , 1980 ) Soundscapes ( Cedar Walton , 1980 ) Uhuru Afrika ( Randy Weston , 1960 ) Blue Moses ( Randy Weston , 1972 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_(John_Coltrane_album)&oldid=848190514 '' Categories : 1966 albums Albums produced by Bob Thiele Avant - garde jazz albums Free jazz albums Impulse ! Records albums Instrumental albums John Coltrane albums Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 09 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Ascension - John Coltrane album
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7,374,999,006,336,477,000 | when did the civil rights movement began in america | African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) - wikipedia African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Jump to : navigation , search `` African - American Civil Rights Movement '' redirects here . For the movement in the early 20th century , see African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) . For the movement in the 19th century , see African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1865 -- 1896 ) . `` Civil Rights Movement '' redirects here . For a worldwide series of political movements , see Civil rights movements . For a list of other uses , see Civil Rights Movement ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 115 kilobytes . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> African - American Civil Rights Movement <Td_colspan="2"> The March on Washington participants and leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial Date 1954 -- 1968 ( 15 years ) Location United States , especially the Southern region Resulted in Rulings by federal judiciary : `` Separate but equal '' doctrine overturned by Brown v. Education ( 1954 ) Interracial marriages legalized by Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Ratification of federal constitutional amendments : 23rd Amendment ( 1961 ) 24th Amendment ( 1964 ) Passage of federal laws : Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Civil Rights Act of 1968 ( Fair Housing Act ) Formation of federal agencies : Civil Rights Division within US Department of Justice ( 1957 ) US Commission on Civil Rights ( 1957 ) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1965 ) Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity within US Department of Housing and Urban Development ( 1968 ) The Civil Rights Movement , also known as the American Civil Rights Movement and other names , is a term that encompasses the strategies , groups , and social movements in the United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans and to secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights enumerated in the Constitution and federal law . This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968 , particularly in the South . The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance . Between 1955 and 1968 , acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities . Federal , state , and local governments , businesses , and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations , which highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans . The lynching of Emmett Till and the visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the African - American community nationwide . Forms of protest and / or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott ( 1955 -- 56 ) in Alabama ; `` sit - ins '' such as the influential Greensboro sit - ins ( 1960 ) in North Carolina and successful Nashville sit - ins in Tennessee ; marches , such as the Birmingham Children 's Crusade and Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) in Alabama ; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities . The 1960s Civil Rights Movement both lobbied and worked with Congress to achieve the passage of several significant pieces of federal legislation overturning discriminatory practices . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 , expressly banned discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , or national origin in employment practices ; ended unequal application of voter registration requirements ; and prohibited racial segregation in schools , at the workplace , and in public accommodations . The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected voting rights for minorities by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with a historic under - representation of minorities as voters . The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing . African Americans re-entered politics in the South , and across the country young people were inspired to take action . From 1964 through 1970 , a wave of inner city riots in black communities undercut support from the white community . The emergence of the Black Power movement , which lasted from about 1966 to 1975 , challenged the established black leadership for its cooperative attitude and its practice of nonviolence , instead demanding political and economic self - sufficiency to be built in the black community . Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King , Jr. , who won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the movement . But , some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person , organization , or strategy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Mass action replacing litigation 3 History 3.1 Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 3.2 Emmett Till 's murder , 1955 3.3 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott , 1955 -- 1956 3.4 Desegregating Little Rock Central High School , 1957 3.5 The method of Nonviolence and Nonviolence Training 3.6 Robert F. Williams and the debate on nonviolence , 1959 -- 1964 3.7 Sit - ins , 1958 -- 1960 3.8 Freedom Rides , 1961 3.9 Voter registration organizing 3.10 Integration of Mississippi universities , 1956 -- 65 3.11 Albany Movement , 1961 -- 62 3.11. 1 University of Chicago sit - ins , 1962 3.12 Birmingham Campaign , 1963 3.13 `` Rising tide of discontent '' and Kennedy 's response , 1963 3.14 March on Washington , 1963 3.15 Malcolm X joins the movement , 1964 -- 1965 3.16 St. Augustine , Florida , 1963 -- 64 3.17 Freedom Summer , 1964 3.18 Civil Rights Act of 1964 3.19 Harlem riot of 1964 3.20 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 3.21 Selma Voting Rights Movement 3.22 Voting Rights Act , 1965 3.23 Watts riot of 1965 3.24 Fair housing movements , 1966 -- 1968 3.25 Detroit riot of 1967 3.26 Nationwide riots of 1967 3.27 Memphis , King assassination and the Poor People 's March 1968 3.28 Civil Rights Act of 1968 4 Other issues 4.1 Competing ideas 4.2 Avoiding the `` Communist '' label 4.3 Kennedy administration , 1961 -- 63 4.4 American Jewish community and the Civil Rights Movement 4.4. 1 Profile 4.5 Fraying of alliances 5 Johnson administration : 1963 -- 1968 5.1 Black power , 1966 6 Prison reform 6.1 Gates v. Collier 7 Cold War 8 In popular culture 9 Activist organizations 10 Individual activists 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography and memory 15.2 Autobiographies and memoirs 16 External links Background ( edit ) Before the American Civil War , almost four million blacks were enslaved in the South , only white men of property could vote , and the Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only . Following the Civil War , three constitutional amendments were passed , including the 13th Amendment ( 1865 ) that ended slavery ; the 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) that gave African - Americans citizenship , adding their total population of four million to the official population of southern states for Congressional apportionment ; and the 15th Amendment ( 1870 ) that gave African - American males the right to vote ( only males could vote in the U.S. at the time ) . From 1865 to 1877 , the United States underwent a turbulent Reconstruction Era trying to establish free labor and civil rights of freedmen in the South after the end of slavery . Many whites resisted the social changes , leading to insurgent movements such as the Ku Klux Klan , whose members attacked black and white Republicans to maintain white supremacy . In 1871 , President Ulysses S. Grant , the U.S. Army , and U.S. Attorney General Amos T. Akerman , initiated a campaign to repress the KKK under the Enforcement Acts . Some states were reluctant to enforce the federal measures of the act ; by the early 1870s , other white supremacist and paramilitary groups arose that violently opposed African - American legal equality and suffrage . However , if the states failed to implement the acts , the laws allowed the Federal Government to get involved . Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the clan in fear of war . After the disputed election of 1876 resulted in the end of Reconstruction and federal troops were withdrawn , whites in the South regained political control of the region 's state legislatures by the end of the century , after having intimidated and violently attacked blacks before and during elections . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states passed new constitutions and laws to disenfranchise African Americans and many poor whites by creating barriers to voter registration ; voting rolls were dramatically reduced as blacks and poor whites were forced out of electoral politics . While progress was made in some areas , this status of excluding African Americans from the political system lasted in most southern states until national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s to provide federal enforcement of constitutional voting rights . For more than 60 years , blacks in the South were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government . Since they could not vote , they could not serve on local juries . The mob - style lynching of Will James , Cairo , Illinois , 1909 During this period , the white - dominated Democratic Party maintained political control of the South . With whites controlling all the seats representing the total population of the South , they had a powerful voting block in Congress . The Republican Party -- the `` party of Lincoln '' -- which had been the party that most blacks belonged to , shrank to insignificance as black voter registration was suppressed . Until 1965 , the `` solid South '' was a one - party system under the Democrats . Outside a few areas ( usually in remote Appalachia ) , the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state and local office . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House , making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there . `` The invitation was roundly criticized by southern politicians and newspapers . '' Washington persuaded the president to appoint more blacks to federal posts in the South and to try to boost African - American leadership in state Republican organizations . However , this was resisted by both white Democrats and white Republicans as an unwanted federal intrusion into state politics . A group of white men pose for a 1919 photograph as they stand over the black victim Will Brown who had been lynched and had his body mutilated and burned during the Omaha race riot of 1919 in Omaha , Nebraska . Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S. During the same time as African Americans were being disenfranchised , white Democrats imposed racial segregation by law . Violence against blacks increased , with numerous lynchings through the turn of the century . The system of de jure state - sanctioned racial discrimination and oppression that emerged from the post-Reconstruction South became known as the `` Jim Crow '' system . The United States Supreme Court , made up almost entirely of Northerners , upheld the constitutionality of those state laws that required racial segregation in public facilities in its 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson , legitimizing them through the `` separate but equal '' doctrine . Segregation , which began with slavery , continued with Jim Crow laws , with signs used to show blacks where they could legally walk , talk , drink , rest , or eat . For those places that were racially mixed , non whites had to wait until all white customers were dealt with . Elected in 1912 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered segregration throughout the federal government . Segregation remained intact into the mid-1950s , when many states began to gradually integrate their schools following the unanimous Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson . The early 20th century is a period often referred to as the `` nadir of American race relations '' . While tensions and civil rights violations were most intense in the South , social discrimination affected African Americans in other regions as well . At the national level , the Southern block controlled important committees in Congress , defeated passage of laws against lynching , and exercised considerable power beyond the number of whites in the South . Characteristics of the post-Reconstruction period : Racial segregation . By law , public facilities and government services such as education were divided into separate `` white '' and `` colored '' domains . Characteristically , those for colored were underfunded and of inferior quality . Disenfranchisement . When white Democrats regained power , they passed laws that made voter registration more restrictive , essentially forcing black voters off the voting rolls . The number of African - American voters dropped dramatically , and they were no longer able to elect representatives . From 1890 to 1908 , Southern states of the former Confederacy created constitutions with provisions that disfranchised tens of thousands of African Americans , and U.S. states such as Alabama disenfranchised poor whites as well . Exploitation . Increased economic oppression of blacks through the convict lease system , Latinos , and Asians , denial of economic opportunities , and widespread employment discrimination . Violence . Individual , police , paramilitary , organizational , and mob racial violence against blacks ( and Latinos in the Southwest and Asians in California ) . KKK night rally in Chicago , c. 1920 African Americans and other ethnic minorities rejected this regime . They resisted it in numerous ways and sought better opportunities through lawsuits , new organizations , political redress , and labor organizing ( see the African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) ) . The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) was founded in 1909 . It fought to end race discrimination through litigation , education , and lobbying efforts . Its crowning achievement was its legal victory in the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 when the Court rejected separate white and colored school systems and , by implication , overturned the `` separate but equal '' doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896 . The integration of Southern public libraries involved many of the same characteristics seen in the larger Civil Rights Movement . This includes sit - ins , beatings , and white resistance . For example , in 1963 in the city of Anniston , Alabama , two black ministers were brutally beaten for attempting to integrate the public library . Though there was resistance and violence , the integration of libraries was generally quicker than integration of other public institutions . Colored Sailors room in World War I Black veterans of the military after both World Wars pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements . In 1948 they gained integration in the military under President Harry Truman , who issued Executive Order 9981 to accomplish it . The situation for blacks outside the South was somewhat better ( in most states they could vote and have their children educated , though they still faced discrimination in housing and jobs ) . From 1910 to 1970 , African Americans sought better lives by migrating north and west out of the South . Nearly seven million blacks left the South in what was known as the Great Migration . So many people migrated that the demographics of some previously black - majority states changed to white majority ( in combination with other developments ) . The rapid influx of blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern cities , exacerbating hostility between both black and white Northerners . The Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities , such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 and the Omaha race riot of 1919 . Stereotypic schemas of Southern blacks were used to attribute issues in urban areas , such as crime and disease , to the presence of African - Americans . Overall , African - Americans in Northern cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life . Within employment , economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest - status and restrictive in potential mobility . Within the housing market , stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx , resulting in a mix of `` targeted violence , restrictive covenants , redlining and racial steering '' . White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the housing project erected this sign . Detroit , 1942 . Housing segregation was a nationwide problem , persistent well outside the South . Although the federal government had become increasingly involved in mortgage lending and development in the 1930s and 1940s , it did not reject the use of race - restrictive covenants until 1950 . Suburbanization was already connected with white flight by this time , a situation perpetuated by real estate agents ' continuing discrimination . In particular , from the 1930s to the 1960s the National Association of Real Estate Boards ( NAREB ) issued guidelines that specified that a realtor `` should never be instrumental in introducing to a neighborhood a character or property or occupancy , members of any race or nationality , or any individual whose presence will be clearly detrimental to property values in a neighborhood . '' Invigorated by the victory of Brown and frustrated by the lack of immediate practical effect , private citizens increasingly rejected gradualist , legalistic approaches as the primary tool to bring about desegregation . They were faced with `` massive resistance '' in the South by proponents of racial segregation and voter suppression . In defiance , African - American activists adopted a combined strategy of direct action , nonviolence , nonviolent resistance , and many events described as civil disobedience , giving rise to the African - American Civil Rights Movement of 1954 -- 1968 . Mass action replacing litigation ( edit ) The strategy of public education , legislative lobbying , and litigation that had typified the civil rights movement during the first half of the 20th century broadened after Brown to a strategy that emphasized `` direct action '' : boycotts , sit - ins , Freedom Rides , marches , and similar tactics that relied on mass mobilization , nonviolent resistance , and civil disobedience . This mass action approach typified the movement from 1960 to 1968 . Churches , local grassroots organizations , fraternal societies , and black - owned businesses mobilized volunteers to participate in broad - based actions . This was a more direct and potentially more rapid means of creating change than the traditional approach of mounting court challenges used by the NAACP and others . In 1952 , the Regional Council of Negro Leadership ( RCNL ) , led by T.R.M. Howard , a black surgeon , entrepreneur , and planter , organized a successful boycott of gas stations in Mississippi that refused to provide restrooms for blacks . Through the RCNL , Howard led campaigns to expose brutality by the Mississippi state highway patrol and to encourage blacks to make deposits in the black - owned Tri-State Bank of Nashville which , in turn , gave loans to civil rights activists who were victims of a `` credit squeeze '' by the White Citizens ' Councils . Although considered and rejected after Claudette Colvin 's arrest for not giving up her seat on a Montgomery , Alabama , bus in March , 1955 , after Rosa Parks ' arrest in December Jo Ann Gibson - Robinson of the Montgomery Women 's Political Council put a long - considered Bus Boycott protest in motion . Late that night , she , two students , and John Cannon , chairman of the Business Department at Alabama State University , mimeographed and distributed approximately 52,500 leaflets calling for a boycott of the buses . The leaflet read , `` Another Negro woman has been arrested and thrown in jail because she refused to get up out of her seat on the bus for a white person to sit down . It is the second time since the Claudette Colbert ( sic ) case that a Negro woman has been arrested for the same thing . This has to be stopped ... We are , therefore , asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial . Do n't ride the buses to work , to town , to school , or anywhere on Monday . You can afford to stay out of school for one day if you have no other way to go except by bus . You can also afford to stay out of work for one day if you have not other way to go except by bus . You can also afford to stay out of town for one day . If you work , take a cab , or walk . But please , children and grown - ups , do n't ride the bus at all on Monday . Please stay off the buses Monday . '' The first day of the boycott having been successful , King , E.D. Nixon , and other civic and religious leaders created the Montgomery Improvement Association -- so as to continue the Montgomery Bus Boycott . The MIA managed to keep the boycott going for over a year until a federal court order required Montgomery to desegregate its buses . The success in Montgomery made its leader Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. a nationally known figure . It also inspired other bus boycotts , such as the successful Tallahassee , Florida , boycott of 1956 -- 57 . In 1957 Dr. King and Rev. Ralph Abernathy , the leaders of the Montgomery Improvement Association , joined with other church leaders who had led similar boycott efforts , such as Rev. C.K. Steele of Tallahassee and Rev. T.J. Jemison of Baton Rouge ; and other activists such as Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth , Ella Baker , A. Philip Randolph , Bayard Rustin and Stanley Levison , to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . The SCLC , with its headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia , did not attempt to create a network of chapters as the NAACP did . It offered training and leadership assistance for local efforts to fight segregation . The headquarters organization raised funds , mostly from Northern sources , to support such campaigns . It made nonviolence both its central tenet and its primary method of confronting racism . In 1959 , Septima Clarke , Bernice Robinson , and Esau Jenkins , with the help of Myles Horton 's Highlander Folk School in Tennessee , began the first Citizenship Schools in South Carolina 's Sea Islands . They taught literacy to enable blacks to pass voting tests . The program was an enormous success and tripled the number of black voters on Johns Island . SCLC took over the program and duplicated its results elsewhere . History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the African - American Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 ( edit ) Main article : Brown v. Board of Education In the spring of 1951 , black students in Virginia protested their unequal status in the state 's segregated educational system . Students at Moton High School protested the overcrowded conditions and failing facility . Some local leaders of the NAACP had tried to persuade the students to back down from their protest against the Jim Crow laws of school segregation . When the students did not budge , the NAACP joined their battle against school segregation . The NAACP proceeded with five cases challenging the school systems ; these were later combined under what is known today as Brown v. Board of Education . On May 17 , 1954 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas , that mandating , or even permitting , public schools to be segregated by race was unconstitutional . The Court stated that the `` segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law ; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group . '' The lawyers from the NAACP had to gather plausible evidence in order to win the case of Brown vs. Board of Education . Their method of addressing the issue of school segregation was to enumerate several arguments . One pertained to having exposure to interracial contact in a school environment . It was argued that interracial contact would , in turn , help prepare children to live with the pressures that society exerts in regards to race and thereby afford them a better chance of living in democracy . In addition , another argument emphasized how `` ' education ' comprehends the entire process of developing and training the mental , physical and moral powers and capabilities of human beings '' . Risa Goluboff wrote that the NAACP 's intention was to show the Courts that African American children were the victims of school segregation and their futures were at risk . The Court ruled that both Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) , which had established the `` separate but equal '' standard in general , and Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) , which had applied that standard to schools , were unconstitutional . The federal government filed a friend of the court brief in the case urging the justices to consider the effect that segregation had on America 's image in the Cold War . Secretary of State Dean Acheson was quoted in the brief stating that `` The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country . '' The following year , in the case known as Brown II , the Court ordered segregation to be phased out over time , `` with all deliberate speed '' . Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas ( 1954 ) did not overturn Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) . Plessy v. Ferguson was segregation in transportation modes . Brown v. Board of Education dealt with segregation in education . Brown v. Board of Education did set in motion the future overturning of ' separate but equal ' . School integration , Barnard School , Washington , D.C. , 1955 On May 18 , 1954 , Greensboro , North Carolina , became the first city in the South to publicly announce that it would abide by the Supreme Court 's Brown v. Board of Education ruling . `` It is unthinkable , ' remarked School Board Superintendent Benjamin Smith , ' that we will try to ( override ) the laws of the United States . '' This positive reception for Brown , together with the appointment of African American Dr. David Jones to the school board in 1953 , convinced numerous white and black citizens that Greensboro was heading in a progressive direction . Integration in Greensboro occurred rather peacefully compared to the process in Southern states such as Alabama , Arkansas , and Virginia where `` massive resistance '' was practiced by top officials and throughout the states . In Virginia , some counties closed their public schools rather than integrate , and many white Christian private schools were founded to accommodate students who used to go to public schools . Even in Greensboro , much local resistance to desegregation continued , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 . Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , neither a single new school was built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist -- even as the Second Great Migration was causing overcrowding . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Brown helped stimulate activism among New York City parents like Mae Mallory who , with support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and state on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high - quality , historically - white schools . ( New York 's African - American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) Emmett Till 's murder , 1955 ( edit ) Main article : Emmett Till Emmett Till before and after the lynching on August 28 , 1955 . He was a fourteen - year - old boy in Chicago who went to spend the summer together with his uncle Moses Wright in Money , Mississippi , and was massacred by white men for an alleged whistle of appreciation to a white woman , Carolyn Bryant . Emmett Till , a 14 - year old African - American from Chicago , visited his relatives in Money , MS , for the summer . He allegedly had an interaction with a white woman , Carolyn Bryant , in a small grocery store that violated the norms of Mississippi culture , and Bryant 's husband Roy and his half - brother J.W. Milam brutally murdered young Emmett Till . They beat and mutilated him before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River . Three days later , Till 's body was discovered and retrieved from the river . Mamie Till , Emmett 's Mother , `` brought him home to Chicago and insisted on an open casket . Tens of thousands filed past Till 's remains , but it was the publication of the searing funeral image in Jet , with a stoic Mamie gazing at her murdered child 's ravaged body , that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of American racism . '' Vann R. Newkirk wrote `` the trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of white supremacy '' . The state of Mississippi tried two defendants , but they were speedily acquitted by an all - white jury . `` Emmett 's murder , '' historian Tim Tyson writes , `` would never have become a watershed historical moment without Mamie finding the strength to make her private grief a public matter . '' The visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the black community throughout the U.S. `` Young black people such as Julian Bond , Joyce Ladner and others who were born around the same time as Till were galvanized into action by the murder and trial . '' They often see themselves as the `` Emmett Till Generation . '' One hundred days after Emmett Till 's murder , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama -- indeed , Parks told Mamie Till that `` the photograph of Emmett 's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery bus . '' Decades later , Bryant disclosed that she had fabricated her story in 1955 . Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott , 1955 -- 1956 ( edit ) Main articles : Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for not giving up her seat on the bus to a white person On December 1 , 1955 , nine months after a 15 - year - old high school student , Claudette Colvin , refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a public bus in Montgomery , Alabama , and was arrested , Rosa Parks did the same thing . Parks soon became the symbol of the resulting Montgomery Bus Boycott and received national publicity . She was later hailed as the `` mother of the Civil Rights Movement '' . Parks was secretary of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and had recently returned from a meeting at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolent civil disobedience as a strategy was taught . After Parks ' arrest , African - Americans gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a bus system in which passengers would be treated equally . The organization was led by Jo Ann Robinson , a member of the Women 's Political Council who had been waiting for the opportunity to boycott the bus system . Following Rosa Park 's arrest , Jo Ann Robinson mimeographed 52500 leaflets calling for a boycott . They were distributed around the city and helped gather the attention of Civil Rights leaders . After the city rejected many of their suggested reforms , the NAACP , led by E.D. Nixon , pushed for full desegregation of public buses . With the support of most of Montgomery 's 50,000 African Americans , the boycott lasted for 381 days , until the local ordinance segregating African Americans and whites on public buses was repealed . Ninety percent of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts , which reduced bus revenue significantly , as they comprised the majority of the riders . In November 1956 , a federal court ordered Montgomery 's buses desegregated and the boycott ended . Local leaders established the Montgomery Improvement Association to focus their efforts . Martin Luther King , Jr. was elected President of this organization . The lengthy protest attracted national attention for him and the city . His eloquent appeals to Christian brotherhood and American idealism created a positive impression on people both inside and outside the South . Desegregating Little Rock Central high school , 1957 ( edit ) Main article : Little Rock Nine Troops from the 327th Regiment , 101st Airborne escorting the Little Rock Nine African - American students up the steps of Central High A crisis erupted in Little Rock , Arkansas , when Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus called out the National Guard on September 4 to prevent entry to the nine African - American students who had sued for the right to attend an integrated school , Little Rock Central High School . Under the guidance of Daisy Bates , the nine students had been chosen to attend Central High because of their excellent grades . On the first day of school , 15 year old Elizabeth Eckford was the only one of the nine students who showed up because she did not receive the phone call about the danger of going to school . A photo was taken of Eckford being harassed by white protesters outside the school , and the police had to take her away in a patrol car for her protection . Afterward , the nine students had to carpool to school and be escorted by military personnel in jeeps . White parents rally against integrating Little Rock 's schools . Faubus was not a proclaimed segregationist . The Arkansas Democratic Party , which then controlled politics in the state , put significant pressure on Faubus after he had indicated he would investigate bringing Arkansas into compliance with the Brown decision . Faubus then took his stand against integration and against the Federal court ruling . Faubus ' resistance received the attention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower , who was determined to enforce the orders of the Federal courts . Critics had charged he was lukewarm , at best , on the goal of desegregation of public schools . But , Eisenhower federalized the National Guard in Arkansas and ordered them to return to their barracks . Eisenhower deployed elements of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to protect the students . The students attended high school under harsh conditions . They had to pass through a gauntlet of spitting , jeering whites to arrive at school on their first day , and to put up with harassment from other students for the rest of the year . Although federal troops escorted the students between classes , the students were teased and even attacked by white students when the soldiers were not around . One of the Little Rock Nine , Minnijean Brown , was suspended for spilling a bowl of chili on the head of a white student who was harassing her in the school lunch line . Later , she was expelled for verbally abusing a white female student . Only Ernest Green of the Little Rock Nine graduated from Central High School . After the 1957 -- 58 school year was over , Little Rock closed its public school system completely rather than continue to integrate . Other school systems across the South followed suit . The method of nonviolence and nonviolence training ( edit ) During the time period considered to be the `` African - American Civil Rights '' era , the predominant use of protest was nonviolent , or peaceful . Often referred to as pacifism , the method of nonviolence is considered to be an attempt to impact society positively . Although acts of racial discrimination have occurred historically throughout the United States , perhaps the most violent regions have been in the former Confederate states . During the 1950s and 1960s , the nonviolent protesting of the Civil Rights Movement caused definite tension , which gained national attention . In order to prepare for protests physically and psychologically , demonstrators received training in nonviolence . According to former Civil Rights activist Bruce Hartford , there are two main branches of nonviolence training . There is the philosophical method , which involves understanding the method of nonviolence and why it is considered useful , and there is the tactical method , which ultimately teaches demonstrators `` how to be a protestor -- how to sit - in , how to picket , how to defend yourself against attack , giving training on how to remain cool when people are screaming racist insults into your face and pouring stuff on you and hitting you '' ( Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement ) . The philosophical method of nonviolence , in the American Civil Rights Movement , was largely inspired by Mahatma Gandhi 's `` non-cooperation '' with the British colonists in India , which was intended to gain attention so that the public would either `` intervene in advance , '' or `` provide public pressure in support of the action to be taken '' ( Erikson , 415 ) . As Hartford explains it , philosophical nonviolence training aims to `` shape the individual person 's attitude and mental response to crises and violence '' ( Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement ) . Hartford and activists like him , who trained in tactical nonviolence , considered it necessary in order to ensure physical safety , instill discipline , teach demonstrators how to demonstrate , and form mutual confidence among demonstrators ( Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement ) . For many , the concept of nonviolent protest was a way of life , a culture . However , not everyone agreed with this notion . James Forman , former SNCC ( and later Black Panther ) member and nonviolence trainer , was among those who did not . In his autobiography , The Making of Black Revolutionaries , Forman revealed his perspective on the method of nonviolence as `` strictly a tactic , not a way of life without limitations . '' Similarly , Robert Moses , who was also an active member of SNCC , felt that the method of nonviolence was practical . When interviewed by author Robert Penn Warren , Moses said `` There 's no question that he ( Martin Luther King , Jr . ) had a great deal of influence with the masses . But I do n't think it 's in the direction of love . It 's in a practical direction ... '' ( Who Speaks for the Negro ? Warren ) . Robert F. Williams and the Debate on nonviolence , 1959 -- 1964 ( edit ) The Jim Crow system employed `` terror as a means of social control , '' with the most organized manifestations being the Ku Klux Klan and their collaborators in local police departments . This violence played a key role in blocking the progress of the Civil Rights Movement in the late 1950s . Some black organizations in the South began practicing armed self - defense . The first to do so openly was the Monroe , North Carolina , chapter of the NAACP led by Robert F. Williams . Williams had rebuilt the chapter after its membership was terrorized out of public life by the Klan . He did so by encouraging a new , more working - class membership to arm itself thoroughly and defend against attack . When Klan nightriders attacked the home of NAACP member Dr. Albert Perry in October 1957 , Williams ' militia exchanged gunfire with the stunned Klansmen , who quickly retreated . The following day , the city council held an emergency session and passed an ordinance banning KKK motorcades . One year later , Lumbee Indians in North Carolina would have a similarly successful armed stand - off with the Klan ( known as the Battle of Hayes Pond ) which resulted in KKK leader James W. `` Catfish '' Cole being convicted of incitement to riot . After the acquittal of several white men charged with sexually assaulting black women in Monroe , Williams announced to United Press International reporters that he would `` meet violence with violence '' as a policy . Williams ' declaration was quoted on the front page of The New York Times , and The Carolina Times considered it `` the biggest civil rights story of 1959 . '' NAACP National chairman Roy Wilkins immediately suspended Williams from his position , but the Monroe organizer won support from numerous NAACP chapters across the country . Ultimately , Wilkins resorted to bribing influential organizer Daisy Bates to campaign against Williams at the NAACP national convention and the suspension was upheld . The convention nonetheless passed a resolution which stated : `` We do not deny , but reaffirm the right of individual and collective self - defense against unlawful assaults . '' Martin Luther King Jr. argued for Williams ' removal , but Ella Baker and WEB Dubois both publicly praised the Monroe leader 's position . Williams -- along with his wife , Mabel Williams -- continued to play a leadership role in the Monroe movement , and to some degree , in the national movement . The Williamses published The Crusader , a nationally circulated newsletter , beginning in 1960 , and the influential book Negroes With Guns in 1962 . Williams did not call for full militarization in this period , but `` flexibility in the freedom struggle . '' Williams was well - versed in legal tactics and publicity , which he had used successfully in the internationally known `` Kissing Case '' of 1958 , as well as nonviolent methods , which he used at lunch counter sit - ins in Monroe -- all with armed self - defense as a complementary tactic . Williams led the Monroe movement in another armed stand - off with white supremacists during an August 1961 Freedom Ride ; he had been invited to participate in the campaign by Ella Baker and James Forman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . The incident ( along with his campaigns for peace with Cuba ) resulted in him being targeted by the FBI and prosecuted for kidnapping ; he was cleared of all charges in 1976 . Meanwhile , armed self - defense continued discreetly in the Southern movement with such figures as SNCC 's Amzie Moore , Hartman Turnbow , and Fannie Lou Hamer all willing to use arms to defend their lives from nightrides . Taking refuge from the FBI in Cuba , the Willamses broadcast the radio show `` Radio Free Dixie '' throughout the eastern United States via Radio Progresso beginning in 1962 . In this period , Williams advocated guerilla warfare against racist institutions , and saw the large ghetto riots of the era as a manifestation of his strategy . University of North Carolina historian Walter Rucker has written that `` the emergence of Robert F Williams contributed to the marked decline in anti-black racial violence in the US ... After centuries of anti-black violence , African - Americans across the country began to defend their communities aggressively -- employing overt force when necessary . This in turn evoked in whites real fear of black vengeance ... '' This opened up space for African - Americans to use nonviolent demonstration with less fear of deadly reprisal . Of the many civil rights activists who share this view , the most prominent was Rosa Parks . Parks gave the eulogy at Williams ' funeral in 1996 , praising him for `` his courage and for his commitment to freedom , '' and concluding that `` The sacrifices he made , and what he did , should go down in history and never be forgotten . '' Sit - ins , 1958 -- 1960 ( edit ) See also : Greensboro sit - ins , Nashville sit - ins , and Sit - in movement In July 1958 , the NAACP Youth Council sponsored sit - ins at the lunch counter of a Dockum Drug Store in downtown Wichita , Kansas . After three weeks , the movement successfully got the store to change its policy of segregated seating , and soon afterward all Dockum stores in Kansas were desegregated . This movement was quickly followed in the same year by a student sit - in at a Katz Drug Store in Oklahoma City led by Clara Luper , which also was successful . Mostly black students from area colleges led a sit - in at a Woolworth 's store in Greensboro , North Carolina . On February 1 , 1960 , four students , Ezell A. Blair , Jr. , David Richmond , Joseph McNeil , and Franklin McCain from North Carolina Agricultural & Technical College , an all - black college , sat down at the segregated lunch counter to protest Woolworth 's policy of excluding African Americans from being served there . The four students purchased small items in other parts of the store and kept their receipts , then sat down at the lunch counter and asked to be served . After being denied service , they produced their receipts and asked why their money was good everywhere else at the store , but not at the lunch counter . The protesters had been encouraged to dress professionally , to sit quietly , and to occupy every other stool so that potential white sympathizers could join in . The Greensboro sit - in was quickly followed by other sit - ins in Richmond , Virginia ; Nashville , Tennessee ; and Atlanta , Georgia . The most immediately effective of these was in Nashville , where hundreds of well organized and highly disciplined college students conducted sit - ins in coordination with a boycott campaign . As students across the south began to `` sit - in '' at the lunch counters of local stores , police and other officials sometimes used brutal force to physically escort the demonstrators from the lunch facilities . The `` sit - in '' technique was not new -- as far back as 1939 , African - American attorney Samuel Wilbert Tucker organized a sit - in at the then - segregated Alexandria , Virginia , library . In 1960 the technique succeeded in bringing national attention to the movement . On March 9 , 1960 , an Atlanta University Center group of students released An Appeal for Human Rights as a full page advertisement in newspapers , including the Atlanta Constitution , Atlanta Journal , and Atlanta Daily World . Known as the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights ( COAHR ) , the group initiated the Atlanta Student Movement and began to lead sit - ins starting on March 15 , 1960 . By the end of 1960 , the process of sit - ins had spread to every southern and border state , and even to facilities in Nevada , Illinois , and Ohio that discriminated against blacks . Demonstrators focused not only on lunch counters but also on parks , beaches , libraries , theaters , museums , and other public facilities . In April 1960 activists who had led these sit - ins were invited by SCLC activist Ella Baker to hold a conference at Shaw University , a historically black university in Raleigh , North Carolina . This conference led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . SNCC took these tactics of nonviolent confrontation further , and organized the freedom rides . As the constitution protected interstate commerce , they decided to challenge segregation on interstate buses and in public bus facilities by putting interracial teams on them , to travel from the North through the segregated South . Freedom rides , 1961 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Rider Freedom Rides were journeys by Civil Rights activists on interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia , ( 1960 ) 364 U.S. , which ruled that segregation was unconstitutional for passengers engaged in interstate travel . Organized by CORE , the first Freedom Ride of the 1960s left Washington D.C. on May 4 , 1961 , and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17 . During the first and subsequent Freedom Rides , activists traveled through the Deep South to integrate seating patterns on buses and desegregate bus terminals , including restrooms and water fountains . That proved to be a dangerous mission . In Anniston , Alabama , one bus was firebombed , forcing its passengers to flee for their lives . A mob beats Freedom Riders in Birmingham . This picture was reclaimed by the FBI from a local journalist who also was beaten and whose camera was smashed . In Birmingham , Alabama , an FBI informant reported that Public Safety Commissioner Eugene `` Bull '' Connor gave Ku Klux Klan members fifteen minutes to attack an incoming group of freedom riders before having police `` protect '' them . The riders were severely beaten `` until it looked like a bulldog had got a hold of them . '' James Peck , a white activist , was beaten so badly that he required fifty stitches to his head . In a similar occurrence in Montgomery , Alabama , the Freedom Riders followed in the footsteps of Rosa Parks and rode an integrated Greyhound bus from Birmingham . Although they were protesting interstate bus segregation in peace , they were met with violence in Montgomery as a large , white mob attacked them for their activism . They caused an enormous , 2 - hour long riot which resulted in 22 injuries , five of whom were hospitalized . Mob violence in Anniston and Birmingham temporarily halted the rides . SNCC activists from Nashville brought in new riders to continue the journey from Birmingham to New Orleans . In Montgomery , Alabama , at the Greyhound Bus Station , a mob charged another bus load of riders , knocking John Lewis unconscious with a crate and smashing Life photographer Don Urbrock in the face with his own camera . A dozen men surrounded James Zwerg , a white student from Fisk University , and beat him in the face with a suitcase , knocking out his teeth . On May 24 , 1961 , the freedom riders continued their rides into Jackson , Mississippi , where they were arrested for `` breaching the peace '' by using `` white only '' facilities . New freedom rides were organized by many different organizations and continued to flow into the South . As riders arrived in Jackson , they were arrested . By the end of summer , more than 300 had been jailed in Mississippi . ... When the weary Riders arrive in Jackson and attempt to use `` white only '' restrooms and lunch counters they are immediately arrested for Breach of Peace and Refusal to Obey an Officer . Says Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett in defense of segregation : `` The Negro is different because God made him different to punish him . '' From lockup , the Riders announce `` Jail No Bail '' -- they will not pay fines for unconstitutional arrests and illegal convictions -- and by staying in jail they keep the issue alive . Each prisoner will remain in jail for 39 days , the maximum time they can serve without loosing ( sic ) their right to appeal the unconstitutionality of their arrests , trials , and convictions . After 39 days , they file an appeal and post bond ... The jailed freedom riders were treated harshly , crammed into tiny , filthy cells and sporadically beaten . In Jackson , some male prisoners were forced to do hard labor in 100 ° F heat . Others were transferred to the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman , where they were treated to harsh conditions . Sometimes the men were suspended by `` wrist breakers '' from the walls . Typically , the windows of their cells were shut tight on hot days , making it hard for them to breathe . Public sympathy and support for the freedom riders led John F. Kennedy 's administration to order the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) to issue a new desegregation order . When the new ICC rule took effect on November 1 , 1961 , passengers were permitted to sit wherever they chose on the bus ; `` white '' and `` colored '' signs came down in the terminals ; separate drinking fountains , toilets , and waiting rooms were consolidated ; and lunch counters began serving people regardless of skin color . The student movement involved such celebrated figures as John Lewis , a single - minded activist ; James Lawson , the revered `` guru '' of nonviolent theory and tactics ; Diane Nash , an articulate and intrepid public champion of justice ; Bob Moses , pioneer of voting registration in Mississippi ; and James Bevel , a fiery preacher and charismatic organizer , strategist , and facilitator . Other prominent student activists included Charles McDew , Bernard Lafayette , Charles Jones , Lonnie King , Julian Bond , Hosea Williams , and Stokely Carmichael . Voter registration organizing ( edit ) After the Freedom Rides , local black leaders in Mississippi such as Amzie Moore , Aaron Henry , Medgar Evers , and others asked SNCC to help register black voters and to build community organizations that could win a share of political power in the state . Since Mississippi ratified its new constitution in 1890 with provisions such as poll taxes , residency requirements , and literacy tests , it made registration more complicated and stripped blacks from voter rolls and voting . In addition , violence at the time of elections had earlier suppressed black voting . By the mid-20th century , preventing blacks from voting had become an essential part of the culture of white supremacy . In the fall of 1961 , SNCC organizer Robert Moses began the first voter registration project in McComb and the surrounding counties in the Southwest corner of the state . Their efforts were met with violent repression from state and local lawmen , the White Citizens ' Council , and the Ku Klux Klan . Activists were beaten , there were hundreds of arrests of local citizens , and the voting activist Herbert Lee was murdered . White opposition to black voter registration was so intense in Mississippi that Freedom Movement activists concluded that all of the state 's civil rights organizations had to unite in a coordinated effort to have any chance of success . In February 1962 , representatives of SNCC , CORE , and the NAACP formed the Council of Federated Organizations ( COFO ) . At a subsequent meeting in August , SCLC became part of COFO . In the Spring of 1962 , with funds from the Voter Education Project , SNCC / COFO began voter registration organizing in the Mississippi Delta area around Greenwood , and the areas surrounding Hattiesburg , Laurel , and Holly Springs . As in McComb , their efforts were met with fierce opposition -- arrests , beatings , shootings , arson , and murder . Registrars used the literacy test to keep blacks off the voting roles by creating standards that even highly educated people could not meet . In addition , employers fired blacks who tried to register , and landlords evicted them from their rental homes . Despite these actions , over the following years , the black voter registration campaign spread across the state . Similar voter registration campaigns -- with similar responses -- were begun by SNCC , CORE , and SCLC in Louisiana , Alabama , southwest Georgia , and South Carolina . By 1963 , voter registration campaigns in the South were as integral to the Freedom Movement as desegregation efforts . After passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , protecting and facilitating voter registration despite state barriers became the main effort of the movement . It resulted in passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which had provisions to enforce the constitutional right to vote for all citizens . Integration of Mississippi universities , 1956 -- 65 ( edit ) This section contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( May 2010 ) Beginning in 1956 , Clyde Kennard , a black Korean War - veteran , wanted to enroll at Mississippi Southern College ( now the University of Southern Mississippi ) under the G.I. Bill at Hattiesburg . Dr. William David McCain , the college president , used the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission , in order to prevent his enrollment by appealing to local black leaders and the segregationist state political establishment . The state - funded organization tried to counter the Civil Rights Movement by positively portraying segregationist policies . More significantly , it collected data on activists , harassed them legally , and used economic boycotts against them by threatening their jobs ( or causing them to lose their jobs ) to try to suppress their work . Kennard was twice arrested on trumped - up charges , and eventually convicted and sentenced to seven years in the state prison . After three years at hard labor , Kennard was paroled by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett . Journalists had investigated his case and publicized the state 's mistreatment of his colon cancer . McCain 's role in Kennard 's arrests and convictions is unknown . While trying to prevent Kennard 's enrollment , McCain made a speech in Chicago , with his travel sponsored by the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission . He described the blacks ' seeking to desegregate Southern schools as `` imports '' from the North . ( Kennard was a native and resident of Hattiesburg . ) McCain said : `` We insist that educationally and socially , we maintain a segregated society ... In all fairness , I admit that we are not encouraging Negro voting ... The Negroes prefer that control of the government remain in the white man 's hands . '' Note : Mississippi had passed a new constitution in 1890 that effectively disfranchised most blacks by changing electoral and voter registration requirements ; although it deprived them of constitutional rights authorized under post-Civil War amendments , it survived US Supreme Court challenges at the time . It was not until after passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act that most blacks in Mississippi and other southern states gained federal protection to enforce the constitutional right of citizens to vote . James Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshals In September 1962 , James Meredith won a lawsuit to secure admission to the previously segregated University of Mississippi . He attempted to enter campus on September 20 , on September 25 , and again on September 26 . He was blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett , who said , `` ( N ) o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor . '' The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson , Jr. in contempt , ordering them arrested and fined more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll . U.S. Army trucks loaded with U.S. Marshals on the University of Mississippi campus Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent in a force of U.S. Marshals . On September 30 , 1962 , Meredith entered the campus under their escort . Students and other whites began rioting that evening , throwing rocks and firing on the U.S. Marshals guarding Meredith at Lyceum Hall . Two people , including a French journalist , were killed ; 28 marshals suffered gunshot wounds ; and 160 others were injured . President John F. Kennedy sent regular US Army forces to the campus to quell the riot . Meredith began classes the day after the troops arrived . Kennard and other activists continued to work on public university desegregation . In 1965 Raylawni Branch and Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong became the first African - American students to attend the University of Southern Mississippi . By that time , McCain helped ensure they had a peaceful entry . In 2006 , Judge Robert Helfrich ruled that Kennard was factually innocent of all charges for which he had been convicted in the 1950s . Albany Movement , 1961 -- 62 ( edit ) Main article : Albany Movement The SCLC , which had been criticized by some student activists for its failure to participate more fully in the freedom rides , committed much of its prestige and resources to a desegregation campaign in Albany , Georgia , in November 1961 . King , who had been criticized personally by some SNCC activists for his distance from the dangers that local organizers faced -- and given the derisive nickname `` De Lawd '' as a result -- intervened personally to assist the campaign led by both SNCC organizers and local leaders . The campaign was a failure because of the canny tactics of Laurie Pritchett , the local police chief , and divisions within the black community . The goals may not have been specific enough . Pritchett contained the marchers without violent attacks on demonstrators that inflamed national opinion . He also arranged for arrested demonstrators to be taken to jails in surrounding communities , allowing plenty of room to remain in his jail . Prichett also foresaw King 's presence as a danger and forced his release to avoid King 's rallying the black community . King left in 1962 without having achieved any dramatic victories . The local movement , however , continued the struggle , and it obtained significant gains in the next few years . University of Chicago sit - ins , 1962 ( edit ) Main article : University of Chicago sit - ins In January 1962 , Bernie Sanders , then a student at the University of Chicago , helped lead the first sit - in in Chicago history , organizing a 15 - day sit - in at the college 's administration building , protesting university president George Wells Beadle 's segregated campus housing policy . `` We feel it is an intolerable situation , when Negro and white students of the university can not live together in university - owned apartments , '' Sanders told a crowd of about 200 students . After several days of protests , Beadle met with students to form a commission to investigate discrimination . Birmingham campaign , 1963 ( edit ) Main articles : Birmingham Campaign and Birmingham riot of 1963 The Albany movement was shown to be an important education for the SCLC , however , when it undertook the Birmingham campaign in 1963 . Executive Director Wyatt Tee Walker carefully planned the early strategy and tactics for the campaign . It focused on one goal -- the desegregation of Birmingham 's downtown merchants , rather than total desegregation , as in Albany . The movement 's efforts were helped by the brutal response of local authorities , in particular Eugene `` Bull '' Connor , the Commissioner of Public Safety . He had long held much political power , but had lost a recent election for mayor to a less rabidly segregationist candidate . Refusing to accept the new mayor 's authority , Connor intended to stay in office . The campaign used a variety of nonviolent methods of confrontation , including sit - ins , kneel - ins at local churches , and a march to the county building to mark the beginning of a drive to register voters . The city , however , obtained an injunction barring all such protests . Convinced that the order was unconstitutional , the campaign defied it and prepared for mass arrests of its supporters . King elected to be among those arrested on April 12 , 1963 . While in jail , King wrote his famous `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' on the margins of a newspaper , since he had not been allowed any writing paper while held in solitary confinement . Supporters appealed to the Kennedy administration , which intervened to obtain King 's release . King was allowed to call his wife , who was recuperating at home after the birth of their fourth child , and was released early on April 19 . The campaign , however , faltered as it ran out of demonstrators willing to risk arrest . James Bevel , SCLC 's Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education , then came up with a bold and controversial alternative : to train high school students to take part in the demonstrations . As a result , in what would be called the Children 's Crusade , more than one thousand students skipped school on May 2 to meet at the 16th Street Baptist Church to join the demonstrations . More than six hundred marched out of the church fifty at a time in an attempt to walk to City Hall to speak to Birmingham 's mayor about segregation . They were arrested and put into jail . In this first encounter the police acted with restraint . On the next day , however , another one thousand students gathered at the church . When Bevel started them marching fifty at a time , Bull Connor finally unleashed police dogs on them and then turned the city 's fire hoses water streams on the children . National television networks broadcast the scenes of the dogs attacking demonstrators and the water from the fire hoses knocking down the schoolchildren . Widespread public outrage led the Kennedy administration to intervene more forcefully in negotiations between the white business community and the SCLC . On May 10 , the parties announced an agreement to desegregate the lunch counters and other public accommodations downtown , to create a committee to eliminate discriminatory hiring practices , to arrange for the release of jailed protesters , and to establish regular means of communication between black and white leaders . Not everyone in the black community approved of the agreement -- the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth was particularly critical , since he was skeptical about the good faith of Birmingham 's power structure from his experience in dealing with them . Parts of the white community reacted violently . They bombed the Gaston Motel , which housed the SCLC 's unofficial headquarters , and the home of King 's brother , the Reverend A.D. King . In response , thousands of blacks rioted , burning numerous buildings and one of them stabbed and wounded a police officer . Congress of Racial Equality march in Washington DC on September 22 , 1963 , in memory of the children killed in the Birmingham bombings . Kennedy prepared to federalize the Alabama National Guard if the need arose . Four months later , on September 15 , a conspiracy of Ku Klux Klan members bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , killing four young girls . `` Rising tide of discontent '' and Kennedy 's response , 1963 ( edit ) Main articles : Gloria Richardson , Stand in the Schoolhouse Door , and Civil Rights Address Birmingham was only one of over a hundred cities rocked by chaotic protest that spring and summer , some of them in the North . During the March on Washington , Martin Luther King would refer to such protests as `` the whirlwinds of revolt . '' In Chicago , blacks rioted through the South Side in late May after a white police officer shot a fourteen - year - old black boy who was fleeing the scene of a robbery . Violent clashes between black activists and white workers took place in both Philadelphia and Harlem in successful efforts to integrate state construction projects . On June 6 , over a thousand whites attacked a sit - in in Lexington , North Carolina ; blacks fought back and one white man was killed . Edwin C. Berry of the National Urban League warned of a complete breakdown in race relations : `` My message from the beer gardens and the barbershops all indicate the fact that the Negro is ready for war . '' In Cambridge , Maryland , a working ‐ class city on the Eastern Shore , Gloria Richardson of SNCC led a movement that pressed for desegregation but also demanded low ‐ rent public housing , job ‐ training , public and private jobs , and an end to police brutality . On June 11 , struggles between blacks and whites escalated into violent rioting , leading Maryland Governor J. Millard Tawes to declare martial law . When negotiations between Richardson and Maryland officials faltered , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy directly intervened to negotiate a desegregation agreement . Richardson felt that the increasing participation of poor and working - class blacks was expanding both the power and parameters of the movement , asserting that `` the people as a whole really do have more intelligence than a few of their leaders. ʺ In their deliberations during this wave of protests , the Kennedy administration privately felt that militant demonstrations were ʺbad for the countryʺ and that `` Negroes are going to push this thing too far . '' On May 24 , Robert Kennedy had a meeting with prominent black intellectuals to discuss the racial situation . The blacks criticized Kennedy harshly for vacillating on civil rights , and said that the African - American community 's thoughts were increasingly turning to violence . The meeting ended with ill will on all sides . Nonetheless , the Kennedys ultimately decided that new legislation for equal public accommodations was essential to drive activists `` into the courts and out of the streets . '' Alabama governor George Wallace stands against desegregation at the University of Alabama and is confronted by US Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach in 1963 . On June 11 , 1963 , George Wallace , Governor of Alabama , tried to block the integration of the University of Alabama . President John F. Kennedy sent a military force to make Governor Wallace step aside , allowing the enrollment of Vivian Malone Jones and James Hood . That evening , President Kennedy addressed the nation on TV and radio with his historic civil rights speech , where he lamented `` a rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety . '' He called on Congress to pass new civil rights legislation , and urged the country to embrace civil rights as `` a moral issue ... in our daily lives . '' In the early hours of June 12 , Medgar Evers , field secretary of the Mississippi NAACP , was assassinated by a member of the Klan . The next week , as promised , on June 19 , 1963 , President Kennedy submitted his Civil Rights bill to Congress . March on Washington , 1963 ( edit ) Main article : March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Bayard Rustin ( left ) and Cleveland Robinson ( right ) , organizers of the March , on August 7 , 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom at the National Mall A. Philip Randolph had planned a march on Washington , D.C. , in 1941 to support demands for elimination of employment discrimination in defense industries ; he called off the march when the Roosevelt administration met the demand by issuing Executive Order 8802 barring racial discrimination and creating an agency to oversee compliance with the order . Randolph and Bayard Rustin were the chief planners of the second march , which they proposed in 1962 . In 1963 , the Kennedy administration initially opposed the march out of concern it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation . However , Randolph and King were firm that the march would proceed . With the march going forward , the Kennedys decided it was important to work to ensure its success . Concerned about the turnout , President Kennedy enlisted the aid of additional church leaders and the UAW union to help mobilize demonstrators for the cause . The march was held on August 28 , 1963 . Unlike the planned 1941 march , for which Randolph included only black - led organizations in the planning , the 1963 march was a collaborative effort of all of the major civil rights organizations , the more progressive wing of the labor movement , and other liberal organizations . The march had six official goals : meaningful civil rights laws a massive federal works program full and fair employment decent housing the right to vote adequate integrated education . Of these , the march 's major focus was on passage of the civil rights law that the Kennedy administration had proposed after the upheavals in Birmingham . Martin Luther King , Jr. at a Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C. National media attention also greatly contributed to the march 's national exposure and probable impact . In his section `` The March on Washington and Television News , '' William Thomas notes : `` Over five hundred cameramen , technicians , and correspondents from the major networks were set to cover the event . More cameras would be set up than had filmed the last presidential inauguration . One camera was positioned high in the Washington Monument , to give dramatic vistas of the marchers '' . By carrying the organizers ' speeches and offering their own commentary , television stations framed the way their local audiences saw and understood the event . `` I Have a Dream '' 30 - second sample from `` I Have a Dream '' speech by Martin Luther King , Jr. at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The march was a success , although not without controversy . An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial , where King delivered his famous `` I Have a Dream '' speech . While many speakers applauded the Kennedy administration for the efforts it had made toward obtaining new , more effective civil rights legislation protecting the right to vote and outlawing segregation , John Lewis of SNCC took the administration to task for not doing more to protect southern blacks and civil rights workers under attack in the Deep South . After the march , King and other civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy at the White House . While the Kennedy administration appeared sincerely committed to passing the bill , it was not clear that it had the votes in Congress to do it . However when President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22 , 1963 , the new President Lyndon Johnson decided to use his influence in Congress to bring about much of Kennedy 's legislative agenda . Malcolm X joins the Movement , 1964 -- 1965 ( edit ) Main articles : Malcolm X , Black Nationalism , and The Ballot or the Bullet In March 1964 , Malcolm X ( el - Hajj Malik el - Shabazz ) , national representative of the Nation of Islam , formally broke with that organization , and made a public offer to collaborate with any civil rights organization that accepted the right to self - defense and the philosophy of Black nationalism ( which Malcolm said no longer required Black separatism ) . Gloria Richardson -- head of the Cambridge , Maryland , chapter of SNCC , leader of the Cambridge rebellion and an honored guest at The March on Washington -- immediately embraced Malcolm 's offer . Mrs. Richardson , `` the nation 's most prominent woman ( civil rights ) leader , '' told The Baltimore Afro - American that `` Malcolm is being very practical ... The federal government has moved into conflict situations only when matters approach the level of insurrection . Self - defense may force Washington to intervene sooner . '' Earlier , in May 1963 , James Baldwin had stated publicly that `` the Black Muslim movement is the only one in the country we can call grassroots , I hate to say it ... Malcolm articulates for Negroes , their suffering ... he corroborates their reality ... '' On the local level , Malcolm and the NOI had been allied with the Harlem chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) since at least 1962 . Malcolm X meets with Martin Luther King , Jr. , March 26 , 1964 On March 26 , 1964 , as the Civil Rights Act was facing stiff opposition in Congress , Malcolm had a public meeting with Martin Luther King , Jr. at the Capitol building . Malcolm had attempted to begin a dialog with Dr. King as early as 1957 , but King had rebuffed him . Malcolm had responded by calling King an `` Uncle Tom '' who turned his back on black militancy in order to appease the white power structure . However , the two men were on good terms at their face - to - face meeting . There is evidence that King was preparing to support Malcolm 's plan to formally bring the US government before the United Nations on charges of human rights violations against African - Americans . Malcolm now encouraged Black nationalists to get involved in voter registration drives and other forms of community organizing to redefine and expand the movement . Civil rights activists became increasingly combative in the 1963 to 1964 period , owing to events such as the thwarting of the Albany campaign , police repression and Ku Klux Klan terrorism in Birmingham , and the assassination of Medgar Evers . Mississippi NAACP Field Director Charles Evers -- Medgar Evers ' brother -- told a public NAACP conference on February 15 , 1964 , that `` non-violence wo n't work in Mississippi ... we made up our minds ... that if a white man shoots at a Negro in Mississippi , we will shoot back . '' The repression of sit - ins in Jacksonville , Florida , provoked a riot that saw black youth throwing Molotov cocktails at police on March 24 , 1964 . Malcolm X gave extensive speeches in this period warning that such militant activity would escalate further if African - Americans ' rights were not fully recognized . In his landmark April 1964 speech `` The Ballot or the Bullet '' , Malcolm presented an ultimatum to white America : `` There 's new strategy coming in . It 'll be Molotov cocktails this month , hand grenades next month , and something else next month . It 'll be ballots , or it 'll be bullets . '' As noted in Eyes on the Prize , `` Malcolm X had a far reaching effect on the civil rights movement . In the South , there had been a long tradition of self reliance . Malcolm X 's ideas now touched that tradition '' . Self - reliance was becoming paramount in light of the 1964 Democratic National Convention 's decision to refuse seating to the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) and to seat the state delegation elected in violation of the party 's rules through Jim Crow law instead . SNCC moved in an increasingly militant direction and worked with Malcolm X on two Harlem MFDP fundraisers in December 1964 . When Fannie Lou Hamer spoke to Harlemites about the Jim Crow violence that she 'd suffered in Mississippi , she linked it directly to the Northern police brutality against blacks that Malcolm protested against ; When Malcolm asserted that African - Americans should emulate the Mau Mau army of Kenya in efforts to gain their independence , many in SNCC applauded . During the Selma campaign for voting rights in 1965 , Malcolm made it known that he 'd heard reports of increased threats of lynching around Selma , and responded in late January with an open telegram to George Lincoln Rockwell , the head of the American Nazi Party , stating : `` if your present racist agitation against our people there in Alabama causes physical harm to Reverend King or any other black Americans ... you and your KKK friends will be met with maximum physical retaliation from those of us who are not handcuffed by the disarming philosophy of nonviolence . '' The following month , the Selma chapter of SNCC invited Malcolm to speak to a mass meeting there . On the day of Malcolm 's appearance , President Johnson made his first public statement in support of the Selma campaign . Paul Ryan Haygood , a co-director of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund , credits Malcolm with a role in stimulating the responsiveness of the federal government . Haygood noted that `` shortly after Malcolm 's visit to Selma , a federal judge , responding to a suit brought by the Department of Justice , required Dallas County , Alabama , registrars to process at least 100 Black applications each day their offices were open . '' St. Augustine , Florida , 1963 -- 64 ( edit ) Main article : St. Augustine movement `` We Cater to White Trade Only '' sign on a restaurant window in Lancaster , Ohio , in 1938 . In 1964 , Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested and spent a night in jail for attempting to eat at a white - only restaurant in St. Augustine , Florida . St. Augustine , on the northeast coast of Florida , was famous as the `` Nation 's Oldest City '' , founded by the Spanish in 1565 . It became the stage for a great drama leading up to the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 . A local movement , led by Dr. Robert B. Hayling , a black dentist and Air Force veteran , and affiliated with the NAACP , had been picketing segregated local institutions since 1963 , as a result of which Dr. Hayling and three companions , James Jackson , Clyde Jenkins , and James Hauser , were brutally beaten at a Ku Klux Klan rally in the fall of that year . Nightriders shot into black homes , and teenagers Audrey Nell Edwards , JoeAnn Anderson , Samuel White , and Willie Carl Singleton ( who came to be known as `` The St. Augustine Four '' ) spent six months in jail and reform school after sitting in at the local Woolworth 's lunch counter . It took a special action of the governor and cabinet of Florida to release them after national protests by the Pittsburgh Courier , Jackie Robinson , and others . In response to the repression , the St. Augustine movement practiced armed self - defense in addition to nonviolent direct action . In June 1963 , Dr. Hayling publicly stated that `` I and the others have armed . We will shoot first and answer questions later . We are not going to die like Medgar Evers . '' The comment made national headlines . When Klan nightriders terrorized black neighborhoods in St. Augustine , Hayling 's NAACP members often drove them off with gunfire , and in October , a Klansman was killed . In 1964 , Dr. Hayling and other activists urged the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to come to St. Augustine . The first action came during spring break , when Hayling appealed to northern college students to come to the Ancient City , not to go to the beach , but to take part in demonstrations . Four prominent Massachusetts women -- Mrs. Mary Parkman Peabody , Mrs. Esther Burgess , Mrs. Hester Campbell ( all of whose husbands were Episcopal bishops ) , and Mrs. Florence Rowe ( whose husband was vice president of John Hancock Insurance Company ) came to lend their support . The arrest of Mrs. Peabody , the 72 - year - old mother of the governor of Massachusetts , for attempting to eat at the segregated Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge in an integrated group , made front page news across the country , and brought the movement in St. Augustine to the attention of the world . Widely publicized activities continued in the ensuing months , as Congress saw the longest filibuster against a civil rights bill in its history . Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. was arrested at the Monson Motel in St. Augustine on June 11 , 1964 , the only place in Florida he was arrested . He sent a `` Letter from the St. Augustine Jail '' to a northern supporter , Rabbi Israel Dresner of New Jersey , urging him to recruit others to participate in the movement . This resulted , a week later , in the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history -- while conducting a pray - in at the Monson . A well - known photograph taken in St. Augustine shows the manager of the Monson Motel pouring muriatic acid in the swimming pool while blacks and whites are swimming in it . The horrifying photograph was run on the front page of the Washington newspaper the day the Senate went to vote on passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Freedom Summer , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Summer In the summer of 1964 , COFO brought nearly 1,000 activists to Mississippi -- most of them white college students -- to join with local black activists to register voters , teach in `` Freedom Schools , '' and organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) . Many of Mississippi 's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and attempts to change their society . State and local governments , police , the White Citizens ' Council and the Ku Klux Klan used arrests , beatings , arson , murder , spying , firing , evictions , and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent blacks from registering to vote or achieving social equality . Missing persons poster created by the FBI in 1964 , shows the photographs of Andrew Goodman , James Chaney , and Michael Schwerner . On June 21 , 1964 , three civil rights workers disappeared : James Chaney , a young black Mississippian and plasterer 's apprentice ; and two Jewish activists , Andrew Goodman , a Queens College anthropology student ; and Michael Schwerner , a CORE organizer from Manhattan 's Lower East Side , were found weeks later , murdered by conspirators who turned out to be local members of the Klan , some of them members of the Neshoba County sheriff 's department . This outraged the public , leading the U.S. Justice Department along with the FBI ( the latter which had previously avoided dealing with the issue of segregation and persecution of blacks ) to take action . The outrage over these murders helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act . From June to August , Freedom Summer activists worked in 38 local projects scattered across the state , with the largest number concentrated in the Mississippi Delta region . At least 30 Freedom Schools , with close to 3,500 students were established , and 28 community centers set up . Over the course of the Summer Project , some 17,000 Mississippi blacks attempted to become registered voters in defiance of the red tape and forces of white supremacy arrayed against them -- only 1,600 ( less than 10 % ) succeeded . But more than 80,000 joined the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) , founded as an alternative political organization , showing their desire to vote and participate in politics . Though Freedom Summer failed to register many voters , it had a significant effect on the course of the Civil Rights Movement . It helped break down the decades of people 's isolation and repression that were the foundation of the Jim Crow system . Before Freedom Summer , the national news media had paid little attention to the persecution of black voters in the Deep South and the dangers endured by black civil rights workers . The progression of events throughout the South increased media attention to Mississippi . The deaths of affluent northern white students and threats to other northerners attracted the full attention of the media spotlight to the state . Many black activists became embittered , believing the media valued lives of whites and blacks differently . Perhaps the most significant effect of Freedom Summer was on the volunteers , almost all of whom -- black and white -- still consider it to have been one of the defining periods of their lives . Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Although President Kennedy had proposed civil rights legislation and it had support from Northern Congressmen and Senators of both parties , Southern Senators blocked the bill by threatening filibusters . After considerable parliamentary maneuvering and 54 days of filibuster on the floor of the United States Senate , President Johnson got a bill through the Congress . On July 2 , 1964 , Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , that banned discrimination based on `` race , color , religion , sex or national origin '' in employment practices and public accommodations . The bill authorized the Attorney General to file lawsuits to enforce the new law . The law also nullified state and local laws that required such discrimination . Harlem riot of 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Harlem riot of 1964 When police shot an unarmed black teenager in Harlem in July 1964 , tensions escalated out of control . Residents were frustrated with racial inequalities . Rioting broke out , and Bedford - Stuyvesant , a major black neighborhood in Brooklyn erupted next . That summer , rioting also broke out in Philadelphia , for similar reasons . The riots were on a much smaller scale than what would occur in 1965 and later . Washington responded with a pilot program called Project Uplift . Thousands of young people in Harlem were given jobs during the summer of 1965 . The project was inspired by a report generated by HARYOU called Youth in the Ghetto . HARYOU was given a major role in organizing the project , together with the National Urban League and nearly 100 smaller community organizations . Permanent jobs at living wages were still out of reach of many young black men . Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Civil Rights leaders Martin Luther King , Jr. , Whitney Young , and James Farmer , January 1964 . Blacks in Mississippi had been disfranchised by statutory and constitutional changes since the late 19th century . In 1963 COFO held a Freedom Vote in Mississippi to demonstrate the desire of black Mississippians to vote . More than 80,000 people registered and voted in the mock election , which pitted an integrated slate of candidates from the `` Freedom Party '' against the official state Democratic Party candidates . In 1964 , organizers launched the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) to challenge the all - white official party . When Mississippi voting registrars refused to recognize their candidates , they held their own primary . They selected Fannie Lou Hamer , Annie Devine , and Victoria Gray to run for Congress , and a slate of delegates to represent Mississippi at the 1964 Democratic National Convention . The presence of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in Atlantic City , New Jersey , was inconvenient , however , for the convention organizers . They had planned a triumphant celebration of the Johnson administration 's achievements in civil rights , rather than a fight over racism within the Democratic Party . All - white delegations from other Southern states threatened to walk out if the official slate from Mississippi was not seated . Johnson was worried about the inroads that Republican Barry Goldwater 's campaign was making in what previously had been the white Democratic stronghold of the `` Solid South '' , as well as support that George Wallace had received in the North during the Democratic primaries . Johnson could not , however , prevent the MFDP from taking its case to the Credentials Committee . There Fannie Lou Hamer testified eloquently about the beatings that she and others endured and the threats they faced for trying to register to vote . Turning to the television cameras , Hamer asked , `` Is this America ? '' Johnson offered the MFDP a `` compromise '' under which it would receive two non-voting , at - large seats , while the white delegation sent by the official Democratic Party would retain its seats . The MFDP angrily rejected the `` compromise . '' The MFDP kept up its agitation at the convention , after it was denied official recognition . When all but three of the `` regular '' Mississippi delegates left because they refused to pledge allegiance to the party , the MFDP delegates borrowed passes from sympathetic delegates and took the seats vacated by the official Mississippi delegates . National party organizers removed them . When they returned the next day , they found convention organizers had removed the empty seats that had been there the day before . They stayed and sang `` freedom songs '' . The 1964 Democratic Party convention disillusioned many within the MFDP and the Civil Rights Movement , but it did not destroy the MFDP . The MFDP became more radical after Atlantic City . It invited Malcolm X to speak at one of its conventions and opposed the war in Vietnam . Selma voting Rights Movement ( edit ) Main articles : Selma to Montgomery marches and Voting Rights Act President Johnson , Martin Luther King , Jr. at the signing of the Voting Rights Act on August 6 , 1965 `` Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act '' Play media Statement before the United States Congress by Johnson on August 6 , 1965 , about the Voting Rights Act `` Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act '' audio only <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . SNCC had undertaken an ambitious voter registration program in Selma , Alabama , in 1963 , but by 1965 had made little headway in the face of opposition from Selma 's sheriff , Jim Clark . After local residents asked the SCLC for assistance , King came to Selma to lead several marches , at which he was arrested along with 250 other demonstrators . The marchers continued to meet violent resistance from police . Jimmie Lee Jackson , a resident of nearby Marion , was killed by police at a later march in February 17 , 1965 . Jackson 's death prompted James Bevel , director of the Selma Movement , to initiate and organize a plan to march from Selma to Montgomery , the state capital . On March 7 , 1965 , acting on Bevel 's plan , Hosea Williams of the SCLC and John Lewis of SNCC led a march of 600 people to walk the 54 miles ( 87 km ) from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery . Only six blocks into the march , at the Edmund Pettus Bridge , state troopers and local law enforcement , some mounted on horseback , attacked the peaceful demonstrators with billy clubs , tear gas , rubber tubes wrapped in barbed wire , and bull whips . They drove the marchers back into Selma . Lewis was knocked unconscious and dragged to safety . At least 16 other marchers were hospitalized . Among those gassed and beaten was Amelia Boynton Robinson , who was at the center of civil rights activity at the time . The national broadcast of the news footage of lawmen attacking unresisting marchers ' seeking to exercise their constitutional right to vote provoked a national response , as had scenes from Birmingham two years earlier . The marchers were able to obtain a court order permitting them to make the march without incident two weeks later . Police attack non-violent marchers on `` Bloody Sunday '' , the first day of the Selma to Montgomery marches . The evening of a second march on March 9 to the site of Bloody Sunday , local whites attacked Rev. James Reeb , a voting rights supporter . He died of his injuries in a Birmingham hospital March 11 . On March 25 , four Klansmen shot and killed Detroit homemaker Viola Liuzzo as she drove marchers back to Selma at night after the successfully completed march to Montgomery . Voting Rights Act , 1965 ( edit ) Eight days after the first march , but before the final march , President Johnson delivered a televised address to support the voting rights bill he had sent to Congress . In it he stated : But even if we pass this bill , the battle will not be over . What happened in Selma is part of a far larger movement which reaches into every section and state of America . It is the effort of American Negroes to secure for themselves the full blessings of American life . Their cause must be our cause too . Because it is not just Negroes , but really it is all of us , who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice . And we shall overcome . Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on August 6 . The 1965 act suspended poll taxes , literacy tests , and other subjective voter registration tests . It authorized Federal supervision of voter registration in states and individual voting districts where such tests were being used . African Americans who had been barred from registering to vote finally had an alternative to taking suits to local or state courts , which had seldom prosecuted their cases to success . If discrimination in voter registration occurred , the 1965 act authorized the Attorney General of the United States to send Federal examiners to replace local registrars . Johnson reportedly told associates of his concern that signing the bill had lost the white South as voters for the Democratic Party for the foreseeable future . The act had an immediate and positive effect for African Americans . Within months of its passage , 250,000 new black voters had been registered , one third of them by federal examiners . Within four years , voter registration in the South had more than doubled . In 1965 , Mississippi had the highest black voter turnout at 74 % and led the nation in the number of black public officials elected . In 1969 , Tennessee had a 92.1 % turnout among black voters ; Arkansas , 77.9 % ; and Texas , 73.1 % . Several whites who had opposed the Voting Rights Act paid a quick price . In 1966 Sheriff Jim Clark of Alabama , infamous for using cattle prods against civil rights marchers , was up for reelection . Although he took off the notorious `` Never '' pin on his uniform , he was defeated . At the election , Clark lost as blacks voted to get him out of office . Blacks ' regaining the power to vote changed the political landscape of the South . When Congress passed the Voting Rights Act , only about 100 African Americans held elective office , all in northern states . By 1989 , there were more than 7,200 African Americans in office , including more than 4,800 in the South . Nearly every Black Belt county ( where populations were majority black ) in Alabama had a black sheriff . Southern blacks held top positions in city , county , and state governments . Atlanta elected a black mayor , Andrew Young , as did Jackson , Mississippi , with Harvey Johnson , Jr. , and New Orleans , with Ernest Morial . Black politicians on the national level included Barbara Jordan , elected as a Representative from Texas in Congress , and President Jimmy Carter appointed Andrew Young as United States Ambassador to the United Nations . Julian Bond was elected to the Georgia State Legislature in 1965 , although political reaction to his public Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War prevented him from taking his seat until 1967 . John Lewis represents Georgia 's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives , where he has served since 1987 . Watts riot of 1965 ( edit ) Main article : Watts Riots Police arrest a man during the Watts Riots , August 1965 The new Voting Rights Act of 1965 had no immediate effect on living conditions for poor blacks . A few days after the act became law , a riot broke out in the South Central Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts . Like Harlem , Watts was an impoverished neighborhood with very high unemployment . Its residents confronted a largely white police department that had a history of abuse against blacks . While arresting a young man for drunk driving , police officers argued with the suspect 's mother before onlookers . The spark triggered a massive destruction of property through six days of rioting . Thirty - four people were killed and property valued at about $30 million was destroyed , making the Watts Riots among the most expensive in American history . With black militancy on the rise , ghetto residents directed acts of anger at the police . Black residents growing tired of police brutality continued to riot . Some young people joined groups such as the Black Panthers , whose popularity was based in part on their reputation for confronting police officers . Riots among blacks occurred in 1966 and 1967 in cities such as Atlanta , San Francisco , Oakland , Baltimore , Seattle , Tacoma , Cleveland , Cincinnati , Columbus , Newark , Chicago , New York City ( specifically in Brooklyn , Harlem and the Bronx ) , and worst of all in Detroit . Fair housing movements , 1966 -- 1968 ( edit ) The first major blow against housing segregation in the era , the Rumford Fair Housing Act , was passed in California in 1963 . It was overturned by white California voters and real estate lobbyists the following year with Proposition 14 , a move which helped precipitate the Watts Riots . In 1966 , the California Supreme Court invalidated Proposition 14 and reinstated the Fair Housing Act . Struggles for fair housing laws became a major project of the movement over the next two years , with Martin Luther King , Jr. , James Bevel , and Al Raby leading the Chicago Freedom Movement around the issue in 1966 . In the following year , Father James Groppi and the NAACP Youth Council also attracted national attention with a fair housing campaign in Milwaukee . Both movements faced violent resistance from white homeowners and legal opposition from conservative politicians . The Fair Housing Bill was the most contentious civil rights legislation of the era . Senator Walter Mondale , who advocated for the bill , noted that over successive years , it was the most filibustered legislation in US history . It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators , as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards . A proposed `` Civil Rights Act of 1966 '' had collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision . Mondale commented that : `` A lot of civil rights ( legislation ) was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace , ( but ) this came right to the neighborhoods across the country . This was civil rights getting personal . '' Detroit riot of 1967 ( edit ) Main article : Detroit riot of 1967 In Detroit , a large black middle class had begun to develop among those African - Americans who worked at unionized jobs in the automotive industry ; these workers still complained of racist practices , concerns which the United Auto Workers channeled into bureaucratic and ineffective grievance procedures . White mobs enforced the segregation of housing up through the 1960s ; upon learning that if a new homebuyer was black , whites would congregate outside the home picketing , often breaking windows , committing arson , and attacking their new neighbors . Blacks who were not upwardly mobile were living in substandard conditions , subject to the same problems as African - Americans in Watts and Harlem . When white police officers shut down an illegal bar and arrested a large group of patrons during the hot summer , furious residents rioted . Blacks looted and destroyed property for five days , and National Guardsmen and federal troops patrolled in tanks through the streets . Residents reported that police officers shot at black people before even determining if the suspects were armed or dangerous . After five days , 43 people had been killed , hundreds injured , and thousands left homeless . $40 to $45 million worth of damage was caused . State and local governments responded to the riot with a dramatic increase in minority hiring . Mayor Cavanaugh in May 1968 appointed a Special Task Force on Police Recruitment and Hiring , and by July 1972 , blacks made up 14 percent of the Detroit police , more than double their percentage in 1967 . The Michigan government used its reviews of contracts issued by the state to secure a 21 percent increase in nonwhite employment . In the aftermath of the turmoil , the Greater Detroit Board of Commerce launched a campaign to find jobs for ten thousand `` previously unemployable '' persons , a preponderant number of whom were black . Prior to the disorder , Detroit enacted no ordinances to end housing segregation , and few had been enacted in the state of Michigan at all . Governor George Romney immediately responded to the riot of 1967 with a special session of the Michigan legislature where he forwarded sweeping housing proposals that included not only fair housing , but `` important relocation , tenants ' rights and code enforcement legislation . '' Romney had supported such proposals in 1965 , but abandoned them in the face of organized opposition . White conservative resistance was powerful in 1967 as well , but this time Romney did not relent and once again proposed the housing laws at the regular 1968 session of the legislature . The governor publicly warned that if the housing measures were not passed , `` it will accelerate the recruitment of revolutionary insurrectionists . '' The laws passed both houses of the legislature . Historian Sidney Fine writes that : `` The Michigan Fair Housing Act , which took effect on November 15 , 1968 , was stronger than the federal fair housing law ... and than just about all the existing state fair housing acts . It is probably more than a coincidence that the state that had experienced the most severe racial disorder of the 1960s also adopted one of the strongest state fair housing acts . '' Detroit 's decline had begun in the 1950s , during which the city lost almost a tenth of its population . It has been argued -- including by Mayor Coleman Young -- that the riot was the primary accelerator of `` white flight '' , an ethnic succession by which white residents moved out of inner - city neighborhoods into the suburbs . In contrast , urban affairs experts largely blame a Supreme Court decision against NAACP lawsuits on school desegregation -- 1974 's Milliken v. Bradley case -- which maintained the suburban schools as a lily - white refuge . In his dissenting opinion , Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas wrote that the Milliken decision perpetuated `` restrictive covenants '' that `` maintained ... black ghettos . '' ( Detroit lost 12.8 % of its white population in the 1950s , 15.2 % of its white population in the 1960s , and 21.2 % of its white population in the 1970s . ) Nationwide riots of 1967 ( edit ) Main article : Long Hot Summer of 1967 In addition to Detroit , over 100 US cities experienced riots in 1967 , including Newark , Cincinnati , Cleveland , and Washington D.C. President Johnson created the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders in 1967 . The commission 's final report called for major reforms in employment and public assistance for black communities . It warned that the United States was moving toward separate white and black societies . Memphis , King assassination and the poor people 's march 1968 ( edit ) Main articles : Poor People 's Campaign and Assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' Final 30 seconds of `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' speech by Martin Luther King , Jr . These are the final words from his final public speech . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . A 3,000 - person shantytown called Resurrection City was established on the National Mall . Rev. James Lawson invited King to Memphis , Tennessee , in March 1968 to support a sanitation workers ' strike . These workers launched a campaign for union representation after two workers were accidentally killed on the job , and King considered their struggle to be a vital part of the Poor People 's Campaign he was planning . A day after delivering his stirring `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' sermon , which has become famous for his vision of American society , King was assassinated on April 4 , 1968 . Riots broke out in black neighborhoods in more than 110 cities across the United States in the days that followed , notably in Chicago , Baltimore , and in Washington , D.C. The day before King 's funeral , April 8 , Coretta Scott King and three of the King children led 20,000 marchers through the streets of Memphis , holding signs that read , `` Honor King : End Racism '' and `` Union Justice Now '' . Armed National Guardsmen lined the streets , sitting on M - 48 tanks , to protect the marchers , and helicopters circled overhead . On April 9 , Mrs. King led another 150,000 people in a funeral procession through the streets of Atlanta . Her dignity revived courage and hope in many of the Movement 's members , cementing her place as the new leader in the struggle for racial equality . Coretta Scott King said , `` ( Martin Luther King , Jr . ) gave his life for the poor of the world , the garbage workers of Memphis and the peasants of Vietnam . The day that Negro people and others in bondage are truly free , on the day want is abolished , on the day wars are no more , on that day I know my husband will rest in a long - deserved peace . '' Rev. Ralph Abernathy succeeded King as the head of the SCLC and attempted to carry forth King 's plan for a Poor People 's March . It was to unite blacks and whites to campaign for fundamental changes in American society and economic structure . The march went forward under Abernathy 's plainspoken leadership but did not achieve its goals . See also : Orangeburg massacre Civil Rights Act of 1968 ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1968 As 1968 began , the fair housing bill was being filibustered once again , but two developments revived it . The Kerner Commission report on the 1967 ghetto riots was delivered to Congress on March 1 , and it strongly recommended `` a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law '' as a remedy to the civil disturbances . The Senate was moved to end their filibuster that week . As the House of Representatives deliberated the bill in April , Dr. King was assassinated , and the largest wave of unrest since the Civil War swept the country . Senator Charles Mathias wrote that : `` some Senators and Representatives publicly stated they would not be intimidated or rushed into legislating because of the disturbances . Nevertheless , the news coverage of the riots and the underlying disparities in income , jobs , housing , and education , between White and Black Americans helped educate citizens and Congress about the stark reality of an enormous social problem . Members of Congress knew they had to act to redress these imbalances in American life to fulfill the dream that King had so eloquently preached . '' The House passed the legislation on April 10 , and President Johnson signed it the next day . The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination concerning the sale , rental , and financing of housing based on race , religion , and national origin . It also made it a federal crime to `` by force or by threat of force , injure , intimidate , or interfere with anyone ... by reason of their race , color , religion , or national origin . '' Other issues ( edit ) Competing ideas ( edit ) Despite the common notion that the ideas of Martin Luther King , Jr. , Malcolm X and Black Power only conflicted with each other and were the only ideologies of the Civil Rights Movement , there were other sentiments felt by many blacks . Fearing the events during the movement were occurring too quickly , there were some blacks who felt that leaders should take their activism at a slower pace . Others had reservations on how focused blacks were on the movement and felt that such attention was better spent on reforming issues within the black community . While most popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King , Jr. , some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person , organization , or strategy . Sociologist Doug McAdam has stated that , `` in King 's case , it would be inaccurate to say that he was the leader of the modern civil rights movement ... but more importantly , there was no singular civil rights movement . The movement was , in fact , a coalition of thousands of local efforts nationwide , spanning several decades , hundreds of discrete groups , and all manner of strategies and tactics -- legal , illegal , institutional , non-institutional , violent , non-violent . Without discounting King 's importance , it would be sheer fiction to call him the leader of what was fundamentally an amorphous , fluid , dispersed movement . '' Those who blatantly rejected integration usually had a legitimate rationale for doing so , such as fearing a change in the status quo they had been used to for so long , or fearing for their safety if they found themselves in environments where whites were much more present . However , there were also those who defended segregation for the sake of keeping ties with the white power structure from which many relied on for social and economic mobility above other blacks . Based on her interpretation of a 1966 study made by Donald Matthews and James Prothro detailing the relative percentage of blacks for integration , against it or feeling something else , Lauren Winner asserts that : `` Black defenders of segregation look , at first blush , very much like black nationalists , especially in their preference for all - black institutions ; but black defenders of segregation differ from nationalists in two key ways . First , while both groups criticize NAACP - style integration , nationalists articulate a third alternative to integration and Jim Crow , while segregationists preferred to stick with the status quo . Second , absent from black defenders of segregation 's political vocabulary was the demand for self - determination . They called for all - black institutions , but not autonomous all - black institutions ; indeed , some defenders of segregation asserted that black people needed white paternalism and oversight in order to thrive . '' Oftentimes , African - American community leaders would be staunch defenders of segregation . Church ministers , businessmen and educators were among those who wished to keep segregation and segregationist ideals in order to retain the privileges they gained from patronage from whites , such as monetary gains . In addition , they relied on segregation to keep their jobs and economies in their communities thriving . It was feared that if integration became widespread in the South , black - owned businesses and other establishments would lose a large chunk of their customer base to white - owned businesses , and many blacks would lose opportunities for jobs that were presently exclusive to their interests . On the other hand , there were the everyday , average black people who criticized integration as well . For them , they took issue with different parts of the Civil Rights Movement and the potential for blacks to exercise consumerism and economic liberty without hindrance from whites . For Martin Luther King , Jr. , Malcolm X and other leading activists and groups during the movement , these opposing viewpoints acted as an obstacle against their ideas . These different views made such leaders ' work much harder to accomplish , but they were nonetheless important in the overall scope of the movement . For the most part , the black individuals who had reservations on various aspects of the movement and ideologies of the activists were not able to make a game - changing dent in their efforts , but the existence of these alternate ideas gave some blacks an outlet to express their concerns about the changing social structure . Avoiding the `` Communist '' label ( edit ) See also : The Communist Party and African - Americans On December 17 , 1951 , the Communist Party -- affiliated Civil Rights Congress delivered the petition We Charge Genocide : `` The Crime of Government Against the Negro People '' , often shortened to We Charge Genocide , to the United Nations in 1951 , arguing that the U.S. federal government , by its failure to act against lynching in the United States , was guilty of genocide under Article II of the UN Genocide Convention . The petition was presented to the United Nations at two separate venues : Paul Robeson , concert singer and activist , to a UN official in New York City , while William L. Patterson , executive director of the CRC , delivered copies of the drafted petition to a UN delegation in Paris . Patterson , the editor of the petition , was a leader in the Communist Party USA and head of the International Labor Defense , a group that offered legal representation to communists , trade unionists , and African - Americans in cases involving issues of political or racial persecution . The ILD was known for leading the defense of the Scottsboro boys in Alabama in 1931 , where the Communist Party had considerable influence among African Americans in the 1930s . This had largely declined by the late 1950s , although they could command international attention . As earlier Civil Rights figures such as Robeson , Du Bois and Patterson became more politically radical ( and therefore targets of Cold War anti-Communism by the US . Government ) , they lost favor with both mainstream Black America and the NAACP . In order to secure a place in the mainstream and gain the broadest base , the new generation of civil rights activists believed they had to openly distance themselves from anything and anyone associated with the Communist party . According to Ella Baker , the Southern Christian Leadership Conference adopted `` Christian '' into its name to deter charges of Communism . The FBI under J. Edgar Hoover had been concerned about communism since the early 20th century , and continued to label as `` Communist '' or `` subversive '' some of the civil rights activists , whom it kept under close surveillance . In the early 1960s , the practice of distancing the Civil Rights Movement from `` Reds '' was challenged by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee who adopted a policy of accepting assistance and participation by anyone , regardless of political affiliation , who supported the SNCC program and was willing to `` put their body on the line . '' At times this political openness put SNCC at odds with the NAACP . Kennedy administration , 1961 -- 63 ( edit ) Robert F. Kennedy speaking to a Civil Rights crowd in front of the Justice Department building , June 1963 During the years preceding his election to the presidency , John F. Kennedy 's record of voting on issues of racial discrimination had been minimal . Kennedy openly confessed to his closest advisors that during the first months of his presidency , his knowledge of the civil rights movement was `` lacking '' . For the first two years of the Kennedy administration , civil rights activists had mixed opinions of both the president and attorney general , Robert F. Kennedy . Many viewed the administration with suspicion . A well of historical cynicism toward white liberal politics had left African Americans with a sense of uneasy disdain for any white politician who claimed to share their concerns for freedom . Still , many had a strong sense that the Kennedys represented a new age of political dialogue . Although observers frequently assert the phrases `` The Kennedy administration '' or `` President Kennedy '' when discussing the executive and legislative support of the Civil Rights movement between 1960 and 1963 , many of the initiatives resulted from Robert Kennedy 's passion . Through his rapid education in the realities of racism , Robert Kennedy underwent a thorough conversion of purpose as Attorney - General . The President came to share his brother 's sense of urgency on the matters ; the Attorney - General succeeded in urging the president to address the issue in a speech to the nation . Robert Kennedy first became seriously concerned with civil rights in mid-May 1961 during the Freedom Rides , when photographs of the burning bus and savage beatings in Anniston and Birmingham were broadcast around the world . They came at an especially embarrassing time , as President Kennedy was about to have a summit with the Soviet premier in Vienna . The White House was concerned with its image among the populations of newly independent nations in Africa and Asia , and Robert Kennedy responded with an address for Voice of America stating that great progress had been made on the issue of race relations . Meanwhile , behind the scenes , the administration worked to resolve the crisis with a minimum of violence and prevent the Freedom Riders from generating a fresh crop of headlines that might divert attention from the President 's international agenda . The Freedom Riders documentary notes that , `` The back burner issue of civil rights had collided with the urgent demands of Cold War realpolitik . '' On May 21 , when a white mob attacked and burned the First Baptist Church in Montgomery , Alabama , where King was holding out with protesters , Robert Kennedy telephoned King to ask him to stay in the building until the U.S. Marshals and National Guard could secure the area . King proceeded to berate Kennedy for `` allowing the situation to continue '' . King later publicly thanked Robert Kennedy 's commanding the force to break up an attack , which might otherwise have ended King 's life . With a very small majority in Congress , the president 's ability to press ahead with legislation relied considerably on a balancing game with the Senators and Congressmen of the South . Without the support of Vice-President Lyndon Johnson , a former Senator who had years of experience in Congress and longstanding relations there , many of the Attorney - General 's programs would not have progressed . By late 1962 , frustration at the slow pace of political change was balanced by the movement 's strong support for legislative initiatives : housing rights , administrative representation across all US Government departments , safe conditions at the ballot box , pressure on the courts to prosecute racist criminals . King remarked by the end of the year , This administration has reached out more creatively than its predecessors to blaze new trails , ( notably in voting rights and government appointments ) . Its vigorous young men ( had launched ) imaginative and bold forays ( and displayed ) a certain élan in the attention they give to civil - rights issues . From squaring off against Governor George Wallace , to `` tearing into '' Vice-President Johnson ( for failing to desegregate areas of the administration ) , to threatening corrupt white Southern judges with disbarment , to desegregating interstate transport , Robert Kennedy came to be consumed by the Civil Rights movement . He continued to work on these social justice issues in his bid for the presidency in 1968 . On the night of Governor Wallace 's capitulation to African - American enrollment at the University of Alabama , President Kennedy gave an address to the nation , which marked the changing tide , an address that was to become a landmark for the ensuing change in political policy as to civil rights . In it President Kennedy spoke of the need to act decisively and to act now : We preach freedom around the world , and we mean it , and we cherish our freedom here at home , but are we to say to the world , and much more importantly , to each other that this is the land of the free except for the Negroes ; that we have no second - class citizens except Negroes ; that we have no class or caste system , no ghettoes , no master race except with respect to Negroes ? Now the time has come for this Nation to fulfill its promise . The events in Birmingham and elsewhere have so increased the cries for equality that no city or State or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them . -- President Kennedy , Assassination cut short the life and careers of both the Kennedy brothers and Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . The essential groundwork of the Civil Rights Act 1964 had been initiated before John F. Kennedy was assassinated . The dire need for political and administrative reform was driven home on Capitol Hill by the combined efforts of the Kennedy brothers , Dr. King ( and other leaders ) and President Lyndon Johnson . In 1966 , Robert Kennedy undertook a tour of South Africa in which he championed the cause of the anti-apartheid movement . His tour gained international praise at a time when few politicians dared to entangle themselves in the politics of South Africa . Kennedy spoke out against the oppression of the black population . He was welcomed by the black population as though a visiting head of state . In an interview with LOOK Magazine he said : At the University of Natal in Durban , I was told the church to which most of the white population belongs teaches apartheid as a moral necessity . A questioner declared that few churches allow black Africans to pray with the white because the Bible says that is the way it should be , because God created Negroes to serve . `` But suppose God is black '' , I replied . `` What if we go to Heaven and we , all our lives , have treated the Negro as an inferior , and God is there , and we look up and He is not white ? What then is our response ? '' There was no answer . Only silence . -- Robert Kennedy , LOOK Magazine American Jewish community and the Civil Rights Movement ( edit ) Jewish civil rights activist Joseph L. Rauh , Jr. marching with Martin Luther King in 1963 Many in the Jewish community supported the Civil Rights Movement . In fact , statistically Jews were one of the most actively involved non-black groups in the Movement . Many Jewish students worked in concert with African Americans for CORE , SCLC , and SNCC as full - time organizers and summer volunteers during the Civil Rights era . Jews made up roughly half of the white northern volunteers involved in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer project and approximately half of the civil rights attorneys active in the South during the 1960s . Jewish leaders were arrested while heeding a call from Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. in St. Augustine , Florida , in June 1964 , where the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history took place at the Monson Motor Lodge -- a nationally important civil rights landmark that was demolished in 2003 so that a Hilton Hotel could be built on the site . Abraham Joshua Heschel , a writer , rabbi , and professor of theology at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York , was outspoken on the subject of civil rights . He marched arm - in - arm with Dr. King in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march . In the 1964 murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner , the two white activists killed , Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner , were both Jewish . Brandeis University , the only nonsectarian Jewish - sponsored college university in the world , created the Transitional Year Program ( TYP ) in 1968 , in part response to Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King 's assassination . The faculty created it to renew the university 's commitment to social justice . Recognizing Brandeis as a university with a commitment to academic excellence , these faculty members created a chance to disadvantaged students to participate in an empowering educational experience . The program began by admitting 20 black males . As it developed , two groups have been given chances . The first group consists of students whose secondary schooling experiences and / or home communities may have lacked the resources to foster adequate preparation for success at elite colleges like Brandeis . For example , their high schools do not offer AP or honors courses nor high quality laboratory experiences . Students selected had to have excelled in the curricula offered by their schools . The second group of students includes those whose life circumstances have created formidable challenges that required focus , energy , and skills that otherwise would have been devoted to academic pursuits . Some have served as heads of their households , others have worked full - time while attending high school full - time , and others have shown leadership in other ways . The American Jewish Committee , American Jewish Congress , and Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) actively promoted civil rights . While Jews were very active in the civil rights movement in the South , in the North , many had experienced a more strained relationship with African Americans . In communities experiencing white flight , racial rioting , and urban decay , Jewish Americans were more often the last remaining whites in the communities most affected . With Black militancy and the Black Power movements on the rise , Black Anti-Semitism increased leading to strained relations between Blacks and Jews in Northern communities . In New York City , most notably , there was a major socio - economic class difference in the perception of African Americans by Jews . Jews from better educated Upper Middle Class backgrounds were often very supportive of African American civil rights activities while the Jews in poorer urban communities that became increasingly minority were often less supportive largely in part due to more negative and violent interactions between the two groups . See also : African American -- Jewish relations ; New York City teachers ' strike of 1968 ; and Brownsville , Brooklyn Profile ( edit ) Despite large Jewish organisations such as the American Jewish Committee , American Jewish Congress and the ADL being actively involved in the Movement , many Jewish individuals in the Southern states who supported civil rights for African - Americans tended to keep a low profile on `` the race issue '' , in order to avoid attracting the attention of the anti-Black and antisemitic Ku Klux Klan . However , Klan groups exploited the issue of African - American integration and Jewish involvement in the struggle to launch acts of violent antisemitism . As an example of this hatred , in one year alone , from November 1957 to October 1958 , temples and other Jewish communal gatherings were bombed and desecrated in Atlanta , Nashville , Jacksonville , and Miami , and dynamite was found under synagogues in Birmingham , Charlotte , and Gastonia , North Carolina . Some rabbis received death threats , but there were no injuries following these outbursts of violence . Fraying of alliances ( edit ) King reached the height of popular acclaim during his life in 1964 , when he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . His career after that point was filled with frustrating challenges . The liberal coalition that had gained passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 began to fray . King was becoming more estranged from the Johnson administration . In 1965 he broke with it by calling for peace negotiations and a halt to the bombing of Vietnam . He moved further left in the following years , speaking of the need for economic justice and thoroughgoing changes in American society . He believed change was needed beyond the civil rights gained by the movement . King 's attempts to broaden the scope of the Civil Rights Movement were halting and largely unsuccessful , however . King made several efforts in 1965 to take the Movement north to address issues of employment and housing discrimination . SCLC 's campaign in Chicago publicly failed , as Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley marginalized SCLC 's campaign by promising to `` study '' the city 's problems . In 1966 , white demonstrators holding `` white power '' signs in notoriously racist Cicero , a suburb of Chicago , threw stones at marchers demonstrating against housing segregation . Johnson administration : 1963 -- 1968 ( edit ) Further information : Civil Rights Act of 1964 , War on Poverty , and Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Johnson made civil rights one of his highest priorities , coupling it with a whites war on poverty . However in creasing the shrill opposition to the War in Vietnam , coupled with the cost of the war , undercut support for his domestic programs . Under Kennedy , major civil rights legislation had been stalled in Congress his assassination changed everything . On one hand president Lyndon Johnson was a much more skillful negotiator than Kennedy but he had behind him a powerful national momentum demanding immediate action on moral and emotional grounds . Demands for immediate action originated from unexpected directions , especially white Protestant church groups . The Justice Department , led by Robert Kennedy , moved from a posture of defending Kennedy from the quagmire minefield of racial politics to acting to fulfill his legacy . The violent death and public reaction dramatically moved the moderate Republicans , led by Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen , whose support was the margin of victory for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The act immediately ended de jure ( legal ) segregation and the era of Jim Crow . With the civil rights movement at full blast , Lyndon Johnson coupled black entrepreneurship with his war on poverty , setting up special program in the Small Business Administration , the Office of Economic Opportunity , and other agencies . This time there was money for loans designed to boost minority business ownership . Richard Nixon greatly expanded the program , setting up the Office of Minority Business Enterprise ( OMBE ) in the expectation that black entrepreneurs would help defuse racial tensions and possibly support his reelection . Black Power , 1966 ( edit ) Main articles : Black Power and Black Power movement During the Freedom Summer campaign of 1964 , numerous tensions within the Civil Rights Movement came to the forefront . Many blacks in SNCC developed concerns that white activists from the North were taking over the movement . The massive presence of white students was also not reducing the amount of violence that SNCC suffered , but seemed to be increasing it . Additionally , there was profound disillusionment at Lyndon Johnson 's denial of voting status for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party . Meanwhile , during CORE 's work in Louisiana that summer , that group found the federal government would not respond to requests to enforce the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , or to protect the lives of activists who challenged segregation . For the Louisiana campaign to survive it had to rely on a local African - American militia called the Deacons for Defense and Justice , who used arms to repel white supremacist violence and police repression . CORE 's collaboration with the Deacons was effective against breaking Jim Crow in numerous Louisiana areas . In 1965 , SNCC helped organize an independent political party , the Lowndes County Freedom Organization ( LCFO ) , in the heart of Alabama Klan territory , and permitted its black leaders to openly promote the use of armed self - defense . Meanwhile , the Deacons for Defense and Justice expanded into Mississippi and assisted Charles Evers ' NAACP chapter with a successful campaign in Natchez . The same year , the Watts Rebellion took place in Los Angeles , and seemed to show that most black youth were now committed to the use of violence to protest inequality and oppression . During the March Against Fear in 1966 , SNCC and CORE fully embraced the slogan of `` black power '' to describe these trends towards militancy and self - reliance . In Mississippi , Stokely Carmichael declared , `` I 'm not going to beg the white man for anything that I deserve , I 'm going to take it . We need power . '' Several people engaging in the Black Power movement started to gain more of a sense in black pride and identity as well . In gaining more of a sense of a cultural identity , several blacks demanded that whites no longer refer to them as `` Negroes '' but as `` Afro - Americans . '' Up until the mid-1960s , blacks had dressed similarly to whites and straightened their hair . As a part of gaining a unique identity , blacks started to wear loosely fit dashikis and had started to grow their hair out as a natural afro . The afro , sometimes nicknamed the `` ' fro , '' remained a popular black hairstyle until the late 1970s . Black Power was made most public , however , by the Black Panther Party , which was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland , California , in 1966 . This group followed the ideology of Malcolm X , a former member of the Nation of Islam , using a `` by - any - means necessary '' approach to stopping inequality . They sought to rid African American neighborhoods of police brutality and created a ten - point plan amongst other things . Their dress code consisted of black leather jackets , berets , slacks , and light blue shirts . They wore an afro hairstyle . They are best remembered for setting up free breakfast programs , referring to police officers as `` pigs '' , displaying shotguns and a raised fist , and often using the statement of `` Power to the people '' . Black Power was taken to another level inside prison walls . In 1966 , George Jackson formed the Black Guerrilla Family in the California San Quentin State Prison . The goal of this group was to overthrow the white - run government in America and the prison system . In 1970 , this group displayed their dedication after a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower . They retaliated by killing a white prison guard . `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' James Brown 's `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' from Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gold medalist Tommie Smith ( center ) and bronze medalist John Carlos ( right ) showing the raised fist on the podium after the 200 m race at the 1968 Summer Olympics ; both wear Olympic Project for Human Rights badges . Peter Norman ( silver medalist , left ) from Australia also wears an OPHR badge in solidarity with Smith and Carlos . Numerous popular cultural expressions associated with black power appeared at this time . Released in August 1968 , the number one Rhythm & Blues single for the Billboard Year - End list was James Brown 's `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' . In October 1968 , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , while being awarded the gold and bronze medals , respectively , at the 1968 Summer Olympics , donned human rights badges and each raised a black - gloved Black Power salute during their podium ceremony . King was not comfortable with the `` Black Power '' slogan , which sounded too much like black nationalism to him . When King was murdered in 1968 , Stokely Carmichael stated that whites murdered the one person who would prevent rampant rioting and that blacks would burn every major city to the ground . Prison reform ( edit ) Gates v. Collier ( edit ) Mississippi State Penitentiary Conditions at the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman , then known as Parchman Farm , became part of the public discussion of civil rights after activists were imprisoned there . In the spring of 1961 , Freedom Riders came to the South to test the desegregation of public facilities . By the end of June 1963 , Freedom Riders had been convicted in Jackson , Mississippi . Many were jailed in Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman . Mississippi employed the trusty system , a hierarchical order of inmates that used some inmates to control and enforce punishment of other inmates . In 1970 the civil rights lawyer Roy Haber began taking statements from inmates . He collected 50 pages of details of murders , rapes , beatings and other abuses suffered by the inmates from 1969 to 1971 at Mississippi State Penitentiary . In a landmark case known as Gates v. Collier ( 1972 ) , four inmates represented by Haber sued the superintendent of Parchman Farm for violating their rights under the United States Constitution . Federal Judge William C. Keady found in favor of the inmates , writing that Parchman Farm violated the civil rights of the inmates by inflicting cruel and unusual punishment . He ordered an immediate end to all unconstitutional conditions and practices . Racial segregation of inmates was abolished , as was the trusty system , which allowed certain inmates to have power and control over others . The prison was renovated in 1972 after the scathing ruling by Judge Keady , who wrote that the prison was an affront to `` modern standards of decency . '' Among other reforms , the accommodations were made fit for human habitation . The system of trusties was abolished . ( The prison had armed lifers with rifles and given them authority to oversee and guard other inmates , which led to many abuses and murders . ) In integrated correctional facilities in northern and western states , blacks represented a disproportionate number of the prisoners , in excess of their proportion of the general population . They were often treated as second - class citizens by white correctional officers . Blacks also represented a disproportionately high number of death row inmates . Eldridge Cleaver 's book Soul on Ice was written from his experiences in the California correctional system ; it contributed to black militancy . Cold War ( edit ) There was an international context for the actions of the U.S. Federal government during these years . Soviet media frequently covered racial discrimination in the U.S. Deeming American criticism of Soviet Union human rights abuses as hypocritical the Soviets would respond with `` And you are lynching Negroes '' . In his 1934 book Russia Today : What Can We Learn from It ? , Sherwood Eddy wrote : `` In the most remote villages of Russia today Americans are frequently asked what they are going to do to the Scottsboro Negro boys and why they lynch Negroes . '' In Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy , the historian Mary L. Dudziak wrote that Communists critical of the United States accused the nation for its hypocrisy in portraying itself as the `` leader of the free world , '' when so many of its citizens were subjected to severe racial discrimination and violence ; she argued that this was a major factor in moving the government to support civil rights legislation . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) in popular culture The 1954 to 1968 Civil Rights Movement contributed strong cultural threads to American and international theater , song , film , television , and folk art . Activist organizations ( edit ) National / regional civil rights organizations Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Deacons for Defense and Justice Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ( LCCR ) Medical Committee for Human Rights ( MCHR ) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Organization of Afro - American Unity Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Southern Conference Educational Fund ( SCEF ) Southern Student Organizing Committee ( SSOC ) National economic empowerment organizations Operation Breadbasket Urban League Local civil rights organizations Albany Movement ( Albany , GA ) Council of Federated Organizations ( Mississippi ) Montgomery Improvement Association ( Montgomery , AL ) Regional Council of Negro Leadership ( Mississippi ) Women 's Political Council ( Montgomery , AL ) Individual activists ( edit ) Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Maya Angelou Louis Austin Ella Baker James Baldwin Marion Barry Daisy Bates Fay Bellamy Powell James Bevel Claude Black Unita Blackwell Julian Bond Amelia Boynton Anne Braden Carl Braden Mary Fair Burks Stokely Carmichael Septima Clark Albert Cleage Charles E. Cobb , Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Jonathan Daniels Annie Devine Doris Derby Marian Wright Edelman Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams James L. Farmer , Jr . Karl Fleming Sarah Mae Flemming James Forman Frankie Muse Freeman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Lorraine Hansberry Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Myles Horton T.R.M. Howard Winson Hudson Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Esau Jenkins Gloria Johnson - Powell Clyde Kennard Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King , Jr . Bernard Lafayette W.W. Law James Lawson John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Joseph Lowery Autherine Lucy Clara Luper Thurgood Marshall James Meredith Loren Miller Jack Minnis Anne Moody Harry T. Moore E. Frederic Morrow Robert Parris Moses Bill Moyer Diane Nash Denise Nicholas E.D. Nixon David Nolan James Orange Nan Grogan Orrock Rosa Parks Rutledge Pearson George Raymond Jr . James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson Amelia Boynton Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Bayard Rustin Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Nina Simone Charles Kenzie Steele Dempsey Travis C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hosea Williams Robert F. Williams Malcolm X Andrew Young Whitney Young See also ( edit ) African American portal Social movements portal 1950s portal 1960s portal African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1865 -- 95 ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) List of civil rights leaders Photographers of the American Civil Rights Movement `` We Shall Overcome '' , unofficial movement anthem List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era History preservation : Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project Read 's Drug Store ( Baltimore ) , site of a 1955 desegregation sit - in Post -- Civil Rights Movement : Post -- Civil Rights era in African - American history Black Lives Matter Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Various other dates have been proposed as the date on which the Civil Rights Movement began or ended . Jump up ^ The social movement has also been called the Second Reconstruction , Modern Civil Rights Movement , Civil Rights Revolution , Black Revolution , Negro movement , Black civil rights movement , U.S. Civil Rights Movement , 1960s Civil Rights Movement , Negro Revolution , Negro American Revolution , African American civil rights movement , Negro Revolt , Southern Freedom Movement , Black rights movement , United States civil rights movement , American Freedom Movement , and Negro Freedom Movement . The term civil rights struggle can denote this or other social movements that occurred during the same period in the United States . The span of time of the social movement is called the Civil Rights era . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : II , Vann R. Newkirk . `` How ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' Still Stains America Today '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 - CRA - Title VII - Equal Employment Opportunities - 42 US Code Chapter 21 - findUSlaw '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy B. Tyson , `` Robert F. Williams , ' Black Power , ' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle , '' Journal of American History 85 , No. 2 ( September 1998 ) : 540 -- 570 Jump up ^ `` How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans '' . The Guardian . August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . p. 284 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Leland T. Saito ( 1998 ) . Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb . p. 154 . University of Illinois Press Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . pp. 244 -- 247 . ISBN 9780743217019 . Jump up ^ Wormser , Richard . `` The Enforcement Acts ( 1870 -- 71 ) '' . PBS : Jim Crow Stories . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Black - American Representatives and Senators by Congress , 1870 -- Present Archived January 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. -- U.S. House of Representatives Jump up ^ Otis H Stephens , Jr ; John M Scheb , II ( 2007 ) . American Constitutional Law : Civil Rights and Liberties . Cengage Learning . p. 528 . Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . Oxford University Press . pp. 199 -- 200 of vol 4 . Jump up ^ Moyers , Bill . `` Legacy of Lynching '' . PBS . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Rayford Logan , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson , pp. 97 -- 98 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Leon Litwack , Jim Crow Blues , Magazine of History ( OAH Publications , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Michael Kazin , Rebecca Edwards , Adam Rothman ( 2009 ) . `` The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History '' . p. 245 . Princeton University Press Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow , 3rd rev . ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1974 ) , pp. 67 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Birmingham Segregation Laws -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Fultz , M. ( 2006 ) . Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation . Libraries & The Cultural Record , 41 ( 3 ) , 338 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Tolnay , Stewart ( 2003 ) . `` The African American ' Great Migration ' and Beyond '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 29 : 218 -- 221 . JSTOR 30036966 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 29.010202. 100009 . ^ Jump up to : Hannah - Jones , Nikole ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Living Apart : How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Future of Fair Housing : How We Got Here '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power , Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2009 , pp. 81 , 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson , Jo Ann Gibson ( 1912 - 1992 ) '' . The Martin Luther King , Jr . Research and Education Institute . Stanford University . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jo Ann & Garrow , David J. ( forward by Coretta Scott King ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Knoxville , University of Tennessee Press Jump up ^ Hoose , Phillip ( 2009 ) . Claudette Colvin : Twice Toward Justice . New York : Melanie Kroupa Books / Farrar Straus Giroux . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0312661052 . Jump up ^ `` The Tallahassee Bus Boycott -- Fifty Years Later , '' The Tallahassee Democrat , May 21 , 2006 Archived December 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Klarman , Michael J. , Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights movement ( electronic resource ) : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Brown v. Board of Education ( Kansas ) '' . The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Risa L. Goluboff , The Lost Promise of Civil Rights , Harvard University Press , MA : Cambridge , 2007 , pp. 249 -- 251 Jump up ^ Antonly Lester , `` Brown v. Board of Education Overseas '' PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 148 , NO . 4 , DECEMBER 2004 Jump up ^ Mary L Dudziak `` Brown as a Cold War Case '' Journal of American History , June 2004 Archived December 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education Decision -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Melissa F. ( 2010 ) . Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City . Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Adina Back `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 -- 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) pp. 65 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` How The Horrific Photograph Of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement '' . 100 Photographs The Most Influential Images of All Time . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen ( 1991 ) . A Death in the Delta : The story of Emmett Till . pp 41 - 42 . JHU Press . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' remembers a horrific crime '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Haas , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . The Assassination of Fred Hampton . Chicago : Chicago Review Press . p. 17 . ISBN 1569767092 . Jump up ^ Weller , Sheila ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` How Author Timothy Tyson Found the Woman at the Center of the Emmett Till Case '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Tyson , Timothy B. ( 2017 ) . The Blood of Emmett Till . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 1486 - 8 . Carolyn Bryant Donham , interview with the author , Raleigh , NC , September 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chafe , William Henry ( 2003 ) . The Unfinished Journey : America since World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195150490 . Jump up ^ The Little Rock Nine -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Minnijean Brown Trickey , America.gov Archived November 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Erikson , Erik ( 1969 ) . Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence . New York City : Norton . p. 415 . ISBN 0393310345 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement '' . Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Hartford ( full interview ) '' . vimeo . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0940880105 . Jump up ^ Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward , Poor People 's Movements : How They Succeed , How They Fail ( Random House , 1977 ) , 182 Jump up ^ Timothy B. Tyson , Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of `` Black Power '' ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) , 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 88 -- 89 Jump up ^ Nicholas Graham , `` January 1958 : The Lumbees face the Klan '' , This Month in North Carolina History Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 149 Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 159 -- 164 Jump up ^ `` Williams , Robert Franklin ( 1925 - 1996 ) '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barbara Ransby , Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement : A Radical Democratic Vision ( University of North Carolina Press , 2003 ) , 213 -- 216 Jump up ^ `` The Black Power Movement , Part 2 : The Papers of Robert F. Williams '' A Guide to the Microfilm Editions of the Black Studies Research Sources ( University Publications of America ) ^ Jump up to : Tyson , Journal of American History ( September 1998 ) Jump up ^ Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 -- 1963 ( Simon and Schuster , 1988 ) , 781 Jump up ^ Simon Wendt , The Spirit and the Shotgun : Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights ( University of Florida Press , 2007 ) , 121 -- 122 ; Mike Marqusee , `` By Any Means Necessary '' The Nation , September 24 , 2004 -- http://www.thenation.com/article/any-means-necessary# Jump up ^ Walter Rucker , `` Crusader in Exile : Robert F. Williams and the International Struggle for Black Freedom in America '' The Black Scholar 36 , No. 2 -- 3 ( Summer -- Fall 2006 ) : 19 -- 33 . URL Jump up ^ Timothy B. Tyson , `` Robert Franklin Williams : A Warrior For Freedom , 1925 -- 1996 '' Archived July 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Southern Exposure , Winter 1996 , Investigating U.S. History ( City University of New York ) Jump up ^ `` Kansas Sit - In Gets Its Due at Last '' ; NPR ; October 21 , 2006 Jump up ^ First Southern Sit - in , Greensboro NC -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Chafe , William Henry ( 1980 ) . Civilities and civil rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black struggle for freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502625 - X . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I , Stations , Community ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` Rising Up '' . 2008 . doi : 10.18737 / M7HP4M . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atlanta Sit - ins -- Civil Rights Veterans ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Sit - Ins '' , The New Georgia Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Houston , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Nashville Way : Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 4326 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nashville Student Movement -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` America 's First Sit - Down Strike : The 1939 Alexandria Library Sit - In '' . City of Alexandria . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Davis , Townsend ( 1998 ) . Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04592 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Sit - ins '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Students Begin to Lead -- The New Georgia Encyclopedia -- Atlanta Sit - Ins Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44727 - 1 . Jump up ^ Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Founded -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Freedom Rides -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford Press . Jump up ^ Black Protest ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Hartford , Bruce Hartford . `` Arrests in Jackson MS '' . The Civil Rights Movement Veterans website . Westwind Writers Inc . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Voter Registration & Direct - action in McComb MS -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Council of Federated Organizations Formed in Mississippi -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Mississippi Voter Registration -- Greenwood -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ handeyside , Hugh . `` What Have We Learned from the Spies of Mississippi ? '' . American Civil Liberty Union . ACLU National Security Project . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carrying the burden : the story of Clyde Kennard '' Archived October 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , District 125 , Mississippi , Retrieved November 5 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : William H. Tucker , The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press ( May 30 , 2007 ) , pp 165 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Neo-Confederacy : A Critical Introduction , Edited by Euan Hague , Heidi Beirich , Edward H. Sebesta , University of Texas Press ( 2008 ) pp. 284 -- 85 ^ Jump up to : `` A House Divided `` . Southern Poverty Law Center . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Jennie Brown , Medgar Evers , Holloway House Publishing , 1994 , pp. 128 -- 132 Jump up ^ United States v. Barnett , 376 U.S. 681 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ `` James Meredith Integrates Ole Miss '' , Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , University of Southern Mississippi Library Archived September 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Albany GA , Movement -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Frizell , Sam ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) . `` The Radical Education of Bernie Sanders '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Perlstein , Rick ( January 2015 ) . `` A political education '' . The University of Chicago Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Birmingham Campaign -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Letter from a Birmingham Jail ~ King Research & Education Institute at Stanford Univ . Jump up ^ Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) Blessed Are The Peacemakers : Martin Luther King , Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 1 Jump up ^ Freedom - Now '' Time , May 17 , 1963 Archived March 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Glenn T. Eskew , But for Birmingham : The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) , 301 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Andrew Bryant , The Bystander : John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality ( Basic Books , 2006 ) , pg. 2 Jump up ^ Thomas J Sugrue , `` Affirmative Action from Below : Civil Rights , Building Trades , and the Politics of Racial Equality in the Urban North , 1945 -- 1969 '' The Journal of American History , Vol. 91 , Issue 1 Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission website , `` The Civil Rights Movement '' Jump up ^ T he Daily Capital News ( Missouri ) June 14 , 1963 , pg. 4 Jump up ^ `` The Dispatch -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Thomas F. From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom -- Maryland State Archives '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas F. Jackson , `` Jobs and Freedom : The Black Revolt of 1963 and the Contested Meanings of the March on Washginton '' Virginia Foundation for the Humanities April 2 , 2008 , pg. 10 -- 14 Jump up ^ Ortega , Tony ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` Miss Lorraine Hansberry & Bobby Kennedy '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hilty , James ( April 1 , 2000 ) . Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector . Temple University Press . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Robert Kennedy and His Times ( 1978 ) , pp. 332 -- 333 . Jump up ^ `` Book Reviews - The Bystander by Nicholas A. Bryant '' The Journal of American History ( 2007 ) 93 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Standing In the Schoolhouse Door -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` Radio and Television Report to the American People on Civil Rights , '' June 11 , 1963 , transcript from the JFK library . Archived February 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Medgar Evers Archived November 7 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , a worthwhile article , on The Mississippi Writers Page , a website of the University of Mississippi English Department . Jump up ^ Medgar Evers Assassination -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Civil Rights bill submitted , and date of JFK murder , plus graphic events of the March on Washington . Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . This is an Abbeville Press website , a large informative article apparently from the book The Civil Rights Movement ( ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0123 - 2 ) . Jump up ^ Clawson , Laura . `` A. Philip Randolph , the union leader who led the March on Washington '' . Daily Kos . Daily Kos Group . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Jonathan ; Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) . Kennedy , Johnson , and the Quest for Justice : The Civil Rights Tapes . WW Norton & Co. p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05122 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Jr. , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin Books . pp. 350 , 351 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Television News and the Civil Rights Struggle : The Views in Virginia and Mississippi '' . Southern Spaces . November 3 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge , Maryland , activists campaign for desegregation , USA , 1962 -- 1963 '' . Global Nonviolent Action Database . Swarthmore College . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Afro - American -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Negro and the American Promise , '' produced by Boston public television station WGBH in 1963 Jump up ^ Harlem CORE , `` Film clip of Harlem CORE chairman Gladys Harrington speaking on Malcolm X '' . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm X '' The King Encyclopedia , eds . Tenisha Armstrong , et al , Martin Luther King , Jr . Research and Education Institute website , Jump up ^ Manning Marable , Malcolm X : A Life of Reinvention ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Media , American Public . `` Say it Plain , Say it Loud -- American RadioWorks '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Akinyele Umoja , We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement ( NYU Press , 2013 ) , p. 126 Jump up ^ Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward , Regulating the Poor ( Random House 1971 ) , p. 238 ; Abel A. Bartley , Keeping the Faith : Race , Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville , 1940 -- 1970 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) , 111 Jump up ^ `` The Ballot or the Bullet '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blackside Productions , Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Movement 1954 -- 1985 , `` , The Time Has Come '' Public Broadcasting System Jump up ^ Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Fannie Lou Hamer , Speech Delivered with Malcolm X at the Williams Institutional CME Church , Harlem , New York , December 20 , 1964 . Jump up ^ George Breitman , ed . Malcolm X Speaks : Selected Speeches and Statements ( Grove Press , 1965 ) , pp. 106 -- 109 Jump up ^ Christopher Strain , Pure Fire : Self - Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era ( University of Georgia Press , 2005 ) , pp. 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ Juan Williams , et al , Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years 1954 -- 1965 ( Penguin Group , 1988 ) , p. 262 Jump up ^ Paul Ryan Haygood , `` Malcolm 's Contribution to Black Voting Rights '' , The Black Commentator Jump up ^ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . `` St. Augustine FL , Movement -- 1963 '' ; `` Hayling , Robert B. ( 1929 -- ) '' , Martin Luther King , Jr . Research and Education Institute , Stanford University ; `` Black History : Dr. Robert B. Hayling '' , Augustine.com ; David J. Garrow , Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) p 316 -- 318 Jump up ^ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . `` St. Augustine FL , Movement -- 1963 '' ; David J. Garrow , Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King , Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) p 317 ; ^ Jump up to : The Mississippi Movement & the MFDP -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Mississippi : Subversion of the Right to Vote -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . ^ Jump up to : Veterans Roll Call -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Reeves 1993 , pp. 521 -- 524 . Jump up ^ Youth in the Ghetto : A Study of the Consequences of Powerlessness , Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited , Inc. , 1964 Jump up ^ Poverty and Politics in Harlem , Alphnso Pinkney and Roger Woock , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 Jump up ^ Freedom Ballot in MS -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Spencer Crump , Black riot in Los Angeles : the story of the Watts tragedy ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Self , Robert O. ( August 8 , 2005 ) . American Babylon : Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland . Princeton University Press . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Reitman , Valerie ; Landsberg , Mitchell ( August 11 , 2005 ) . `` Watts Riots , 40 Years Later '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` No on Proposition 14 : California Fair Housing Initiative Collection '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Thursday '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FOLKART , BURT A. ( November 5 , 1985 ) . `` James Groppi , Ex-Priest , Civil Rights Activist , Dies '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ Darren Miles `` Everett Dirksen 's Role in Civil Rights Legislation '' Western Illinois Historical Review , Vol . I Spring 2009 Jump up ^ Miller , Karen ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` Review of Georgakas , Dan ; Surkin , Marvin , Detroit , I Do Mind Dying : A Study in Urban Revolution '' . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. Profiles -- PBS '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hubert G. Locke , The Detroit riot of 1967 ( Wayne State University Press , 1969 ) . 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Henry Epps . p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Honorable Charles Mathias , Jr . `` Fair Housing Legislation : Not an Easy Row To Hoe '' US Department of Housing and Urban Development , Office of Policy Development and Research Jump up ^ Peter B. Levy , `` The Dream Deferred : The Assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968 '' in Baltimore ' 68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city ( Temple University Press , 2011 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Public Law 90 - 284 , Government Printing Office Jump up ^ Doug McAdam `` Occupy the Future : What Should a Sustained Movement Look Like ? '' Boston Review , June 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ Winner , Lauren F. `` Doubtless Sincere : New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast . '' In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South , edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2002 , pp. 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Winner , Doubtless Sincere , 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Winner , Doubtless Sincere , 166 -- 167 . 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Jump up ^ Quinn , Allison ( 27 November 2014 ) , `` Soviet Propaganda Back in Play With Ferguson Coverage '' , The Moscow Times , retrieved 17 December 2016 Jump up ^ Volodzko , David ( May 12 , 2015 ) , `` The History Behind China 's Response to the Baltimore Riots '' , The Diplomat , archived from the original on 28 April 2016 , retrieved 17 December 2016 , Soon Americans who criticized the Soviet Union for its human rights violations were answered with the famous tu quoque argument : ' A u vas negrov linchuyut ' ( and you are lynching Negroes ) . Jump up ^ Eddy , Sherwood ( 1934 ) , Russia Today : What Can We Learn from It ? , New York : Farrar & Rinehar , pp. 73 , 151 , OCLC 1617454 Jump up ^ Dudziak , M.L. : Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy Bibliography ( edit ) Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford Press . Back , Adina `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 -- 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) . Bartley , Abel A. Keeping the Faith : Race , Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville , 1940 -- 1970 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) Blessed Are The Peacemakers : Martin Luther King , Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 1 Beito , David T. and Beito , Linda Royster , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power , University of Illinois Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03420 - 6 Branch , Taylor . Parting the waters : America in the King years , 1954 -- 1963 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1988 Breitman , George ed . Malcolm X Speaks : Selected Speeches and Statements ( Grove Press , 1965 ) Brown , Jennie Medgar Evers , Holloway House Publishing , 1994 Bryant , Nicholas Andrew The Bystander : John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality ( Basic Books , 2006 ) Cannato , Vincent `` The Ungovernable City : John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York '' Better Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00843 - 7 Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44727 - 1 . Chafe , William Henry ( 1980 ) . Civilities and civil rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black struggle for freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502625 - X . Chafe , William Henry ( 2003 ) . The Unfinished Journey : America since World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195150490 . Cleaver , Eldridge ( 1967 ) . Soul on Ice . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Crump , Spencer Black riot in Los Angeles : the story of the Watts tragedy ( 1966 ) Davis , Townsend ( 1998 ) . Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04592 - 7 . Dudziak , M.L. : Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy Erikson , Erik ( 1969 ) . Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence . New York City : Norton . ISBN 0393310345 . Eskew , Glenn T . But for Birmingham : The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) Fine , Sidney Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) Finkelman , Paul , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . Oxford University Press . Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0940880105 . Garrow , David J. Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) Gershenhorn , Jerry ( 2018 ) . Louis Austin and The Carolina Times : A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . Goluboff , Risa L. The Lost Promise of Civil Rights , Harvard University Press , MA : Cambridge , 2007 . Gregg , Khyree . A Concise Chronicle History of the African - American People Experience in America . Henry Epps . Hague , Euan ; Sebesta , Edward H. ; Beirich , Heidi ( 2008 ) . Neo-Confederacy : A Critical Introduction . University of Texas Press . ISBN 9780292718371 . Hill , Lance The Deacons for Defense : Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 2006 ) Hilty , James ( 2000 ) . Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector . Temple University Press . Hoose , Phillip ( 2009 ) . Claudette Colvin : Twice Toward Justice . New York : Melanie Kroupa Books / Farrar Straus Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0312661052 . Houston , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Nashville Way : Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 4326 - 9 . Jackson , Thomas F. From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Klarman , Michael J. , Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights movement ( electronic resource ) : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 . Levy , Peter B . `` The Dream Deferred : The Assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968 '' in Baltimore ' 68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city ( Temple University Press , 2011 ) Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Locke , Hubert G . The Detroit riot of 1967 ( Wayne State University Press , 1969 ) Logan , Rayford , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson . New York : Da Capo Press , 1997 . McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 . Marable , Manning Malcolm X : A Life of Reinvention ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) Matusow , Allen J. `` From Civil Rights to Black Power : The Case of SNCC '' in Twentieth Century America : Recent Interpretations ( Harcourt Press , 1972 ) Pinkney , Alphnso and Woock , Roger Poverty and Politics in Harlem , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 Piven , Francis Fox and Cloward , Richard Regulating the Poor ( Random House 1971 ) Piven , Francis Fox and Cloward , Richard Poor People 's Movements : How They Succeed , How They Fail ( Random House , 1977 ) Ransby , Barbara Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement : A Radical Democratic Vision ( University of North Carolina Press , 2003 ) . Reeves , Richard ( 1993 ) . President Kennedy : Profile of Power . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 64879 - 4 . Robinson , Jo Ann & Garrow , David J. ( forward by Coretta Scott King ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Knoxville , University of Tennessee Press . Rosenberg , Jonathan ; Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) . Kennedy , Johnson , and the Quest for Justice : The Civil Rights Tapes . WW Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05122 - 6 . Saito , Leland T. ( 1998 ) . Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb . University of Illinois Press . Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . Schlesinger , Jr. , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Schoen , Douglas ( 2015 ) . The Nixon Effect : How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics . Encounter Books . Self , Robert O. ( 2005 ) . American Babylon : Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland . Princeton University Press . Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780743217019 . Stephens , Otis H. Jr. ; Scheb , John M. II ( 2007 ) . American Constitutional Law : Civil Rights and Liberties . Cengage Learning . Strain , Christopher Pure Fire : Self - Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era ( University of Georgia Press , 2005 ) Tucker , William H. The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press ( May 30 , 2007 ) Tyson , Timothy B. Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of `` Black Power '' ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) Umoja , Akinyele We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement ( NYU Press , 2013 ) Weems , Robert E. Jr. , Business in Black and White : American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs ( 2009 ) Weiner , Melissa F. ( 2010 ) . Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City . Rutgers University Press . Wendt , Simon The Spirit and the Shotgun : Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights ( University of Florida Press , 2007 ) . Williams , Juan . Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , 1954 -- 1965 . Penguin Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1 . Winner , Lauren F. `` Doubtless Sincere : New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast . '' In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South , edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2002 Woodward , C. Vann The Strange Career of Jim Crow , 3rd rev . ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . Young , Coleman Hard Stuff : The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young ( 1994 ) Zarefsky , David President Johnson 's war on poverty : Rhetoric and history ( 2005 ) Further reading ( edit ) Abel , Elizabeth . Signs of the Times : The Visual Politics of Jim Crow . ( U of California Press , 2010 ) . Barnes , Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow : The Desegregation of Southern Transit ( Columbia UP , 1983 ) . Berger , Martin A. Seeing through Race : A Reinterpretation of Civil Rights Photography . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2011 . Branch , Taylor . Pillar of fire : America in the King years , 1963 -- 1965 . ( 1998 ) Branch , Taylor . At Canaan 's Edge : America In the King Years , 1965 -- 1968 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85712 - X Chandra , Siddharth and Angela Williams - Foster . `` The ' Revolution of Rising Expectations , ' Relative Deprivation , and the Urban Social Disorders of the 1960s : Evidence from State - Level Data . '' Social Science History , ( 2005 ) 29 # 2 pp : 299 -- 332 , in JSTOR Ellis , Sylvia . Freedom 's Pragmatist : Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights ( U Press of Florida , 2013 ) . Fairclough , Adam . To Redeem the Soul of America : The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King . The University of Georgia Press , 1987 . Garrow , David J. The FBI and Martin Luther King . New York : W.W. Norton . 1981 . Viking Press Reprint edition . 1983 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006486 - 9 . Yale University Press ; Revised and Expanded edition . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08731 - 4 . Greene , Christina . Our Separate Ways : Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham . North Carolina . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2005 . Hine , Darlene Clark , ed . Black Women in America ( 3 Vol . 2nd ed. 2005 ; several multivolume editions ) . Short biographies by scholars . Horne , Gerald . The Fire This Time : The Watts Uprising and the 1960s . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia . 1995 . Da Capo Press ; 1st Da Capo Press ed edition . October 1 , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80792 - 0 Jones , Jacqueline . Labor of love , labor of sorrow : Black women , work , and the family , from slavery to the present ( 2009 ) . Keppel , Ben . Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture ( LSU Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Kirk , John A. Redefining the Color Line : Black Activism in Little Rock , Arkansas , 1940 -- 1970 . Gainesville : University of Florida Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2496 - X Kirk , John A. Martin Luther King , Jr . London : Longman , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 41431 - 8 . Kousser , J. Morgan , `` The Supreme Court And The Undoing of the Second Reconstruction , '' National Forum , ( Spring 2000 ) . Kryn , Randall L. `` James L. Bevel , The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement '' , 1984 paper with 1988 addendum , printed in We Shall Overcome , Volume II edited by David Garrow , New York : Carlson Publishing Co. , 1989 . Lowery , Charles D. Encyclopedia of African - American civil rights : from emancipation to the present ( Greenwood , 1992 ) . online Marable , Manning . Race , Reform and Rebellion : The Second Reconstruction in Black America , 1945 -- 1982 . 249 pages . University Press of Mississippi , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 225 - 9 . McAdam , Doug . Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency , 1930 -- 1970 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 1982 . McAdam , Doug , ' The US Civil Rights Movement : Power from Below and Above , 1945 -- 70 ' , in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955201 - 6 . Minchin , Timothy J. Hiring the Black Worker : The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry , 1960 -- 1980 . University of North Carolina Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2470 - 4 . Morris , Aldon D . The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement : Black Communities Organizing for Change . New York : The Free Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 Ogletree , Charles J. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . All Deliberate Speed : Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 9780393058970 . Payne , Charles M. I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . U of California Press , 1995 . Patterson , James T. Brown v. Board of Education , a Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy . Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515632 - 3 . Raiford , Leigh . Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare : Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle . ( U of North Carolina Press , 2011 ) . Richardson , Christopher M. ; Ralph E. Luker , eds. ( 2014 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement ( 2nd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . Sitkoff , Howard . The Struggle for Black Equality ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) Smith , Jessie Carney , ed . Encyclopedia of African American Business ( 2 vol . Greenwood 2006 ) . excerpt Sokol , Jason . There Goes My Everything : White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights , 1945 -- 1975 . ( Knopf , 2006 ) . Tsesis , Alexander . We Shall Overcome : A History of Civil Rights and the Law . ( Yale University Press , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11837 - 7 Tuck , Stephen . We Ai n't What We Ought to Be : The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama ( 2011 ) . Historiography and memory ( edit ) Armstrong , Julie Buckner , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge Companion to American Civil Rights Literature . Cambridge University Press . pp. xxiv , 209 . ISBN 9781316240380 . Catsam , Derek ( January 2008 ) . `` The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War : A Historical and Historiographical Assessment '' . History Compass. 6 ( 1 ) : 314 -- 344 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2007. 00486. x . Cha - Jua , Sundiata Keita ; Lang , Clarence ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The `` Long Movement '' as Vampire : Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies `` . The Journal of African American History . 92 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 288 . Eagles , Charles W. ( November 2000 ) . `` Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era '' . The Journal of Southern History . 66 ( 4 ) : 815 -- 848 . doi : 10.2307 / 2588012 . Fairclough , Adam ( December 1990 ) . `` Historians and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Journal of American Studies . 24 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 398 . Frost , Jennifer ( May 2012 ) . `` Using ' Master Narratives ' to Teach History : The Case of the Civil Rights Movement '' ( PDF ) . History Teacher. 45 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 446 . Hall , Jacquelyn Dowd ( March 2005 ) . `` The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 91 ( 4 ) : 1233 -- 1263 . doi : 10.2307 / 3660172 . Lawson , Steven F. ( April 1991 ) . `` Freedom Then , Freedom Now : The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement '' . The American Historical Review . 96 ( 2 ) : 456 -- 471 . doi : 10.2307 / 2163219 . Lawson , Steven F. ; Payne , Charles M. ( 1998 ) . Debating the Civil Rights Movement , 1945 - 1968 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780847690534 . Lawson , Steven F. ( 2003 ) . Civil Rights Crossroads : Nation , Community , and the Black Freedom Struggle . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813126937 . Payne , Charles M. ( 2007 ) . `` Bibliographic Essay : The Social Construction of History '' . I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . University of California Press . pp. 413 -- 442 . ISBN 9780520251762 . Robinson , Armstead L. ; Sullivan , Patricia , eds. ( 1991 ) . New Directions in Civil Rights Studies . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 9780813913193 . Sandage , Scott A. ( June 1993 ) . `` A Marble House Divided : The Lincoln Memorial , the Civil Rights Movement , and the Politics of Memory , 1939 - 1963 '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 80 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 167 . doi : 10.2307 / 2079700 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Strickland , Arvarh E. ; Weems , Robert E. , eds. ( 2001 ) . The African American Experience : An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide . Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313298387 . Zamalin , Alex ( 2015 ) . African American Political Thought and American Culture : The Nation 's Struggle for Racial Justice . Springer . pp. xii , 192 . ISBN 9781137528100 . Autobiographies and memoirs ( edit ) Carson , Clayborne ; Garrow , David J. ; Kovach , Bill ; Polsgrove , Carol , eds . Reporting Civil Rights : American Journalism 1941 -- 1963 and Reporting Civil Rights : American Journalism 1963 -- 1973 . New York : Library of America , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 931082 - 28 - 6 and ISBN 1 - 931082 - 29 - 4 . Dann , Jim . Challenging the Mississippi Firebombers , Memories of Mississippi 1964 -- 65 . Baraka Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926824 - 87 - 1 . Holsaert , Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC . University of Illinois Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03557 - 9 . Malcolm X ( with the assistance of Alex Haley ) . The Autobiography of Malcolm X . New York : Random House , 1965 . Paperback ISBN 0 - 345 - 35068 - 5 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 345 - 37975 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of civil rights in the United States . Civil Rights Digital Library -- Provided by the Digital Library of Georgia . Civil Rights Movement Veterans ~ Provides movement history , personal stories , documents , and photos . Hosted by Tougaloo College . Civil Rights in America -- Provided by The National Archives of the United Kingdom . Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950 - 1970 -- Provided by the University of Virginia . Provided by the Library of Congress : The Civil Rights Era -- Part of The African American Odyssey : A Quest for Full Citizenship presentation . Voices of Civil Rights -- A project with the collaboration of AARP and the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ( LCCR ) . We Shall Overcome : Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement -- Provided by the National Park Service . Provided by Southern Poverty Law Center : `` Teaching the Movement : The State Standards We Deserve '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published on September 19 , 2011 . `` Teaching Tolerance Publishes Guide for Teaching the Civil Rights Movement '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published on March 26 , 2014 . `` Teaching the Movement 2014 : The State of Civil Rights Education in the United States '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published in 2014 . Civil Rights Teaching -- Provided by Teaching for Change , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream Sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi Wade - Ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis Sanitation Strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Neal Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. 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3,400,486,975,224,352,000 | who was the actor who played billy jack | Tom Laughlin - wikipedia Tom Laughlin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the actor . For the wrestler who shares the same real name , see Tommy Dreamer . <Th_colspan="2"> Tom Laughlin <Td_colspan="2"> Laughlin in 1978 Thomas Robert Laughlin Jr . ( 1931 - 08 - 10 ) August 10 , 1931 Milwaukee , Wisconsin , U.S. December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) ( aged 82 ) Thousand Oaks , California , U.S. Other names Tommy Laughlin , T.C. Frank , Don Henderson , Mary Rose Solti , Frank Laughlin , Frank Christina , Lloyd E. James Occupation Actor , film director , film producer , screenwriter , political activist , educator Years active 1955 -- 2010 Spouse ( s ) Delores Taylor ( m . 1954 -- 2013 ) ( his death ) ; 3 children Website billyjack.com Thomas Robert Laughlin Jr . ( August 10 , 1931 -- December 12 , 2013 ) was an American actor and director , screenwriter , author , educator , and political activist . Laughlin was best known for his series of Billy Jack films . He was married to actress Delores Taylor from 1954 until his death . Taylor co-produced and acted in all four of the Billy Jack films . His unique promotion of The Trial of Billy Jack ( TV trailers during national news and an `` opening day '' nationwide release ) was a major influence on the way films are marketed . In the early 1960s , Laughlin put his film career on hiatus to start a Montessori preschool in Santa Monica , California ; it became the largest school of its kind in the United States . In his later years , he sought the office of President of the United States in 1992 , 2004 , and 2008 . He was involved in psychology and domestic abuse counseling , writing several books on Jungian psychology and developing theories on the causes of cancer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career ( 1931 -- 1960 ) 2 Leaving Hollywood ( 1961 -- 1966 ) 3 Billy Jack years ( 1967 -- 1977 ) 4 Later career ( 1978 -- 2010 ) 5 Other work 5.1 Politics 5.2 Psychology and counseling 6 Personal life 7 Death 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life and career ( 1931 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) Laughlin was born in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , the son of Margaret and Thomas Laughlin . He attended Washington High School , where he was involved in an athletics controversy that made headlines throughout the city , caused by Laughlin being forced to attend another school for a brief period , making him ineligible to play football at his former school on his return . Laughlin attended the University of Wisconsin , before transferring to Marquette University ; he played football at both . He played safety and halfback at Marquette . Laughlin decided to become an actor after seeing a production of A Streetcar Named Desire . According to a 1956 newspaper interview , he became involved in the drama program at Marquette after being encouraged by a university professor , Father John J. Walsh . While a student he formed a stock group and directed and starred in a production of Arthur Miller 's All My Sons . He finally transferred to the University of South Dakota , where he majored in radio acting , directing and producing . He met his future wife Delores Taylor in South Dakota . Laughlin wrote the original screenplay for the film Billy Jack in 1954 , after witnessing the treatment of Native Americans in his wife 's hometown , Winner , South Dakota . The two wed on October 15 , 1954 . He began his screen - acting career in the 1955 television series Climax ! . From there he went on to appear in several feature films including : These Wilder Years , Lafayette Escadrille , Tea and Sympathy and South Pacific . He appeared in several episodes of various television series throughout the late 1950s . In 1959 , he was cast as young Tom Fowler in the episode `` The Fight Back '' of the NBC western series , Riverboat . In the story line , Fowler has made himself the boss of Hampton , a corrupt river town near Vicksburg , Mississippi . He blocks farmers from shipping their crops to market . In a dispute over a wedding held on the river vessel , the Enterprise , a lynch mob led by Fowler comes after Captain Grey Holden ( series star Darren McGavin ) . Also appearing in this episode are John Ireland as Chris Slade and Karl Swenson as Ansel Torgin . In 1959 , Laughlin appeared in the film Gidget as `` Lover Boy '' . However , he failed to earn a living in the early years , having told People magazine in 1975 , `` We were living on $5 a week and eating Spam . I stole Christmas cards from a church so I could write home saying how well we were , but then I could n't afford the stamps . '' Laughlin 's first starring role was in Robert Altman 's 1957 film The Delinquents , in which he played Scotty White , a teenager who gets mixed up with a gang when he is told he can no longer see his girlfriend . Despite the film 's low budget , it became a cult film , with Alfred Hitchcock among its fans . However , Laughlin and Altman did not get along well , having sharply differing views on acting ; Altman later describing Laughlin as `` an unbelievable pain in the ass . '' Laughlin made his directorial debut later that year with The Proper Time , though the film was n't released until 1960 . The film was a romantic drama set on the campus of University of California , Los Angeles . Laughlin shot the film on the campus in six days working with a $20,000 budget . Laughlin wrote , directed , and starred in The Young Sinner . Originally filmed in 1960 , and shot in Milwaukee over a period of 14 days , it is the story of a star high school athlete who falls deeper and deeper into trouble after being caught in bed with his girlfriend . The film was intended to be the first of a trilogy entitled We Are All Christ . It premiered in 1963 under the original title Among the Thorns , which was changed to The Young Sinner upon its 1965 re-release . In 1960 , Laughlin planned to make a film , Poison in Our Land , based on the true story of a Texas couple affected by atomic radiation , but the project was never realized . Leaving Hollywood ( 1961 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) In 1959 , Laughlin and his wife founded a Montessori preschool in Santa Monica , California . By 1961 , Laughlin had left the film business to devote all of his time to the school , which by 1964 had become the largest school of its kind in the United States . It was profiled by Time magazine in July of that year . However , by 1965 , the school had gone bankrupt . One of his students was Christian Brando , son of Laughlin 's friend , Marlon Brando . Billy Jack years ( 1967 -- 1977 ) ( edit ) In 1965 , Laughlin told the Milwaukee Sentinel that he planned to make a film on the life of a noted Catholic priest , Father William DuBay . However , the picture did not get past the planning stages . Two years later , in 1967 , he wrote , directed ( as T.C. Frank ) and starred in the motorcycle - gang exploitation film The Born Losers . This was the first picture in which the character of Billy Jack appeared . It was a box - office hit . After The Born Losers , Laughlin was set to begin a film project with backing from such figures as Marlon Brando , Jack Lemmon , Candice Bergen , and director Robert Wise . The movie was to be a documentary on the issues facing African Americans in the 1960s and would have focused greatly on the life of Martin Luther King , Jr. followed by a discussion of race . However , the film was never made . He followed this up with the sequel to The Born Losers , Billy Jack , in 1971 . American International Pictures initially agreed to distribute the picture but after viewing it the studio refused to release the film unless many of the political references -- as well as frontal nudity -- were cut . This led the Laughlins to withhold the sound reels of the movie , which in effect made it a silent film . Eventually , Laughlin made a distribution deal with Warner Bros. but he disapproved of the studio 's marketing of the film , sued Warners , and re-released the picture himself . The movie 's re-release was successful but controversial . Roger Ebert , in his review of the film , wrote , `` Billy Jack seems to be saying that a gun is better than a constitution in the enforcement of justice . Is democracy totally obsolete , then ? Is our only hope that the good fascists defeat the bad fascists ? '' However , the picture was embraced by much of America 's youth , leading Laughlin to claim in 1975 that `` The youth of this country have only two heroes , Ralph Nader and Billy Jack . '' When adjusted for inflation , it is , as of 2007 , the highest - grossing independent film of all time . The film was among the first to introduce martial arts , especially hapkido to American audiences and contained elements of Jungian psychology , and fictional depictions of American Indian beliefs , depicting a tribe that does not exist , the `` Nishnobie . '' As part of the film 's promotion , Bong Soo Han , who was in charge of the martial arts choreography for the film , toured the United States giving hapkido demonstrations . The second sequel , The Trial of Billy Jack , released in late 1974 , was a huge box office hit , while not registering as quite as big a critical success . It is notable for its casting of Native American icons such as Sacheen Littlefeather and Rolling Thunder , as well as its strong criticism of the Kent State shootings . However , Laughlin 's unique promotion of the film was its real legacy . Unlike most films of the era which opened in only a few cities before gradually spreading across the country , The Trial of Billy Jack opened in cities nationwide on the same day and commercials were broadcast for it during the national news . This promotion forever changed the way films are marketed and has been called `` the first blockbuster . '' In 1975 , Laughlin released The Master Gunfighter , a western set in the 1840s , detailing the plight of the Chumash people . Laughlin grew a full beard for the film and his character fought with both a 12 - shot revolver and a samurai sword . Although it did reasonably well at the box office , critics were not pleased with the film . He returned to the Billy Jack franchise in 1977 . However , the fourth entry in the series , Billy Jack Goes to Washington was a failure because of distribution problems , and it proved to be Laughlin 's final film as a director . Laughlin blamed individuals within the United States government for the failure of the picture , telling CNN 's Showbiz Tonight in 2005 : At a private screening , Senator Vance Hartke ( Note : Hartke was not re-elected in 1976 ) got up , because it was about how the Senate was bought out by the nuclear industry . He got up and charged me . Walter Cronkite 's daughter was there , ( and ) Lucille Ball . And he said , ' You 'll never get this released . This house you have , everything will be destroyed . ' `` At the time of the picture 's release , Laughlin 's company , Billy Jack Enterprises , had plans for a new Montessori school funded by his own foundation , a record label , an investigative magazine , books , a distribution company and more message - laden movies , including a special subsidiary to produce films for children . He told People magazine at the time , `` Three years from today , we 'll be the new United Artists . Either that , or we 'll be out on our butt on the street . '' In 1976 , Laughlin announced that he was more than $7 million in debt and blamed the financial troubles on unethical behavior by Warner Bros. Pictures , which he said had illegally sold the television rights to his films . Later career ( 1978 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) In the years after the failure of Billy Jack Goes to Washington , Laughlin played small roles in a few films , such as The Big Sleep in 1978 and his last acting role was The Legend of the Lone Ranger in 1981 . In 1984 , he purchased a series of twelve advertisements in Variety condemning various aspects of the film industry and its treatment of independent filmmakers . He created a blueprint for taking control of the home video distribution industry as a way for independent films to be seen . This plan was also a failure . In 1985 , he began production of a fifth Billy Jack film , The Return of Billy Jack , which featured the title character fighting child pornographers in New York City . However , he suffered a concussion and neck injury during filming , which led to the production being suspended . During this hiatus , funding for the picture ran out and production was never resumed . In 2009 , a few scenes from the unfinished film were released on Laughlin 's website . A notable incident occurred while he was filming in New York City , when he broke up a street fight on Manhattan 's West Side , threatening to rip a man 's arm off . He garnered notoriety at this time for making a citizen 's arrest of a man after an argument over Laughlin 's driving . Laughlin had sought funding to finish the fifth Billy Jack film since at least 1996 , when he spoke about it during a lawsuit against a man who had ( Laughlin claimed ) illegally changed his name to `` Billy Jack '' , and at one point Laughlin had plans to make a Billy Jack television series . In 2004 , he announced that the film would be entitled Billy Jack 's Crusade to End the War in Iraq and Restore America to Its Moral Purpose ; this was shortened to Billy Jack 's Moral Revolution in 2006 . In 2008 , the film 's title was changed to Billy Jack for President . It was re-titled Billy Jack and Jean . Laughlin claimed it would be a `` new genre of film '' and a great deal of social commentary on politics , religion , and psychology will be discussed , and a debate will take place between Billy Jack and President George W. Bush via computer manipulation of archived speeches . In 2009 , Laughlin released plot details of this film on a video on his website . The video contained several scenes from the film . In 2010 , Frank , Chris , and Theresa Laughlin co-founded Billy Jack Rights , LLC , which manages the rights to all of Tom Laughlin 's films , including the Billy Jack franchise . Other work ( edit ) Politics ( edit ) In his later years , Laughlin turned his attention to politics . In 1992 , as a protest he sought the Democratic Party nomination for U.S. President . He told the Milwaukee Sentinel , `` I am the least qualified person I know to be President , except George Bush . '' He appeared on the primary ballots in New Hampshire and Louisiana . He campaigned on a platform of a tax cut for `` ordinary Americans '' , term limits , an overhaul of public education , universal health care , and nuclear disarmament . While campaigning for the Iowa caucus , he said of fellow candidate and Iowan , U.S. Senator Tom Harkin : `` I think he 's a sleazebag . I despise him . '' Excluded from debates by party officials who did not consider him a serious candidate , Laughlin received 1,986 votes in the New Hampshire primary . He blamed the results on lack of cooperation by the Democratic Party , which allowed him and other candidates only five minutes to speak at the state 's convention while giving the five front - runners 20 minutes each . He participated in the Independent presidential candidates Debate on March 25 , 1992 , along with former U.S. Senator Eugene J. McCarthy and others who had been excluded from the major debates . However , he was seen by much of the press as a `` fringe candidate . '' Laughlin later protested at being excluded from the primary ballot in his home state of Wisconsin at the same time that David Duke , the former Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan , was included . After dropping out of the race , he worked as an advisor to the campaign of Ross Perot . He ran for president again in 2004 , this time as a Republican . Campaigning as an opponent of the Iraq War , he received 154 votes in the New Hampshire primary against U.S. President George W. Bush . He again was not allowed to participate in the debates . He ran again for President in 2008 as a Democrat , getting 47 votes in the New Hampshire primary . Laughlin was an outspoken critic of the Iraq War and President George W. Bush . His website presented several writings calling the Iraq conflict worse than the Vietnam War , in addition to pieces on what he called `` realistic exit strategies . '' He devoted several pages of the Billy Jack website to reasons that he feels justify an impeachment of George W. Bush and repeatedly stated the need for a viable , mainstream third political party . In addition , he criticized what he called the `` Christian right '' , which he called `` false Evangelicals '' , `` false prophets '' , and the `` Christo - fascist movement . '' He released several videos and writings during the 2008 election . Psychology and counseling ( edit ) Although not a professionally trained psychologist , Laughlin had an interest in psychology , having studied the subject independently . A 1975 profile of Laughlin in People magazine mentioned his deep interest in psychology and mentioned that he had a personal `` dream secretary '' to whom Laughlin told his recollections of his dreams . They were written down to be analyzed later . Laughlin lectured on Jungian psychology at universities and colleges throughout the United States since the 1970s , including Yale University and Stanford University In 1995 , because of his background in football and psychology , he was brought in to counsel University of Nebraska football player Lawrence Phillips after Phillips ' suspension from the team . He said of Phillips at the time , `` He should not be rewarded by being allowed to play unless there is real substantive change . I do n't mean surface change . But if he does change , then he 's not only going to not batter this girl , he 's not going to batter the girl he marries at 30 and 35 . If he just pretends to change , of course he should not be allowed to play , but Lawrence has already been sanctioned in ways other batterers on this campus are not '' . Laughlin wrote several books on psychology including The Psychology of Cancer ; Jungian Psychology vol. 2 : Jungian Theory and Therapy , published in 1980 ; 9 Indispendable Ingredients to Writing a Hit ( 1999 ) , which details the psychology involved in the box office and hit filmmaking , and The Cancer Personality ( 1998 ) , in which he posited his theories about cancer . One of his concerns was the issue of domestic abuse . He became involved in this after witnessing a neighbor , a police officer , beating his wife . He blamed the murder of Nicole Brown Simpson on domestic abuse , saying : O.J. Simpson was my neighbor up the street on Rockingham . He lived at 300 Rockingham Drive , I lived at 100 Rockingham . I 've known O.J. forever . This is one of the sickest , sorriest days in our culture , that he was ( found ) not guilty ... I 've told him since 1985 he 'd end up in jail ... Eight times ( Nicole ) cried out and eight times , because it was O.J. and it was woman - battering , it was dismissed . But now , with the trivialization , people are afraid to call because they do n't trust that the system will help them . The fact that he was found not guilty is going to make that 10 times worse . Personal life ( edit ) Laughlin married Delores Taylor in 1954 . They had three children : Frank , Teresa , and Christina . His daughter Teresa ( known by the family as T.C. ) is a fashion designer . He derived at least two of his pseudonyms from his children : Frank Laughlin , his son 's name and the name he used to direct The Trial of Billy Jack and The Master Gunfighter , and T.C. Frank , which stood for Teresa Christina Frank . In 2001 , it was announced that Laughlin was suffering from a cancer of the tongue that was inoperable . His website claimed the cancer was in remission . His book , The Psychology of Cancer , was about faith , attitude and other factors that might affect cancer . On November 20 , 2007 , he posted a video on YouTube explaining that poor health had caused him to leave his BillyJack.com website in a dormant state . The site was later revived . Laughlin suffered from Celiac disease , an auto - immune disorder , and suffered a series of strokes . In the video , he announced that he had his health issues under control , that he updated the website , and was planning a new Billy Jack film . However , that film was never made . Death ( edit ) Laughlin died of complications from pneumonia on December 12 , 2013 at Los Robles Hospital and Medical Center in Thousand Oaks , California . See also ( edit ) List of people diagnosed with coeliac disease Political cinema Biography portal Minnesota portal Wisconsin portal California portal Film portal Television portal Psychology portal Politics portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vitello , Paul ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Tom Laughlin , 82 , Star of ' Billy Jack ' Movie Series , Dies '' -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( September 30 , 2004 ) . `` Hollywood 's Attack of the Monster Releases '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tom Laughlin ( April 30 , 2011 ) . `` Psychology of Cancer - 6 Factors Summarized '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Skalitzky , Lori ( October 10 , 1986 ) . `` Real - Life Drama Brings Laughlin Home '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Borsuk , Alan J. ( October 21 , 1991 ) . `` Washington High Alumni stroll down Memory Lane '' . The Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Letwin , Bill ( June 6 , 1949 ) . `` School Board Approves New Setup for Athletics '' . The Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Ben ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` Is it Time for Billy Jack to Come Back ? '' . The St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DeLong , Jack ( October 25 , 1950 ) . `` Marquette Coach Seeks to Replace Injured Regulars '' . Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Two Faces of Tom '' . Time . October 6 , 1975 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Spiro , J.D. ( August 26 , 1956 ) . `` Milwaukee 's Actin ' Tom Laughlin '' . Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stock Group will Play on Saturday '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . August 8 , 1952 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Casuso , Jorge The Legend of Billy Jack , Billy Jack Enterprises , 1999 ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Tom Laughlin '' . Good Morning Sacramento ( KMAX ) . January 22 , 2001 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Winchell , Walter ( August 8 , 1952 ) . `` Walter Winchell 's Broadway Beat '' . The Sarasota Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Fight Back `` , Riverboat , October 18 , 1959 '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilkins , Barbara ( October 20 , 1975 ) . `` It 's Been a Cruel World for Tom Laughlin , but can Billy Jack Save It ? '' . People . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( March 5 , 2006 ) . `` Hollywood Outsider Finally Receives his Due '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , Jeff . `` Cult Movies Showcase : The Delinquents '' . Turner Classic Movies . TCM.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Overview for The Proper Time ( 1960 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . TCM.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holley , Jannelle ( December 23 , 1959 ) . `` Collegiate Drama Joins Hotter - than - Ever Trends '' . The Florence Times Daily . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Thomas ( January 17 , 1960 ) . `` Film Man with a Dream and ' The Proper Time ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Jerry ( December 3 , 1960 ) . `` Democrat Ladies ' Insulted ' '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Means , Marianne ( August 11 , 1960 ) . `` Movie ' Shooting ' Set Here Monday '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Krasfur , Richard P. ( 1997 ) . The American Film Institute Catalog of Films Produced in the United States 1961 -- 1970 . University of California Press . p. 1259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20970 - 1 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bach , Erwin ( March 14 , 1963 ) . `` U of C to Offer Film Prizes '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Kathleen ( May 27 , 1990 ) . `` You Asked ... '' Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Louella ( May 3 , 1960 ) . `` Hard to Scare '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching : Montessori in the Slums '' . Time . 84 ( 2 ) . July 10 , 1964 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kunen , James ( June 4 , 1990 ) . `` Brando 's Son Faces Murder Charge '' . People . 33 ( 22 ) . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Herzog , Buck ( July 1 , 1965 ) . `` Laughlin Plans Second Film '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pepan , Bea J. ( August 20 , 1967 ) . `` Producers ' on Location ' for Holiday in Wisconsin '' . Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Richard Harland . `` Biker Classics : The Born Losers '' . Turner Classic Movies . TCM.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` B6700 Born Losers ( 1967 ) '' ( PDF ) . La Salle University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( June 20 , 1968 ) . `` Group to Produce Film about Plight of the Negro '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christina , Frank and Teresa ( 1973 ) . Billy Jack . Avon Books . p . Introduction . ^ Jump up to : Laughlin , Tom ( September 27 , 1999 ) . `` Warners Destroys Billy Jack Negative '' . Archived from the original on October 12 , 1999 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( August 2 , 1971 ) . `` Billy Jack '' . The Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Forbes , David ( Fall 1975 ) . `` An Interview with Bong Soo Han '' . Traditional Tae Kwon - Do . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bong Soo Han , 73 , Orchestrator of Martial Arts Scenes '' . The New York Times . January 14 , 2007 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Noth , Dominique Paul ( May 22 , 1971 ) . `` Karate Expert on Chop Chop Tour , with Hollywood Footing the Bill '' . Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Trial of Billy Jack - Box office Gross '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibron , Bill ( June 5 , 2007 ) . `` Billy Jack , the Original Blockbuster '' . PopMatters . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1975 ) . `` The Master Gunfighter '' . The Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Showbiz Tonight ( transcript ) '' . CNN . September 27 , 2005 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( November 27 , 1975 ) . `` Laughlin : He Did it His Way '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Tom Laughlin Drama - Billy Jack Goes Broke '' . The Lakeland Ledger . November 3 , 1976 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Lucien ( December 1 , 1987 ) . `` The Return of Billy Jack '' . Inc. Magazine . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Return of Billy Jack ( 1986 ) '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Actor Hurt During Filming '' . The Gainesville Sun . February 7 , 1986 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ United Press International ( August 28 , 1986 ) . `` Life Imitates Art : Billy Jack Saves Downtrodden -- From Further Abuse '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Jack Character Lives , Makes Arrest '' . The Montreal Gazette . May 5 , 1986 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cave , Kathy ( May 3 , 1996 ) . `` Check the Sign , Mister '' . The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Tom . `` New Film / New Studio '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon ( June 20 , 2005 ) . `` Billy Jack is Ready to Fight the Good Fight Again '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Tom ( 2009 ) . `` New Billy Jack Film : Billy Jack and Jean '' . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Frank ( 2010 ) . `` Billy Jack Rights , LLC : `` How We Came to Own ' Billy Jack ' '' `` . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laughlin Hates Politics , May Run '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . September 12 , 1991 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire -- U.S. President - D. Primary '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Primaries : Who Needs Cuomo ? '' . Time . January 13 , 1992 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Tom ( 1991 ) . `` Two Americas '' . campaign literature . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 27 , 1991 ) . `` Tough Talk from Laughlin '' . The Iowa Daily Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eugene J. McCarthy Papers '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 19 , 1992 ) . `` ' Billy Jack ' Laughlin gets 1 % of N.H. Vote '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Independent Presidential Candidates Debate '' . C - SPAN . March 25 , 1992 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baer , Susan ( November 13 , 1991 ) . `` From ' Messiah ' to ' Billy Jack ' , Dozens Want Bush 's Job '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Desenport , Ellen ( November 29 , 1991 ) . `` Fringe Dwellers Seek the White House '' . The St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What About Billy Jack ? State Court has made Travesty of Primary '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . March 11 , 1992 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cheevers , Jack ( November 1 , 1992 ) . `` Poll of Perot Activists a Charade , Ex-Backers Say Politics : Texan runs the show , they assert , and is not just bowing to volunteers . Billionaire has spent heavily '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Tom ( 2003 ) . `` Laughlin for President : A Powerful New Voice to Give Real Power Back to All the People '' . billyjack.com . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Billy Jack ' Star Making Political Statement '' . Deseret News . February 3 , 2004 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Republican Primaries Results '' . The Green Papers . January 27 , 2004 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Farrell , James ( December 9 , 2003 ) . `` Gore for Dean , and Debate Night '' . New Hampshire Primary . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Tom ( November 15 , 2007 ) . `` Laughlin for President Pt. 2 - My Plan to End the Iraq War ( video ) '' . billyjack.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Ben ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` Whatever happened to ... The 1970s Icon with a Conscience ? '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Tom . `` America has Lost its Moral Purpose and character '' . billyjack.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Basham , Doug ( May 11 , 2005 ) . `` Interview with Tom Laughlin ( audio ) '' . dougbasham.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Tom ( January 20 , 2001 ) . `` The Case that George W. Bush is Not the Legally Elected President ... the Overwhelming Proof '' . billyjack.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2001 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Tom . `` New Exit Strategy from Iraq '' . billyjack.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Tom . `` The Power of Impeachment '' . billyjack.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Tom . `` Three Fanatic Groups '' . billyjack.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2005 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Laughlin 's YouTube Channel '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Laughlin at UVA '' . The Cavalier Daily . November 2 , 1978 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Billy Jack ' Continues Crusade Against Abuse and Violence '' . The University of Nebraska - Lincoln Scarlet . October 6 , 1995 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 1997 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Laughlin , Tom . `` The Psychology of Cancer '' . billyjack.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` T.C. Laughlin website '' . tclaughlin.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Laughlin Diagnosed with Cancer '' . The Associated Press . October 8 , 2001 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon ( March 2 , 2008 ) . `` Billy Jack , the Super Sequel '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barrineau , Trey ( 2013 - 12 - 15 ) . `` ' Billy Jack ' star Tom Laughlin dies '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official Billy Jack website Tom Laughlin on IMDb Appearances on C - SPAN Appearances on C - SPAN <Th_colspan="2"> Tom Laughlin Films directed The Proper Time ( 1960 ) The Young Sinner ( 1965 ) The Born Losers ( 1967 ) Billy Jack ( 1971 ) The Trial of Billy Jack ( 1974 ) The Master Gunfighter ( 1975 ) Billy Jack Goes to Washington ( 1977 ) The Return of Billy Jack ( 1986 ; unreleased ) Related Delores Taylor ( wife ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( 1988 ← ) United States presidential election , 1992 ( → 1996 ) Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee Bill Clinton ( campaign ) VP nominee Al Gore Candidates Larry Agran Jerry Brown Tom Harkin Bob Kerrey Lyndon LaRouche Tom Laughlin Eugene McCarthy Paul Tsongas Douglas Wilder Charles Woods Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee George H.W. Bush VP nominee Dan Quayle Candidates Pat Buchanan David Duke Jack Fellure Isabell Masters Pat Paulsen Tennie Rogers Harold Stassen Independent Candidate Ross Perot ( campaign ) VP candidate James Stockdale <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other independent and third party candidates Libertarian Party Convention Nominee Andre Marrou VP nominee Nancy Lord Natural Law Party Nominee John Hagelin VP nominee Mike Tompkins New Alliance Party Nominee Lenora Fulani VP nominee Maria Elizabeth Muñoz Prohibition Party Nominee Earl Dodge VP nominee George Ormsby Socialist Party USA Nominee J. Quinn Brisben VP nominee Barbara Garson Socialist Workers Party Nominee James Warren VP nominee Willie Mae Reid U.S. Taxpayers Party Convention Nominee Howard Phillips VP nominee Albion W. Knight , Jr . Workers World Party Nominee Gloria La Riva VP nominee Larry Holmes Independents and other candidates Ronald Daniels ( Running mate : Asiba Tupahache ) Bo Gritz Isabell Masters <Td_colspan="2"> Other 1992 elections House Senate Gubernatorial <Th_colspan="2"> ( 2000 ← ) United States presidential election , 2004 ( → 2008 ) <Td_colspan="2"> United States elections , 2004 Candidates Debates Timeline Super Tuesday Potomac primary Mini-Tuesday Republican Party Convention Primaries Primary results Nominee George W. Bush ( campaign ) VP nominee Dick Cheney Candidates John Buchanan Jack Fellure Tom Laughlin Democratic Party Convention Primaries Primary results Nominee John Kerry ( campaign ) VP nominee John Edwards Candidates Carol Moseley Braun Wesley Clark ( campaign ) Howard Dean ( campaign ) John Edwards ( campaign ) Richard Gephardt ( campaign ) Bob Graham ( campaign ) Caroline Killeen Dennis Kucinich ( campaign ) Lyndon LaRouche ( campaign ) Joe Lieberman ( campaign ) Al Sharpton Controversies Moss v. Bush Voting controversies Kerry military service Bush military service <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Third party and independent candidates Constitution Party Convention Nominee Michael Peroutka VP nominee Chuck Baldwin Green Party Convention Nominee David Cobb ( campaign ) VP nominee Pat LaMarche Candidates Sheila Bilyeu Peter Camejo Paul Glover Kent Mesplay Lorna Salzman Libertarian Party Convention Nominee Michael Badnarik ( campaign ) VP nominee Richard Campagna Candidates Gary Nolan Aaron Russo Personal Choice Party Nominee Charles Jay VP nominee Marilyn Chambers Prohibition Party Nominee Gene Amondson Alternate nominee Earl Dodge Reform Party Nominee Ralph Nader ( campaign ) Socialist Equality Party Nominee Bill Van Auken Socialist Party Nominee Walt Brown VP nominee Mary Alice Herbert Candidates Eric Chester Socialist Workers Party Nominee Róger Calero Alternate nominee James Harris VP nominee Arrin Hawkins Workers World Party Nominee John Parker VP nominee Teresa Gutierrez Independents and other candidates Thomas Harens Tom Laughlin Ralph Nader ( campaign ) Leonard Peltier <Td_colspan="2"> Other 2004 elections House Senate Gubernatorial BNE : XX1554261 BNF : cb141968681 ( data ) GND : 138365873 ISNI : 0000 0001 1473 1021 LCCN : no2002044671 SNAC : w6fs3xsd VIAF : 56820542 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Laughlin&oldid=832796278 '' Categories : 1931 births 2013 deaths Male actors from Minneapolis Male actors from Milwaukee American anti -- Iraq War activists American film directors American male screenwriters American people of Irish descent Marquette Golden Avalanche football players Wisconsin Badgers football players University of South Dakota alumni Politicians from Milwaukee United States presidential candidates , 1992 20th - century American politicians United States presidential candidates , 2004 United States presidential candidates , 2008 21st - century American politicians Disease - related deaths in California California Democrats Minnesota Democrats Wisconsin Democrats Former Roman Catholics Writers from Los Angeles Writers from Minneapolis Writers from Milwaukee Critics of religions Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2010 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 01 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Tom Laughlin
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-8,419,286,603,133,340,000 | when did they take the bible out of schools | School prayer - wikipedia School prayer Jump to : navigation , search School prayer , in the context of religious liberty , is state - sanctioned or mandatory prayer by students in public schools . Depending on the country and the type of school , state - sponsored prayer may be required , permitted , or prohibited . Countries which prohibit or limit school prayer often differ in their reasons for doing so : In the United States , school prayer can not be required of students in accordance with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . In Canada , school - sponsored prayer is disallowed under the concept of Freedom of conscience as outlined in the Canadian Charter on Rights & Fundamental Freedoms . School - sponsored prayer is disallowed in France as a byproduct of its status as a laïcist ( religiously neutral ) nation . Countries that allow or require school and other state - sponsored prayer include Greece , Iran , Australia , Italy and the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Countries that prohibit school - sponsored prayer 1.1 United States 1.1. 1 School prayer prior to 1962 1.1. 2 A Turning Point : The `` Regents ' Prayer '' and Engel v. Vitale 1.1. 3 1963 and after 1.1. 4 Controversy 1.2 Canada 1.2. 1 British Columbia 1.2. 2 Ontario 1.2. 3 Russow v. British Columbia 1.3 France 1.4 Turkey 2 Countries that permit school - sponsored prayer 2.1 United Kingdom 3 Ongoing debate 3.1 Arguments for and against school prayer 3.2 `` Moment of silence '' 4 See also 5 References Countries that prohibit school - sponsored prayer ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Main articles : Education in the United States and Religion in the United States In the United States , public schools are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer . The legal basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , which requires that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... The first part of the amendment ( `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion '' ) is known as the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment , while the second part ( `` or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' ) is known as the Free Exercise Clause . Though each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government , the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government , including the state level , thus compelling states and their subject schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools . School prayer prior to 1962 ( edit ) In the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries , it was common practice for public schools to open with an oral prayer or Bible reading . Catholics would sometimes object to the distinct Protestant observations performed in the local schools . For instance , in the Edgerton Bible Case ( Weiss v. District Board ( 1890 ) ) , the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in favor of Catholics who objected to the use of the King James Bible in Wisconsin public schools . This ruling was based on the state constitution and only applied in Wisconsin . A turning point : the `` Regents ' prayer '' and Engel v. Vitale ( edit ) The media and popular culture often erroneously credit atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair with removing school prayer from US public schools , when the case against recitation of the Lord 's Prayer in Baltimore schools was decided by the Supreme Court in 1963 . A more significant case had reached the Supreme Court one year prior , suddenly changing the legal climate for school prayer in the US . In 1955 , the New York Board of Regents developed a prayer recommended ( but not required ) for the school districts under its purview . The prayer was relatively short : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence on Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . '' The board stated that the prayer would `` combat juvenile delinquency and counter the spread of Communism . '' Seven years later , Steven I. Engel , a Jew , was upset to see his son 's hands clasped and his head bent in prayer . He told his son that this was `` not the way we say prayers . '' Engel , a founding member of the New York Civil Liberties Union , would bring action along with Daniel Lichtenstein , Monroe Lerner , Lenore Lyons , and Lawrence Roth , all parents of children in the Long Island , New York public school system , against Union Free School District No. 9 for its adoption and subsequent prescription of the so - called `` Regent 's prayer '' , arguing that it constituted the state - sponsored establishment of religion in violation of citizens ' First Amendment rights via the Fourteenth Amendment . Use of the Regent 's prayer would be initially upheld in both New York State Court and in the New York Court of Appeals , prompting Engels to petition the US Supreme Court in the Engel v. Vitale case in 1962 . With its 8 -- 1 vote to make public recitation of the Regents ' Prayer in public schools unlawful , the U.S. Supreme Court made its first - ever decision on prayer in public schools . It made its second in 1963 -- the Abington School District v. Schempp ruling , which made the corporate reading of the Bible and recitation of the Lord 's Prayer unlawful in public schools . 1963 and after ( edit ) In these two landmark decisions , Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) and Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) , the Supreme Court established what is now the current prohibition on state - sponsored prayer in US schools . While the Engel decision held that the promulgation of an official state - school prayer stood in violation of the First Amendment 's Establishment Clause ( thus overruling the New York Courts ' decisions ) , Abington held that Bible readings and other public school - sponsored religious activities were prohibited . Madalyn Murray 's lawsuit , Murray v. Curlett , contributed to the removal of compulsory Bible reading from the public schools of the United States , and has had lasting and significant effects . Until the lawsuit , it was commonplace for students to participate in many types of religious activities while at school , including religious instruction itself . Nonreligious students were compelled to participate in such activities and were not usually given any opportunity to opt out . The Murray suit was combined with an earlier case , so the Court might have acted without Murray 's intervention . With the success of the lawsuit , the intent of the Constitution with regard to the relationship between church and state again came under critical scrutiny and has remained there to this day . While students do continue to pray in public schools , even in organized groups such as `` See You at the Pole '' , the lawsuit disallowed schools from including prayer as a compulsory activity required of every student . The success of O'Hair's lawsuit led to subsequent lawsuits by Mormon and Catholic families in Texas in 2000 to limit compulsory prayer at school - sponsored football games . Following these two cases came the Court 's decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , a ruling that established the Lemon test for religious activities within schools . The Lemon test states that , in order to be constitutional under the Establishment Clause , any practice sponsored within state - run schools ( or other public state - sponsored activities ) must adhere to the following three criteria : Have a secular purpose ; Must neither advance nor inhibit religion ; and Must not result in an excessive entanglement between government and religion . Controversy ( edit ) Reactions to Engel and Abington were widely negative , and many school districts and states have attempted to reestablish school - sponsored prayer in different forms since 1962 . Since the 1990s , controversy in the courts has tended to revolve around prayer at school - sponsored extracurricular activities . Examples can be seen in the cases of Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) and Santa Fe Independent School Dist . v. Doe ( 2000 ) , where public prayers at graduation ceremonies and those conducted via public address system prior to high school games ( at state school facilities before a school - gathered audience ) were , respectively , ruled unconstitutional . Despite their attempts to present a clear stance on school - sponsored religious activity , Engel , Abington , and the cases for which these serve as precedent are cited by some proponents of school prayer as evidence of a contradiction between the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses . While the Establishment Clause proscribes the state sponsorship of religion , the Free Exercise Clause forbids state interference in individual religious exercise . Where a state entity moves to accommodate the right to individual religious expression under the latter clause , opponents of that `` expression '' may cite such accommodation as state `` promotion '' of one religious activity over another . Regarding the Free Exercise Clause , the courts have consistently stated that students ' setting forth of religious views through prayer can not be forbidden unless such activity can be shown to cause disruption in the school , yet it remains beyond the scope of the state to require such practice . Thus , anyone is allowed to pray in schools in the United States , as long as it is not officially sponsored by the school and it does not disrupt others from doing their work . The United States Supreme Court : A Political and Legal Analysis discussed the results of a 1991 survey , stating that : `` The Court 's school prayer decisions were , and still are , deeply unpopular with the public , many politicians and most religions organizations . 95 percent of the population believe in God and some 60 percent belong to a religious organization . In a 1991 opinion poll , 78 percent of Americans support the reintroduction of school prayer . '' As a result of public support for school prayer in the United States , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States reports , `` the public 's support for school prayer was translated by various state legislatures into statutes aiding religious schools and practices . '' Analysis of multiple polls since the 1970s by sociologist Philip Schwadel showed support for school prayer dipped slightly but remains popular with the majority of Americans , with a recent 2011 poll showing 65 percent support . Canada ( edit ) British Columbia ( edit ) Prior to 1944 , in British Columbia , the Public Schools Act ( 1872 ) permitted the use of the Lord 's Prayer in opening or closing school . In 1944 , the government of British Columbia amended the Public Schools Act to provide for compulsory Bible reading at the opening of the school day , to be followed by a compulsory recitation of the Lord 's Prayer . This amendment appeared as section 167 of the Public Schools Act , and read as follows : 167 . All public schools shall be opened by the reading , without explanation or comment , of a passage of Scripture to be selected from readings prescribed or approved by the Council of Public Instruction . The reading of the passage of Scripture shall be followed by the recitation of the Lord 's Prayer , but otherwise the schools shall be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles . The highest morality shall be inculcated , but no religious dogma or creed shall be taught . 1948 , c. 42 , s. 167 The compulsory nature of the Bible reading and prayer recitation was slightly modified by regulations drawn up by the Council of Public Instruction . These regulations provided that either a teacher or student who has conscientious ground for objecting to the religious observances may be excused from them . The procedure to be followed in such cases was outlined in the regulations , which follow in full : Division ( 15 ) -- Scripture Readings ( Section 167 ) 15.01 Where a teacher sends a written notice to the Board of School Trustees or official trustee by whom he is employed that he has conscientious objections to conducting the . ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord 's Prayer ( as provided by Section 167 of the Public Schools Act ) , he shall be excused from such duty , and in such case it shall be the duty of the Board of School Trustees or official trustee concerned to arrange with the Principal to have the ceremony conducted by some other teacher in the school , or by a school trustee , or , where neither of these alternatives is possible , by one of the senior pupils of the school or by some other suitable person other than an ordained member of a religious sect or denomination . 15.02 Where the parent or guardian of any pupil attending a public school sends a written notice to the teacher of the pupil stating that for conscientious reasons he does not wish the pupil to attend the ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord 's Prayer at the opening of school , the teacher shall excuse the pupil from attendance at such ceremony and at his discretion may assign the pupil some other useful employment at school during that period , but the pupil so excused shall not be deprived of any other benefits of the school by reason of his non-attendance at the ceremony . In 1982 , the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms received royal assent . Section 2 of the charter guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of religion trumped Section 167 of the Public Schools Act ( 1872 ) . Sixteen years later in 1996 , based on precedent that would be established in Ontario ( 1989 ) , required recitation of the Lord 's Prayer as outlined in the Public Schools Act would be held to violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Ontario ( edit ) The challenges to Christian opening and closing exercises occurred mainly in Ontario with the crucial case being fought in The Ontario Court of Appeal in 1988 . Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education ( Director ) The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the use of the Lord 's Prayer in opening exercises in public schools offended the Charter s . 2 ( a ) . 1988 . ( 1988 ) , 65 O.R. ( 2d ) 641 , 29 O.A.C. 23 ( C.A. ) . Education regulations did not require the use of the Lord 's Prayer and there was an exemption provision . The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the regulation infringed religious freedom because schools could use only the Lord 's Prayer rather than a more inclusive approach . It was argued that the exemption provision effectively stigmatized children and coerced them into a religious observance which was offensive to them . The Ontario Court of Appeal was persuaded by the argument that the need to seek exemption from Christian exercises is itself a form of religious discrimination . The judges described as insensitive the position of the respondents that it was beneficial for the minority children to confront the fact of their difference from the majority . Russow v. British Columbia ( edit ) In 1989 , Joan Russow challenged , in the British Columbia Supreme Court , the Public Schools Act 's requirement that in British Columbia all public schools were to be opened with the Lord 's Prayer and a Bible reading . The argument was similar to the Zylberberg case and the result was the same : The offending words in the Public Schools Act were removed as being inconsistent with freedom of conscience and religion guarantees in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Further following the Zylberberg case to strike down use of the Lord 's Prayer in schools , the British Columbia Supreme Court incorporated the Ontario Court of Appeal 's decision in Zylberberg in its entirety . From 1871 to 1989 , observance of school prayer had declined . With the unfavorable court decision , the requirement for Christian morning exercises was replaced with the following clauses found in the School Act ( 1996 ) in British Columbia . Conduct : 76 ( 1 ) All schools and Provincial schools must be conducted on strictly secular and nonsectarian principles . ( 2 ) The highest morality must be inculcated , but no religious dogma or creed is to be -- taught in a school or Provincial school . France ( edit ) As a declared ' laïque ' ( roughly ' religiously neutral ' , secular ) state , France has no school prayers . Instead , public servants are advised to keep their religious faith private , and may be censured if they display it too openly . The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools goes beyond restricting prayer in schools and bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols by pupils in public primary and secondary schools . Turkey ( edit ) The predominantly Muslim country of Turkey is in the public sphere a strongly secular nation . In this regard , it is much like France , on whose system of laïcism its founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk modelled the rules on religion when he reformed his country in the early 20th century . School prayer is therefore unknown , and suspected religious motivations can cause serious difficulties for public servants . Despite its primarily secular stance , however , courses of religion and morals ( which are dominantly Islamic ) are compulsory to all students during the last years of elementary and throughout high school . In these instances , various Islamic prayers and verses are both taught and tested for . Countries that permit school - sponsored prayer ( edit ) United Kingdom ( edit ) Main articles : Education in the United Kingdom and Religion in the United Kingdom In England and Wales , the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 states that all pupils in state schools must take part in a daily act of collective worship , unless their parents request that they be excused from attending . The majority of these acts of collective worship are required to be `` wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character '' , with two exceptions : Religious schools , which should provide worship appropriate to the school 's religion ( although most religious schools in the UK are Christian . ) Schools where the local education authority 's Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education has determined that Christian worship would not be appropriate for part or all of the school . Although there is a statutory requirement for schools to hold a daily act of collective worship , many do not . Ofsted 's 2002 - 03 annual report , for example , states that 80 % of secondary schools are not providing daily worship for all pupils . Ongoing debate ( edit ) Arguments for and against school prayer ( edit ) The issue of school prayer remains contentious even where courts as diverse as those in Canada , the United States , Russia , and Poland attempt to strike a balance between religious and secular activity in state - sponsored arenas . Some arguments have held that religion in schools is both an effective sociomoral tool as well as a valuable means to psychological stability . On the opposing side , others have argued that prayer has no place in a classroom where impressionable students are continually subject to influence by the majority . The latter kind of claim holds that , to the extent that a public school itself promotes the majority religion , the state is guilty of coercive interference in the lives of the individual . In recent years , programs derived from yoga , a Hindu religious practice , have been introduced into public schools in the U.S. Advocates for the programs say they help children to relax and concentrate , but critics counter that the programs violate the separation of church and state . `` Moment of silence '' ( edit ) Despite ongoing debate , there are some instances where religious freedom and secular stability have been temporarily balanced . In the United States , some administrations have introduced a `` moment of silence '' or `` moment of reflection '' in which a student may , if he or she wishes to , offer a silent prayer . The US Supreme Court decision in Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1984 ) held that a moment of silence in schools for the purpose of individual prayer or meditation constituted a valid application of the Free Exercise Clause , while a moment of silence for the clear intended purpose of a state - approved devotional activity constituted a violation of the Establishment Clause . In this same case , the issue of school prayer was further complicated by a distinction made between a public assembly attended by participants of their own free will , and a public event where attendance is legally required . A voluntarily attended Congress may open sessions with a prayer , but schools full of public pupils may not . Here the US Supreme Court has interpreted the issue as revolving around the degree of a government 's ability to indoctrinate its citizens . If it appears that participants at a state - sponsored event are more likely to influence the State itself , courts may treat prayer as `` legislative prayer '' . If , on the other hand , the State is more likely to influence participants at its events , courts may treat prayer as `` state - sponsored '' prayer and thereby rule it unconstitutional . See also ( edit ) Freedom of religion Moment of silence Madalyn Murray O'Hair Separation of church and state Status of religious freedom by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall , W.P. ( 1999 ) . The School Prayer Decisions . Constitutional Commentary , 16 ( 3 ) , 535 . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Edgerton Bible Case ( Weiss v. District Board ( 1890 ) ) : case in 1890 centering around in - school prayer . ^ Jump up to : LAATS , ADAM . `` Our Schools , Our Country : American Evangelicals , Public Schools , And The Supreme Court Decisions Of 1962 And 1963 . '' Journal Of Religious History 36.3 ( 2012 ) : 319 - 334 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 28 Oct. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Boston , Rob . `` How Five New York Families Ended Coercive Prayer In America 's Public Schools . '' Church & State 65.6 ( 2012 ) : 12 . MasterFILE Complete . Web . 28 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale. ( 1999 ) . Supreme Court Cases : The Dynamic Court ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , N. PAG . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ School District of Abington Township , Pennsylvania v. Schempp. ( 1999 ) . Supreme Court Cases : The Dynamic Court ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , N. PAG . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman. ( 1999 ) . Supreme Court Cases : The Dynamic Court ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , N. PAG . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . ^ Jump up to : Wallace v. Jaffree . Great American Court Cases . Ed . Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda . Vol. 1 : Individual Liberties . Detroit : Gale , 1999 . Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context . Web . 7 Sep. 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman . Great American Court Cases . Ed . Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda . Vol. 1 : Individual Liberties . Detroit : Gale , 1999 . Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context . Web . 7 Sep. 2011 . Jump up ^ Establishment Clause. ( 2006 ) . In L.J. Fundukian & J. Wilson ( Eds . ) , American Law Yearbook 2005 ( pp. 60 - 64 ) . Detroit : Gale . ^ Jump up to : Preface to `` Does Separation of Church and State Threaten Religious Liberty ? '' ( 2003 ) . In J.D. Torr ( Ed . ) , Current Controversies . Civil Liberties . San Diego : Greenhaven Press . Jump up ^ McKeever , Robert J. The United States Supreme Court : A Political and Legal Analysis . Manchester University Press . 1997 . p 34 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit . Ely , James W. Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . 2005 . p 1061 . Jump up ^ Jason Koebler . `` Study : Catholic , Protestant Support for In - School Prayer Falls '' . US News & World Report . Jump up ^ `` BCCLA Position Paper Religion in public schools , 1969 '' Retrieved December 04 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : * `` Charter section 2 ( a ) cases '' Retrieved December 04 , 2006 Jump up ^ Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education ( Director ) , 1989 , and Russow v. AG ( BC ) , 1989 ) Jump up ^ `` School Act '' . British Columbia Revised School Statues . Jump up ^ `` '' Collective Worship '' and school assemblies : your rights `` . British Humanist Association . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Standards and Quality 2002 / 03 '' . Ofsted. 2004 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ There Should Be Prayer and Bible Study in Public Schools . ( 2009 ) . In B. Rosenthal ( Ed . ) , Opposing Viewpoints . Atheism . Detroit : Greenhaven Press . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Supreme Court Should Not Limit the Role of Religion in Public Life '' by Robert Bork . The U.S. Supreme Court . Margaret Haerens , Ed . Opposing Viewpoints Series . Greenhaven Press , 2010 . Robert Bork , Coercing Virtue : The Worldwide Rule of Judges . Washington , DC : The AEI Press , 2003 Jump up ^ Francis , L.J. , Robbins , M. , Lewis , C. , & Barnes , L. ( 2008 ) . Prayer and psychological health : A study among sixth - form pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland . Mental Health , Religion & Culture , 11 ( 1 ) , 85 - 92 . Jump up ^ Dierenfield , B.J. ( 2007 ) . `` The Most Hated Woman in America '' : Madalyn Murray and the Crusade against School Prayer . Journal of Supreme Court History , 32 ( 1 ) , 62 - 84 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5818.2007. 00150. x . Jump up ^ `` Yoga causes controversy in public schools '' . Associated Press . January 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Parents , Religious Leaders Want Yoga Out of New York High School '' . Associated Press . October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ School Board Meeting Prayer Ruled Unconstitutional. ( 2011 ) . Education Week , 31 ( 1 ) , 4 . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Social conservatism in the United States Issues Anti-pornography movement Drug prohibition Eminent domain Euthanasia Family values Homosexual agenda Pro-life School prayer Advocates Michele Bachmann Chuck Baldwin William Bennett Pat Buchanan William F. Buckley , Jr . Ben Carson Darrell Castle Tom Coburn Ted Cruz James Dobson Jerry Falwell Robert P. George Louie Gohmert Mike Huckabee Alan Keyes Steve King Rush Limbaugh Roy Moore Sarah Palin Michael Peroutka Rick Perry Howard Phillips Pat Robertson Gayle Ruzicka Rick Santorum Tom Tancredo Organizations Alliance Defending Freedom American Decency Association American Family Association American Life League Concerned Women for America Focus on the Family Foundation for Moral Law Moral Majority Morality in Media National Organization for Marriage National Right to Life Committee Think tanks Eagle Forum Family Research Council Heritage Foundation Institute on the Constitution Traditional Values Coalition Political parties America First Party American Solidarity Party America 's Party Christian Liberty Party Constitution Party Prohibition Party Republican Party See also Christian Right Culture wars Manhattan Declaration Paleoconservatism <Td_colspan="2"> Conservatism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_prayer&oldid=800086822 '' Categories : Prayer Religion and education Religion and children Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 12 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. School prayer
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730,190,298,146,221,400 | for part c determine the width of the optic nerve | Optic nerve - wikipedia Optic nerve For other uses , see Optic Nerve . <Th_colspan="2"> Optic Nerve <Td_colspan="2"> The left optic nerve and the optic tracts . <Th_colspan="2"> Details Innervates Vision <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin nervus opticus MeSH D009900 NeuroNames 289 TA A14. 2.01. 006 A15. 2.04. 024 FMA 50863 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Cranial nerves CN 0 -- Terminal CN I -- Olfactory CN II -- Optic CN III -- Oculomotor CN IV -- Trochlear CN V -- Trigeminal CN VI -- Abducens CN VII -- Facial CN VIII -- Vestibulocochlear CN IX -- Glossopharyngeal CN X -- Vagus CN XI -- Accessory CN XII -- Hypoglossal Overview Table The optic nerve , also known as cranial nerve II , or simply as CN II , is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain . In humans , the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells ; it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus , pretectal nuclei , and superior colliculus . Contents 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Disease 4 Regeneration 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves and is technically part of the central nervous system , rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out - pouching of the diencephalon ( optic stalks ) during embryonic development . As a consequence , the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes , rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system , and are encased within the meninges . Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain -- Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve . However , most typically the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system . Dissection of Optic Nerve from above showing parts . Courtesy Dr. John B. Selhorst The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers ( dura , arachnoid , and pia mater ) rather than the epineurium , perineurium , and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves . Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system ( as opposed to the peripheral nervous system ) are incapable of regeneration , and , hence , optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness . The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain , from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex . A fundus photograph showing the back of the retina . The white circle is the beginning of the optical nerve . The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells . Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers , which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina . In the fovea , which has high acuity , these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells ; in other areas of retina , they connect to many thousand photoreceptors . The optic nerve leaves the orbit ( eye socket ) via the optic canal , running postero - medially towards the optic chiasm , where there is a partial decussation ( crossing ) of fibres from the temporal visual fields ( the nasal hemi - retina ) of both eyes . The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species , and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species . Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex , while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements . Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep - wake cycle . Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space . The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe , 24 mm in the orbit , 9 mm in the optic canal , and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm . There , partial decussation occurs , and about 53 % of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts . Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body . Based on this anatomy , the optic nerve may be divided in the four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section ( this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed ) : 1 . the optic head ( which is where it begins in the eyeball ( globe ) with fibers from the retina ; 2 . orbital part ( which is the part within the orbit ) . 3 . intracanicular part ( which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal ) ; and , 4 . cranial part ( the part within the cranial cavity , which ends at the optic chiasm ) . From the lateral geniculate body , fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain . In more specific terms , fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer 's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe , and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly , to the cuneus . Function ( edit ) The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception , color perception and contrast ( visual acuity ) . It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes : the light reflex and the accommodation reflex . The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye ; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading ( lens adjusts to near vision ) . The eye 's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye . Clinical significance ( edit ) Disease ( edit ) Main article : List of eye diseases and disorders Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision , as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex , which is diagnostically important . The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged . In general : Damage to the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage . Damage at the optic chiasm typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields ( bitemporal hemianopsia ) . It may occur with large pituitary tumors pituitary adenoma . ( see image on right of Paris seen with bitemporal hemianopsia ) Paris views showing vision with loss of both temporal visual fields Damage to the optic tract , which is behind ( posterior ) to the chiasm , causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage ( so if the left optic tract is cut , there is a loss of vision from the entire right visual field ) . Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of congenital or inheritable problems like Leber 's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy , glaucoma , trauma , toxicity , inflammation , ischemia , infection ( very rarely ) , or compression from tumors or aneurysms . By far , the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma , optic neuritis ( especially in those younger than 50 years of age ) , and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy ( usually in those older than 50 ) . Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss , initially sparing central vision . Glaucoma is associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball . Although glaucoma does eventually damage the optic nerve , it is primarily a disease of eye not of the nerve . Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve . It is associated with a number of diseases , the most notable one being multiple sclerosis . The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain . The condition tends to be episodic . Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as `` stroke of the optic nerve '' and affects the optic nerve head . There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head ( where the nerve exits the eyeball ) . Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning . This condition is most common in diabetic patients 40 -- 70 years old . Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye . Tumors , especially those of the pituitary gland , can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss . Similarly , cerebral aneurysms ( swelling of blood vessels ) can also affect the nerve . Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve . Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit , but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro - ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve . The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases ( IFOND ) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders . Regeneration ( edit ) Similar to other CNS tracts , the optic has very limited regenerative potential after injury . However , some new techniques are being developed to increase this potential . Additional images ( edit ) MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve . The ophthalmic artery and its branches . ( optic nerve is yellow ) Superficial dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . Dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts . Nerves of the orbit . Seen from above . Nerves of the orbit , and the ciliary ganglion . Side view . The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball , in horizontal section . Structures of the eye labeled This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye Optic nerve. Deep dissection. Inferior view . Optic nerve. Deep dissection. Inferior view . Optic nerve Optic nerve Human brain dura mater ( reflections ) Optic nerve Optic nerve Optic nerve Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection Cerebral peduncle , optic chasm , cerebral aqueduct . Inferior view . Deep dissection . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Optic nerve . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Cranial nerve References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vilensky , Joel ; Robertson , Wendy ; Suarez - Quian , Carlos ( 2015 ) . The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves : The Nerves of `` On Olympus Towering Top '' . Ames , Iowa : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1118492017 . ^ Jump up to : Selhorst , JB ; Chen , Y ( 2009 ) . `` The Optic Nerve '' . Seminars in Neurology . 29 : 29 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Jonas , Jost B. ; et al. ( May 1992 ) . `` Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size '' . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science . 33 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy , 4th Edition . Dyce , Sack and Wensing Jump up ^ `` Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Research Group '' . www.ucl.ac.uk . External links ( edit ) The optic nerve on MRI Stained brain slice images which include the `` optic % 20nerve '' at the BrainMaps project IFOND online case history -- Optic nerve analysis with both scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation ( GDx VCC ) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy ( HRT II - Heidelberg Retina Tomograph ) . Also includes actual fundus photos . Animations of extraocular cranial nerve and muscle function and damage ( University of Liverpool ) lesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( orbit4 ) cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( II ) <Th_colspan="2"> The cranial nerves Terminal Nuclei septal nuclei Course no significant branches Olfactory Nuclei anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract Optic Nuclei lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract Oculomotor Nuclei oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion inferior Trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches Trigeminal Nuclei PSN spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular Abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches Facial Near origin Intermediate nerve Geniculate Inside facial canal Greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion Nerve to the stapedius Chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion At stylomastoid foramen Posterior auricular Suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid Parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus Vestibulocochlear Nuclei vestibular nuclei cochlear nuclei Cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus Vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion Glossopharyngeal Before jugular fossa Ganglia superior inferior After jugular fossa Tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion Stylopharyngeal branch Pharyngeal branches Tonsillar branches Lingual branches Carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus Vagus Before jugular fossa Ganglia superior inferior After jugular fossa Meningeal branch Auricular branch Neck Pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus Superior laryngeal external internal Recurrent laryngeal Superior cervical cardiac Thorax Inferior cardiac Pulmonary Vagal trunks anterior posterior Abdomen Celiac Renal Hepatic Anterior gastric Posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus Accessory Nuclei nucleus ambiguus spinal accessory nucleus Cranial Spinal Hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual <Th_colspan="3"> Optical illusions <Td_colspan="3"> List of optical illusions <Td_colspan="2"> Afterimage Barberpole Bezold Blivet Café wall Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Grid Hering Jastrow Mach McCollough Müller - Lyer Necker Orbison Penrose stairs triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin Sander Schroeder Ternus Vertical -- horizontal White 's Wundt Zöllner Related Auditory Tactile Temporal Op art Ascending and Descending Waterfall GND : 4205981 - 1 NDL : 00571252 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optic_nerve&oldid=865795790 '' Categories : Optic nerve Visual system Cranial nerves Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 05 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Optic nerve structure and function
2. Visual information transmission from retina to brain
3. Clinical significance and diseases of the optic nerve
4. Regeneration potential of the optic nerve
5. Anatomy and composition of the optic nerve |
-6,347,755,813,993,982,000 | a totalitarian government has one political party usually headed by a | Totalitarianism - wikipedia Totalitarianism Jump to : navigation , search `` Totalistic '' redirects here . For other uses , see totalism . Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Semi others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Military junta Plutocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Theocracy Kritarchy Particracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Illiberal democracy Semi-authoritarian Dictatorship Hybrids Anocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. Republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Constitutional Directorial Legalist Parliamentary Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. Libertarian socio - economic ideologies Capitalism Colonialism Communism Distributism Feudalism Socialism Anarchism vs. Statism civil - liberties ideologies Anarchy Minarchy Totalitarianism Global vs. Local geo - cultural ideologies Central City - state National unity World Politics portal Adolf Hitler Joseph Stalin Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible . A distinctive feature of totalitarian governments is an `` elaborate ideology , a set of ideas that gives meaning and direction to the whole society '' . Totalitarianism is the most severe and extreme form of authoritarianism . The concept was first developed in the 1920s by the Weimar German jurist , and later Nazi academic , Carl Schmitt , and Italian fascists . Schmitt used the term , Totalstaat , in his influential work on the legal basis of an all - powerful state , The Concept of the Political ( 1927 ) . The concept became prominent in Western political discourse as a concept that highlights similarities between Fascist states and the Soviet Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Early concepts and use 2 Differences between authoritarian and totalitarian regimes 3 Cold War - era research 4 Criticism and recent work with the concept 5 Totalitarianism in architecture 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Benito Mussolini The notion of totalitarianism as a `` total '' political power by the state was formulated in 1923 by Giovanni Amendola , who described Italian Fascism as a system fundamentally different from conventional dictatorships . The term was later assigned a positive meaning in the writings of Giovanni Gentile , Italy 's most prominent philosopher and leading theorist of fascism . He used the term `` totalitario '' to refer to the structure and goals of the new state , which were to provide the `` total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals . '' He described totalitarianism as a society in which the ideology of the state had influence , if not power , over most of its citizens . According to Benito Mussolini , this system politicizes everything spiritual and human : `` Everything within the state , nothing outside the state , nothing against the state . '' Early concepts and use ( edit ) Mao Zedong Kim Il - sung One of the first to use the term `` totalitarianism '' in the English language was the Austrian writer Franz Borkenau in his 1938 book The Communist International , in which he commented that it united the Soviet and German dictatorships more than it divided them . The label `` totalitarian '' was twice affixed to the Hitler regime during Winston Churchill 's speech of October 5 , 1938 before the House of Commons in opposition to the Munich Agreement , by which France and Great Britain consented to Nazi Germany 's annexation of the Sudetenland . Churchill was then a backbencher MP representing the Epping constituency . In a radio address two weeks later Churchill again employed the term , this time applying the concept to `` a Communist or a Nazi tyranny . '' The leader of the historic Spanish reactionary conservative party called the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right declared his intention to `` give Spain a true unity , a new spirit , a totalitarian polity ... '' and went on to say `` Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state . When the time comes , either parliament submits or we will eliminate it . '' The British author George Orwell made frequent use of word totalitarian and its cognates in multiple essays published in 1940 , 1941 and 1942 , seeing fit to insert the expression into essays whose principal subject was Charles Dickens , Rudyard Kipling , H.G. Wells , Henry Miller or twopenny color postcards . It should come as no surprise that by the time he published the famous essay Why I Write in mid-1946 , opposition to totalitarian thought and government had come to play such a prominent role in Orwell 's political identity that he was able to say : The Spanish war and other events in 1936 - 37 turned the scale and thereafter I knew where I stood . Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written , directly or indirectly , against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism , as I understand it . During a 1945 lecture series entitled The Soviet Impact on the Western World ( published as a book in 1946 ) , the pro-Soviet British historian E.H. Carr claimed that `` The trend away from individualism and towards totalitarianism is everywhere unmistakable '' , and that Marxism -- Leninism was by far the most successful type of totalitarianism , as proved by Soviet industrial growth and the Red Army 's role in defeating Germany . Only the `` blind and incurable '' could ignore the trend towards totalitarianism , said Carr . Karl Popper , in The Open Society and Its Enemies ( 1945 ) and The Poverty of Historicism ( 1961 ) , articulated an influential critique of totalitarianism : in both works , he contrasted the `` open society '' of liberal democracy with totalitarianism , and argued that the latter is grounded in the belief that history moves toward an immutable future in accordance with knowable laws . Syngman Rhee , who would later become the first President of South Korea , used the term `` totalitarianism '' in his book Japan Inside Out ( 1941 ) to categorize the Japanese rule over many Asian nations against the democratic world , where individuals are of greater importance than the society itself . The description would also be seen as ironic by many in South Korea , considering the nation was plagued by instability and riots against its own dictatorial and totalitarian governments starting with Rhee 's rule . Isabel Paterson , in The God of the Machine ( 1943 ) , used the term in connection with the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany . In The Origins of Totalitarianism , Hannah Arendt argued that Nazi and State communist regimes were new forms of government , and not merely updated versions of the old tyrannies . According to Arendt , the source of the mass appeal of totalitarian regimes is their ideology , which provides a comforting , single answer to the mysteries of the past , present , and future . For Nazism , all history is the history of race struggle ; and , for Marxism , all history is the history of class struggle . Once that premise is accepted , all actions of the state can be justified by appeal to Nature or the Law of History , justifying their establishment of authoritarian state apparatus . In addition to Arendt , many scholars from a variety of academic backgrounds and ideological positions have closely examined totalitarianism . Among the most noted commentators on totalitarianism are Raymond Aron , Lawrence Aronsen , Franz Borkenau , Karl Dietrich Bracher , Zbigniew Brzezinski , Robert Conquest , Carl Joachim Friedrich , Eckhard Jesse , Leopold Labedz , Walter Laqueur , Claude Lefort , Juan Linz , Richard Löwenthal , Karl Popper , Richard Pipes , Leonard Schapiro , and Adam Ulam . Each one of these describes totalitarianism in slightly different ways . They all agree , however , that totalitarianism seeks to mobilize entire populations in support of an official state ideology , and is intolerant of activities which are not directed towards the goals of the state , entailing repression or state control of business , labour unions , churches or political parties . Differences between authoritarian and totalitarian regimes ( edit ) The term `` authoritarian regime '' denotes a state in which the single power holder -- an individual `` dictator '' , a committee or a junta or an otherwise small group of political elite -- monopolizes political power . `` ( The ) authoritarian state ... is only concerned with political power and as long as that is not contested it gives society a certain degree of liberty . '' Authoritarianism `` does not attempt to change the world and human nature . '' In contrast , a totalitarian regime attempts to control virtually all aspects of the social life , including the economy , education , art , science , private life , and morals of citizens . `` The officially proclaimed ideology penetrates into the deepest reaches of societal structure and the totalitarian government seeks to completely control the thoughts and actions of its citizens . '' It also mobilizes the whole population in pursuit of its goals . Carl Joachim Friedrich writes that `` a totalist ideology , a party reinforced by a secret police , and monopoly control of ( ... ) industrial mass society '' are the three features of totalitarian regimes that distinguish them from other autocracies . Cold War - era research ( edit ) The political scientists Carl Friedrich and American geostrategist Zbigniew Brzezinski were primarily responsible for expanding the usage of the term in university social science and professional research , reformulating it as a paradigm for the Soviet Union as well as fascist regimes . Friedrich and Brzezinski argue that a totalitarian system has the following six , mutually supportive , defining characteristics : Elaborate guiding ideology . Single mass party , typically led by a dictator . System of terror , using such instruments as violence and secret police . Monopoly on weapons . Monopoly on the means of communication . Central direction and control of the economy through state planning . Totalitarian regimes in Germany , Italy and the Soviet Union had initial origins in the chaos that followed in the wake of World War I and allowed totalitarian movements to seize control of the government , while the sophistication of modern weapons and communications enabled them to effectively establish what Friedrich and Brzezinski called a totalitarian dictatorship . The German historian Karl Dietrich Bracher , whose work is primarily concerned with Nazi Germany , argues that the `` totalitarian typology '' as developed by Friedrich and Brzezinski is an excessively inflexible model , and failed to consider the `` revolutionary dynamic '' that Bracher asserts is at the heart of totalitarianism . Bracher maintains that the essence of totalitarianism is the total claim to control and remake all aspects of society combined with an all - embracing ideology , the value on authoritarian leadership , and the pretence of the common identity of state and society , which distinguished the totalitarian `` closed '' understanding of politics from the `` open '' democratic understanding . Unlike the Friedrich - Brzezinski definition Bracher argued that totalitarian regimes did not require a single leader and could function with a collective leadership , which led the American historian Walter Laqueur to argue that Bracher 's definition seemed to fit reality better than the Friedrich - Brzezinski definition . In his book The True Believer , Eric Hoffer argues that mass movements like Stalinism , fascism , and Nazism had a common trait in picturing Western democracies and their values as decadent , with people `` too soft , too pleasure - loving and too selfish '' to sacrifice for a higher cause , which for them implies an inner moral and biological decay . He further claims that those movements offered the prospect of a glorious future to frustrated people , enabling them to find a refuge from the lack of personal accomplishments in their individual existence . The individual is then assimilated into a compact collective body and `` fact - proof screens from reality '' are established . Criticism and recent work with the concept ( edit ) Further information : Collective leadership and History of the Soviet Union ( 1964 -- 1982 ) Some social scientists have criticized the approach of Carl Joachim Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski , arguing that the Soviet system , both as a political and as a social entity , was in fact better understood in terms of interest groups , competing elites , or even in class terms ( using the concept of the nomenklatura as a vehicle for a new ruling class ) . These critics pointed to evidence of popular support for the regime and widespread dispersion of power , at least in the implementation of policy , among sectoral and regional authorities . For some followers of this ' pluralist ' approach , this was evidence of the ability of the regime to adapt to include new demands . However , proponents of the totalitarian model claimed that the failure of the system to survive showed not only its inability to adapt but the mere formality of supposed popular participation . Historians of the Nazi period who are inclined towards a functionalist interpretation of the Third Reich , such as Martin Broszat , Hans Mommsen and Ian Kershaw , have been hostile or lukewarm towards the totalitarianism concept , arguing that the Nazi regime was too disorganized to be considered totalitarian . In the field of Soviet history , the totalitarian concept has been disparaged by the `` revisionist '' school , some of whose more prominent members are Sheila Fitzpatrick , Jerry F. Hough , William McCagg , Robert W. Thurston , and J. Arch Getty . Though their individual interpretations differ , the revisionists have argued that the Soviet state under Joseph Stalin was institutionally weak , that the level of terror was much exaggerated , and that -- to the extent it occurred -- it reflected the weaknesses rather than the strengths of the Soviet state . Fitzpatrick argued that since to the extent that there was terror in the Soviet Union , it provided for increased social mobility , and therefore most people in the Soviet Union supported Stalin 's purges as a chance for a better life rather than feeling that they were trapped in a terrorized society . Writing in 1987 , Walter Laqueur said that the revisionists in the field of Soviet history were guilty of confusing popularity with morality , and of making highly embarrassing and not very convincing arguments against the concept of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state . Laqueur argued that the revisionists ' arguments with regard to Soviet history were highly similar to the arguments made by Ernst Nolte regarding German history . Laqueur asserted that concepts such as modernization were inadequate tools for explaining Soviet history while totalitarianism was not . François Furet used the term `` totalitarian twins '' in an attempt to link Stalinism and Nazism . Totalitarianism in architecture ( edit ) Non-political aspects of the culture and motifs of totalitarian countries have themselves often been labeled innately `` totalitarian '' . For example , Theodore Dalrymple , a British author , physician , and political commentator , has written for City Journal that brutalist structures are an expression of totalitarianism given that their grand , concrete - based design involves destroying gentler , more - human places such as gardens . In 1949 , author George Orwell described the Ministry of Truth in Nineteen Eighty - Four as an `` enormous , pyramidal structure of white concrete , soaring up terrace after terrace , three hundred metres into the air '' . Columnist Ben Macintyre of The Times wrote that it was `` a prescient description of the sort of totalitarian architecture that would soon dominate the Communist bloc '' . Another example of totalitarianism in architecture is the Panopticon , a type of institutional building designed by English philosopher and social theorist Jeremy Bentham in the late eighteenth century . The concept of the design is to allow a watchman to observe ( - opticon ) all ( pan - ) inmates of an institution without their being able to tell whether or not they are being watched . It was invoked by Michel Foucault , in Discipline and Punish , as metaphor for `` disciplinary '' societies and their pervasive inclination to observe and normalise . See also ( edit ) Absolute monarchy Authoritarianism Autocracy Dictatorship Ideocracy Imperialism Inverted totalitarianism List of totalitarian regimes One - party state Police state Strongman ( politics ) Total institution Totalitarian democracy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Conquest , Robert ( 1999 ) . Reflections on a Ravaged Century . p. 74 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04818 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Government and Law '' . Volume Library 1 . The Southwestern Company . 2009 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Carl ( 1927 ) . The Concept of the Political ( German : Der Begriff des Politischen ) ( 1996 University of Chicago Press ed . ) . Rutgers University Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 73886 - 8 . Jump up ^ Defty , Brook ( 2007 ) . Britain , America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945 -- 1953 . Chapters 2 -- 5 . The Information Research Department . Jump up ^ Achim Siegel , The totalitarian paradigm after the end of Communism : towards a theoretical reassessment , 1998 , p. 200 `` Concepts of totalitarianism became most widespread at the height of the Cold War . Since the late 1940s , especially since the Korean War , they were condensed into a far - reaching , even hegemonic , ideology , by which the political elites of the Western world tried to explain and even to justify the Cold War constellation '' Jump up ^ Nicholas Guilhot , The democracy makers : human rights and international order , 2005 , p. 33 `` The opposition between the West and Soviet totalitarianism was often presented as an opposition both moral and epistemological between truth and falsehood . The democratic , social , and economic credentials of the Soviet Union were typically seen as `` lies '' and as the product of a deliberate and multiform propaganda ... In this context , the concept of totalitarianism was itself an asset . As it made possible the conversion of prewar anti-fascism into postwar anti-communism Jump up ^ David Caute , Politics and the novel during the Cold War , 2009 , pp. 95 -- 99 Jump up ^ George A Reisch , How the Cold War transformed philosophy of science : to the icy slopes of logic , 2005 , pp. 153 -- 54 ^ Jump up to : Pipes 1995 , p. 243 Jump up ^ Payne , Stanley G. , Fascism : Comparison and Definition ( UW Press , 1980 ) , p. 73 Jump up ^ Gentile , Giovanni and Benito Mussolini in `` La dottrina del fascismo '' ( 1932 ) Jump up ^ Nemoianu , Virgil , `` Review of End and Beginnings '' pp. 1235 -- 38 from MLN , Volume 97 , Issue # 5 , December 1982 , p. 1235 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston , Speech to the House of Commons , October 5 , 1938 : `` We in this country , as in other Liberal and democratic countries , have a perfect right to exalt the principle of self - determination , but it comes ill out of the mouths of those in totalitarian states who deny even the smallest element of toleration to every section and creed within their bounds . '' `` Many of those countries , in fear of the rise of the Nazi power , ... loathed the idea of having this arbitrary rule of the totalitarian system thrust upon them , and hoped that a stand would be made . '' Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston , Radio Broadcast to the United States and to London , October 16 , 1938 Jump up ^ Mann , Michael ( 2004 ) . Fascists . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 331 . ISBN 9780521831314 . Jump up ^ Paul Preston . The Spanish Civil War : reaction , revolution and revenge . 3rd edition . W.W. New York , New York : Norton & Company , Inc , 2007 . 2006 pp. 64 . Jump up ^ Orwell , George , `` Why I Write '' , Gangrel ( Summer ) 1946 . Jump up ^ Laqueur , Walter , The Fate of the Revolution , New York : Scribner , 1987 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Dana Richard Villa ( 2000 ) , The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt . Cambridge University Press , pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64571 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Radu Cinpoes , Nationalism and Identity in Romania : A History of Extreme Politics from the Birth of the State to EU Accession , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Kershaw , Ian The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation , London : Arnold ; New York p. 25 . Jump up ^ Laqueur , Walter The Fate of the Revolution : Interpretations of Soviet history from 1917 to the Present , New York : Scribner 's , 1987 p. 241 Jump up ^ Eric Hoffer , The True Believer : Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements , Harper Perennial Modern Classics ( 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 06 - 050591 - 5 , pp. 61 , 163 Jump up ^ Laqueur , Walter , The Fate of the Revolution : Interpretations of Soviet history from 1917 to the Present ( New York : Scribner 's , 1987 ) pp. 186 -- 89 , 233 -- 34 Jump up ^ Lorenz , Chris , `` Broszat , Martin '' in Boyd , Kelly , ed. , The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing , vol. 1 ( London : Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers , 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 44 ; Kerhsaw , Ian , The Nazi Dictatorship Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation ( London : Arnold Press , 2000 ) pp. 45 -- 46 ; Menke , Martin , `` Mommsen , Hans '' in Boyd , Kelly , ed. , The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing , vol. 2 , ( London : Fitzroy Dearborn Publishing , 1999 ) pp. 826 -- 27 ^ Jump up to : Laqueur , Walter The Fate of the Revolution : Interpretations of Soviet history from 1917 to the Present ( New York : Scribner 's , 1987 ) pp. 225 -- 27 Jump up ^ Laqueur , Walter , The Fate of the Revolution : Interpretations of Soviet history from 1917 to the Present ( New York : Scribner 's , 1987 ) pp. 225 , 228 Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Sheila , Everyday Stalinism : Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times : Soviet Russia in the 1930s ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) ^ Jump up to : Laqueur , Walter The Fate of the Revolution : Interpretations of Soviet history from 1917 to the Present ( New York : Scribner 's , 1987 ) p. 228 Jump up ^ Laqueur , Walter The Fate of the Revolution : Interpretations of Soviet history from 1917 to the Present ( New York : Scribner 's , 1987 ) p. 233 Jump up ^ `` Furet , borrowing from Hannah Arendt , describes Bolsheviks and Nazis as totalitarian twins , conflicting yet united . '' Singer , Daniel , The Nation ( April 17 , 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` The totalitarian nature of Stalin 's Russia is undeniable . '' Singer , Singer , The Nation Jump up ^ `` The government of Nazi Germany was a fascist , totalitarian state . '' Grobman , Gary M . Jump up ^ Theodore Dalrymple ( Autumn 2009 ) . `` The Architect as Totalitarian '' . City Journal . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ben Macintyre ( March 30 , 2007 ) . `` Look on those monuments to megalomania , and despair '' . The Times . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Hannah Arendt , The Origins of Totalitarianism ( 1958 , new ed. 1966 ) John A. Armstrong , The Politics of Totalitarianism ( New York : Random House , 1961 ) Peter Bernholz , `` Ideocracy and totalitarianism : A formal analysis incorporating ideology . '' Public Choice 108 , 33 -- 75 , 2001 Peter Bernholz , `` Ideology , sects , state and totalitarianism . A general theory '' . In : H. Maier and M. Schaefer ( eds . ) : Totalitarianism and Political Religions , Vol. II ( Routledge , Abingdon Oxon and New York , 2007 ) , 246 -- 70 Franz Borkenau The Totalitarian Enemy , London , Faber and Faber 1940 Karl Dietrich Bracher `` The Disputed Concept of Totalitarianism , '' pp. 11 -- 33 from Totalitarianism Reconsidered edited by Ernest A. Menze ( Port Washington , N.Y. / London : Kennikat Press , 1981 ) , ISBN 0804692688 . Michel Foucault , The Birth of Biopolitics ( in particular March 7 , 1979 course ) Carl Friedrich and Z.K. Brzezinski , Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy ( 2nd ed. 1967 ) Zhelyu Zhelev , The Fascism , 1982 Guy Hermet , with Pierre Hassner and Jacques Rupnik , Totalitarismes ( Paris : Éditions Economica , 1984 ) Abbott Gleason Totalitarianism : The Inner History Of The Cold War , New York : Oxford University Press , ( 1995 ) , ISBN 0195050177 Jeane Kirkpatrick , Dictatorships and Double Standards : Rationalism and reason in politics ( 1982 ) Walter Laqueur The Fate of the Revolution Interpretations of Soviet History From 1917 to the Present , London : Collier Books , ( 1987 ) ISBN 002034080X . Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan , Problems Of Democratic Transition And Consolidation : Southern Europe , South America , And Post-Communist Europe , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins UP , ( 1996 ) , ISBN 0801851572 . Ludwig von Mises , Omnipotent Government : The Rise of the Total State and Total War ( 1944 ) Ewan Murray . Shut Up : Tale of Totalitarianism ( 2005 ) Stanley G. Payne , A History of Fascism ( Routledge , 1996 ) Richard Pipes ( 1995 ) , Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime , New York : Vintage Books , Random House Inc. , ISBN 0394502426 . Robert Jaulin L'Univers des totalitarismes ( Paris : Loris Talmart , 1995 ) Rudolf Rocker . Nationalism and Culture . 1937 Giovanni Sartori , The Theory of Democracy Revisited ( Chatham , N.J : Chatham House , 1987 ) Wolfgang Sauer , `` National Socialism : totalitarianism or fascism ? '' The American Historical Review , Volume 73 , Issue # 2 ( December 1967 ) : 404 -- 24 . Leonard Schapiro , Totalitarianism ( London : The Pall Mall Press , 1972 ) Marcello Sorce Keller , `` Why is Music so Ideological , Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously '' , Journal of Musicological Research , XXVI ( 2007 ) , no . 2 -- 3 , pp. 91 -- 122 J.L. Talmon , The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy , ( 1952 ) Slavoj Žižek , Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism ? ( London : Verso , 2001 ) External links ( edit ) Look up totalitarianism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . `` Totalitarianism '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Totalitarianism -- Article on the origin and meaning of the term ; gives many 20th century examples and contrasts with authoritarianism . Totalitarianism at Wikiquote -- Short list of quotations containing the word totalitarian and its congnates . <Th_colspan="2"> Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government Forms Absolute monarchy Benevolent dictatorship Enlightened absolutism Fascism Imperialism Military dictatorship Nazism Ochlocracy Self - coup Stalinism Theocracy Concepts Illiberal democracy Totalitarian democracy Inverted totalitarianism Authoritarian democracy Authoritarian socialism Autocracy Constitutional dictatorship Corporate republic Despotism Dictatorship Dominant - party state Tsarist autocracy Tyranny Oligarchy One - party state Police state Counterintelligence state Mafia state Right - wing authoritarianism Third Positionism Tyranny of the majority <Th_colspan="2"> Fascism <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Theory <Td_colspan="2"> Core tenets Nationalism Imperialism Authoritarianism One - party state Dictatorship Social Darwinism Social interventionism Proletarian nation Propaganda Eugenics Heroism Militarism Economic interventionism Anti-communism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Ideas Actual Idealism Class collaboration Corporatism Heroic capitalism National Socialism National syndicalism State capitalism Supercapitalism Third Position Totalitarianism Social order <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Variants <Td_colspan="2"> Italian National Socialism Japanese fascism Falangism British Austrian Metaxism National Radicalism Rexism Clerical Legionarism Integralism <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Movements <Td_colspan="2"> Africa Greyshirts Ossewabrandwag Asia Brit HaBirionim Ganap Party Sakurakai Tōhōkai Blue Shirts Society Northern / Northwestern Europe Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Black Front ( Netherlands ) Blueshirts Breton Social - National Workers ' Movement British Fascists British People 's Party ( 1939 ) British Union of Fascists La Cagoule Clerical People 's Party Faisceau Flemish National Union French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Imperial Fascist League Lapua Movement Nasjonal Samling National Corporate Party ( Greenshirts ) National Fascisti Nationalist Party ( Iceland ) National Socialist Bloc National Socialist Dutch Workers Party National Socialist League National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands National Socialist Movement of Norway National Socialist Workers ' Party ( Sweden ) New Party ( UK ) Patriotic People 's Movement ( Finland ) Pērkonkrusts Rexism Central Europe Arrow Cross Party Austrian National Socialism Fatherland Front ( Austria ) Hungarian National Socialist Party National Front ( Switzerland ) Nazism Nazi Party Sudeten German Party Southern Europe Albanian Fascist Party Democratic Fascist Party Falange Greek National Socialist Party Italian Fascism Italian Social Republic Metaxism National Fascist Party National Union ( Portugal ) Republican Fascist Party Sammarinese Fascist Party Ustaše ZBOR Eastern and Southeastern Europe Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Crusade of Romanianism Iron Guard National Fascist Community National Fascist Movement National Italo - Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Social Movement ( Bulgaria ) National Radical Camp Falanga National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front Ratniks ( Bulgaria ) Romanian Front Russian Fascist Party Russian Women 's Fascist Movement Slovak People 's Party Union of Bulgarian National Legions Vlajka North America Fascism in Canada Canadian Union of Fascists Parti national social chrétien Gold shirts German American Bund Silver Legion of America South America Falangism in Latin America Brazilian Integralism Bolivian Socialist Falange National Socialist Movement of Chile Revolutionary Union <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> People <Td_colspan="2"> Abba Ahimeir Nimio de Anquín Sadao Araki Marc Augier Maurice Bardèche Jacques Benoist - Méchin Henri Béraud Zoltán Böszörmény Giuseppe Bottai Robert Brasillach Alphonse de Châteaubriant Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Gustavs Celmiņš Enrico Corradini Carlo Costamagna Richard Walther Darré Marcel Déat Léon Degrelle Pierre Drieu La Rochelle Gottfried Feder Giovanni Gentile Joseph Goebbels Hans F.K. Günther Heinrich Himmler Fumimaro Konoe Adolf Hitler Hideki Tojo Ikki Kita Vihtori Kosola Agostino Lanzillo Dimitrije Ljotić Leopoldo Lugones Curzio Malaparte Ioannis Metaxas Robert Michels Oswald Mosley Benito Mussolini Eoin O'Duffy Gearóid Ó Cuinneagáin Sergio Panunzio Giovanni Papini Ante Pavelić William Dudley Pelley Alfred Ploetz Robert Poulet Vidkun Quisling José Antonio Primo de Rivera Lucien Rebatet Dionisio Ridruejo Alfredo Rocco Konstantin Rodzaevsky Alfred Rosenberg Plínio Salgado Rafael Sánchez Mazas Margherita Sarfatti Carl Schmitt Ardengo Soffici Othmar Spann Ugo Spirito Ferenc Szálasi Gonzalo Torrente Ballester Georges Valois Anastasy Vonsyatsky <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Works <Td_colspan="2"> Literature The Doctrine of Fascism Fascist Manifesto Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century Zweites Buch Zaveshchanie russkogo fashista Periodicals La Conquista del Estado Das Reich Der Angriff Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden Figli d'Italia Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Je suis partout La France au travail Münchener Beobachter Novopress NS Månedshefte Norsk - Tysk Tidsskrift Das Schwarze Korps Der Stürmer Il Popolo d'Italia Sfarmă - Piatră Signal Vlajka Völkischer Beobachter Nash Put ' Fashist l'Alba Film Der Sieg des Glaubens Tag der Freiheit : Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Sculpture Allach Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Nazi plunder Syndicalism Conservatism <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Organizations <Td_colspan="2"> Institutional Ahnenerbe Chamber of Fasci and Corporations Grand Council of Fascism Imperial Way Faction Italian Nationalist Association Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen Quadrumvirs Activist Fascist Union of Youth German American Bund National Youth Organisation ( Greece ) Russian Fascist Organization Union of Fascist Little Ones Union of Young Fascists -- Vanguard ( boys ) Union of Young Fascists -- Vanguard ( girls ) Paramilitary Albanian Militia Black Brigades Blackshirts Blueshirts Einsatzgruppen Gold shirts Greenshirts Greyshirts Hitler Youth Heimwehr Iron Wolf ( organization ) Lăncieri Makapili Silver Legion of America Schutzstaffel Sturmabteilung Waffen - SS Werwolf International Axis powers NSDAP / AO ODESSA <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> History <Td_colspan="2"> 1910s Arditi Fascio 1920s Aventine Secession Acerbo Law Corfu incident March on Rome Beer Hall Putsch Italian economic battles 1930s March of the Iron Will German federal election , November 1932 German federal election , March 1933 Enabling Act 6 February 1934 crisis 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Spanish Civil War 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact 1940s World War II The Holocaust End in Italy Denazification Nuremberg Trials <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Lists <Td_colspan="2"> Anti-fascists Books about Hitler British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Nazi ideologues Nazi leaders Speeches by Hitler SS personnel <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics <Td_colspan="2"> Alt - right Anti-fascism Anti-Nazi League Christofascism Clerical fascism Cryptofascism Esoteric Nazism Fascist ( epithet ) Fascist mysticism Germanisation Glossary of Nazi Germany Hitler salute Italianization Italianization of South Tyrol Islamofascism Japanization Ku Klux Klan Neo-fascism Neo-Nazism Roman salute Social fascism Synarchism Unite Against Fascism Völkisch movement Women in Nazi Germany <Td_colspan="2"> Portal GND : 4060491 - 3 NDL : 00574613 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&oldid=807221257 '' Categories : Totalitarianism 20th century Authoritarianism Forms of government Political philosophy Political science terminology Political systems Political theories Statism Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Коми Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 17 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Totalitarianism as a political system
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2,147,896,707,790,799,600 | single action vs double action semi auto pistol | Semi-automatic pistol - wikipedia Semi-automatic pistol Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A semi-automatic pistol is a type of pistol that is semi-automatic , meaning it uses the energy of the fired cartridge to cycle the action of the firearm and advance the next available cartridge into position for firing . One cartridge is fired each time the trigger of a semi-automatic pistol is pulled ; the pistol 's `` disconnector '' ensures this behavior . SIG Pro 2022 semi-automatic pistol chambered in 9 × 19 mm Additional terms sometimes used as synonyms for a semi-automatic pistol are automatic pistol , self - loading pistol , autopistol , and autoloading pistol . A semi-automatic pistol harnesses the energy of one shot to reload the chamber for the next . After a round is fired , the spent casing is ejected and a new round from the magazine is loaded into the chamber , allowing another shot to be fired as soon as the trigger is pulled again . Most pistols use recoil operation to do this , but some pistols use blowback or gas operation . Most types of semi-automatic pistols rely on a removable magazine to store ammunition before it is fired , usually inserted inside the grip . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 1.1 Cocking modes 2 Terminology 3 Technology 4 Actions : blowback versus locked breech 5 History 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Operation ( edit ) Typically , the first round is manually loaded into the chamber by pulling back and releasing the slide mechanism . This is called racking the slide or racking the gun . After the trigger is pulled and the round is fired , the recoil operation of the handgun automatically extracts and ejects the shell casing and reloads the chamber . This mode of operation generally allows for faster reloading and storing a larger number of cartridges than a revolver . Diagram showing a simple blowback action Some modern semi-automatic pistols are double action only ( DA or DAO ) ; that is , once a round is chambered , each trigger pull cocks the hammer , striker , or firing pin , and additionally releases the same to fire a cartridge in one continuous motion . Each pull of the trigger on a DAO semi-automatic pistol requires the same amount of pressure . The Kel - Tec P - 32 is an example of a DAO action . DAO semi-automatic pistols are most generally recommended only in the smaller , self - defense , concealable pistols , rather than in target or hunting pistols . A notable exception is Glock - brand pistols which optimize preset triggers ( similar to DAO ) , but the striker is partially cocked back as the slide closes . This allows for significantly shorter trigger pulls than DAO . The trigger spring can be replaced with a lighter one and paired with a low - strength sear connector resulting in lightened trigger pulls to improve a shooter 's accuracy ( like models G34 and G35 ) . Smith & Wesson double - action . 45 ACP semi-automatic compact pistol Standard modern semi-automatic pistols are usually double action ( DA ) , also sometimes known as double - action / single - action ( DA / SA ) . In this design , the hammer or striker may be either thumb - cocked or activated by pulling the trigger when firing the first shot . The hammer or striker is recocked automatically during each firing cycle . In double - action pistols , the first pull of the trigger requires roughly twice as much pressure as subsequent firings , since the first pull of the trigger also cocks the hammer ( if not already cocked by hand ) . The Beretta 92F / FS , a full - sized , service , semi-automatic pistol is an example of this style of action . A common mode of carry for DA semi-automatic pistols is with the magazine full , a round chambered , and the gun holstered and uncocked with the external safety unengaged or off . The Taurus PT145 is an example of a ( DA / SA ) weapon , as it has no decocker and thus has its striker primed from the moment of chambering and only enters double - action mode if a round fails to fire upon the pin 's impact ; at other times , it operates as a single - action striker fired firearm . In contrast , a single - action ( SA ) semi-automatic pistol must be cocked by first operating the slide or bolt , or , if a round is already chambered , by cocking the hammer manually . The famed Colt M1911 is an example of this style of action . All SA semi-automatic pistols exhibit this feature , and automatically cock the hammer when the slide is first `` racked '' to chamber a round . A round can also be manually inserted in the chamber with the slide locked back . Then the safety can be applied . Cocking modes ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The normal mode of carrying an SA semi-automatic pistol is condition 1 , popularly known as cocked and locked . Condition 1 ( a term popularized by Colonel Jeff Cooper ) refers to having the magazine full , a round chambered , the hammer fully cocked , and the thumb safety engaged or on , at least for right - handed users . For many single - action , semi-automatic pistols , this procedure works well only for right - handed users , as the thumb safety is located on the left side of pistol and is easily accessible only for those who are holding the pistol in the right hand . Many SA semi-automatic pistols have a hammer position known as `` half - cocked '' . Squeezing the trigger will not fire the gun when it is in the half - cocked position , and neither will dropping the gun in this state cause an accidental discharge . During WWII in the Pacific Theater , an unofficial and unapproved carry mode for the SA M1911 by left - handed US soldiers in combat was carrying the gun with the magazine full , a round chambered , the action in half - cocked position , and the thumb safety ( accessible only to right - handed users ) positioned in the off ( or ready - to - fire ) mode . The primary advantage of the half - cocked position versus the uncocked position in that particular scenario was added sound suppression ( of the click of the weapon being cocked ) . A secondary advantage was the avoidance of accidental discharges if the gun were accidentally dropped . The half cock was revised by Colt in the 1970s and subsequently other manufacturers -- the hammer will fall from half cock if the trigger is pulled on most newer 1911 type guns . In general , single - action , semi-automatic pistols should never be carried cocked with the safety off , although many newer SA pistols have modified actions which allow the hammer to exert pressure against the firing pin only when the trigger is pulled . Many modern SA semi-automatic pistols have had their safety mechanisms redesigned to provide a thumb safety on both sides of the pistol ( ambidextrous ) , thereby better meeting the needs of left - handed , as well as right - handed users . Semi-automatic pistols with different traits have been designed , including those with a magazine fed with a stripper clip , and those with nonremovable magazines . These designs are rarely used in modern semi-automatic pistols . The Model C96 , or `` Broomhandle '' Mauser , in its original configuration , has a fixed , nonremovable magazine located in front of the trigger , which is loaded directly through the breech from the top of the pistol . Semi-automatic pistols use one firing chamber that remains fixed in a constant linear position relative to the gun barrel . In contrast , although double - action revolvers can also be fired semiautomatically , their rounds are not fired from a single chamber , but rather are fired from each of the chambers that are rotated into linear alignment with the barrel 's position in turn just prior for each shot fired . Terminology ( edit ) The language surrounding automatic , semi-automatic , self - loading , etc. , often causes confusion due to differences in technical usage between different countries and differences in popular usage . For example , the term `` automatic pistol '' technically refers to a machine pistol which is capable of firing multiple round bursts for a single pull of the trigger , although in popular US usage it is also used as a synonym for a semi-automatic pistol . In the case of pistols , an ' automatic pistol ' , a ' semi-automatic pistol ' , or a ' self - loading pistol ' , all usually imply a handgun that is semi-automatic , self - loading , and magazine - fed with a magazine that is removable , producing one shot fired for each trigger pull . The term pistol may refer to handguns in general , or may be used to differentiate ( semi-automatic ) pistols from revolvers . Technology ( edit ) A self - loading pistol reloads the chamber with a new round automatically each time the weapon is fired , without additional action being required by the user . For a semi-automatic pistol , this is typically accomplished by recoil operation . In a machine pistol , in contrast , this can be accomplished by blowback , or , less commonly , by gas operation , harnessing gases produced when the gun is fired . The Desert Eagle is a rare example of a semi-automatic pistol that siphons off some of the gases instead of relying on short recoil operation . A revolver , which uses multiple chambers and a single barrel , and a derringer , which uses multiple chambers and multiple barrels , also fire one round per trigger pull , but achieve this in different ways and as such are not classified as being semi-automatic . A semi-automatic pistol will fire only one shot per trigger pull , in contrast to a `` fully automatic '' or machine pistol , which continues to fire as long as the trigger is held or until all rounds have been fired . The Mauser M712 Schnellfeuer ( German for `` rapid fire '' ) , a modified Mauser C96 pistol , is a notable example of a true machine pistol . While both types of weapons operate on the same principles , fully automatic weapons must be built more ruggedly to accommodate the heat and stress caused by rapid firing , and it can be difficult ( and illegal in most countries ) to convert a semi-automatic pistol into a fully automatic mode of fire . A selective - fire action pistol , though , can be converted back and forth by means of a switch , and often includes a burst mode , typically for a three - round burst with each trigger pull . Selective - fire weapons are generally used by specialized law enforcement and security personnel such as SWAT teams , hostage rescue teams , antiterrorist units , or government bodyguards for heads of state . In the United States , selective - fire weapons are not available to civilians unless they live in a state that allows civilian ownership of National Firearms Act or Title II weapons . Actions : blowback versus locked breech ( edit ) Main articles : Blowback ( arms ) and Recoil operation Self - loading automatic pistols can be divided into `` blowback '' and `` locked breech '' categories according to their principle of operation . The blowback operating principle is suitable for smaller , lower - powered calibers , such as . 32 ACP and . 380 ACP , as the resistance of the recoil spring and mass of the slide are sufficient to retard the opening of the breech until the projectile has left the barrel , and breech pressure has dropped to a safe level . For more powerful calibers such as the 9 mm Parabellum ( 9 mm ) and . 45 ACP , some form of locked breech is needed to retard breech opening , as an unlocked blowback pistol in these calibers requires a very heavy slide and stiff spring , making them bulky , heavy , and difficult to operate . A somewhat commercially successful blowback pistol design in the more powerful calibers was produced ; the Spanish Astra 400 in 9 mm Largo and the similar Astra 600 in 9 mm Parabellum . U.S. manufacturer Hi - Point also produces a line of blowback - operated pistols in several calibers , including 9 mm and . 45 ACP . Virtually all other service - caliber pistols are locked - breech designs . History ( edit ) After Hiram Maxim introduced his recoil - powered machine gun in 1883 , several gunsmiths set out to apply the same principles to handguns , including Maxim . Maxim 's designs for smaller firearms using his recoil - powered ideas never went into production . In the 1880s , other designers worked on self - loading designs . The Schönberger - Laumann 1892 was the first semi-automatic pistol . The first model to gain any commercial success was the Hugo Borchardt - designed C - 93 , designed in 1893 and made its public debut in 1894 . Borchardt invented the C - 93 mechanism , based in large part upon Maxim 's toggle - lock principle . The C - 93 featured a clever locking mechanism , modeled after the human knee joint , in which the mechanical joint is called a knee , or in German Kniegelenk ( knee joint ) . The C - 93 proved mechanically reliable , but was too large and bulky to receive widespread acceptance . Equipped with a screw - on wooden stock , the C - 93 served well in small pistol carbines . Borchardt also developed the 7.65 mm Borchardt cartridge , around which the C - 93 was built . In 1896 , Paul Mauser introduced his first model of the famous Mauser `` Broomhandle '' semi-automatic pistol , the C96 . It was also the first mass - produced and commercially successful pistol to have a large - capacity , staggered - column magazine holding 10 or 20 rounds . Using a more powerful and nearly identical version of the 7.63 mm bottle necked cartridge of the Borchardt C - 93 Pistol , the Mauser was one of the first self - loading pistols used extensively in battle , notably the South African War of 1899 - 1902 . These pistols were made in 7.63 mm Mauser , or 9 × 25 mm Mauser , along with some models eventually being made in 9 mm Parabellum and a small number in . 45 ACP for China . In 1898 , The Schwarzlose Model 1898 was a semi-automatic pistol invented by Prussian firearm designer Andreas Wilhelm Schwarzlose . It was chambered for the 7.65 × 25mm Mauser. ( 1 ) It could also shoot the less powerful Borchardt ammunition . The Schwarzlose design was most advanced and far ahead of its time , but not widely adopted with less than 1000 pieces being manufactured. ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Small lots were sold to the Boers and used during the Boer War . Another lot was sold to members of the Russian Social - Democratic Party who were plotting insurrection , but were confiscated at the Russian border and issued to the Imperial Russian Frontier Guards. ( 3 ) ( 4 ) In Belgium in 1896 , the first American gun designer to develop self - loading semi-automatic pistols was John Browning , whose models were first manufactured by the Belgian firm of Fabrique Nationale ( FN ) in Europe and later by Colt in the U.S. Like Luger 's work conducted around the same time in Germany , Browning 's first successful design was in 7.65 mm , the Browning M1900 . Browning also devised a slightly different 7.65 mm Browning (. 32 Auto ) cartridge for his semi-automatic pistol that differed from Luger 's 7.65 mm Parabellum . Browning also designed . 25 , . 38 , . 380 , and . 45 ACP cartridges in addition to . 32 ACP for his semi-automatic pistol designs . Browning also created the locked - breech action now commonly used by nearly all heavy - caliber semi-automatic pistols , and designed the . 45 ACP Colt M1911 , adopted by the U.S. military as its service pistol in 1911 . The Model 1911 is still in active use with some U.S. Special Forces and Marine Corps units . Browning also co-designed the FN Browning Hi - Power , announced in 1922 , during the last years of his life , working on this design until his death in 1926 . It was a 9 mm Luger semi-automatic pistol capable of holding 13 rounds ( plus one chambered ) in the magazine . The Savage 1907 Pistol 32 ACP featured a 10 - round magazine which is of staggered - column design , and predates the Browning patent filing , ( 6 - 28 - 1923 , issued as U.S. patent # 1,618,510 , dated 22 Feb. 1927 ) for the large - capacity 9 mm pistol by some 18 years as the Savage was patented in 1905 , Whether the staggered magazine featured in the Savage 1905 was a focal point of the patent is unclear . In a review of the Browning patent dated 22 Feb. 1927 , it is equally unclear as to the staggered magazine being either a primary or a dependent claim of the patent as issued . However , the existence of a staggered magazine in 1905 is indisputable , as many of these Savage pistols were produced and survive to this day . Browning could well have come into contact with this concept during the military trials of 1911 , as a version of the Savage design in . 45 cal was also under consideration alongside the Browning / Colt design . ) The earlier , single - column magazine design is still used today , however , especially for deep - concealment semi-automatic pistols such as the Kel - Tec P - 32 . The next notable design was the 7.65 mm Luger by Georg Luger , which although successful in its function , nonetheless failed to have adequate stopping power and failed to win widespread acceptance . In 1902 , Luger 's subsequent and similar P08 in 9 mm Parabellum overcame the problem of inadequate stopping power and featured a greatly improved Borchardt - type Kniegelenk ( `` knee - joint '' ) locking mechanism . Unlike Browning 's locked - breech design , the barrel in a Kniegelenk design does not tip up and down while the gun is fired , thereby theoretically improving shooting accuracy . Luger 's P. 08 was adopted by the German military and served as their standard sidearm in World War I. During World War II , Germany was the first nation to adopt a double - action pistol , the Walther P38 , which could be carried loaded ( with a cartridge chambered ) and ready to fire without the risk of an accidental discharge if dropped . The P38 also used Luger 's 9 mm Parabellum cartridge . During World War II , revolvers were still issued by various major powers , but their use was decreasing . Though the British firm Webley & Scott had developed several adequate self - loading pistols , one of which was adopted by the ( normally unarmed ) British police in 1911 and by the Royal Navy and Royal Marines before the First World War , revolvers were generally preferred by most British military . In the Soviet Union , the TT pistol replaced the Nagant M1895 revolver during the war . In the United States , the M1911A1 was adopted as the standard military sidearm . Both Colt and Smith & Wesson produced revolvers chambered for the same . 45 ACP ammunition used in the M1911A1 , because of the great demand for handguns and the need to adopt a common cartridge for use in both semi-automatic pistols and revolvers . After World War II , most nations eventually adopted 9 mm Parabellum caliber pistols employing Browning 's locked - breech design for their standard - issue military pistols . The most popular early choice was the FN Browning Hi - Power , which was the first high - capacity pistol ; another popular model was the locked - breech Walther P38 because of its many safety features . As of 2011 , the U.S. military sidearm is a variant of the Beretta 92F / FS . M9 pistol used by the US military ; a variant of the Beretta 92FS In 1971 , Smith & Wesson offered a safe double - action , high - capacity pistol , the Model 59 . CZ launched it 's CZ - 75 in 1975 . Beretta introduced the Beretta 92 also in 1975 . Glock introduced the groundbreaking Glock 17 in 1982 , and SIG Sauer introduced its model P226 in 1983 . Walther introduced their high - capacity P88 in 1988 . In the early 1990s Heckler & Koch combined what they considered to be the most desirable attributes of semi-autos in the HK USP pistol . In 1995 Kel - Tec introduced their first compact 9 mm pistol , the Kel - Tec P11 , designed for concealed carry . In 1999 Kel - Tec introduced their . 32 ACP P - 32 for concealed carry . After the Second World War , the almost universal trend has been for semi-automatic pistols to replace revolvers for military use , although the transition has been slower in police and civilian use . As of 2011 , revolvers are mainly used in jurisdictions which permit their use for civilian self - defense , hunting , plinking , and target practice . Semi-automatic pistols are by far the most popular for concealed carry by civilians , primary handguns for police and military use , backup guns for police use , and where the usual five or six shots of a revolver are deemed inadequate . See also ( edit ) Assault weapon List of semi-automatic pistols Personal defense weapon Semi-automatic rifle Semi-automatic shotgun References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Small Arms Encyclopedia , Amber Books Ltd. , 2011 , p. 89 ^ Jump up to : Pistols of the World , Hogg , V. & Weeks , J. , 1982 . Jump up ^ Kinard , Jeff ( 2004 ) . Pistols : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 470 - 7 . Soon after World War II the major powers all but abandoned the revolver for standard issue Jump up ^ Hogg , Ian ( 2003 ) . Handguns & Rifles : The Finest Weapons from Around the World . The Lyons Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85648 - 701 - 6 . World War II saw no advance in revolver design or ammunition ; indeed , it began the move away from revolvers in major armies External links ( edit ) M1911.org -- What happens when a handgun is fired Ballistics By The Inch showing relationship between barrel length and bullet velocity for handguns . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semi-automatic_pistol&oldid=810525955 '' Categories : Semi-automatic pistols Firearm actions Handguns Firearm terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 20 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Semi-automatic pistol
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For other uses , see Prince Charles ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Prince Charles <Td_colspan="2"> Prince of Wales ( more ) <Td_colspan="2"> Charles at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris ( 1948 - 11 - 14 ) 14 November 1948 ( age 69 ) Buckingham Palace , London Spouse Lady Diana Spencer ( m . 1981 ; div. 1996 ) Camilla Parker Bowles ( m . 2005 ) Issue Prince William , Duke of Cambridge Prince Henry of Wales <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Full name <Td_colspan="2"> Charles Philip Arthur George House Windsor Father Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Mother Queen Elizabeth II Signature <Td_colspan="2"> Military career Allegiance United Kingdom Service / branch Royal Navy Royal Air Force Years of service 1971 -- 77 ( end of active service ) Rank See list Commands held HMS Bronington <Td_colspan="2"> ( show ) Royal family of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms HM The Queen HRH The Duke of Edinburgh HRH The Prince of Wales HRH The Duchess of Cornwall HRH The Duke of Cambridge HRH The Duchess of Cambridge HRH Prince George of Cambridge HRH Princess Charlotte of Cambridge HRH Prince Henry of Wales HRH The Duke of York HRH Princess Beatrice of York HRH Princess Eugenie of York HRH The Earl of Wessex HRH The Countess of Wessex HRH The Princess Royal HRH The Duke of Gloucester HRH The Duchess of Gloucester HRH The Duke of Kent HRH The Duchess of Kent HRH Prince Michael of Kent HRH Princess Michael of Kent HRH Princess Alexandra Charles , Prince of Wales ( Charles Philip Arthur George ; born 14 November 1948 ) is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II . He has been Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952 , and is the oldest and longest - serving heir apparent in British history . He is also the longest - serving Prince of Wales , having held that title since 1958 . Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun Schools , which his father , Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , had attended as a child , as well as the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia . After earning a bachelor of arts degree from Trinity College , Cambridge , Charles served in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976 . In 1981 , he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons : Prince William ( b . 1982 ) -- later to become Duke of Cambridge -- and Prince Harry ( b . 1984 ) . In 1996 , the couple divorced following well - publicised extramarital affairs by both parties . Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year . In 2005 , Charles married long - time girlfriend Camilla Parker Bowles . Charles 's interests encompass a range of humanitarian and social issues . He founded The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , sponsors The Prince 's Charities , and is patron of numerous other charitable and arts organisations . Charles has long championed organic farming for which he established the Duchy Home Farm , run by the Duchy of Cornwall , which produces ingredients for the Waitrose Duchy Organic brand , which he founded in 1990 . Charles has sought to raise world awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment , and was an early advocate for action to combat climate change . As an environmentalist , he has received numerous awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world . His support for alternative medicine , including homeopathy , has been criticised by some in the medical community . He has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings . Subsequently , Charles created Poundbury , an experimental new town based on his theories , in Dorset in 1993 . He has authored a number of books , including A Vision of Britain : A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and the children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar in 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Created Prince of Wales 3 Military training and career 4 Early romances 5 Marriages 5.1 Marriage to Lady Diana Spencer 5.1. 1 Separation and divorce 5.2 Marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles 6 Social interests 6.1 Philanthropy and charity 6.2 Built environment 6.3 Livery company commitments 6.4 Natural environment 6.5 Alternative medicine 6.6 Religious and philosophical interests 7 Official duties 8 Hobbies and personal interests 8.1 Sports 8.2 Visual , performing and contemporary arts 8.3 Publications 9 Media image 9.1 Impact of marriage to Diana 9.2 Reaction to press treatment 9.3 Guest appearances on television 10 Residences and finance 11 Titles , styles , honours and arms 11.1 Titles and styles 11.2 Honours and military appointments 11.3 Arms 11.4 Banners , flags , and standards 12 Ancestry 13 Notes 13.1 Footnotes 13.2 Citations 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Early life and education Prince Charles was born at Buckingham Palace in London on 14 November 1948 , at 9 : 14 pm ( GMT ) , the first child of Princess Elizabeth , Duchess of Edinburgh , and Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , and first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth . He was baptised in the palace 's Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Geoffrey Fisher , on 15 December 1948 . Prince Charles with his parents and sister in October 1957 The death of his grandfather and the accession of his mother as Queen Elizabeth II in 1952 made Charles her heir apparent . As the monarch 's eldest son , he automatically took the titles Duke of Cornwall , Duke of Rothesay , Earl of Carrick , Baron of Renfrew , Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland . Charles attended his mother 's coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953 . As was customary for upper - class children at the time , a governess , Catherine Peebles , was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight . Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor , making him the first heir apparent ever to be educated in that manner . Charles attended Hill House School in west London . He did not receive preferential treatment from the school 's founder and then - head , Stuart Townend , who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field . Charles then attended two of his father 's former schools , Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire , England , followed by Gordonstoun in the north - east of Scotland . Though he reportedly characterised the latter school , noted for its especially rigorous curriculum , as `` Colditz in kilts '' , Charles subsequently praised Gordonstoun , stating it had taught him `` a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities . It taught me to accept challenges and take the initiative . '' In a 1975 interview , he said he was `` glad '' he had attended Gordonstoun and that the `` toughness of the place '' was `` much exaggerated '' . He spent two terms in 1966 at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria , Australia , during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor , Michael Collins Persse . In 1973 , Charles described his time at Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his whole education . Upon his return to Gordonstoun , Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy . He left in 1967 , with six GCE O - levels and two A-levels in history and French , at grades B and C respectively . On his early education , Charles later remarked , `` I did n't enjoy school as much as I might have , but that was only because I 'm happier at home than anywhere else . '' Charles broke royal tradition a second time when he proceeded straight to university after his A-levels , rather than joining the British Armed Forces . In October 1967 , he was admitted to Trinity College , Cambridge , where he read anthropology , archaeology , and history . During his second year , Charles attended the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth , studying Welsh history and language for a term . He graduated from Cambridge with a 2 : 2 Bachelor of Arts on 23 June 1970 , the first heir apparent to earn a university degree . On 2 August 1975 , he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from Cambridge , in accordance with the university 's practice . Created Prince of Wales Main article : Investiture of the Prince of Wales Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958 , though his investiture as such was not conducted until 1 July 1969 , when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle . He took his seat in the House of Lords in 1970 and made his maiden speech in June 1974 . Charles also began to take on more public duties , founding The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , and travelling to the United States in 1981 . In the mid-1970s , the prince expressed an interest in serving as Governor - General of Australia ; Commander Michael Parker explained : `` The idea behind the appointment was for him to put a foot on the ladder of monarchy , or being the future King and start learning the trade . '' However , because of a combination of nationalist feeling in Australia and the dismissal of the government by the Governor - General in 1975 , nothing came of the proposal . Charles accepted the decision of the Australian ministers , if not without some regret ; he reportedly stated : `` What are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are told you are not wanted ? '' Charles is the longest serving Prince of Wales , having surpassed the record held by Edward VII on 9 September 2017 . He is the oldest and longest - serving British heir apparent , the longest - serving Duke of Cornwall , and the longest - serving Duke of Rothesay . If he became monarch at present he would be the oldest person to do so ; the record holder is William IV , who was 64 when he became king in 1830 . Military training and career Charles followed family tradition when he served in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy . During his second year at Cambridge , he requested and received Royal Air Force training . On 8 March 1971 , he flew himself to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot . After the passing - out parade that September , he embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a six - week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth . He then served on the guided missile destroyer HMS Norfolk ( 1971 -- 1972 ) and the frigates HMS Minerva ( 1972 -- 1973 ) and HMS Jupiter ( 1974 ) . In 1974 , he qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton , and then joined 845 Naval Air Squadron , operating from HMS Hermes . On 9 February 1976 , he took command of the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington for his last ten months of active service in the navy . He learned to fly on a Chipmunk basic pilot trainer , a BAC Jet Provost jet trainer , and a Beagle Basset multi-engine trainer ; he then regularly flew the Hawker Siddeley Andover , Westland Wessex and BAe 146 aircraft of The Queen 's Flight until he gave up flying after crashing the BAe 146 in the Hebrides in 1994 . Early romances Portrait of the Prince in Buckingham Palace , 1974 , by Allan Warren In his youth , Charles was amorously linked to a number of women . His great - uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him : `` In a case like yours , the man should sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down , but for a wife he should choose a suitable , attractive , and sweet - charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage . '' Charles 's girlfriends included Georgiana Russell , the daughter of the British Ambassador to Spain ; Lady Jane Wellesley , the daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington ; Davina Sheffield ; Lady Sarah Spencer ; and Camilla Shand , who later became his second wife and Duchess of Cornwall . Early in 1974 , Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull , who was Mountbatten 's granddaughter . Charles wrote to Amanda 's mother -- Lady Brabourne , who was also his godmother -- expressing interest in her daughter , to which she replied approvingly , though she suggested that a courtship with the not yet 17 - year - old girl was premature . Four years later , Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany Charles on his 1980 tour of India . Both fathers , however , objected ; Philip feared that Charles would be eclipsed by his famous uncle ( who had served as the last British Viceroy and first Governor - General of India ) , while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a couple . However , in August 1979 , before Charles would depart alone for India , Mountbatten was killed by the IRA . When Charles returned , he proposed to Amanda , but in addition to her grandfather , she had lost her paternal grandmother and youngest brother Nicholas in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the Royal Family . In June 1980 , Charles officially turned down Chevening House , placed at his disposal since 1974 , as his future residence . Chevening , a stately home in Kent , was bequeathed , along with an endowment , to the Crown by the last Earl Stanhope , Amanda 's childless great - uncle , in the hope that Charles would eventually occupy it . In 1977 , a newspaper report mistakenly announced his engagement to Princess Marie - Astrid of Luxembourg . Marriages Marriage to Lady Diana Spencer The Prince and Princess of Wales visit Uluru ( Ayers Rock ) , Australia , March 1983 Main article : Wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Lady Diana Spencer Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977 while he was visiting her home , Althorp . He was the companion of her elder sister , Sarah , and did not consider Diana romantically until mid-1980 . While they were sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend 's barbecue in July , he mentioned Mountbatten 's death , to which Diana replied that Charles had looked forlorn and in need of care during his uncle 's funeral . Soon , according to Charles 's chosen biographer , Jonathan Dimbleby , `` without any apparent surge in feeling , he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride '' , and she accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House . Charles 's cousin , Norton Knatchbull ( Amanda 's eldest brother ) , and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did not seem to be in love with her . Meanwhile , the couple 's continuing courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi . When Prince Philip told him that the media speculation would injure Diana 's reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her soon , and realising that she was a suitable royal bride ( according to Mountbatten 's criteria ) , Charles construed his father 's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay . Prince Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981 ; she accepted and they married in St Paul 's Cathedral on 29 July of that year . Upon his marriage , Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the Duchy of Cornwall from 50 % to 25 % . The couple lived at Kensington Palace and at Highgrove House , near Tetbury , and had two children : Princes William ( b . 1982 ) and Henry ( known as `` Harry '' ) ( b . 1984 ) . Charles set a precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his children 's births . Persistent suggestions that Harry 's father is not Charles but James Hewitt , with whom Diana had an affair , have been based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry . However , Harry had already been born by the time the affair between Hewitt and Diana began . Separation and Divorce Within five years , the marriage was in trouble due to the couple 's incompatibility and near thirteen - year age difference Diana 's concern about Charles 's previous girlfriend , Camilla Shand ( later Camilla Parker Bowles ) , was also visible and damaging to their marriage . Their evident discomfort in each other 's company led to them being dubbed `` The Glums '' by the press . Diana exposed Charles 's affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton , Diana , Her True Story . Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced . In December 1992 , British Prime Minister John Major announced the couple 's formal separation in Parliament . Earlier that year , the British press had published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Camilla from 1989 . Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996 . Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August of the following year ; Charles flew to Paris with Diana 's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain . Marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles Main article : Wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Camilla Parker Bowles The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall in Jamaica , March 2008 The engagement of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10 February 2005 ; he presented her with an engagement ring that had belonged to his grandmother . The Queen 's consent to the marriage ( as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772 ) was recorded in a Privy Council meeting on 2 March . In Canada , the Department of Justice announced its decision that the Queen 's Privy Council for Canada was not required to meet to give its consent to the marriage , as the union would not result in offspring and would have no impact on the succession to the Canadian throne . Charles was the only member of the Royal Family to have a civil rather than a church wedding in England . Government documents from the 1950s and 1960s , published by the BBC , stated that such a marriage was illegal , though these were dismissed by Charles 's spokesman , and explained to be obsolete by the sitting government . The marriage was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle , with a subsequent religious blessing at St George 's Chapel . The venue was subsequently changed to Windsor Guildhall , because a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there . Four days before the wedding , the originally scheduled date of 8 April was postponed until the following day in order to allow Charles and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II . Charles 's parents did not attend the civil marriage ceremony ; the Queen 's reluctance to attend probably arose from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England . The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh did attend the service of blessing and later held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle . The blessing , by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Rowan Williams , at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , was televised . Social interests Philanthropy and charity Since founding The Prince 's Trust in 1976 , Charles has established sixteen more charitable organisations , and now serves as president of all of those . Together , these form a loose alliance called The Prince 's Charities , which describes itself as `` the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom , raising over £ 100 million annually ... ( and is ) active across a broad range of areas including education and young people , environmental sustainability , the built environment , responsible business and enterprise and international . '' In 2010 , The Prince 's Charities Canada was established in a similar fashion to its namesake in the UK . Charles is also patron of over 350 other charities and organisations , and carries out duties related to these throughout the Commonwealth realms ; for example , he uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth , the disabled , the environment , the arts , medicine , the elderly , heritage conservation , and education . In Canada , Charles has supported humanitarian projects . Along with his two sons , he took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination . Charles has also set up The Prince 's Charities Australia , which is based in Melbourne , Victoria . The Prince 's Charities Australia is to provide a coordinating presence for the Prince of Wales 's Australian and international charitable endeavors . Charles was one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the human rights record of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu , initiating objections in the international arena , and subsequently supported the FARA Foundation , a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children . In 2013 , Charles donated an unspecified sum of money to the British Red Cross Syria Crisis appeal and DEC Syria appeal , which is run by 14 British charities to help victims of the Syrian civil war . According to The Guardian , It is believed that after turning 65 years old in 2013 , Charles donated his state pension to an unnamed charity that supports elderly people . In March 2014 , Charles arranged for five million measles - rubella vaccinations for children in the Philippines on the outbreak of measles in South - East Asia . According to Clarence House , Charles was affected by news of the damage caused by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013 . International Health Partners , of which he has been Patron since 2004 , sent the vaccines , which are believed to protect five million children below the age of five from measles . Built environment The Prince of Wales has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning ; he fostered the advancement of New Classical Architecture and asserted that he `` care ( s ) deeply about issues such as the environment , architecture , inner - city renewal , and the quality of life . '' In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBA ) on 30 May 1984 , he memorably described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a `` monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much - loved friend '' and deplored the `` glass stumps and concrete towers '' of modern architecture . He asserted that `` it is possible , and important in human terms , to respect old buildings , street plans and traditional scales and at the same time not to feel guilty about a preference for facades , ornaments and soft materials , '' called for local community involvement in architectural choices , and asked : Why ca n't we have those curves and arches that express feeling in design ? What is wrong with them ? Why has everything got to be vertical , straight , unbending , only at right angles -- and functional ? The Prince of Wales at the newly opened @ Bristol , 14 June 2000 His book and BBC documentary A Vision of Britain ( 1987 ) was also critical of modern architecture , and he has continued to campaign for traditional urbanism , human scale , restoration of historic buildings , and sustainable design , despite criticism in the press . Two of his charities ( The Prince 's Regeneration Trust and The Prince 's Foundation for Building Community ) promote his views , and the village of Poundbury was built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier under the guidance of Prince Charles and in line with his philosophy . Charles helped establish a national trust for the built environment in Canada after lamenting , in 1996 , the unbridled destruction of many of the country 's historic urban cores . He offered his assistance to the Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on Britain 's National Trust , a plan that was implemented with the passage of the 2007 Canadian federal budget . In 1999 , the Prince agreed to the use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership , awarded by the Heritage Canada Foundation to municipal governments that have shown sustained commitment to the conservation of historic places . While visiting the United States and surveying the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina , Charles received the National Building Museum 's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005 , for his efforts in regard to architecture ; he donated $25,000 of the prize money towards restoring storm - damaged communities . From 1997 , the Prince of Wales has visited Romania to view and highlight the destruction of Orthodox monasteries and Transylvanian Saxon villages during the Communist rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu . Charles is patron of the Mihai Eminescu Trust , a Romanian conservation and regeneration organisation , and has purchased a house in Romania . Historian Tom Gallagher wrote in the Romanian newspaper România Liberă in 2006 that Charles had been offered the Romanian throne by monarchists in that country ; an offer that was reportedly turned down , but Buckingham Palace denied the reports . Charles also has `` a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture '' , and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies that combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles . Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as modernism and functionalism . In 2009 , Charles wrote to the Qatari royal family , the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site , labelling Lord Rogers 's design for the site `` unsuitable '' . Subsequently , Rogers was removed from the project and The Prince 's Foundation for the Built Environment was appointed to propose an alternative . Rogers claimed the Prince had also intervened to block his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square , and condemned Charles 's actions as `` an abuse of power '' and `` unconstitutional '' . Lord Foster , Zaha Hadid , Jacques Herzog , Jean Nouvel , Renzo Piano , and Frank Gehry , among others , wrote a letter to The Sunday Times complaining that the Prince 's `` private comments '' and `` behind - the - scenes lobbying '' subverted the `` open and democratic planning process '' . Piers Gough and other architects condemned Charles 's views as `` elitist '' in a letter encouraging colleagues to boycott a speech given by Charles to RIBA in 2009 . In 2010 , The Prince 's Foundation for the Built Environment decided to help reconstruct and redesign buildings in Port - au - Prince , Haiti after the capital was destroyed by the 2010 Haiti earthquake . The foundation is known for refurbishing historic buildings in Kabul , Afghanistan and in Kingston , Jamaica . The project has been called the `` biggest challenge yet '' for the Prince 's Foundation for the Built Environment . For his work as patron of New Classical Architecture , in 2012 he was awarded the Driehaus Architecture Prize for patronage . The prize , awarded by the University of Notre Dame , is considered the highest architecture award for New Classical Architecture and urban planning . Livery Company commitments The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman `` in recognition of his interest in London 's architecture . '' The Prince of Wales is also Permanent Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights , a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Drapers , an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians , an Honorary Member of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths , and a Royal Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Gardeners . Natural environment The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall meeting Federal Emergency Management Agency officials in Louisiana , as they arrive to tour the damage created by Hurricane Katrina , November 2005 Since the early 1980s , Charles has promoted environmental awareness . Upon moving into Highgrove House , he developed an interest in organic farming , which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand , Duchy Originals , which now sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products , from food to garden furniture ; the profits ( over £ 6 million by 2010 ) are donated to The Prince 's Charities . Documenting work on his estate , Charles co-authored ( with Charles Clover , environment editor of The Daily Telegraph ) Highgrove : An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming , published in 1993 , and offers his patronage to Garden Organic . Along similar lines , the Prince of Wales became involved with farming and various industries within it , regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade . Although the 2001 foot - and - mouth epidemic in England prevented Charles from visiting organic farms in Saskatchewan , he met the farmers at Assiniboia town hall . In 2004 , he founded the Mutton Renaissance Campaign , which aims to support British sheep farmers and make mutton more attractive to Britons . His organic farming has attracted media criticism : According to The Independent in October 2006 , `` the story of Duchy Originals has involved compromises and ethical blips , wedded to a determined merchandising programme . '' In 2007 , he received the 10th annual Global Environmental Citizen Award from the Harvard Medical School 's Center for Health and the Global Environment , the director of which , Eric Chivian , stated : `` For decades the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land , and into the air and the oceans '' . Charles 's travels by private jet drew criticism from Plane Stupid 's Joss Garman . In 2007 , Charles launched The Prince 's May Day Network , which encourages businesses to take action on climate change . Speaking to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008 , he called for European Union leadership in the war against climate change . During the standing ovation that followed , Nigel Farage , the leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party ( UKIP ) , remained seated and went on to describe Charles 's advisers as `` naive and foolish at best . '' In a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011 , Charles said that climate change sceptics are playing `` a reckless game of roulette '' with the planet 's future and are having a `` corrosive effect '' on public opinion . He also articulated the need to protect fisheries and the Amazon rain forest , and to make low - carbon emissions affordable and competitive . In 2011 , Charles received the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Medal for his engagement with the environment , such as the conservation of rainforests . On 27 August 2012 , the Prince of Wales addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature -- World Conservation Congress , supporting the view that grazing animals are needed to keep soils and grassland productive : I have been particularly fascinated , for example , by the work of a remarkable man called Allan Savory , in Zimbabwe and other semi arid areas , who has argued for years against the prevailing expert view that is the simple numbers of cattle that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to become desert . On the contrary , as he has since shown so graphically , the land needs the presence of feeding animals and their droppings for the cycle to be complete , so that soils and grassland areas stay productive . Such that , if you take grazers off the land and lock them away in vast feedlots , the land dies . In February 2014 , Charles visited the Somerset levels to meet residents affected by winter flooding . During his visit , Charles remarked that `` There 's nothing like a jolly good disaster to get people to start doing something . The tragedy is that nothing happened for so long . '' He pledged a £ 50,000 donation , provided by the Prince 's Countryside Fund , to help families and businesses . Alternative Medicine The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall with NIH Director Elias Zerhouni and Surgeon - General Richard Carmona , November 2005 Charles has controversially championed alternative medicine . The Prince 's Foundation for Integrated Health attracted opposition from the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to National Health Service patients , and in May 2006 , Charles made a speech at the World Health Assembly in Geneva , urging the integration of conventional and alternative medicine and arguing for homeopathy . In April 2008 , The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst , Professor of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter , which asked the Prince 's Foundation to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine , saying `` the majority of alternative therapies appear to be clinically ineffective , and many are downright dangerous . '' A speaker for the foundation countered the criticism by stating : `` We entirely reject the accusation that our online publication Complementary Healthcare : A Guide contains any misleading or inaccurate claims about the benefits of complementary therapies . On the contrary , it treats people as adults and takes a responsible approach by encouraging people to look at reliable sources of information ... so that they can make informed decisions . The foundation does not promote complementary therapies . '' That year , Ernst published a book with Simon Singh , mockingly dedicated to `` HRH the Prince of Wales '' called Trick or Treatment : Alternative Medicine on Trial . The last chapter is highly critical of Charles 's advocacy of complementary and alternative treatments . The Prince 's Duchy Originals produce a variety of complementary medicinal products including a `` Detox Tincture '' that Edzard Ernst has denounced as `` financially exploiting the vulnerable '' and `` outright quackery '' . In 2009 , the Advertising Standards Authority criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its Echina - Relief , Hyperi - Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying that it was misleading . The Prince personally wrote at least seven letters to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ( MHRA ) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products , a move that has been widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies . In October 2009 , it was reported that Charles had personally lobbied the Health Secretary , Andy Burnham , regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS . In 2016 Charles said in a speech that he used homeopathic veterinary medicines to reduce antibiotic use at his farm . In April 2010 , following accounting irregularities , a former official at the foundation and his wife were arrested for fraud believed to total £ 300,000 . Four days later , the foundation announced its closure , claiming that it `` has achieved its key objective of promoting the use of integrated health . '' The charity 's finance director , accountant George Gray , was convicted of theft totalling £ 253,000 and sentenced to three years in prison . The Prince 's Foundation was re-branded and re-launched later in 2010 as The College of Medicine . Religious and philosophical interests Czech Orthodox priest Jaroslav Šuvarský with the Prince of Wales in 2010 Prince Charles was confirmed at age 16 by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey at Easter 1965 , in St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove , and attends the Church of Scotland 's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle . In 2000 , he was appointed as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland . Charles has visited ( amid some secrecy ) Orthodox monasteries several times on Mount Athos as well as in Romania . Charles is also patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford , and in the 2000s , he inaugurated of the Markfield Institute of Higher Education , which is dedicated to Islamic studies in a plural multicultural context . Sir Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977 ; he was dubbed his `` spiritual guru '' and was godfather to Charles 's son , Prince William . From Van der Post , Prince Charles developed a focus on philosophy , especially that of Asian and Middle Eastern nations . He has praised Kabbalistic artworks , and wrote a memorial for Kathleen Raine , the Neoplatonist poet who died in 2003 . Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book , Harmony : A New Way of Looking at Our World , which won a Nautilus Book Award . Although it had been rumoured that Charles would vow to be `` Defender of the Faiths '' or `` Defender of Faith '' as king , he stated in 2015 that he will retain the monarch 's traditional title of `` Defender of the Faith '' , whilst `` ensuring that other people 's faiths can also be practised '' , which he sees as a duty of the Church of England . Official duties In 2008 , The Daily Telegraph declared Charles the `` hardest - working member of the royal family . '' He carried out 560 official engagements in 2008 , 499 in 2010 , and over 600 in 2011 . As Prince of Wales , Charles undertakes official duties on behalf of the Queen and the Commonwealth realms . He officiates at investitures and attends the funerals of foreign dignitaries . At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005 , Charles unintentionally caused controversy when he shook hands with Robert Mugabe , the President of Zimbabwe , who had been seated next to him . Charles 's office subsequently released a statement saying : `` The Prince of Wales was caught by surprise and not in a position to avoid shaking Mr Mugabe 's hand . The Prince finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent . He has supported the Zimbabwe Defence and Aid Fund , which works with those being oppressed by the regime . The Prince also recently met Pius Ncube , the Archbishop of Bulawayo , an outspoken critic of the government . '' Official opening of the Fourth Assembly at the Senedd in Cardiff , Wales . From left to right : Carwyn Jones , the Prince of Wales , the Duchess of Cornwall , the Queen and Rosemary Butler , 7 June 2011 Prince Charles makes regular tours of Wales , fulfilling a week of engagements each summer , and attending important national occasions , such as opening the Senedd . The six trustees of the Royal Collection Trust meet three times a year under his chairmanship . Prince Charles travels abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom . Charles has been regarded as an effective advocate of the country . On his visit to the Republic of Ireland in 1995 , he delivered a personally researched and written speech on Anglo - Irish affairs that was warmly received by Irish politicians and the media ; this is cited as an example . In 2000 , Charles revived the tradition of the Prince of Wales having an official harpist , in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the harp , the national instrument of Wales . He and the Duchess of Cornwall also spend one week each year in Scotland , where he is patron of several Scottish organisations . His service to the Canadian Armed Forces permits him to be informed of troop activities , and allows him to visit these troops while in Canada or overseas , taking part in ceremonial occasions . For instance , in 2001 he placed a specially commissioned wreath , made from vegetation taken from French battlefields , at the Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier , and in 1981 he became the patron of the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum . In 2010 , Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi , India . He attends official events in the United Kingdom in support of Commonwealth countries , such as the Christchurch earthquake memorial service at Westminster Abbey in 2011 . From 15 to 17 November 2013 , he represented the Queen for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting , in Colombo , Sri Lanka . Letters sent by Prince Charles to government ministers during 2004 and 2005 -- the so - called black spider memos -- have presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 . In March 2015 , the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that the Prince 's letters must be released . The letters were published by the Cabinet Office on 13 May 2015 . The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015 . The trip was called an important step in `` promoting peace and reconciliation '' by the British Embassy . During the trip , Charles shook hands with Sinn Féin and supposed IRA leader Gerry Adams in Galway , which was described by the media as a `` historic handshake '' and a `` significant moment for Anglo - Irish relations '' . In the run up to the Prince 's visit , two Irish republican dissidents were arrested for planning a bomb attack . Semtex and rockets were found at the Dublin home of suspect Donal O'Coisdealbha , member of a self - styled Óglaigh na hÉireann organisation , who was later jailed for five and a half years . He was connected to a veteran republican , Seamus McGrane of County Louth , a member of the Real IRA , who was jailed for 11 and a half years . In 2015 , it was revealed that Prince Charles had access to confidential UK cabinet papers . Charles has made frequent visits to Saudi Arabia in order to promote arms exports for companies such as BAE Systems . In 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 , he met with the commander of Saudi Arabia 's National Guard Mutaib bin Abdullah . In February 2014 , he took part in a traditional sword dance with members of the Saudi royal family at the Janariyah festival in Riyadh . At the same festival , British arms company BAE Systems was honoured by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz . Charles was criticised by Scottish MP Margaret Ferrier in 2016 over his role in the sale of Typhoon fighter jets to Saudi Arabia . According to Charles 's biographer Catherine Mayer , a Time magazine journalist who claims to have interviewed several sources from Prince Charles 's inner circle , he `` does n't like being used to market weaponry '' in deals with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states . According to Mayer , Charles has only raised his objections to being used to sell weapons abroad in private . Hobbies and personal interests Sports The Prince of Wales and Prince William after a polo match at Ham Polo Club , London From his youth until 1992 , Prince Charles was an avid player of competitive polo . He continued to play informally , including for charity , until 2005 . Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the United Kingdom in 2005 . By the late 1990s , opposition to the activity was growing when Charles 's participation was viewed as a `` political statement '' by those who were opposed to it . The League Against Cruel Sports launched an attack against Charles after he took his sons on the Beaufort Hunt in 1999 . At that time , the government was trying to ban hunting with hounds . Charles has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supports Orri Vigfússon 's efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon . He frequently fishes the River Dee in Aberdeenshire , Scotland , while he claims his most special angling memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður , Iceland . Charles is a supporter of Burnley Football Club . Visual , performing and Contemporary arts Prince Charles is president or patron of more than twenty performing arts organisations , which include the Royal College of Music , the Royal Opera , the English Chamber Orchestra , the Philharmonia Orchestra , Welsh National Opera , and the Purcell School . In 2000 , he revived the tradition of appointing harpists to the Royal Court , by appointing an Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales . As an undergraduate at Cambridge he played cello , and has sung with the Bach Choir twice . Charles founded The Prince 's Foundation for Children and The Arts in 2002 , to help more children experience the arts first - hand . He is president of the Royal Shakespeare Company and attends performances in Stratford - Upon - Avon , supports fundraising events and attends the company 's annual general meeting . He enjoys comedy , and is interested in illusionism , becoming a member of The Magic Circle after passing his audition in 1975 by performing the `` cups and balls '' effect . Charles is a keen and accomplished watercolourist who has exhibited and sold a number of his works and also published books on the subject . In 2001 , 20 lithographs of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art . Charles was awarded the 2011 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts , particularly in regard to young people . On 23 April 2016 , Charles appeared in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company 's Shakespeare Live ! at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre , to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare 's death in 1616 . The event was televised live by the BBC . Charles made a surprise entrance to settle the disputed delivery of Hamlet 's celebrated line , `` To be or not to be , that is the question '' . Publications Main article : Charles , Prince of Wales , bibliography Prince Charles is an author of several books that reflect his own interests . He has also contributed a foreword or preface to books by other writers and has also written , presented and has been featured in documentary films . Media image Since his birth , Prince Charles has undergone close media attention , which increased as he matured . It has been an ambivalent relationship , largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and its aftermath , but also centred on his future conduct as king , such as the 2014 play King Charles III . Impact of marriage to Diana The Prince and Princess of Wales with Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan in November 1985 Described as the `` world 's most eligible bachelor '' in the late 1970s , Prince Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana . After her death , the media regularly breached Charles 's privacy and printed exposés . In 2006 , the prince filed a court case against the Mail on Sunday , after excerpts of his personal journals were published , revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997 , in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as `` appalling old waxworks '' . Mark Bolland , his ex-private secretary , declared in a statement to the High Court that Charles `` would readily embrace the political aspects of any contentious issue he was interested in ... He carried it out in a very considered , thoughtful and researched way . He often referred to himself as a ' dissident ' working against the prevailing political consensus . '' Jonathan Dimbleby reported that the prince `` has accumulated a number of certainties about the state of the world and does not relish contradiction . '' Other people who were formerly connected with the prince have betrayed his confidence . An ex-member of his household handed the press an internal memo in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity , and which was widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative atmosphere in society . Charles responded : `` In my view , it is just as great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a lawyer or a doctor '' . Reaction to press Treatment Charles 's anguish was recorded in his private comments to Prince William , caught on a microphone during a press photo - call in 2005 and published in the national press . After a question from the BBC 's royal correspondent , Nicholas Witchell , Charles muttered : `` These bloody people . I ca n't bear that man . I mean , he 's so awful , he really is . '' Charles 's ninth visit to New Zealand in 2015 In 2002 , Charles , `` so often a target of the press , got his chance to return fire '' when addressing `` scores of editors , publishers and other media executives '' gathered at St Bride 's Fleet Street to celebrate 300 years of journalism . Defending public servants from `` the corrosive drip of constant criticism '' , he noted that the press had been `` awkward , cantankerous , cynical , bloody - minded , at times intrusive , at times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions . '' But , he concluded , regarding his own relations with the press , `` from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other , exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each . '' Guest appearances on television The Prince of Wales has occasionally appeared on television . In 1984 , he read his children 's book The Old Man of Lochnagar for the BBC 's Jackanory series . The UK soap opera Coronation Street featured an appearance by Charles during the show 's 40th anniversary in 2000 , as did the New Zealand young adult cartoon series bro'Town ( 2005 ) , after he attended a performance by the show 's creators during a tour of the country . Charles was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by Ant & Dec to mark the 30th anniversary of The Prince 's Trust in 2006 and in 2016 was interviewed by them again along with his sons and the Duchess of Cornwall to mark the 40th anniversary . His saving of the Scottish stately home Dumfries House was the subject of Alan Titchmarsh 's documentary Royal Restoration , which aired on TV in May 2012 . Also in May 2012 , Charles tried his hand at being a weather presenter for the BBC , reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of their annual week at Holyrood Palace alongside Christopher Blanchett . He injected humour in his report , asking , `` Who the hell wrote this script ? '' as references were made to royal residences . In December 2015 Channel 4 News revealed that interviews with Charles were subject to a contract that restricts questions to those previously approved , and gives his staff oversight of editing and the right to `` remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme '' . Channel 4 News decided not to proceed with an interview on this basis , which some journalists believed would put them at risk of breaching the Ofcom Broadcasting Code on editorial independence and transparency . Residences and finance Clarence House , the official residence of the Prince of Wales Clarence House in London is Charles 's official residence . Previously , he had an apartment at St James 's Palace . Charles also has two private homes : Highgrove House in Gloucestershire and Birkhall near Balmoral Castle . Both Clarence House and Birkhall were previously the residences of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother . His primary source of income is generated from the Duchy of Cornwall , which owns 133,658 acres of land ( around 54,090 hectares ) , including farming , residential , and commercial properties , as well as an investment portfolio . Highgrove is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall , having been purchased for his use in 1980 , and which Prince Charles rents for £ 336,000 per annum . The Public Accounts Committee published its 25th report into the Duchy of Cornwall accounts in November 2013 noting that the duchy performed well in 2012 -- 13 , increasing its total income and producing an overall surplus of £ 19.1 million . In 2007 the prince purchased a 192 - acre property ( 150 acres of grazing and parkland , and 40 acres of woodland ) in Carmarthenshire , and applied for permission to convert the farm into a Welsh home for him and the Duchess of Cornwall , to be rented out as holiday flats when the couple is not in residence . A neighbouring family said the proposals flouted local planning regulations , and the application was put on hold temporarily while a report was drafted on how the alterations would affect the local bat population . Charles and Camilla first stayed at the new property , called Llwynywermod , in June 2008 . In 2016 it was reported that his estates receive £ 100,000 a year in European Union agricultural subsidies . Starting in 1993 , the Prince of Wales has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation , updated 2013 . In December 2012 , Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs were asked to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall . The Duchy of Cornwall is named in the Paradise Papers , a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung . The papers show that the Duchy invested in a Bermuda - based carbon credits trading company run by one of Charles 's Cambridge contemporaries . The investment was kept secret but there is no suggestion that Charles or the estate avoided UK tax . Titles , styles , honours and arms Main article : List of titles and honours of Charles , Prince of Wales See also : List of awards received by Charles , Prince of Wales The Prince of Wales 's feathers heraldic badge Titles and styles The Prince 's full title is : His Royal Highness Prince Charles Philip Arthur George , Prince of Wales , KG , KT , GCB , OM , AK , QSO , PC , ADC , Earl of Chester , Duke of Cornwall , Duke of Rothesay , Earl of Carrick , Baron of Renfrew , Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland . Charles has held titles throughout his life : the grandson of the monarch , the son of the monarch and in his own right . He has been a British prince since birth and was created Prince of Wales in 1958 . There has been speculation as to what regnal name the prince will choose upon his succession to the throne . If he uses his first name , he will be known as Charles III . However , it was reported in 2005 that Charles has suggested he may choose to reign as George VII in honour of his maternal grandfather , and to avoid association with the Stuart kings Charles I ( who was beheaded ) and Charles II ( who was known for his promiscuous lifestyle ) , as well as to be sensitive to the memory of Bonnie Prince Charlie , who was called `` Charles III '' by his supporters . Charles 's office responded that `` no decision has been made '' . Honours and military appointments Charles has held substantive ranks in the armed forces of a number of countries since he was made a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force in 1972 . Charles 's first honorary appointment in the armed forces was as Colonel - in - Chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales in 1969 ; since then , the prince has also been installed as Colonel - in - Chief , Colonel , Honorary Air Commodore , Air Commodore - in - Chief , Deputy Colonel - in - Chief , Royal Honorary Colonel , Royal Colonel , and Honorary Commodore of at least 32 military formations throughout the Commonwealth , including the Royal Gurkha Rifles , which is the only foreign regiment in the British army . Since 2009 , Charles holds the second - highest ranks in all three branches of the Canadian Forces and , on 16 June 2012 , the Queen awarded the Prince of Wales honorary five - star rank in all three branches of the British Armed Forces , `` to acknowledge his support in her role as Commander - in - Chief '' , installing him as Admiral of the Fleet , Field Marshal and Marshal of the Royal Air Force . He has been inducted into seven orders and received eight decorations from the Commonwealth realms , and has been the recipient of 20 different honours from foreign states , as well as nine honorary degrees from universities in the United Kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand . Arms `` The template below ( Infobox coat of arms wide ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Coat of arms of Charles , Prince of Wales This box : view talk edit Notes The Prince 's coat of arms , as used outside Scotland , is the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom with the addition a three - pointed label and an inescutcheon bearing the arms of Wales . For the arms of the Duke of Rothesay in Scotland , see royal coat of arms of Scotland . Crest Upon the royal helm the coronet of the Prince of Wales , thereon a lion statant guardant Or crowned with the coronet of the Prince of Wales Escutcheon Quarterly 1st and 4th Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langed Azure 2nd Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counterflory 3rd Azure a harp Or stringed Argent overall an inescutcheon of the Royal Badge of Wales . Supporters Dexter a lion rampant guardant Or imperially crowned proper , sinister a unicorn Argent , armed , crined and unguled Or , gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lys a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or Motto ICH DIEN ( German for I serve ) Orders Garter ribbon . Honi soit qui mal y pense ( French for Shame be to him who thinks evil of it ) Other elements The whole differenced by a plain label of three points Argent , as the eldest child of the sovereign Symbolism As with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom . The first and fourth quarters are the arms of England , the second of Scotland , the third of Ireland . Banners , Flags , and Standards The banners used by the prince vary depending upon location . His Personal Standard is the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms with a label of three points Argent , and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre . It is used outside Wales , Scotland , Cornwall , and Canada , and throughout the entire United Kingdom when the prince is acting in an official capacity associated with the UK Armed Forces . The personal flag for use in Wales is based upon the Royal Badge of Wales ( the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd ) , which consist of four quadrants , the first and fourth with a red lion on a gold field , and the second and third with a gold lion on a red field . Superimposed is an escutcheon Vert bearing the single - arched coronet of the Prince of Wales . In Scotland the personal banner used since 1974 is based upon three ancient Scottish titles : Duke of Rothesay ( heir apparent to the King of Scots ) , High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles . The flag is divided into four quadrants like the arms of the Chief of Clan Stewart of Appin ; the first and fourth quadrants comprise a gold field with a blue and silver checkered band in the centre ; the second and third quadrants display a black galley on a silver field . The arms are differenced from those of Appin by the addition of an inescutcheon bearing the tressured lion rampant of Scotland ; defaced by a plain label of three points Azure to indicate the heir apparent . In Cornwall , the banner is the arms of the Duke of Cornwall : `` Sable fifteen bezants Or '' , that is , a black field bearing fifteen gold coins . In 2011 , the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic banner for the Prince of Wales for use in Canada , consisting of the shield of the Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the Prince of Wales 's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves , and a white label of three points . Banner of arms Standard for Wales Standard for Scotland Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall Flag of the Prince of Wales for personal use in Canada Ancestry `` The template below ( Ahnentafel top ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' ( show ) Ancestors of Charles , Prince of Wales `` The template below ( Ahnentafel - compact4 ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' <Td_colspan="4"> 8 . George I of Greece <Td_colspan="4"> 4 . Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="4"> 9 . Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia <Td_colspan="4"> 2 . Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> 10 . Prince Louis of Battenberg <Td_colspan="4"> 5 . Princess Alice of Battenberg <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="4"> 11 . Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine <Td_colspan="4"> 1 . Charles , Prince of Wales <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="4"> 12 . George V of the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="4"> 6 . George VI of the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="4"> 13 . Princess Mary of Teck <Td_colspan="4"> 3 . Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> 14 . Claude Bowes - Lyon , 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne <Td_colspan="4"> 7 . Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="4"> 15 . Cecilia Cavendish - Bentinck `` The template below ( Ahnentafel bottom ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Notes Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Charles does not usually use a family name but when one is needed , it is Mountbatten - Windsor . ^ Jump up to : In addition to his active service listed here , Charles holds ranks and honorary appointments in the armed forces of Australia , Canada , New Zealand and Papua New Guinea as well as the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ Prince Charles 's godparents were : the King ( his maternal grandfather ) ; the King of Norway ( his cousin , for whom the Earl of Athlone stood proxy ) ; Queen Mary ( his maternal great - grandmother ) ; Princess Margaret ( his maternal aunt ) ; Prince George of Greece and Denmark ( his paternal great - uncle , for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy ) ; the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven ( his paternal great - grandmother ) ; the Lady Brabourne ( his cousin ) ; and the Hon David Bowes - Lyon ( his maternal great - uncle ) . Jump up ^ As the child of a daughter of the sovereign , Charles would not usually have been accorded the titles of a British prince or the style Royal Highness . However , on 22 October 1948 , George VI had issued letters patent granting a royal and princely status to any children of Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh , making Charles a royal prince from birth . Citations Jump up ^ `` The Royal Family name '' . Official website of the British monarchy . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles becomes longest - serving heir apparent '' . BBC News . 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rourke , Matt ( 28 January 2007 ) . `` Prince Charles to receive environmental award in NYC '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Alderson , Andrew ( 14 March 2009 ) . `` Prince Charles given ' friend of the forest ' award '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lange , Stefan ( 29 April 2009 ) . `` Prince Charles collects award in Germany '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award Winner -- HRH The Prince of Wales '' . greenawards.com . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Weissmann , Gerald ( September 2006 ) . `` Homeopathy : Holmes , Hogwarts , and the Prince of Wales '' . The FASEB Journal . 20 ( 11 ) : 1755 -- 1758 . doi : 10.1096 / fj. 06 - 0901ufm . PMID 16940145 . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Brady , Brian ( 21 July 2013 ) . `` He 's at it again : Prince Charles accused of lobbying Health Secretary over homeopathy '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No. 38455 '' . The London Gazette. 15 November 1948 . p. 6003 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ `` Yvonne 's Royalty Home Page -- Royal Christenings '' . Users.uniserve.com . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : `` Growing Up Royal '' . Time . 25 April 1988 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2005 . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant - Colonel H. Stuart Townend '' . The Times . London . 30 October 2002 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : `` HRH The Prince of Wales '' . Debrett 's . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colditz in kilts ? Charles loved it , says old school as Gordonstoun hits back at The Crown '' . The Telegraph . 10 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Prince of Wales -- Education '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The New Boy at Timbertop '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 33 , ( 37 ) . Australia , Australia . 9 February 1966 . p. 7 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Timbertop - Prince Charles Australia '' ( Video with audio , 1 min 28 secs ) . British Pathé. 1966 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Prince had happy time at Timbertop '' . The Canberra Times . 47 , ( 13,346 ) . Australian Capital Territory , Australia . 31 January 1973 . p. 11 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ `` No. 41460 '' . 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Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Prince of Wales will be oldest monarch crowned '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , pp. 169 -- 170 . ^ Jump up to : Brandreth 2007 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ `` Military Career of the Prince of Wales '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=187927 Jump up ^ Steve Boggan ( 19 July 1995 ) . `` Prince gives up flying royal aircraft after Hebrides crash '' . The Independent . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Junor 2005 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , pp. 15 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Dimbleby 1994 , pp. 204 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Dimbleby 1994 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : Dimbleby 1994 , pp. 263 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Dimbleby 1994 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Dimbleby 1994 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Dimbleby 1994 , pp. 280 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Dimbleby 1994 , pp. 281 -- 283 . Jump up ^ `` Royally Minted : What we give them and how they spend it '' . New Statesman . UK . 13 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hewitt denies Prince Harry link '' . BBC News . 21 September 2002 . Jump up ^ Holder , Margaret ( 24 August 2011 ) . `` Who Does Prince Harry Look Like ? James Hewitt Myth Debunked '' . The Morton Report . Jump up ^ Brown , Tina ( 2007 ) . The Diana Chronicles . p. 720 . Jump up ^ Smith 2000 , p. 561 . ^ Jump up to : Quest , Richard ( 3 June 2002 ) . `` Royals , part 3 : Troubled Times '' , CNN . Retrieved 17 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Camillagate Tapes '' , 18 December 1989 , phone transcript , Phone Phreaking Jump up ^ `` Royals caught out by interceptions '' . BBC News . 29 November 2006 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divorce ' : Queen to Charles and Diana '' . BBC News . 20 December 1995 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Craig R. ( 31 August 1997 ) . `` Prince Charles Arrives in Paris to Take Diana 's Body Home '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Wickell , Carly . `` Camilla 's Engagement Ring '' . About.com . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Order in Council , 2 March 2005 '' . Privy-council.org.uk . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Valpy , Michael ( 2 November 2005 ) . `` Scholars scurry to find implications of royal wedding '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved 4 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Possible bar to wedding uncovered '' . BBC News . 14 February 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Panorama Lawful impediment ? '' . BBC News . 14 February 2005 . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ The Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs and Lord Chancellor ( Lord Falconer of Thoroton ) ( 24 February 2005 ) . `` Royal Marriage ; Lords Hansard Written Statements 24 Feb 2005 : Column WS87 ( 50224 - 51 ) '' . Publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Excerpt : `` The Government are satisfied that it is lawful for the Prince of Wales and Mrs Parker Bowles , like anyone else , to marry by a civil ceremony in accordance with Part III of the Marriage Act 1949 . ¶ Civil marriages were introduced in England , by the Marriage Act 1836 . Section 45 said that the Act ... shall not extend to the marriage of any of the Royal Family '' . ¶ But the provisions on civil marriage in the 1836 Act were repealed by the Marriage Act 1949 . All remaining parts of the 1836 Act , including Section 45 , were repealed by the Registration Service Act 1953 . No part of the 1836 Act , therefore , remains on the statute book . '' Jump up ^ `` Pope funeral delays royal wedding '' . BBC News . 4 April 2005 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Queen 's wedding decision '' . BBC News . 23 February 2005 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charles And Camilla Finally Wed , After 30 Years Of Waiting , Prince Charles Weds His True Love '' . CBS News . 9 April 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Mark ( 9 April 2005 ) . `` Charles and Camilla wed '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Prince 's Charities '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Mackreal , Kim ( 18 May 2012 ) , `` Prince Charles rallies top level support for his Canadian causes '' , The Globe and Mail , retrieved 22 May 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Patronages '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Visit 2001 '' . Canadianheritage.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 22 September 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . The Prince 's Charities Australia . Archived from the original on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Dimbleby 1994 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ `` FARA Charity '' . FARA Enterprises . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles makes ' generous ' Syria donation '' . thecommentator.com. 27 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles makes ' generous ' Syria donation '' . www.turknewsline.com/. 28 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Addley , Esther ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` Prince Charles to claim state pension -- and donate it to charity '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales organises Measles - Rubella vaccination donation to the Phillippin '' . Prince of Wales . 26 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Foster , Max ( 26 March 2014 ) . `` Prince Charles arranges mass vaccination for Typhoon Haiyan victi '' . CNN . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charles , Prince of Wales '' . Planetizen. 13 September 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles ' 60th '' . 10 interesting facts about Prince Charles . Planned Seniorhood . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Text of the Prince of Wales 's speech at the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBA ) Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Royal Gala Evening at Hampton Court Palace , 30 May 1984 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales Accepts Vincent Scully Prize '' . artdaily.com . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Finance ( 19 March 2007 ) , The Budget Plan 2007 : Aspire to a Stronger , Safer , Better Canada ( PDF ) , Queen 's Printer for Canada , p. 99 , retrieved 1 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` Heritage Services '' . Heritage Canada Foundation . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Hales , Linda ( 26 October 2005 ) . `` Prince Charles to Accept Scully Prize at Building Museum '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales Accepts Vincent Scully Prize '' . artdaily.com . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prinţul Charles , fermier de Fălticeni , '' Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , ( Prince Charles , farm owner in Fălticeni ) Evenimentul Zilei , 13 May 2003 Jump up ^ `` Prince opposes Dracula park '' . BBC News . 6 May 2002 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Wales inspects IHBC work in Transylvania '' . Institute of Historic Building Conservation . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Mihai Eminescu Trust '' . Mihaieminescutrust.org . Archived from the original on 24 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cum merg afacerile printului Charles in Romania '' ( in Romanian ) . Hotnews.ro . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` EXPLOZIV : Charles de România '' ( in Romanian ) . Ziua de Cluj. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Romania : Hurray for King Charles ! Palace : Vlad off , he 's ours ! '' . The Herald ( Glasgow ) . 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` HRH visits the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies new building '' . The Prince of Wales . 9 February 2005 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2007 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Architects urge boycott of Prince Charles speech '' . MSNBC. 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles Faces Opponents , Slams Modern Architecture '' . Bloomberg L.P. 12 May 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Architects to hear Prince appeal '' . BBC News . 12 May 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , Robert ( 15 June 2009 ) . `` Prince Charles 's meddling in planning ' unconstitutional ' , says Richard Rogers '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The prince and process '' . The Sunday Times . UK . 19 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Fletcher , Pascal ( 2 October 2010 ) . `` Haiti taps Prince Charles charity for city makeover '' . Reuters . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 10 October 2010 ) . `` Prince Charles drafted in to help rebuild quake damaged Port - au - Prince '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Dame , Marketing Communications : Web / / University of Notre . `` Prince Charles honored for his architectural patronage '' . Notre Dame News . Jump up ^ Carpenters ' Company website Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Shipwrights ' Company website , Drapers ' Company website , Gardeners ' Company website Archived 10 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , and Carpenters ' Company website Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... All Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Leslie East , `` Tradition and Innovation , '' in `` Preserve Harmony , '' Issue 35 , Autumn 2007 Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Journal of the Musicians ' Company . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . `` HRH The Prince of Wales and HRH The Duchess of Cornwall Visit Goldsmiths ' Hall , '' Goldsmiths ' Hall website , 24 February 2011 . Accessed 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles Warns of ' Sixth Extinction Event , ' Asks People to Cut Down on Consumption '' . International Business Times . 9 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Story '' . Duchyoriginals.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Sarah ( 12 November 2013 ) . `` Why Prince Charles 's Duchy Originals takes the biscuit '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles charms Assiniboia '' . CBC. 27 April 2001 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prince helps ' suicidal ' farmers '' . CNN . 15 March 2001 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is The Mutton Renaissance ? '' . Mutton Renaissance Campaign . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oatcakes at dawn : The truth about Duchy Originals '' . The Independent . London . 7 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales -- The Prince of Wales is presented with the 10th Global Environmental Citizen Award in New York '' . Prince of Wales . 28 January 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Milmo , Cahal ( 27 January 2007 ) . `` Prince Charles jets in to US to collect environment award '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles accused of ' green hypocrisy ' '' . CBC. 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Farage continued : `` How can somebody like Prince Charles be allowed to come to the European Parliament at this time to announce he thinks it should have more powers ? It would have been better for the country he wants to rule one day if he had stayed home and tried to persuade Gordon Brown to give the people the promised referendum ( on the Treaty of Lisbon ) . '' `` UKIP anger at prince 's EU speech '' . BBC News . 14 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UK 's Prince Charles blasts climate - change skeptics '' . Apnews.myway.com. 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales Receives Medal '' . KFW. 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles sends a message to IUCN 's World Conservation Congress '' . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Archived from the original on 15 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles donates £ 50,000 to support flooded Somerset residents '' . The Independent . 4 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` Prince Charles says speaking his mind is ' in my blood ' as he returns to Somerset Levels '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles gives £ 50,000 to Somerset flood victims '' . channel4.com. 4 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Feder , Barnaby J. ( 9 January 1985 ) . `` More Britons Trying Holistic Medicine '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Carr - Brown , Jonathon ( 14 August 2005 ) . `` Prince Charles ' alternative GP campaign stirs anger '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Revill , Jo ( 27 June 2004 ) . `` Now Charles backs coffee cure for cancer '' . The Observer . UK . Retrieved 19 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Alan ( 24 May 2006 ) . `` Lying in wait for Prince Charles '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Mark ( 17 April 2008 ) . `` Prince of Wales 's guide to alternative medicine ' inaccurate ' '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Singh , Simon ; Ernst , Edzard ( 2008 ) . Trick or Treatment : Alternative Medicine on Trial . Corgi . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( 31 October 2009 ) . `` Prince Charles lobbies Andy Burnham on complementary medicine for NHS '' . The Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Colquhoun , David ( 12 March 2007 ) . `` HRH `` meddling in politics '' `` . DC 's Improbable Science . Jump up ^ Nigel Hawkes ; Mark Henderson ( 1 September 2006 ) . `` Doctors attack natural remedy claims '' . The Times . UK . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles : I use homeopathy in animals to cut antibiotic use '' . The Guardian . 12 May 2016 . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 26 April 2010 ) . `` Prince Charles 's aide at homeopathy charity arrested on suspicion of fraud '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ FIH ( 30 April 2010 ) . `` Statement from the Prince 's Foundation for Integrated Health '' . Archived from the original on 2 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sample , Ian ( 2 August 2010 ) . `` College of Medicine born from ashes of Prince Charles 's holistic health charity '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Colquhoun , David ( 29 October 2010 ) . `` Do n't be deceived . The new `` College of Medicine '' is a fraud and delusion `` . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Nigel ( 29 October 2010 ) . `` Prince 's foundation metamorphoses into new College of Medicine '' . BMJ. 341 ( 1 ) : 6126 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. c6126 . ISSN 0959 - 8138 . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Holden 1979 , pp. 141 -- 142 . Jump up ^ `` Prince and Camilla attend church '' . BBC News . 13 February 2005 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Helena Smith ( 12 May 2004 ) . `` Has Prince Charles found his true spiritual home on a Greek rock ? '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About OCIS '' . Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies . Archived from the original on 28 October 2007 . Jump up ^ MarkfieldInstitute ( 29 January 2009 ) , Introduction to MIHE , retrieved 29 April 2017 Jump up ^ Garner , Clare ( 17 December 1996 ) . `` Prince 's guru dies aged 90 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sacred Web Conference : An introduction from His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales '' . sacredweb.com . Retrieved 13 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Lighting a Candle : Kathleen Raine and Temenos , Temenos Academy Papers , no . 25 , pub . Temenos Academy , 2008 , pp. 1 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` Review : In Harmony with a Philosopher King '' . philosophyinwessex.org. 4 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's time for harmony between science and spirituality '' . positivenews.org.uk. 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Books of the Year -- Harmony and Farundell '' . 6 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Nautilus Awards Gold Winners '' . Nautilus Book Awards . Archived from the original on 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charles vows to keep `` Defender of the Faith '' title as King `` ... secularism.org.uk . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Swaine , Jon ( 31 December 2008 ) . `` Prince Charles ' becomes hardest - working Royal ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles is hardest working royal '' . Female First . 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandreth 2007 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Charles shakes hands with Mugabe at Pope 's funeral '' . The Times . London . 8 April 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Opening of the Senedd '' . assemblywales.org . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Administration of Royal Collection trust '' . royalcollection.org . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TRH continue their annual tour of Wales '' . Prince of Wales website . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles recalls military service at CFB Gagetown as royal tour kicks off '' . National Post . 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Bates , Stephen ( 26 April 2001 ) . `` Cautious Canada underwhelmed by Charles 's visit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patron of Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum '' . warplane.com . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales opens the Commonwealth Games '' . Prince of Wales . 3 October 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press & Communications '' . Westminster Abbey News . 21 March 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles at London service for NZ quake victims '' . BBC News . 27 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tears flow at quake memorial service in London '' . Stuff.co.nz. 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Queen to miss Colombo CHOGM '' . The Hindu . 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting for first time since 1973 '' . The Guardian . 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans , Rob ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Supreme court clears way for release of secret Prince Charles letters '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet Office '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Vinter , Robyn ( 14 May 2015 ) . `` What are the Black Spider Memos ? Read Prince Charles 's letters in full '' . londonlovesbusiness.com . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles 's black spider memos in 60 seconds '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles Shakes the Hand of Irish Republican Leader Gerry Adams '' . Time . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Henry ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Prince Charles and Gerry Adams share historic handshake '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Historic handshake between Prince Charles and Gerry Adams '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Adam , Karla ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Prince Charles , in Ireland , meets with Sinn Fein party leader Gerry Adams '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/man-jailed-over-explosives-find-before-prince-charles-s-visit-1.2895019 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41977719 Jump up ^ https://www.rte.ie/news/courts/2017/1207/925663-mcgrane-sentence-directing-terrorism/ Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` Revealed : Prince Charles has received confidential cabinet papers for decades '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Miteb bin Abdullah Receives Britain 's Heir Apparent The official Saudi Press Agency '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Court Circular '' . royal.uk . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles meets members of the Saudi royal family '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Davies , Caroline ( 19 February 2014 ) . `` Prince Charles performs sword dance in Saudi Arabia '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crown Prince Honours BAE Systems Saudi Arabia '' . Jump up ^ `` MP criticises Prince Charles ' role in BAE Systems ' sale of fighter jets to Saudi Arabia '' . The National . 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles does not want to be used to sell arms in the Middle East '' . The Independent . 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles stops playing polo '' . BBC News . 17 November 2005 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles takes sons hunting '' . BBC News . 30 October 1999 . Retrieved 19 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Watson ( 22 September 2002 ) . `` Prince : I 'll leave Britain over fox hunt ban '' . Scotland on Sunday . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ A Celebration of Salmon Rivers : The World 's Finest Atlantic Salmon Rivers . Edited by John B. Ashton & Adrian Latimer . Stackpole Books , 2007 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Prince of Wales supports Burnley football club '' . The Daily Telegraph . 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Performing Arts '' . Prince of Wales official website . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A star - studded comedy gala to celebrate The Prince of Wales 's 60th birthday is announced '' . The Prince of Wales . 30 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Douglas - Fairhurst , Robert ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` What the Magic Circle Pulled Out of the Hat '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles wins art award '' . BBC News . 12 December 2001 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles honoured for arts work '' . WalesOnline. 23 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Perlman , `` To Be Or Not To Be : Prince Charles Takes to the Stage '' , Newsweek , 25 April 2016 . Accessed 27 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` HRH the Prince of Wales : A Vision of Britain '' . BFI . Jump up ^ `` Harmony Movie Website '' . The Harmony Movie . Jump up ^ The Prince and the Composer , BBC Four . Retrieved 1 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` Modern TV : The Princes Welsh Village '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Mike . `` King Charles III '' . www.almeida.co.uk . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Man who will be King '' . The Milwaukee Journal . Google news . 1 October 1979 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charles ' adopted dissident role ' '' . BBC News . 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dimbleby , Jonathan ( 16 November 2008 ) . `` Prince Charles : Ready for active service '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 29 March 2009 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Duffy , Jonathan ( 23 November 2004 ) . `` The rise of the meritocracy '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Princes ' comments '' . BBC News . 31 March 2005 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ London 's first daily newspaper , the Daily Courant , was published in 1702 . ^ Jump up to : Woods , Audrey ( 11 March 2002 ) . `` Prince Charles Addresses Editors '' . AP News Archive . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince stars in live soap '' . BBC News . 8 December 2000 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bro'Town Goes Global '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dave ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Prince Charles , The Weather Man : Watch His On - Air Debut For BBC Scotland ( VIDEO ) '' . IB Times . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowri Williams , `` Ant and Dec to Interview Prince Charles , William and Harry '' , on Entertainmentwise , 24 March 2006 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Archived 9 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles reflects on 40 years of The Prince 's Trust '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles : The Royal Restoration '' . What 's on TV . 29 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles reads weather on BBC Scotland : ' Thank God it is n't a bank holiday ! ' '' . The Guardian . 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ian Burrell ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Prince Charles : The 15 - page contract that reveals how the Prince of Wales tries to control the media '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence House '' . / www.royal.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Living off the State : A Critical Guide to UK Royal Finance '' Jon Temple , 2nd Edition , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Committee publishes report on the Duchy of Cornwall accounts '' . parliament.uk. 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales -- Welsh property for The Duchy of Cornwall '' . Prince of Wales . 22 November 2006 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Objection to prince 's house plan '' . BBC News . 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall inhabit Llwynywermod for first time '' . Clarence House . 23 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alex ( 23 October 2016 ) . `` Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles to lose £ 1m in EU funding '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Sovereign Grant Act 2011 : guidance '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 14 December 2012 ) . `` Prince Charles 's £ 700m estate accused of tax avoidance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles 's estate made big profit on stake in friend 's offshore firm '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales : Titles '' . Clarence House . n.d . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles Fast Facts '' . CNN . n.d . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 38452 '' . The London Gazette. 9 November 1948 . p. 5889 . ^ Jump up to : Pierce , Andrew ( 24 December 2005 ) . `` Call me George , suggests Charles '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ White , Michael ( 27 December 2005 ) . `` Charles denies planning to reign as King George '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales visits the Royal Gurkha Rifles and Knole House '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen Appoints the Prince of Wales to Honorary Five - Star rank '' . The Prince of Wales website . 16 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Charles awarded highest rank in all three armed forces '' . The Telegraph . 16 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No. 60350 '' . The London Gazette. 7 December 2012 . p. 23557 . ^ Jump up to : `` Standards '' . Prince of Wales . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince of Wales '' . Public Register of Arms , Flags and Badges . Office of the Governor General of Canada : Canadian Heraldic Authority . Jump up ^ Paget , Gerald ( 1977 ) . The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles , Prince of Wales ( 2 vols ) . Edinburgh : Charles Skilton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 284 - 40016 - 1 . References Brandreth , Gyles ( 2007 ) . Charles and Camilla : Portrait of a Love Affair . U.K : Random House . ISBN 0 - 09 - 949087 - 0 . Dimbleby , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . The Prince of Wales : A Biography . New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12996 - X . Holden , Anthony ( 1979 ) . Prince Charles . New York : Atheneum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 02470 - 6 . Junor , Penny ( 2005 ) . The Firm : The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 35274 - 5 . OCLC 59360110 . Lacey , Robert ( 2008 ) . Monarch : The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II . Free Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 0839 - 0 . Smith , Sally Bedell ( 2000 ) . Diana in Search of Herself : Portrait of a Troubled Princess . Signet . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 20108 - 9 . Further reading Benson , Ross ( 1994 ) . Charles : The Untold Story . St Martins Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 10950 - 9 . Brown , Michèle ( 1980 ) . Prince Charles . Crown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 54019 - 0 . Campbell , J. ( 1981 ) . Charles : Prince of Our Times . Smithmark . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7064 - 0968 - 0 . Cathcart , Helen ( 1977 ) . Prince Charles : The biography ( illustrated ed . ) . Taplinger Pub. Co ; Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8008 - 6555 - 9 . Fisher , Graham ; Fisher , Heather ( 1977 ) . Charles : The Man and the Prince . Robert Hale . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7091 - 6095 - 3 . Gilleo , Alma ( 1978 ) . Prince Charles : Growing Up in Buckingham Palace . Childs World . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89565 - 029 - 0 . Heald , Tim ; Mohrs , Mayo ( 1979 ) . The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. ( Prince of Wales Charles ) . New York : Arbor House . Hedley , Olwen ( 1969 ) . Charles , 21st Prince of Wales . Pitkin Pictorials . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85372 - 027 - 0 . Hodgson , Howard ( 2007 ) . Charles : The Man Who Will Be King ( illustrated ed . ) . John Blake Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84454 - 306 - 9 . Holden , Anthony ( 1988 ) . King Charles III : A Biography . Grove . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55584 - 309 - 0 . Holden , Anthony ( 1998 ) . Charles at Fifty . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 50175 - 3 . Holden , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Charles : A Biography . Corgi Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 552 - 99744 - 7 . Jencks , Charles ( 1988 ) . Prince , Architects & New Wave Monarchy . Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 1010 - 9 . Junor , Penny ( 1998 ) . Charles : Victim or Villain ? . Harpercollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 255900 - 3 . Lane , Peter ( 1988 ) . Prince Charles : a study in development . Robert Hale . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7090 - 3320 - 2 . Liversidge , Douglas ( 1975 ) . Prince Charles : monarch in the making . A. Barker . Martin , Christopher ( 1990 ) . Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate ( Architectural Design Profile ) . St Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 04048 - 2 . Nugent , Jean ( 1982 ) . Prince Charles , England 's Future King . Dillon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87518 - 226 - 1 . Regan , Simon ( 1977 ) . Charles , the clown prince . Everest Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 905018 - 50 - 8 . Veon , Joan M. ( 1997 ) . Prince Charles : The Sustainable Prince . Hearthstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57558 - 021 - 0 . Wakeford , Geoffrey ( 1962 ) . Charles , Prince of Wales . Associated Newspapers . Mayer , Catherine ( 2015 ) . Born to Be King : Prince Charles on Planet Windsor . Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 978 - 1627794381 . Mayer , Catherine ( 2015 ) . Charles : The Heart of a King . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0753555934 . External links Find more aboutCharles , Prince of Walesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Official website of the Prince of Wales The Prince of Wales at the Royal Family website Charles , prince of Wales at Encyclopædia Britannica Official website of ' The Prince 's Trust ' Charles , Prince of Wales on IMDb <Td_colspan="3"> Charles , Prince of Wales House of Windsor Born : 14 November 1948 <Th_colspan="3"> Lines of succession First Heir apparent Succession to the British throne Followed by The Duke of Cambridge <Th_colspan="3"> British royalty Vacant Title last held by The Prince Edward later became King Edward VIII Prince of Wales 26 July 1958 -- present Incumbent Presumed next holder : The Duke of Cambridge Duke of Cornwall Duke of Rothesay 6 February 1952 -- present <Th_colspan="3"> Academic offices Preceded by The Earl Mountbatten of Burma President of the United World Colleges 1978 -- 1995 Succeeded by The Queen of Jordan <Th_colspan="3"> Honorary titles Preceded by The Duke of Gloucester Great Master of the Order of the Bath 10 June 1974 -- present Incumbent <Th_colspan="3"> Order of precedence Preceded by The Duke of Edinburgh Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom Succeeded by The Duke of York in current practice Succeeded by The Duke of Cambridge <Th_colspan="3"> Charles , Prince of Wales Titles Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester Duke of Cornwall Duke of Rothesay Earl of Carrick Baron of Renfrew Lord of the Isles Prince and Great Steward of Scotland more Ancestry House of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg Mountbatten - Windsor Family Diana , Princess of Wales ( former wife ) Prince William , Duke of Cambridge ( elder son ) Prince Harry ( younger son ) Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall ( current wife ) Prince George of Cambridge ( grandson ) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge ( granddaughter ) Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( father ) Queen Elizabeth II ( mother ) Princess Anne , Princess Royal ( sister ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York ( brother ) Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex ( brother ) Extended family Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark ( paternal grandfather ) Princess Alice of Battenberg ( paternal grandmother ) King George VI ( maternal grandfather ) Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon ( maternal grandmother ) Margarita , Princess of Hohenlohe - Langenburg ( paternal aunt ) Theodora , Margravine of Baden ( paternal aunt ) Cecilie , Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse ( paternal aunt ) Sophie , Princess George William of Hanover ( paternal aunt ) Margaret , Countess of Snowdon ( maternal aunt ) Life events Investiture of the Prince of Wales First wedding ( guest list ) Second wedding Charities and campaigns The Prince 's Trust Mutton Renaissance Campaign The Prince 's Charities / The Prince 's Charities Canada / The Prince 's Charities Australia Residences Clarence House ( official ) Highgrove House ( family ) Birkhall Llwynywermod Awards given and created Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership List of environmental / social interest awards received The Sun Military Awards Miscellaneous Bibliography Black spider memos Coronet Duchy Home Farm Duchy Originals from Waitrose Dumfries House Poundbury The Prince 's May Day Network Prince Charles Island Prince Charles stream tree frog The Prince of Wales 's Charitable Foundation King Charles III ( play , film ) <Td_colspan="3"> Commons Wikiquote <Th_colspan="2"> Order of Precedence in the United Kingdom ( Gentlemen ) Shared ( royal family ) Elizabeth II Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Charles , Prince of Wales ( in Scotland : the Duke of Rothesay ) Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex Prince William , Duke of Cambridge ( in Scotland : the Earl of Strathearn ) Prince Henry of Wales James , Viscount Severn Peter Phillips David Armstrong - Jones , 2nd Earl of Snowdon Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester Prince Edward , Duke of Kent Prince Michael of Kent then ... 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Status debatable ; see his article . <Th_colspan="3"> Princes of Wales <Td_colspan="2"> Edward ( 1301 -- 1307 ) Edward ( 1343 -- 1376 ) Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Edward ( 1454 -- 1471 ) Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) Edward ( 1471 -- 1483 ) Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) Arthur ( 1489 -- 1502 ) Henry ( 1504 -- 1509 ) Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) Henry ( 1610 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1616 -- 1625 ) Charles ( 1641 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1729 -- 1751 ) George ( 1751 -- 1760 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1958 -- present ) <Td_colspan="3"> See also : Principality of Wales <Th_colspan="3"> Dukes of Cornwall <Td_colspan="2"> Edward ( 1337 -- 1376 ) Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Henry ( 1421 -- 1422 ) Edward ( 1453 -- 1471 ) Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) Edward ( 1470 -- 1483 ) Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) Arthur ( 1486 -- 1502 ) Henry ( 1502 -- 1509 ) Henry ( 1511 ) Henry ( 1513 ) Henry ( 1515 ) Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) Henry Frederick ( 1603 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1612 -- 1625 ) Charles ( 1630 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 -- 1701 / 2 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1727 -- 1751 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1952 -- present ) <Td_colspan="3"> Cornwall Portal <Th_colspan="3"> Dukes of Rothesay <Td_colspan="2"> David ( 1398 -- 1402 ) James ( 1402 -- 1406 ) Alexander ( 1430 ) James ( 1430 -- 1437 ) James ( 1452 -- 1460 ) James ( 1473 -- 1488 ) James ( 1507 -- 1508 ) Arthur ( 1509 -- 1510 ) James ( 1512 -- 1513 ) James ( 1540 -- 1541 ) James ( 1566 -- 1567 ) Henry Frederick ( 1603 -- 1612 ) Charles ( 1612 -- 1625 ) Charles James ( 1629 ) Charles ( 1630 -- 1649 ) James ( 1688 -- 1689 ) George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) Frederick ( 1727 -- 1751 ) George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Charles ( 1952 -- present ) <Th_colspan="3"> Dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland * Royal dukes Edinburgh Cornwall & Rothesay Cambridge York Gloucester Kent Others Norfolk Somerset Hamilton & Brandon Buccleuch & Queensberry Richmond , Lennox & Gordon Grafton Beaufort St Albans Bedford Devonshire Argyll Marlborough Rutland Atholl Montrose Roxburghe Manchester Northumberland Leinster Wellington Sutherland Abercorn Westminster Fife <Td_colspan="3"> * Current title holders , listed by date of creation , from earliest to most recent <Th_colspan="3"> Great Masters of the Order of the Bath <Td_colspan="2"> John Montagu , 2nd Duke of Montagu Vacant Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Prince William , Duke of Clarence and St Andrews Vacant Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex Albert , Prince Consort Vacant Albert Edward , Prince of Wales Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester Charles , Prince of Wales <Th_colspan="3"> Current members of the Order of the Garter Ex officio The Queen The Prince of Wales Knights and Ladies Companion The Lord Carrington The Lord Bramall The Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover The Lord Ashburton Sir Timothy Colman The Duke of Abercorn Sir Erskine Gladstone of Fasque and Balfour , Bt The Lord Inge Sir Antony Acland The Lord Butler of Brockwell The Lord Morris of Aberavon Sir John Major The Lord Luce Sir Thomas Dunne The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers The Lord Boyce The Lord Stirrup The Baroness Manningham - Buller The Lord King of Lothbury The Lord Shuttleworth Sir David Brewer 3 vacancies Royal Knights and Ladies The Duke of Edinburgh The Duke of Kent The Princess Royal The Duke of Gloucester Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy The Duke of York The Earl of Wessex The Duke of Cambridge Stranger Knights and Ladies Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg The Queen of Denmark The King of Sweden King Juan Carlos I of Spain Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands The Emperor of Japan The King of Norway The King of Spain Officers The Bishop of Winchester ( Prelate ) The Duke of Abercorn ( Chancellor ) The Dean of Windsor ( Registrar ) Thomas Woodcock ( Garter Principal King of Arms ) The Clarenceux King of Arms ( Secretary ) Sarah Clarke ( Black Rod ) <Th_colspan="2"> Current heirs apparent and presumptive of monarchies Africa Lerotholi Seeiso Moulay Hassan N / A Asia Salman Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck Al - Muhtadee Billah N / A ( elected by council ) Naruhito Hussein Nawaf N / A ( elected by council ) N / A N / A Mohammad bin Salman Dipangkorn Rasmijoti N / A ( elected by council ) Europe N / A ( elected by the French population and appointed by the Pope ) Elisabeth Frederik Alois Guillaume Jacques Catharina - Amalia Haakon Leonor Victoria Charles N / A ( elected by Cardinals ) Americas Charles Oceania Charles Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala Royalty portal British politics portal England portal VIAF : 84034215 LCCN : n78089005 GND : 118520180 SELIBR : 236359 SUDOC : 027378365 BNF : cb118961635 ( data ) ULAN : 500185586 MusicBrainz : 87362f54 - bcf4 - 486a - 9ed5 - c6251b7cd4c1 NLA : 35827158 NDL : 00435740 NKC : jn20000700760 BNE : XX1160858 SNAC : w6v1396g Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles,_Prince_of_Wales&oldid=832966881 '' Categories : Charles , Prince of Wales 1948 births 20th - century British writers 21st - century British writers Alumni of Aberystwyth University Alumni of Trinity College , Cambridge Architecture critics Scottish feudal barons British Anglicans British businesspeople British children 's writers British environmentalists British field marshals British garden writers British horticulturists British humanitarians British philanthropists British polo players British watercolourists British writers Driehaus Architecture Prize winners Dukes of Cornwall Dukes of Rothesay Environmental writers Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell Heirs to the British throne Helicopter pilots House of Windsor Living people Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland Marshals of the Royal Air Force Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Members of the Queen 's Privy Council for Canada Great Masters of the Order of the Bath Mountbatten - 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6,805,827,675,883,816,000 | proteins that act as biological catalyst are called | Enzyme - wikipedia Enzyme Jump to : navigation , search `` Biocatalyst '' redirects here . For the use of natural catalysts in organic chemistry , see Biocatalysis . The enzyme glucosidase converts the sugar maltose to two glucose sugars . Active site residues in red , maltose substrate in black , and NAD cofactor in yellow . ( PDB : 1OBB ) Part of a series on Biochemistry Key components Biomolecules Metabolism Index Outline History and topics History Biochemistry Cell biology Bioinformatics Enzymology Genetics Immunology Molecular biology Plant biochemistry Structural biology Branches of biochemistry List of biochemists Portals : Biology , MCB Enzymes / ˈɛnzaɪmz / are macromolecular biological catalysts . Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions . The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products . Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life . Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps . The study of enzymes is called enzymology and a new field of pseudoenzyme analysis has recently grown up , recognising that during evolution , some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis , which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual ' pseudocatalytic ' properties . Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types . Most enzymes are proteins , although a few are catalytic RNA molecules . The latter are called ribozymes . Enzymes ' specificity comes from their unique three - dimensional structures . Like all catalysts , enzymes increase the reaction rate by lowering its activation energy . Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster . An extreme example is orotidine 5 ' - phosphate decarboxylase , which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds . Chemically , enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions , nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction . Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific . Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules : inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity , and activators are molecules that increase activity . Many therapeutic drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors . An enzyme 's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH . Some enzymes are used commercially , for example , in the synthesis of antibiotics . Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions : enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein , starch or fat stains on clothes , and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules , making the meat easier to chew . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and history 2 Naming conventions 3 Structure 4 Mechanism 4.1 Substrate binding 4.1. 1 `` Lock and key '' model 4.1. 2 Induced fit model 4.2 Catalysis 4.3 Dynamics 4.4 Allosteric modulation 5 Cofactors 5.1 Coenzymes 6 Thermodynamics 7 Kinetics 8 Inhibition 8.1 Types of inhibition 8.1. 1 Competitive 8.1. 2 Non-competitive 8.1. 3 Uncompetitive 8.1. 4 Mixed 8.1. 5 Irreversible 8.2 Functions of inhibitors 9 Biological function 9.1 Metabolism 9.2 Control of activity 9.2. 1 Regulation 9.2. 2 Post-translational modification 9.2. 3 Quantity 9.2. 4 Subcellular distribution 9.2. 5 Organ specialization 9.3 Involvement in disease 10 Industrial applications 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading Etymology and History Eduard Buchner By the late 17th and early 18th centuries , the digestion of meat by stomach secretions and the conversion of starch to sugars by plant extracts and saliva were known but the mechanisms by which these occurred had not been identified . French chemist Anselme Payen was the first to discover an enzyme , diastase , in 1833 . A few decades later , when studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by yeast , Louis Pasteur concluded that this fermentation was caused by a vital force contained within the yeast cells called `` ferments '' , which were thought to function only within living organisms . He wrote that `` alcoholic fermentation is an act correlated with the life and organization of the yeast cells , not with the death or putrefaction of the cells . '' In 1877 , German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne ( 1837 -- 1900 ) first used the term enzyme , which comes from Greek ἔνζυμον , `` leavened '' or `` in yeast '' , to describe this process . The word enzyme was used later to refer to nonliving substances such as pepsin , and the word ferment was used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms . Eduard Buchner submitted his first paper on the study of yeast extracts in 1897 . In a series of experiments at the University of Berlin , he found that sugar was fermented by yeast extracts even when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture . He named the enzyme that brought about the fermentation of sucrose `` zymase '' . In 1907 , he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for `` his discovery of cell - free fermentation '' . Following Buchner 's example , enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out : the suffix - ase is combined with the name of the substrate ( e.g. , lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose ) or to the type of reaction ( e.g. , DNA polymerase forms DNA polymers ) . The biochemical identity of enzymes was still unknown in the early 1900s . Many scientists observed that enzymatic activity was associated with proteins , but others ( such as Nobel laureate Richard Willstätter ) argued that proteins were merely carriers for the true enzymes and that proteins per se were incapable of catalysis . In 1926 , James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was a pure protein and crystallized it ; he did likewise for the enzyme catalase in 1937 . The conclusion that pure proteins can be enzymes was definitively demonstrated by John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley , who worked on the digestive enzymes pepsin ( 1930 ) , trypsin and chymotrypsin . These three scientists were awarded the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . The discovery that enzymes could be crystallized eventually allowed their structures to be solved by x-ray crystallography . This was first done for lysozyme , an enzyme found in tears , saliva and egg whites that digests the coating of some bacteria ; the structure was solved by a group led by David Chilton Phillips and published in 1965 . This high - resolution structure of lysozyme marked the beginning of the field of structural biology and the effort to understand how enzymes work at an atomic level of detail . Naming conventions An enzyme 's name is often derived from its substrate or the chemical reaction it catalyzes , with the word ending in - ase . Examples are lactase , alcohol dehydrogenase and DNA polymerase . Different enzymes that catalyze the same chemical reaction are called isozymes . The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology have developed a nomenclature for enzymes , the EC numbers ; each enzyme is described by a sequence of four numbers preceded by `` EC '' , which stands for `` Enzyme Commission '' . The first number broadly classifies the enzyme based on its mechanism . The top - level classification is : EC 1 , Oxidoreductases : catalyze oxidation / reduction reactions EC 2 , Transferases : transfer a functional group ( e.g. a methyl or phosphate group ) EC 3 , Hydrolases : catalyze the hydrolysis of various bonds EC 4 , Lyases : cleave various bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation EC 5 , Isomerases : catalyze isomerization changes within a single molecule EC 6 , Ligases : join two molecules with covalent bonds . These sections are subdivided by other features such as the substrate , products , and chemical mechanism . An enzyme is fully specified by four numerical designations . For example , hexokinase ( EC 2.7. 1.1 ) is a transferase ( EC 2 ) that adds a phosphate group ( EC 2.7 ) to a hexose sugar , a molecule containing an alcohol group ( EC 2.7. 1 ) . Structure Enzyme activity initially increases with temperature ( Q10 coefficient ) until the enzyme 's structure unfolds ( denaturation ) , leading to an optimal rate of reaction at an intermediate temperature . See also : Protein structure Enzymes are generally globular proteins , acting alone or in larger complexes . The sequence of the amino acids specifies the structure which in turn determines the catalytic activity of the enzyme . Although structure determines function , a novel enzymatic activity can not yet be predicted from structure alone . Enzyme structures unfold ( denature ) when heated or exposed to chemical denaturants and this disruption to the structure typically causes a loss of activity . Enzyme denaturation is normally linked to temperatures above a species ' normal level ; as a result , enzymes from bacteria living in volcanic environments such as hot springs are prized by industrial users for their ability to function at high temperatures , allowing enzyme - catalysed reactions to be operated at a very high rate . Enzymes are usually much larger than their substrates . Sizes range from just 62 amino acid residues , for the monomer of 4 - oxalocrotonate tautomerase , to over 2,500 residues in the animal fatty acid synthase . Only a small portion of their structure ( around 2 -- 4 amino acids ) is directly involved in catalysis : the catalytic site . This catalytic site is located next to one or more binding sites where residues orient the substrates . The catalytic site and binding site together comprise the enzyme 's active site . The remaining majority of the enzyme structure serves to maintain the precise orientation and dynamics of the active site . In some enzymes , no amino acids are directly involved in catalysis ; instead , the enzyme contains sites to bind and orient catalytic cofactors . Enzyme structures may also contain allosteric sites where the binding of a small molecule causes a conformational change that increases or decreases activity . A small number of RNA - based biological catalysts called ribozymes exist , which again can act alone or in complex with proteins . The most common of these is the ribosome which is a complex of protein and catalytic RNA components . Mechanism Organisation of enzyme structure and lysozyme example . Binding sites in blue , catalytic site in red and peptidoglycan substrate in black . ( PDB : 9LYZ ) Substrate binding Enzymes must bind their substrates before they can catalyse any chemical reaction . Enzymes are usually very specific as to what substrates they bind and then the chemical reaction catalysed . Specificity is achieved by binding pockets with complementary shape , charge and hydrophilic / hydrophobic characteristics to the substrates . Enzymes can therefore distinguish between very similar substrate molecules to be chemoselective , regioselective and stereospecific . Some of the enzymes showing the highest specificity and accuracy are involved in the copying and expression of the genome . Some of these enzymes have `` proof - reading '' mechanisms . Here , an enzyme such as DNA polymerase catalyzes a reaction in a first step and then checks that the product is correct in a second step . This two - step process results in average error rates of less than 1 error in 100 million reactions in high - fidelity mammalian polymerases . Similar proofreading mechanisms are also found in RNA polymerase , aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and ribosomes . Conversely , some enzymes display enzyme promiscuity , having broad specificity and acting on a range of different physiologically relevant substrates . Many enzymes possess small side activities which arose fortuitously ( i.e. neutrally ) , which may be the starting point for the evolutionary selection of a new function . Enzyme changes shape by induced fit upon substrate binding to form enzyme - substrate complex . Hexokinase has a large induced fit motion that closes over the substrates adenosine triphosphate and xylose . Binding sites in blue , substrates in black and Mg cofactor in yellow . ( PDB : 2E2N , 2E2Q ) `` Lock and key '' model To explain the observed specificity of enzymes , in 1894 Emil Fischer proposed that both the enzyme and the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit exactly into one another . This is often referred to as `` the lock and key '' model . This early model explains enzyme specificity , but fails to explain the stabilization of the transition state that enzymes achieve . Induced fit model In 1958 , Daniel Koshland suggested a modification to the lock and key model : since enzymes are rather flexible structures , the active site is continuously reshaped by interactions with the substrate as the substrate interacts with the enzyme . As a result , the substrate does not simply bind to a rigid active site ; the amino acid side - chains that make up the active site are molded into the precise positions that enable the enzyme to perform its catalytic function . In some cases , such as glycosidases , the substrate molecule also changes shape slightly as it enters the active site . The active site continues to change until the substrate is completely bound , at which point the final shape and charge distribution is determined . Induced fit may enhance the fidelity of molecular recognition in the presence of competition and noise via the conformational proofreading mechanism . Catalysis See also : Enzyme catalysis Enzymes can accelerate reactions in several ways , all of which lower the activation energy ( ΔG , Gibbs free energy ) By stabilizing the transition state : Creating an environment with a charge distribution complementary to that of the transition state to lower its energy . By providing an alternative reaction pathway : Temporarily reacting with the substrate , forming a covalent intermediate to provide a lower energy transition state . By destabilising the substrate ground state : Distorting bound substrate ( s ) into their transition state form to reduce the energy required to reach the transition state . By orienting the substrates into a productive arrangement to reduce the reaction entropy change . The contribution of this mechanism to catalysis is relatively small . Enzymes may use several of these mechanisms simultaneously . For example , proteases such as trypsin perform covalent catalysis using a catalytic triad , stabilise charge build - up on the transition states using an oxyanion hole , complete hydrolysis using an oriented water substrate . Dynamics See also : Protein dynamics Enzymes are not rigid , static structures ; instead they have complex internal dynamic motions -- that is , movements of parts of the enzyme 's structure such as individual amino acid residues , groups of residues forming a protein loop or unit of secondary structure , or even an entire protein domain . These motions give rise to a conformational ensemble of slightly different structures that interconvert with one another at equilibrium . Different states within this ensemble may be associated with different aspects of an enzyme 's function . For example , different conformations of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase are associated with the substrate binding , catalysis , cofactor release , and product release steps of the catalytic cycle . Allosteric modulation Main article : Allosteric regulation Allosteric sites are pockets on the enzyme , distinct from the active site , that bind to molecules in the cellular environment . These molecules then cause a change in the conformation or dynamics of the enzyme that is transduced to the active site and thus affects the reaction rate of the enzyme . In this way , allosteric interactions can either inhibit or activate enzymes . Allosteric interactions with metabolites upstream or downstream in an enzyme 's metabolic pathway cause feedback regulation , altering the activity of the enzyme according to the flux through the rest of the pathway . Cofactors Chemical structure for thiamine pyrophosphate and protein structure of transketolase . Thiamine pyrophosphate cofactor in yellow and xylulose 5 - phosphate substrate in black . ( PDB : 4KXV ) Main article : Cofactor ( biochemistry ) Some enzymes do not need additional components to show full activity . Others require non-protein molecules called cofactors to be bound for activity . Cofactors can be either inorganic ( e.g. , metal ions and iron - sulfur clusters ) or organic compounds ( e.g. , flavin and heme ) . These cofactors serve many purposes ; for instance , metal ions can help in stabilizing nucleophilic species within the active site . Organic cofactors can be either coenzymes , which are released from the enzyme 's active site during the reaction , or prosthetic groups , which are tightly bound to an enzyme . Organic prosthetic groups can be covalently bound ( e.g. , biotin in enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase ) . An example of an enzyme that contains a cofactor is carbonic anhydrase , which is shown in the ribbon diagram above with a zinc cofactor bound as part of its active site . These tightly bound ions or molecules are usually found in the active site and are involved in catalysis . For example , flavin and heme cofactors are often involved in redox reactions . Enzymes that require a cofactor but do not have one bound are called apoenzymes or apoproteins . An enzyme together with the cofactor ( s ) required for activity is called a holoenzyme ( or haloenzyme ) . The term holoenzyme can also be applied to enzymes that contain multiple protein subunits , such as the DNA polymerases ; here the holoenzyme is the complete complex containing all the subunits needed for activity . Coenzymes Coenzymes are small organic molecules that can be loosely or tightly bound to an enzyme . Coenzymes transport chemical groups from one enzyme to another . Examples include NADH , NADPH and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . Some coenzymes , such as flavin mononucleotide ( FMN ) , flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) , thiamine pyrophosphate ( TPP ) , and tetrahydrofolate ( THF ) , are derived from vitamins . These coenzymes can not be synthesized by the body de novo and closely related compounds ( vitamins ) must be acquired from the diet . The chemical groups carried include the hydride ion ( H ) carried by NAD or NADP , the phosphate group carried by adenosine triphosphate , the acetyl group carried by coenzyme A , formyl , methenyl or methyl groups carried by folic acid and the methyl group carried by S - adenosylmethionine . Since coenzymes are chemically changed as a consequence of enzyme action , it is useful to consider coenzymes to be a special class of substrates , or second substrates , which are common to many different enzymes . For example , about 1000 enzymes are known to use the coenzyme NADH . Coenzymes are usually continuously regenerated and their concentrations maintained at a steady level inside the cell . For example , NADPH is regenerated through the pentose phosphate pathway and S - adenosylmethionine by methionine adenosyltransferase . This continuous regeneration means that small amounts of coenzymes can be used very intensively . For example , the human body turns over its own weight in ATP each day . Thermodynamics The energies of the stages of a chemical reaction . Uncatalysed ( dashed line ) , substrates need a lot of activation energy to reach a transition state , which then decays into lower - energy products . When enzyme catalysed ( solid line ) , the enzyme binds the substrates ( ES ) , then stabilizes the transition state ( ES ) to reduce the activation energy required to produce products ( EP ) which are finally released . Main articles : Activation energy , Thermodynamic equilibrium , and Chemical equilibrium As with all catalysts , enzymes do not alter the position of the chemical equilibrium of the reaction . In the presence of an enzyme , the reaction runs in the same direction as it would without the enzyme , just more quickly . For example , carbonic anhydrase catalyzes its reaction in either direction depending on the concentration of its reactants : CO 2 + H 2 O → Carbonic anhydrase H 2 CO 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( ) \ \ ( \ ce ( ( CO2 ) + H2O - > ( ( \ ce ( Carbonic \ anhydrase ) ) ) H2CO3 ) ) \ \ ( ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) ( in tissues ; high CO concentration ) ( 1 ) CO 2 + H 2 O ← Carbonic anhydrase H 2 CO 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) ( ) \ \ ( \ ce ( ( CO2 ) + H2O < - ( ( \ ce ( Carbonic \ anhydrase ) ) ) H2CO3 ) ) \ \ ( ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) ( in lungs ; low CO concentration ) ( 2 ) The rate of a reaction is dependent on the activation energy needed to form the transition state which then decays into products . Enzymes increase reaction rates by lowering the energy of the transition state . First , binding forms a low energy enzyme - substrate complex ( ES ) . Secondly the enzyme stabilises the transition state such that it requires less energy to achieve compared to the uncatalyzed reaction ( ES ) . Finally the enzyme - product complex ( EP ) dissociates to release the products . Enzymes can couple two or more reactions , so that a thermodynamically favorable reaction can be used to `` drive '' a thermodynamically unfavourable one so that the combined energy of the products is lower than the substrates . For example , the hydrolysis of ATP is often used to drive other chemical reactions . Kinetics A chemical reaction mechanism with or without enzyme catalysis . The enzyme ( E ) binds substrate ( S ) to produce product ( P ) . Saturation curve for an enzyme reaction showing the relation between the substrate concentration and reaction rate . Main article : Enzyme kinetics Enzyme kinetics is the investigation of how enzymes bind substrates and turn them into products . The rate data used in kinetic analyses are commonly obtained from enzyme assays . In 1913 Leonor Michaelis and Maud Leonora Menten proposed a quantitative theory of enzyme kinetics , which is referred to as Michaelis -- Menten kinetics . The major contribution of Michaelis and Menten was to think of enzyme reactions in two stages . In the first , the substrate binds reversibly to the enzyme , forming the enzyme - substrate complex . This is sometimes called the Michaelis - Menten complex in their honor . The enzyme then catalyzes the chemical step in the reaction and releases the product . This work was further developed by G.E. Briggs and J.B.S. Haldane , who derived kinetic equations that are still widely used today . Enzyme rates depend on solution conditions and substrate concentration . To find the maximum speed of an enzymatic reaction , the substrate concentration is increased until a constant rate of product formation is seen . This is shown in the saturation curve on the right . Saturation happens because , as substrate concentration increases , more and more of the free enzyme is converted into the substrate - bound ES complex . At the maximum reaction rate ( V ) of the enzyme , all the enzyme active sites are bound to substrate , and the amount of ES complex is the same as the total amount of enzyme . V is only one of several important kinetic parameters . The amount of substrate needed to achieve a given rate of reaction is also important . This is given by the Michaelis - Menten constant ( K ) , which is the substrate concentration required for an enzyme to reach one - half its maximum reaction rate ; generally , each enzyme has a characteristic K for a given substrate . Another useful constant is k , also called the turnover number , which is the number of substrate molecules handled by one active site per second . The efficiency of an enzyme can be expressed in terms of k / K . This is also called the specificity constant and incorporates the rate constants for all steps in the reaction up to and including the first irreversible step . Because the specificity constant reflects both affinity and catalytic ability , it is useful for comparing different enzymes against each other , or the same enzyme with different substrates . The theoretical maximum for the specificity constant is called the diffusion limit and is about 10 to 10 ( M s ) . At this point every collision of the enzyme with its substrate will result in catalysis , and the rate of product formation is not limited by the reaction rate but by the diffusion rate . Enzymes with this property are called catalytically perfect or kinetically perfect . Example of such enzymes are triose - phosphate isomerase , carbonic anhydrase , acetylcholinesterase , catalase , fumarase , β - lactamase , and superoxide dismutase . The turnover of such enzymes can reach several million reactions per second . Michaelis -- Menten kinetics relies on the law of mass action , which is derived from the assumptions of free diffusion and thermodynamically driven random collision . Many biochemical or cellular processes deviate significantly from these conditions , because of macromolecular crowding and constrained molecular movement . More recent , complex extensions of the model attempt to correct for these effects . Inhibition An enzyme binding site that would normally bind substrate can alternatively bind a competitive inhibitor , preventing substrate access . Dihydrofolate reductase is inhibited by methotrexate which prevents binding of its substrate , folic acid . Binding site in blue , inhibitor in green , and substrate in black . ( PDB : 4QI9 ) The coenzyme folic acid ( left ) and the anti-cancer drug methotrexate ( right ) are very similar in structure ( differences show in green ) . As a result , methotrexate is a competitive inhibitor of many enzymes that use folates . Main article : Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme reaction rates can be decreased by various types of enzyme inhibitors . Types of inhibition Competitive A competitive inhibitor and substrate can not bind to the enzyme at the same time . Often competitive inhibitors strongly resemble the real substrate of the enzyme . For example , the drug methotrexate is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase , which catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate . The similarity between the structures of dihydrofolate and this drug are shown in the accompanying figure . This type of inhibition can be overcome with high substrate concentration . In some cases , the inhibitor can bind to a site other than the binding - site of the usual substrate and exert an allosteric effect to change the shape of the usual binding - site . Non-competitive A non-competitive inhibitor binds to a site other than where the substrate binds . The substrate still binds with its usual affinity and hence K remains the same . However the inhibitor reduces the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme so that V is reduced . In contrast to competitive inhibition , non-competitive inhibition can not be overcome with high substrate concentration . Uncompetitive An uncompetitive inhibitor can not bind to the free enzyme , only to the enzyme - substrate complex ; hence , these types of inhibitors are most effective at high substrate concentration . In the presence of the inhibitor , the enzyme - substrate complex is inactive . This type of inhibition is rare . Mixed A mixed inhibitor binds to an allosteric site and the binding of the substrate and the inhibitor affect each other . The enzyme 's function is reduced but not eliminated when bound to the inhibitor . This type of inhibitor does not follow the Michaelis - Menten equation . Irreversible An irreversible inhibitor permanently inactivates the enzyme , usually by forming a covalent bond to the protein . Penicillin and aspirin are common drugs that act in this manner . Functions of inhibitors In many organisms , inhibitors may act as part of a feedback mechanism . If an enzyme produces too much of one substance in the organism , that substance may act as an inhibitor for the enzyme at the beginning of the pathway that produces it , causing production of the substance to slow down or stop when there is sufficient amount . This is a form of negative feedback . Major metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle make use of this mechanism . Since inhibitors modulate the function of enzymes they are often used as drugs . Many such drugs are reversible competitive inhibitors that resemble the enzyme 's native substrate , similar to methotrexate above ; other well - known examples include statins used to treat high cholesterol , and protease inhibitors used to treat retroviral infections such as HIV . A common example of an irreversible inhibitor that is used as a drug is aspirin , which inhibits the COX - 1 and COX - 2 enzymes that produce the inflammation messenger prostaglandin . Other enzyme inhibitors are poisons . For example , the poison cyanide is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor that combines with the copper and iron in the active site of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase and blocks cellular respiration . Biological function Enzymes serve a wide variety of functions inside living organisms . They are indispensable for signal transduction and cell regulation , often via kinases and phosphatases . They also generate movement , with myosin hydrolyzing ATP to generate muscle contraction , and also transport cargo around the cell as part of the cytoskeleton . Other ATPases in the cell membrane are ion pumps involved in active transport . Enzymes are also involved in more exotic functions , such as luciferase generating light in fireflies . Viruses can also contain enzymes for infecting cells , such as the HIV integrase and reverse transcriptase , or for viral release from cells , like the influenza virus neuraminidase . An important function of enzymes is in the digestive systems of animals . Enzymes such as amylases and proteases break down large molecules ( starch or proteins , respectively ) into smaller ones , so they can be absorbed by the intestines . Starch molecules , for example , are too large to be absorbed from the intestine , but enzymes hydrolyze the starch chains into smaller molecules such as maltose and eventually glucose , which can then be absorbed . Different enzymes digest different food substances . In ruminants , which have herbivorous diets , microorganisms in the gut produce another enzyme , cellulase , to break down the cellulose cell walls of plant fiber . Metabolism The metabolic pathway of glycolysis releases energy by converting glucose to pyruvate by via a series of intermediate metabolites . Each chemical modification ( red box ) is performed by a different enzyme . Several enzymes can work together in a specific order , creating metabolic pathways . In a metabolic pathway , one enzyme takes the product of another enzyme as a substrate . After the catalytic reaction , the product is then passed on to another enzyme . Sometimes more than one enzyme can catalyze the same reaction in parallel ; this can allow more complex regulation : with , for example , a low constant activity provided by one enzyme but an inducible high activity from a second enzyme . Enzymes determine what steps occur in these pathways . Without enzymes , metabolism would neither progress through the same steps and could not be regulated to serve the needs of the cell . Most central metabolic pathways are regulated at a few key steps , typically through enzymes whose activity involves the hydrolysis of ATP . Because this reaction releases so much energy , other reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable can be coupled to ATP hydrolysis , driving the overall series of linked metabolic reactions . Control of activity There are five main ways that enzyme activity is controlled in the cell . Regulation Enzymes can be either activated or inhibited by other molecules . For example , the end product ( s ) of a metabolic pathway are often inhibitors for one of the first enzymes of the pathway ( usually the first irreversible step , called committed step ) , thus regulating the amount of end product made by the pathways . Such a regulatory mechanism is called a negative feedback mechanism , because the amount of the end product produced is regulated by its own concentration . Negative feedback mechanism can effectively adjust the rate of synthesis of intermediate metabolites according to the demands of the cells . This helps with effective allocations of materials and energy economy , and it prevents the excess manufacture of end products . Like other homeostatic devices , the control of enzymatic action helps to maintain a stable internal environment in living organisms . Post-translational modification Examples of post-translational modification include phosphorylation , myristoylation and glycosylation . For example , in the response to insulin , the phosphorylation of multiple enzymes , including glycogen synthase , helps control the synthesis or degradation of glycogen and allows the cell to respond to changes in blood sugar . Another example of post-translational modification is the cleavage of the polypeptide chain . Chymotrypsin , a digestive protease , is produced in inactive form as chymotrypsinogen in the pancreas and transported in this form to the stomach where it is activated . This stops the enzyme from digesting the pancreas or other tissues before it enters the gut . This type of inactive precursor to an enzyme is known as a zymogen or proenzyme . Quantity Enzyme production ( transcription and translation of enzyme genes ) can be enhanced or diminished by a cell in response to changes in the cell 's environment . This form of gene regulation is called enzyme induction . For example , bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin because enzymes called beta - lactamases are induced that hydrolyse the crucial beta - lactam ring within the penicillin molecule . Another example comes from enzymes in the liver called cytochrome P450 oxidases , which are important in drug metabolism . Induction or inhibition of these enzymes can cause drug interactions . Enzyme levels can also be regulated by changing the rate of enzyme degradation . Subcellular distribution Enzymes can be compartmentalized , with different metabolic pathways occurring in different cellular compartments . For example , fatty acids are synthesized by one set of enzymes in the cytosol , endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi and used by a different set of enzymes as a source of energy in the mitochondrion , through β - oxidation . In addition , trafficking of the enzyme to different compartments may change the degree of protonation ( cytoplasm neutral and lysosome acidic ) or oxidative state ( e.g. , oxidized ( periplasm ) or reduced ( cytoplasm ) ) which in turn affects enzyme activity . Organ specialization In multicellular eukaryotes , cells in different organs and tissues have different patterns of gene expression and therefore have different sets of enzymes ( known as isozymes ) available for metabolic reactions . This provides a mechanism for regulating the overall metabolism of the organism . For example , hexokinase , the first enzyme in the glycolysis pathway , has a specialized form called glucokinase expressed in the liver and pancreas that has a lower affinity for glucose yet is more sensitive to glucose concentration . This enzyme is involved in sensing blood sugar and regulating insulin production . Involvement in disease In phenylalanine hydroxylase over 300 different mutations throughout the structure cause phenylketonuria . Phenylalanine substrate and tetrahydrobiopterin coenzyme in black , and Fe cofactor in yellow . ( PDB : 1KW0 ) See also : Genetic disorder Since the tight control of enzyme activity is essential for homeostasis , any malfunction ( mutation , overproduction , underproduction or deletion ) of a single critical enzyme can lead to a genetic disease . The malfunction of just one type of enzyme out of the thousands of types present in the human body can be fatal . An example of a fatal genetic disease due to enzyme insufficiency is Tay - Sachs disease , in which patients lack the enzyme hexosaminidase . One example of enzyme deficiency is the most common type of phenylketonuria . Many different single amino acid mutations in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase , which catalyzes the first step in the degradation of phenylalanine , result in build - up of phenylalanine and related products . Some mutations are in the active site , directly disrupting binding and catalysis , but many are far from the active site and reduce activity by destabilising the protein structure , or affecting correct oligomerisation . This can lead to intellectual disability if the disease is untreated . Another example is pseudocholinesterase deficiency , in which the body 's ability to break down choline ester drugs is impaired . Oral administration of enzymes can be used to treat some functional enzyme deficiencies , such as pancreatic insufficiency and lactose intolerance . Another way enzyme malfunctions can cause disease comes from germline mutations in genes coding for DNA repair enzymes . Defects in these enzymes cause cancer because cells are less able to repair mutations in their genomes . This causes a slow accumulation of mutations and results in the development of cancers . An example of such a hereditary cancer syndrome is xeroderma pigmentosum , which causes the development of skin cancers in response to even minimal exposure to ultraviolet light . Industrial applications Main article : Industrial enzymes Enzymes are used in the chemical industry and other industrial applications when extremely specific catalysts are required . Enzymes in general are limited in the number of reactions they have evolved to catalyze and also by their lack of stability in organic solvents and at high temperatures . As a consequence , protein engineering is an active area of research and involves attempts to create new enzymes with novel properties , either through rational design or in vitro evolution . These efforts have begun to be successful , and a few enzymes have now been designed `` from scratch '' to catalyze reactions that do not occur in nature . Application Enzymes used Uses Biofuel industry Cellulases Break down cellulose into sugars that can be fermented to produce cellulosic ethanol . Ligninases Pretreatment of biomass for biofuel production . Biological detergent Proteases , amylases , lipases Remove protein , starch , and fat or oil stains from laundry and dishware . Mannanases Remove food stains from the common food additive guar gum . Brewing industry Amylase , glucanases , proteases Split polysaccharides and proteins in the malt . Betaglucanases Improve the wort and beer filtration characteristics . Amyloglucosidase and pullulanases Make low - calorie beer and adjust fermentability . Acetolactate decarboxylase ( ALDC ) Increase fermentation efficiency by reducing diacetyl formation . Culinary uses Papain Tenderize meat for cooking . Dairy industry Rennin Hydrolyze protein in the manufacture of cheese . Lipases Produce Camembert cheese and blue cheeses such as Roquefort . Food processing Amylases Produce sugars from starch , such as in making high - fructose corn syrup . Proteases Lower the protein level of flour , as in biscuit - making . Trypsin Manufacture hypoallergenic baby foods . Cellulases , pectinases Clarify fruit juices . Molecular biology Nucleases , DNA ligase and polymerases Use restriction digestion and the polymerase chain reaction to create recombinant DNA . Paper industry Xylanases , hemicellulases and lignin peroxidases Remove lignin from kraft pulp . Personal care Proteases Remove proteins on contact lenses to prevent infections . Starch industry Amylases Convert starch into glucose and various syrups . See also Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Metabolism portal Food portal List of enzymes Industrial enzymes Enzyme databases BRENDA ExPASy IntEnz KEGG MetaCyc References ^ Jump up to : Stryer L , Berg JM , Tymoczko JL ( 2002 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4955 - 6 . 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Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics ( 4th ed . ) . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3527330744 . <Th_colspan="2"> Food chemistry <Td_colspan="2"> Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids `` Minerals '' ( Chemical elements ) Proteins Vitamins Water <Th_colspan="2"> Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) GND : 4014988 - 2 NDL : 00566733 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enzyme&oldid=811335386 '' Categories : Enzymes Biomolecules Catalysis Metabolism Process chemicals Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2015 Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 23 : 50 . 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4,902,985,181,633,607,000 | when did the soviet union declared war on japan and invade manchuria | Soviet -- Japanese war - wikipedia Soviet -- Japanese war Jump to : navigation , search For the war in 1904 -- 05 , see Russo - Japanese War . For the border conflicts in the 1930s , see Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts . <Th_colspan="2"> Soviet - Japanese War <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II <Td_colspan="2"> US - Soviet sailors on VJ Day <Td_colspan="2"> Date August 9 -- September 2 , 1945 ( 3 weeks and 3 days ) Location Manchuria / Manchukuo , Inner Mongolia / Mengjiang , Sakhalin , the Kuril Islands , and northern Korea Result Allied victory <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Soviet Union Mongolia Japan Japanese Korea Manchukuo Mengjiang <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Aleksandr Vasilevsky Ivan Yumashev Otozō Yamada ( POW ) <Th_colspan="2"> Units involved Western Front 17th Army 36th Army 39th Army 53rd Army 6th Guards Tank Army Mongolian Cavalry Group 12th Air Army Eastern Front 1st Red Banner Army 5th Army 25th Army 35th Army 10th Mechanized Corps 9th Air Army Northern Front 2nd Red Banner Army 15th Army 16th Army 5th Separate Rifle Corps Chuguevsk Operational Group Amur Military Flotilla 10th Air Army Kwangtung Army First Area Army 3rd Army 5th Army Third Area Army 30th Army 44th Army Independent units 4th Army 34th Army Fifth Area Army Manchukuo Imperial Army Mengjiang National Army <Th_colspan="2"> Strength Soviet Union : 1,577,225 men , 26,137 artillery , 1,852 sup . artillery , 5,556 tanks and self - propelled artillery 5,368 aircraft Mongolia : 16,000 men Japan : 983,000 men , 5,360 artillery , 1,155 tanks , 1,800 aircraft , 1,215 vehicles Manchukuo : 170,000 men Mengjiang : 44,000 men <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 12,031 killed 24,425 wounded Japanese claim : 21,389 killed 20,000 wounded 41,199 captured Soviet claim : 83,737 killed 600,000 captured <Th_colspan="2"> Campaigns of World War II <Td_colspan="2"> Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion The Soviet -- Japanese War ( Russian : Советско - японская война ; Japanese : ソ連 対日 参戦 , `` Soviet Union entry into war against Japan '' ) was a military conflict within the Second World War beginning soon after midnight on August 9 , 1945 , with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . The Soviets and Mongolians terminated Japanese control of Manchukuo , Mengjiang ( Inner Mongolia ) , northern Korea , Karafuto , and the Chishima Islands . The defeat of Japan 's Kwantung Army helped in the Japanese surrender and the termination of World War II . The Soviet entry into the war was a significant factor in the Japanese government 's decision to surrender unconditionally , as it made apparent the Soviet Union would no longer be willing to act as a third party in negotiating an end to hostilities on conditional terms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Background and buildup 3 Combatant forces 3.1 Soviets 3.2 Japanese 4 Campaign 5 Importance and consequences 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Japanese Monographs 10 External links Summary ( edit ) At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 , Stalin agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Nazi Germany was defeated . At the Yalta Conference in February 1945 , Stalin agreed to Allied pleas to enter World War II 's Pacific Theater within three months of the end of the war in Europe . On July 26 , the US , UK and China made the Potsdam Declaration , an ultimatum calling for the Japanese surrender which if ignored would lead to their `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The commencement of the invasion fell between the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima on August 6 and Nagasaki on August 9 . Although Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had not been told much detail of the Western Allies ' atomic bomb program by Allied governments , by virtue of the timing of the agreements at Tehran and Yalta , and the long term buildup of Soviet forces in the Far East since Tehran , it is clear that news of the attacks on the two cities played no major role in the timing of the Soviet invasion ; the date of the invasion was foreshadowed by the Yalta agreement , the date of the German surrender , and the fact that on August 3 , Marshal Vasilevsky reported to Stalin that , if necessary , he could attack on the morning of August 5 . Furthermore , while Stalin could reasonably have concluded that an atomic bombing of Japan was imminent , it does not appear he was overly impressed with the atomic bomb 's potential , certainly not so much so as to think it might compel into capitulation a nation as averse to surrender as Japan . At 11pm Trans - Baikal time on August 8 , 1945 , Soviet foreign minister Molotov informed Japanese ambassador Satō that the Soviet Union had declared war on the Empire of Japan , and that from August 9 the Soviet Government would consider itself to be at war with Japan . At one minute past midnight Trans - Baikal time on August 9 , 1945 , the Soviets commenced their invasion simultaneously on three fronts to the east , west and north of Manchuria . The operation was subdivided into smaller operational and tactical parts : Khingan - Mukden Offensive Operation ( August 9 , 1945 -- September 2 , 1945 ) Harbin - Kirin Offensive Operation ( August 9 , 1945 -- September 2 , 1945 ) Sungari Offensive Operation ( August 9 , 1945 -- September 2 , 1945 ) and subsequently South Sakhalin Operation ( ru ) ( August 11 , 1945 -- August 25 , 1945 ) Soviet assault on Maoka Soviet assault on Tōro ( ru ) Seisin Landing Operation ( August 13 , 1945 -- August 16 , 1945 ) Kuril Landing Operation ( August 18 , 1945 -- September 1 , 1945 ) Though the battle extended beyond the borders traditionally known as Manchuria -- that is , the traditional lands of the Manchus -- the coordinated and integrated invasions of Japan 's northern territories has also been called the Battle of Manchuria . Since 1983 , the operation has sometimes been called Operation August Storm , after American Army historian Lieutenant - Colonel David Glantz used this title for a paper on the subject . It has also been referred to by its Soviet name , the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation , however this name refers more to the Soviet invasion of Manchuria ( 1945 ) than to the whole war . This offensive should not be confused with the Soviet -- Japanese Border Wars , ( particularly the Battle of Khalkhin Gol / Nomonhan Incident of May -- September 1939 ) , that ended in Japan 's defeat in 1939 , and led to the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact . Background and buildup ( edit ) See also : End of World War II in Asia The Russo - Japanese War of the early 20th century resulted in a Japanese victory and the Treaty of Portsmouth by which , in conjunction with other later events including the Mukden Incident and Japanese invasion of Manchuria in September 1931 , Japan eventually gained control of Korea , Manchuria and Southern Sakhalin . In the late 1930s there were a number of Soviet - Japanese border incidents , the most significant being the Battle of Lake Khasan ( Changkufeng Incident , July -- August 1938 ) and the Battle of Khalkhin Gol ( Nomonhan Incident , May -- September 1939 ) , which led to the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact of April 1941 . The Neutrality Pact freed up forces from the border incidents and enabled the Soviets to concentrate on their war with Germany , and the Japanese to concentrate on their southern expansion into Asia and the Pacific Ocean . However , with success at Stalingrad , and the eventual defeat of Germany becoming increasingly certain , the Soviet attitude to Japan changed , both publicly , with Stalin making speeches denouncing Japan , and `` privately '' , with the Soviets building up forces and supplies in the Far East . At the Tehran Conference ( November 1943 ) , amongst other things , Winston Churchill , Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin agreed that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan once Nazi Germany was defeated . However , Stalin faced a dilemma -- he wanted to avoid a two - front war at almost any cost yet the Soviet leader also wanted to extract gains in the Far East as well as Europe . The only way Stalin could make Far Eastern gains without a two - front war would be for Germany to capitulate before Japan . Due to the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviets made it policy to intern Allied aircrews who landed in Soviet territory following operations against Japan , although airmen held in the Soviet Union under such circumstances were usually allowed to `` escape '' after some period of time . Nevertheless , even before the defeat of Germany the Soviet buildup in the Far East steadily accelerated . By early 1945 it had become apparent to the Japanese that the Soviets were preparing to invade Manchuria , though they were unlikely to attack prior to Germany 's defeat . In addition to their problems in the Pacific , the Japanese realised they needed to determine when and where a Soviet invasion would occur . At the Yalta Conference ( February 1945 ) , amongst other things , Stalin secured from Roosevelt the promise of Stalin 's Far Eastern territorial desires , in return agreeing to enter the Pacific war within two or three months of the defeat of Germany . By the middle of March 1945 , things were not going well in the Pacific for the Japanese , and they withdrew their elite troops from Manchuria to support actions in the Pacific . Meanwhile , the Soviets continued their Far Eastern buildup . The Soviets had decided that they did not wish to renew the Neutrality Pact . The terms of the Neutrality Pact required that 12 months before its expiry , the Soviets must advise the Japanese of this , so on 5 April 1945 they informed the Japanese that they did not wish to renew the treaty . This caused the Japanese considerable concern , but the Soviets went to great efforts to assure the Japanese that the treaty would still be in force for another twelve months , and that the Japanese had nothing to worry about . On 9 May 1945 ( Moscow time ) , Germany surrendered , meaning that if the Soviets were to honour the Yalta agreement , they would need to enter war with Japan by 9 August 1945 . The situation continued to deteriorate for the Japanese , and they were now the only Axis power left in the war . They were keen to remain at peace with the Soviets and extend the Neutrality Pact , and they were also keen to achieve an end to the war . Since Yalta they had repeatedly approached , or tried to approach , the Soviets in order to extend the neutrality pact , and to enlist the Soviets in negotiating peace with the allies . The Soviets did nothing to discourage these Japanese hopes , and drew the process out as long as possible ( whilst continuing to prepare their invasion forces . ) One of the roles of the Cabinet of Admiral Baron Suzuki , which took office in April 1945 , was to try to secure any peace terms short of unconditional surrender . In late June they approached the Soviets , ( the Neutrality Pact was still in place ) , inviting them to negotiate peace with the allies in support of Japan , providing them with specific proposals and in return they offered the Soviets very attractive territorial concessions . Stalin expressed interest , and the Japanese awaited the Soviet response . The Soviets continued to avoid providing a response . The Potsdam Conference was held from 16 July to 2 August 1945 . On 24 July the Soviet Union recalled all embassy staff and families from Japan . On 26 July the conference produced the Potsdam Declaration whereby Churchill , Truman and Chiang Kai - shek ( the Soviet Union was not at war with Japan ) demanded the unconditional surrender of Japan . The Japanese continued to wait for the Soviet response , and avoided responding to the declaration . The Japanese had been monitoring Trans - Siberian Railway traffic and Soviet activity to the east of Manchuria and in conjunction with the Soviet delaying tactics , this suggested to them that the Soviets would not be ready to invade east Manchuria before the end of August . They did not , however , have any real idea , and no confirming evidence , as to when or where any invasion would occur . The Japanese were caught completely by surprise when the Soviets declared war an hour before midnight on 8 August 1945 , and invaded simultaneously on three fronts just after midnight on 9 August . Combatant forces ( edit ) See Soviet invasion of Manchuria ( 1945 ) # Combatant forces for the tactical details of the combatant forces and of the invasion . Soviets ( edit ) The Far East Command , under Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky , had a plan for the conquest of Manchuria that was simple but huge in scale , calling for a massive pincer movement over all of Manchuria . This pincer movement was to be performed by the Transbaikal Front from the west and by the 1st Far East Front from the east ; the 2nd Far East Front was to attack the center of the pocket from the north . The only Soviet equivalent of a theater command that operated during the war ( apart from the short - lived 1941 `` Directions '' in the west ) , Far East Command , consisted of three Red Army fronts . Actual map showing the Soviet invasion plan for Manchuria Western Front of Manchuria The Transbaikal Front , under Marshal R.Y. Malinovsky , was to form the western half of the Soviet pincer movement , attacking across the Inner Mongolian desert and over the Greater Khingan mountains . These forces had the objective to secure Mukden ( present day Shenyang ) , then meet troops of the 1st Far East Front at the Changchun area in south central Manchuria , and in doing so finish the double envelopment . Eastern Front of Manchuria The 1st Far East Front , under Marshal K.A. Meretskov , was to form the eastern half of the pincer movement . This attack involved striking towards Mudanjiang ( or Mutanchiang ) , and once that city was captured , the force was to advance towards the cities of Jilin ( or Kirin ) , Changchun and Harbin . Its final objective was to link up with forces of the Trans - Baikal Front at Changchun and Jilin ( or Kirin ) thus closing the double envelopment movement . As a secondary objective , the 1st Far East Front was to prevent Japanese forces from escaping to Korea , and then invade the Korean Peninsula up to the 38th parallel , establishing in the process what later became North Korea . Northern Front of Manchuria The 2nd Far East Front , under General M.A. Purkayev , was in a supporting attack role . Its objectives were the cities of Harbin and Tsitsihar , and the prevention of an orderly withdrawal to the south by the Japanese forces . Once troops from the 1st Far East Front and Trans - Baikal Front captured the city of Changchun , the 2nd Far East Front were to attack the Liaotung Peninsula and seize Port Arthur ( present day Lüshun ) . Each Front had `` front units '' attached directly to the Front instead of an army . The forces totaled 89 divisions with 1.5 million men , 3,704 tanks , 1,852 self propelled guns , 85,819 vehicles and 3,721 aircraft . Approximately one - third of its strength was in combat support and services . Its naval forces contained 12 major surface combatants , 78 submarines , numerous amphibious craft , and the Amur River flotilla , consisting of gunboats and numerous small craft . The Soviet plan incorporated all the experience in maneuver warfare that the Soviets had acquired fighting the Germans , and also used new improved weapons , such as the RPD light machine gun , the new main battle tank T - 44 and a little number of JS - 3 heavy tanks . Japanese ( edit ) The Kwantung Army of the Imperial Japanese Army , under General Otozō Yamada , was the major part of the Japanese occupation forces in Manchuria and Korea , and consisted of two Area Armies ( the First Area Army ( northeastern Manchukuo ) and the Third Area Army ( southwestern Manchukuo ) ) , and three independent armies ( responsible for northern Manchuria , North Korea , Mengjiang , South Sakhalin and the Kurils ) . Each Area Army ( Homen Gun , the equivalent of a Western `` army '' ) had headquarters units and units attached directly to the Area Army , in addition to the field armies ( the equivalent of a Western corps ) . In addition to the Japanese , there was the forty - thousand - strong Manchukuo Defense Force , composed of eight under - strength , poorly equipped , poorly trained Manchukuoan divisions . The Kwantung Army had less than eight hundred thousand ( 800,000 ) men in twenty - five divisions ( including two tank divisions ) and six Independent Mixed Brigades . These contained over 1,215 armored vehicles ( mostly armored cars and light tanks ) , 6,700 artillery pieces ( mostly light ) , and 1,800 aircraft ( mostly trainers and obsolete types ) . The Imperial Japanese Navy did not contribute to the defense of Manchuria , the occupation of which it had always opposed on strategic grounds . Additionally , by the time of the invasion , the few remnants of its fleet were stationed and tasked with the defense of the Japanese home island in the event of an invasion by American forces . On economic grounds , Manchuria was worth defending since it had the bulk of usable industry and raw materials outside Japan and was still under Japanese control in 1945 . However , the Japanese forces ( Kwantung Army ) were far below authorized strength ; most of their heavy military equipment and all of their best military units had been transferred to the Pacific front over the previous three years to contend with the advance of American and Allied forces . By 1945 , the Kwantung Army contained a large number of raw recruits and conscripts , with generally obsolete , light , or otherwise limited equipment . As a result , it had essentially been reduced to a light infantry counter-insurgency force with limited mobility or ability to fight a conventional land war against a coordinated enemy . Compounding the problem , the Japanese military made many wrong assumptions and major mistakes , the two most significant being : They wrongly assumed that any attack coming from the west would follow either the old railroad line to Hailar , or head into Solun from the eastern tip of Mongolia . The Soviets did attack along those routes , but their main attack from the west went through the supposedly impassable Greater Khingan range south of Solun and into the center of Manchuria . Japanese military intelligence failed to determine the nature , location and scale of the Soviet buildup in the Far East . Based on initial underestimates of Soviet strength , and the monitoring of Soviet traffic on the Trans - Siberian railway , they believed the Soviets would not have sufficient forces in place before the end of August , and that an attack was most likely in the autumn of 1945 or in the spring of 1946 . Due to the withdrawal of the Kwantung Army 's elite forces for redeployment into the Pacific Theatre , new operational plans for the defence of Manchuria against a seemingly inevitable Soviet attack were made by the Japanese in the summer of 1945 . These called for the redeployment of the majority of forces from the border areas ; the borders were to be held lightly and delaying actions fought while the main force was to hold the southeastern corner in strength ( so defending Korea from attack ) . Further , they had only observed Soviet activity on the Trans - Siberian railway and along the east Manchurian front , and so were preparing for an invasion from the east . They believed that when an attack occurred from the west , the redeployed forces would be able to deal with it . However , although this redeployment had been initiated , it was not due to be completed until September , and hence the Kwantung Army were in the middle of redeployment when the Soviets launched their attack simultaneously on all three fronts . Campaign ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Soviet invasion of Manchuria The operation was carried out as a classic double pincer movement over an area the size of Western Europe . In the western pincer , the Red Army advanced over the deserts and mountains from Mongolia , far from their resupply railways . This confounded the Japanese military analysis of Soviet logistics , and the defenders were caught by surprise in unfortified positions . The Kwantung Army commanders were involved in a planning exercise at the time of the invasion , and were away from their forces for the first eighteen hours of conflict . Communication infrastructure was poor , and communication was lost with forward units very early on . However , the Kwantung Army had a formidable reputation as fierce and relentless fighters , and even though understrength and unprepared , put up strong resistance at the town of Hailar which tied down some of the Soviet forces . At the same time , Soviet airborne units were used to seize airfields and city centers in advance of the land forces , and to ferry fuel to those units that had outrun their supply lines . The Soviet pincer from the east crossed the Ussuri and advanced around Khanka Lake and attacked towards Suifenhe , and although Japanese defenders fought hard and provided strong resistance , the Soviets proved overwhelming . Perhaps the most glaring fact illustrating the differences in efficacy between the two opponents was that , often , the speed of Soviet advances far outpaced any sort of fighting withdrawal the Japanese could conduct , which formed a crucial element of the entire Japanese strategy for defending the Manchurian heartland . After a week of fighting , during which Soviet forces had penetrated deep into Manchukuo , Japan 's Emperor Hirohito recorded the Gyokuon - hōsō which was broadcast on radio to the Japanese nation on August 15 , 1945 . The idea of surrender was incomprehensible to the Japanese people , and combined with Hirohito 's use of formal and archaic language , the fact that he did not use the actual word `` surrender '' , the poor quality of the broadcast , and poor lines of communication , there was some confusion amongst the Japanese about what the announcement actually meant . The Imperial Japanese Army Headquarters did not immediately communicate the cease - fire order to the Kwantung Army , and many elements of the army either did not understand it , or ignored it . Hence , pockets of fierce resistance from the Kwantung Army continued , and the Soviets continued their advance , largely avoiding the pockets of resistance , reaching Mukden , Changchun and Qiqihar by August 20 . On the Soviet right flank , the Soviet - Mongolian Cavalry - Mechanized Group had entered Inner Mongolia and quickly took Dolon Nur and Kalgan . The Emperor of Manchukuo ( and former Emperor of China ) , Puyi , was captured by the Soviet Red Army . The cease - fire order was eventually communicated to the Kwantung Army , but not before the Soviets had made most of their territorial gains . On August 18 , several Soviet amphibious landings had been conducted ahead of the land advance : three in northern Korea , one in Sakhalin island , and one in the Chishima Islands . This meant that , in Korea at least , there were already Soviet soldiers waiting for the troops coming overland . In Karafuto and the Chishimas , it meant a sudden and undeniable establishment of Soviet sovereignty . On August 10 , US government proposed to the Soviet government that they divide the occupation of Korea between them at the 38th parallel north . The Americans were surprised that the Soviet government accepted . Soviet troops were able to move freely by rail , and there was nothing to stop them occupying the whole of Korea . Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north - east of the country , and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan . On August 24 , the Red Army entered Pyongyang and established a military government over Korea north of the parallel . American forces landed at Incheon on September 8 and took control of the south . Importance and consequences ( edit ) Ca . 1,831,000 Soviet personnel have been awarded the Medal `` For the Victory over Japan '' since 30 September 1945 . See also : Evacuation of Manchukuo , Occupation of Japan , and Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union From the time of the first major Japanese military defeats in the Pacific in the summer of 1942 , the non-military leaders of Japan had come to realise that the Japanese military campaign was economically unsustainable -- as Japan did not have the industrial capacity to simultaneously fight the United States , China and the British Commonwealth and Empire -- and there were a number of initiatives to negotiate a cessation of hostilities and the consolidation of Japanese territorial and economic gains . Hence , elements of the non-military leadership had first made the decision to surrender as early as 1943 ; the major issue was the terms and conditions of surrender , not the issue of surrender itself . For a variety of diverse reasons , none of the initiatives were successful , the two major reasons being the Soviet Union 's deception and delaying tactics , and the attitudes of the `` Big Six '' , the powerful Japanese military leaders . ( Refer to Surrender of Japan for more detail . ) The Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation , along with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , combined to break the Japanese political deadlock and force the Japanese leaders to accept the terms of surrender demanded by allies . In the `` Sixty years after Hiroshima '' issue of the Weekly Standard , American historian Richard B. Frank points out that there are a number of schools of thought with varying opinions of what caused the Japanese to surrender . He describes what he calls the `` traditionalist '' view , which asserts that the Japanese surrendered because the Americans dropped the atomic bombs . He goes on to summarise other points of view . Tsuyoshi Hasegawa 's research has led him to conclude that the atomic bombings were not the principal reason for Japan 's capitulation . He argues that Japan 's leaders were impacted more by the swift and devastating Soviet victories on the mainland in the week following Joseph Stalin 's August 8 declaration of war because the Japanese strategy to protect the home islands was designed to fend off a US invasion from the South , and left virtually no spare troops to counter a Soviet threat from the North . Furthermore , the Japanese could no longer hope to achieve a negotiated peace with the Allies by using the Soviet Union as a mediator with the Soviet declaration of war . This , according to Hasegawa , amounted to a `` strategic bankruptcy '' for the Japanese and forced their message of surrender on August 15 , 1945 . Others with similar views include The `` Battlefield '' series documentary , among others , though all , including Hasegawa , state that the surrender was not due to any single factor or single event . The Soviet invasion and occupation of the defunct `` Manchukuo '' marked the start of a traumatic period for the more - than - one - million occupants of the puppet state who were of Japanese descent . The situation for the Japanese military occupants was clear , but the Japanese colonists who had made `` Manchukuo '' their home , particularly those born in `` Manchukuo '' , were now stateless and homeless , and the ( non-Japanese ) Manchurians wanted to be rid of these foreigners . Many were killed , many others ended up in Siberian prisons for up to 20 years , and some made their way to the Japanese home islands , where they were also treated as foreigners . Manchuria was `` cleansed '' by Soviet forces of any potential military resistance . With Soviet support for the spread of Communism , Manchuria provided the main base of operations for Mao Zedong 's forces , who proved victorious in the following four years of the Chinese Civil War . These military successes in Manchuria and China by the Communist Chinese led to the Soviet Union giving up their rights to bases in China -- promised by the Western Allies -- because all of the land deemed by the Soviets to be `` Chinese '' , ( as distinct from what the Soviets considered to be `` Soviet '' land which had been occupied by the Japanese ) , was eventually turned over to the People 's Republic of China . Note , however , that before leaving Manchuria , Soviet forces and bureaucracy dismantled almost all of the portable parts of the considerable Japanese - built industry in Manchuria and relocated it to `` restore industry in war - torn Soviet territory '' . That which was not portable was either disabled or destroyed ; the Soviets had no desire for Manchuria to be an economic rival , particularly to the underdeveloped Far Eastern Soviet Territories . However , after the establishment of the People 's Republic of China the bulk of the Soviet economic assistance went to Manchuria to help rebuilding the region 's industry . As agreed at Yalta , the Soviet Union had intervened in the war with Japan within three months of the German surrender , and they were therefore entitled to annex the territories of Karafuto and the Chishima Islands and also to preeminent interests over Port Arthur and Dalian , with its strategic rail connections . The territories on the Asian mainland were subsequently transferred to the full control of the People 's Republic of China in 1955 ; the other possessions are still administered by the Soviet Union 's successor state , Russia . The division of Korea between Soviet and US occupations led to the creation of the separate states of North and South Korea . This was a precursor to the Korean War five years later . See also ( edit ) World War II portal Japan portal Soviet Union portal Mongolia portal China portal Battle of Mutanchiang Battle of Shumshu Military history of Japan Military history of the Soviet Union Kuril Islands dispute Project Hula Gegenmiao massacre Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Glantz credits the Japanese with 713,000 men in northern Korea and Manchuria , and 280,000 in southern Korea , Sakhalin , and the Kuriles . Jump up ^ 41,199 is the listed total of Japanese soldiers in Soviet custody on August 19 , two days after the surrender of the Kwantung Army by order of Hirohito and four days after Hirohito announced the surrender of Japan . Post-war , 594,000 to 609,000 Japanese soldiers ended up in Soviet custody . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : David M. Glantz , `` August Storm : The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria '' . Leavenworth Papers No. 7 , Combat Studies Institute , February 1983 , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . ^ Jump up to : Glantz , David M. & House , Jonathan ( 1995 ) , When Titans Clashed : How the Red Army Stopped Hitler , Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas , ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0899 - 0 , p. 378 Jump up ^ Glantz , David M. & House , Jonathan ( 1995 ) , When Titans Clashed : How the Red Army Stopped Hitler , Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas , ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0899 - 0 , p. 300 Jump up ^ G.F. Krivosheev , ed. , `` Russia and the USSR in twentieth century wars : A statistical survey '' . Moscow : ' Olma - press ' , 2001 , page 309 . Jump up ^ Cherevko , Kirill Evgen'evich ( 2003 ) . Serp i Molot protiv Samurayskogo Mecha . Moscow : Veche . ISBN 5 - 94538 - 328 - 7 . Page 41 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin D. ( 1990 ) ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan Against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . p. 1176 . ISBN 9780804718356 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( 8 August 2005 ) . `` A Soviet Push Helped Force Japan to Surrender '' . The Moscow Times . Jump up ^ Lekic , Slobodan ( 22 August 2010 ) . `` How the Soviets helped Allies defeat Japan '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : `` Battlefield -- Manchuria -- The Forgotten Victory '' , Battlefield ( documentary series ) , 2001 , 98 minutes . ^ Jump up to : Hayashi , S. ( 1955 ) . Study of Strategic and Tactical peculiarities of Far Eastern Russia and Soviet Far East Forces . Japanese Special Studies on Manchuria ( Report ) . XIII . Tokyo : Military History Section , Headquarters , Army Forces Far East , US Army . ^ Jump up to : Drea , E.J. ( 1984 ) . `` Missing Intentions : Japanese Intelligence and the Soviet Invasion of Manchuria , 1945 '' . Military Affairs . 48 ( 2 ) : 66 -- 73 . JSTOR 1987650 . ^ Jump up to : Butow , Robert Joseph Charles ( 1956 ) . Japan 's decision to surrender . Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Richard B. Frank , Downfall : The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire , Penguin , 2001 ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 100146 - 3 . ( Extracts on - line ) Jump up ^ Robert James Maddox , Hiroshima in History : The Myths of Revisionism , University of Missouri Press , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1732 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Tsuyoshi Hasegawa ( 2006 ) . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Belknap Press . p. 298 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01693 - 9 . Jump up ^ Soviet Declaration of War on Japan , August 8 , 1945 . ( Avalon Project at Yale University ) Jump up ^ Maurer , Herrymon , Collision of East and West , Henry Regnery Company , Chicago , 1951 , p. 238 . ^ Jump up to : Soviet - Japanese Neutrality Pact , April 13 , 1941 . ( Avalon Project at Yale University ) Jump up ^ Declaration Regarding Mongolia , April 13 , 1941 . ( Avalon Project at Yale University ) Jump up ^ Soviet Denunciation of the Pact with Japan , April 5 , 1945 . ( Avalon Project at Yale University ) Jump up ^ So sorry , Mr Sato , April 1945 , Time magazine . Jump up ^ Russia and Japan , declassified CIA report from April 1945 . ^ Jump up to : Boris Nikolaevich Slavinskiĭ , The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History 1941 -- 1945 , Translated by Geoffrey Jukes , 2004 , Routledge . ( Extracts on - line ) ^ Jump up to : Jones , F.C. `` Manchuria since 1931 '' , 1949 , Royal Institute of International Affairs , London . pg. 221 Jump up ^ Robinson , Michael E ( 2007 ) . Korea 's Twentieth - Century Odyssey . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3174 - 5 . Jump up ^ Seth , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . A Concise History of Modern Korea : From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present . Hawaìi studies on Korea . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 86 . ISBN 9780742567139 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hyung Gu Lynn ( 2007 ) . Bipolar Orders : The Two Koreas since 1989 . Zed Books . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Frank ( 8 August 2005 ) . `` Why Truman Dropped the Bomb '' . The Weekly Standard . 010 ( 44 ) . Jump up ^ Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi ( 17 August 2007 ) . `` The Atomic Bombs and the Soviet Invasion : What Drove Japan 's Decision to Surrender ? '' . Japan Focus . Jump up ^ Kuramoto , K. ( 1990 ) . Manchurian Legacy : Memoirs of a Japanese Colonist . East Lansing , Michigan State University Press . Jump up ^ Shin'ichi , Y. ( 2006 ) . Manchuria under Japanese Dominion . Philadelphia , University of Pennsylvania Press . Jump up ^ Tamanoi , M A. ( 2009 ) . Memory Maps : The State and Manchuria in Postwar Japan . Honolulu , University of Hawai'i Press . ^ Jump up to : Borisov , O. ( 1977 ) . The Soviet Union and the Manchurian Revolutionary Base ( 1945 -- 1949 ) . Moscow , Progress Publishers . Jump up ^ M.V. Aleksandrova ( 2013 ) Economy of Northeastern China and Soviet assistance to the PRC in the 1950s Further reading ( edit ) All are in English : Despres , J , Dzirkals , L , et al. ( 1976 ) . Timely Lessons of History : The Manchurian Model for Soviet Strategy . Santa Monica , RAND : 103 . ( available on - line ) Duara , P. ( 2006 ) . The New Imperialism and the Post-Colonial Developmental State : Manchukuo in comparative perspective . Japan Focus . Garthoff , R L. ( 1966 ) . Soviet Military Policy : A Historical Analysis . London , Faber and Faber . Garthoff , R L. ( 1969 ) . The Soviet Manchurian Campaign , August 1945 . Military Affairs XXXIII ( Oct 1969 ) : 312 -- 336 . Glantz , David M. ( 1983a ) . August Storm : The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria , Leavenworth Paper No. 7 , Command and General Staff College , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , February 1983 . Glantz , David M. ( 1983b ) . August Storm : Soviet Tactical and Operational Combat in Manchuria , 1945 , Leavenworth Paper No. 8 , Command and General Staff College , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , June 1983 . Glantz , David M. ( 1995 ) The Soviet Invasion of Japan . Quarterly Journal of Military History , vol. 7 , no . 3 , Spring 1995 . Glantz , David M. ( 2003 ) . The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria , 1945 ( Cass Series on Soviet ( Russian ) Military Experience , 7 ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5279 - 2 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2005 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . ( Extracts on - line ) Hallman , A L. ( 1995 ) . Battlefield Operational Functions and the Soviet Campaign against Japan in 1945 . Quantico , Virginia , United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College . ( available on - line ) Hasegawa , T. ( Ed . ) ( 2007 ) . The End of the Pacific War . ( Extracts on - line ) Ishiwatari , H , Mizumachi , K , et al. ( 1946 ) No. 77 -- Japanese Preparations for Operations in Manchuria ( prior to 1943 ) . Tokyo , Military History Section , Headquarters , Army Forces Far East , US Army . Phillips , S. ( 2004 ) . The Sino - Japanese War , 1937 -- 1945 : The Military Struggle -- Research Guide and Bibliography . Towson University . available on - line USMCU CSC ( 1986 ) . The Soviet Army Offensive : Manchuria , 1945 . ( US Marine Corps University , Command and Staff College -- available on - line ) Japanese Monographs ( edit ) The `` Japanese Monographs '' and the `` Japanese Studies on Manchuria '' -- The 187 Japan Monographs are a series of operational histories written by former officers of the Japanese army and navy under the direction of General Headquarters of the U.S. Far East Command . Monographs of particular relevance to Manchuria are : No. 77 Japanese preparations for Operations in Manchuria ( 1931 -- 1942 ) No. 78 The Kwangtung Army in the Manchurian Campaign ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Plans and Preparations No. 119 Outline of Operations prior to the Termination of War and activities connected with the Cessation of Hostilities ( July -- August 1945 ) No. 138 Japanese preparations for Operations in Manchuria ( January , 1943 -- August 1945 ) No. 154 Record of Operations against Soviet Russia , Eastern Front ( August 1945 ) No. 155 Record of Operations against Soviet Russia , Northern and Western Fronts ( August -- September 1945 ) List of the 13 Studies on Manchuria Vol . I Japanese Operational Planning against the USSR ( 1932 -- 1945 ) Vol. II Imperial Japanese Army in Manchuria ( 1894 -- 1945 ) Historical Summary Vol . III STRATEGIC STUDY ON MANCHURIA MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY Terrain Study Vol. IV AIR OPERATIONS ( 1931 -- 1945 ) Plans and Preparations Vol . V INFANTRY OPERATIONS Vol . VI ARMOR OPERATIONS Vol . VII SUPPORTING ARMS AND SERVICES Vol . VIII LOGISTICS IN MANCHURIA Vol . IX CLIMATIC FACTORS Vol . X Japanese Intelligence Planning against the USSR ( 1934 -- 1941 ) Vol . XI Small Wars and Border Problems Vol . XII Anti-Bandit Operation ( 1931 -- 1941 ) Vol . XIII Study of Strategic and Tactical peculiarities of Far Eastern Russia and Soviet Eastern Forces ( 1931 -- 1945 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) . Japanese Air Order of Battle and Operations Against ' August Storm ' , August 1945 . 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-5,627,377,118,616,072,000 | who said monsoon is india’s real finance minister | Monsoon of South Asia - wikipedia Monsoon of South Asia Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Air pollution Atmosphere Chemistry Convection Physics River Climate Cloud Physics Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather List Extreme Weather forecasting Glossaries Glossary of meteorology Weather portal A visualisation of the South Asian Monsoon based on the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data ( CHIRPS ) 30 + year quasi-global rainfall dataset , analysed and visualised using Google Earth Engine . Annual average monsoon precipitation in India over 110 years . The long - term average has been 899 millimeters of precipitation . However , the monsoon varies over the Indian subcontinent within a ± 20 % range . Rains that exceed 10 % typically lead to major floods , while a 10 % shortfall is a significant drought . The monsoon of South Asia is among several geographically distributed global monsoons . It affects the Indian subcontinent , where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every year from June through September , but it is only partly understood and notoriously difficult to predict . Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin , process , strength , variability , distribution , and general vagaries of the monsoon , but understanding and predictability are still evolving . The unique geographical features of the Indian subcontinent , along with associated atmospheric , oceanic , and geophysical factors , influence the behavior of the monsoon . Because of its effect on agriculture , on flora and fauna , and on the climates of nations such as India , Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka -- among other economic , social , and environmental effects -- the monsoon is one of the most anticipated , tracked , and studied weather phenomena in the region . It has a significant effect on the overall well - being of residents and has even been dubbed the `` real finance minister of India '' . Contents 1 Definition 2 Background 3 Changes of the Monsoon 3.1 Effect of geographical relief features 4 Features of monsoon rains 4.1 `` Bursting '' 4.2 Rain variability ( `` vagaries '' ) 5 Ideal and normal monsoon rains 6 Theories for mechanism of monsoon 6.1 Traditional theory 6.1. 1 Process of monsoon creation 6.2 Dynamic theory 6.2. 1 Process of monsoon creation 6.3 Jet stream theory 6.3. 1 Process of monsoon creation 7 Theories for `` bursting '' 7.1 Dynamic theory 7.2 Jet stream theory 8 Theories for monsoon variability 8.1 The jet stream effect 8.2 El Niño - Southern Oscillation effect 8.3 Indian Ocean dipole effect 8.3. 1 Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation 9 Impact of climate change on the monsoon 10 Monsoon rain prediction models 10.1 Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon ( SPIM ) 10.2 Indian Meteorological Department model 11 Significance 11.1 Geographical ( wettest spots on Earth ) 11.2 Agricultural 11.3 Economic 11.4 Social 11.5 Travel 11.6 Environmental 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Definition ( edit ) The word monsoon ( derived from the Arabic `` mausam , '' meaning `` season '' ) , although generally defined as a system of winds characterized by a seasonal reversal of direction , lacks a consistent , detailed definition . Some examples are : The American Meteorological Society calls it a name for seasonal winds , first applied to the winds blowing over the Arabian Sea from the northeast for six months and from the southwest for six months . The term has since been extended to similar winds in other parts of the world . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) describes a monsoon as a tropical and subtropical seasonal reversal in both surface winds and associated precipitation , caused by differential heating between a continental - scale land mass and the adjacent ocean . The Indian Meteorological Department defines it as the seasonal reversal of the direction of winds along the shores of the Indian Ocean , especially in the Arabian Sea , which blow from the southwest for half of the year and from the northeast for the other half . Colin Stokes Ramage , in Monsoon Meteorology , defines the monsoon as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation . Background ( edit ) Observed initially by sailors in the Arabian Sea traveling between Africa , India , and Southeast Asia , the monsoon can be categorized into two branches based on their spread over the subcontinent : Arabian Sea branch Bay of Bengal branch Southwest monsoon clouds over Tamil Nadu . Alternatively , it can be categorized into two segments based on the direction of rain - bearing winds : Southwest ( SW ) monsoon Northeast ( NE ) monsoon Based on the time of year that these winds bring rain to India , the monsoon can also be categorized into two periods : Summer monsoon ( May to September ) Winter monsoon ( October to November ) The complexity of the monsoon of South Asia is not completely understood , making it difficult to accurately predict the quantity , timing , and geographic distribution of the accompanying precipitation . These are the most monitored components of the monsoon , and they determine the water availability in India for any given year . Changes of the monsoon ( edit ) Main article : Monsoon § South Asian Monsoon Monsoon over India Monsoons typically occur in tropical areas . One area that monsoons impact greatly is India . In India monsoons create an entire season in which the winds reverse completely . Various atmospheric conditions influence the monsoon winds . The first condition is the differential heating and cooling of land and water . This creates low pressure on the landmass , while high pressure is created over the seas during daytime , but is reversed during the night time . The second condition is the shift in the position of Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) . In summer , the equatorial trough normally positioned about 5 ° N of the equator moves over the Ganga plain creating a monsoon trough during the monsoon season . The third condition is the presence of the high - pressure area that develops east of Madagascar . It is approximately at 20 ° S over the Indian Ocean . The intensity and position of this high - pressure area affects the Indian Monsoon . The fourth condition develops during the summer . The Tibetan Plateau gets intensely heated resulting in strong vertical air currents and high pressure over the plateau about 9 km above sea level . The fifth condition develops during the summer due to the movement of the westerly jet streams to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian Peninsula . Changes in pressure over the southern oceans also affect the monsoons . In certain years , there is a reversal in the pressure conditions . This periodic change in pressure conditions is known as the Southern Oscillation , or SO . The Southern Oscillation is connected to la nina , which is a warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian Coast . It flows every two to five years in place of the cold Peruvian current . The phenomenon is , referred to as ENSO ( El Nino Southern Oscillations ) . In India , the monsoon lasts for 100 to 120 days from early June and to mid-September . The monsoon winds encounter various atmospheric conditions on their way and hence are pulsating in nature , and not steady . The monsoon arrives with a sudden downpour of rainfall that continues for several days . This is known as the ' burst ' of the monsoon . The rainfall is a result of the convergence of wind flow from the Bay of Bengal and reverse winds from the South China Sea . The onset of the monsoon occurs over the Bay of Bengal in May , arriving at the Indian Peninsula by June , and then the winds move towards the South China Sea . By early September , the monsoon starts to withdraw or retreat and is a more gradual process . By mid-October , it withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula . The withdrawal takes place progressively from north to south from the first week of December to the first week of January . This is the start of the winter season . The retreating monsoon winds move over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal , and collect moisture on the way . These monsoon winds reach the southern states of India by October , and are responsible for a second round of rainfall . These are called the winter monsoons . The winter monsoon is experienced in the states of Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Andhra Pradesh in the first week of January . Effect of geographical relief features ( edit ) Although the southwest and northeast monsoon winds are seasonally reversible , they do not cause precipitation on their own . Main article : Rain § Formation Two factors are essential for rain formation : Moisture - laden winds Droplet formation Additionally , one of the causes of rain must happen . In the case of the monsoon , the cause is primarily orographic , due to the presence of highlands in the path of the winds . Orographic barriers force wind to rise . Precipitation then occurs on the windward side of the highlands because of adiabatic cooling and condensation of the moist rising air . Main article : Orographic lift The unique geographic relief features of the Indian subcontinent come into play in allowing all of the above factors to occur simultaneously . The relevant features in explaining the monsoon mechanism are as follows : The presence of abundant water bodies around the subcontinent : the Arabian Sea , Bay of Bengal , and Indian Ocean . These help moisture accumulate in the winds during the hot season . The presence of abundant highlands like the Western Ghats and the Himalayas right across the path of the southwest monsoon winds . These are the main cause of the substantial orographic precipitation throughout the subcontinent . The Western Ghats are the first highlands of India that the southwest monsoon winds encounter . The Western Ghats rise abruptly from the Western Coastal Plains of the subcontinent , making effective orographic barriers for the monsoon winds . The Himalayas play more than the role of orographic barriers for the monsoon . They also help confine it to the subcontinent . Without them , the southwest monsoon winds would blow right over the Indian subcontinent into Tibet , Afghanistan , and Russia without causing any rain . For the northeast monsoon , the highlands of the Eastern Ghats play the role of orographic barrier . Pink arrow : Southwest monsoon wind direction ; green arrow : northeast monsoon wind direction . Orographic precipitation . Geographical features of the Indian subcontinent . Daytime scene showing the pre-monsoon air over India . Recent trends in average annual precipitation from monsoons . Features of monsoon rains ( edit ) There are some unique features of the rains that the monsoon brings to the Indian subcontinent . `` Bursting '' ( edit ) `` Monsoon burst '' over Mumbai . Bursting of monsoon refers to the sudden change in weather conditions in India ( typically from hot and dry weather to wet and humid weather during the southwest monsoon ) , characterized by an abrupt rise in the mean daily rainfall . Similarly , the burst of the northeast monsoon refers to an abrupt increase in the mean daily rainfall over the affected regions . Rain variability ( `` vagaries '' ) ( edit ) One of the most commonly used words to describe the erratic nature of the monsoon is `` vagaries , '' used in newspapers , magazines , books , web portals to insurance plans , and India 's budget discussions . In some years , it rains too much , causing floods in parts of India ; in others , it rains too little or not at all , causing droughts . In some years , the rain quantity is sufficient but its timing arbitrary . Sometimes , despite average annual rainfall , the daily distribution or geographic distribution of the rain is substantially skewed . In the recent past , rainfall variability in short time periods ( about a week ) were attributed to desert dust over the Arabian Sea and Western Asia . Ideal and normal monsoon rains ( edit ) Annual average rainfall in India . Normally , the southwest monsoon can be expected to `` burst '' onto the western coast of India ( near Thiruvananthapuram ) at the beginning of June and to cover the entire country by mid-July . Its withdrawal from India typically starts at the beginning of September and finishes by the beginning of October . The northeast monsoon usually `` bursts '' around 20 October and lasts for about 50 days before withdrawing . However , a rainy monsoon is not necessarily a normal monsoon -- that is , one that performs close to statistical averages calculated over a long period . A normal monsoon is generally accepted to be one involving close to the average quantity of precipitation over all the geographical locations under its influence ( mean spatial distribution ) and over the entire expected time period ( mean temporal distribution ) . Additionally , the arrival date and the departure date of both the southwest and northeast monsoon should be close to the mean dates . The exact criteria for a normal monsoon are defined by the Indian Meteorological Department with calculations for the mean and standard deviation of each of these variables . A monsoon with excess rain can cause floods , and one with too little rain can lead to widespread drought , famine , and economic losses . Therefore , a normal monsoon with mean performance is the most desirable monsoon . Theories for mechanism of monsoon ( edit ) Theories of the mechanism of the monsoon primarily try to explain the reasons for the seasonal reversal of winds and the timing of their reversal . Traditional theory ( edit ) Main article : Sea breeze Because of differences in the specific heat capacity of land and water , continents heat up faster than seas . Consequently , the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas . These create areas of low air pressure above coastal lands compared with pressure over the seas , causing winds to flow from the seas onto the neighboring lands . This is known as sea breeze . Process of monsoon creation ( edit ) Main article : Monsoon § Process A : sea breeze ; B : land breeze . Also known as the thermal theory or the differential heating of sea and land theory , the traditional theory portrays the monsoon as a large - scale sea breeze . It states that during the hot subtropical summers , the massive landmass of the Indian Peninsula heats up at a different rate than the surrounding seas , resulting in a pressure gradient from south to north . This causes the flow of moisture - laden winds from sea to land . On reaching land , these winds rise because of the geographical relief , cooling adiabatically and leading to orographic rains . This is the southwest monsoon . The reverse happens during the winter , when the land is colder than the sea , establishing a pressure gradient from land to sea . This causes the winds to blow over the Indian subcontinent toward the Indian Ocean in a northeasterly direction , causing the northeast monsoon . Because the southwest monsoon flows from sea to land , it carries more moisture , and therefore causes more rain , than the northeast monsoon . Only part of the northeast monsoon passing over the Bay of Bengal picks up moisture , causing rain in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu during the winter months . However , many meteorologists argue that the monsoon is not a local phenomenon as explained by the traditional theory , but a general weather phenomenon along the entire tropical zone of Earth . This criticism does not deny the role of differential heating of sea and land in generating monsoon winds , but casts it as one of several factors rather than the only one . Dynamic theory ( edit ) The atmospheric circulation system with associated pressure belts and latitudes . Main article : Prevailing winds Main article : Atmospheric circulation The prevailing winds of the atmospheric circulation arise because of the difference in pressure at various latitudes and act as means for distribution of thermal energy on the planet . This pressure difference is because of the differences in solar insolation received at different latitudes and the resulting uneven heating of the planet . Alternating belts of high pressure and low pressure develop along the equator , the two tropics , the Arctic and Antarctic circles , and the two polar regions , giving rise to the trade winds , the westerlies , and the polar easterlies . However , geophysical factors like Earth 's orbit , its rotation , and its axial tilt cause these belts to shift gradually north and south , following the Sun 's seasonal shifts . Process of monsoon creation ( edit ) The dynamic theory explains the monsoon on the basis of the annual shifts in the position of global belts of pressure and winds . According to this theory , the monsoon is a result of the shift of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) under the influence of the vertical sun . Though the mean position of the ITCZ is taken as the equator , it shifts north and south with the migration of the vertical sun toward the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn during the summer of the respective hemispheres ( Northern and Southern Hemisphere ) . As such , during the northern summer ( May and June ) , the ITCZ moves north , along with the vertical sun , toward the Tropic of Cancer . The ITCZ , as the zone of lowest pressure in the tropical region , is the target destination for the trade winds of both hemispheres . Consequently , with the ITCZ at the Tropic of Cancer , the southeast trade winds of the Southern Hemisphere have to cross the equator to reach it . However , because of the Coriolis effect ( which causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to turn right , whereas winds in the Southern Hemisphere turn left ) , these southeast trade winds are deflected east in the Northern Hemisphere , transforming into southwest trades . These pick up moisture while traveling from sea to land and cause orographic rain once they hit the highlands of the Indian Peninsula . This results in the southwest monsoon . The dynamic theory explains the monsoon as a global weather phenomenon rather than just a local one . And when coupled with the traditional theory ( based on the heating of sea and land ) , it enhances the explanation of the varying intensity of monsoon precipitation along the coastal regions with orographic barriers . Jet stream theory ( edit ) Main article : Jet stream Jet streams of Earth This theory tries to explain the establishment of the northeast and southwest monsoons , as well as unique features like `` bursting '' and variability . The jet streams are systems of upper - air westerlies . They give rise to slowly moving upper - air waves , with 250 - knot winds in some air streams . First observed by World War II pilots , they develop just below the tropopause over areas of steep pressure gradient on the surface . The main types are the polar jets , the subtropical westerly jets , and the less common tropical easterly jets . They follow the principle of geostrophic winds . Process of monsoon creation ( edit ) The Tibetan Plateau lies north of the Himalayas . Over India , a subtropical westerly jet develops in the winter season and is replaced by the tropical easterly jet in the summer season . The high temperature during the summer over the Tibetan Plateau , as well as over Central Asia in general , is believed to be the critical factor leading to the formation of the tropical easterly jet over India . The mechanism affecting the monsoon is that the westerly jet causes high pressure over northern parts of the subcontinent during the winter . This results in the north - to - south flow of the winds in the form of the northeast monsoon . With the northward shift of the vertical sun , this jet shifts north , too . The intense heat over the Tibetan Plateau , coupled with associated terrain features like the high altitude of the plateau , generate the tropical easterly jet over central India . This jet creates a low - pressure zone over the northern Indian plains , influencing the wind flow toward these plains and assisting the development of the southwest monsoon . Theories for `` bursting '' ( edit ) The `` bursting '' of the monsoon is primarily explained by the jet stream theory and the dynamic theory . Dynamic theory ( edit ) According to this theory , during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere , the ITCZ shifts north , pulling the southwest monsoon winds onto the land from the sea . However , the huge landmass of the Himalayas restricts the low - pressure zone onto the Himalayas themselves . It is only when the Tibetan Plateau heats up significantly more than the Himalayas that the ITCZ abruptly and swiftly shifts north , leading to the bursting of monsoon rains over the Indian subcontinent . The reverse shift takes place for the northeast monsoon winds , leading to a second , minor burst of rainfall over the eastern Indian Peninsula during the Northern Hemisphere winter months . Jet stream theory ( edit ) According to this theory , the onset of the southwest monsoon is driven by the shift of the subtropical westerly jet north from over the plains of India toward the Tibetan Plateau . This shift is due to the intense heating of the plateau during the summer months . The northward shift is not a slow and gradual process , as expected for most changes in weather pattern . The primary cause is believed to be the height of the Himalayas . As the Tibetan Plateau heats up , the low pressure created over it pulls the westerly jet north . Because of the lofty Himalayas , the westerly jet 's movement is inhibited . But with continuous dropping pressure , sufficient force is created for the movement of the westerly jet across the Himalayas after a significant period . As such , the shift of the jet is sudden and abrupt , causing the bursting of southwest monsoon rains onto the Indian plains . The reverse shift happens for the northeast monsoon . Theories for monsoon variability ( edit ) The jet stream effect ( edit ) The jet stream theory also explains the variability in timing and strength of the monsoon . Timing : A timely northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet at the beginning of summer is critical to the onset of the southwest monsoon over India . If the shift is delayed , so is the southwest monsoon . An early shift results in an early monsoon . Strength : The strength of the southwest monsoon is determined by the strength of the easterly tropical jet over central India . A strong easterly tropical jet results in a strong southwest monsoon over central India , and a weak jet results in a weak monsoon . El Niño - Southern oscillation effect ( edit ) Main article : El Niño - Southern Oscillation Effects of El Niño on the weather of the subcontinent . El Niño is a warm ocean current originating along the coast of Peru that replaces the usual cold Humboldt Current . The warm surface water moving toward the coast of Peru with El Niño is pushed west by the trade winds , thereby raising the temperature of the southern Pacific Ocean . The reverse condition is known as La Niña . Southern oscillation , a phenomenon first observed by Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker , director general of observatories in India , refers to the seesaw relationship of atmospheric pressures between Tahiti and Darwin , Australia . Walker noticed that when pressure was high in Tahiti , it was low in Darwin , and vice versa . A Southern Oscillation Index ( SOI ) , based on the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin , has been formulated by the Bureau of Meteorology ( Australia ) to measure the strength of the oscillation . Walker noticed that the quantity of rainfall in the Indian subcontinent was often negligible in years of high pressure over Darwin ( and low pressure over Tahiti ) . Conversely , low pressure over Darwin bodes well for precipitation quantity in India . Thus , Walker established the relationship between southern oscillation and quantities of monsoon rains in India . Ultimately , the southern oscillation was found to be simply an atmospheric component of the El Niño / La Niña effect , which happens in the ocean . Therefore , in the context of the monsoon , the two together came to be known as the El Niño - Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) effect . The effect is known to have a pronounced influence on the strength of the southwest monsoon over India , with the monsoon being weak ( causing droughts ) during El Niño years , while La Niña years bring particularly strong monsoons . Indian Ocean Dipole effect ( edit ) Main article : Indian Ocean Dipole Although the ENSO effect was statistically effective in explaining several past droughts in India , in recent decades , its relationship with the Indian monsoon seemed to weaken . For example , the strong ENSO of 1997 did not cause drought in India . However , it was later discovered that , just like ENSO in the Pacific Ocean , a similar seesaw ocean - atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean was also in play . This system was discovered in 1999 and named the Indian Ocean Dipole ( IOD ) . An index to calculate it was also formulated . IOD develops in the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean from April to May and peaks in October . With a positive IOD , winds over the Indian Ocean blow from east to west . This makes the Arabian Sea ( the western Indian Ocean near the African coast ) much warmer and the eastern Indian Ocean around Indonesia colder and drier . In negative dipole years , the reverse happens , making Indonesia much warmer and rainier . A positive IOD index often negates the effect of ENSO , resulting in increased monsoon rains in years such as 1983 , 1994 , and 1997 . Further , the two poles of the IOD -- the eastern pole ( around Indonesia ) and the western pole ( off the African coast ) -- independently and cumulatively affect the quantity of monsoon rains . Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation ( edit ) As with ENSO , the atmospheric component of the IOD was later discovered and the cumulative phenomenon named Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation ( EQUINOO ) . When EQUINOO effects are factored in , certain failed forecasts , like the acute drought of 2002 , can be further accounted for . The relationship between extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall , along with ENSO and EQUINOO , have been studied , and models to better predict the quantity of monsoon rains have been statistically derived . Impact of Climate Change on the monsoon ( edit ) Since 1950s , the South Asian summer monsoon underwent a gradual decline , with a reduction of up to 10 % over central India . This is primarily due to a weakening monsoon circulation as a result of the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean , and changes in land use and land cover . Since the strength of the monsoon is partially dependent on the temperature difference between the ocean and the land , higher ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean have weakened the moisture bearing winds from the ocean to the land . The reduction in the summer monsoon rainfall have grave consequences over central India because at least 60 % of the agriculture in this region is still largely rain - fed . A recent assessment of the monsoonal changes indicate that the land warming has increased during 2002 - 2014 , possibly reviving the strength of the monsoon circulation and rainfall . Future changes in the monsoon will depend on a competition between land and ocean -- on which is warming faster than the other . Meanwhile , there has been a three-fold rise in widespread extreme rainfall events during the years 1950 to 2015 , over the entire central belt of India , leading to a steady rise in the number of flash floods with significant socioeconomic losses . Widespread extreme rainfall events are those rainfall events which are larger than 150 mm / day and spread over a region large enough to cause floods . Monsoon rain prediction models ( edit ) Since the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 in India , various attempts have been made to predict monsoon rainfall . At least five prediction models exist . Seasonal prediction of Indian monsoon ( SPIM ) ( edit ) The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing ( CDAC ) at Bengaluru facilitated the Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon ( SPIM ) experiment on the PARAM Padma supercomputing system . This project involved simulated runs of historical data from 1985 to 2004 to try to establish the relationship of five atmospheric general circulation models with monsoon rainfall distribution . Indian Meteorological Department model ( edit ) The department has tried to forecast the monsoon for India since 1884 , and is the only official agency entrusted with making public forecasts about the quantity , distribution , and timing of the monsoon rains . Its position as the sole authority on the monsoon was cemented in 2005 by the Department of Science and Technology ( DST ) , New Delhi . In 2003 , IMD substantially changed its forecast methodology , model , and administration . A sixteen - parameter monsoon forecasting model used since 1988 was replaced in 2003 . However , following the 2009 drought in India ( worst since 1972 ) , The department decided in 2010 that it needed to develop an `` indigenous model '' to further improve its prediction capabilities . Significance ( edit ) Western Ghats , Maharashtra on 28 May in dry season Western Ghats , Maharashtra on 28 August in rainy season The monsoon is the primary delivery mechanism for fresh water in the Indian subcontinent . As such , it affects the environment ( and associated flora , fauna , and ecosystems ) , agriculture , society , hydro - power production , and geography of the subcontinent ( like the availability of fresh water in water bodies and the underground water table ) , with all of these factors cumulatively contributing to the health of the economy of affected countries . The monsoon turns large parts of India from semi-deserts into green grasslands . See photos taken only three months apart in the Western Ghats . Geographical ( wettest spots on Earth ) ( edit ) Mawsynram and Cherrapunji , both in the Indian state of Meghalaya , alternate as the wettest places on Earth given the quantity of their rainfall , though there are other cities with similar claims . They receive more than 11,000 millimeters of rain each from the monsoon . Agricultural ( edit ) In India , which has historically had a primarily agrarian economy , the services sector recently overtook the farm sector in terms of GDP contribution . However , the agriculture sector still contributes 17 - 20 % of GDP and is the largest employer in the country , with about 60 % of Indians dependent on it for employment and livelihood . About 49 % of India 's land is agricultural ; that number rises to 55 % if associated wetlands , dryland farming areas , etc. , are included . Because more than half of these farmlands are rain - fed , the monsoon is critical to food sufficiency and quality of life . Despite progress in alternative forms of irrigation , agricultural dependence on the monsoon remains far from insignificant . Therefore , the agricultural calendar of India is governed by the monsoon . Any fluctuations in the time distribution , spatial distribution , or quantity of the monsoon rains may lead to floods or droughts , causing the agricultural sector to suffer . This has a cascading effect on the secondary economic sectors , the overall economy , food inflation , and therefore the general population 's quality and cost of living . Economic ( edit ) The economic significance of the monsoon is aptly described by Pranab Mukherjee 's remark that the monsoon is the `` real finance minister of India '' . A good monsoon results in better agricultural yields , which brings down prices of essential food commodities and reduces imports , thus reducing food inflation overall . Better rains also result in increased hydroelectric production . All of these factors have positive ripple effects throughout the economy of India . The down side however is that when monsoon rains are weak , crop production is low leading to higher food prices with limited supply . As a result , the Indian government is actively working with farmers and the nation 's meteorological department to produce more drought resistant crops . Social ( edit ) D. Subbarao , former governor of the Reserve Bank of India , emphasized during a quarterly review of India 's monetary policy that the lives of Indians depend on the performance of the monsoon . His own career prospects , his emotional well - being , and the performance of his monetary policy are all `` a hostage '' to the monsoon , he said , as is the case for most Indians . Additionally , farmers rendered jobless by failed monsoon rains tend to migrate to cities . This crowds city slums and aggravates the infrastructure and sustainability of city life . Travel ( edit ) In the past , Indians usually refrained from traveling during monsoons for practical as well as religious reasons . But with the advent of globalization , such travel is gaining popularity . Places like Kerala and the Western Ghats get a large number of tourists , both local and foreigners , during the monsoon season . Kerala is one of the top destinations for tourists interested in Ayurvedic treatments and massage therapy . One major drawback of traveling during the monsoon is that most wildlife sanctuaries are closed . Also , some mountainous areas , especially in Himalayan regions , get cut off when roads are damaged by landslides and floods during heavy rains . Environmental ( edit ) The monsoon is the primary bearer of fresh water to the area . The peninsular / Deccan rivers of India are mostly rain - fed and non-perennial in nature , depending primarily on the monsoon for water supply . Most of the coastal rivers of Western India are also rain - fed and monsoon - dependent . As such , the flora , fauna , and entire ecosystems of these areas rely heavily on the monsoon . See also ( edit ) Weather portal India portal East Asian Monsoon Monsoon ( photographs ) of India , 1960 Climate of India ( section Monsoon ) Asian brown cloud Tropical monsoon climate ( section Factors ) Tibetan Plateau ( section Role in monsoons ) Himalayas ( section Impact on climate ) Indian Meteorological Department Drought in India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The name of the wind is based on the direction that it blows from . Southwest winds blow onto the land from the southwest . Northeast winds flow from the northeast toward the southwest , onto the land . Jump up ^ The Aravalli Mountains also lie in the path of the southwest monsoon but do not result in much precipitation because they are in the direction of the path of the southwest winds and not across them , causing no orographic lift of the winds . Jump up ^ Other major highlands , like the Cardamom Hills , Anaimalai Hills , and Nilgiri Mountains , that play active roles in the monsoon are considered major extensions of the Western Ghats and are thus not discussed separately . Jump up ^ First , the Himalayas serve as orographic barriers to the southwest monsoon winds . Second , they help confine the winds to the subcontinent , hampering their northward progress . Third , they contribute to the convergence of the Bay of Bengal branch and Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon winds , increasing the intensity of precipitation over the northern part of the subcontinent . Fourth , they are a major factor in the bursting of the monsoon under the jet stream theory . Fifth , they help determine the direction of the Bay of Bengal branch of the northeast monsoon . Their role is still a matter of active study , and understanding of them is evolving regularly . Jump up ^ When the southeast trade winds cross the equator , they are perceived in the Northern Hemisphere as equatorial westerlies because they seem to blow from the equator toward the Tropic Of Cancer . Similarly , when the ITCZ is at the Tropic of Cancer , the northeast trade winds are confined to the area north of the Tropic of Cancer . Jump up ^ Change of direction or origin of winds alters their nomenclature as noted above . Jump up ^ Geostrophic winds blow parallel to the isobars and keep low - pressure zones to their left in the Northern Hemisphere and to their right in the Southern Hemisphere . The reversal is a result of the Coriolis effect . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ India Meteorological Department , Monsoon data 1901 - 2010 Archived 24 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Ministry of Earth Sciences , Government of India Jump up ^ Pal et al. , Districtwise Drought Climatology Of The Southwest Monsoon Season over India Based on Standardized Precipitation Index Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . National Climate Centre , Research Report No : 2 / 2010 , India Meteorological Department Pune , Govt of India Jump up ^ Alexander Frater ( 1 May 2005 ) . Chasing the Monsoon . Picador . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 43313 - 6 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : News Service , Indo - Asian ( 31 May 2010 ) . `` India cheers as monsoon arrives ; hopes of better farm output raised '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : IANS ( 1 June 2010 ) . `` India cheers as monsoon arrives in Kerala '' . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` IPCC Fourth Assessment Report : Climate Change 2007 , Glossary '' . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMD terminologies & glossary '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Colin S. Ramage ( 1971 ) . Monsoon meteorology . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 576650 - 0 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Helaine Selin , ed. ( 1997 ) . Encyclopaedia of the history of science , technology , and medicine in non-western cultures . Springer . pp. 766 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 4066 - 9 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Meteorological Department '' . imd.gov.in . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Class 9 CBSE Geography Climate The Mechanism of Monsoons - Wiki '' . www.learnnext.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang , Zuqiang ; Chan , Johnny C.L. ; Ding , Yihui ( 2004 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Characteristics , evolution and mechanisms of the summer monsoon onset over Southeast Asia '' . International Journal of Climatology. 24 ( 12 ) : 1461 -- 1482 . Bibcode : 2004IJCli ... 24.1461 Z . doi : 10.1002 / joc. 1082 . ISSN 1097 - 0088 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Allaby ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of weather and climate . Infobase Publishing . pp. 373 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4801 - 4 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ M. Hanif ( 1 January 2005 ) . Encyclopaedia of Agricultural Geography . Anmol Publications PVT . LTD . pp. 163 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 2482 - 4 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bin Wang ( 2006 ) . The Asian monsoon . Springer . pp. 188 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 40610 - 5 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kasabe , Nanda Dabhole ( 23 July 1997 ) . `` Vagaries apart , monsoon is normal '' . the Indian Express . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan ( October 2007 ) . Pratiyogita Darpan . Pratiyogita Darpan . pp. 93 -- . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Krishnamacharyulu ( 1 September 2003 ) . Cases In Rural Marketing : An Integrated Approach . Pearson Education India . pp. 106 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 0188 - 1 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Agronomic Measures in Dryland Agriculture : An Overview '' . India Water Portal . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Insurance To Protect A Few '' . Financial Express . 16 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Budget must focus on Growth , Food Inflation , FDI , Govt B / s : G Chokkalingam '' . myIris.com. 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Vinoj , V. ; Rasch , Philip J. ; Wang , Hailong ; Yoon , Jin - Ho ; Ma , Po - Lun ; Landu , Kiranmayi ; Singh , Balwinder . `` Short - term modulation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall by West Asian dust '' . Nature Geoscience. 7 ( 4 ) : 308 -- 313 . Bibcode : 2014NatGe ... 7 ... 308V . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo2107 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . More than one of website = and journal = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` SW Monsoon Normal Onset Dates '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monsoon Onset dates on Map of India '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SW Monsoon Normal Withdrawal Dates '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monsoon withdrawal dates on Map of India '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Met . Terminologies and Glossary - Monsoon '' . Indian Meteorological Department . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gopal Raj , N ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` El Nino & the Indian Ocean Dipole '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Climate glossary - Southern Oscillation Index ( SOI ) '' . Bureau of Meteorology ( Australia ) . 3 April 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Kumar , K.K. ; Balaji Rajagopalan ; Mark A. Cane ( 25 June 1999 ) . `` On the Weakening Relationship Between the Indian Monsoon and ENSO '' . Science . 284 ( 5423 ) : 2156 -- 2159 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 284.5423. 2156 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gadgil , Sulochana ; P.N. Vinayachandran ; P.A. Francis ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall , ENSO and equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 31 ( 12 ) . Bibcode : 2004GeoRL ... 3112213G . doi : 10.1029 / 2004GL019733 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Roxy , Mathew Koll ; Ritika , Kapoor ; Terray , Pascal ; Murtugudde , Raghu ; Ashok , Karumuri ; Goswami , B.N. ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land - sea thermal gradient '' . Nature Communications . 6 : 7423 . Bibcode : 2015NatCo ... 6E7423R . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms8423 . PMID 26077934 . Jump up ^ Roxy , Mathew Koll ; Ritika , Kapoor ; Terray , Pascal ; Masson , Sébastien ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) . `` The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming '' . Journal of Climate. 27 ( 22 ) : 8501 -- 8509 . Bibcode : 2014JCli ... 27.8501 R . doi : 10.1175 / JCLI - D - 14 - 00471.1 . ISSN 0894 - 8755 . Jump up ^ `` Warming Indian Ocean , weakening monsoon '' . India Climate Dialogue. 2015 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Paul , Supantha ; Ghosh , Subimal ; Oglesby , Robert ; Pathak , Amey ; Chandrasekharan , Anita ; Ramsankaran , RAAJ ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Weakening of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall due to Changes in Land Use Land Cover '' . Scientific Reports . 6 ( 1 ) . Bibcode : 2016NatSR ... 632177P . doi : 10.1038 / srep32177 . ISSN 2045 - 2322 . Jump up ^ Roxy , Mathew Koll . `` Land warming revives monsoon '' . Nature Climate Change . 7 ( 8 ) : 549 -- 550 . Bibcode : 2017NatCC ... 7 ... 549R . doi : 10.1038 / nclimate3356 . Jump up ^ Roxy , M.K. ; Ghosh , Subimal ; Pathak , Amey ; Athulya , R. ; Mujumdar , Milind ; Murtugudde , Raghu ; Terray , Pascal ; Rajeevan , M. ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) . `` A threefold rise in widespread extreme rain events over central India '' . Nature Communications . 8 ( 1 ) . Bibcode : 2017NatCo ... 8 ... 708R . doi : 10.1038 / s41467 - 017 - 00744 - 9 . ISSN 2041 - 1723 . Jump up ^ Simpkins , Graham ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Hydroclimate : Extreme rain in India '' . Nature Climate Change . 7 ( 11 ) : 760 -- 760 . Bibcode : 2017NatCC ... 7 ... 760S . doi : 10.1038 / nclimate3429 . ISSN 1758 - 6798 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction '' . Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology , Pune , India . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gadgil , Sulochana ; J. Srinivasan ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Seasonal prediction of the Indian monsoon '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 3 . 100 : 343 -- 353 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon ( SPIM ) '' . Centre for Development of Advanced Computing . Archived from the original on 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rajeevapn , M. ; D.S. Pai ; S.K. Dikshit ; R.R. Kelkar ( 10 February 2004 ) . `` IMD 's new operational models for long - range forecast of southwest monsoon rainfall over India and their verification for 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 3 . 86 : 422 -- 431 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ BAGLA , PALLAVA ( 28 April 2003 ) . `` Man behind old monsoon model goes out quietly '' . Express India . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 30 September 2009 ) . `` ' Drought in India worst since 1972 ' '' . Times of India . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India needs indigenous monsoon model for better prediction , says IMD chief '' . ExpressIndia. 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Philip , AJ ( 24 August 2003 ) . `` Cherrapunji no longer wettest Challenge comes from nearby village '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` How monsoon impacts the Indian economy '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monsoon affects economy , health in India '' . WORLD MONSOONS . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : IANS ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` All Indians ' chasing the monsoon ' '' . Thaindia.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MITRA , SUBHANKAR ( 29 August 2009 ) . `` The monsoon effect '' . IndianExpress . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Traveling in India during monsoons '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Rivers - Profile - Know India '' . India.gov.in . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Geography '' . IndiaBook.com . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMonsoonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monsoon in Bangladesh . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monsoon in India . Indian Meteorological Department Official Website Centre for Development of Advanced Computing Monsoon On - Line , an Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology , Pune , India initiative <Th_colspan="2"> Geography of India Climate Climate Climatic regions Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Stones Landforms Beaches Canals Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern Coastal Western Coastal Regions North India Northeast India East India South India West India Central India Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions States and territories Districts Cities Towns Municipalities Environment Biogeographic classification Ecoregions Fauna Flora Forests Issues Protected Areas Wildlife Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monsoon_of_South_Asia&oldid=853502446 '' Categories : Climate of India Winds Climatology Environmental science Weather events in India Weather events in Asia Climate of Pakistan Weather events in Pakistan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use dmy dates from March 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 06 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. South Asian Monsoon
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-8,256,785,959,367,984,000 | who are the dancing with the star judges | Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Dancing with the Stars <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Reality competition Based on Strictly Come Dancing Directed by Alex Rudzinzki ( 2005 - 2016 ) Phil Heyes Presented by Tom Bergeron Erin Andrews Brooke Burke - Charvet Samantha Harris Lisa Canning Judges Len Goodman Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Julianne Hough Narrated by Alan Dedicoat Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 25 No. of episodes 422 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Ashley Edens - Shaffer Joe Sungkur Rob Wade Location ( s ) CBS Television City Los Angeles , California Running time 40 -- 86 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Worldwide Productions Endemol Shine North America <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links Website abc.go.com/shows/dancing-with-the-stars Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1 , 2005 , on ABC . It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing . The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron , alongside Erin Andrews , who became co-host in season eighteen . Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season , Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke - Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen . On May 12 , 2017 , it was announced that the series has been renewed for season twenty six . The format of the show consists of a celebrity paired with a professional dancer . Each couple performs predetermined dances and competes against the others for judges ' points and audience votes . The couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges ' points and audience votes is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Hosts 1.2 Judging panel 1.3 Cast timeline 1.4 Couples 1.5 Dance troupe and musicians 2 Series overview 3 Scoring and voting procedure 4 General information 4.1 Payment 4.2 Withdrawals 4.3 Macy 's Stars of Dance : Design a Dance 5 Special episodes 5.1 100th episode 5.2 200th episode 5.3 300th episode 5.4 400th episode 5.5 10th Anniversary Special 5.6 Tributes 6 Records 6.1 Average 6.2 Perfect scores 6.3 Professionals with perfect scores 7 Merchandise 7.1 Cardio dance DVDs 7.2 Companion book 7.3 Spin - offs 7.4 Tours 8 Reception 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 9 Awards and nominations 9.1 Emmy Awards 9.2 Others 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Cast ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Tom Bergeron has been the host since the program 's premiere in 2005 . In season 1 , his co-host was Lisa Canning . She was replaced by Samantha Harris for seasons 2 through 9 ( 2006 -- 09 ) , who was then replaced by Brooke Burke - Charvet from seasons 10 through 17 ( 2010 -- 13 ) . Erin Andrews took over as co-host starting in season 18 ( 2014 ) . Drew Lachey served as a temporary replacement for Harris during season 5 ( 2007 ) during her absence for 3 weeks due to maternity leave . Leah Remini filled in for Andrews in week 6 of season 19 , due to commitments with the 2014 World Series and filled in for her again in weeks 6 and 7 of season 21 for the 2015 World Series . Season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron on week 4 of season 21 , due to Bergeron 's ailing father . Judging panel ( edit ) The regular judges are Len Goodman , who serves as head judge , Carrie Ann Inaba , and Bruno Tonioli . Goodman was absent for much of season 19 , all of season 21 , and much of season 23 . Julianne Hough , who was a professional dancing partner for seasons 4 -- 8 , was added as a full - time judge on the panel for 3 seasons , 19 -- 21 , after having been a guest judge in the previous 2 seasons . She did not return for season 22 . Hough did return as a full - time judge for seasons 23 and 24 but did not return for season 25 . Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200 ( in season 11 ) , including Hélio Castroneves , Mel B , Drew Lachey , Gilles Marini , Kelly Osbourne , and Emmitt Smith . Other celebrities , most often those who are associated with the world of dancing , former professional dancers , and past contestants have appeared as the 4th judge or in absence of 1 of the main judges , including Paula Abdul , Donnie Burns , Nick Carter , Cher , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Michael Flatley , Kevin Hart , Jessie J , Baz Luhrmann , Ricky Martin , Idina Menzel , Abby Lee Miller , Mandy Moore , Olivia Newton - John , Kenny Ortega , Donny Osmond , Pitbull , Redfoo , Alfonso Ribeiro , Robin Roberts , Shania Twain , and Zendaya . Cast timeline ( edit ) Color key : Host Co-host Contestant Professional Judge Musical director Guest Judge Cast member <Td_colspan="25"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Tom Bergeron <Td_colspan="25"> Lisa Canning <Td_colspan="24"> Samantha Harris <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="16"> Brooke Burke - Charvet <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> Erin Andrews <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="8"> Carrie Ann Inaba <Td_colspan="25"> Bruno Tonioli <Td_colspan="25"> Len Goodman <Td_colspan="20"> <Td_colspan="4"> Julianne Hough <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Harold Wheeler <Td_colspan="17"> <Td_colspan="8"> Ray Chew <Td_colspan="17"> <Td_colspan="8"> Couples ( edit ) See also : List of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) competitors A total of 286 celebrities have appeared in the 25 seasons of the series . For each season , the celebrities are paired with a professional partner who instructs them in the various dances each week and competes alongside them in the televised competition . A total of 44 professional partners have appeared alongside celebrities , some for only one season ( mostly in the earliest seasons ) . Key : Won the season Placed second in the season Placed third in the season Placed last in the season Withdrew in the season ( show ) Professional dancer <Th_colspan="25"> Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Alan Bersten <Td_colspan="24"> N / A Debbie Gibson Alec Mazo Kelly Monaco <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Paulina Porizkova Josie Maran N / A Toni Braxton N / A Natalie Coughlin <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Allison Holker <Td_colspan="18"> N / A Jonathan Bennett Riker Lynch Andy Grammer N / A Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Andrea Hale N / A Kenny Mayne <Td_colspan="23"> N / A Anna Demidova <Td_colspan="8"> N / A Michael Irvin <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Anna Trebunskaya N / A Jerry Rice <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Albert Reed Steve Guttenberg <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Chuck Liddell Evan Lysacek Kurt Warner Sugar Ray Leonard Carson Kressley Jack Wagner Drew Lachey <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Gary Busey <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Artem Chigvintsev <Td_colspan="18"> N / A Lea Thompson Patti LaBelle N / A Mischa Barton Maureen McCormick Nancy Kerrigan Nikki Bella Ashly DelGrosso Joey McIntyre Master P Harry Hamlin <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Buzz Aldrin <Td_colspan="15"> N / A Brian Fortuna <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Shandi Finnessey <Td_colspan="21"> N / A Charlotte Jørgensen John O'Hurley <Td_colspan="24"> N / A Chelsie Hightower <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Ty Murray Louie Vito Jake Pavelka Michael Bolton Romeo Miller N / A Roshon Fegan Hélio Castroneves <Td_colspan="10"> N / A Cheryl Burke N / A Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Ian Ziering Wayne Newton Cristián de la Fuente Maurice Greene Gilles Marini Tom DeLay Chad Ochocinco Rick Fox Chris Jericho Rob Kardashian William Levy Emmitt Smith D.L. Hughley Jack Osbourne Drew Carey Antonio Sabàto , Jr . <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Ryan Lochte N / A Terrell Owens Corky Ballas <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Cloris Leachman <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Florence Henderson <Td_colspan="14"> N / A Damian Whitewood <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Pamela Anderson <Td_colspan="15"> N / A Derek Hough <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Jennie Garth Shannon Elizabeth Brooke Burke Lil ' Kim Joanna Krupa Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey N / A Ricki Lake Maria Menounos Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Amy Purdy Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Bindi Irwin N / A Marilu Henner <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Dmitry Chaplin <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Holly Madison Mýa <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Petra Nemcova <Td_colspan="13"> N / A Edyta Śliwińska Evander Holyfield George Hamilton Joey Lawrence John Ratzenburger Cameron Mathison Jason Taylor Jeffrey Ross Lawrence Taylor Ashley Hamilton Aiden Turner <Td_colspan="11"> N / A Geraldo Rivera <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Elena Grinenko <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Tucker Carlson Clyde Drexler <Td_colspan="21"> N / A Emma Slater <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Bill Engvall Billy Dee Williams Michael Waltrip Redfoo Hayes Grier N / A Rick Perry Rashad Jennings Drew Scott Fabian Sanchez <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Marlee Matlin <Td_colspan="19"> N / A Gleb Savchenko <Td_colspan="15"> N / A Lisa Vanderpump <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Jana Kramer Erika Jayne Sasha Pieterse Henry Byalikov <Td_colspan="17"> N / A Diana Nyad <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Inna Brayer <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Ted McGinley <Td_colspan="18"> N / A Jenna Johnson <Td_colspan="22"> N / A Jake T. Austin <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Jesse DeSoto <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Shanna Moakler <Td_colspan="22"> N / A Jonathan Roberts Rachel Hunter Giselle Fernandez N / A Heather Mills Marie Osmond Monica Seles N / A Belinda Carlisle Macy Gray <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Julianne Hough <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Adam Carolla Cody Linley Chuck Wicks <Td_colspan="17"> N / A Karina Smirnoff <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Mario Lopez Billy Ray Cyrus Floyd Mayweather , Jr . Mario Barrett Rocco DiSpirito Steve Wozniak Aaron Carter N / A Michael `` The Situation '' Sorrentino Ralph Macchio J.R. Martinez Gavin DeGraw Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Corbin Bleu Sean Avery Randy Couture N / A Victor Espinoza Doug Flutie <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Keo Motsepe <Td_colspan="18"> N / A Lolo Jones Charlotte McKinney Chaka Khan Jodie Sweetin N / A Charo Barbara Corcoran Kym Johnson - Herjavec <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Jerry Springer Joey Fatone Mark Cuban Penn Jillette Warren Sapp David Alan Grier Donny Osmond N / A David Hasselhoff Hines Ward David Arquette Jaleel White Joey Fatone Ingo Rademacher <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Robert Herjavec <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Mr. T N / A Lacey Schwimmer <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Lance Bass Steve - O Mark Dacascos N / A Kyle Massey Mike Catherwood Chaz Bono <Td_colspan="12"> N / A Lindsay Arnold <Td_colspan="15"> N / A Victor Ortiz <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Alek Skarlatos Wanya Morris Calvin Johnson , Jr . David Ross Jordan Fisher Louis van Amstel Trista Sutter Lisa Rinna Monique Coleman <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Priscilla Presley <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Kelly Osbourne Niecy Nash Margaret Cho Kendra Wilkinson <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Sabrina Bryan <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Paula Deen <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Maksim Chmerkovskiy N / A Tia Carrere Willa Ford Laila Ali Melanie Brown N / A Misty May - Treanor Denise Richards Debi Mazar Erin Andrews Brandy Norwood Kirstie Alley Hope Solo Melissa Gilbert Kirstie Alley <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Meryl Davis <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Amber Rose Heather Morris Vanessa Lachey Mark Ballas <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Sabrina Bryan Kristi Yamaguchi Kim Kardashian Shawn Johnson Melissa Joan Hart Shannen Doherty Bristol Palin Chelsea Kane Kristin Cavallari Katherine Jenkins Bristol Palin Alexandra Raisman Christina Milian Candace Cameron Bure Sadie Robertson Willow Shields Alexa PenaVega Paige VanZant <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Lindsey Stirling Nick Kosovich N / A Tatum O'Neal Vivica A. Fox <Td_colspan="22"> N / A Peta Murgatroyd <Td_colspan="12"> N / A Metta World Peace Donald Driver Gilles Marini Sean Lowe Brant Daugherty James Maslow Tommy Chong Michael Sam N / A Nyle DiMarco N / A Nick Viall Nick Lachey Sasha Farber <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Kim Fields Terra Jolé Simone Biles N / A Sharna Burgess <Td_colspan="15"> N / A Andy Dick Keyshawn Johnson Charlie White Tavis Smiley Noah Galloway Nick Carter Antonio Brown James Hinchcliffe Bonner Bolton Derek Fisher Tony Dovolani N / A Stacy Keibler Sara Evans Leeza Gibbons Jane Seymour Marissa Jaret Winokur Susan Lucci Melissa Rycroft Kathy Ireland Kate Gosselin Audrina Patridge Wendy Williams Chynna Phillips Martina Navratilova Melissa Rycroft Wynonna Judd Leah Remini NeNe Leakes Betsey Johnson Suzanne Somers Kim Zolciak - Biermann Marla Maples <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Tristan MacManus <Td_colspan="12"> N / A Nancy Grace Gladys Knight Pamela Anderson Dorothy Hamill Valerie Harper <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Tyne Stecklein <Td_colspan="16"> N / A Bill Nye <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Valentin Chmerkovskiy <Td_colspan="12"> N / A Elisabetta Canalis Sherri Shepherd Kelly Monaco Zendaya Elizabeth Berkley Lauren Danica McKellar Janel Parrish Rumer Willis Tamar Braxton Ginger Zee Laurie Hernandez Normani Kordei Victoria Arlen Witney Carson <Td_colspan="17"> N / A Cody Simpson Alfonso Ribeiro Chris Soules Carlos PenaVega Von Miller Vanilla Ice Chris Kattan Frankie Muniz Dance troupe and musicians ( edit ) In season 12 , the show introduced the troupe consisting of professional dancers who perform on the show but are not paired with celebrity partners . The first troupe in season 12 included Oksana Dmytrenko , Tristan MacManus , Peta Murgatroyd , Kiki Nyemchek , Nicole Volynets , and Ted Volynets . Members of the season 25 troupe are Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , Sasha Farber , Jenna Johnson , and Britt Stewart . Other past troupe members include Sharna Burgess , Dasha Chesnokova , Emma Slater , Henry Byalikov , Sonny Fredie Pedersen , Witney Carson , Julz Tocker , Lindsay Arnold , Gleb Savchenko , Artem Chigvintsev , Alan Bersten , Brittany Cherry , Shannon Holtzapffel , Dennis Jauch , Kiril Kulish , and Keo Motsepe . Key : Active member of the troupe Professional partner <Th_colspan="15"> ( show ) Troupe members Dancers <Th_colspan="14"> Seasons 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Artur Adamski <Td_colspan="12"> <Td_colspan="2"> Brandon Armstrong <Td_colspan="12"> <Td_colspan="2"> Lindsay Arnold <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Alan Bersten <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> Sharna Burgess <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> Henry Byalikov <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Witney Carson <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="8"> Dasha Chesnokova <Td_colspan="13"> Brittany Cherry <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Artem Chigvintsev <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> Oksana Dmytrenko <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> Hayley Erbert <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="5"> Sasha Farber <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Shannon Holtzapffel <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> Dennis Jauch <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Jenna Johnson <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> Kiril Kulish <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> Tristan MacManus <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="8"> Keo Motsepe <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> Peta Murgatroyd <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> Kiki Nyemchek <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="11"> Sonny Fredie Pedersen <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> Gleb Savchenko <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> Emma Slater <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> Britt Stewart <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="3"> Julz Tocker <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> Nicole Volynets <Td_colspan="13"> Ted Volynets <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="12"> For 17 seasons , the Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided the live music for the show . On Feb 7 , 2014 , it was announced that the new bandleader is Ray Chew . Along with him is a new band of instrumentalists and singers . Series overview ( edit ) Season <Th_colspan="2"> Number of Duration dates <Th_colspan="3"> Partners in the finals Couples Weeks First place Second place Third place 6 6 June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 Kelly Monaco & Alec Mazo John O'Hurley & Charlotte Jørgensen Joey McIntyre & Ashly DelGrosso 10 8 January 5 -- February 24 , 2006 Drew Lachey & Cheryl Burke Jerry Rice & Anna Trebunskaya Stacy Keibler & Tony Dovolani 11 10 September 12 -- November 15 , 2006 Emmitt Smith & Cheryl Burke Mario Lopez & Karina Smirnoff Joey Lawrence & Edyta Śliwińska 11 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2007 Apolo Anton Ohno & Julianne Hough Joey Fatone & Kym Johnson Laila Ali & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 12 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2007 Hélio Castroneves & Julianne Hough Mel B & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Marie Osmond & Jonathan Roberts 6 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2008 Kristi Yamaguchi & Mark Ballas Jason Taylor & Edyta Śliwińska Cristián de la Fuente & Cheryl Burke 7 13 10 September 22 -- November 25 , 2008 Brooke Burke & Derek Hough Warren Sapp & Kym Johnson Lance Bass & Lacey Schwimmer 8 13 11 March 9 -- May 19 , 2009 Shawn Johnson & Mark Ballas Gilles Marini & Cheryl Burke Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani 9 16 10 September 21 -- November 24 , 2009 Donny Osmond ‡ & Kym Johnson Mýa & Dmitry Chaplin Kelly Osbourne & Louis Van Amstel 10 11 10 March 22 -- May 25 , 2010 Nicole Scherzinger & Derek Hough Evan Lysacek & Anna Trebunskaya Erin Andrews & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 11 12 10 September 20 -- November 23 , 2010 Jennifer Grey ‡ & Derek Hough Kyle Massey & Lacey Schwimmer Bristol Palin & Mark Ballas 12 11 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2011 Hines Ward & Kym Johnson Kirstie Alley & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Chelsea Kane & Mark Ballas 13 12 10 September 19 -- November 22 , 2011 J.R. Martinez & Karina Smirnoff Rob Kardashian & Cheryl Burke Ricki Lake & Derek Hough 14 12 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2012 Donald Driver & Peta Murgatroyd Katherine Jenkins & Mark Ballas William Levy & Cheryl Burke 15 13 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2012 Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani Shawn Johnson & Derek Hough Kelly Monaco & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 16 12 10 March 18 -- May 21 , 2013 Kellie Pickler & Derek Hough Zendaya & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Jacoby Jones & Karina Smirnoff 17 12 11 September 16 -- November 26 , 2013 Amber Riley & Derek Hough Corbin Bleu & Karina Smirnoff Jack Osbourne & Cheryl Burke 18 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2014 Meryl Davis & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Amy Purdy & Derek Hough Candace Cameron Bure & Mark Ballas 19 13 11 September 15 -- November 25 , 2014 Alfonso Ribeiro & Witney Carson Sadie Robertson & Mark Ballas Janel Parrish & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 20 12 10 March 16 -- May 19 , 2015 Rumer Willis & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Riker Lynch & Allison Holker Noah Galloway & Sharna Burgess 21 13 11 September 14 -- November 24 , 2015 Bindi Irwin & Derek Hough Nick Carter & Sharna Burgess Alek Skarlatos & Lindsay Arnold 22 12 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2016 Nyle DiMarco & Peta Murgatroyd Paige VanZant & Mark Ballas Ginger Zee & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 23 13 11 September 12 -- November 22 , 2016 Laurie Hernandez * & Valentin Chmerkovskiy James Hinchcliffe & Sharna Burgess Calvin Johnson Jr . & Lindsay Arnold 24 12 10 March 20 -- May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings & Emma Slater David Ross & Lindsay Arnold Normani Kordei & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 25 13 10 September 18 -- November 21 , 2017 Jordan Fisher * & Lindsay Arnold Lindsey Stirling & Mark Ballas Frankie Muniz & Witney Carson * Youngest male winner at age 23 ; youngest female winner at age 16 ‡ Oldest male winner at age 52 ; oldest female winner at age 50 Scoring and voting procedure ( edit ) In seasons 1 and 2 , only the overall ranking between competitors by the judges and the public was relevant . In season 3 and all subsequent seasons , the scoring system has made the exact scores relevant as well . The scoring begins with the judges ' marks . Each judge gives a numeric score from 1 to 10 , for a total score of 3 to 30 . The scoring was altered for the `` all - star '' season 15 , during which judges could give scores at 1 / 2 - point intervals from 0.5 to 10 , for a total score of 1.5 to 30 . When multiple performances are scored , only the cumulative total counts . The contestants ' judges ' shares are calculated as the % of the total number of points awarded to all contestants that evening . ( For example , if a team earned 20 pts on a night when the judges awarded 200 pts , their judges ' share would be 20 / 200 = 10 % . ) This % is then added to the % of North American votes received by each contestant . The bottom 2 couples are identified at the end of the show , and the couple with the lowest combined total gets eliminated . Season 8 added an occasional ' dance - off ' , in which contestants could re-do 1 of their dances , in an effort to improve their judges ' score . This was later discontinued . Public voting is conducted via a toll - free number , the ABC website , and , most recently , text messages and Facebook ; contestants can vote during and immediately after each performance show . The maximum number of votes per voter per medium is equal to the number of couples performing that night , or 5 votes , whichever is larger . In April 2010 , it was revealed that former contestant Kate Gosselin had e-mailed friends and family asking them to vote as many as 10x each . In Nov 2010 , the Washington Post reported that online voting appeared not to require a valid email address , and accordingly that numerous votes apparently could be cast by 1 person . In several cases where ESPN coverage of Monday Night Football airs instead on an ABC affiliate in an NFL team 's home market , the program is delayed to air immediately after that station 's local news , and a voting window confined only to the area codes of the pre-empted market is opened up to allow affected viewers to still put their votes in for the competition , though this is on a market - by - market basis ( in some markets , an alternate sister station or digital subchannel carries the program live as scheduled ) . Seasons 1 and 3 featured only 2 celebrities in the final week instead of 3 . Starting with season 16 , 4 celebrities made it into the final week , although the top 3 finalists proceeded to dance 1 more time for the judges after the 4th place couple was announced . In season 20 , there were 3 celebrities in the final week , but in seasons 21 , 23 and 25 , there were 4 . In seasons 22 and 24 , there were only 3 celebrities in the final week . General information ( edit ) Payment ( edit ) On the April 18 , 2006 episode of the Howard Stern Radio Show , Stern 's wife Beth said that she was guaranteed to earn $125,000 for just appearing on DWTS ( in season 3 ) and could earn up to more than double the original sum , depending on how long she lasted on the program . In season 21 , Bindi Irwin had her payments withheld by a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge because she was a minor , which therefore required her parents to sign - off on the contract . But although her mother signed , the contract lacked her father 's signature , so the judge refused to validate the contract , despite Irwin 's father being the world - famous naturalist Steve Irwin , whose death in 2006 had been widely covered in the news / media . The judge later validated the contract once Steve Irwin 's death certificate was presented to the court , resulting in Bindi receiving a $350,000 paycheck from the show . Withdrawals ( edit ) The first person to withdraw from competition was Romeo in season 2 . His father , Master P , took his place in the competition before the beginning of broadcasts , being partnered with Ashly DelGrosso . However , Romeo later competed in season 12 and finished in 5th place . He was partnered with Chelsie Hightower . On week six in season three , Sara Evans cited her divorce as the reason for leaving the competition . No one was eliminated that week . Another withdrawal occurred during the run - up to season four on February 28 , when Vincent Pastore withdrew from the competition after only one week of training . Pastore said he did not realize how much work was needed during a ten - week period , and that he was not up to the physical demands of the show . He was replaced on March 2 by Pixar voice actor John Ratzenberger who was partnered with Edyta Sliwinska . In season seven , Misty May - Treanor withdrew from the competition in week three , after rupturing her Achilles tendon when rehearsing her jive with her partner , Maksim Chmerkovskiy . She did not perform the routine at all nor was she scored for it ; no one else was eliminated that week . In season eight , Jewel and Nancy O'Dell were injured before the season even began and could not compete . Jewel was diagnosed with fractured tibias in both legs ; she came back later in the season to perform `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' on a results show . O'Dell suffered from a torn knee cartilage . They were replaced by Holly Madison and Melissa Rycroft who would be dancing with their partners for the rest of the season ( Dmitry Chaplin and Tony Dovolani ) . Tom DeLay , in season nine , withdrew in week three of competition due to a full stress fracture that had developed in both feet from an earlier pre-stress fracture in one foot . DeLay was declared safe before he announced his withdrawal during the October 6 , 2009 results show . Debi Mazar was still eliminated that night despite DeLay 's departure . In season sixteen , Olympic figure skating champion Dorothy Hamill had to withdraw from the competition due to doctor 's orders for a spinal injury . A cyst had developed near her lower spine , and was pinching off the nerve in that area . Either boxing champion Victor Ortiz or reality TV star Lisa Vanderpump would 've been eliminated , but Hamill withdrew before the results could be announced , meaning that no one was eliminated that week . In season eighteen , week three , actor Billy Dee Williams withdrew , by advice from a doctor , due to a chronic back problem ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . In season twenty - one , week three , reality TV star Kim Zolciak - Biermann was forced to withdraw from the competition after suffering a blood clot which resulted in a mini stroke ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . Tamar Braxton also withdrew from the season due to blood clots in her lungs making it the first season to have two withdrawals in it . Macy 's Stars of dance : design a dance ( edit ) Beginning season 7 , viewers had the opportunity to vote for their favorite pros ( or in some cases former contestants ) to dance to a style of dance as well as a song to dance to . An online contest is also usually held so viewers can submit drawings of outfits for the performance . Special Episodes ( edit ) 100th episode ( edit ) The show celebrated its 100th episode on Tuesday , May 6 , 2008 , during week 8 of season 6 . More than 30 former cast members and pros returned , with interviews with Stacy Keibler , Lisa Rinna , Jerry Springer , Vivica A. Fox , Joey Fatone , Kenny Mayne , Sabrina Bryan , and former winners Kelly Monaco , Drew Lachey , and Apolo Anton Ohno . Other appearances , besides the season 6 cast , included Paula Abdul ( in a video introduction ) , Jane Seymour , Ian Ziering , Mark Cuban , Wayne Newton , Leeza Gibbons , Harry Hamlin , Shandi Finnessey , and Hélio Castroneves . New routines were performed by Apolo Anton Ohno and Julianne Hough , Mel B and Maksim Chmerkovskiy , and by Mario Lopez with the cast of A Chorus Line , in which he was starring on Broadway . The musical guest was country group Rascal Flatts . Judges ' top 10 dances The judges also presented a countdown of their choices for the top 10 perfect - scoring dances of the 1st 5 seasons . Their choices were : No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 9 Tango 2nd Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 8 Samba 3rd Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st 5 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 6 Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 7 Jive 2nd 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 9 Quickstep 1st 8 Emmitt Smith Cheryl Burke 9 Cha - cha - cha 1st 9 Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 5 Paso doble 7th 10 Kelly Monaco Alec Mazo 6 Freestyle 1st 200th episode ( edit ) In season 11 , viewers were allowed 2 votes per day on the DWTS website to vote for their favorite out of 30 given choices . On Oct 25 , 2010 , a countdown of the Top 10 voted for dances on the show was reported to celebrate the following week when the 200th show would be . No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 8 Argentine tango 2nd Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 5 Samba 1st Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 10 8 1950 's Paso doble 1st 5 Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd 6 Joanna Krupa Derek Hough 9 8 Futuristic Paso doble 4th 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 10 Freestyle 1st 8 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 9 Donny Osmond Kym Johnson 9 5 Argentine tango 1st 10 Shawn Johnson Mark Ballas 8 11 Freestyle 1st On the actual 200th show , several dances were performed again on the show and 6 of the past fan favorites came back to judge ; Helio Castroneves , Emmitt Smith , Drew Lachey , Kelly Osbourne , Gilles Marini , Mel B , and more . The couples re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode ; Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno served as team captains for the team dances . Yamaguchi 's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl , Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark , while Brandy & Maksim , Jennifer & Derek and Kurt & Anna were on Ohno 's team . On the results show of November 2 , some awards were given out to past celebrity contestants and professionals . Category Winner Most Dramatic Moment Marie Osmond Worst Dancer Kenny Mayne Biggest Dancer Transformation Louis van Amstel 300th episode ( edit ) The 300th episode took place on the week 9 results show of season 16 . 22 past and present pros performed an opening number choreographed by Jason Gilkinson . Past pros who performed were Chelsie Hightower , Dmitry Chaplin , Louis Van Amstel , and Anna Trebunskaya . Kellie Pickler and Derek Hough danced their `` Argentine tango '' as the week 's encore . However , the top 10 dances were not revealed , nor were the achievements . 400th episode ( edit ) The 400th episode took place on the season premiere of the twenty - fourth season . Tom Bergeron did mention so ; however , no special dances took place . 10th anniversary special ( edit ) On April 28 , 2015 , during season 20 , a special pre-recorded episode aired as a 10th anniversary special with many former stars and professional dancers returning to the ballroom . Many past stars performed and reflected on their time on the show . Patti LaBelle , Amber Riley , and Lil ' Kim performed LaBelle 's `` Lady Marmalade '' . The show closed with the largest number of people dancing in the show 's history as stars , pros , hosts , and judges were all out on the dance floor . Tributes ( edit ) In seasons 9 and 10 , three tribute performances were done to honor the memory of artists and others . The first was a tribute to recently deceased actor Patrick Swayze , on Sep 23 , 2009 . `` She 's Like the Wind '' from the Dirty Dancing soundtrack ( originally written by Swayze for Dirty Dancing ) , `` Unchained Melody '' from his film Ghost , and `` ( I 've had ) the Time of my Life '' from Dirty Dancing were performed by select professional dancers of the show . On Oct 20 , 2009 , a tribute was done for singer and dancer , Michael Jackson . `` I Want You Back '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Thriller '' were performed -- the first two songs by select professional dancers of the show , and all coming together for `` Thriller '' . In season 10 , professional Haitian dancers performed as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on March 30 , 2010 . One of the male dancers , Emmanuel Pierre - Antoine , had lost his son in the rubble . They were dancing to `` Dance Like This '' by Wyclef Jean . In season 24 , to honor the passing of season 11 contestant Florence Henderson on November 24 , 2016 , a special tribute to Henderson was displayed on the dance floor . The season 24 premiere aired March 20 , 2017 . Records ( edit ) Average ( edit ) This is a list of the celebrities with the highest averages . All averages above 27 out of a possible 30 are shown here . ( Averages out of 40 were rounded to be out of 30 ) Rank Season Place Celebrity Professional Average Score 18 Champion Meryl Davis Maksim Chmerkovskiy 28.40 6 Champion Kristi Yamaguchi Mark Ballas 28.33 8 Runner - up Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 28.06 15 Champion Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 28.00 20 Runner - up Riker Lynch Allison Holker 6 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 27.94 7 15 Runner - up Shawn Johnson Derek Hough 27.93 8 21 Champion Bindi Irwin Derek Hough 27.88 9 14 Runner - up Katherine Jenkins Mark Ballas 27.87 18 Runner - up Amy Purdy Derek Hough 11 17 Champion Amber Riley Derek Hough 27.75 20 Champion Rumer Willis Valentin Chmerkovskiy 13 3rd Place Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 27.73 Champion Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 15 23 Champion Laurie Hernandez Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.70 19 Champion Alfonso Ribeiro Witney Carson 17 Runner - up Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 27.60 5 Runner - up Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 19 15 6th Place Gilles Marini Peta Murgatroyd 27.55 20 20 4th Place Nastia Liukin Derek Hough 27.54 21 Champion Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 27.53 10 Champion Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 23 Runner - up Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 27.47 14 3rd Place William Levy Cheryl Burke 23 Runner - up James Hinchcliffe Sharna Burgess 26 24 3rd Place Normani Kordei Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.45 27 16 Champion Kellie Pickler Derek Hough 27.40 28 17 Runner - up Corbin Bleu Karina Smirnoff 27.38 19 3rd Place Janel Parrish Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 16 Runner - up Zendaya Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.33 31 9 Runner - up Mýa Dmitry Chaplin 27.29 32 15 5th Place Apolo Anton Ohno Karina Smirnoff 27.25 33 19 4th Place Bethany Mota Derek Hough 27.20 34 11 Champion Jennifer Grey Derek Hough 27.18 21 Runner - up Nick Carter Sharna Burgess 36 5 Champion Hélio Castroneves Julianne Hough 27.13 22 Runner - up Paige VanZant Mark Ballas 38 15 8th Place Sabrina Bryan Louis Van Amstel 27.07 39 7 Champion Brooke Burke Derek Hough 27.06 14 Champion Donald Driver Peta Murgatroyd 41 25 Runner - up Lindsey Stirling Mark Ballas 27.05 42 3rd Place Laila Ali Maksim Chmerkovskiy 27.00 5 7th Place Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 18 5th Place Charlie White Sharna Burgess 24 Champion Rashad Jennings Emma Slater Perfect scores ( edit ) This is a list of celebrities who earned perfect scores ( team dances are not included ) . Number of Perfect Scores Season Place Celebrity Professional 9 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 8 21 23 Champion Champion Bindi Irwin Laurie Hernandez Derek Hough Valentin Chmerkovskiy 6 11 18 20 Champion Champion Champion Jennifer Grey Meryl Davis Rumer Willis Derek Hough Maksim Chmerkovskiy Valentin Chmerkovskiy 5 5 8 15 16 19 19 20 21 24 25 Champion Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Champion Runner - up Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Runner - up Apolo Anton Ohno Joey Fatone Mel B Gilles Marini Melissa Rycroft Zendaya Alfonso Ribeiro Janel Parrish Riker Lynch Nick Carter Normani Kordei Lindsey Stirling Julianne Hough Kym Johnson Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Valentin Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Sharna Burgess Valentin Chmerkovskiy Mark Ballas 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 22 23 23 23 3rd Place 3rd Place Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Champion Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place Stacy Keibler Laila Ali Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Mýa Nicole Scherzinger Hines Ward J.R. Martinez William Levy Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Paige VanZant James Hinchcliffe Calvin Johnson , Jr . Jana Kramer Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Dmitry Chaplin Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Gleb Savchenko 7 8 12 14 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up 4th Place 4th Place 6th Place Champion 3rd Place Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Mario Lopez Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Chelsea Kane Katherine Jenkins Corbin Bleu Amy Purdy Sadie Robertson Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Alexa PenaVega Nyle DiMarco Ginger Zee Cheryl Burke Cheryl Burke Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Peta Murgatroyd Valentin Chmerkovskiy 8 9 10 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 3rd Place Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Champion 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 4th Place 6th Place 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 5th Place Champion 4th Place 3rd Place Melissa Rycroft Donny Osmond Evan Lysacek Rob Kardashian Ricki Lake Donald Driver Maria Menounos Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Alexandra Raisman Elizabeth Berkley Lauren James Maslow Charlie White Noah Galloway Alek Skarlatos Carlos PenaVega Wanya Morris Terra Jolé Rashad Jennings Simone Biles Frankie Muniz Tony Dovolani Kym Johnson Anna Trebunskaya Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Peta Murgatroyd Derek Hough Karina Smirnoff Karina Smirnoff Mark Ballas Valentin Chmerkovskiy Peta Murgatroyd Sharna Burgess Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Witney Carson Lindsay Arnold Sasha Farber Emma Slater Sasha Farber Witney Carson 5 5 6 11 12 15 15 17 21 21 22 24 24 Champion 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 7th Place Runner - up 4th Place Runner - up 4th Place 8th Place 3rd Place 5th Place 7th Place 6th Place 2nd Place 8th Place Kelly Monaco Joey Lawrence Ian Ziering Jennie Garth Sabrina Bryan Jason Taylor Brandy Kirstie Alley Emmitt Smith Sabrina Bryan Jack Osbourne Tamar Braxton Andy Grammer Jodie Sweetin David Ross Heather Morris Alec Mazo Edyta Śliwińska Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Mark Ballas Edyta Śliwińska Maksim Chmerkovskiy Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Louis Van Amstel Cheryl Burke Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Keo Motsepe Lindsay Arnold Maksim Chmerkovskiy For the switch - up week , Alexa PenaVega got a perfect score with Derek Hough instead of her original partner Mark Ballas . Professionals with perfect scores ( edit ) 48 : Derek Hough 35 : Valentin Chmerkovskiy 31 : Mark Ballas 20 : Cheryl Burke 18 : Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Lindsay Arnold 14 : Karina Smirnoff 13 : Sharna Burgess 11 : Kym Johnson , Tony Dovolani 9 : Julianne Hough , Witney Carson 7 : Peta Murgatroyd 6 : Allison Holker 4 : Dmitry Chaplin , Gleb Savchenko , Sasha Farber 2 : Anna Trebunskaya , Edyta Sliwinska , Emma Slater 1 : Alec Mazo , Louis Van Amstel , Keo Motsepe Merchandise ( edit ) Cardio dance dvds ( edit ) A DVD titled Dancing With The Stars : Cardio Dance was released on April 3 , 2007 featuring Kym Johnson , Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Ashly DelGrosso . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Paso doble , samba , and jive dance routines . A second DVD Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance was released on September 13 , 2008 featuring Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Cheryl Burke . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Merengue , samba and mambo dance routines . Companion book ( edit ) A companion book written by Guy Phillips was released in the early fall of 2007 . Titled Dancing with the Stars : Jive , Samba and Tango Your Way Into The Best Shape Of Your Life , the book includes fitness routines modeled by Alec Mazo and Edyta Sliwinska , as well as original costume designs , lists of performed songs during a dance , and a complete list of song - and - dance routine performed since the first season of the show . Spin - offs ( edit ) The 1st Dancing spin - off , Dance War : Bruno vs. Carrie Ann , premiered on January 7 , 2008 on ABC . The show 's format was similar to the BBC Television series , DanceX . The show was canceled after 1 season . A figure skating spin - off similar to ITV 's Dancing on Ice called Skating with the Stars aired on ABC on November 22 , 2010 . The series was canceled after one season . On May 16 , 2017 , a Dancing with the Stars Junior spin - off was announced . The dance competition spin - off is set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and the format of the show will feature celebrity children and the children of celebrities paired with professional junior ballroom dancers , but was later ditched and replaced by the athlete edition below . On November 21 , 2017 , ABC announced a special 4 - week all athletes edition of Dancing with the Stars , set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and is set to be considered more of a mini-season / spin - off than a regular season . The format will feature 10 athletes from all corners of the sports world paired with the show 's professional ballroom dancers for a chance at the Mirrorball . Bergeron and Andrews will return as Hosts , with Bergeron confirming on Twitter that the Athletes edition will start airing in Late April . Tours ( edit ) An unofficial live tour show called Dancing Pros : Live ! toured with several Dancing pros since 2010 . A Dancing with the Stars : Live ! official tour was announced on November 3 , 2014 for the 2014 - 2015 season starting on December 27 , 2015 in Niagara Falls , New York and ending February 15 , 2015 hitting 33 cities . A second tour , Dancing with the Stars : Live ! - We Came to Dance , was announced on October 3 , 2016 for 43 cities from December 16 , 2016 to February 14 , 2017 . A third tour , Dancing with the Stars : Light Up the Night , was announced in October 2017 and will begin on December 30 , 2017 in Charlotte , North Carolina . Reception ( edit ) In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` unlike So You Think You Can Dance , which is generally more of a city show , ' Dancing with the Stars ' is most popular in the countryside . It also has a higher share of ' likes ' from viewers aged 65 and up than any other show . U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> First aired <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8 June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) 13.5 July 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 06 ) 22.4 2004 -- 05 6 < 17 Thursday / Friday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 January 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 05 ) N / A February 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 24 ) N / A 2005 -- 06 7 18.6 Tuesday / Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 20 September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) N / A November 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) N / A 2006 -- 07 20.7 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 20 March 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) N / A May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) N / A 2006 -- 07 5 20 5 21 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) N / A November 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 27 ) N / A 2007 -- 08 19.58 6 21 March 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) 20.90 May 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 20 ) 20.12 2007 -- 08 21.67 7 21 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 21.12 November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) 20.58 2008 -- 09 19.76 8 21 March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) 22.82 May 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 19 ) 20.12 2008 -- 09 19.76 9 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 17.79 November 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 24 ) 19.29 2009 -- 10 19.72 10 19 March 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) 24.19 May 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) 18.40 2009 -- 10 19.72 11 20 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 20.99 November 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) 24.14 2010 -- 11 21.92 12 19 March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 22.65 May 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) 21.42 2010 -- 11 21.92 13 20 September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) 19.03 November 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) 19.45 2011 -- 12 5 18.23 14 20 March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 18.79 May 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 22 ) 17.79 2011 -- 12 5 18.23 15 19 September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 14.11 November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 16.73 2012 -- 13 7 14.85 16 20 March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 17.06 May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 12.20 2012 -- 13 7 14.85 17 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 12 September 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 16 ) 16.04 November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 14.75 2013 -- 14 5 15.2 18 11 March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 15.44 May 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) 15.07 2013 -- 14 5 15.2 19 Monday / Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 September 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) 13.64 November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 15.98 2014 -- 15 9 14.72 20 14 March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 14.16 May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 13.49 2014 -- 15 9 14.72 21 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 14 September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 13.13 November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 13.49 2015 -- 16 8 13.44 22 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11 March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 12.46 May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 10.49 2015 -- 16 8 13.44 23 Monday / Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 12.19 November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 10.97 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 24 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11 March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 12.09 May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 8.91 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 25 12 September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 10.71 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 9.20 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emmy awards ( edit ) ( show ) Category Nominee ( s ) Result <Td_colspan="3"> 58th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2006 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Richard Hopkins , Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Art Direction For A Variety , Music Program , or Special Patrick Doherty , James Yarnell Outstanding Choreography Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Cheryl Burke , Nick Kosovich <Td_colspan="3"> 59th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2007 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Louis van Amstel <Td_colspan="3"> 60th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2008 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Julianne Hough <Td_colspan="3"> 61st Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2009 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough <Td_colspan="3"> 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2010 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Chelsie Hightower , Derek Hough <Td_colspan="3"> 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2011 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Mark Ballas <Td_colspan="3"> 64th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2012 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall , Teddy Forance , Nick Lazzarini Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Won <Td_colspan="3"> 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Allison Holker Derek Hough Won <Td_colspan="3"> 66th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2014 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough <Td_colspan="3"> 67th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2015 ) Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough , Tessandra Chavez Won Witney Carson Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade <Td_colspan="3"> 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2016 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade Nominated The program has also been nominated for various other production - related awards since premiering in 2005 , including for hairstyling , makeup , lighting design , and technical direction . Others ( edit ) ( show ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result <Td_colspan="4"> People 's Choice Awards 2007 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars Won 2008 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars 2009 Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars Nominated Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2011 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2012 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2013 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2014 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2015 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2016 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars <Td_colspan="4"> Teen Choice Awards 2005 Choice Summer Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Male ) Drew Lachey Won 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Female ) Stacy Keibler Nominated 2007 Choice TV : Male Reality / Variety Star Apolo Ohno 2007 Choice TV : Personality Bruno Tonioli 2007 Choice TV : Reality / Variety Show Dancing with the Stars 2008 Choice TV Female Reality / Variety Star Kristi Yamaguchi 2008 Choice TV Reality Dance Dancing with the Stars 2009 Choice TV Reality / Variety Star Shawn Johnson 2009 Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars 2012 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2012 Choice TV : Male Reality Star William Levy 2013 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2013 Choice TV : Reality Competition Show Dancing with the Stars <Td_colspan="4"> NAACP Image Awards 2007 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2008 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars 2009 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars <Td_colspan="4"> Producers Guild of America Awards 2007 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick Nominated 2008 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2009 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2012 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2013 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2014 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television Ashley Edens Shaffer , Conrad Green , Joe Sungkur <Td_colspan="4"> Costume Designer Guild Awards 2007 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Nominated 2009 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen <Td_colspan="4"> Eddie Awards ( American Cinema Editors ) 2007 Best Edited Reality Series Pamela Malouf , Hans van Riet , David Timoner Nominated <Td_colspan="4"> Imagen Awards 2007 Outstanding reality Series Dancing with the Stars Won See also ( edit ) Strictly Come Dancing , the original British version of the program Dancing with the Stars , which contains a full list of international versions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Listings '' . People . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisk , Jason . `` Erin Andrews is the New Co-Host of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars '' . The Big Lead . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars : Erin Andrews confirmed as co-host - Dancing with the Stars News - Reality TV '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars , The Bachelor Renewed by ABC for 2017 - 2018 Season '' . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Whoa , Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Riberio Filling in for Tom Bergeron on DWTS '' . People . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Patrick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Judges : Julianne Hough Out , Len Goodman Back '' . people.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Julianne Hough Returns to ' Dancing With the Stars ' as Fourth Judge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` WHAT YOU 'RE WATCHING '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 2 : New Dance Troupe '' . XFinity . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Find Out Which Former Pros are Returning to the Dancing with the Stars Troupe for Season 25 '' . People . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' hires new music director '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Dancing With The Stars Voting Summary , abc.go.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Kate Gosselin -- Secret E-Mail Support for Dancing with the Stars ? '' . National Ledger. April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' recap : Brandy sent packing , Bristol survives to finale '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` TO DANCE OR NOT TO DANCE ? '' . HowardStern.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Beth 's Next Career Move. 04 / 18 / 06 . 6 : 35 am '' . MarksFriggin.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` A judge needs proof Bindi Irwin 's dad died before she can get paid by DWTS '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jessica ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bindi Irwin Finally Gets Paid For DWTS '' . Yahoo New Zealand . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dancing with the Stars 2 ' replaces Romeo with Master P '' . Realitytvworld.com . December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo to avenge his dad Master P 's low ' DWTS ' scores '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : John Ratzenberger Joins Cast of ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . Abcnews.go.com . March 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewel and Nancy O'Dell Withdraw from Dancing '' . people.com . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' : Billy Dee Williams Withdraws in Week 3 '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Washington , Julie E. ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' steps its way toward its 100th episode '' . cleveland.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' eliminates another celeb Tuesday night '' . Dallas Morning News . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` DANCING WITH THE STARS to Celebrate 300th Episode Next Week '' . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wetpaint Visitor ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Semifinals : Avril Lavigne & The Wanted Perform , Pros Return For 300th Episode Dancing With The Stars '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance , Dancing with the Stars ABC TV Store Jump up ^ `` Skating with the Stars at futoncritic.com '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Get Spinoffs at ABC '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fox , Joanne ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` REVIEW : ' Dancing Pros : Live ! ' brings true competition to Sioux City 's Orpheum stage '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chelsie Hightower reveals what really goes on at ' Dancing with the Stars ' '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rancilio , Alicia ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ' books 2015 date at Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park '' . cleveland.com . Advance Ohio . AP . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skillman , Cari ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ! ' tour announced '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars to Light Up the Night on 2018 winter tour '' . AXS.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Debuts in 2nd Place Fox News '' . Fox News . 2005 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Maynard , John ( 2005 - 07 - 13 ) . `` ABC Cuts In : ' Dancing ' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings / Historic / Network Television by Season / 2000s - The TV IV '' . tviv.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : 2005 -- 06 United States network television schedule ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 - 07 Primetime Ratings Give Me My Remote '' . www.givememyremote.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Top 20 Shows of the Season '' . Media Decoder Blog . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` Neilsen Ratings Mon March 17 : Dancing is Back '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS HAS 7 OF THE TOP 10 SCRIPTED PROGRAMS FOR THE THIRD STRAIGHT WEEK '' . CBS PressExpress . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Ratings Monday , September 22 : First Night Wins to ABC , CBS & NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Brooke Burke Wins ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol , Dancing With The Stars Top Average Viewership For 2008 - 9 Season '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2010 - 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Top ABC Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Fox Gleeful As Idol , Glee Top Dancing , NCIS , Mentalist Finales '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday broadcast final numbers -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Big Bang , Dancing With the Stars / NCIS top weekly broadcast charts '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : `` Dancing With the Stars '' Rises ; `` Castle '' Falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Idol , Glee Tops ; NCIS : LA , Good Wife Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2010 ratings : ' Dancing with the Stars ' kills , but ' Lone Star ' is D.O.A '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing with the Stars ' Finale Up 23 % ; Glee Down 20 % '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Castle , ' ' The Chicago Code ' Adjusted Down ; Dancing Stars , ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chuck ' Stays Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Two / a Half Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' DWTS Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Finale , ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Unforgettable ' Hit Lows Amid Widespread Declines '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 14 ) # U.S. Nielsen ratings Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Mike / Molly ' , ' Voice ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' DWTS ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Castle ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' LA Complex ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' Sleepy Hollow ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Million Second Quiz ' , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' Siberia ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : https://pmcdeadline2.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/primetime-ratings-total-audience-2013-2014-table-updated__140523003932.jpg Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars : Road to the Finals ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : American Ninja Warrior ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Down , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' DanceBattle America ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' adjusts up , everything else steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' / ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere matches Fall 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' / ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' / ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dancing with the Stars on IMDb Dancing with the Stars at TV.com Dancing with the Stars ratings at TV by the Numbers `` List of Dancing with the Stars Episodes '' . TVGuide . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . <Th_colspan="2"> Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. 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7,558,984,816,007,437,000 | maximum age limit for driving license in nepal | List of countries by minimum Driving age - wikipedia List of countries by minimum Driving age Jump to : navigation , search The minimum driving age is the minimum age at which a person may obtain a driver 's licence to lawfully drive a motor vehicle on public roads . That age is determined by and for each jurisdiction and is most commonly set at 18 years of age , but learner drivers may be permitted on the road at an earlier age under supervision . Before reaching the minimum age for a driver 's licence or anytime afterwards , the person wanting the licence would normally be tested for driving ability and knowledge of road rules before being issued with a licence , provided he or she is above the minimum driving age . Countries with the lowest driving ages ( below 17 ) are Australia , Canada , El Salvador , Iceland , Israel , India , Macedonia , Malaysia , New Zealand , Norway , the Philippines , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Slovenia , Sweden , the United Kingdom ( Mainland ) , United States and Zimbabwe . In several jurisdictions in the United States and Canada , drivers can be as young as 14 . Most jurisdictions recognise driver 's licences issued by another jurisdiction , which may result in a young person who obtains a licence in a jurisdiction with a low minimum driving age being permitted to drive in a jurisdiction which normally has a higher driving age . The minimum age may vary depending on vehicle type. This list refers to the minimum driving age for a motor vehicle with a maximum authorized mass not exceeding 3,500 kg and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver ( not including a trailer ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Americas 2.1 North America 2.2 South America 3 Asia 3.1 Middle East 3.2 South Asia 3.3 East Asia 3.4 Southeast Asia 4 Europe 4.1 European driving licence area 4.2 Rest of Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References Africa ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Algeria 18 Cameroon 16 Ethiopia 18 Egypt 18 Ghana 18 Kenya 16 Lesotho 18 Libya 18 Mali 18 Mauritania 18 Mauritius 15 ( autocycles ) , 17 ( motorcycles ) , 18 ( cars ) Mayotte 18 Morocco 18 Mozambique 18 Namibia 18 Niger 23 Nigeria 18 Réunion ( France ) 18 Senegal 18 South Africa 17 The National Road Traffic act specifies that a driver needs to be 17 to legally obtain a license for all motor vehicles under 3500 kg . 17 years old may allow one to obtain a learners license , to drive while supervised by an already licensed driver who has had their license for more than a year . Yet to obtain an actual drivers license , the age is 18 years old . Swaziland 18 Tanzania 18 Tunisia 18 Zambia 16 Zimbabwe 16 Americas ( edit ) North America ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Anguilla 18 Bahamas 17 Canada 16 ( 14 in Alberta Province ) See also : Driving licence in Canada Costa Rica 18 Cuba 18 Dominican Republic 18 ( 16 With supervision ) El Salvador 15 Guadeloupe 18 Guatemala 16 ( with parental agreement ) , 18 Honduras 18 Jamaica 18 Martinique 18 Mexico 15 ( with parental supervision ) , 16 ( with parental agreement ) , 18 Netherlands Antilles 18 Panama 18 Puerto Rico 16 ( with learner 's permit ) Saint Barthélemy 18 Saint Martin 18 Trinidad and Tobago 17 St. Kitts and Nevis 17 ( for permit ) , 18 ( for license ) United States 14 -- 16 ( for permit ) 14 , 3 months -- 17 ( for license ) depending on state See also : Driver 's license in the United States US Virgin Islands 16 ( with learner 's permit ) , 18 South america ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Argentina 17 16 is the minimum age to drive a moped ( without passengers ) Bolivia 18 Brazil 121 , 19 , 21 ( professional license ) Drivers have to be previously licensed in cat . ' B ' for at least one year before applying for a professional license . ' C ' category are usually for load trucks , ' D ' for buses and trucks and ' E ' for articulated vehicles . Chile 17 ( with parental approval ) , 18 , 20 ( professional license ) Colombia 16 Ecuador 18 French Guiana 18 Guyana 17 Paraguay 18 Peru 18 Suriname 18 Uruguay 18 Venezuela 18 Asia ( edit ) Middle East ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Bahrain 18 Iran 18 Iraq 16 years ( Motorcycles ) / 18 years ( Cars ) Israel 16 years ( Motorcycles ) / 16 years and 9 months ( Cars ) Jordan 18 Kuwait 18 Lebanon 18 Oman 18 Palestine 18 Qatar 18 Saudi Arabia 18 ( Cars ) / 16 ( Motorcycles ) / 17 ( Temporary Permit for cars ) Women were prohibited from driving until September 2017 . Syria 18 United Arab Emirates 18 Yemen 18 South Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Afghanistan 18 Bangladesh 18 India 16 for gearless bikes under 50 cc , 18 for geared bikes , cars and commercial vehicles Nepal 18 Pakistan 18 Sri Lanka 18 East Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes China 18 Hong Kong 18 Special Administrative Region of China Japan 16 For those that are 16 years old , a district court order for special exemption is required , a common practice for U.S. diplomatic families . See also : Driving licence in Japan Macau 18 Special Administrative Region of China South Korea 18 for motorbikes over 125cc , 16 for personal use vehicles including motorbikes under125cc , 19 for commercial license See also : Driving license in South Korea Taiwan 18 Southeast Asia ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Brunei 18 Burma 18 Cambodia 18 Indonesia 17 Laos 18 Malaysia 16 ( Motorcycles / B2 , B ) , 17 ( Light Vehicles / D ) , 21 ( Commercial Vehicles / E ) Philippines 17 ( Student Permit ) ; 18 ( non-professional & professional driver 's license ) Singapore 18 Thailand 18 Vietnam 18 Europe ( edit ) Minimum driving age in Europe : Minimum driving age is 18 Minimum driving age is 18 ; Supervised driving at 17 Minimum driving age is 18 ; Supervised driving at 16 Minimum driving age is 17 Minimum driving age is 17 ; Supervised driving at 16 Minimum driving age is 16 ( only Isle of Man ) European Driving licence area ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Austria 18 ( cars ) 15 ( mopeds ) ( 17 with special training ) Belgium 18 See also : Driving licence in Belgium Bulgaria 18 Croatia 18 Cyprus 18 See also : Driving licence in Cyprus Czech Republic 18 Denmark 17 ( cars ) 15 ( mopeds ) The minimum age for driving a car without supervision is 18 . Estonia 16 Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Finland 18 ( cars ) 15 ( mopeds and micro cars ) See also : Driving licence in Finland France 15 Driving age for cars is 15 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Germany 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Gibraltar 17 Greece 18 Hungary 17 Iceland 16 Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 17 . Ireland 17 Italy 17 17 with supervision of a person under 65 years in possession of full A1 / B1 licence . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Latvia 18 Liechtenstein 18 Lithuania 18 Luxembourg 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Malta 18 Netherlands 17 ( cars ) 16 ( mopeds & tractors ) See also : Driving licence in the Netherlands Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Driving lessons available at 161⁄2 . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Norway 18 ( cars ) 16 ( mopeds and light motorcycles ) See also : Driving licence in Norway Poland 18 Portugal 18 ( cars ) 16 ( motorcycles ) Romania 18 Slovakia 17 Driving age for cars is 17 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Slovenia 16 ( cars and motorcycles ) Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Spain 18 Sweden 16 ( cars ) 15 ( mopeds & tractors ) Driving age for cars is 16 with supervision . Unrestricted licence available at 18 . Switzerland 18 United Kingdom 17 ( cars ) 16 ( mopeds and tractors ) Rest of Europe ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes Albania 18 Andorra 18 Armenia 18 Azerbaijan 18 Belarus 18 16 - mopeds ( AM ) , < 125cc / 11 kW motorcycles ( A1 ) ; 17 - < 80 kW wheeled tractors and self - propelled machines ( A ) and all kinds of continuous tracked tractors , SPMs and bulldozers ( C ) ; 18 - all kinds of motorcycles ( A ) , cars with light trailers and up to 8 passengers buses ( B ) , trucks with light trailers ( C ) , all kinds of wheeled tractors ( B ) , SPMs ( D ) , special vehicles ( E ) and < 1m excavators ( F ) ; 21 - buses for more than 8 passengers ( D ) , cars , trucks and buses with heavy trailers ( BE , CE , DE ) , trams ( F ) and trolleybuses ( I ) . Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 Georgia 17 Guernsey 17 Isle of Man 16 Jersey 17 Kosovo 17 Macedonia 18 ( 16 with parental supervision ) Moldova 18 Monaco 18 Montenegro 18 Northern Cyprus 18 See also : Driving licence in Northern Cyprus Russia 18 ( 16 for motorcycles ) San Marino 18 Serbia 18 ( 17 with adult supervision ) Turkey 18 ( cars ) 16 ( mopeds and light - motorcycles ) Ukraine 18 Oceania ( edit ) State Minimum driving age Notes American Samoa 16 Australia 15 years 9 months See also : Driving licence in Australia Learner drivers may drive , under qualified supervision , from 15 years and 9 months in the Australian Capital Territory and 16 years in all other states and the Northern Territory . Fiji 17 Guam 16 Marshall Islands 18 New Zealand 16 See also : Driving licence in New Zealand The minimum age to obtain a car or motorcycle learner licence which allows driving under supervision is 16 . The minimum possible age to obtain a full licence , without any supervision or conditions , is 171⁄2 years if a driver completes an advanced driving course . Without an advanced driving course , the minimum age is 18 , the same as a heavy vehicle licence . Northern Mariana Islands 15 years 6 months Papua New Guinea 18 Tonga 18 See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / Concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Voting age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manual of Travel Agency Practice - Gwenda Syratt - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 2006 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in Ethiopia '' . Adcidl.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Egypt - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Ghana - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` KRA - Driving Licenses '' . www.kra.go.ke . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland - James Bainbridge - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk. 2010 - 09 - 15 . 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Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum driving age changed in Azerbaijan '' . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus : Touring Tips '' ( PDF ) . Theaa.com . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Закон Республики Беларусь от 5 января 2008 г . No 313 - З `` О дорожном движении '' '' ( DOC ) . etalonline.by . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bosnia Herzegovina : Touring Tips '' ( PDF ) . Theaa.com . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in Georgia '' ( in Georgian ) . RAC . Retrieved 10 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Licence Categories - Guernsey '' . Gov.gg . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Man Guide - PEOPLE AND LIVING , Driving on the Isle of Man '' . Iomguide.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Driver licence vehicle categories , specifications and age restrictions '' . Gov.je . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Driving Licence '' . Rks-gov.net . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Macedonia : Touring Tips '' ( PDF ) . Theaa.com . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Moldova - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Monaco travel advice - GOV.UK '' . Fco.gov.uk. 2014 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Montenegro : Touring Tips '' ( PDF ) . Theaa.com . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Driving in Russia '' . RAC. 2010 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Italy and San Marino : Touring Tips '' ( PDF ) . Theaa.com . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia : Touring Tips '' ( PDF ) . Theaa.com . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Driving Guide '' ( in Turkish ) . Economy Car Hire . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine : Touring Tips '' ( PDF ) . Theaa.com . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Au Pairs from Ukraine - Culture Quests '' . Aupairinamerica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . 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Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School leaving Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Cartoon pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Map censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Military use of children Intersex rights LGBT Rights Slavery Human trafficking Travel Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly International ownership International Waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project <Td_colspan="2"> List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_minimum_driving_age&oldid=805001166 '' Categories : Law - related lists Minimum ages Traffic law Lists of countries Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Pages with URL errors CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2015 CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Georgian - language sources ( ka ) CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 12 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Minimum driving age by country
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-5,923,289,557,872,763,000 | regarding public education in 1922 oregon become the first state to | Oregon Compulsory Education Act - wikipedia Oregon Compulsory Education Act The Compulsory Education Act or Oregon School Law was a 1922 law in the U.S. state of Oregon that required school age children to attend only public schools . The United States Supreme Court later struck down the law as unconstitutional . Contents 1 Background 2 See also 3 Further reading 4 References Background ( edit ) Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal In 1922 , the Masonic Grand Lodge of Oregon sponsored an initiative to require all school - age children to attend public schools . With support also of the state Ku Klux Klan and 1922 Democratic gubernatorial candidate Walter M. Pierce , the Compulsory Education Law was passed by a vote of 115,506 to 103,685 . Its primary purpose was to shut down Catholic schools in Oregon , but it also affected other private and military schools . It was challenged in court and struck down by the United States Supreme Court Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) before it went into effect . The law , which was officially called the Compulsory Education Act and unofficially became known as the Oregon School Law , did not just require that children between the ages of eight and sixteen had to attend school ; it required that they attend only public schools . By prohibiting children from attending private or parochial schools , the state thus forced such schools to close . Outraged Catholics organized locally and nationally for the right to send their children to Catholic schools . In a 1925 decision , the United States Supreme Court declared the Oregon School Law unconstitutional in a ruling that has been called `` the Magna Carta of the parochial school system . '' In the ruling , the Court asserted that `` the child is not the mere creature of the state '' and settled once and for all the question of whether or not private schools had a right to exist in The United States . Pope Pius XI , in 1929 , explicitly referenced this Supreme Court case in his encyclical Divini illius magistri on Catholic education . He quoted this part of the case , which says : The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only . The child is not the mere creature of the State ; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right coupled with the high duty , to recognize , and prepare him for additional duties . See also ( edit ) Bennett Law Meyer v. Nebraska Pierce v. Society of Sisters Further reading ( edit ) Lloyd P. Jorgenson . `` The Oregon School Law of 1922 : Passage and Sequel , '' The Catholic Historical Review , Vol. 54 , No. 3 ( Oct. , 1968 ) , pp. 455 -- 466 in JSTOR David B. Tyack . `` The Perils of Pluralism : The Background of the Pierce Case , '' American Historical Review , Vol. 74 , No. 1 ( Oct. , 1968 ) , pp. 74 -- 98 in JSTOR Text of Pierce v. Society of Sisters , 268 U.S. 510 ( 1925 ) is available from : Findlaw Justia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Proposed Constitutional Amendments and Measures to be submitted to the Voters of the State of Oregon for the General Election , Tuesday , November 7 , 1922 '' ( PDF ) . Sam A. Kozer , Secretary of State . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Initiative , Referendum and Recall : 1922 - 1928 '' . Oregon Blue Book . Oregon Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Pope Pius XI ( 1929 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Divini illius magistri '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 17 . <Th_colspan="2"> Topics in Oregon legislation Crime and sentencing Capital punishment Measure 11 ( 1994 ) ( mandatory minimum sentencing ) Measure 40 ( 1996 ) etc. ( victims ' rights ) Elections and voting Direct Legislation League Vote - by - mail Term limits List of Oregon ballot measures Gay rights Same - sex marriage Oregon Citizens Alliance Measure 9 ( 1992 ) ( homosexuality and education ) Environment Bottle bill Nuclear power Wind power Solar power Coal power Land use O&C Lands Beach Bill ( 1967 ) Land Conservation and Development Act ( 1973 ) Measure 37 ( 2004 ) & 49 ( 2008 ) Health care Death with Dignity Act Oregon Health Plan Minimum wage Measures 36 ( 1996 ) , 25 ( 2002 ) Taxation Tax revolt Measure 5 ( 1990 ) ( landmark tax law ) Measures 47 ( 1996 ) and 50 ( 1997 ) ( adjusted Measure 5 ) Kicker tax rebate Measure 97 ( 2016 ) Miscellaneous Compulsory Education Act Adoption rights Alcoholic beverages in Oregon Bicycle Bill Cannabis in Oregon Influential people Loren Parks Bill Sizemore Background , further reading Oregon legislature Direct democracy in Oregon Oregon government Oregon history Oregon ballot measures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_Compulsory_Education_Act&oldid=799405008 '' Categories : Oregon law 1922 in law Anti-Catholicism in the United States Ku Klux Klan 1922 in Oregon United States education law Education in Oregon Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 14 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Oregon Compulsory Education Act
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7,308,287,669,803,061,000 | what is the chemistry behind formation of smog | Smog - wikipedia Smog For other uses , see Smog ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Smoke . It has been suggested that Summer smog be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2017 . Smog in New York City as viewed from the World Trade Center in 1988 Smog is a type of air pollutant . The word `` smog '' was coined in the early 20th century as a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog , its opacity , and odour . The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes known as pea soup fog , a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century to the mid-20th century . This kind of visible air pollution is composed of nitrogen oxides , sulphur oxides , ozone , smoke or dirt particles and also less visible particles such as CFC 's . Human - made smog is derived from coal emissions , vehicular emissions , industrial emissions , forest and agricultural fires and photochemical reactions of these emissions . Modern smog , as found for example in Los Angeles , is a type of air pollution derived from vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog . In certain other cities , such as Delhi , smog severity is often aggravated by stubble burning in neighboring agricultural areas . The atmospheric pollution levels of Los Angeles , Beijing , Delhi , Lahore , Mexico City , Tehran and other cities are increased by inversion that traps pollution close to the ground . It is usually very highly toxic to humans and can cause severe sickness , shortened life or death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Causes 2.1 Coal 2.2 Transportation emissions 2.3 Photochemical smog 2.4 Natural causes 3 Health effects 3.1 Levels of unhealthy exposure 3.2 Premature deaths due to cancer and respiratory disease 3.3 Alzheimer risk 3.4 Risk of certain birth defects 3.5 Low birth weight 4 Areas affected 4.1 Canada 4.2 Delhi , India 4.3 Beijing , China 4.4 United Kingdom 4.4. 1 London 4.4. 2 Other areas 4.5 Mexico City , Mexico 4.6 Santiago , Chile 4.7 Tehran , Iran 4.8 United States 4.8. 1 Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley 4.8. 2 Major incidents in the US 4.9 Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia 4.10 Southeast Asia 4.11 Pakistan 5 Pollution index 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) Coinage of the term `` smog '' is generally attributed to Dr. Henry Antoine Des Voeux in his 1905 paper , `` Fog and Smoke '' for a meeting of the Public Health Congress . The 26 July 1905 edition of the London newspaper Daily Graphic quoted Des Voeux , `` He said it required no science to see that there was something produced in great cities which was not found in the country , and that was smoky fog , or what was known as ' smog ' . '' The following day the newspaper stated that `` Dr. Des Voeux did a public service in coining a new word for the London fog . '' However , this is predated by a Los Angeles Times article of January 19 , 1893 , in which the word is attributed to `` a witty English writer . '' Causes ( edit ) Coal ( edit ) Coal fires , used to heat individual buildings or in a power - producing plant , can emit significant clouds of smoke that contributes to smog . Air pollution from this source has been reported in England since the Middle Ages . London , in particular , was notorious up through the mid-20th century for its coal - caused smogs , which were nicknamed ' pea - soupers . ' Air pollution of this type is still a problem in areas that generate significant smoke from burning coal . The emissions from coal combustions are one of the main causes of air pollution in China . Especially during autumn and winter when coal - fired heating ramps up , the amount of produced smoke forces some Chinese cities to close down roads , schools or airports . One prominent example for this was China 's Northeastern city Harbin in 2013 . Transportation emissions ( edit ) Traffic emissions -- such as from trucks , buses , and automobiles -- also contribute . Airborne by - products from vehicle exhaust systems cause air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities . The major culprits from transportation sources are carbon monoxide ( CO ) , nitrogen oxides ( NO and NO ) , volatile organic compounds , sulfur dioxide , and hydrocarbons . ( Hydrocarbons are the main components of petroleum fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuel . ) These molecules react with sunlight , heat , ammonia , moisture , and other compounds to form the noxious vapors , ground level ozone , and particles that comprise smog . Photochemical smog ( edit ) Formation of Photochemical Smog Photochemical smog is the chemical reaction of sunlight , nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere , which leaves airborne particles and ground - level ozone . This noxious mixture of air pollutants may include the following : Aldehydes Nitrogen oxides , particularly nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide Peroxyacyl nitrates Tropospheric ozone Volatile organic compounds A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source . A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such , but forms when other pollutants ( primary pollutants ) react in the atmosphere . Examples of a secondary pollutant include ozone , which is formed when hydrocarbons ( HC ) and nitrogen oxides ( NO ) combine in the presence of sunlight ; nitrogen dioxide ( NO ) , which is formed as nitric oxide ( NO ) combines with oxygen in the air ; and acid rain , which is formed when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water . All of these harsh chemicals are usually highly reactive and oxidizing . Photochemical smog is therefore considered to be a problem of modern industrialization . It is present in all modern cities , but it is more common in cities with sunny , warm , dry climates and a large number of motor vehicles . Because it travels with the wind , it can affect sparsely populated areas as well . The composition and chemical reactions involved in photochemical smog were not understood until the 1950s . In 1948 , flavor chemist Arie Haagen - Smit adapted some of his equipment to collect chemicals from polluted air , and identified ozone as a component of Los Angeles smog . Haagen - Smit went on to discover that nitrous oxides from automotive exhausts and gaseous hydrocarbons from cars and oil refineries , exposed to sunlight , were key ingredients in the formation of ozone and photochemical smog . Haagen - Smit worked with Arnold Beckman , who developed various equipment for detecting smog , ranging from an `` Apparatus for recording gas concentrations in the atmosphere '' patented on October 7 , 1952 , to `` air quality monitoring vans '' for use by government and industry . Characteristic coloration for smog in California in the beige cloud bank behind the Golden Gate Bridge . The brown coloration is due to the NO in the photochemical smog . Natural causes ( edit ) An erupting volcano can also emit high levels of sulfur dioxide along with a large quantity of particulate matter ; two key components to the creation of smog . However , the smog created as a result of a volcanic eruption is often known as vog to distinguish it as a natural occurrence . The radiocarbon content of some plant life has been linked to the distribution of smog in some areas . For example , the creosote bush in the Los Angeles area has been shown to have an effect on smog distribution that is more than fossil fuel combustion alone . Health effects ( edit ) Highland Park Optimist Club wearing smog - gas masks at banquet , Los Angeles , circa 1954 Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health . Ground - level ozone , sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide are especially harmful for senior citizens , children , and people with heart and lung conditions such as emphysema , bronchitis , and asthma . It can inflame breathing passages , decrease the lungs ' working capacity , cause shortness of breath , pain when inhaling deeply , wheezing , and coughing . It can cause eye and nose irritation and it dries out the protective membranes of the nose and throat and interferes with the body 's ability to fight infection , increasing susceptibility to illness . Hospital admissions and respiratory deaths often increase during periods when ozone levels are high . There is a lack of knowledge on the long - term effects of air pollution exposure and the origin of asthma . An experiment was carried out using intense air pollution similar to that of the 1952 Great Smog of London . The results from this experiment concluded that there is a link between early - life pollution exposure that leads to the development of asthma , Proposing the ongoing effect of the Great Smog . Modern studies continue to find links between mortality and the presence of smog . One study , published in Nature magazine , found that smog episodes in the city of Jinan , a large city in eastern China , during 2011 -- 15 , were associated with a 5.87 % ( 95 % CI 0.16 -- 11.58 % ) increase in the rate of overall mortality . This study highlights the effect of exposure to air pollution on the rate of mortality in China . Levels of unhealthy exposure ( edit ) The U.S. EPA has developed an Air Quality Index to help explain air pollution levels to the general public . 8 hour average ozone concentrations of 85 to 104 ppbv are described as `` Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups '' , 105 ppbv to 124 ppbv as `` unhealthy '' and 125 ppb to 404 ppb as `` very unhealthy '' . The `` very unhealthy '' range for some other pollutants are : 355 μg m -- 424 μg m for PM10 ; 15.5 ppm -- 30.4 ppm for CO and 0.65 ppm -- 1.24 ppm for NO . Premature deaths due to cancer and respiratory disease ( edit ) In 2016 , the Ontario Medical Association announced that smog is responsible for an estimated 9,500 premature deaths in the province each year . A 20 - year American Cancer Society study found that cumulative exposure also increases the likelihood of premature death from a respiratory disease , implying the 8 - hour standard may be insufficient . Alzheimer risk ( edit ) Tiny magnetic particles from air pollution have for the first time been discovered to be lodged in human brains -- and researchers think they could be a possible cause of Alzheimer 's disease . Researchers at Lancaster University found abundant magnetite nanoparticles in the brain tissue from 37 individuals aged three to 92 - years - old who lived in Mexico City and Manchester . This strongly magnetic mineral is toxic and has been implicated in the production of reactive oxygen species ( free radicals ) in the human brain , which are associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer 's disease . Risk of certain birth defects ( edit ) A study examining 806 women who had babies with birth defects between 1997 and 2006 , and 849 women who had healthy babies , found that smog in the San Joaquin Valley area of California was linked to two types of neural tube defects : spina bifida ( a condition involving , among other manifestations , certain malformations of the spinal column ) , and anencephaly ( the underdevelopment or absence of part or all of the brain , which if not fatal usually results in profound impairment ) . Low birth weight ( edit ) According to a study published in The Lancet , even a very small ( 5 μg ) change in PM2. 5 exposure was associated with an increase ( 18 % ) in risk of a low birth weight at delivery , and this relationship held even below the current accepted safe levels . Areas affected ( edit ) Beijing air on a day after rain ( left ) and a smoggy day ( right ) Smog can form in almost any climate where industries or cities release large amounts of air pollution , such as smoke or gases . However , it is worse during periods of warmer , sunnier weather when the upper air is warm enough to inhibit vertical circulation . It is especially prevalent in geologic basins encircled by hills or mountains . It often stays for an extended period of time over densely populated cities or urban areas , and can build up to dangerous levels . Canada ( edit ) According to the Canadian Science Smog Assessment published in 2012 , smog is responsible for detrimental effects on human and ecosystem health , as well as socioeconomic well - being across the country . It was estimated that the province of Ontario sustains $201 million in damages annually for selected crops , and an estimated tourism revenue degradation of $7.5 million in Vancouver and $1.32 million in The Fraser Valley due to decreased visibility . Air pollution in British Columbia is of particular concern , especially in the Fraser Valley , because of a meteorological effect called inversion which decreases air dispersion and leads to smog concentration . Delhi , India ( edit ) See also : Environmental issues in Delhi During the autumn and winter months , some 500 million tons of crop residue are burnt , and winds blow from India 's north and northwest towards east . This aerial view shows India 's annual crop burning , resulting in smoke and air pollution over Delhi and adjoining areas . For the past few years , cities in northern India have been covered in a thick layer of winter smog . The situation has turned quite drastic in the National Capital , Delhi . This smog is caused by the collection of Particulate Matter ( a very fine type of dust and toxic gases ) in the air due to stagnant movement of air during winters . Delhi is the most polluted city in the world and according to one estimate , air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year . During 2013 -- 14 , peak levels of fine particulate matter ( PM ) in Delhi increased by about 44 % , primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions , construction work and crop burning in adjoining states . Delhi has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter , PM2. 5 considered most harmful to health , with 153 micrograms . Rising air pollution level has significantly increased lung - related ailments ( especially asthma and lung cancer ) among Delhi 's children and women . The dense smog in Delhi during winter season results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year . According to Indian meteorologists , the average maximum temperature in Delhi during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution . Dense smog blankets Connaught Place , New Delhi Environmentalists have criticised the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues . Most of Delhi 's residents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with it . Since the mid-1990s , Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution -- Delhi has the third highest quantity of trees among Indian cities and the Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world 's largest fleet of environmentally friendly compressed natural gas ( CNG ) buses . In 1996 , the Centre for Science and Environment ( CSE ) started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi 's fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998 . In 2003 , Delhi won the United States Department of Energy 's first ' Clean Cities International Partner of the Year ' award for its `` bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives '' . The Delhi Metro has also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the city . However , according to several authors , most of these gains have been lost , especially due to stubble burning , rise in market share of diesel cars and a considerable decline in bus ridership . According to CUE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research ( SAFER ) , burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab , Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of smog over Delhi . The state government of adjoining Uttar Pradesh is considering imposing a ban on crop burning to reduce pollution in Delhi NCR and an environmental panel has appealed to India 's Supreme Court to impose a 30 % cess on diesel cars . Beijing , China ( edit ) Main article : Beijing § Air quality Joint research between American and Chinese researchers in 2006 concluded that much of the city 's pollution comes from surrounding cities and provinces . On average 35 -- 60 % of the ozone can be traced to sources outside the city . Shandong Province and Tianjin Municipality have a `` significant influence on Beijing 's air quality '' , partly due to the prevailing south / southeasterly flow during the summer and the mountains to the north and northwest . United Kingdom ( edit ) London ( edit ) Victorian London was notorious for its thick smogs , or `` pea - soupers '' , a fact that is often recreated ( as here ) to add an air of mystery to a period costume drama In 1306 , concerns over air pollution were sufficient for Edward I to ( briefly ) ban coal fires in London . In 1661 , John Evelyn 's Fumifugium suggested burning fragrant wood instead of mineral coal , which he believed would reduce coughing . The `` Ballad of Gresham College '' the same year describes how the smoke `` does our lungs and spirits choke , Our hanging spoil , and rust our iron . '' Severe episodes of smog continued in the 19th and 20th centuries , mainly in the winter , and were nicknamed `` pea - soupers , '' from the phrase `` as thick as pea soup . '' The Great Smog of 1952 darkened the streets of London and killed approximately 4,000 people in the short time of 4 days ( a further 8,000 died from its effects in the following weeks and months ) . Initially a flu epidemic was blamed for the loss of life . In 1956 the Clean Air Act started legally enforcing smokeless zones in the capital . There were areas where no soft coal was allowed to be burned in homes or in businesses , only coke , which produces no smoke . Because of the smokeless zones , reduced levels of sooty particulates eliminated the intense and persistent London smog . It was after this that the great clean - up of London began . One by one , historical buildings which , during the previous two centuries had gradually completely blackened externally , had their stone facades cleaned and restored to their original appearance . Victorian buildings whose appearance changed dramatically after cleaning included the British Museum of Natural History . A more recent example was the Palace of Westminster , which was cleaned in the 1980s . A notable exception to the restoration trend was 10 Downing Street , whose bricks upon cleaning in the late 1950s proved to be naturally yellow ; the smog - derived black colour of the façade was considered so iconic that the bricks were painted black to preserve the image . Smog caused by traffic pollution , however , does still occur in modern London . Other areas ( edit ) Other areas of the United Kingdom were affected by smog , especially heavily industrialised areas . The cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh , in Scotland , suffered smoke - laden fogs in 1909 . Des Voeux , commonly credited with creating the `` smog '' moniker , presented a paper in 1911 to the Manchester Conference of the Smoke Abatement League of Great Britain about the fogs and resulting deaths . One Birmingham resident described near black - out conditions in the 1900s before the Clean Air Act , with visibility so poor that cyclists had to dismount and walk in order to stay on the road . On 29 April 2015 , the UK Supreme Court ruled that the government must take immediate action to cut air pollution , following a case brought by environmental lawyers at ClientEarth . Mexico city , Mexico ( edit ) Situated in a valley , and relying heavily on automobiles , Mexico City often suffers from poor air quality . Due to its location in a highland `` bowl '' , cold air sinks down onto the urban area of Mexico City , trapping industrial and vehicle pollution underneath , and turning it into the most infamously smog - plagued city of Latin America . Within one generation , the city has changed from being known for some of the cleanest air of the world into one with some of the worst pollution , with pollutants like nitrogen dioxide being double or even triple international standards . Photochemical smog over Mexico City , December 2010 Santiago , chile ( edit ) Similar to Mexico City , the air pollution of Santiago valley , located between the Andes and the Chilean Coast Range , turn it into the most infamously smog - plagued city of South America . Other aggravates of the situation reside in its high latitude ( 31 degrees South ) and dry weather during most of the year . Tehran , iran ( edit ) In December 2005 , schools and public offices had to close in Tehran and 1600 people were taken to hospital , in a severe smog blamed largely on unfiltered car exhaust . United States ( edit ) A NASA astronaut 's photograph of a smog layer over central New York View of smog south from Los Angeles City Hall , September 2011 Counties in the United States where one or more National Ambient Air Quality Standards are not met , as of October 2015 Smog was brought to the attention of the general US public in 1933 with the publication of the book `` Stop That Smoke '' , by Henry Obermeyer , a New York public utility official , in which he pointed out the effect on human life and even the destruction of 3,000 acres ( 12 km ) of a farmer 's spinach crop . Since then , the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated over 300 U.S. counties to be non-attainment areas for one or more pollutants tracked as part of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards . These areas are largely clustered around large metropolitan areas , with the largest contiguous non-attainment zones in California and the Northeast . Various U.S. and Canadian government agencies collaborate to produce real - time air quality maps and forecasts . To combat smog conditions , localities may declare `` smog alert '' days , such as in the Spare the Air program in the San Francisco Bay Area . Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley ( edit ) Because of their locations in low basins surrounded by mountains , Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley are notorious for their smog . The over-reliance on vehicles for transportation in these regions combined with the additional effects of the San Francisco Bay and Los Angeles / Long Beach port complexes frequently contribute to further air pollution . Los Angeles in particular is strongly predisposed to accumulation of smog , because of peculiarities of its geography and weather patterns . Los Angeles is situated in a flat basin with ocean on one side and mountain ranges on three sides . A nearby cold ocean current depresses surface air temperatures in the area , resulting in an inversion layer : a phenomenon where air temperature increases , instead of decreasing , with altitude , suppressing thermals and restricting vertical convection . All taken together , this results in a relatively thin , enclosed layer of air above the city that can not easily escape out of the basin and tends to accumulate pollution . Though Los Angeles was one of the best known cities suffering from transportation smog for much of the 20th century , so much so that it was sometimes said that Los Angeles was a synonym for smog , strict regulations by government agencies overseeing this problem , including tight restrictions on allowed emissions levels for all new cars sold in California and mandatory regular emission tests of older vehicles , resulted in significant improvements in air quality . For example , air concentrations of volatile organic compounds declined by a factor of 50 between 1962 and 2012 . Concentrations of air pollutants such as nitrous oxides and ozone declined by 70 % to 80 % over the same period of time . Major incidents in the US ( edit ) 1943 , July 26 , Los Angeles , California : A smog so sudden and severe that `` Los Angeles residents believe the Japanese are attacking them with chemical warfare . '' 1948 , October 30 -- 31 , Donora , Pennsylvania : 20 died , 600 hospitalized , thousands more stricken . Lawsuits were not settled until 1951 . 1966 , November 24 , New York City , New York : Smog kills at least 169 people . Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia ( edit ) In the late 1990s , massive immigration to Ulaanbaatar from the countryside began . An estimated 150,000 households , mainly living in traditional Mongolian gers on the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar , burn wood and coal ( some poor families burn even car tires and trash ) to heat themselves during the harsh winter , which lasts from October to April , since these outskirts are not connected to the city 's central heating system . A temporary solution to decrease smog was proposed in the form of stoves with improved efficiency , although with no visible results . Coal - fired ger stoves release high levels of ash and other particulate matter ( PM ) . When inhaled , these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems . At two to 10 times above Mongolian and international air quality standards , Ulaanbaatar 's PM rates are among the worst in the world , according to a December 2009 World Bank report . The Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) estimates that health costs related to this air pollution account for as much as 4 percent of Mongolia 's GDP . Southeast Asia ( edit ) See also : Asian brown cloud Singapore 's Downtown Core on 7 October 2006 , when it was affected by forest fires in Sumatra , Indonesia Smog is a regular problem in Southeast Asia caused by land and forest fires in Indonesia , especially Sumatra and Kalimantan , although the term haze is preferred in describing the problem . Farmers and plantation owners are usually responsible for the fires , which they use to clear tracts of land for further plantings . Those fires mainly affect Brunei , Indonesia , Philippines , Malaysia , Singapore and Thailand , and occasionally Guam and Saipan . The economic losses of the fires in 1997 have been estimated at more than US $9 billion . This includes damages in agriculture production , destruction of forest lands , health , transportation , tourism , and other economic endeavours . Not included are social , environmental , and psychological problems and long - term health effects . The second - latest bout of haze to occur in Malaysia , Singapore and the Malacca Straits is in October 2006 , and was caused by smoke from fires in Indonesia being blown across the Straits of Malacca by south - westerly winds . A similar haze has occurred in June 2013 , with the PSI setting a new record in Singapore on June 21 at 12pm with a reading of 401 , which is in the `` Hazardous '' range . The Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) reacted . In 2002 , the Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution was signed between all ASEAN nations . ASEAN formed a Regional Haze Action Plan ( RHAP ) and established a co-ordination and support unit ( CSU ) . RHAP , with the help of Canada , established a monitoring and warning system for forest / vegetation fires and implemented a Fire Danger Rating System ( FDRS ) . The Malaysian Meteorological Department ( MMD ) has issued a daily rating of fire danger since September 2003 . Indonesia has been ineffective at enforcing legal policies on errant farmers . Pakistan ( edit ) A road close to historical Badshahi mosque while dense smog engulf the neighborhood of Lahore , Pakistan , Saturday , Nov. 5 , 2016 Since start of winter season heavy smog loaded with pollutants covered major part of Punjab especially the city of Lahore , causing breathing problems and disrupting normal traffic . Doctors advised residents to stay indoors and wear facemasks outside . Pollution Index ( edit ) Smog in São Paulo , Brazil The severity of smog is often measured using automated optical instruments such as Nephelometers , as haze is associated with visibility and traffic control in ports . Haze however can also be an indication of poor air quality though this is often better reflected using accurate purpose built air indexes such as the American Air Quality Index , the Malaysian API ( Air Pollution Index ) and the Singaporean Pollutant Standards Index . In hazy conditions , it is likely that the index will report the suspended particulate level . The disclosure of the responsible pollutant is mandated in some jurisdictions . The Malaysian API does not have a capped value ; hence its most hazardous readings can go above 500 . Above 500 , a state of emergency is declared in the affected area . Usually , this means that non-essential government services are suspended , and all ports in the affected area are closed . There may also be prohibitions on private sector commercial and industrial activities in the affected area excluding the food sector . So far , state of emergency rulings due to hazardous API levels were applied to the Malaysian towns of Port Klang , Kuala Selangor and the state of Sarawak during the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 1997 Southeast Asian haze . Cultural references ( edit ) Claude Monet made several trips to London between 1899 and 1901 , during which he painted views of the Thames and Houses of Parliament which show the sun struggling to shine through London 's smog - laden atmosphere . The London `` pea - soupers '' earned the capital the nickname of `` The Smoke '' . Similarly , Edinburgh was known as `` Auld Reekie '' . The smogs feature in many London novels as a motif indicating hidden danger or a mystery , perhaps most overtly in Margery Allingham 's The Tiger in the Smoke ( 1952 ) , but also in Dickens 's Bleak House ( 1852 ) and T.S. Eliot 's `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock . '' The 1970 made - for - TV movie A Clear and Present Danger was one of the first American television network entertainment programs to warn about the problem of smog and air pollution , as it dramatized a man 's efforts toward clean air after emphysema killed his friend . The history of smog in LA is detailed in Smogtown by Chip Jacobs and William J. Kelly . See also ( edit ) 1997 Southeast Asian haze 2005 Malaysian haze 2006 Southeast Asian haze 2013 Eastern China smog 2013 Northeastern China smog 2013 Southeast Asian haze 2015 Southeast Asian haze Atmospheric chemistry Contrail Criteria air contaminants Emission standard Great Smog of London Haze Inversion ( meteorology ) Nitric oxide Ozone Umweltzone Vog References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz Cowan , Ruth ( 1997 ) . A Social History of American Technology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504605 - 2 . Jump up ^ Piazzesi , Gaia ( 2006 ) . The Catalytic Hydrolysis of Isocyanic Acid ( HNCO ) in the Urea - SCR Process ( PDF ) ( PhD Thesis ) . ETH Zurich . ^ Jump up to : Chris ( 2007 ) . `` Environmentalism in 1306 '' . By Environmental Graffiti . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Karl ( 2008 ) . `` Environmentalism in 1306 '' . By Environmental Graffiti . Jump up ^ Heilmann , Sebastian ( ed . ) ( 2017 ) . China 's Political System . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 360 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 06 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Clearing the Air '' . The Surface Transportation Policy Project . 19 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Tools Available as Summer Smog Season Starts '' ( Press release ) . Boston , Massachusetts : United States Environmental Protection Agency . 30 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sprawl Report 2001 : Measuring Vehicle Contribution to Smog '' . Sierra Club . 2001 . 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Jump up ^ Johnson , Roberta M. ; Berger , Rainer ( 1981 ) . `` Man - made and natural smog in California '' . Environment International . 5 : 47 . doi : 10.1016 / 0160 - 4120 ( 81 ) 90113 - 6 . Jump up ^ Watson , Traci ( 16 April 2004 ) . `` EPA : Half of USA breathing illegal levels of smog '' . USA Today . Washington . Jump up ^ Marziali , Carl ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` L.A. 's Environmental Success Story : Cleaner Air , Healthier Kids '' . USC News . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who is most at risk from ozone ? '' . Smog -- Who does it hurt ? What You Need to Know About Ozone and Your Health . AIRNow . Archived from the original on 13 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ozone Pollution '' . Clean Water Action Council of Northeast Wisconsin . Jump up ^ `` Health Effects of Ozone in the General Population '' . Ozone and Your Patients ' Health : Training for Health Care Providers . United States Environmental Protection Agency . 10 September 2013 . In addition to these effects , evidence from observational studies strongly indicates that higher daily ozone concentrations are associated with increased asthma attacks , increased hospital admissions , increased daily mortality , and other markers of morbidity . Jump up ^ Bharadwaj , Prashant ; Zivin , Joshua Graff ; Mullins , Jamie T. ; Neidelllast , Matthew ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Early life exposure to the Great Smog of 1952 and the Development of Asthma '' . American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine ( ATS Journals ) . 194 ( 12 ) . Jump up ^ Ambient air pollution , smog episodes and mortality in Jinan , China : Jun Zhang , Yao Liu , Liang - liang Cui , Shou - qin Liu , Xi - xiang Yin & Huai - chen Li Scientific Reports 7 , Article number : 11209 ( 2017 ) doi : 10.1038 / s41598 - 017 - 11338 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Guidelines for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality -- the Air Quality Index ( AQI ) '' ( PDF ) ( EPA - 454 / B - 06 - 001 ) . United States Environmental Protection Agency , Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards . May 2006 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Tyler ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` $3.83 to power hybrid plug - in for 6 days '' . Wheels.ca . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NPR.org , Smoggy Skies May Cause Respiratory Death Jump up ^ http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/news/articles/2016/toxic-air-pollution-nanoparticles-discovered-in-the-human-brain/ Jump up ^ http://m.motherjones.com/environment/2015/05/air-pollution-dementia-alzheimers-brain Jump up ^ Padula , AM ; Mortimer , K ; Hubbard , A ; Lurmann , F ; Jerrett , M ; Tager , IB ( 2012 ) . `` Exposure to traffic - related air pollution during pregnancy and term low birth weight : Estimation of causal associations in a semiparametric model '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 176 ( 9 ) : 815 -- 24 . doi : 10.1093 / aje / kws148 . PMC 3571254 . PMID 23045474 . 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( 2010 ) , Impact of agriculture crop residue burning on atmospheric aerosol loading -- a study over Punjab State , India . Annales Geophysicae , 28 ( 2 ) , pp 367 -- 379 Jump up ^ Tina Adler , RESPIRATORY HEALTH : Measuring the Health Effects of Crop Burning , Environ Health Perspect. 2010 November ; 118 ( 11 ) , A475 Jump up ^ `` Causes of Smog How to Protect Yourself from Smog - Honeywell Blog '' . Official Blog Updates - Honeywell Air Purifiers. 2017 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi is most polluted city in world , Beijing much better : WHO study '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delhi 's Air Has Become a Lethal Hazard and Nobody Seems to Know What to Do About It '' . Time magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Air Pollution Triggers Comparisons with China '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Delhi particular '' . The Economist . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . 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Jump up ^ ASEAN Secretariat , Jl . `` ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution '' . ASEAN Haze Action Online . Jump up ^ ASEAN Secretariat , Jl . `` About Us '' . ASEAN Haze Action Online . Jump up ^ Malaysian Meteorological Department . `` Fire Danger Rating System ( FDRS ) for Southeast Asia '' . Ministry of Science , Technology , and Innovation ( MOSTI ) , Malaysia . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smoke signal : Winter smog is a reminder India and Pakistan need to talk about more than geopolitics '' . Jump up ^ `` Polluted smog covers Pakistan 's city of Lahore '' . Fox News . 2016 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Khan , Rina Saeed ( 2015 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Lahore smog : It 's not a natural phenomenon '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` A Clear and Present Danger '' . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Chip ; Kelly , William J. ( 4 October 2009 ) . Smogtown , The Lung - Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles . Overlook Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58567 - 860 - 0 . Upadhyay , Harikrishna ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) `` All You Need To Know About Delhi Smog / Air Pollution -- 10 Questions Answered '' , Dainik Bhaskar . Retrieved on 7 November 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Brimblecombe , Peter . `` History of air pollution . '' in Composition , Chemistry and Climate of the Atmosphere ( Van Nostrand Reinhold ( 1995 ) : 1 -- 18 Brimblecombe , Peter , and László Makra . `` Selections from the history of environmental pollution , with special attention to air pollution . Part 2 * : From medieval times to the 19th century . '' International journal of environment and pollution 23.4 ( 2005 ) : 351 -- 367 . Corton , Christine L. London Fog : The Biography ( 2015 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smog . Smog A Citizendium article Eoearth.org , London Smog Disaster , Encyclopedia of Earth China 's Political System , Mercator Institute for China Studies NPI.gov.au , National Pollutant Inventory -- Particulate matter fact sheet Contrails.nl , Pictures of Contrails and Aviation Cirrus ( - Smog ) , since 1995 until now . Ausetute.com.au , Photochemical Smog Iras.uu.nl , Airnet Workgroup Toxicology Report Smog Free Project , Studio Roosegaarde <Th_colspan="2"> hide Pollution Air pollution Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Indoor air quality Global dimming Global distillation Global warming Ozone depletion Atmospheric particulate matter Smog Water pollution Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products Environmental impact of shipping Environmental monitoring Eutrophication Freshwater environmental quality parameters Groundwater pollution Hypoxia Marine debris Marine pollution Nutrient pollution Ocean acidification Oil spill Septic tank Surface runoff Thermal pollution Turbidity Urban runoff Wastewater Water quality Water stagnation Waterborne diseases Soil contamination Bioremediation Electrical resistance heating Herbicide Open defecation Pesticide Phytoremediation Soil Guideline Values ( SGVs ) Radioactive contamination Actinides in the environment Bioremediation of radioactive waste Environmental radioactivity Fission product Nuclear fallout Plutonium in the environment Radiation poisoning Radium in the environment Uranium in the environment Other types of pollution Land degradation Light pollution Pollution from nanomaterials Noise pollution Radio spectrum pollution Urban heat island Visual pollution Inter-government treaties Basel Convention CLRTAP Kyoto Protocol MARPOL Convention Montreal Protocol OSPAR Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention Major organizations Basel Action Network Central Pollution Control Board ( India ) DEFRA Environment Agency ( England and Wales ) Scottish Environment Protection Agency U.S. EPA European Environment Agency Greenpeace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smog&oldid=842778021 '' Categories : Smog Words coined in the 1900s Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles to be merged from November 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 16 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Air pollution
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-572,505,477,554,571,300 | when did the new shape audi a6 come out | Audi A6 - wikipedia Audi A6 Not to be confused with Maserati A6 . <Th_colspan="2"> Audi A6 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Manufacturer Audi AG Production 1994 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Class Executive car ( E ) Body style 4 - door saloon / sedan , 5 - door Avant ( estate / wagon ) Layout Longitudinal FF / F4 layout ( quattro ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Predecessor Audi 100 The Audi A6 is an executive car made by the German automaker Audi , now in its fifth generation . As the successor to the Audi 100 , the A6 is manufactured in Neckarsulm , Germany -- and is available in sedan and wagon configurations , the latter marketed by Audi as the Avant . Audi 's internal numbering treats the A6 as a continuation of the Audi 100 lineage , with the initial A6 designated as a member of the C4 - series , followed by the C5 , C6 , C7 and the C8 . The related Audi A7 is essentially a sportback ( fastback ) version of the C7 - series and C8 - series A6 , but is marketed under its own separate identity and model designation . All generations of the A6 have offered either front - wheel drive or Torsen - based four - wheel drive -- marketed by Audi as their quattro system . Second - and third - generation A6 models have shared their platform with the company 's Allroad models . Both petrol and diesel versions of the A6 are supplied . A wide range of engines make power units with a capacity of 150 to 333 horsepower . These are inline 4 - cylinder 16 - valve turbocharged engines and more powerful 3 - litre units in a V6 configuration with a mechanical compressor . Contents 1 C4 ( Typ 4A , 1994 -- 1997 ) 1.1 C4 engines 1.2 S6 1.3 Audi S6 PLUS 2 C5 ( Typ 4B , 1997 -- 2004 ) 2.1 S6 and RS6 2.2 allroad quattro ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2.3 C5 engines 3 C6 ( Typ 4F , 2004 -- 2011 ) 3.1 Initial release 3.2 A6L ( 2005 -- ) 3.3 S6 3.4 A6 allroad quattro ( 2006 -- 2011 ) 3.5 Engines 3.6 Awards 3.7 C6 facelift 3.8 RS6 ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 3.9 A6L 3.10 C6 facelift engines 3.11 Safety 4 C7 ( Typ 4G , 2012 -- 2018 ) 4.1 Initial release 4.2 C7 facelift ( 2015 -- present ) 4.3 A6 hybrid ( 2012 -- present ) 4.4 A6 allroad quattro ( 2012 -- present ) 4.5 A6 L ( 2012 -- present ) 4.6 S6 ( 2012 -- present ) 4.7 A6L e-tron 4.8 A6 Black Edition ( 2013 -- ) 4.9 RS 6 Avant ( 2013 -- ) 4.10 Body styles 4.11 Engines 4.12 Transmissions 4.13 Safety 4.14 Marketing 5 C8 ( 2019 -- present ) 5.1 Engine 5.2 Transmission 5.3 Markets 5.3. 1 North America 5.3. 1.1 Asia 5.3. 2 Europe 6 Use in China 7 References 8 External links C4 ( Typ 4a , 1994 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> First generation ( C4 / 4A ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production 1994 -- 1997 ( Germany ) 2000 -- 2003 ( China ; FAW - VW ) Assembly Neckarsulm , Germany Monterrey , Mexico Changchun , China ( FAW - VW ) Jakarta , Indonesia ( Garuda Mataram ) Designer Hartmut Warkuss ( 1992 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Platform Volkswagen Group C4 Related Audi 100 ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Audi S4 ( UrS4 ) ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Audi S6 ( UrS6 ) ( 1994 -- 1997 , a renamed Audi S4 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 1.8 L I4 2.0 L I4 2.2 L I5 Turbo 2.3 L I5 2.6 L V6 2.8 L V6 4.2 L V8 1.9 L I4 TDI 2.5 L I5 TDI Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,760 mm ( 108.7 in ) Length 4,796 mm ( 188.8 in ) Width 1,810 mm ( 71.3 in ) Height saloon : 1,452 mm ( 57.2 in ) Avant : 1,479 mm ( 58.2 in ) Sedan Avant Audi 's executive car was previously named the Audi 100 ( or Audi 5000 in the United States ) , and was released in three successive generations ( Audi C1 , Audi C2 and Audi C3 ) . In 1994 , the latest generation ( C4 ) of the Audi 100 received a facelift and was renamed as the Audi A6 , to fit in with Audi 's new alphanumeric nomenclature ( as the full - size A8 had just been introduced ) . The exterior was changed only slightly from the `` C4 '' Audi 100 -- new front and rear lights , new radiator grille , similarly with chassis and engine and transmission choices . The United Kingdom was the first market to receive the A6 , as stock of RHD Audi 100s had run out before expected , and before the rest of mainland Europe . The new engines for the A6 were 1.8 - litre 20v inline four - cylinder , 2.0 - litre 8v inline four - cylinder , 2.6 - litre 12V V6 and 2.8 - litre 30v V6 petrol engines , with the 2.3 - litre inline five engine being dropped on most markets . For the diesel engines , an inline four 1.9 Turbocharged Direct Injection ( TDI ) , and the inline five ( R5 ) 2.5 TDI ( 103 kilowatts ( 140 PS ; 138 bhp ) ) were available . Until 1997 , the A6 came with several different engines , two of them turbodiesel , and most of them available with Audi 's Torsen - based quattro permanent four - wheel drive system . The A6 was available with saloon and Avant bodies . C4 engines ( edit ) The C4 design was available with the following engines : engine configuration Max . motive power <Td_colspan="3"> petrol engines 1.8 20v Inline 4 DOHC 92 kW ( 125 PS ; 123 bhp ) 2.0 8v SPFI Inline 4 SOHC 74 kW ( 101 PS ; 99 bhp ) 2.0 8v MPFI Inline 4 SOHC 85 kW ( 116 PS ; 114 bhp ) 2.0 16v Inline 4 DOHC 103 kW ( 140 PS ; 138 bhp ) 2.2 20v Turbo ( S6 ) Inline 5 DOHC 169 kW ( 230 PS ; 227 bhp ) 2.3 10v Inline 5 SOHC 98 kW ( 133 PS ; 131 bhp ) 2.4 12v ( Only in Thailand , for tax reasons ) V6 SOHC 110 kW ( 150 PS ; 148 bhp ) 2.6 12v V6 SOHC 110 kW ( 150 PS ; 148 bhp ) 2.8 12v V6 SOHC 128 kW ( 174 PS ; 172 bhp ) 2.8 30v V6 DOHC 142 kW ( 193 PS ; 190 bhp ) 4.2 32v ( S6 ) V8 DOHC 213 kW ( 290 PS ; 286 bhp ) <Td_colspan="3"> diesel engines 1.9 TDI 8v Inline 4 SOHC 66 kW ( 90 PS ; 89 bhp ) 2.5 TDI 10v Inline 5 SOHC 85 kW ( 116 PS ; 114 bhp ) 2.5 TDI 10v Inline 5 SOHC 103 kW ( 140 PS ; 138 bhp ) Crash testing NHTSA Frontal impact ; Driver side : NHTSA Frontal impact ; Passenger side : Folksam overall frontal crash test : Good S6 ( edit ) Main article : Audi S6 Audi S6 Audi S6 Upon introducing the C4 series A6 , Audi made small revisions to what was previously known as the Audi S4 , renaming it the Audi S6 ; the S4 name would eventually be re-used for a completely different model derived from Audi 's smaller Volkswagen Group B platform - based Audi A4 . As this was the first S6 model from Audi , it is commonly referred to as the Ur - S6 , derived from the German augmentive , `` Ursprünglich '' ( meaning : original ) . It was available as both a saloon / sedan ( typ 4A5 ) , and an `` Avant '' ( typ 4A9 ) ( estate / wagon ) to European and United States customers , but only as a saloon in Canada , Asia and Australia . From its launch in late 1994 , the Audi S6 was powered by a 2,226 cubic centimetres ( 135.8 cu in ) turbocharged inline five - cylinder petrol engine ( parts code prefix : 034 , identification code : AAN ) with a Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit ( ECU ) , producing a motive power output of 169 kilowatts ( 230 PS ; 227 bhp ) at 5,900 revolutions per minute ( rpm ) , and 326 newton metres ( 240 lbf ⋅ ft ) at around 1,950 rpm , whilst consuming high octane `` Super Plus '' 98RON unleaded petrol . This powerful engine gave the S6 good performance with a top speed of 235 kilometres per hour ( 146.0 mph ) , and 0 to 100 km / h ( 62.1 mph ) in 6.7 seconds ; with 160 km / h ( 99.4 mph ) being reached in 17.5 seconds . The vehicle was available with a standard six - speed manual transmission ( five - speed only in North America ) , and Audi 's dynamic Torsen T - 1 quattro permanent four - wheel drive system . Audi made a high - performance , 4.2 - litre V8 engine ( parts code prefix : 077 , identification code : AEC ) with a Bosch KE - Motronic ECU available as an option in the original European S4s , and made the decision to continue to do so with the S6 , making a 213 kilowatts ( 290 PS ; 286 bhp ) version of the 4.2 available as an optional upgrade over the 2.2 - litre inline five - cylinder turbo . Unlike the five - cylinder turbocharged version , the V8 - powered S6 was supplied with a four - speed automatic transmission as standard , but kept the quattro four wheel drive . A six - speed manual gearbox was also available as an option . Audi S6 plus ( edit ) Audi S6 Plus As a swan song to the C4 platform , an even more powerful , and very limited - production Audi S6 PLUS was briefly available to European customers . The S6 PLUS , developed by Audi 's wholly owned high performance subsidiary , quattro GmbH , was available for sale during the 1997 model year only ( production from June 1996 to October 1997 ) . A total of 952 cars were produced -- 855 Avant , and 97 saloons . It was powered by another version of the 32 - valve ( four valves per cylinder ) 4.2 - litre V8 engine ( parts code prefix : 077 , identification code : AHK , later to be seen in the Audi S8 as AKH ) . Audi 's performance division reworked key parts of the engine , increasing the motive power to 240 kilowatts ( 326 PS ; 322 bhp ) . It was only available with a revised six - speed manual transmission ( parts code prefix : 01E , identification code : DGU ) ( gear ratios -- 1st : 3.500 , 2nd : 1.889 , 3rd : 1.320 , 4th : 1.034 , 5th : 0.857 , 6th : 0.730 ) , with a final drive ratio of 4.111 . Further revisions were made to the suspension , brakes and wheels . The front brake discs were enlarged to 323 millimetres ( 12.7 in ) in diameter by 30 mm ( 1.18 in ) thick . Standard wheels were 8Jx17 `` Avus '' cast aluminium alloy wheels , with an optional 7Jx16 alloy wheel for use with winter tyres was also available . With so much power on tap , the S6 Plus saloon could reach 100 kilometres per hour ( 62.1 mph ) from a standstill in 5.6 seconds , with the Avant a tenth of a second slower at 5.7 seconds . C5 ( Typ 4B , 1997 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Second generation ( C5 / 4B ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production May 1997 -- June 2004 ( Germany ) 2003 -- 2006 ( China ; FAW - VW ) Assembly Neckarsulm , Germany Monterrey , Mexico Changchun , China ( FAW - VW ) Jakarta , Indonesia ( Garuda Mataram ) Designer Claus Potthoff ( 1992 , 1994 ) Harmut Warkuss ( 1994 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Platform Volkswagen Group C5 Related Audi S6 ( Typ 4B , 2001 -- 2003 ) Audi RS6 ( Typ 4B , 2002 -- 2004 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine petrol 1.8 L inline - four engine 20v 1.8 L Turbocharged 20v I4 2.0 L I4 20v 2.4 L V6 30v 2.7 L Turbocharged V6 30v 2.8 L V6 30v 3.0 L V6 30v 4.2 L V8 40v 4.2 L Turbocharged V8 40v diesel 1.9 L I4 TDI 2.5 L V6 24v TDI Transmission 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual 5 - speed automatic multitronic CVT 5 - speed automatic with tiptronic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,760 mm ( 108.7 in ) Length 4,796 mm ( 188.8 in ) Width 1,810 mm ( 71.3 in ) Height saloon : 1,453 mm ( 57.2 in ) Avant : 1,479 mm ( 58.2 in ) Kerb weight 1,480 kg ( 3,262.8 lb ) Sedan Avant Interior Engine In February 1997 , the introduction of a new A6 ( Typ 4B ) , based on a new design automobile platform -- the Volkswagen Group C5 platform , with a new range of engines was announced and appeared in March at the 1997 Geneva Motor Show . This new A6 moved up a notch in quality , and was marketed in the same categories as the BMW 5 Series and the Mercedes - Benz E-Class . The redesigned body presented a modern design , with a fastback styling which set the trend for the Audi lineup , and gave the relatively large saloon an aerodynamic shell with a low coefficient of drag of 0.28 . In 2000 and 2001 , the `` C5 '' A6 was on Car and Driver magazine 's Ten Best list . This new A6 was available with a wide range of engines and configurations . The 30 - valve 2.4 - and 2.8 - litre V6 engines represented the bulk of the A6 's development programme , with a multitude of other engine configurations available throughout the globe . As an alternative to the manual transmission , a five - speed tiptronic automatic transmission was also available . The C5 saloon variant arrived in mid-1997 in Europe , late 1997 in North America and Australia , and the Avant in 1998 . In Canada , there was no Avant ( Audi 's name for an estate / wagon ) available at all in 1998 -- Audi dropped the C4 Avant at the end of the 1997 model year , and jumped straight to the C5 Avant in 1998 in conjunction with its release in the US . As a result of complying with FMVSS , the North American models were equipped with front and rear bumpers that protruded several inches further than their European counterparts , with modified brackets and bumper suspension assemblies as result , and child - seat tethers for occupant safety . In compliance with Canadian law , Canadian models received daytime running lights as standard equipment . North American C5 A6 models received the 2.8 - litre , 30 - valve V6 engine , the 2.7 - litre `` biturbo '' V6 ( also found in the B5 platform S4 , 250 PS ( 180 kW ; 250 hp ) ) , and the 4.2 - litre 40 - valve V8 petrol engine ( 300 PS ( 220 kW ; 300 hp ) ) ; the two higher - spec . engines were only offered with quattro permanent four - wheel drive . The V8 models arrived with significantly altered exterior body panels , with slightly more flared wheel arches ( fenders ) , revised headlamps and grille design ( before being introduced in 2002 to all other A6 models ) , larger wheels ( 8Jx17 - inch ) , larger brakes and Torsen - based quattro permanent four - wheel drive as standard . In 2002 , the A6 received a facelift , with revised headlight and grille design , exposed exhaust tips , and slight changes to accessory body moldings , and tail light colour from red to amber in North American models . A new host of engines were also introduced . The 1.8 - litre engine was deleted and replaced by a 2.0 - litre powerplant with 96 kilowatts ( 131 PS ; 129 bhp ) . The 1.9 - litre Turbocharged Direct Injection ( TDI ) was tweaked to produce a maximum motive power output of 96 kilowatts ( 131 PS ; 129 bhp ) , and 310 newton metres ( 229 lbf ⋅ ft ) of torque , receiving a six - speed manual gearbox in the process . The 2.4 - litre V6 gained an extra 5 hp and better balancing , and the 2.8 - litre V6 engine was replaced by a 3.0 - litre engine with 162 kilowatts ( 220 PS ; 217 bhp ) . The turbocharged 2.7 - litre was revised , resulting in 184 kilowatts ( 250 PS ; 247 bhp ) and 330 newton metres ( 243 lbf ⋅ ft ) , controlled by standard quattro . The V6 diesel was also slightly modified resulting in 120 kilowatts ( 163 PS ; 161 bhp ) ( after the second modification ) and 350 newton metres ( 258 lbf ⋅ ft ) . A new more powerful V6 diesel was also introduced with 132 kilowatts ( 179 PS ; 177 bhp ) and 370 newton metres ( 273 lbf ⋅ ft ) . The 4.2 - litre V8 engine which arrived in 2001 remained unchanged . Also new was the multitronic continuously variable transmission , available in most front - wheel drive models . All models , except the 2.0 - litre petrol and 1.9 - litre TDI , were available with Audi 's trademark four - wheel - drive system , quattro . A four - wheel - drive version of the Avant , with raised ground clearance and slightly altered styling was sold as the Audi allroad quattro , Audi 's first crossover SUV . The second - generation A6 was on Car and Driver magazine 's Ten Best list for 2000 and 2001 . The updated 2005 A6 won the World Car of the Year award for 2005 . In addition , the facelifted third - generation A6 3.0 T won two Car and Driver `` comparos '' that pitted it against other sedans like BMW 5 Series , Mercedes - Benz E-Class , Jaguar XF , and Infinti M . Crash testing EuroNCAP adult occupant : IIHS overall frontal offset crash test : Acceptable S6 and RS6 ( edit ) Main article : Audi S6 The Audi S6 was a high - powered variant of the A6 , featuring a modified version of the 4.2 - litre V8 engine producing 250 kilowatts ( 340 PS ; 335 bhp ) and 420 newton metres ( 310 lbf ⋅ ft ) . It was available as a saloon and Avant although the Avant version was the only one sold in North America . Main article : Audi RS6 In the late years of the A6 C5 design , an ultra-high - performance limited - run Audi RS6 model was presented . Weighing in excess of 1,840 kilograms ( 4,057 lb ) and producing 331 kilowatts ( 450 PS ; 444 bhp ) and 560 newton metres ( 413 lbf ⋅ ft ) , the RS6 was capable of 0 - 100 kilometres per hour ( 62.1 mph ) in 4.5 seconds , and on to 200 km / h ( 124.3 mph ) in under 17 seconds . Initially available as only an Avant , a saloon variant was later added ; the saloon version being the only version available to the North American market . The RS6 saloon finished first in a May 2003 Car and Driver comparison test against the BMW M5 ( E39 ) , Mercedes - Benz E55 AMG ( W210 ) , and Jaguar S - Type R. `` . Allroad quattro ( 1999 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Audi allroad quattro 2.5 TDI ( Germany ) Audi allroad quattro 2.5 TDI ( Australia ) Audi 's C5 series A6 Avant formed the basis for a semi-offroad model in 1999 , labeled `` Audi allroad quattro '' . Compared to the regular A6 , the allroad featured an advanced air suspension system , allowing for increased ground clearance ; larger wheels with all - terrain tyres , and flared and unpainted bumpers , giving it a distinct appearance and more overall flexibility over varying terrain . As the name `` allroad quattro '' suggests , Audi 's Torsen - based quattro permanent four - wheel drive system was standard equipment for all versions . The standard adjustable air suspension system can lift the car high enough to provide 208 mm ( 8 in ) of ground clearance ; a low - range mode ( an option with manual transmission ) , absent from other quattro - equipped vehicles , can be selected with the touch of a button . When used together , the two systems made it possible for the allroad to complete an official Land Rover test - course , thus far it is the only car - based SUV that has been proven capable of doing so in testing . Conversely , the air suspension can lower the vehicle down to only 142 mm ( 6 in ) above road level , and simultaneously stiffen the spring and damper rates to provide a sporty driving experience , much like that of the conventional A6 with the sports suspension . Audi 's 2.7 - litre , twin - turbo V6 petrol engine with 250 PS ( 184 kW ; 247 hp ) of power and 350 N ⋅ m ( 258 lb ⋅ ft ) of peak torque was available initially , alongside the 2.5 - litre TDI diesel unit with 132 kW ( 177 hp ) and 370 N ⋅ m ( 273 lb ⋅ ft ) of torque . A variant of the corporate 4.2 - litre V8 petrol engine , was made available in 2003 , and a less powerful TDI ( 163 bhp ) followed in 2004 . Audi stopped production of the allroad in July 2005 . Although the model continued to be available for sale throughout 2006 in Europe , there was no 2006 model year for North America . With the return of the `` allroad '' nameplate to North America , in the form of the 2013 A4 allroad quattro , the C5 - Platform allroad quattro has begun to take the name `` Ur - allroad . '' The ' Ur - ' is used in the German language , as a prefix to signify ' ancient ' or ' early ancestor ' ( e.g. , great - grandmother is Urgroßmutter ) , and is used informally by car enthusiasts worldwide to refer to the original Audi Quattro that was produced from 1980 -- 1991 ( the `` Ur - Quattro '' ) . The use of the term was then extended to the original S4 and S6 models to differentiate them from later models with the same name ; and more recently to the C5 allroad models ( `` Ur - allroad '' ) . The need for differentiating the models is apparent because the new B8 A4 allroad lacks the C5 's adjustable height / load leveling suspension with shock rate adjustment to load and reinforced uni-body , sports only a nominal towing capacity , and lacks a non-allroad A4 wagon counterpart . Some feel that for these reasons it does not live up to the allroad nameplate and is nothing more than an A4 wagon with a trim package . In Europe , Audi offers the A6 allroad quattro as well as the A4 allroad quattro . It is unclear why the A6 allroad quattro was discontinued for the North American market . C5 engines ( edit ) The C5 design was available with the following engines : Model designation Engine code Displacement engine configuration Max . motive power at rpm ( Directive 80 / 1269 / EEC ) Max . torque at rpm 0 -- 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) Top speed ( saloon ) Years <Td_colspan="9"> Petrol engines all multi-point sequential fuel injection 1.8 AJP , AQE , ARH 1,781 cc ( 108.7 cu in ) I4 DOHC 20v 92 kW ( 125 PS ; 123 hp ) @ 5,800 168 N ⋅ m ( 124 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3,500 11.3 sec 203 km / h ( 126 mph ) 1997 -- 2001 1.8 T AEB , APU , ANB , AWT , ARK 1,781 cc ( 108.7 cu in ) I4 DOHC 20v 110 kW ( 150 PS ; 148 hp ) @ 5,700 210 N ⋅ m ( 155 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,750 -- 4,600 9.4 sec 217 km / h ( 135 mph ) 1997 -- 2005 2.0 ALT 1,984 cc ( 121.1 cu in ) I4 DOHC 20v 96 kW ( 131 PS ; 129 hp ) @ 5,700 195 N ⋅ m ( 144 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3,300 10.5 sec 205 km / h ( 127 mph ) 2001 -- 2005 2.4 AGA , AML , APS , ALF , ARJ 2,393 cc ( 146.0 cu in ) V6 DOHC 30v 121 kW ( 165 PS ; 162 hp ) @ 6,000 230 N ⋅ m ( 170 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3,200 9.1 sec 222 km / h ( 138 mph ) 1997 -- 2001 2.4 BDV 2,393 cc ( 146.0 cu in ) V6 DOHC 30v 125 kW ( 170 PS ; 168 hp ) @ 6,000 230 N ⋅ m ( 170 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3,200 9.3 sec 224 km / h ( 139 mph ) 2001 -- 2005 2.7 T AJK , AZA 2,671 cc ( 163.0 cu in ) V6 DOHC 30v 169 kW ( 230 PS ; 227 hp ) @ 5,800 310 N ⋅ m ( 229 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,700 -- 4,600 7.3 sec 245 km / h ( 152 mph ) 1999 -- 2001 2.7 T ARE , BES , APB , BEL 2,671 cc ( 163.0 cu in ) V6 DOHC 30v 184 kW ( 250 PS ; 247 hp ) @ 5,800 350 N ⋅ m ( 258 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,800 -- 4,500 6.8 sec 248 km / h ( 154 mph ) 2000 -- 2005 2.8 ACK , APR , AMX , AQD , ALG 2,771 cc ( 169.1 cu in ) V6 DOHC 30v 142 kW ( 193 PS ; 190 hp ) @ 6,000 280 N ⋅ m ( 207 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3,200 8.1 sec 236 km / h ( 147 mph ) 1997 -- 2001 3.0 AVK 2,976 cc ( 181.6 cu in ) V6 DOHC 30v 162 kW ( 220 PS ; 217 hp ) @ 6,300 300 N ⋅ m ( 221 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3,200 7.5 sec 243 km / h ( 151 mph ) 2001 -- 2005 4.2 ARS , ASG , BAS 4,172 cc ( 254.6 cu in ) V8 DOHC 40v 220 kW ( 299 PS ; 295 hp ) @ 6,200 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3,000 -- 4,000 6.9 sec 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) ( elec . limited ) 1999 -- 2005 S6 AQJ , ANK 4,172 cc ( 254.6 cu in ) V8 DOHC 40v 250 kW ( 340 PS ; 335 hp ) @ 7,000 420 N ⋅ m ( 310 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3,400 5.7 sec 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) ( elec . limited ) 1999 -- 2005 RS6 BCY 4,172 cc ( 254.6 cu in ) V8 DOHC 40v 331 kW ( 450 PS ; 444 hp ) @ 5,700 -- 6,400 560 N ⋅ m ( 413 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,950 -- 5,500 4.9 sec 287 km / h ( 178 mph ) ( unlimited ) 2002 -- 2005 RS6 plus BRV 4,172 cc ( 254.6 cu in ) V8 DOHC 40v 353 kW ( 480 PS ; 473 hp ) @ 6,000 -- 6,400 560 N ⋅ m ( 413 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,950 -- 6,000 4.5 sec 294 km / h ( 183 mph ) ( unlimited ) 2004 -- 2005 <Td_colspan="9"> Diesel engines 1.9 TDI AFN , AVG 1,896 cc ( 115.7 cu in ) I4 SOHC 8v 81 kW ( 110 PS ; 109 hp ) @ 4,150 235 N ⋅ m ( 173 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,900 12.3 sec 194 km / h ( 121 mph ) 1997 -- 2001 1.9 TDI AJM 1,896 cc ( 115.7 cu in ) I4 SOHC 8v 85 kW ( 116 PS ; 114 hp ) @ 4,000 285 N ⋅ m ( 210 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,900 11.6 sec 196 km / h ( 122 mph ) 1998 -- 2001 1.9 TDI AWX 1,896 cc ( 115.7 cu in ) I4 SOHC 8v 96 kW ( 131 PS ; 129 hp ) @ 4,000 285 N ⋅ m ( 210 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,750 -- 2,500 10.5 sec 203 km / h ( 126 mph ) 2001 -- 2005 1.9 TDI AVF 1,896 cc ( 115.7 cu in ) I4 SOHC 8v 96 kW ( 131 PS ; 129 hp ) @ 4,000 310 N ⋅ m ( 229 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,900 10.5 sec 203 km / h ( 126 mph ) 2001 -- 2005 2.5 TDI AFB , AKN 2,496 cc ( 152.3 cu in ) V6 DOHC 24v 110 kW ( 150 PS ; 148 hp ) @ 4,000 310 N ⋅ m ( 229 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,500 -- 3,200 9.7 sec 218 km / h ( 135 mph ) 1997 -- 2001 2.5 TDI AYM 2,496 cc ( 152.3 cu in ) V6 DOHC 24v 114 kW ( 155 PS ; 153 hp ) @ 4,000 310 N ⋅ m ( 229 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,400 -- 3,500 9.7 sec 219 km / h ( 136 mph ) 2001 -- 2002 2.5 TDI BFC , BCZ 2,496 cc ( 152.3 cu in ) V6 DOHC 24v 120 kW ( 163 PS ; 161 hp ) @ 4,000 310 N ⋅ m ( 229 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,400 -- 3,600 9.3 sec 222 km / h ( 138 mph ) 2002 -- 2005 2.5 TDI BDG 2,496 cc ( 152.3 cu in ) V6 DOHC 24v 120 kW ( 163 PS ; 161 hp ) @ 4,000 350 N ⋅ m ( 258 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,500 -- 3,000 9.3 sec 222 km / h ( 138 mph ) 2003 -- 2005 2.5 TDI AKE , BDH , BAU 2,496 cc ( 152.3 cu in ) V6 DOHC 24v 132 kW ( 179 PS ; 177 hp ) @ 4,000 370 N ⋅ m ( 273 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1,500 -- 2,500 8.9 sec 221 km / h ( 137 mph ) 1999 -- 2005 C6 ( Typ 4F , 2004 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Third generation ( C6 / 4F ) <Td_colspan="2"> Pre-facelift Audi A6 3.2 sedan ( US ) <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production February 2004 -- June 2011 ( Germany ) 2006 -- 2012 ( China ; FAW - VW ) Assembly Neckarsulm , Germany Aurangabad , India ( Audi India ) Changchun , China ( FAW - VW ) Jakarta , Indonesia ( Garuda Mataram ) Designer Satoshi Wada ( 2001 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Platform Volkswagen Group C6 platform Related Audi S6 ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Audi RS6 ( 2008 -- 2010 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 2.0 L I4 Turbo 2.4 L V6 2.8 L V6 FSI 3.2 L V6 FSI 4.2 L V8 5.0 L V10 biturbo 5.2 L V10 2.0 L I4 TDI 2.7 L V6 TDI 3.0 L V6 TDI Transmission 6 - speed manual 6 - speed tiptronic automatic 7 - speed multitronic CVT <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,843 mm ( 111.9 in ) LWB : 2,945 mm ( 115.9 in ) Length 4,927 mm ( 194.0 in ) LWB : 5,035 mm ( 198.2 in ) Width 1,855 mm ( 73.0 in ) Height saloon : 1,459 mm ( 57.4 in ) Avant : 1,463 mm ( 57.6 in ) LWB : 1,485 mm ( 58.5 in ) Kerb weight 1,520 -- 1,845 kg ( 3,351.0 -- 4,067.5 lb ) Sedan ( pre-facelift ) Avant ( pre-facelift ) Interior ( pre-facelift ) Initial release ( edit ) The Typ 4F A6 was released in 2004 . Designed by Satoshi Wada in 2001 , this model is visually an evolution of the C5 , but was lengthened to 4,927 millimetres ( 194.0 in ) , and has the new Audi `` single - frame grille '' . Like other contemporary Audis , the A6 has a `` tornado line '' that runs from the front lights to the rear lights just below the body shoulders . The C6 iteration of the A6 features more sophisticated technology . Most notable is the Multi Media Interface ( MMI ) , which is a system controlling in - car entertainment , satellite navigation , climate control , car settings such as suspension configuration and optional electronic accessories through a central screen interface . This has the advantage of minimising the wealth of buttons normally found on a dashboard by replacing them with controls which operate multiple devices using the integrated display . On the engines , the new Fuel Stratified Injection ( FSI ) direct injection technology was introduced . Although the line of engines represents the same progression as the former model , all engines were new . The multitronic continuously variable transmission continues as an alternative for front - wheel drive models , alongside a new six - speed tiptronic automatic transmission available in the four - wheel drive models . Audi 's `` trademark '' Torsen - based quattro permanent four - wheel drive is available in most of the lineup , and standard in the most powerful models . quattro is not available on the multitronic variants of the A6 , but is available on the manual and tiptronic gear systems . Conversely the tiptronic system is not available on the front - wheel drive variants of the car . The six - speed manual gearbox is available with the 3.2 - litre V6 engine , but not for the North American market . The Avant was previewd by the Audi Avantissimo concept in 2001 and arrived during the course of 2005 . The A6 allroad quattro made its debut in 2006 , and as before , is an off - road ready version of the Avant , available with either a 2.7 - litre V6 or 3.0 - litre V6 Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engines , or a 3.2 - litre V6 or 4.2 - litre V8 petrol engine . A6L ( 2005 -- ) ( edit ) This is a long wheelbase version of the A6 sedan for the Chinese market . The vehicle was unveiled in 2005 at the Shanghai Motor Show . The vehicles went on sale in the middle of 2005 . Early models include A6L 2.4 , with A6L 2.0 TFSI ( 170PS ) followed shortly after . A6L 3.0 quattro ( 218PS ) and A6L 4.2 quattro ( 335PS ) were introduced in 2005 . Other models include A6 3.0 . S6 ( edit ) Main article : Audi S6 The Audi S6 performance variant was introduced in the Frankfurt Motor Show , and produced from early 2006 until 2011 . It is powered by a 5.2 - litre Fuel Stratified Injection ( FSI ) V10 engine producing a 320 kilowatts ( 435 PS ; 429 bhp ) and 540 newton metres ( 398 lbf ⋅ ft ) . The S6 reaches 100 kilometres per hour ( 62.1 mph ) from a standstill in 5.2 seconds , and the quarter mile 13.5 seconds . A6 allroad quattro ( 2006 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Pre-facelift A6 allroad quattro 3.0 TDI Facelift A6 allroad quattro 3.0 TFSI Pre-facelift A6 allroad quattro 3.0 TDI Facelift A6 allroad quattro 3.0 TFSI Audi announced the C6 series allroad in the spring of 2005 and released it in the summer of 2006 . This model was called the Audi A6 allroad quattro ( unlike the previous version , which was merely called Audi allroad quattro , with no reference to the A6 nomenclature ) . The Audi A6 allroad quattro again featured adaptive air suspension and quattro permanent four - wheel drive system . The A6 allroad was powered by a choice of two Fuel Stratified Injection ( FSI ) petrol engines , a 3.2 - litre V6 and a 4.2 - litre V8 , and two TDI diesel engines , a 180 PS ( 132 kW ) 2.7 L and a 225 PS ( 233 only in the US ) ( 162 kW ) 3.0 L. The tiptronic gearbox is standard on the 4.2 V8 and the 2.7 TDI , but optional on the 3.2 FSI and 3.0 TDI . The 6 - speed tiptronic transmission system converted high - torque engine power into both sporty performance and operating convenience , with crisp , fast gear changes . Advanced electronics respond efficiently to all driver input in both D ( Drive ) and S ( Sport ) programmes , helping to prevent unwanted upshifts when cornering . The five - mode air suspension can be raised by up to 60 mm ( 2.36 in ) to provide ground clearance of 185 mm ( 7.28 in ) which is better than the older four - mode . The car featured a number of off - road styling cues including larger bumpers and sills . In some European markets , this A6 allroad quattro was more expensive than the larger Audi Q7 , but air suspension is an expensive option in the Q7 . In its native country , Germany , it cost a few hundred Euros less than the Q7 . Engines ( edit ) Model configuration Max . motive power <Td_colspan="3"> petrol engines 2.0 16v TFSI Inline 4 DOHC turbo 170 PS ( 125 kW ; 168 hp ) 2.4 24v V6 DOHC 177 PS ( 130 kW ; 175 hp ) 2.8 24v FSI V6 DOHC 210 PS ( 154 kW ; 207 hp ) 3.0 30v V6 DOHC 221 PS ( 163 kW ; 218 hp ) 3.2 24v FSI V6 DOHC 255 PS ( 188 kW ; 252 hp ) 4.2 40v V8 DOHC 335 PS ( 246 kW ; 330 hp ) 4.2 32v FSI V8 DOHC 350 PS ( 257 kW ; 345 hp ) 5.0 40v TFSI ( RS6 ) V10 DOHC biturbo 579 PS ( 426 kW ; 571 hp ) 5.2 40v FSI ( S6 ) V10 DOHC 435 PS ( 320 kW ; 429 hp ) <Td_colspan="3"> diesel engines all Turbocharged Direct Injection ( TDI ) 2.0 16v TDI Inline 4 DOHC turbo 140 PS ( 103 kW ; 138 hp ) 2.7 24v TDI V6 DOHC turbo 163 PS ( 120 kW ; 161 hp ) 180 PS ( 132 kW ; 178 hp ) 3.0 24v TDI V6 DOHC turbo 225 PS ( 165 kW ; 222 hp ) 233 PS ( 171 kW ; 230 hp ) 239 PS ( 176 kW ; 236 hp ) Awards ( edit ) In 2005 , the A6 won the World Car of the Year award , and has also won the Practical Caravan `` Towcar of the Year '' awards , due to its array of towing features such as adjustable suspension height and damping , and the presence of a 123 Trailer Stability Programme . C6 facelift ( edit ) Sedan ( facelift ) Avant ( facelift ) Audi unveiled a facelifted `` C6 '' Audi A6 on 12 August 2008 , at the Moscow International Motor Show . The refresh incorporates some modern Audi design cues to keep the A6 current with the rest of the Audi lineup . There are minor cosmetic changes to the front and rear lights which now have daytime running LEDs , the taillights extend towards the center of the trunk lid and pinch off at the license plate mount , however their shape remains rectangular compared to the more sculpted light clusters found in the 2008 Audi A5 , 2008 Audi A4 , and 2009 Audi Q5 ( the latter three being all - new generations ) . The intakes below the headlamps are inspired by the Audi RS5 . The A6 's six ( per side ) front light - emitting diode ( LED ) daytime running lights ( DRLs ) are located within the main headlamp housing , similar to RS6 's placement of the LEDs ( ten per side ) , whereas on the S6 these front LEDs ( five per side ) are found adjacent to the fog lamps in the lower front bumper . The new front and rear fascias from RS6 would be used on the facelifted A6 and S6 lineup . Also updated for 2009 is the Quattro all - wheel drive setup , which is already found on the 2008 Audi A5 and 2008 Audi A4 . This new system features a 40 / 60 front - to - rear torque split and offers a more balanced feel , reducing the understeer that comes from 50 / 50 AWD platforms . There are now six petrol and four diesel engines available for the upgraded A6 . All petrol engines now feature cylinder - direct Fuel Stratified Injection ( FSI ) technology , and all diesel engines now feature common rail ( CR ) and Turbocharged Direct Injection ( TDI ) technologies . There is a new petrol engine , a 300 PS ( 221 kW ; 296 bhp ) 3.0 - litre supercharged V6 , badged as 3.0 TFSI or 3.0 T . This new engine is shared with the 2010 Audi S4 and S5 Cabriolet , although in the latter two applications in a higher state of tune and mated to a 7 - speed S - tronic dual - clutch transmission . The new engine and revised quattro system give the 2009 Audi A6 3.0 TFSI almost equivalent performance to the Audi S6 5.2 FSI ( which is unchanged except for receiving the cosmetic tweaks like the rest of the Audi A6 lineup ) . Moreover , the S6 's weight is 4,500 pounds and 59 percent of weight is distributed to the front which increases understeer . US models went on sale as 2009 model year vehicles , and arrived in U.S. dealerships by the beginning of January . Early models include A6 3.2 FSI ( sedan ) , A6 3.0 TFSI quattro ( sedan / Avant ) , A6 4.2 FSI quattro ( sedan ) , S6 5.2 FSI ( sedan ) . RS6 ( 2008 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Audi RS6 RS6 sedan The latest version of ultra-high - performance Audi RS6 was launched in September 2008 and produced until the third quarter of 2010 . Based upon the V10 engine powering the S6 , the RS6 features an all - aluminium alloy 4,991 cc ( 304.6 cu in ) V10 twin - turbocharged , Fuel Stratified Injection engine with a dry sump lubrication system . It produces a power output of 426 kilowatts ( 579 PS ; 571 bhp ) , and 650 newton metres ( 479 lbf ⋅ ft ) of torque , making it the most powerful vehicle ever produced by Audi at the time . This has now been surpassed by the Audi R8 . Initially available only as an Avant , the saloon version went on sale in mid-October 2008 . A6L ( edit ) Audi A6 L ( China ) The A6L is a longer wheelbase version of the A6 sedan for the Chinese market . The vehicle was unveiled at Auto Shanghai 2009 . Early models included the 2.7 TDI powerplant ( 189PS ) . The Audi A6L was also converted into the form of a pickup truck although only two examples are known to exist on the roads . C6 facelift engines ( edit ) Model configuration Max . motive power <Td_colspan="3"> petrol engines all common rail ( CR ) Fuel Stratified Injection ( FSI ) 2.0 16v TFSI Inline 4 DOHC turbo 170 PS ( 125 kW ; 168 hp ) 2.8 24v FSI V6 DOHC 190 PS ( 140 kW ; 187 hp ) 220 PS ( 162 kW ; 217 hp ) 3.2 24v FSI V6 DOHC 255 PS ( 188 kW ; 252 hp ) 3.0 TFSI V6 DOHC supercharged 300 PS ( 221 kW ; 296 hp ) 4.2 32v FSI V8 DOHC 350 PS ( 257 kW ; 345 hp ) <Td_colspan="3"> diesel engines all common rail ( CR ) Turbocharged Direct Injection ( TDI ) 2.0 16v TDIe Inline 4 DOHC turbo 136 PS ( 100 kW ; 134 hp ) 2.0 16v TDI Inline 4 DOHC turbo 170 PS ( 125 kW ; 168 hp ) 2.7 24v TDI V6 DOHC turbo 190 PS ( 140 kW ; 187 hp ) 3.0 24v TDI V6 DOHC turbo 239 PS ( 176 kW ; 236 hp ) Safety ( edit ) Crash testing EuroNCAP adult occupant : EuroNCAP child occupant : EuroNCAP pedestrian : IIHS overall frontal offset crash test : Good IIHS side crash test : Good IIHS roof strength test : Good ( models built after 2013 ) C7 ( Typ 4G , 2012 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Fourth generation ( C7 / 4G ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production November 2010 -- 2018 Model years 2012 -- 2018 Assembly Neckarsulm , Germany Aurangabad , India ( Audi India ) Changchun , China ( FAW - VW ) Kaluga , Russia ( Volkswagen Group Rus ) ( 2013 - 2016 ) Designer Jurgen Loffler ( 2008 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Body style 4 - door sedan 5 - door station wagon Platform Volkswagen Group MLB platform Related Audi C7 S6 ( 2012 -- ) Audi A7 Volkswagen Phideon <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 2.0 L TFSI I4 2.5 L FSI V6 ( China ) 2.8 L FSI V6 3.0 L Supercharged V6 2.0 L I4 Diesel 3.0 L V6 Diesel Transmission 6 - speed manual 8 - speed Tiptronic ZF 8HP automatic Multitronic CVT 7 - speed S Tronic DCT <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,912 mm ( 114.6 in ) Length 4,933 mm ( 194.2 in ) Width 1,874 mm ( 73.8 in ) Height 1,455 mm ( 57.3 in ) Curb weight 3,726 -- 4,178 lb ( 1,690.1 -- 1,895.1 kg ) Initial release ( edit ) The fourth generation C7 series Audi A6 ( internally designated Typ 4G ) was launched in early 2011 for the European market and in other markets soon after . It is heavily influenced by the Audi A8 ( D4 ) , pulling elements from its exterior details . The A6 shares its interior , platform , and powertrain ( Modular Longitudinal Platform ) with the Audi A7 four door sedan , which had been released shortly before also in 2011 . Compared to the A8 and A7 , the A6 has the most aggressive front fascia and LED headlights ( optional full LED headlamps ) . Design work began in 2006 , with Jurgen Loffler 's exterior design being chosen in 2008 . The new A6 increased its wheelbase by nearly 3 inches ( 76 mm ) and its width by 2.7 inches ( 69 mm ) . The redesign also decreased the car 's drag coefficient to 0.25 . European engine choices for the C7 include two petrol engines -- a 2.8 - litre FSI V6 with 204 horsepower ( 152 kW ) and a 300 horsepower ( 224 kW ) , 3.0 - litre supercharged FSI engine -- and three diesel engines -- a 2.0 - litre inline four - cylinder and a 3.0 - litre turbocharged diesel engine in three states of tune . The European A6 3.0 TFSI will have optional a seven - speed dual - clutch transmission and an air suspension , two features that will not be available on the United States model . For North America , the Audi A6 3.0 TFSI quattro will be powered by a 3.0 - litre supercharged V6 putting out 310 PS ( 228 kW ; 306 hp ) 325 lb ⋅ ft ( 441 N ⋅ m ) , the same engine carried over from the previous - generation A6 3.0 TFSI , but in a higher state of tune and mated to an eight - speed automatic transmission . For the United States but not the Canadian market , there will be an entry - level Audi A6 2.0 TFSI FrontTrak ( front - wheel drive ) with a 2.0 - litre turbocharged inline - four , the same engine in the Audi A4 and Q5 , but mated to the Multitronic CVT ( continuous variable transmission ) . The 2012 model year A6 features all the driver assistance systems from the A8 , plus it adds automotive head - up display , active lane assist . Full LED headlamps with Automatic high beam switching or Audi adaptive light ( Xenon ) with variable headlight range control . Audi A6 3.0 TFSI quattro ( Japan ; pre-facelift ) Audi A6 2.0 TDI Avant ( Europe ; pre-facelift ) Interior . C7 facelift ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) 2015 Audi A6 avant 2015 Audi A6 sedan 2015 Audi A6 avant Audi unveiled the 2015 C7 mid-life facelift at the 2014 Paris Motor Show . The refresh includes styling tweaks to the car 's exterior , engine line - up , transmission and MMI infotainment system with faster Tegra 3 processor , Handwriting recognition , Audi connect Telematics with state of the art 4G mobile internet ( and online updates for the navigation map ) , and advanced Matrix LED headlights . All three TFSI 1.8 tfsi and five TDI engines now meet the Euro 6 emission standard . The new TDI Ultra model now comes with glass fiber - reinforced polymer ( GFRP ) springs and both ultra models now come with S - tronic ( dual clutch ) transmission . A6 hybrid ( 2012 -- present ) ( edit ) A6 Hybrid A hybrid electric variant was also available for the first time in the A6 , offering a 2 - litre TFSI 211 metric horsepower ( 155 kW ) engine combined with a 45 PS ( 33 kW ) electric motor . Electric power is supplied via 1.3 kWh lithium - ion battery , with electric - only range of 3 km for constant 60 km / h ( 37.28 mph ) drive and top speed of 100 km / h ( 62.14 mph ) . The market launch of the A6 Hybrid was scheduled for 2012 . However , production of the US model was delayed . A6 allroad quattro ( 2012 -- present ) ( edit ) A6 allroad quattro The 2013 A6 allroad quattro was launched at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show , along with the 2012 RS4 Avant . Sales began in 2012 . The first UK deliveries arrived in July 2012 . The allroad model contains several unique features . Audi designed more than 1,100 new , unique parts for the allroad , setting it apart from the standard A6 and making it a true all - terrain vehicle . Most obvious , the allroad received special bumpers and fender flares , giving it an aggressive offroad appearance . The bumpers and fender flares feature a tough - wearing , matte finish , contrasting the rest of the body . The roof received this same coating , as well as four longitudinal ribs for increased strength . The unique bumpers also have integrated aluminum skid plates . The allroad featured larger diameter tires than the standard A6 for improved offroad capabilities . Redesigned headlights , larger side mirrors , and a lack of door `` rub strips '' are unique to the allroad . The allroad comes standard with an adjustable air suspension system can lift the car high enough to provide 208 mm ( 8 in ) of ground clearance ; a low - range mode ( an option with manual transmission ) , absent from other quattro - equipped vehicles , can be selected with the touch of a button . When used together , the two systems made it possible for the allroad to complete an official Land Rover test - course , thus far it is the only car - based SUV that has been proven capable of doing so in testing . Conversely , the air suspension can lower the vehicle down to only 142 mm ( 6 in ) above road level , and simultaneously stiffen the spring and damper rates to provide a sporty driving experience , much like that of the conventional A6 with the sports suspension . German model went on sale in spring 2012 . Early models included 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 310PS ) , 3.0 TDI quattro ( 204PS ) , 3.0 TDI quattro ( 245PS ) , 3.0 TDI quattro ( 313PS ) . A6 L ( 2012 -- present ) ( edit ) The A6 L ( built in China for the Chinese market as a long wheelbase alternative to the standard A6 ) was unveiled in 2012 in Guangzhou International Sports Arena . Early models include A6 L TFSI , A6 L 30 FSI , A6 L 35 FSI , A6 L 35 FSI quattro , A6 L 50 TFSI quattro . Audi A6 L ( China ) Front Audi A6 L ( China ) Rear Audi A6 L Facelift ( China ) S6 ( 2012 -- present ) ( edit ) Available in S6 sedan and S6 Avant , they included twin - turbo V8 engine rated 420 PS ( 309 kW ; 414 hp ) @ 5500 -- 6400rpm and 550 N ⋅ m ( 406 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1450 -- 5250rpm , recuperation and start - stop systems , cylinder deactivation , Active Noise Cancellation system , seven - speed S tronic transmission , quattro permanent all - wheel drive system with a self - locking center differential and torque vectoring ( optional sport differential ) , adaptive air suspension lowers the body by 10 mm ( 0 in ) , internally ventilated brake discs ( optional carbon fiber - ceramic discs ) , matte black calipers with S6 logos , 8.5 Jx19 - inch cast aluminum wheels in a unique five parallel - spoke design ( optional seven different 19 - or 20 - inch wheels ( four from quattro GmbH ) , including 20 - inch titanium - look wheels with a five - arm rotor design ) , 255 / 40 - series tires , Audi drive select driving dynamics system , optional dynamic steering , single - frame grille with aluminum applications and chromed horizontal double bars , exterior mirrors feature aluminum - look housings , S6 sedan with spoiler on the trunk ( S6 Avant has a roof spoiler ) , diffuser on the rear bumper in platinum gray with an aluminum - look offset edge , four elliptical chrome - tipped tailpipes , choice of eight body colors ( including exclusive shades Estoril Blue , crystal effect and Prism Silver , crystal effect ) , body decorated with S6 and V8T badges , leather sport steering wheel with colored stitching , footrest and pedals and soft keys of the MMI operating system in an aluminum - look finish , decorative inlays in matt brushed aluminum ( optional carbon , fine grain ash natural brown , layered Beaufort oak ) , choice of 3 colours for headlining , instrument panel , carpet and seats ( black , lunar silver and goa beige ( only for the seat upholstery ) ) ; Pearl Nappa leather and Alcantara seat upholstery ( optional Milano and Valcona leather ) , height - adjustable sport seats with power lumbar supports and embossed S logos ( optional power - adjustable comfort seats with memory function , power - adjustable S sport seats with integrated head restraints ) . Other options include xenon plus headlights with an all - weather light , LED rear lights , an electromechanical parking brake , driver information system with color display , MMI radio plus includes a Bluetooth interface , Audi sound system with ten speakers , MMI navigation plus ( hard drive , an eight - inch monitor , MMI touch input system ) , 15 - speaker Bang & Olufsen Advanced Sound System . The S6 sedan was unveiled in the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show . S6 sedan and Avant models went on sale in spring 2012 . 2015 Avant ( S6 ) 2015 Avant ( S6 ) 2015 sedan ( S6 ) A6L e-tron ( edit ) Audi A6L e-tron at Auto Shanghai 2015 Audi A6L e-tron at Auto Shanghai 2015 The concept vehicle was unveiled in Auto China 2012 in Beijing . It is a plug - in hybrid version of A6 L with 2.0 TFSI 211 PS ( 155 kW ) engine combined with a 95 PS ( 70 kW ) electric motor . Electric power is supplied via lithium - ion battery , with all - electric range of 80 km ( 49.71 mi ) for constant 60 km / h ( 37.28 mph ) drive . Other features include MMI navigation plus developed in Audi Infotainment Tech Center ( ITC ) in Beijing . The series production plug - in hybrid car will be available in China in 2016 on the long - wheelbase version , using the same hybrid vehicle powertrain like the concept vehicle . Output of 180 kW ( 245 hp ) , with 500 Nm maximum torque , all - electric range will be 50 km ( 31.1 mi ) . Acceleration from 0 -- 60 mph in 8 , 4 seconds . Fuel consumption will be 2 , 2 l / 100 km ( 106.9 US mpg ) . A6 black Edition ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) Available in Saloon and Avant bodies , they are versions of A6 S line with 177PS 2.0 - litre TDI or higher engines ( excluding S6 ) in front - wheel - drive or quattro all - wheel - drive configurations , for the UK market . It included 20 - inch rotor - design alloy wheels with a dark titanium finish , black grille and number plate surrounds and the window frame strips , and by privacy glass extending from the B - pillar rearwards ; black roof rails Piano Black inlays , sports seats upholstered in black Valcona leather , black headlining , BOSE audio system with DAB radio , Audi Music Interface ( AMI ) for iPod connection . Sales began in November 2012 , with deliveries began in early 2013 . RS 6 Avant ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) RS 6 Avant RS 6 Avant It is a version of S6 Avant with increased engine power to 560 PS ( 412 kW ; 552 hp ) @ 5700 -- 6700rpm and 700 N ⋅ m ( 516.29 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1750 -- 5500rpm , cylinder on demand system deactivates intake and exhaust valves of 4 cylinders ( 2 , 3 , 5 and 8 ) , eight - speed tiptronic transmission with shortened shift times and D and S driving modes , quattro permanent all - wheel drive system with torque vectoring with self - locking center differential with an elevated locking value and oil cooler , adaptive air suspension lowering body by 20 mm ( 1 in ) ( optional tauter sport suspension plus with Dynamic Ride Control ) , option is dynamic steering , four internally vented 390 mm ( 15 in ) diameter brake discs in wave design with a wave - like outer contour ( optional 420 mm ( 17 in ) diameter carbon fiber - ceramic brake discs with anthracite gray calipers ) , black six - piston brake calipers ( optional red brake calipers ) , electronic stabilization control with Sport and off modes , high - gloss 20 - inch forged wheels in a seven twin - spoke design ( optional 21 - inch cast wheels in high - gloss silver , polished black or polished titanium - look ) , matte aluminum applications on the body , high - gloss black protective grille at the front of the car , the bumpers , the fender , sill flares and the large roof spoiler ; rear diffuser with two large elliptical exhaust tailpipes , a choice of 9 body colours ( including exclusive shade Daytona Gray matte ) , dial instruments feature black faces and white dials and red needles , flat - bottomed three - spoke multifunction steering wheel , illuminated entry sills , driver information system ( DIS ) sport RS logos , RS 6 - specific driver information system , footrest and pedals and switches in the MMI navigation plus terminal in aluminum finish , decorative bezel surrounding the retractable monitor in a piano finish , interior door openers in a delicate double - bar design , standard Carbon inlays ( with six additional materials as options ) , standard black headlining ( optional Silver or black Alcantara ) , RS sport seats with side bolsters and integrated head restraints and RS 6 logos upholstered in black Alcantara and leather with diamond quilting at center sections ( optional honeycomb - quilted Valcona leather in either black or Moon Silver ) , optional power - adjustable deluxe seats with memory function , two sportily molded rear seats ( optional three - person bench seat ) , xenon plus headlights , LED rear lights , a tire - pressure control system , illuminated entry sills , custom driver - information system , parking system plus , cruise control , three - zone automatic air conditioning , MMI navigation plus with MMI touch and the 10 - speaker Audi sound system . Optional appearance packages ( in Matte Aluminum or Carbon ) includes customized quattro badges on the central front air inlet . Carbon appearance package includes alternate front splitter and diffuser shapes . Optional Dynamic package increases top speed to 280 km / h ( 173.98 mph ) . Optional Dynamic plus package increases top speed to 305 km / h ( 189.52 mph ) . Other options include LED headlights with a unique design , the sport differential on the rear axle , Comfort package , head - up display , the high - performance driver assistance systems , Bang & Olufsen Advanced Sound System with 15 speakers and 1,200 watts of total power , Bluetooth online car phone . UK model was available to order from early 2013 , with deliveries beginning in next summer . Body styles ( edit ) Body types Saloon Avant Allroad quattro A6L Model <Th_colspan="4"> Years A6 hybrid 2012 -- - - - A6 2.0 TFSI ( 180PS ) 2011 -- 2011 ? - - 2012 -- A6 2.0 TFSI ( 211PS ) 2011 -- - - - A6 2.8 FSI ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 2011 ? - - - A6 2.8 FSI quattro ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 2011 ? - - A6L 2.5 30 FSI ( 190PS ) -- - - 2012 -- A6 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 300PS ) 2011 -- 2011 ? - - A6 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 310PS ) 2012 -- 2012 -- 2012 -- - A6 L 2.8 35 FSI ( 220PS ) -- - - 2012 -- A6 L 2.8 35 FSI quattro ( 220PS ) -- - - 2012 -- A6 L 3.0 50 TFSI quattro ( 299PS ) -- - - 2012 -- S6 4.0 TFSI quattro ( 420PS ) 2012 -- 2012 -- - - RS 6 4.0 TFSI quattro ( 560PS ) - 2013 -- - - A6 2.0 TDI 2011 -- 2011 ? - - - A6 3.0 TDI ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 2011 ? - - - A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 2011 ? - 2012 -- - A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 245PS ) 2011 -- 2011 ? - 2012 -- - A6 3.0 TDI clean diesel quattro ( 245PS ) 2011 -- 2011 ? - - - A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 313PS ) 2011 -- 2011 ? - 2012 -- - A6L with 2.0 TFSI ( 180PS ) was sold as A6L TFSI in China . In USA , Canada , UK A6 Saloon with 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 310PS ) replaced the A6 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 300PS ) . In UK , A6 Avant with 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 310PS ) replaced the A6 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 300PS ) . Engines ( edit ) Petrol engines hide Model Years Type / code Power , torque@rpm A6 hybrid 2012 -- 1,984 cc ( 121.1 cu in ) I4 turbo 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) @ 4300 -- 6000 , 350 N ⋅ m ( 258 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1500 -- 4200 electric motor , 1.3 kWh 39 kW lithium ion battery 45 PS ( 33 kW ; 44 hp ) , 211 N ⋅ m ( 155.63 lbf ⋅ ft ) combined 245 PS ( 180 kW ; 242 hp ) , 480 N ⋅ m ( 354 lbf ⋅ ft ) A6 2.0 TFSI ( 180PS ) 2011 -- 1,984 cc ( 121.1 cu in ) I4 turbo 180 PS ( 132 kW ; 178 hp ) @ 4000 -- 6000 , 320 N ⋅ m ( 236 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1500 -- 3900 A6 2.0 TFSI ( 211PS ) 2011 -- 1,984 cc ( 121.1 cu in ) I4 turbo 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) @ 6500 , 350 N ⋅ m ( 258 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 3250 A6 2.8 FSI ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 2,773 cc ( 169.2 cu in ) V6 220 PS ( 162 kW ; 217 hp ) @ 5250 -- 6250 , 280 N ⋅ m ( 207 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 3000 -- 5000 A6 2.8 FSI quattro ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 2,773 cc ( 169.2 cu in ) V6 220 PS ( 162 kW ; 217 hp ) @ 5250 -- 6250 , 280 N ⋅ m ( 207 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 3000 -- 5000 A6 2.5 FSI ( 190PS ) 2012 -- 2,498 cc ( 152.4 cu in ) V6 190 PS ( 140 kW ; 187 hp ) @ 5500 -- 6500 , 250 N ⋅ m ( 184 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 3000 -- 4750 A6 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 300PS ) 2011 -- 2012 2,995 cc ( 182.8 cu in ) V6 supercharged 300 PS ( 221 kW ; 296 hp ) @ 5250 -- 6500 , 440 N ⋅ m ( 325 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 2900 -- 4500 A6 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 310PS ) 2012 -- 2,995 cc ( 182.8 cu in ) V6 supercharged 310 PS ( 228 kW ; 306 hp ) @ 5500 -- 6500 , 440 N ⋅ m ( 324.53 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 2900 -- 4500 A6 L 2.8 35 FSI ( 220PS ) 2012 -- 2,773 cc ( 169.2 cu in ) V6 220 PS ( 162 kW ; 217 hp ) @ 5750 -- 6500 , 280 N ⋅ m ( 207 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 3000 -- 5000 A6 L 2.8 35 FSI quattro ( 220PS ) 2012 -- 2,773 cc ( 169.2 cu in ) V6 220 PS ( 162 kW ; 217 hp ) @ 5750 -- 6500 , 280 N ⋅ m ( 207 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 3000 -- 5000 A6 L 3.0 50 TFSI quattro ( 299PS ) 2012 -- 2,995 cc ( 182.8 cu in ) V6 supercharged 299 PS ( 220 kW ; 295 hp ) @ 5250 -- 6500 , 440 N ⋅ m ( 324.53 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 2900 -- 4500 S6 4.0 TFSI quattro ( 420PS ) 2012 -- 3,993 cc ( 243.7 cu in ) V8 twin turbo 420 PS ( 309 kW ; 414 hp ) @ 5500 -- 6400 , 550 N ⋅ m ( 405.66 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1450 -- 5250 S6 4.0 TFSI quattro ( 420PS ) ( Germany ) 2012 -- 3,993 cc ( 243.7 cu in ) V8 twin turbo 420 PS ( 309 kW ; 414 hp ) @ 5500 -- 6400 , 550 N ⋅ m ( 405.66 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1400 -- 5300 RS 6 4.0 TFSI quattro ( 560PS ) 2013 -- 3,993 cc ( 243.7 cu in ) V8 twin scroll twin turbo 560 PS ( 412 kW ; 552 hp ) @ 5700 -- 6700 , 700 N ⋅ m ( 516.29 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1750 -- 5500 Diesel engines hide Model Years Type / code Power , torque@rpm A6 2.0 TDI 2011 -- 1,968 cc ( 120.1 cu in ) I4 turbo 177 PS ( 130 kW ; 175 hp ) @ 4200 , 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1750 -- 2500 A6 3.0 TDI ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 2,967 cc ( 181.1 cu in ) V6 turbo 204 PS ( 150 kW ; 201 hp ) @ 3250 -- 4500 , 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1250 -- 3500 A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 2,967 cc ( 181.1 cu in ) V6 turbo 204 PS ( 150 kW ; 201 hp ) @ 3250 -- 4500 , 450 N ⋅ m ( 331.90 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1250 -- 3500 A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 245PS ) 2011 -- 2,967 cc ( 181.1 cu in ) V6 turbo 245 PS ( 180 kW ; 242 hp ) @ 4000 -- 4500 , 500 N ⋅ m ( 368.78 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1400 -- 3250 ( 2011 -- ) 245 PS ( 180 kW ; 242 hp ) @ 4000 -- 4500 , 580 N ⋅ m ( 427.79 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1750 -- 2500 ( 2012 ) A6 3.0 TDI clean diesel quattro ( 245PS ) 2011 -- 2,967 cc ( 181.1 cu in ) V6 turbo 245 PS ( 180 kW ; 242 hp ) @ 4000 -- 4500 , 500 N ⋅ m ( 368.78 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1400 -- 3250 A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 313PS ) 2011 -- 2,967 cc ( 181.1 cu in ) V6 Biturbo 313 PS ( 230 kW ; 309 hp ) @ 3900 -- 4500 , 650 N ⋅ m ( 479.42 lbf ⋅ ft ) @ 1450 -- 2800 For A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 245PS ) , 580Nm model replaced 500Nm model in UK . Transmissions ( edit ) Petrol engines hide Model Years Standard Optional A6 hybrid 2012 -- 8 - speed tiptronic - A6 2.0 TFSI ( 180PS ) 2011 -- 6 - speed manual multitronic A6 2.0 TFSI ( 211PS ) 2011 -- multitronic - A6 2.8 FSI ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 6 - speed manual multitronic A6 FSI quattro ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 7 - speed S tronic - A6 2.5 FSI ( 190PS ) 2012 -- multitronic - A6 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 300PS ) 2011 -- 7 - speed S tronic - A6 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 310PS ) 2012 -- Saloon : 7 - speed S tronic , 8 - speed tiptronic Avant : 7 - speed S tronic Allroad quattro : 7 - speed S tronic - A6 L 2.8 35 FSI ( 220PS ) 2012 -- multitronic - A6 L 2.8 35 FSI quattro ( 220PS ) 2012 -- 7 - speed S tronic - A6 L 3.0 50 TFSI quattro ( 299PS ) 2012 -- 7 - speed S tronic - S6 4.0 TFSI quattro ( 420PS , 450PS ) 2012 -- 7 - speed S tronic - RS 6 4.0 TFSI quattro ( 560PS , 605PS ) 2012 -- 8 - speed tiptronic - Diesel engines hide Model Years Standard Optional A6 2.0 TDI 2011 -- 2014 6 - speed manual 8 - speed multitronic A6 2.0 TDI 2014 -- 6 - speed manual 7 - speed S tronic A6 3.0 TDI ( 204PS ) 2011 -- 2014 6 - speed manual 8 - speed multitronic A6 3.0 TDI ( 218PS ) 2014 -- 7 - speed S tronic - A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 204PS , 245PS ) 2011 -- 2014 7 - speed S tronic - A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 190PS , 218PS , 272PS ) 2014 -- 7 - speed S tronic - A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 313PS , 320PS , 326PS ) 2011 -- 8 - speed tiptronic - For A6 Saloon 3.0 TFSI quattro ( 310PS ) , 7 - speed S tronic is used in UK model , 8 - speed tiptronic is used in US , Canada models . A6 3.0 TDI quattro ( 313PS ) was sold as A6 3.0 BiTDI quattro in the UK . Safety ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> Euro NCAP test results <Td_colspan="3"> LHD , 4 - door saloon ( 2011 ) Test Points % Overall : <Td_colspan="2"> Adult occupant : 33 91 % Child occupant : 41 83 % Pedestrian : 15 41 % Safety assist : 6 86 % Marketing ( edit ) As part of Audi A6 Avant launch in the UK , BBH London , Knucklehead , The Whitehouse , The Mill produced the ' Hummingbird ' TV commercial , directed by Daniel Barber . The commercial premiered on Saturday 2011 - 10 - 01 during ITV1 's coverage of the Rugby World Cup . The commercial was to imagine what a bird designed by Audi would look like and to reflect the car 's ultra-lightweight technology . Johann Strauss 's ' Open Road , Open Sky ' was sung by legendary American baritone and automobile lover John Charles Thomas . In addition , 60 second and 30 versions of the ads were supported by press , print and radio campaigns , as well as a presence on the Daily Telegraph 's iPad app . As part of Audi A6 launch in Taiwan , 2011 Audi Fashion Festival featured the theme of ' A6 - The sum of Progress ' , including Shiatzy Chen , Kiki Huang , Robyn Hung and an artistic jewelry brand , Chen Chan . As part of 2013 Audi S6 sedan launch in the US market , 3 different versions of ' Prom ' commercial were premiered during 2013 Super Bowl game . The 60 - second ad , created by Venables Bell & Partners , features a teenage boy . Voters were to decide their favourite version of the commercial 24 hours on Friday before the Super Bowl game , with winning entry shown on Saturday at Audi 's YouTube channel and during the actual game at CBS . As part of RS 6 Avant launch , Audi Land of quattro Alpen Tour 2013 featured RS 6 Avant begins on September 23 , travelling across twelve driving stages in 6 countries ( Klagenfurt -- the capital of Carinthia , Austria , Monaco ) . In the Audi RS 6 Avant TV commercial titled ' Perfect Fit ' , it featured a 2012 Audi R18 with the high downforce sprint bodywork in the guise of Audi R18 e-tron quattro . C8 ( 2019 -- present ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Fifth generation ( C8 / 4H ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production 2018 -- present Model years 2019 -- present Assembly Neckarsulm , Germany and Aurangabad , India ( Audi India ) <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine Petrol 3.0 litre V6 TFSI 250 kW Diesel 2.0 litre I4 TDI 150 & 170 kW 3.0 litre V6 TDI 210 kW Transmission 7 - speed dual clutch S tronic 8 - speed automatic tiptronic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,924 mm ( 115.1 in ) Length 4,939 mm ( 194.4 in ) Width 1,886 mm ( 74.3 in ) Height 1,457 mm ( 57.4 in ) Rear view Cockpit , A6 C8 This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The fifth generation A6 was unveiled ahead of the 2018 Geneva Motor Show . It will launch in Germany in June 2018 . All engines offered come with a mild hybrid drivetrain that can reduce fuel consumption by up to 0.7 litres per 100 kilometres for the V6 - engined vehicles . The A6 will be offered in 7 new exterior colors and 7 colors which are available in current models . After introduction Audi officially stopped production of A6 and A7 diesel models due to a new investigation on a newly discovered emissions cheating software . Engine ( edit ) All models get mild hybrid engines as standard . Transmission ( edit ) All models will receive 7 - speed S - tronic DCT and 8 - speed tiptronic automatic . Markets ( edit ) North America ( edit ) This section is missing information about North American launch . Please expand the section to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( May 2018 ) The 2019 Audi A6 made its North American debut at the 2018 New York International Auto Show . Also the a6 allroad will be sold in the U.S fall 2019 Asia ( edit ) India - The fifth generation of the Audi A6 will be the first generation of the A6 to be assembled and sold in India . It will launch in May 2019 . Bangladesh - The fifth generation of the Audi A6 will be the first generation of the A6 to be sold in Bangladesh . Europe ( edit ) Use in China ( edit ) According to Dunne & Company , a research company , as of 2011 , purchases in China and Hong Kong make up about half of the 229,200 Audi A6s sold in the world . By 2012 many government officials in China began driving with Audi A6s . After a 1994 campaign from the Chinese government to have officials stop driving Mercedes stretch limousines , the officials began using black Audi A6 cars . Michael Wines of The New York Times wrote that `` More than a perk , the black Audi is a rolling advertisement for its occupant 's importance and impunity in a nation obsessed with status . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christian Steinert , The German Car Blog ( 2006 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Audi : New sales division in China '' . The German Car Blog . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Audi A6 Reference '' . CarAutoPortal.com . 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Jump up ^ `` 2003 Audi RS 6 vs. BMW M5 , Jaguar S - type R , M-B E55 AMG '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ur - S4 / Ur - S6 '' . carautoportal.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Audi A6 Most Popular German Car -- AudiWorld '' . AudiWorld . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/designers/whos_where/display/store4/item164956/ Jump up ^ `` Learning Alias : : Tutorials '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Audi A6 '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` New Audi A6 presented as a Long - Wheelbase version exclusively for China '' . AudiWorld.com. 2005 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Audi A6 & S6 Reviews & Specs '' . JB car pages . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Audi A6 '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Audi A6 '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ Tan , Paul . `` New Audi A6 range updated for the 2009 model year '' . Paultan.org . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Prestige quattro. `` 2010 Audi S6 '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chris Shunk . `` Audi Prices A6 / S6 starting at $45,100 / $75,900 '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audi RS6 Sedan unveiled : details and photos '' . Paul Tan 's Automotive News . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( 09 上海 车展 ) 奥迪 将 携 多 款 首发 车型 亮相 车展 '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Xavier Navarro . `` Audi tries again to convert Chinese to diesels with new A6L TDI '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Audi A6 pickup truck from China '' . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Audi A6 pickup truck from China '' . Jump up ^ `` Audi A6L Pickup Trucka '' . Jump up ^ `` For safer cars Audi A6 '' . Euro NCAP . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Audi A6 '' . Iihs.org. 2008 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` IIHS - HLDI : Audi A6 '' . Iihs.org. 2008 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Roof strength evaluations : Large luxury cars '' . Iihs.org . Archived from the original on 8 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Job -- Automotive Engineer '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Audi A6 : Design Gallery '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Audi A6 '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Leaked Photos Give Audi A6 an Early Reveal '' . Automoblog.net. 2010 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Harley , Michael . `` 2012 Audi A7 '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Look , New Future , New Audi A6 '' . AudiSite.com. 2010 - 12 - 04 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Roy , Rex . `` First Drive : 2012 Audi A6 '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Audi Communication ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Audi A6 '' . AUDI AG -- Audi Communication . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco . `` Audi reveals new A6 , says hybrid version is on the way '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy ( USDoE and EPA ) ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Upcoming Hybrids '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco . `` Audi delaying A6 hybrid and diesel models , A8 hybrid '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ The new Audi A6 allroad -- the Avant for any kind of road Jump up ^ Noah Joseph . `` Audi releases new A6 Allroad ... with no word on U.S. availability '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( 奥迪 车型 新闻 ) 奥迪 天地 > 一汽 - 大众 奥迪 官网 '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ chinanews . `` ȫ ° μA6Lʽ ۼ38. 3074.26 Ԫ '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven J. Ewing. `` 2012 Audi S6 gets the 4.0 L twin - turbo treatment '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere of Audi S Models at the IAA 2011 '' . Audi MediaCenter . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Audi S6 Debuts at Frankfurt Auto Show '' . Caranddriver.com. 2012 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Zach Bowman . `` Audi tries hand at luxury PHEVs with A6 L e-tron concept '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The new Audi A6 L e-tron for China '' . Audi MediaCenter . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Zach Bowman . `` Audi launches Black Edition models in UK * UPDATE '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audi releases new A6 and A7 Black Edition versions '' . SkiddMark . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathon Ramsey . `` Your 2013 Audi RS6 has arrived '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audi MediaCenter '' . Audi MediaCenter . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Audi.co.uk . `` The all - new RS 6 -- the sub-four - second Audi Avant < Latest news < About Audi < Audi < Audi UK '' . Audi UK . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ 2012 A6L brochure Jump up ^ `` Audi MediaCenter '' . Audi MediaCenter . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.euroncap.com/results/audi/a6/2011/435.aspx Jump up ^ `` Ad of the Day : Audi '' . AdWeek . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ The Mill . `` The Mill '' . The Mill . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBH & Audi launch charming new campaign to promote A6 Avant -- Bartle Bogle Hegarty -- Adforum.com '' . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JC & Associates Communications , Inc. - case studies '' . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathon Ramsey . `` Choose your own adventure in Audi 's next Super Bowl commercial '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audi 's Super Bowl Spot Looks Like A Taylor Swift Music Video For Dudes '' . Yahoo Finance . 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audi , Coke put Super Bowl ad endings in your hands '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audi MediaCenter '' . Audi MediaCenter . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audi R18 e-tron quattro Stars in New Audi RS 6 TV Commercial `` Perfect Fit '' `` . Fourtitude.com . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audi R18 e-tron quattro featured in new RS 6 TV commercial '' . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/indiabound-2019-audi-a6-herersquos-whatrsquos-new-21499.htm Jump up ^ `` The 2019 Audi A6 raises the bar for luxury car tech '' . Driving. 2018 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.autoguide.com/auto-news/2018/02/2019-audi-a6-arrives-packed-with-high-tech-features.html Jump up ^ https://www.thelocal.de/20180508/audi-halts-a6-production-over-new-emissions-cheating-report Jump up ^ https://www.carwow.co.uk/news/new-audi-a6-price-specs-release-date-2911 Jump up ^ https://www.wheels.ca/news/2019-audi-a6-makes-north-american-debut/ Jump up ^ `` 2019 Audi A6 review , test drive - Autocar India '' . www.autocarindia.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://www.zigwheels.com/newcars/Audi/a6-2019 Jump up ^ http://www.autorebellion.com/2017/09/audi-dhaka-progress-motors-imports-ltd-press-meet-and-showroom-launch/ Jump up ^ Wines , Michael . `` In China , ' Audi ' Means ' Big Shot ' . '' The New York Times . November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved on March 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Audi A6 . Audi A6 at Audi corporate website Audi 6 Club in Hong Kong . Free membership for owners and enthusiasts of A6 , S6 , RS6 , and A7 , S7 , RS7 . <Th_colspan="3"> Audi , a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG Volkswagen Group marques & companies Volkswagen Passenger Cars Audi Audi Sport GmbH Bentley Bugatti Ducati Italdesign Automobili Speciali Lamborghini Moia Navistar Porsche SEAT Škoda Scania Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Subsidiaries Audi do Brasil e Cia Audi Hungaria Motor Kft . Audi Senna Ltda . Autogerma S.p.A. Here ( 33 % ) Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. e-tron Audi Sport GmbH Defunct Audi AG brands Auto Union DKW Horch NSU Wanderer Museums August Horch Museum Zwickau museum mobile Current models Sedans A3 S3 RS3 A3 Sportback ( e-tron ) A4 S4 RS4 A5 S5 RS5 A6 S6 RS6 A7 S7 RS7 A8 ( L ) S8 Sports Cars TT TTS TT RS R8 ( e-tron ) Station wagons A4 Avant A6 Avant Hatchbacks A1 S1 Audi A2 A3 Sportback A3 Sportback e-tron SUVs / Crossovers A4 allroad quattro A6 allroad quattro Q2 Q3 RS Q3 Q5 SQ5 Q7 SQ7 Q7 e-tron Q8 Audi Sport Audi S : Audi S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 SQ5 SQ7 TTS Audi RS : Audi RS2 Avant RS3 RS4 RS5 RS6 RS7 TT RS RS Q3 Supercar : Audi R8 Spec . ver. : Q7 V12 TDI A8 ( L ) W12 Future Q1 Q4 quattro e-tron Q6 Q8 R6 Historic and discontinued models Audi Front Audi 920 Audi F103 Audi 50 Audi 80 / 90 / 4000 / 5 + 5 Audi Quattro ( Ur - Quattro ) Audi Coupé Audi 4000CS quattro Audi 100 / 200 / 5000 Audi 100 Coupé S Audi S2 Audi RS2 Avant Audi Ur - S4 & Ur - S6 Audi V8 Audi A2 Audi Cabriolet Audi RS3 Audi RS4 Audi RS6 Motorsport Cars Rally cars : Quattro A1 & A2 Sport Quattro Sport Quattro S1 Sport Quattro RS 002 LMP road race cars : R8R R8C R8 R10 TDI R15 TDI R18 LMS / GT road race cars : R8 LMS ( R16 ) DTM race cars : Abt - Audi TT - R DTM A4 DTM A5 / RS5 DTM Formula cars ( engine suppliers ) : FPA FIA F2 Sport ABT ( Formula E ) Rallycross cars : S1 EKS RX quattro Series Audi R8 LMS Cup Audi Sport TT Cup Concept cars A2 ( 2011 ) Avus quattro e-tron Rosemeyer Steppenwolf Avantissimo Pikes Peak quattro Nuvolari quattro Le Mans quattro RSQ RS7 Concept Shooting Brake Roadjet A3 TDI clubsport quattro Sportback concept R8 TDi Le Mans e-tron ( Frankfurt ) e-tron ( Detroit ) e-tron Spyder Q8 concept quattro Concept quattro e-tron TT Offroad Prologue Nanuk Urban Concept e-tron Sportback Concept Elaine Aicon e-tron Vision Gran Turismo Pop. Up Next PB18 e-tron See also August Horch ( founder ) Audi Channel Audi Cup Audi Driving Experience Audi S and RS models Audi Sport Factory Race Cars Audi vehicles hybrid MLP MMI multitronic North American Volkswagen engines procon - ten quattro ( four - wheel - drive system ) S tronic Volkswagen Group diesel engines discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines discontinued Volkswagen Group factories Volkswagen Group platforms Vorsprung durch Technik World - Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson <Td_colspan="3"> Commons <Th_colspan="55"> Audi , a marque of the Volkswagen Group , car timeline , European market , 1965 -- present Type <Td_colspan="5"> 1960s <Td_colspan="10"> 1970s <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="9"> 2010s 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Supermini <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> 50 ( 86 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> A2 ( 8Z ) <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="9"> A1 ( 8X ) Small family car <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="7"> A3 ( 8L ) <Td_colspan="8"> A3 ( 8P ) <Td_colspan="7"> A3 ( 8V ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="5"> S3 ( 8L ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="7"> S3 ( 8P ) <Td_colspan="6"> S3 ( 8V ) Compact executive car <Td_colspan="8"> F103 series <Td_colspan="6"> 80 ( 82 ) <Td_colspan="8"> 80 / 90 ( 81 ) <Td_colspan="5"> 80 / 90 ( 89 ) <Td_colspan="3"> 80 ( 8C ) <Td_colspan="6"> A4 ( 8D ) <Td_colspan="7"> A4 ( 8E ) <Td_colspan="7"> A4 ( 8K ) <Td_colspan="4"> A4 ( 8W ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> S2 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> S4 ( 8D ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> S4 ( 8E ) <Td_colspan="7"> S4 ( 8K ) <Td_colspan="3"> S4 ( 8W ) Mid-size luxury car <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="26"> 100 ( F104 / 43 / 44 / 4A ) / 200 ( 44 ) <Td_colspan="4"> A6 ( 4A ) <Td_colspan="7"> A6 ( 4B ) <Td_colspan="6"> A6 ( 4F ) <Td_colspan="7"> A6 ( 4G ) <Td_colspan="1"> A6 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> S4 ( 4A ) <Td_colspan="3"> S6 ( 4A ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> S6 ( 4B ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> S6 ( 4F ) <Td_colspan="7"> S6 ( 4G ) Full - size luxury car <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="6"> V8 ( 4C ) <Td_colspan="9"> A8 ( 4D ) <Td_colspan="7"> A8 ( 4E ) <Td_colspan="8"> A8 ( 4H ) <Td_colspan="1"> A8 ( 4N ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="6"> S8 ( 4D ) <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> S8 ( 4E ) <Td_colspan="7"> S8 ( 4H ) Sports car <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> TT ( 8N ) <Td_colspan="8"> TT ( 8J ) <Td_colspan="5"> TT ( 8S ) Coupé <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="8"> 100 Coupé S <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="8"> Coupé ( 81 ) <Td_colspan="8"> Coupé ( 89 ) <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="9"> A5 ( 8T ) <Td_colspan="3"> A5 ( 8F ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> S5 ( 8T ) <Td_colspan="2"> S5 ( 8F ) Full - size luxury fastback <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> A7 ( 4G ) <Td_colspan="1"> A7 ( 4K ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="7"> S7 ( 4G ) RS <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> RS3 Sportback ( 8P ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> RS3 Sportback ( 8V ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> RS2 Avant <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> RS4 ( 8D ) <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> RS4 ( 8E / 8H ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> RS4 ( 8K ) <Td_colspan="2"> RS4 ( 8W ) <Td_colspan="1"> RS4 ( B9 ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> RS6 ( 4B ) <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> RS6 ( 4F ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="7"> RS6 ( 4G ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> TT RS ( 8J ) <Td_colspan="3"> TT RS ( 8S ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="12"> Quattro ( Ur - Quattro ) <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> RS5 ( 8T ) <Td_colspan="2"> RS5 ( 8F ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> RS7 ( 4G ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> RS Q3 ( 8U ) Supercar <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="9"> R8 ( 42 ) <Td_colspan="3"> R8 ( 4S ) Crossover utility vehicle <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="10"> A4 allroad quattro ( 8K ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> allroad quattro ( 4Z ) <Td_colspan="6"> A6 allroad quattro ( 4F ) <Td_colspan="7"> A6 allroad quattro ( 4G ) Mini SUV <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Q2 ( GA ) Compact SUV <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="8"> Q3 ( 8U ) Mid-size SUV <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="9"> Q5 ( 8R ) <Td_colspan="2"> Q5 ( 80A ) Full - size SUV <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> Q7 ( 4L ) <Td_colspan="4"> Q7 ( 4M ) Homologation road / rally car <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> Quattro A1 & A2 <Td_colspan="1"> Sport Quattro <Td_colspan="2"> Sport Quattro S1 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="55"> August Horch ( founder ) Audi corporate website A marque of the Volkswagen Group quattro GmbH Audi S and RS models Audi Centre of Excellence Audi Channel Audi Driving Experience <Th_colspan="41"> Audi , a marque of the Volkswagen Group , car timeline , North American market , 1980 -- present Type <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="10"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Compact car <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="8"> A3 ( 8P ) <Td_colspan="5"> A3 / S3 ( 8V ) <Td_colspan="8"> 4000 ( 81 ) <Td_colspan="5"> 80 / 90 ( 89 ) <Td_colspan="3"> 90 ( 8C ) <Td_colspan="21"> A4 ( 8D / 8E / 8H / 8K ) <Td_colspan="3"> A4 ( 8W ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> 4000 CS quattro <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="17"> S4 ( 8D / 8E / 8H / 8K ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> S4 ( 8W ) Mid-size car <Td_colspan="4"> 5000 ( 43 ) <Td_colspan="5"> 5000 ( 44 ) <Td_colspan="3"> 100 / 200 ( 44 ) <Td_colspan="3"> 100 ( 4A ) <Td_colspan="3"> A6 ( 4A ) <Td_colspan="7"> A6 ( 4B ) <Td_colspan="7"> A6 ( 4F ) <Td_colspan="7"> A6 ( 4G ) <Td_colspan="1"> A6 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Ur - S4 <Td_colspan="3"> Ur - S6 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> S6 ( 4B ) <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> S6 ( 4F ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> S6 ( 4G ) <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="7"> A7 ( 4G ) <Td_colspan="1"> A7 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> S7 ( 4G ) Full - size car <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="5"> V8 ( 4C ) <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="7"> A8 / S8 ( 4D ) <Td_colspan="7"> A8 / S8 ( 4E ) <Td_colspan="8"> A8 / S8 ( 4H ) <Td_colspan="1"> A8 Coupé <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="7"> Coupé ( 81 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Coupe Quattro ( 89 ) <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="10"> A5 / S5 ( 8T ) <Td_colspan="2"> A5 / S5 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> TT Coupé ( 8N ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="8"> TT Coupé ( 8J ) <Td_colspan="4"> TT Coupé ( 8S ) Roadster <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> TT Roadster ( 8N ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="8"> TT Roadster ( 8J ) <Td_colspan="4"> TT Roadster ( 8S ) Convertible <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Cabriolet ( 8G ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="9"> A4 Cabriolet / S4 Cabriolet ( 8H ) <Td_colspan="8"> A5 / S5 ( 8F ) <Td_colspan="2"> A5 / S5 Sports car <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Quattro ( Ur - Quattro ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> RS6 ( 4B ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> RS4 ( 8E / 8H ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> R8 ( 42 ) <Td_colspan="3"> R8 Crossover <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> allroad quattro ( 4Z ) <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="4"> allroad ( 8K ) <Td_colspan="3"> A4 allroad ( 8W ) Compact SUV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> Q3 ( 8U ) <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="9"> Q5 ( 8R ) <Td_colspan="2"> Q5 ( FY ) Mid-size SUV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="9"> Q7 ( 4L ) <Td_colspan="3"> Q7 ( 4M ) <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="1"> Q8 <Td_colspan="41"> August Horch ( founder ) Audi corporate website A marque of the Volkswagen Group quattro GmbH Audi S and RS models Volkswagen Group of America , Inc . 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-5,462,208,363,164,953,000 | in which of the following categories did the united stated become a world leader after world war i | History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) - wikipedia History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil Rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal The history of the United States from 1918 through 1946 covers the post-World War I era , the Great Depression , and World War II . After World War I , the U.S. rejected the Treaty of Versailles and did not join the League of Nations . In 1920 , the manufacture , sale , import and export of alcohol was prohibited by an amendment to the United States Constitution . Possession of liquor , and drinking it , was never illegal . The overall level of alcohol consumption did go down , however , state and local governments avoided aggressive enforcement . The federal government was overwhelmed with cases , so that bootlegging and speakeasies flourished in every city , and well - organized criminal gangs exploded in numbers , finances , power , and influence on city politics . During most of the 1920s , the United States enjoyed a period of sustained prosperity . Agriculture went through a bubble in soaring land prices that collapsed in 1921 , and that sector remained depressed . Coal mining was shrinking as oil became the main energy source . Otherwise most sectors prospered . Prices were stable , and the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) grew steadily until 1929 , when the financial bubble burst . In foreign policy President Wilson helped found the League of Nations but the U.S. never joined it , as the Congress was reluctant to give up its constitutional role in declaring war . The nation instead took the initiative to disarm the world , most notably at the Washington Conference in 1921 -- 22 . Washington also stabilized the European economy through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan . The Immigration Act of 1924 was aimed at stabilizing the traditional ethnic balance and strictly limiting the total inflow . The act completely blocked Asian immigrants , providing no means for them to get in . The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression led to government efforts to restart the economy and help its victims . The recovery , however , was very slow . The nadir of the Great Depression was 1933 , and recovery was rapid until the recession of 1938 proved a setback . There were no major new industries in the 1930s that were big enough to drive growth the way autos , electricity and construction had been so powerful in the 1920s . GDP surpassed 1929 levels in 1940 . By 1939 , isolationist sentiment in America had ebbed , and after the stunning fall of France in 1940 to Nazi Germany the United States began rearming itself and sent a large stream of money and military supplies to Britain , China and the Soviet Union . After the sudden Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States entered the war against Imperial Japan , Fascist Italy , and Nazi Germany , known as the `` Axis Powers '' . Italy surrendered in 1943 , and Germany and Japan in 1945 , after massive devastation and loss of life , while the US emerged far richer and with few casualties . Contents ( hide ) 1 1919 : strikes , riots and scares 2 Aftermath of World War I 3 Women 's suffrage 4 Roaring Twenties 4.1 Prosperity 4.2 Unions 4.3 Immigration restriction 4.4 Jazz 4.5 Prohibition 4.6 Ku Klux Klan 4.7 Scopes `` Monkey '' Trial 4.8 Federal government 5 Great Depression 5.1 The New Deal 5.2 `` Bank holiday '' and Emergency Banking Act 5.3 Economy Act 5.4 Farm programs 5.5 ' Alphabet soup ' 5.6 Second New Deal 5.7 Labor agitation 5.8 Recession of 1937 and recovery 5.9 World War II and the end of the Great Depression 5.10 Legacies of the New Deal 6 World War II 6.1 Foreign and military policy 6.2 Homefront 6.2. 1 Economics 6.2. 2 Taxes and controls 6.2. 3 Rationing 6.2. 4 Work force 6.2. 5 Labor unions 6.2. 6 Racial tensions 6.2. 7 Japanese American internment 7 End of an era 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links 1919 : strikes , riots and scares ( edit ) The United States was in turmoil throughout 1919 . The huge number of returning veterans could not find work , something the Wilson administration had given little thought to . After the war , fear of subversion resumed in the context of the Red Scare , massive strikes in major industries ( steel , meatpacking ) and violent race riots . Radicals bombed Wall Street , and workers went on strike in Seattle in February . During 1919 , a series of more than 20 riotous and violent black - white race - related incidents occurred . These included the Chicago , Omaha , and Elaine Race Riots . A phenomenon known as the Red Scare took place 1918 -- 1919 . With the rise of violent Communist revolutions in Europe , leftist radicals were emboldened by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and were eager to respond to Lenin 's call for world revolution . On May 1 , 1919 , a parade in Cleveland , Ohio , protesting the imprisonment of the Socialist Party leader , Eugene Debs , erupted into the violent May Day Riots . A series of bombings in 1919 and assassination attempts further inflamed the situation . Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer conducted the Palmer Raids , a series of raids and arrests of non-citizen socialists , anarchists , radical unionists , and immigrants . They were charged with planning to overthrow the government . By 1920 , over 10,000 arrests were made , and the aliens caught up in these raids were deported back to Europe , most notably the anarchist Emma Goldman , who years before had attempted to assassinate industrialist Henry Clay Frick . Aftermath of World war I ( edit ) A 1919 sheet music cover , noting that many young veterans had served in France and were leaving rural America for the cities A popular Tin Pan Alley song of 1919 asked , concerning the United States troops returning from World War I , `` How Ya Gonna Keep ' em Down on the Farm ( After They 've Seen Paree ) ? '' . In fact , many did not remain `` down on the farm '' ; there was a great migration of youth from farms to nearby towns and smaller cities . The average distance moved was only 10 miles ( 16 km ) . Few went to the cities with over 100,000 people . However , agriculture became increasingly mechanized with widespread use of the tractor , other heavy equipment , and superior techniques disseminated through County Agents , who were employed by state agricultural colleges and funded by the Federal government . In 1919 , Woodrow Wilson campaigned for the U.S. to join the new League of Nations , which he had been instrumental in creating , but he rejected the Republican compromise on the issue , and it was impossible to gain a 2 / 3 majority . During a grueling cross-country tour to promote the League , Wilson suffered a series of strokes . He never recovered physically and lost his leadership skills and was unable to negotiate or compromise . The Senate rejected entry into the League . Defeat in the Great War left Germany in a state of turmoil and heavily in debt for war reparations , payments to the victorious Allies . The Allies in turn owed large sums to the US Treasury for war loans . The US effectively orchestrated payment of reparations ; under the Dawes Plan , American banks loaned money to Germany to pay the reparations to countries like Britain and France , which in turn paid off their own war debts to the US . In the 1920s , European and American economies reached new levels of industrial production and prosperity . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) After a long period of agitation , U.S. women were able in 1920 to obtain the necessary votes from a majority of men to obtain the right to vote in all state and federal elections . Women participated in the 1920 Presidential and Congressional elections . Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , public schools , and world peace . Women did respond to these issues , but in terms of general voting they shared the same outlook and the same voting behavior as men . The suffrage organization NAWSA became the League of Women Voters . Alice Paul 's National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment , which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 , but was not ratified and never took effect . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , while rural dry counties mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Catholic women were reluctant to vote in the early 1920s , but they registered in very large numbers for the 1928 election -- the first in which Catholicism was a major issue . A few women were elected to office , but none became especially prominent during this time period . Overall , the women 's rights movement was dormant in the 1920s , since Susan B. Anthony and the other prominent activists had died , and apart from Alice Paul few younger women came along to replace them . Roaring twenties ( edit ) Main article : Roaring Twenties In the U.S. presidential election of 1920 , the Republican Party returned to the White House with the landslide victory of Warren G. Harding , who promised a `` return to normalcy '' after the years of war , ethnic hatreds , race riots and exhausting reforms . Harding used new advertising techniques to lead the GOP to a massive landslide , carrying the major cities as many Irish Catholics and Germans , feeling betrayed , deserted the Democrats . Prosperity ( edit ) Except for a recession in 1920 -- 21 , the United States enjoyed a period of prosperity . Good times were widespread for all sectors ( except agriculture and coal mining ) . New industries ( especially electric power , movies , automobiles , gasoline , tourist travel , highway construction , and housing ) flourished . `` The business of America is business , '' proclaimed President Coolidge . Entrepreneurship flourished and was widely hailed . Business interests had captured control of the regulatory agencies established before 1915 and used progressive rhetoric , emphasizing technological efficiency and prosperity as the keys to social improvement . William Allen White , a leading progressive spokesman , supported GOP candidate Herbert Hoover in 1928 as one who could `` spiritualize '' business prosperity and make it serve progressive ends . Energy was a key to the economy , especially electricity and oil . As electrification reached all the cities and towns , consumers demanded new products such as light bulbs , refrigerators and toasters . Factories installed electric motors and saw productivity surge . With the oil booms in Texas , Oklahoma , and California , the United States dominated world petroleum production , now even more important in an age of automobiles and trucks . Unions ( edit ) Labor unions grew very rapidly during the war , emerging with a large membership , full treasuries , and a temporary government guarantee of the right of collective bargaining . Inflation was high during the war , but wages went up even faster . However , unions were weak in heavy industry , such as automobiles and steel . Their main strength was in construction , printing , railroads , and other crafts where the AFL had a strong system in place . Total union membership had soared from 2.7 million in 1914 to 5 million at its peak in 1919 . An aggressive spirit appeared in 1919 , as demonstrated by the general strike in Seattle and the police strike in Boston . The larger unions made a dramatic move for expansion in 1919 by calling major strikes in clothing , meatpacking , steel , coal , and railroads . The corporations fought back , and the strikes failed . The unions held on to their gains among machinists , textile workers , and seamen , and in such industries as food and clothing , but overall membership fell back to 3.5 million , where it stagnated until the New Deal passed the Wagner Act in 1935 . Real earnings ( after taking inflation , unemployment , and short hours into account ) of all employees doubled over 1918 -- 45 . Setting 1918 as 100 , the index went to 112 in 1923 , 122 in 1929 , 81 in 1933 ( the low point of the depression ) , 116 in 1940 , and 198 in 1945 . The bubble of the late 1920s was reflected by the extension of credit to a dangerous degree , including in the stock market , which rose to record high levels . Government size had been at low levels , causing major freedom of the economy and more prosperity . It became apparent in retrospect after the stock market crash of 1929 that credit levels had become dangerously inflated . The stock market crash was also caused by the increased government spending of Herbert Hoover and excessive market speculation . Immigration restriction ( edit ) Main article : Immigration Act of 1924 The United States became more anti-immigration in outlook during this period . The American Immigration Act of 1924 limited immigration from countries where 2 % of the total U.S. population , per the 1890 census ( not counting African Americans ) , were immigrants from that country . Thus , the massive influx of Europeans that had come to America during the first two decades of the century slowed to a trickle . Asians and citizens of India were prohibited from immigrating altogether . Jazz ( edit ) The `` Jazz Age '' symbolized the popularity of new musics and dance forms , which attracted younger people in all the large cities as the older generation worried about the threat of looser sexual standards as suggested by the uninhibited `` flapper . '' In every locality , Hollywood discovered an audience for its silent films . It was an age of celebrities and heroes , with movie stars , boxers , home run hitters , tennis aces , and football standouts grabbing widespread attention . Black culture , especially in music and literature , flourished in many cities such as New Orleans , Memphis , and Chicago but nowhere more than in New York City , site of the Harlem Renaissance . The Cotton Club nightclub and the Apollo Theater became famous venues for artists and writers . Radio was a new industry that grew explosively from home - made crystal sets , picking up faraway stations to stations in every large city by the mid-decade . By 1927 two national networks had been formed , the NBC Red Network and the Blue Network ( ABC ) . The broadcast fare was mostly music , especially by big bands . Prohibition ( edit ) Main article : Prohibition in the United States Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol . In 1920 , the manufacture , sale , import and export of alcohol was prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in an attempt to alleviate high rates of alcoholism and , especially , political corruption led by saloon - based politicians . It was enforced at the federal level by the Volstead Act . Most states let the federals do the enforcing . Drinking or owning liquor was not illegal , only the manufacture or sale . National Prohibition ended in 1933 , although it continued for a while in some states . Prohibition is considered by most ( but not all ) historians to have been a failure because organized crime was strengthened . Ku Klux Klan ( edit ) Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) is the name of three entirely different organizations ( 1860s , 1920s , post 1960 ) that used the same nomenclature and costumes but had no direct connection . The KKK of the 1920s was a purification movement that rallied against crime , especially violation of prohibition , and decried the growing `` influence '' of `` big - city '' Catholics and Jews . Its membership was often exaggerated but possibly reached as many as 4 million men , but no prominent national figure claimed membership ; no daily newspaper endorsed it , and indeed most actively opposed the Klan . Membership was verily evenly spread across the nation 's white Protestants , North and South , urban and rural . Historians in recent years have explored the Klan in depth . The KKK of the 1860s and the current KKK were indeed violent . However , historians discount lurid tales of a murderous group in the 1920s . Some crimes were probably committed in Deep South states but were quite uncommon elsewhere . The local Klans seem to have been poorly organized and were exploited as money - making devices by organizers more than anything else . ( Organizers charged a $10 application fee and up to $50 for costumes . ) Nonetheless , the KKK had become prominent enough that it staged a huge rally in Washington DC in 1925 . Soon afterward , the national headlines reported rape and murder by the KKK leader in Indiana , and the group quickly lost its mystique and nearly all its members . Scopes `` monkey '' trial ( edit ) The Scopes Trial of 1925 was a Tennessee court case that tested a state law which forbade the teaching of `` any theory that denies the story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible , and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals . '' The law was the result of a systematic drive by religious Fundamentalists to throw back the onslaught of modern ideas in theology and science . In a spectacular trial that drew national attention thanks to the roles of three - time Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and famed lawyer Clarence Darrow for the defense , John T. Scopes was convicted of teaching evolution , but the verdict was overturned on a technicality . The Fundamentalists were widely ridiculed , with writers like H.L. Mencken poking merciless ridicule at them ; their efforts to pass state laws proved a failure . Federal government ( edit ) Main articles : Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge , and Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover In retrospect , the 1920s are sometimes seen as the last gasp of unregulated `` robber - baron '' capitalism . The federal government took on an increasing role in business affairs . In addition to Prohibition , the government obtained new powers and duties such as funding and overseeing the new U.S. Highway system and the regulation of radio frequencies . The result was a rapid spread of standardized roads and broadcasts that were welcomed by most Americans . The Harding Administration was rocked by the Teapot Dome scandal , the most famous of a number of episodes involving Harding 's cabinet members . The president , exhausted and ill from the news of the scandals , died of a heart attack in August 1923 after a cruise to Alaska . His vice-president , Calvin Coolidge , succeeded him . Coolidge could not have been a more different personality than his predecessor . Dour , puritanical , and spotlessly honest , his White House stood in sharp contrast to the drinking , gambling , and womanizing that went on under Harding . In 1924 , he was easily elected in his own right with the slogan `` Keep Cool With Coolidge '' . Overall , the Harding and Coolidge administrations marked a return to the hands - off style of 19th - century presidents in contrast to the activism of Roosevelt and Wilson . Coolidge , who spent the entire summer on vacation during his years in office , famously said `` The business of the American people is business . '' When Coolidge declined to run again in the 1928 election , the Republican Party nominated engineer and Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover , who was elected by a wide margin over Al Smith , the first Catholic nominee . Hoover was a technocrat who had low regard for politicians . Instead he was a believer in the efficacy of individualism and business enterprise , with a little coordination by the government , to cure all problems . He envisioned a future of unbounded plenty and the imminent end of poverty in America . A year after his election , the stock market crashed , and the nation 's economy slipped downward into the Great Depression . After the crash , Hoover attempted to put in place many efforts to restore the economy , especially the fast - sinking agricultural sector . None worked . Hoover believed in stimulus spending and encouraged state and local governments , as well as the federal government , to spend heavily on public buildings , roads , bridges -- and , most famously , the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River . But with tax revenues falling fast , the states and localities plunged into their own fiscal crises . Republicans , following their traditional mass drums , along with pressure from the farm bloc , passed the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act , which raised tariffs . Canada and other nations retaliated by raising their tariffs on American goods and moving their trade in other directions . American imports and exports plunged by more than two thirds , but since international trade was less than 5 % of the American economy , the damage done was limited . The entire world economy , led by the United States , had fallen into a downward spiral that got worse and worse , and in 1931 -- 32 began plunging downward even faster . Hoover had Congress set up a new relief agency , the Reconstruction Finance Corporation , in 1932 , but it proved too little too late . Great Depression ( edit ) Main article : Great Depression in the United States GDP in United States January 1929 to January 1941 Historians and economists still have not agreed on the causes of the Great Depression , but there is general agreement that it began in the United States in late 1929 and was either started or worsened by `` Black Thursday , '' the stock market crash of Thursday , October 24 , 1929 . Sectors of the US economy had been showing some signs of distress for months before October 1929 . Business inventories of all types were three times as large as they had been a year before ( an indication that the public was not buying products as rapidly as in the past ) , and other signposts of economic health -- - freight carloads , industrial production , and wholesale prices -- - were slipping downward . The events in the United States triggered a world - wide depression , which led to deflation and a great increase in unemployment . In the United States between 1929 and 1933 , unemployment soared from 3 % of the workforce to 25 % , while manufacturing output collapsed by one - third . Local relief was overwhelmed . Unable to support their families , many unemployed men deserted ( often going to `` Hoovervilles '' ) so the meager relief supplies their families received would stretch further . For many , their next meal was found at a soup kitchen , if at all . Adding to the misery of the times , drought arrived in the Great Plains . Decades of bad farming practices caused the topsoil to erode , and combined with the weather conditions ( the 1930s was the overall warmest decade of the 20th century in North America ) caused an ecological disaster . The dry soil was lifted by wind and blown into huge dust storms that blanketed entire towns , a phenomenon that continued for several years . Those who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the Dust Bowl were lured westward by advertisements for work put out by agribusiness in western states , such as California . The migrants came to be called Okies , Arkies , and other derogatory names as they flooded the labor supply of the agricultural fields , driving down wages , pitting desperate workers against each other . They came into competition with Mexican laborers , who were deported en masse back to their home country . In the South , the fragile economy collapsed further . To escape , rural workers and sharecroppers migrated north by train , both black and white . By 1940 they were attracted by booming munitions factories in plants in the Great Lakes region Nationwide , farmers had been experiencing depressed market conditions for their crops and goods since the end of World War I . Many family farms that had been mortgaged during the 1920s to provide money to `` get through until better times '' were foreclosed when farmers were unable to make payments . The New Deal ( edit ) Main article : New Deal In the United States , upon accepting Democratic nomination for president in 1932 , Franklin D. Roosevelt promised `` a new deal for the American people , '' a phrase that has endured as a label for his administration and its many domestic achievements . The Republicans , blamed for the Depression , or at least for lack of an adequate response to it , were easily defeated by Roosevelt in 1932 . Roosevelt entered office with no single ideology or plan for dealing with the depression . The `` new deal '' was often contradictory , pragmatic , and experimental . What some considered incoherence of the New Deal 's ideology , however , was the presence of several competing ones , based on programs and ideas not without precedents in the American political tradition . The New Deal consisted of many different efforts to end the Great Depression and reform the American economy . Many of them failed , but there were enough successes to establish it as the most important episode of the 20th century in the creation of the modern American state . The desperate economic situation , combined with the substantial Democratic victories in the 1932 Congressional elections , gave Roosevelt unusual influence over Congress in the `` First Hundred Days '' of his administration . He used his leverage to win rapid passage of a series of measures to create welfare programs and regulate the banking system , stock market , industry and agriculture . `` Bank holiday '' and Emergency banking Act ( edit ) Roosevelt 's ebullient public personality , conveyed through his declaration that `` the only thing we have to fear is fear itself '' and his `` fireside chats '' on the radio did a great deal to help restore the nation 's confidence . Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis Roosevelt 's first Fireside Chat on the Banking Crisis ( March 12 , 1933 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . On March 6 , two days after taking office , Roosevelt issued a proclamation closing all American banks for four days until Congress could meet in a special session . Ordinarily , such an action would cause widespread panic . But the action created a general sense of relief . First , many states had already closed down the banks before March 6 . Second , Roosevelt astutely and euphemistically described it as a `` bank holiday . '' And third , the action demonstrated that the federal government was stepping in to stop the alarming pattern of bank failures . Three days later , President Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , a generally conservative bill , drafted in large part by holdovers from the Hoover administration , designed primarily to protect large banks from being dragged down by the failing smaller ones . The bill provided for United States Treasury Department inspection of all banks before they would be allowed to reopen , for federal assistance to tottering large institutions , and for a thorough reorganization of those in greatest difficulty . A confused and frightened Congress passed the bill within four hours of its introduction . Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days , and $1 billion in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month . The immediate banking crisis was over . The Glass -- Steagall Act established various provisions designed to prevent another Great Depression from happening again . These included separating investment from savings and loan banks and forbidding the purchase of stock with no money down . Roosevelt also removed the currency of the United States from the gold standard , which was widely blamed for limiting the money supply and causing deflation , although the silver standard remained until 1971 . Private ownership of gold bullion and certificates was banned and would remain so until 1975 . Economy Act ( edit ) On the morning after passage of the Emergency Banking Act , Roosevelt sent to Congress the Economy Act , which was designed to convince the public , and moreover the business community , that the federal government was in the hands of no radical . The act proposed to balance the federal budget by cutting the salaries of government employees and reducing pensions to veterans by as much as 15 % . Otherwise , Roosevelt warned , the nation faced a $1 billion deficit . The bill revealed clearly what Roosevelt had always maintained : that he was as much of a fiscal conservative at heart as his predecessor was . And like the banking bill , it passed through Congress almost instantly -- despite heated protests by some congressional progressives . Farm programs ( edit ) The celebrated First Hundred Days of the new administration also produced a federal program to protect American farmers from the uncertainties of the market through subsidies and production controls , the Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) , which Congress passed in May 1933 . The AAA reflected the desires of leaders of various farm organizations and Roosevelt 's Secretary of Agriculture , Henry A. Wallace . Relative farm incomes had been falling for decades . The AAA included reworkings of many long - touted programs for agrarian relief , which had been demanded for decades . The most important provision of the AAA was the provision for crop reductions -- the `` domestic allotment '' system , which was intended to raise prices for farm commodities by preventing surpluses from flooding the market and depressing prices further . The most controversial component of the system was the destruction in summer 1933 of growing crops and newborn livestock that exceeded the allotments . They had to be destroyed to get the plan working . However , gross farm incomes increased by half in the first three years of the New Deal and the relative position of farmers improved significantly for the first time in twenty years . Urban food prices went up slightly , because the cost of the grains was only a small fraction of what the consumer paid . Conditions improved for the great majority of commercial farmers by 1936 . The income of the farm sector almost doubled from $4.5 billion in 1932 to $8.9 billion in 1941 just before the war . Meanwhile , food prices rose 22 % in nine years from an index of 31.5 in 1932 , to 38.4 in 1941 . The Farm Security Administration used photography to document poverty in rural America . Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother , depicts destitute pea pickers in California , centering on a mother of seven children , age thirty - two , in Nipomo , California , March 1936 . However , rural America contained many isolated farmers scratching out a subsistence income . The new deal set up programs such as the Resettlement Administration and the Farm Security Administration to help them , but was very reluctant to help them buy farms . ' Alphabet soup ' ( edit ) Main article : Alphabet agencies Roosevelt also created an alphabet soup of new federal regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) to oversee the stock market and a reform of the banking system that included the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) to establish a system of insurance for deposits . The most successful initiatives in alleviating the miseries of the Great Depression were a series of relief measures to aid some of the 15 million unemployed Americans , among them the Civilian Conservation Corps , the Civil Works Administration , and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration . The early New Deal also began the Tennessee Valley Authority , an unprecedented experiment in flood control , public power , and regional planning . Second New Deal ( edit ) The Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 36 ) was the second stage of the New Deal programs . President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced his main goals in January 1935 : improved use of national resources , security against old age , unemployment and illness , and slum clearance , as well as a national welfare program ( the WPA ) to replace state relief efforts . The most important programs included Social Security , the National Labor Relations Act ( `` Wagner Act '' ) , the Banking Act , rural electrification , and breaking up utility holding companies . Programs that were later ended by the Supreme Court or the Conservative coalition included the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , the National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , the Resettlement Administration , and programs for retail price control , farm rescues , coal stabilization , and taxes on the rich and the Undistributed profits tax . Liberals in Congress passed the Bonus Bill for World War veterans over FDR 's veto . The Second New Deal proved especially controversial as it attempted to redistribute wealth , income and power in favor of the poor , the old , farmers and labor unions . Liberals strongly supported the new direction , and formed the New Deal coalition of union members , big city machines , the white South , and ethnic minorities to support it . Conservatives , typified by the American Liberty League , were strongly opposed . Labor agitation ( edit ) Workers and police battle in Minneapolis in June 1934 . Roosevelt 's first term saw a massive amount of labor upheaval . In 1934 alone , there was the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike that brought all of San Francisco into a four - day general strike , the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 that brought the Teamsters and other unions out for a strike causing the governor to declare martial law , the 1934 textile workers strike that brought hundreds of thousands of textile workers on the East Coast out on strike , as well as other strikes . The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) and the communists no longer being a force in the labor movement , the conservative American Federation of Labor , which organized along craft union lines and which preached labor / capital cooperation , dominated the U.S. labor movement until the 1930s . In 1935 , eight unions within the AFL organized the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) to promote industrial unionism . The CIO unions were expelled by the AFL in 1936 , and in 1938 they formed a rival federation to the AFL . The CIO had much success in organizing , with the Steel Workers Organizing Committee getting a contract with U.S. Steel in 1937 , and winning the Flint Sit - Down Strike and getting General Motors to recognize the United Auto Workers ( UAW ) as the collective bargainer for GM workers . Having succeeded with GM , the UAW next turned its attention to Chrysler , which quickly came to terms . The last of the Big Three would prove to be a harder nut to crack , as Henry Ford remained absolutely opposed to unions . His security forces beat several UAW organizers outside the company 's River Rouge plant in May 1937 . Despite pressure on all fronts , Ford would not budge until a wildcat strike in 1941 convinced him to give in and unionize . Recession of 1937 and recovery ( edit ) The economy eventually recovered from the low point of the winter of 1932 -- 33 , with sustained improvement until 1937 , when the Recession of 1937 brought back 1934 levels of unemployment . There is a broad consensus among scholars that the New Deal policies did not lengthen and deepen the depression ; only 5 % of professional historians and 27 % of professional economists believe it served to lengthen and deepen the Great Depression . Apart from the WPA and CCC , most New Deal spending programs , such as the PWA and AAA , operated through private firms . The New Deal and Roosevelt 's leadership were under assault during Roosevelt 's second term , which suffered new economic setbacks in the Recession of 1937 . A sharp economic downturn began in the fall of 1937 and continued through most of 1938 . Conservatives said it was caused by the labor unions ' assault on industry through massive strikes and the way the New Deal discourages further investment . Keynesian economists argued it was a result of a premature effort by FDR to balance the budget by reducing federal spending . The administration reacted by launching a rhetorical campaign against business monopoly power , which was cast as the villain . The Supreme Court began busily dismantling the New Deal by ruling many of its programs unconstitutional and Roosevelt sought to replace the judges with more sympathetic ones in his infamous `` Court Packing '' . Despite that , the New Deal gradually wound down and by 1939 the president had turned his attention towards foreign policy . But the administration 's other response to the 1937 downturn had more tangible results . Ignoring his own Treasury Department , Roosevelt embarked on an antidote to the depression , reluctantly abandoning his efforts to balance the budget and launching a $5 billion spending program in the spring of 1938 , an effort to increase mass purchasing power and attack deflation . Roosevelt explained his program in a fireside chat in which he finally acknowledged that it was up to the government to `` create an economic upturn '' by making `` additions to the purchasing power of the nation . '' World war II and the end of the Great Depression ( edit ) It was not until the administration expanded Federal spending to support World War II , that the nation 's economy fully recovered . Between 1939 and 1944 ( the peak of wartime production ) , the nation 's output almost doubled . Consequently , unemployment plummeted -- from 14 % in 1940 to less than 2 % in 1943 , as the labor force grew by ten million . The war economy was not so much a triumph of free enterprise as the result of government bankrolling business . While unemployment remained high throughout the New Deal years , consumption , investment , and net exports -- the pillars of economic growth -- remained low . It was World War II , not the New Deal , which finally ended the crisis . Nor did the New Deal substantially alter the distribution of power within American society and economy ; and it had only a small impact on the distribution of wealth among the population . Legacies of the New Deal ( edit ) Although the New Deal did not end the depression , it increased the regulatory functions of the federal government in the stock market , the banking system , and others . It also produced a new political coalition that sustained the Democratic Party as the majority party in national politics for more than a generation after its own end . national debt / GNP climbs from 20 % to 40 % under Hoover ; levels off under FDR ; soars during WW2 from Historical States US ( 1976 ) Laying the foundations for the postwar era , Roosevelt and the New Deal helped enhance the power of the federal government as a whole . Roosevelt also established the presidency as the preeminent center of authority within the federal government . By creating a large array of protections for various groups of citizens -- workers , farmers , and others -- who suffered from the crisis , enabling them to challenge the powers of the corporations , the Roosevelt administration generated a set of political ideas -- known to later generations as New Deal liberalism -- that remained a source of inspiration for decades and that helped shape the next experiment in liberal reform , the Great Society of the 1960s . On the other hand , the Roosevelt administration and its liberalism became the source of a vigorous conservative reaction . Led in Congress by Senator Robert A. Taft and the Conservative coalition , they blocked almost all New Deal proposals after 1936 , and shut down the WPA , CCC and many other programs by 1943 . Eventually in the 1970s and 1980s , a bipartisan coalition ended most New Deal regulations and programs . The most important remaining ones in the 21st century are Social Security and the Securities and Exchange Commission . World war II ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the United States during World War II Foreign and military policy ( edit ) Isolationist sentiment with regard to foreign wars in America had ebbed , but the United States at first declined to enter the war , limiting itself to giving supplies and weapons via Lend Lease to Britain , China , and the Soviet Union . American feeling changed drastically with the sudden Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . The U.S. enthusiastically went to war against Japan , Italy , and Nazi Germany . Italy surrendered in 1943 , followed by Germany and Japan in 1945 . The economy doubled and tripled in size as a massive industrial mobilization was accompanied by artificial wage and price controls . 16 million men entered the military ( most were drafted ) , in addition to 300,000 women volunteers . After a series of defeats inflicted by Japan , the U.S. Navy turned the tide at Midway ( June 1942 ) , then inexorably moved toward total destruction of the Japanese military . After small - scale invasions of North Africa ( 1942 ) and Italy ( 1943 ) , the main American effort was a strategic bombing campaign that destroyed the German Luftwaffe , followed by a massive invasion of France in 1944 . American forces met up with Soviet forces marching into Germany from the east in May 1945 . Overall , the entire nation was turned into a vast war machine , affecting society more than any other conflict fought by the United States , except perhaps the Civil War . After winning re-election to unprecedented third and fourth terms , Roosevelt 's health was rapidly deteriorating ; he died on April 12 , 1945 . Harry S. Truman had not been kept informed of major foreign policy and military decisions , but he continued most of Roosevelt 's wartime policies . Truman moved sharply to the right in replacing FDR 's liberal cabinet . With its merchant fleet sunk by American submarines , Japan ran short of aviation gasoline and fuel oil . The U.S. Navy in June 1944 captured islands within bombing range of Tokyo . Strategic bombing using the B - 29 destroyed all the major cities in 1945 , as the U.S. captured Iwo Jima and Okinawa after heavy losses . With conventional and atomic bombs falling , an Allied invasion imminent , and an unexpected Soviet attack sweeping through Manchuria , the Emperor of Japan surrendered . Japan was occupied by the Americans under Douglas MacArthur ; MacArthur 's five year rule transformed Japan 's government , society and economy along American lines into a peaceful democracy and a close ally of the U.S. Homefront ( edit ) Main article : United States home front during World War II Economics ( edit ) The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money , industrial output , food , petroleum , technological innovation , and ( especially 1944 -- 45 ) , soldiers . Much of the focus in Washington was maximizing the economic output of the nation . The overall result was a dramatic increase in GDP , the export of vast quantities of supplies to the Allies and to American forces overseas , the end of unemployment , and a rise in civilian consumption even as 40 % of the GDP went to the war effort . This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low - productivity occupations to high efficiency jobs , improvements in productivity through better technology and management , and the move into the active labor force of students , retired people , housewives , and the unemployed , and an increase in hours worked . It was exhausting ; leisure activities declined sharply . People tolerated the extra work because of patriotism , the pay , and the confidence it was only `` for the duration '' and life would return to normal as soon as the war was won . Most durable goods became unavailable , and meat , clothing , and gasoline was tightly rationed . In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters . Prices and wages were controlled , and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes , which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression . Taxes and controls ( edit ) Federal tax policy was highly contentious during the war , with President Franklin D. Roosevelt battling a conservative Congress . Everyone agreed on the need for high taxes to pay for the war . Roosevelt tried unsuccessfully to impose a 100 % tax on incomes over $25,000 ( equal to $346,010 today ) , while Congress enlarged the base downward . By 1944 nearly every employed person was paying federal income taxes ( compared to 10 % in 1940 ) . Many controls were put on the economy . The most important were price controls , imposed on most products and monitored by the Office of Price Administration . Wages were also controlled . Corporations dealt with numerous agencies , especially the War production Board ( WPB ) , and the War and Navy departments , which had the purchasing power and priorities that largely reshaped and expanded industrial production . Rationing ( edit ) Main article : Rationing § United States In 1942 a rationing system was begun to guarantee minimum amounts of necessities to everyone ( especially poor people ) and prevent inflation . Tires were the first item to be rationed in January 1942 because supplies of natural rubber were interrupted . Gasoline rationing proved an even better way to allocate scarce rubber . By 1943 one needed government issued ration coupons to purchase typewriters , sugar , gasoline , bicycles , footwear , fuel oil , silk , nylon , coffee , stoves , shoes , meat , cheese , butter , margarine , canned foods , dried fruits , jam , and many other items . Some items -- like new automobiles and appliances -- were no longer made . The rationing system did not apply to used goods ( like clothes or cars ) . The ration system was complex and confusing , but high levels of patriotism made it acceptable as people helped each other through the maze of rules . To get a classification and a book of rationing stamps , one had to appear before a local rationing board . Each person in a household received a ration book , including babies and children . When purchasing gasoline , a driver had to present a gas card along with a ration book and cash . Ration stamps were valid only for a set period to forestall hoarding . All forms of automobile racing were banned , including the Indianapolis 500 . Sightseeing driving was banned , too . People had more money than they could spend , so they saved it , especially in government savings bonds . Bond rallies in many cities featured Hollywood film stars , who drew in the crowds needed to make the program a success . The buyer paid 3 / 4 of the face value of a war bond , and received the full face value back after a set number of years . Workers were challenged to put `` at least 10 % of every paycheck into Bonds '' . Compliance was very high , with entire factories of workers earning a special `` Minuteman '' flag to fly over their plant if all workers belonged to the `` Ten Percent Club '' . There were seven major War Loan drives , all of which exceeded their goals . An added advantage was that citizens who were putting their money into War Bonds were not putting it into the home front wartime economy . Work force ( edit ) A `` Rosie the Riveter '' , working on an A-31 `` Vengeance '' dive bomber . Tennessee , 1943 . The unemployment problem ended in the United States with the beginning of World War II , when stepped up wartime production created millions of new jobs and the draft pulled young men out of the labor pool . Women also joined the workforce to replace men who had joined the forces , though in fewer numbers . Roosevelt stated that the efforts of civilians at home to support the war through personal sacrifice was as critical to winning the war as the efforts of the soldiers themselves . `` Rosie the Riveter '' became the symbol of women laboring in manufacturing . The war effort brought about significant changes in the role of women in society as a whole . At the end of the war , many of the munitions factories closed . Other women were replaced by returning veterans . However most women who wanted to continue working did so . Labor shortages were felt in agriculture , even though most farmers were given an occupational exemption and few were drafted . Large numbers volunteered or moved to cities for factory jobs . At the same time many agricultural commodities were in greater demand by the military and for the civilian populations of Allies . In some areas schools were temporarily closed at harvest time to enable students to work . About 400,000 German prisoners of war were used as farm laborers both during and immediately after the war . With the war 's ever increasing need for able bodied men consuming America 's labor force in the early 1940s , industry turned to teen - aged boys and girls to fill in as replacements . Consequently , many states had to change their child - labor laws to allow these teenagers to work . By 1943 , there were almost three million American teenage boys and girls working in American fields and factories . In the process of bringing great numbers of children into the workforce , the War altered the lives of many adolescents . Lured by high wartime wages , they took jobs and forgot about their education . Between 1940 and 1944 , the number of teenage workers in America increased by 1.9 million ; the number attending school declined by 1.25 million . Labor unions ( edit ) Welder making boilers for a ship , Combustion Engineering Co. , Chattanooga , Tennessee . June 1942 . The war mobilization changed the relationship of the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) with both employers and the national government . Both the CIO and the larger American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) grew rapidly in the war years . Nearly all the unions that belonged to the CIO were fully supportive of both the war effort and of the Roosevelt administration . However the United Mine Workers , who had taken an isolationist stand in the years leading up to the war and had opposed Roosevelt 's reelection in 1940 , left the CIO in 1942 . The major unions supported a wartime no - strike pledge that aimed to eliminate not only major strikes for new contracts , but also the innumerable small strikes called by shop stewards and local union leadership to protest particular grievances . In return for labor 's no - strike pledge , the government offered arbitration to determine the wages and other terms of new contracts . Those procedures produced modest wage increases during the first few years of the war but not enough to keep up with inflation , particularly when combined with the slowness of the arbitration machinery . Even though the complaints from union members about the no - strike pledge became louder and more bitter , the CIO did not abandon it . The Mine Workers , by contrast , who did not belong to either the AFL or the CIO for much of the war , threatened numerous strikes including a successful twelve - day strike in 1943 . The strikes and threats made mine leader John L. Lewis a much hated man and led to legislation hostile to unions . All the major unions grew stronger during the war . The government put pressure on employers to recognize unions to avoid the sort of turbulent struggles over union recognition of the 1930s , while unions were generally able to obtain maintenance of membership clauses , a form of union security , through arbitration and negotiation . Workers also won benefits , such as vacation pay , that had been available only to a few in the past while wage gaps between higher skilled and less skilled workers narrowed . Most union leaders saw women as temporary wartime replacements for the men in the armed forces . It was important that the wages of these women be kept high so that the veterans would get high wages . Racial tensions ( edit ) The cities were relatively peaceful ; much - feared large - scale race riots did not happen , but there were small - scale confrontations , notably the 1943 race riot in Detroit and the anti-Mexican Zoot Suit Riots in Los Angeles in 1943 . Some German and Italian individuals were rounded up and interned as enemy aliens who lacked U.S. citizenship and were known by the FBI as supporters of the enemy . Japanese American internment ( edit ) Main article : Japanese American internment About 100,000 persons of Japanese ancestry on the West Coast and their children were interned by the U.S. government . They were sent to inland camps . Canada followed a similar policy . The 100,000 or more Japanese Americans in Hawaii were not interned . The American camps were closed in 1944 . End of an era ( edit ) 1945 marked the end of an era . In foreign policy the United Nations was established on October 24 , 1945 , to serve as a world body to help prevent future world wars . By a vote of 65 to 7 , the United States Senate , on December 4 , 1945 , approved the treaty that set full American participation in the UN , with a veto in the all - important Security Council . This marked a turn away from the traditional interest in strategic local concerns of the U.S. and toward more international involvement . Fears of a postwar depression did not materialize , thanks in part to the large stock of savings that paid for the pent - up demands for housing , cars , new clothes -- and babies . The Baby Boom began as the veterans returned , many moving to the rapidly expanding suburbs . Optimism was the hallmark of the new age -- an age of grand expectations . See also ( edit ) History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Daniel Okrent 2010 . Daniel Okrent , Last Call : The Rise and Fall of Prohibition ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act Jump up ^ Stanley Coben , `` A Study in Nativism : The American Red Scare of 1919 -- 20 , '' Political Science Quarterly Vol. 79 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1964 ) , pp. 52 -- 75 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Linda Lobao and Katherine Meyer . `` The great agricultural transition : Crisis , change , and social consequences of twentieth century US farming . '' Annual review of sociology ( 2001 ) : 103 - 124 . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , ' ' Woodrow Wilson ( 2009 ) ch 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman , Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ John A. Morello , Selling the President , 1920 : Albert D. Lasker , Advertising , and the Election of Warren G. Harding ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ John Steele Gordon , The Business of America ( 2002 ) p. 247 Jump up ^ Paul W. Glad , `` Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 53 , No. 1 ( Jun. , 1966 ) , pp. 75 -- 89 in JSTOR Jump up ^ David E. Nye , Electrifying America : Social Meanings of a New Technology , 1880 -- 1940 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Warren D. Devine , `` From Shafts to Wires : Historical Perspective on Electrification , '' Journal of Economic History , June 1983 , Vol. 43 Issue 2 , pp 347 -- 62 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson , The American Petroleum Industry the Age of Energy 1899 -- 1959 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Melvyn Dubofsky and Foster Rhea Dulles , Labor in America : A History ( Harlan Davidson , 2004 ) pp 210 -- 248 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series D739 Jump up ^ John Higham ( 1955 ) . Strangers in the Land . pp. 301 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Paula Fass ; The Damned and the Beautiful : American Youth in the 1920s ( Oxford University Press , 1977 ) Jump up ^ George Mowry , ed . The Twenties : Fords , Flappers , and Fanatics ( Prentice - Hall , 1963 ) Jump up ^ Steven Watson , The Harlem Renaissance : Hub of African - American Culture , 1920 -- 1930 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Peter Scott and James T. Walker , `` Bringing Radio into America 's Homes : Marketing New Technology in the Great Depression , '' Business History Review 90 # 2 ( Summer 2016 ) , 251 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Alexander Russo ( 2010 ) . Points on the Dial : Golden Age Radio beyond the Networks . Duke University Press . pp. 21 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Daniel Okrent , Last Call : The Rise and Fall of Prohibition ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Rory McVeigh , The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan : Right - Wing Movements and National Politics ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Bruce B. Lawrence , Defenders of God : The Fundamentalist Revolt against the Modern Age ( Harper & Row , 1989 ) Jump up ^ Daniel E. Garvey , `` Secretary Hoover and the Quest for Broadcast Regulation '' , Journalism History ( 1976 ) 3 # 1 pp : 66 -- 70 Jump up ^ Thomas B. Silver , Coolidge and the historians ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ William E. Leuchtenburg , Herbert Hoover : The American Presidents Series ( 2009 ) p 72 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg , Herbert Hoover pp 131 -- 33 Jump up ^ James N. Gregory , American exodus : The dust bowl migration and Okie culture in California ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , The promised land : The great black migration and how it changed America ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Lee J. Alston , `` Farm foreclosures in the United States during the interwar period . '' Journal of Economic History 43 # 4 ( 1983 ) : 885 - 903 . Jump up ^ William E. Leuchtenburg , Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal , 1932 - 1940 ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Martin Carcasson , `` Herbert Hoover and the presidential campaign of 1932 : The failure of apologia . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 28.2 ( 1998 ) : 349 - 365 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Conrad Black , Franklin Delano Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Michael Hiltzik , The New Deal : A Modern History ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Anthony J. Badger , FDR : The first hundred days ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series F43 Jump up ^ Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series E137 Jump up ^ William Leuchtenburg , Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal : 1932 -- 1940 ( 1963 ) ; Kim Phillips - Fein , Invisible Hands : The Businessmen 's Crusade Against the New Deal ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` EH. R : FORUM : The Great Depression '' . Eh.net . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gary Dean Best , Pride , Prejudice , and Politics : Roosevelt Versus Recovery , 1933 -- 1938 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Theodore Rosenof , Economics in the Long Run : New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies , 1933 -- 1993 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Harold G. Vatter , The U.S. Economy in World War II ( 1988 ) pp 27 -- 31 Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Perrett , Days of sadness , years of triumph : the American people , 1939 -- 1945 : Volume 1 ( 1985 ) p. 300 Jump up ^ Harvey C Mansfield , A short history of OPA ( Historical reports on War Administration ) ( 1951 ) Jump up ^ Paul A.C. Koistinen , Arsenal of World War II : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1940 -- 1945 ( 2004 ) pp 498 -- 517 Jump up ^ R. Douglas Hurt ( 2008 ) . The Great Plains During World War II . U of Nebraska Press . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Pifer ( 2002 ) . A City At War : Milwaukee Labor During World War II . Wisconsin Historical Society . p. 37 . Jump up ^ John Bush Jones ( 2009 ) . All - Out for Victory ! : Magazine Advertising and the World War II Home Front . UPNE . pp. 264 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Miller and Cornford Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Hinshaw ( 1943 ) Jump up ^ Hoehling ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Lichtenstein ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Philip Taft , The A.F. of L. from the Death of Gompers to the Merger ( 1959 ) pp 204 -- 33 Jump up ^ Paul A.C. Koistinen , Arsenal of World War II : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1940 -- 1945 p 410 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Melvyn Dubofsky and Van Tine , John L. Lewis : A Biography ( 1977 ) pp 415 -- 44 Jump up ^ D'Ann Campbell , Women at War with America ( 1984 ) pp 139 -- 62 Jump up ^ Harvard Sitkoff , The Detroit Race Riot of 1943 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Mauricio Mazón , The zoot - suit riots : the psychology of symbolic annihilation ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Brian Hayashi , Democratizing the Enemy : The Japanese American Internment ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 1997 ) . Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( Oxford History of the United States ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195117974 . Further reading ( edit ) Allen , Frederick Lewis . Only Yesterday : An Informal History of the 1920s ( 1931 ) bestselling , well - written history full text online free Bagby , Wesley M. America 's international relations since World War I ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) Black , Conrad . Franklin Delano Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom ( 2012 ) . Campbell , D'Ann . Women at War with America : Private Lives in a Patriotic Era ( 1984 ) , wives , workers and WACs in World War II Dooley , Roger Burke . From Scarface to Scarlett : American films in the 1930s ( 1981 ) Field , Alexander J. Great Leap Forward : 1930s Depression and US Economic Growth ( Yale UP , 2011 ) 387pp Fraser , Steve . Labor Will Rule : Sidney Hillman and the rise of American labor ( 1993 ) . on the CIO Hamby , Alonzo L. For the Survival of Democracy : Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Hoehling , A.A. Home Front , U.S.A. The Story of World War II Over Here ( 1966 ) Kennedy , David M. `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , ( Summer 2009 ) 124 # 2 pp 251 -- 268 Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) , 990pp ; Pulitzer Prize Kyvig , David E. Daily Life in the United States , 1920 -- 1940 : How Americans Lived During the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression ( 2004 ) Leuchtenburg , William E. The Perils of Prosperity , 1914 -- 1932 ( 1993 ) 332pp . Leuchtenburg , William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1932 - 1940 ( 1963 ) online Malin , James C. The United States after the World War 1930 . online detailed analysis of foreign and economic policies Malone , Michael P. ; Etulain , Richard ( 1989 ) . The American West : A Twentieth - Century History . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 3093 - 4 . Marty , Martin E. Modern American Religion , Volume 2 : The Noise of Conflict , 1919 - 1941 ( 1997 ) . excerpt Miller , Nathan . New World Coming : The 1920s and the Making of Modern America ( 2003 ) . Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 - 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Murray Robert K . The Harding Era 1921 -- 1923 : Warren G. Harding and his Administration . University of Minnesota Press , 1969 , the standard academic study Olszowka , John , et al. America in the Thirties ( Syracuse University Press , 2014 ) 296 pp ) excerpt Plotke , David . Building a Democratic Political Order : Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s ( Cambridge UP , 2006 ) Shindler , Colin . Hollywood goes to war : films and American society , 1939 - 1952 ( Routledge , 2014 ) Tindall , George Brown . The Emergence of the New South , 1913 - 1945 ( LSU Press , 1967 ) Ware , Susan . Holding their own : American women in the 1930s ( Twayne , 1982 ) Zieger , Robert H. The CIO 1935 -- 1955 ( 1995 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : US History <Th_colspan="2"> History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women <Td_colspan="2"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Years in the United States ( 1776 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1918 -- 45 ) &oldid = 804724862 '' Categories : History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Post-World War I era
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4,951,656,481,638,918,000 | what kinds of cases are heard in superior court | Superior Court - wikipedia Superior Court Jump to : navigation , search For the television courtroom drama , see Superior Court ( TV series ) . In common law systems , a superior court is a court of general competence which typically has unlimited jurisdiction with regard to civil and criminal legal cases . A superior court is `` superior '' relative to a court with limited jurisdiction ( see lower court ) , which is restricted to civil cases involving monetary amounts with a specific limit , or criminal cases involving offenses of a less serious nature . A superior court may hear appeals from lower courts ( see court of appeal ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term `` superior court '' 2 In particular jurisdictions 2.1 Canada 2.2 Hong Kong 2.3 South Africa 2.4 United Kingdom 2.4. 1 England and Wales 2.4. 2 Commonwealth nations , British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies 2.5 United States 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origin of the term `` superior Court '' ( edit ) The term `` superior court '' has its origins in the English court system . The royal courts were the highest courts in the country , with what would now be termed supervisory jurisdiction over baronial and local courts . Decisions of those courts could be reviewed by the royal courts , as part of the Crown 's role as the ultimate fountain of justice . The royal courts became known as the `` superior courts '' , while lower courts whose decisions could be reviewed by the royal courts became known as `` inferior courts '' . The decisions of the superior courts were not reviewable or appealable , unless an appeal was created by statute . In particular jurisdictions ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : Court system of Canada Superior Courts in Canada exist at the federal , provincial and territorial levels . The provincial and territorial superior courts of original jurisdiction are courts of general jurisdiction : all legal matters fall within their jurisdiction , unless assigned elsewhere by statute passed by the appropriate legislative authority . Their jurisdiction typically includes civil lawsuits involving contracts , torts , property , and family law . They also have jurisdiction over criminal prosecutions for indictable offences under the Criminal Code of Canada . They also hear civil appeals from decisions of the provincial and territorial `` inferior '' courts , as well as appeals from those courts in summary conviction matters under the Criminal Code . They also have jurisdiction of judicial review over administrative decisions by provincial or territorial government entities such as labour boards , human rights tribunals and licensing authorities . The superior courts of appeal hear appeals from the superior courts of original jurisdiction , as well as from the inferior courts and administrative tribunals . The jurisdiction of the superior courts of appeal are entirely statutory . The details of their jurisdiction will vary depending on the laws passed by the federal government and the particular province or territory . All judges of the provincial superior courts are appointed by the federal government under the authority of the Constitution Act , 1867 , while judges of the territorial superior courts are appointed under the authority of their respective territorial acts passed by the federal Parliament . The judges of the Federal Courts are appointed by the federal government under the authority of the Federal Courts Act . Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary of Hong Kong In Hong Kong , the Court of Final Appeal , the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance ( the latter two form the High Court of Hong Kong ) , are all superior courts of record . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : Courts of South Africa The general superior courts of South Africa are the High Courts , the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court . The High Courts are courts of first instance with general jurisdiction ; they can hear all cases except those where exclusive jurisdiction is granted by law to another court . Most cases are , however , tried in the magistrates ' courts or other lower courts , and appeals from these courts are heard by the High Court . The Supreme Court of Appeal is solely an appellate court , hearing appeals from the High Courts . The Constitutional Court is primarily an appellate court , hearing appeals on constitutional matters from the Supreme Court of Appeal or in some cases directly from the High Courts . The Constitutional Court also occasionally acts as a court of first instance in certain cases involving the constitutionality of laws and government actions . There are also specialist superior courts with exclusive jurisdiction over certain matters ; these include the Labour Court , the Labour Appeal Court , the Electoral Court and the Land Claims Court . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Judiciaries of the United Kingdom The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the superior court of record of the United Kingdom and is the final appellate court for all separate legal systems of the parts of the United Kingdom ( except criminal matters in Scotland ) . England and Wales ( edit ) Main article : Courts of England and Wales In England and Wales , the Court of Appeal , the High Court and the Crown Court , altogether form the Senior Courts of England and Wales , are all superior courts of record . Commonwealth nations , British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies ( edit ) Main article : Judicial Committee of the Privy Council The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the final forum for several independent Commonwealth nations as well as all Overseas Territories of the United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies , and thus is the superior court in its capacity as the final appellate court of the respective legal systems . United states ( edit ) One of the Los Angeles Superior Courthouses in downtown Los Angeles In a number of jurisdictions in the United States , the Superior Court is a state trial court of general jurisdiction with power to hear and decide any civil or criminal action which is not specially designated to be heard in some other courts . California , Connecticut , Washington , Maine , the District of Columbia , and Georgia are all examples of such jurisdictions . In other states , equivalent courts are also known as courts of common pleas ( Pennsylvania , Ohio , and others ) , circuit courts ( Illinois , Michigan , Oregon and others ) , district courts ( Louisiana , Texas , Hawaii and others ) or , in the case of New York , supreme courts . The term `` superior court '' raises the obvious question of superior to what . Formerly , many jurisdictions had inferior trial courts of limited jurisdiction such as municipal courts , traffic courts , and justice of the peace courts , so it was natural to call the next level of courts `` superior . '' However , some states , like California , have unified their court systems . In California , all lower courts were absorbed into the Superior Courts of California after 1998 . The lower courts now exist only as mere administrative subdivisions of the superior courts . The superior courts are legally no longer superior to any other trial courts . Thus , the term `` superior court '' persists in California only as a matter of tradition . Similarly , the Superior Court of the District of Columbia is the sole local trial court , and what would be inferior courts are divisions of that court . In Pennsylvania , the Superior Court is an appellate court . In New Jersey , the Superior Court comprises trial courts of general jurisdiction , courts of equity , and an appellate division . In Maine , the Superior Court is both a trial court of general jurisdiction and an appellate court that considers appeals from the Maine District Court in certain types of cases , as well as appeals from most state and municipal agencies . In popular culture ( edit ) Superior Court was a popular daytime television program in the 1980s . See also ( edit ) Judiciary Judiciary of Australia Superior Court of Justice United States District Court References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Courts Act , R.S.C. 1985 , c. F - 7 , ss. 3 and 4 , as amended by S.C. 2002 , c. 8 , s . 16 Jump up ^ Alberta : Court of Appeal Act , R.S.A. 2000 , c. C - 30 , s . 2 ( 1 ) ; Court of Queen 's Bench Act , R.S.A. 2000 , c. C - 31 , s . 2 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ British Columbia : Court of Appeal Act , R.S.B.C. 1996 , c. 77 , s . 2 ( 1 ) ; Supreme Court Act , R.S.B.C. 1996 , c. 443 , s . 3 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Manitoba : The Court of Appeal Act , C.C.S.M. c . C240 , s . 3 ; The Court of Queen 's Bench Act , C.C.S.M. c . C280 , s . 2 Jump up ^ Ontario : Courts of Justice Act , R.S.O. 1990 , c. C - 43 , s . 2 ( Court of Appeal ) ; s . 11 ( Superior Court of Justice ) Jump up ^ Saskatchewan : The Court of Appeal Act , S.S. 2000 , c. C - 42.1 , s . 3 ( 1 ) ; The Queen 's Bench Act , 1998 , S.S. 1998 , c . Q - 1.01 , s . 3 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Valin v. Langlois ( 1879 ) , 5 App . Cases 115 ( P.C. ) ; Attorney General of Canada v. Law Society of British Columbia , ( 1982 ) 2 S.C.R. 307 . Jump up ^ Criminal Code , R.S.C. 1985 , c. C - 46 . Jump up ^ Constitution Act , 1867 , s . 96 . Jump up ^ Federal Courts Act , s . 5.2 . Jump up ^ Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Ordinance , s. 3 Jump up ^ High Court Ordinance , 13 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ High Court Ordinance , s . 12 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ High Court Ordinance , s. 3 Jump up ^ Jacobson , Paul . `` An introduction to our courts and court procedure '' . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Constitutional Reforms Act 2005 , 2005 , c. 4 , s . 40 Jump up ^ Senior Courts Act 1981 , 1981 , c. 54 , s . 15 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Senior Courts Act 1981 , 1981 , c. 54 , 19 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Senior Courts Act 1981 , 1981 , c. 54 , s . 45 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ District of Columbia Courts Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Superior Court at the Internet Movie Database External links ( edit ) Look up superior court in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . California Courts - the Judicial Branch of California Los Angeles Superior Court Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superior_court&oldid=829786587 '' Categories : Courts by type Courts in Canada Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 20 : 21 . About Wikipedia | 1. Superior court - general competence and unlimited jurisdiction
2. Court of appeal - hears appeals from lower courts
3. Court system of Canada - federal, provincial, and territorial levels
4. High Courts of South Africa - general jurisdiction and appellate court
5. Senior Courts of England and Wales - Court of Appeal, High Court, and Crown Court |
-1,118,902,462,877,845,600 | a place which houses the offices of the war department of usa | United States Department of War - wikipedia United States Department of War Jump to : navigation , search See also : History of the United States Army United States Department of War <Td_colspan="2"> The seal of the U.S. Department of War . <Th_colspan="2"> Executive department overview Formed August 7 , 1789 Dissolved September 18 , 1947 Superseding agencies Department of the Army Department of the Air Force Minister responsible Secretary of War Child executive department U.S. Army The United States Department of War , also called the War Department ( and occasionally War Office in the early years ) , was the United States Cabinet department originally responsible for the operation and maintenance of the United States Army , also bearing responsibility for naval affairs until the establishment of the Navy Department in 1798 , and for most land - based air forces until the creation of the Department of the Air Force on September 18 , 1947 . The Secretary of War , a civilian with such responsibilities as finance and purchases and a minor role in directing military affairs , headed the War Department throughout its existence . The War Department existed from August 7 , 1789 until September 18 , 1947 , when it split into Department of the Army and Department of the Air Force and joined the Department of the Navy as part of the new joint National Military Establishment ( NME ) , renamed the United States Department of Defense in 1949 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1790 -- 1800 1.2 1800 -- 1860 1.3 American Civil War to 1898 1.4 1898 -- 1939 1.5 World War I 1.6 World War II 1.7 Postwar 2 Office space 3 Organization 4 Seal of the department 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The seal of the Board of War and Ordnance , which the U.S. War Department 's seal is derived from . The emblem of the Department of the Army , derived from the seal of the U.S. War Department . Shortly after the establishment of a strong government under President George Washington in 1789 , Congress created the War Department as a civilian agency to administer the field army under the president ( as commander in chief ) and the secretary of war . Retired senior General Henry Knox , then in civilian life , served as the first United States Secretary of War . 1790 -- 1800 ( edit ) Forming and organizing the department and the army fell to Secretary Knox . Direct field command of the small Regular Army by President Washington leading a column of troops west through Pennsylvania to Fort Cumberland in Maryland in 1794 to combat the incipient Whiskey Rebellion on the frontier was an occasion never since used by American Presidents . The Possibility of re-organizing a `` New Army '' under nominal command of retired President and Major General George Washington and his aide , former Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton to deal with the rising tide of maritime incidents between American commerce ships and the new French Republic was authorized by second President John Adams in 1798 and the remote possibility of land invasion was an interesting adventure . On November 8 , 1800 the War Department building with its records and files was consumed by fire . 1800 -- 1860 ( edit ) Foundation of the new military academy at West Point along the Hudson River upstream from New York City in 1802 was important to the future growth of the American army . In August 1814 during the Burning of Washington , the United States Department of War building was also burned - however the War and State Department files had been removed - all books and record had been saved ; the only records of the War Department lost were recommendations of appointments for the Army and letters received from seven years previous . The multiple failures and fiascos of the War of 1812 convinced Washington that thorough reform of the War Department was necessary . Secretary of War , John C. Calhoun reorganized the department into a system of bureaus , whose chiefs held office for life , and a commanding general in the field , although the Congress did not authorize this position . Winfield Scott became the senior general until the start of the American Civil War in 1861 . The bureau chiefs acted as advisers to the Secretary of War while commanding their own troops and field installations . The bureaus frequently conflicted among themselves , but in disputes with the commanding general , the Secretary of War generally supported the bureaus . Congress regulated the affairs of the bureaus in detail , and their chiefs looked to that body for support . Calhoun set up the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1824 , the main agency within the War Department for dealing with Native Americans until 1849 , when the Congress transferred it to the newly founded Department of the Interior . American Civil War to 1898 ( edit ) Main article : Union Army During the American Civil War , the War Department responsibilities expanded . It handled the recruiting , training , supply , medical care , transportation and pay of two million soldiers , comprising both the regular army and the much larger temporary volunteer army . A separate command structure took charge of military operations . In the late stages of the war , the Department took charge of refugees and freedmen ( freed slaves ) in the American South through the Bureau of Refugees , Freedmen and Abandoned Lands . During Reconstruction , this bureau played a major role in supporting the new Republican governments in the southern states . When military Reconstruction ended in 1877 , the U.S. Army removed the last troops from military occupation of the American South , and the last Republican state governments in the region ended . The Army comprised hundreds of small detachments in forts around the West , dealing with Indians , and in coastal artillery units in port cities , dealing with the threat of a naval attack . 1898 -- 1939 ( edit ) The United States Army , with 39,000 men in 1890 was the smallest and least powerful army of any major power in the late 19th century . By contrast , France had an army of 542,000 . Temporary volunteers and state militia units mostly fought the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . This conflict demonstrated the need for more effective control over the department and its bureaus . Secretary of War Elihu Root ( 1899 -- 1904 ) sought to appoint a chief of staff as general manager and a European - type general staff for planning , aiming to achieve this goal in a businesslike manner , but General Nelson A. Miles stymied his efforts . Elihu Root enlarged the United States Military Academy at West Point , New York and established the United States Army War College and the General Staff . He changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service . He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line . Concerned about the new territories acquired after the Spanish -- American War , Elihu Root worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to the Cubans , wrote the charter of government for the Philippines , and eliminated tariffs on goods imported to the United States from Puerto Rico . Root 's successor as Secretary of War , William Howard Taft , returned to the traditional secretary - bureau chief alliance , subordinating the chief of staff to the adjutant general , a powerful office since its creation in 1775 . Indeed , Secretary Taft exercised little power ; President Theodore Roosevelt made the major decisions . In 1911 , Secretary Henry L. Stimson and Major General Leonard Wood , his chief of staff , revived the Root reforms . The general staff assisted them in their efforts to rationalize the organization of the army along modern lines and in supervising the bureaus . World War I. ( edit ) The Congress reversed these changes in support of the bureaus and in the National Defense Act of 1916 reduced the size and functions of the general staff to few members before America entered World War I on April 6 , 1917 . President Woodrow Wilson supported Secretary of War Newton D. Baker , who opposed efforts to control the bureaus and war industry until competition for limited supplies almost paralyzed industry and transportation , especially in the North . Yielding to pressure from Congress and industry , Secretary Baker placed Benedict Crowell in charge of munitions and made Major General George W. Goethals acting quartermaster general and General Peyton C. March chief of staff . Assisted by industrial advisers , they reorganized the supply system of the army and practically wiped out the bureaus as quasi-independent agencies . General March reorganized the general staff along similar lines and gave it direct authority over departmental operations . After the war , the Congress again granted the bureaus their former independence . In the 1920s , General John J. Pershing realigned the general staff on the pattern of his American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) field headquarters , which he commanded . The general staff in the early 1920s exercised little effective control over the bureaus , but the chiefs of staff gradually gained substantial authority over them by 1939 , when General George Marshall assumed the office of Army Chief of Staff . World War II ( edit ) During World War II , General Marshall principally advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt on military strategy and expended little effort in acting as general manager of the Department of War . Many agencies still fragmented authority , burdening the chief of staff with too many details , making the whole Department of War poorly geared toward directing the army in a global war . General Marshall described the chief of staff then as a `` poor command post . '' President Roosevelt brought in Henry L. Stimson as Secretary of War ; after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Secretary Stimson supported General Marshall in reorganizing the army under the War Powers Act of 1941 . He divided the Army of the United States ( AUS ) into three autonomous components to conduct the operations of the War Department : the Army Ground Forces ( AGF ) trained land troops ; the U.S. Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) developed an independent air arm ; and the Services of Supply ( later Army Service Forces ) directed administrative and logistical operations . The Operations Division acted as general planning staff for General Marshall . By 1942 , the Army Air Forces gained virtual independence in every way from the rest of the army . Postwar ( edit ) After World War II , the Department of War abandoned organization of General George Marshall for the fragmented prewar pattern while the independent services continually parried efforts to reestablish firm executive control over their operations . The National Security Act of 1947 , as amended in 1949 , split the War Department into the Department of the Army and the Department of the Air Force , both within the Department of Defense , and the Secretary of the Army served as an operating manager for the new Secretary of Defense . Office space ( edit ) State , War , and Navy Building in 1917 In the early years , between 1797 and 1800 , the Department of War was headquartered in Philadelphia ; it moved with the other federal agencies to the new national capital at Washington , District of Columbia , in 1800 . In 1820 , headquarters moved into a building at 17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW , adjacent to the Executive Mansion , part of a complex of four matching brick Georgian / Federal style buildings for Cabinet departments with War in the northwest , Navy in the southwest and to the other side : State to the northeast and Treasury in the southeast . The War Department building was supplemented in the 1850s by a building across the street to the west known as the Annex and became very important during the Civil War with President Abraham Lincoln visiting the War Office 's telegraph room for constant updates and reports and walking back and forth to the `` Residence '' . The original 1820 structures for War and Navy on the west side of the now famous White House was replaced in 1888 by construction of a new building of French Empire design with mansard roofs , the `` State , War , and Navy Building '' ( now the Old Executive Office Building , and later renamed to honor General and President Dwight D. Eisenhower ) , built in the same location as its predecessors . By the 1930s , the Department of State squeezed the War Department from its office space , and the White House also desired additional office space . In August 1939 , Secretary of War Harry H. Woodring and Acting Chief of Staff of the Army George C. Marshall moved their offices into the Munitions Building , a temporary structure built on the National Mall during World War I. In the late 1930s , the government constructed the War Department Building ( renamed in 2000 as the Harry S Truman Building ) at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom , but upon completion , the new building did not solve the space problem of the department , and the Department of State ultimately used it and continues to use it into the present day . Coming into office with World War II breaking out in Europe , Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson faced with the situation of the War Department spread through the overcrowded Munitions Building and numerous other buildings across Washington , D.C. , and suburban Maryland and Virginia . On July 28 , 1941 , Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War building in Arlington , Virginia , which would house the entire department under one roof . When construction of the Pentagon was completed in 1943 , the Secretary of War vacated the Munitions Building and the department began moving into the Pentagon . Organization ( edit ) The United States Secretary of War , a member of the United States Cabinet , headed the War Department . The National Security Act of 1947 merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment , later the United States Department of Defense . On the same day this act was signed , Executive Order 9877 assigned primary military functions and responsibilities with the former War Department functions divided between the new Army and Air Force departments . In the aftermath of World War II , the American government ( among others around the world ) decided to abandon the word ' War ' when referring to the civilian leadership of their military . One vestige of the former nomenclature are the Army War College , Naval War College and the Air War College , which still train U.S. military officers in battlefield tactics and the strategy of war fighting . Seal of the Department ( edit ) Main article : Department of the Army Seal and Emblem The date `` MDCCLXXVIII '' and the designation `` War Office '' are indicative of the origin of the seal . The date ( 1778 ) refers to the year of its adoption . The term `` War Office '' used during the Revolution , and for many years afterward , was associated with the Headquarters of the Army . See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal Military history of the United States , for the main wars and actions United States Secretary of War United States Assistant Secretary of War Commanding General of the United States Army Chief of Staff of the United States Army Relative costs of American wars Summary of American Indian Wars 1832 -- 1918 Summary of Reports of Fifth Military District ( Texas ) 1866 -- 1870 Fort Yellowstone Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Establishment of the Department of War - US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . house.gov . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chap . VII. 1 Stat. 49 from `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . Library of Congress , Law Library of Congress . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and Sword the Beginnings of the Military Establishment in America ( 1975 ) ch 6 ^ Jump up to : Methods , United States War Dept Board on Business ( 17 August 1889 ) . `` Business Methods in the War Department : Report of the Board Appointed in Compliance with the Request of the Senate Select Committee to Investigate the Methods of Business in the Executive Departments '' . U.S. Government Printing Office -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Charles M. Wiltse , John C. Calhoun , Nationalist , 1782 -- 1828 ( 1944 ) pp. 142 -- 54 Jump up ^ William S. Belko , `` ' John C. Calhoun and the Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs : An Essay on Political Rivalry , Ideology , and Policymaking in the Early Republic , '' South Carolina Historical Magazine 2004 105 ( 3 ) : 170 -- 197 . ISSN 0038 - 3082 Jump up ^ Francis P. Prucha , The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians ( Abridged Edition 1986 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ George R. Bentley , A History of the Freedmen 's Bureau ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ Robert Marshall Utley , Frontier Regulars : The United States Army and the Indian , 1866 -- 1891 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) p. 154 , 203 Jump up ^ Graham A. Cosmas , An Army for Empire : The United States Army and the Spanish -- American War ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Warren Zimmermann , First Great Triumph : How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Elting E. Morison , Turmoil and Tradition : A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Alfred ( 1992 ) . The Pentagon : The First Fifty Years . Office of Secretary of Defense / Government Printing Office . pp. 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ `` Intro -- Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army '' . United States Army Center of Military History . 1992 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Steve ( 2007 ) . The Pentagon -- A History : The Untold Story of the Wartime Race to Build the Pentagon and to Restore it Sixty Years Later . Random House . pp. 29 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Alfred ( 1992 ) . The Pentagon : The First Fifty Years . Office of Secretary of Defense / Government Printing Office . p. 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=1845 Bibliography ( edit ) Cline , Ray S. Washington Command Post : The Operations Division , United States Army in World War II . ( 1950 ) Coffman , Edward M. The Regulars : The American Army , 1898 -- 1941 ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Coffman , Edward M. The hilt of the sword : the career of Peyton C. March ( 1966 ) , on World War I Hewes , James E. From Root to McNamara : Army Organization and Administration , 1900 -- 1963 . ( 1975 ) Koistinen , Paul A.C. Beating Plowshares into Swords : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1606 -- 1865 ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Koistinen , Paul A.C. Mobilizing for modern war : the political economy of American warfare , 1865 -- 1919 ( 1997 ) Koistinen , Paul A.C. Planning War , Pursuing Peace : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1920 -- 1939 ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Koistinen , Paul A.C. Arsenal of World War II : the political economy of American warfare , 1940 -- 1945 ( 2004 ) Shannon , Fred . The Organization and Administration of the Union Army 1861 -- 1865 ( 2 vol 1928 ) vol 1 excerpt and text search ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Pogue , Forrest C. George C. Marshall , Volume 2 : Ordeal and hope , 1939 -- 1942 ( 1967 ) Pogue , Forrest C. George C. Marshall , organizer of victory , 1943 -- 1945 ( 1973 ) White , Leonard D . The Federalists : a Study in Administrative History , ( 1948 ) . White , Leonard D . The Jeffersonians : A Study in Administrative History , 1801 -- 1829 ( 1965 ) White , Leonard D . The Jacksonians : A Study in Administrative History , 1829 -- 1861 . ( 1965 ) White , Leonard D . The Republican Era , 1869 -- 1901 a Study in Administrative History , ( 1958 ) Wilson , Mark R . The Business of Civil War : Military Mobilization and the State , 1861 -- 1865 ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Secretary of War . External images <Td_colspan="2"> 1945 War Department Organization Reconstruction of War Department Records from 1784 to 1800 Official Reports of the War of the Rebellion ( US Civil War ) 1861 -- 1865 ( published 1880 -- 1901 ) US Army General Orders for 1885 U.S. War Department , Operations Division Diary , 1941 -- 1946 , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library American State Papers , 1789 to 1837 -- Library of Congress Works by United States Department of War at Project Gutenberg Works by or about United States Department of War at Internet Archive <Th_colspan="2"> United States Armed Forces <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG PHS NOAA Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers Highest ranking officers in history National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : A : 1 / 2 MC N AF Art : A AF Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG PHS NOAA Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG PHS NOAA Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC NOAA Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG NOAA Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical <Td_colspan="2"> Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard PHS = Public Health Service NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration <Th_colspan="2"> Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War VIAF : 312738563 LCCN : n79084108 ISNI : 0000 0001 2188 6929 GND : 118953 - 0 SUDOC : 027925277 BNF : cb11986369r ( data ) NLA : 35571766 BNE : XX101843 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_War&oldid=801061909 '' Categories : 1789 establishments in the United States 1949 disestablishments in the United States United States Department of War Former United States Executive Departments Hidden categories : Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 12 : 24 . 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404,169,369,546,176,200 | what is the chronological order of the fast and furious movies | The Fast and the Furious - wikipedia The Fast and the Furious Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film franchise . For the franchise 's first film , see The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) . For other uses , see The Fast and the Furious ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Fast and the Furious Created by Gary Scott Thompson Original work The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Owner Universal Pictures <Th_colspan="2"> Films and television Film ( s ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Short film ( s ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Fast & Furious Live <Th_colspan="2"> Audio Original music BT ( The Fast and the Furious ) David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious ) Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift , Fast Five , Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious ) Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Official website <Td_colspan="2"> http://www.fastandfurious.com/ The Fast and the Furious ( also known as Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing , heists and espionage , and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films . Distributed by Universal Pictures , the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels , two short films that tie into the series , and as of May 2017 , it has become Universal 's biggest franchise of all time , currently the sixth - highest - grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Released films 1.2 Main series 1.2. 1 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 1.2. 2 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 1.2. 3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) 1.2. 4 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) 1.2. 5 Fast Five ( 2011 ) 1.2. 6 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) 1.2. 7 Furious 7 ( 2015 ) 1.2. 8 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) 1.2. 9 Future 1.3 Spin - off 1.3. 1 Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) 2 Television series 3 Short films 3.1 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 3.2 Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) 4 Storyline chronology 5 Cast and crew members 5.1 Characters 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 Franchise extension 7.1 Theme park attractions 7.2 Fast & Furious Live 7.2. 1 Tour overview 7.2. 2 UK tour dates 7.2. 3 Worldwide tour dates 7.3 Soundtracks 7.4 Video games 7.5 Toys and model kits 8 International locations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Films ( edit ) Released films ( edit ) Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 22 ) Rob Cohen Gary Scott Thompson , Erik Bergquist and David Ayer Neal H. Moritz 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 06 ) John Singleton Gary Scott Thompson , Michael Brandt and Derek Haas The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 16 ) Justin Lin Chris Morgan Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 03 ) Neal H. Moritz , Michael K Ross , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell Fast Five April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Clayton Townsend Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 03 ) James Wan Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel and Michael Fottrell The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) F. Gary Gray Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell and Chris Morgan Main series ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) The film is based on an article , titled `` Racer X '' , about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night , although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles . While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and his crew : Jesse ( Chad Lindberg ) , Leon ( Johnny Strong ) , Vince ( Matt Schulze ) and Letty Ortiz ( Michelle Rodriguez ) , are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment . He works for FBI agent Bilkins ( Thom Barry ) and LAPD Sgt . Tanner ( Ted Levine ) . Falling for Dominic 's younger sister , Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ) , Brian confesses to her his status as an undercover police officer and convinces her to come with him to save her brother and his friends from the truck drivers , who have now armed themselves to combat the robberies . He tracks Dominic 's location by triangulating his cell phone signal and they arrive at the hijacking in progress to find Letty , badly injured in a car accident , and Vince critically wounded , having lacerated his arm and been shot by a truck driver . Brian and Mia work together with Dominic , Leon and Letty to rescue Vince . Brian then makes the difficult decision to blow his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac . The revelation enrages Dominic , who flees with Leon , Letty , and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince . Brian soon follows Dominic to his house and holds him at gunpoint to prevent him from fleeing further . Jesse arrives shortly afterwards , apologizing for his actions at Race Wars and pleading for Dominic 's help with Johnny Tran ( Rick Yune ) . Moments later , Tran and his cousin Lance Nguyen ( Reggie Lee ) perform a drive - by shooting , killing Jesse . Brian and Dominic chase them , with Dominic driving his late father 's modified 1970 Dodge Charger . Dominic forces Lance 's motorcycle off the road , severely injuring him , while Brian shoots and kills Tran . Afterwards , Brian and Dominic engage in an impromptu street race , narrowly avoiding a passing train . However , Dominic collides with a semitruck and rolls his car twice , injuring himself , and rendering the Charger undrivable . Instead of arresting him , Brian hands over the keys to his Supra and lets Dominic escape , using the line `` I owe you a ten - second car . '' 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2 Fast 2 Furious Watched by undercover Customs Agent Monica Fuentes ( Eva Mendes ) , Brian is caught by US Customs agents and given a deal by FBI Agent Bilkins and Customs Agent Markham ( James Remar ) to go undercover and try to bring down drug lord Carter Verone ( Cole Hauser ) in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record . Brian agrees but only if he is given permission to choose his partner , refusing to partner with the agent assigned to watch him . Brian heads home to Barstow , California , where he recruits Roman Pearce ( Tyrese Gibson ) , a childhood friend of Brian who had served jail time and is under house arrest , to help him . Pearce agrees , but only for the same deal Brian was offered , and with the help of Monica , Brian and Roman work together to take down Verone . After acquiring confiscated vehicles and being hired by Verone as his drivers , the duo return to a Customs / FBI hideout , where Roman confronts Markham over the latter 's interference with the mission . After the situation is cooled down , Brian tells Bilkins and Markham that Verone plans to smuggle the money into his private jet and fly off , but also suspects something wrong with Monica 's role in the mission . Later , Brian and Roman race two of Verone 's drivers for their cars and begin to devise a personal back up plan if the operation goes awry . Roman confronts Brian about his attraction to Monica and the constant threat of Verone 's men . On the day of the mission , Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone 's money , with two of Verone 's men Enrique ( Mo Gallini ) and Roberto ( Roberto Sanchez ) riding along to watch Brian and Roman . Before the 15 - minute window is set , the detective in charge , Whitworth ( Mark Boone Junior ) , decides to call in the police to move in for the arrest , resulting in a high - speed chase across the city . The duo lead the police to a warehouse , where a scramble by dozens of street racers disorient the police . Following the scramble , police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse , only to find out that they were driven by two members of Brian 's new crew , friends , Tej Parker ( Ludacris ) and Suki ( Devon Aoki ) . As Brian approaches the destination point in a Yenko Camaro , Enrique tells him to make a detour away from the airfield . Meanwhile , Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his ( orange ) Dodge Challenger powered by nitrous oxide . At the airfield , Customs Agents have Verone 's plane and convoy surrounded , only to discover they are duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away . As he knew Monica was an undercover agent , he gave her the wrong information on the destination point and plans to use her as leverage . When Brian arrives at the intended drop - off point , Enrique prepares to kill him when Roman suddenly appears and the both of them dispatch Enrique . Verone makes his escape aboard his private yacht , but Brian and Roman use the Yenko Camaro and drive off a ramp , crashing on top of the yacht . The duo manage to apprehend Verone and save Monica . With their crimes pardoned , Brian and Roman ponder on what to do next other than to settle in Miami when the former mentions starting a garage . Roman asks how they would afford that and Brian reveals that he took some of the money , as Roman also reveals that his pockets are n't empty , having taken money for himself . The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift This film 's story occurs sometime after Fast & Furious 6 with a scene that was later made concurrent with events in Furious 7 . After totaling his car in an illegal street race , Sean Boswell ( Lucas Black ) is sent to live in Tokyo , Japan , with his father , a U.S. Navy officer , in order to avoid juvenile detention or even jail . While in school , he befriends Twinkie ( Bow Wow ) , a `` military brat '' who introduces him to the world of drift racing in Japan . Though forbidden to drive , he decides to race against Takashi ( Brian Tee ) aka D.K. ( Drift King ) . He borrows a Nissan Silvia from Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) , now a business partner to Takashi , and loses , totaling the car because of his lack of knowledge of drifting . To repay his debt for the car he destroyed , Sean works for Han . Later on , Han becomes friends with Sean and teaches him how to drift . Takashi 's uncle Kamata ( Sonny Chiba ) ( the head of the Yakuza ) reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him . Takashi confronts Han , Sean and Neela ( Nathalie Kelley ) , and in doing so , they flee . During the chase , Han is killed in a car accident when his car catches fire . Takashi , Sean , and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi . Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole , which Sean then returns to Kamata . Sean proposes a race against Takashi to determine who must leave Tokyo . Sean and Han 's friends then build a 1967 Ford Mustang , with an inline - 6 engine and other parts salvaged from Han 's Silvia that Sean had destroyed . Sean wins the race and is later challenged by Dominic Toretto . Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious ( 2009 film ) Fast & Furious , as well as its succeeding films , takes place before the events of The Fast and The Furious : Tokyo Drift . About five years after the events of the first film , Dominic and his new crew ( Letty , Han , Leo , Santos and Cara ) have been hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic . When their trail gets too hot , Dominic disbands the crew . However , he is later informed that Letty has been murdered . Dominic returns to Los Angeles where he finds traces of nitro - methane at the crash site , and tracks the buyer of the gas to David Park . Meanwhile , Brian O'Conner , who has been working as an FBI agent , is tracking down a drug trafficker named Arturo Braga . When Brian and Dominic cross paths at David Park 's apartment , Dominic is about to drop David out the window . But Brian intervenes , and works a scheme where he enters a street race where the winner would join Braga 's team of drivers . Although Dominic wins the four - car race by bumping Brian 's car , Brian later joins the team by replacing one of Braga 's other drivers . The team meets Fenix Calderon ( Laz Alonso ) who directs them to drive the heroin across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection . Brian realizes that the drivers are to be killed following the mission , and when Fenix reveals to Dominic that he killed Letty , Dominic detonates the nitrous in his car , blowing up a bunch of vehicles . In the chaos , Brian hijacks the Hummer that is carrying the heroin . Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles , hiding the heroin in an impound lot . When Dominic learns Brian was the last person to contact Letty , he attacks him until Brian reveals that Letty was working undercover for Brian , tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic 's name . Brian negotiates with the agency to free Dominic if they can lure Braga into personally coming to exchange the heroin for cash . However , at the drop site , it is revealed that the Braga they arrested was a decoy , and that the real Braga ( John Ortiz ) has escaped , fleeing to Mexico . Suspended from duty , Brian joins Dominic to go to Mexico and in hopes of catching Braga . Although Braga agreeably surrenders , they are pursued by Braga 's men through town and then the tunnels . Fenix T - bones Brian 's car right outside the tunnel exit , but before he can kill Brian , Dominic drives into and kills Fenix . As the police arrive , Dominic refuses to escape , saying he is tired of running . Despite Brian 's request for clemency , the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life . During the prison bus ride to Lompoc penitentiary , Brian and Mia , along with Leo and Santos , arrive in their cars and intercept the bus . Fast Five ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast Five This section is transcluded from Fast Five . ( edit history ) When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus , his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus , causing it to crash and freeing Dom . While the authorities search for them , the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom 's arrival , Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train . Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property . When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants , he realizes that the lead participant , Zizi , is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen , during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles . Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes , the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss . Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car , but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse . While Brian , Dom , and Mia examine the car to discover its importance , Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it . He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own , and Dom forces him to leave . Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes ' criminal empire , including the locations of US $100 million in cash . Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian . With the help of local officer Elena Neves , they travel to Dom 's safehouse , but find it under assault by Reyes ' men . Brian , Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio , but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child . Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life . They organize a team to perform the heist : Han , Roman , Tej , Gisele , Leo , and Santos . Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men . Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom , Mia , Brian , and Vince . While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States , the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men , who kill Hobbs ' team . Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom , Brian , Mia , and Vince as they fight back and escape , but Vince is shot in the process and dies . Wanting to avenge his murdered team , Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist . The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars , dragging it through the city . After an extensive police chase , Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes , using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles . Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault . Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team . Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free , he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is . However , the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase . After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ) , they go their separate ways . On a tropical beach , Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax . They are met by Dom and Elena . Brian challenges Dom to a final , no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver . In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty , who had been presumed dead . Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 This section is transcluded from Fast & Furious 6 . ( edit history ) Following their successful heist in Brazil , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world : Dom lives with Elena ; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son , Jack ; Gisele and Han live together ; and Roman and Tej live in luxury . Meanwhile , DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw . Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long - dead Letty Ortiz , Dom 's former lover . Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty , allowing them to return to the United States . In London , Shaw 's hideout is found , but this is revealed to be a trap , distracting them and the police while Shaw 's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building . Shaw flees by car , detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police , leaving Dom , Brian , Tej , Han , Gisele , Hobbs , and Riley to pursue him . Letty arrives to help Shaw , shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping . Back at their headquarters , Hobbs tells Dom 's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device , intending to sell it to the highest bidder . Meanwhile , Shaw 's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty 's relationship with Dom , but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia . Dominic 's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , Arturo Braga . Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga , who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her ; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia . With FBI help , Brian is released from prison , regrouping with the team in London . Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition ; afterwards , he returns her cross necklace he had kept . After Letty leaves , Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away , threatening to otherwise hurt his family , but Dom refuses . Tej tracks Shaw 's next attack to a Spanish NATO base . Shaw 's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device . Dom 's crew interferes while Shaw , accompanied by Letty , commandeers a tank , destroying cars en route . Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage , resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her . Shaw and his crew are captured , but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw . Hobbs is forced to release Shaw , and Riley , revealed to be Shaw 's covert accomplice , leaves with him ; Letty chooses to remain with Dom . Shaw 's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom 's crew gives chase . Dom , Letty , and Brian board the craft ; Brian rescues Mia , escaping in an onboard car . The plane attempts to take - off , but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles . Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw 's henchman ; Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety , but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip . As the plane crashes into the ground , Shaw is thrown from it , seriously injuring him , and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane . Dom reunites with his crew , and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons . Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles . Hobbs and Elena , now working together , arrive to confirm the crew 's freedom ; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty . As Roman says grace over the crew 's meal , Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar ; she answers `` no , but it feels like home . '' In a mid-credits scene , which takes place in Tokyo , Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car . The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty 's cross necklace by the crash , and calls Dom as Han 's car fatally explodes , saying , `` You do n't know me . You 're about to . '' Furious 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Furious 7 This section is transcluded from Furious 7 . ( edit history ) After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto , Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again . Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father , while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory . Meanwhile , Owen 's older brother , Deckard Shaw , breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team , before breaking into Luke Hobbs ' Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) office to extract profiles of Dom 's crew . After revealing his identity , Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight , and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs . Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian . However , a bomb , disguised in a package sent from Tokyo , explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han , a member of Dom 's team , is killed by Shaw in Tokyo . Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital , where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother . Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han 's body , and meets and races Sean Boswell , a friend of Han 's who gives him personal items found at Han 's crash site . Back at Han 's funeral in Los Angeles , Dom notices a car observing them , and after a chase , confronts its driver , who is revealed to be Shaw . Both prepare to fight , but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire , led by Mr. Nobody . Nobody says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God 's Eye , a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person , and save its creator , a hacker named Ramsey , from a mercenary named Mose Jakande . Dom , Brian , Letty , Roman Pearce , and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan , ambush Jakande 's convoy , and rescue Ramsey . The team then heads to Abu Dhabi , where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God 's Eye , and manages to steal it from the owner . With God 's Eye near telecommunications repeaters , the team tracks down Shaw , who is waiting at a remote factory . Dom , Brian , Nobody and his team attempt to capture Shaw , but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God 's Eye . At his own request , the injured Nobody is left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him . To reduce their disadvantage , the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw , Jakande and his men . Meanwhile , Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw , he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family . While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone , Ramsey attempts to hack into God 's Eye . Hobbs , seeing the team in trouble , leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance . Brian engages Jakande 's henchman Kiet and throws him down an elevator shaft , allowing Ramsey to regain control of God 's Eye and shut it down . Dom and Shaw engage in a one - on - one brawl on top of a public parking garage , before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both . Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him . Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande 's helicopter , tossing Shaw 's bag of grenades onto its skids , before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes . Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level , destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande . Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car , believed to be dead . As Letty cradles Dom 's body in her arms , she reveals that she has regained her memories , and that she remembers their wedding . Dom regains consciousness soon after , remarking , `` It 's about time '' . Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret , high - security prison . At a beach , Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom , Letty , Roman , Tej , and Ramsey observe , acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family . Dom silently leaves , Ramsey asks if he 's gon na say goodbye . Dom says , `` It 's never goodbye . '' He drives away , but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad . As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian , they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions , as the screen fades to `` For Paul '' written on a white title screen . The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fate of the Furious This section is transcluded from The Fate of the Furious . ( edit history ) Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom 's cousin Fernando gets in trouble owing money to local racer Raldo . Sensing Raldo is a loan shark , Dom challenges Raldo to a race , pitting Fernando 's reworked car against Raldo 's , and wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race , Dom allows Raldo to keep his car , earning his respect , and instead leaves his cousin with his show car . The next day , Dom is approached by the elusive cyberterrorist Cipher who coerces him into working for her . Shortly afterwards , Dom and his team , comprising Letty , Roman Pearce , Tej Parker , and Ramsey , are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway , Dom goes rogue , forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher . Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in . After escaping , Deckard and Hobbs are recruited by intelligence operative Mr. Nobody and his protégé to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher . Deckard reveals that Cipher had hired his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and Mose Jakande to steal God 's Eye , Ramsey 's software program . The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as the latter two attack the base and steal God 's Eye . When Dom questions Cipher 's motives , she reveals that she has been holding hostage Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son , of whose existence Dom was previously unaware . Elena tells Dom that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name , having already given him the middle name Marcos . In New York City , Cipher sends Dom to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Prior to the theft , Dom briefly evades Cipher and persuades Deckard and Owen 's mother , Magdalene Shaw , to help him . Cipher hacks into the electronics systems of a large number of cars , causing them to drive automatically and taking out the convoy so that Dom can take the football . The team intercepts Dom , but Dom escapes , shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process . Letty catches up to Dom , but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer , Connor Rhodes , before Dom rescues her . In retaliation , Cipher has Rhodes execute Elena in front of Dom . Dom infiltrates a base in Russia to use the EMP device to disable their security and then to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war . They are once again intercepted by the team , who attempt to shut down the sub , and then drive out toward the gates that would prevent the sub from leaving into open waters . Meanwhile , Deckard , whose death was apparently faked , teams up with Owen , and under Magdalene 's behest , infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son . Once Deckard reports that the child is safe , Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes , avenging Elena 's death , before rejoining his team . Outraged , Cipher fires an infrared homing missile at Dom , but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it , causing the missile to hit the submarine instead . The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom , shielding him from the ensuing explosion . When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts a defeated Cipher , she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane . Mr. Nobody and his protégé visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large in Athens . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back , but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter . Deckard delivers Dom his son , putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs . Dom names his son Brian , after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate . Future ( edit ) In February 2016 , Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10 , 2020 , and April 2 , 2021 , respectively , and that the tenth film would serve as the final film in the series . Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the ninth installment . It was also announced that Jordana Brewster would return for the ninth installment . In May 2018 , Daniel Casey from Kin , was announced to write a screenplay for the ninth film , making the first film in the franchise without long - time screenwriter Chris Morgan . Spin - off ( edit ) Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Vin Diesel announced in an interview with Variety that potential spin - offs were in the early stages of development . A spin - off film centered around two characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw was announced by Universal and set with release date of July 26 , 2019 , with Variety reporting that Shane Black was being considered to direct and Morgan returning to write the script . The announcement of the spin - off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson , criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth Fast & Furious film to be delayed for another year . On October 23 , 2017 , Dwayne Johnson posted a video on Instagram which showed the finished script for the spin - off , titled Hobbs and Shaw . In February 2018 , David Leitch entered talks to direct the film , which was confirmed later that April . In March 2018 , it was reported that the film would start production in September 2018 . In May 2018 , the release date of the film was pushed back a week to August 2 , 2019 . Television series ( edit ) On April 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Universal and DreamWorks Animation are creating an animated series based on the franchise that will be launched on Netflix . Short films ( edit ) The turbo charged prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious The short film was included on a new print of the DVD of the first film in June 2003 to bridge the first two films . Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles , before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape . While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him , Brian travels across Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas , winning every street race he participates in , with his red Dodge Stealth . However , he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence . When they collect the car , he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman ( Minka Kelly ) , despite her knowing who he really is . She drops him at a used car lot , with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man . There , he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 . Later , collecting money from street races , he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way . Upon reaching Jacksonville , Florida , Brian heads south toward Miami , where he sees Slap Jack 's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius ' Mazda RX - 7 ( both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters ) before the screen reads `` 2 be continued ... '' . Los bandoleros ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Los Bandoleros ( film ) Tego Leo ( Tego Calderón ) is in a Dominican Republic prison , ranting about corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil . Meanwhile , on the streets , Rico Santos ( Don Omar ) chats to an old man unable to find enough gas . Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) arrives and is collected from the airport by Cara ( Mirtha Michelle ) and Malo ( F. Valentino Morales ) . They drive him back to Santos ' house , where his aunt Rubia ( Adria Carrasco ) is struggling with rising prices linked to the cost of gasoline and Dominic is working on his car . The team then enjoy a welcome meal with the family . After breaking Leo out of prison , they head to a club , where Han and Cara flirt , while Dominic meets up with local politician Elvis ( Juan Fernandez ) , who informs them of a window of opportunity to hijack a gasoline shipment . While relaxing at the club afterwards , Dominic is surprised by the arrival of Letty , who has tracked him from Mexico . The two drive together to the beach , where they `` rekindle their relationship '' . Storyline chronology ( edit ) Below is a table of all films , both short and feature length , in chronological order . Real world release dates are also noted . Timeline order Title Release date The Fast and the Furious 2001 - 06 - 22 ! June 22 , 2001 -- The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 03 ! June 3 , 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 06 ! June 6 , 2003 -- Los Bandoleros 2009 - 07 - 28 ! July 28 , 2009 Fast & Furious 2009 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2009 Fast Five 2011 - 04 - 29 ! April 29 , 2011 5 Fast & Furious 6 2013 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2013 6 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 2006 - 06 - 16 ! June 16 , 2006 7 Furious 7 2015 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2015 8 The Fate of the Furious 2017 - 04 - 12 ! April 14 , 2017 -- Hobbs & Shaw 2019 - 2 - 8 ! August 2 , 2019 Cast and crew members ( edit ) Crew / Detail The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Director Rob Cohen John Singleton <Td_colspan="4"> Justin Lin James Wan F. Gary Gray Producer ( s ) <Td_colspan="3"> Neal H. Moritz <Td_colspan="2"> Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Clayton Townsend Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell , Chris Morgan Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : Gary Scott Thompson and Erik Bergquist and David Ayer Story by : Gary Scott Thompson Based on : `` Racer X '' by Ken Li Screenplay by : Michael Brandt & Derek Haas Story by : Michael Brandt & Derek Haas and Gary Scott Thompson <Td_colspan="6"> Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Cinematographer ( s ) Ericson Core Matthew F. Leonetti Stephen F. Windon Amir Mokri <Td_colspan="2"> Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Marc Spicer Stephen F. Windon Composer BT David Arnold <Td_colspan="3"> Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Tyler Editor ( s ) Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Dallas Puett Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'auria Leigh Folsom Boyd Christian Wagner Leigh Folsom Boyd Dylan Highsmith Kirk M. Morri Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Costume Designer ( s ) <Td_colspan="8"> Sanja Milkovic Hays Production Designer Waldemar Kalinowski Keith Brian Burns <Td_colspan="2"> Ida Random Peter Wenham Jan Roelfs <Td_colspan="2"> Bill Brzeski Running time 106 minutes 107 minutes 104 minutes 107 minutes 131 minutes ( extended - 132 minutes ) 130 minutes ( extended - 131 minutes ) 137 minutes ( extended - 140 minutes ) 136 minutes ( extended , only on digital - 148 minutes ) MPAA rating <Td_colspan="4"> PG - 13 <Td_colspan="3"> PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended Director 's Cut , only on Digital ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget <Th_colspan="3"> Box office gross <Th_colspan="3"> Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Other territories All time worldwide The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 $38 million $144,533,925 $62,750,000 $207,283,925 # 299 # 573 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 $76 million $127,154,901 $109,195,760 $236,350,661 # 388 # 476 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 $85 million $62,514,415 $95,953,877 $158,468,292 # 1,121 Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 $85 million $155,064,265 $208,100,000 $363,164,265 # 281 # 257 # 244 Fast Five April 29 , 2011 $125 million $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 137 # 85 # 89 Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 $160 million $238,679,850 $550,000,000 $788,679,850 # 101 # 38 # 49 Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 $190 million $353,007,020 $1,163,038,891 $1,516,045,911 # 37 # 3 # 6 The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 $250 million $226,008,385 $1,009,996,733 $1,236,005,118 # 140 # 6 # 11 <Th_colspan="2"> Total $1 billion $1,516,800,436 $3,615,335,261 $5,132,135,697 10 - 6 <Td_colspan="10"> List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fast and the Furious 53 % ( 147 reviews ) 58 ( 34 reviews ) 7001750000000000000 ♠ B+ 2 Fast 2 Furious 36 % ( 160 reviews ) 38 ( 36 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 37 % ( 114 reviews ) 45 ( 32 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast & Furious 29 % ( 175 reviews ) 46 ( 28 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast Five 77 % ( 196 reviews ) 66 ( 41 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Fast & Furious 6 69 % ( 198 reviews ) 61 ( 39 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Furious 7 80 % ( 243 reviews ) 67 ( 50 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A The Fate of the Furious 66 % ( 259 reviews ) 56 ( 45 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Franchise extension ( edit ) Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Universal has incorporated several theme park attractions involving the Fast & Furious franchise . Universal Studios Hollywood and its Studio Tour has featured several of the picture car vehicles . From 2006 to 2013 , The Fast & The Furious : Extreme Close - Up attraction was part of the Studio Tour . On June 25 , 2015 , Universal Studios Hollywood allotted the final portion of their Studio Tour for the dark ride Fast and Furious : Supercharged . Universal Orlando announced the development of a ride of the same name to open in 2018 . Fast & Furious live ( edit ) Fast & Furious Live is a live show that combines stunt drivers , pyrotechnics and projection mapping . The show had two preview shows on January 11 -- 12 at Liverpool 's Echo Arena . It officially began its tour at London 's The O2 Arena on January 19 , 2018 , followed by a worldwide tour until later in 2018 . On March 1 , 2018 , it was revealed on the tour 's website that five new dates had been released for September . The following list is sourced from the tour 's website . Tour overview ( edit ) Tour Cities Shows Start date End date UK London 19 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 20 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 20 ) Newcastle ; Manchester ; Birmingham ; Sheffield ; Belfast ; Glasgow 18 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 13 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) Worldwide Antwerp ; Turin ; Vienna ; Munich ; Arnhem ; Cologne ; Montpellier ; Lisbon 22 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 17 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) Zürich ; Stockholm ; Oslo ; Helsinki ; Copenhagen ; Berlin ; Paris ; Turin ; Amsterdam ; Prague 26 18 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 22 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 22 ) UK tour dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) The O2 Arena London 19 / 20 January 2018 Metro Radio Arena Newcastle 6 - 8 April 2018 Manchester Arena Manchester 13 - 15 April 2018 Arena Birmingham Birmingham 20 - 22 April 2018 The SSE Arena Belfast 27 - 29 April 2018 FlyDSA Arena Sheffield 4 - 6 May 2018 The SSE Hydro Glasgow 11 - 13 May 2018 Worldwide tour dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Country ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) Sportpaleis Antwerp Belgium 26 - 28 January 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 2 - 4 February 2018 Wiener Stadthalle Vienna Austria 9 - 11 February 2018 Olympiahalle Munich Germany 16 - 18 February 2018 Gelredome Arnhem The Netherlands 24 / 25 February 2018 Lanxess Arena Cologne Germany 2 - 4 March 2018 Park&Suites Arena Montpellier France 9 - 11 March 2018 Altice Arena Lisbon Portugal 16 / 17 March 2018 Hallenstadion Zürich Switzerland 18 - 20 May 2018 Ericsson Globe Stockholm Sweden 25 - 27 May 2018 Telenor Arena Oslo Norway 1 - 3 June 2018 Hartwall Arena Helsinki Finland 8 - 10 June 2018 Royal Arena Copenhagen Denmark 15 - 17 June 2018 Mercedes - Benz Arena Berlin Germany 22 - 24 June 2018 AccorHotels Arena Paris France 29 June -- 1 July 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 7 / 8 September 2018 Ziggo Dome Amsterdam The Netherlands 15 September 2018 O2 Arena Prague Czech Republic 21 / 22 September 2018 Soundtracks ( edit ) Fast & Furious soundtrack albums Title Release date The Fast and the Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2001 First soundtrack to the 2001 film More Fast and Furious 2001 Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film 2 Fast 2 Furious : Soundtrack 2003 Soundtrack to the 2003 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2006 First soundtrack to the 2006 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2006 Second soundtrack to the 2006 film Fast & Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2009 First soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast & Furious ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2009 Second soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2011 First soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast Five : Original Motion Picture Score 2011 Second soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast & Furious 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2013 Soundtrack to the 2013 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2015 First soundtrack to the 2015 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Score 2015 Second soundtrack to the 2015 film The Fate of the Furious : The Album 2017 First soundtrack to the 2017 film The Fate of the Furious : Original Motion Picture Score 2017 Second soundtrack to the 2017 film Video games ( edit ) The film series has spawned several racing video games for various systems . The arcade game The Fast and the Furious ( known as Wild Speed in Japan ) was released by Raw Thrills in 2004 . In 2006 , the video game The Fast and the Furious was released for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable . Several games ( The Fast and the Furious : Pink Slip , Fast & Furious , Fast Five , Fast & Furious : Adrenaline , Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy ) have all been released for iOS and are available on the iTunes App Store ; for Android devices there is an official version of Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy . In 2013 , Fast & Furious : Showdown was released for the PC ( Windows OS ) , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U and Nintendo 3DS . Various cars , locations and characters from the series have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town . In 2015 , in a deal with Microsoft Studios , a standalone expansion of Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One and Xbox 360 was released titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious . Toys and model kits ( edit ) Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film 's cars in different scales from 1 / 18 to 1 / 64 . RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002 . 1 / 24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl . Johnny Lightning , under the JL Full Throttle Brand , released 1 / 64th and 1 / 24th models of the cars from Tokyo Drift . These models were designed by Diecast Hall of Fame designer Eric Tscherne . Greenlight has also sold cars from the new films in the series and some from the previous films . Hot Wheels has released 1 / 64 models since 2013 . International locations ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious franchise was filmed in a number of countries including : Brazil , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Mexico , Panama , Puerto Rico , Spain , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and the United States . See also ( edit ) List of highest - grossing film franchises References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Gonzales ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' Marks Universal 's Biggest Franchise Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` Box Office : ' Fast And Furious 9 ' Delay Offers Answer To Universal 's ' Wicked ' Problem '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 9 ' Moved Back a Year to 2020 '' . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Sets Dates for ' Fast & Furious ' Parts 9 and 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 10 will be the final movie of the series '' . April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Fast and Furious Spinoff Gets July 2019 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 9 Taps Writer Daniel Casey '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' Spinoffs In the Works ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious 10 Cast and Crew '' . Fast and Furious . January 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast & Furious : The Rock And Jason Statham Spin - Off Coming In 2019 '' . October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson and Jason Statham 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff Gets 2019 Release Date '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Director in Early Talks for Dwayne Johnson 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's Fast and Furious Spin - Off Begins Shooting This Fall '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast & Furious ' Spinoff with Dwayne Johnson & Jason Statham Shifts To August 2019 -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast and Furious ' Animated Series From DreamWorks Animation Set at Netflix '' . Variety . April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ aegies . `` The Fast & Furious Timeline '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . 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-6,952,780,930,143,670,000 | who played dr. frankenfurter in the pop-culture film 'rocky horror picture show | The Rocky Horror Picture Show - wikipedia The Rocky Horror Picture Show This article is about the 1975 motion picture . For its 2016 remake , see The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again . For other uses , see The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Rocky Horror Picture Show <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Jim Sharman Produced by Lou Adler Michael White Screenplay by Richard O'Brien Jim Sharman Based on The Rocky Horror Show by Richard O'Brien Starring Tim Curry Susan Sarandon Barry Bostwick Narrated by Charles Gray Music by Richard Hartley Songs : Richard O'Brien Cinematography Peter Suschitzky Edited by Graeme Clifford Production company Michael White Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 14 August 1975 ( 1975 - 08 - 14 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget US $1.4 million Box office US $140.2 million The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 musical science - fiction horror - comedy film by 20th Century Fox produced by Lou Adler and Michael White and directed by Jim Sharman . The screenplay was written by Sharman and actor Richard O'Brien , who is also a member of the cast . The film is based on the 1973 musical stage production The Rocky Horror Show , with music , book , and lyrics by O'Brien . The production is a parody tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through to the early 1970s . Along with O'Brien , the film stars Tim Curry , Susan Sarandon , and Barry Bostwick and is narrated by Charles Gray with cast members from the original Royal Court Theatre , Roxy Theatre , and Belasco Theatre productions . The story centres on a young engaged couple whose car breaks down in the rain near a castle where they seek a telephone to call for help . The castle or country home is occupied by strangers in elaborate costumes celebrating an annual convention . They discover the head of the house is Dr. Frank N. Furter , an apparent mad scientist who actually is an alien transvestite who creates a living muscle man in his laboratory . The couple are seduced separately by the mad scientist and eventually released by the servants who take control . The film was shot in the United Kingdom at Bray Studios and on location at an old country estate named Oakley Court , best known for its earlier use by Hammer Film Productions . A number of props and set pieces were reused from the Hammer horror films . Although the film is both a parody of and tribute to many of the kitsch science fiction and horror films , costume designer Sue Blane conducted no research for her designs . Blane stated that costumes from the film have directly affected the development of punk rock fashion fashion trends such as ripped fishnets and dyed hair . Although largely critically panned on initial release , it soon became known as a midnight movie when audiences began participating with the film at the Waverly Theater in New York City in 1976 . Audience members returned to the cinemas frequently and talked back to the screen and began dressing as the characters , spawning similar performance groups across the United States . At almost the same time , fans in costume at the King 's Court Theater in Pittsburgh began performing alongside the film . This `` shadow cast '' mimed the actions on screen above and behind them , while lip - synching their character 's lines . Still in limited release four decades after its premiere , it is the longest - running theatrical release in film history . It is often shown close to Halloween . Today , the film has a large international cult following . It was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 2005 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Concept and development 3.2 Filming and locations 3.3 Costumes , make - up , and props 3.4 Title sequence 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception , reaction and legacy 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Cult phenomenon 6.2. 1 New York City origins 6.2. 2 Los Angeles , Hollywood 6.2. 3 San Francisco 6.2. 4 Fan following 6.3 Cultural influence 7 Sequels 8 Remake 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Plot ( edit ) A criminologist narrates the tale of the newly engaged couple Brad Majors and Janet Weiss who find themselves lost and with a flat tire on a cold and rainy late November evening , somewhere near Denton , Texas . Seeking a telephone , the couple walk to a nearby castle where they discover a group of strange and outlandish people who are holding an Annual Transylvanian Convention . They are soon swept into the world of Dr. Frank N. Furter , a self - proclaimed `` sweet transvestite from Transsexual , Transylvania '' . The ensemble of convention attendees also includes servants Riff Raff , his sister Magenta , and a groupie named Columbia . In his lab , Frank claims to have discovered the `` secret to life itself '' . His creation , Rocky , is brought to life . The ensuing celebration is soon interrupted by Eddie ( an ex-delivery boy , both Frank and Columbia 's ex-lover , as well as partial brain donor to Rocky ) who rides out of a deep freeze on a motorcycle . Eddie then proceeds to seduce Columbia , get the Transylvanians dancing and singing and intrigue Brad and Janet . When Rocky starts dancing and enjoying the performance , a jealous Frank kills Eddie with a pick . Columbia screams in horror , devastated by Eddie 's death . Frank justifies killing Eddie as a `` mercy killing '' to Rocky and they depart to the bridal suite . Brad and Janet are shown to separate bedrooms , where each is visited and seduced by Frank , who poses as Brad ( when visiting Janet ) and then as Janet ( when visiting Brad ) . Janet , upset and emotional , wanders off to look for Brad , who she discovers , via a television monitor , is in bed with Frank . She then discovers Rocky , cowering in his birth tank , hiding from Riff Raff , who has been tormenting him . While tending to his wounds , Janet becomes intimate with Rocky , as Magenta and Columbia watch from their bedroom monitor . After discovering that his creation is missing , Frank returns to the lab with Brad and Riff Raff , where Frank learns that an intruder has entered the building . Brad and Janet 's old high school science teacher , Dr. Everett Scott , has come looking for his nephew , Eddie . Frank suspects that Dr. Scott investigates UFOs for the government . Upon learning of Brad and Janet 's connection to Dr. Scott , Frank suspects them of working for him . Frank , Dr. Scott , Brad , and Riff Raff then discover Janet and Rocky together under the sheets in Rocky 's birth tank , upsetting Frank and Brad . Magenta interrupts the reunion by sounding a massive gong and stating that dinner is prepared . Rocky and the guests share an uncomfortable dinner , which they soon realize has been prepared from Eddie 's mutilated remains . Janet runs screaming into Rocky 's arms , provoking Frank to chase her through the halls . Janet , Brad , Dr. Scott , Rocky , and Columbia all meet in Frank 's lab , where Frank captures them with the Medusa Transducer , transforming them into nude statues . After dressing them in cabaret costume , Frank `` unfreezes '' them , and they perform a live cabaret floor show , complete with an RKO tower and a swimming pool , with Frank as the leader . Riff Raff and Magenta interrupt the performance , revealing themselves and Frank to be aliens from the planet Transsexual in the galaxy of Transylvania . They stage a coup and announce a plan to return to their home planet . In the process , they kill Columbia and Frank , who has `` failed his mission '' . An enraged Rocky gathers Frank in his arms , climbs to the top of the tower , and plunges to his death in the pool below . Riff Raff and Magenta release Brad , Janet , and Dr. Scott , then depart by lifting off in the castle itself . The survivors are then left crawling in the dirt , and the narrator concludes that the human race is equivalent to insects crawling on the planet 's surface , `` lost in time , and lost in space ... and meaning '' . Cast ( edit ) Tim Curry as Dr. Frank N. Furter , a scientist Susan Sarandon as Janet Weiss , a heroine Barry Bostwick as Brad Majors , a hero Richard O'Brien as Riff Raff , a handyman Patricia Quinn as Magenta , a domestic Nell Campbell as Columbia , a groupie ( credited as Little Nell ) Jonathan Adams as Dr. Everett V. Scott , a rival scientist Peter Hinwood as Rocky Horror , a creation Meat Loaf as Eddie , an ex-delivery boy Charles Gray as the Criminologist , an expert Jeremy Newson as Ralph Hapschatt Hilary Farr as Betty Munroe ( credited as Hilary Labow ) Production ( edit ) Concept and development ( edit ) Little Nell , Patricia Quinn , Tim Curry , and Richard O'Brien in The Rocky Horror Picture Show . All were in the original stage show . Production design by Brian Thomson , costumes by Sue Blane , and musical arrangement by Richard Hartley , all reunited alumni of the London stage production . Richard O'Brien was living as an unemployed actor in London during the early 1970s . He wrote most of The Rocky Horror Show during one winter just to occupy himself . Since his youth , O'Brien had loved science fiction and B horror movies . He wanted to combine elements of the unintentional humour of B horror movies , portentous dialogue of schlock - horror , Steve Reeves muscle flicks , and fifties rock and roll into his musical . O'Brien conceived and wrote the play set against the backdrop of the glam era that had manifested itself throughout British popular culture in the 1970s . Allowing his concept to come into being , O'Brien states `` glam rock allowed me to be myself more '' . O'Brien showed a portion of the unfinished script to Australian director Jim Sharman , who decided to direct it at the small experimental space Upstairs at the Royal Court Theatre , Sloane Square , Chelsea , London , which was used as a project space for new work . O'Brien had appeared briefly in Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Jesus Christ Superstar , directed by Sharman , and the two also worked together in Sam Shepard 's The Unseen Hand . Sharman would bring in production designer Brian Thomson . The original creative team was then rounded out by costume designer Sue Blane , musical director Richard Hartley , and stage producer Michael White , who was brought in to produce . As the musical went into rehearsal , the working title , They Came from Denton High , was changed just before previews at the suggestion of Sharman to The Rocky Horror Show . Having premiered in the small sixty - seat Royal Court Theatre , it quickly moved to larger venues in London , transferring to the 230 - seat Chelsea Classic Cinema on Kings Road on 14 August 1973 , before finding a quasi-permanent home at the 500 - seat King 's Road Theatre from 3 November 1973 , running for six years . The musical made its U.S. debut in Los Angeles in 1974 before being played in New York City as well as other cities . Producer and Ode Records owner Lou Adler attended the London production in the winter of 1973 , escorted by friend Britt Ekland . He immediately decided to purchase the U.S. theatrical rights . His production would be staged at his Roxy Theatre in L.A. In 1975 , The Rocky Horror Show premiered on Broadway at the 1,000 - seat Belasco Theatre . Filming and locations ( edit ) Oakley Court The film was shot at Bray Studios and Oakley Court , a country house near Maidenhead , Berkshire , England , and at Elstree Studios for post production , from 21 October to 19 December 1974 . Oakley Court , built in 1857 in the Victorian Gothic style , is known for a number of Hammer films . Much of the location shooting took place there , although at the time the manor was not in good condition . Much of the cast were from the original London stage production , including Tim Curry , who had decided that Dr Frank N. Furter should speak like the Queen of England , extravagantly posh . Fox insisted on casting the two characters of Brad and Janet with American actors , Barry Bostwick and Susan Sarandon . Filming took place during autumn , which made conditions worse . During filming , Sarandon fell ill with pneumonia . Filming of the laboratory scene and the title character 's creation occurred on 30 October 1974 . The film is both a parody and tribute to many of the science fiction and horror movies from the 1930s up to the 1970s . The film production retains many aspects from the stage version such as production design and music , but adds new scenes not featured in the original stage play . The film 's plot , setting , and style echo those of the Hammer Horror films , which had their own instantly recognizable style ( just as Universal Studios ' horror films did ) . The originally proposed opening sequence was to contain clips of various films mentioned in the lyrics , as well as the first few sequences shot in black and white , but this was deemed too expensive and scrapped . Costumes , make - up , and props ( edit ) In the stage productions , actors generally did their own make - up ; however , for the film , the producers chose Pierre La Roche , who had previously been a make - up artist for Mick Jagger and David Bowie , to redesign the make - up for each character . Production stills were taken by rock photographer Mick Rock , who has published a number of books from his work . In Rocky Horror ; From Concept to Cult , designer Sue Blane discusses the Rocky Horror costumes ' influence on punk music style . `` ( It was a ) big part of the build - up ( to punk ) . '' She states that ripped fishnet stockings , glitter , and coloured hair were directly attributable to Rocky Horror . A replica costume based on the films , gold sequined swallow - tail coat worn by Little Nell , recreated by fan Mina Credeur of Houston , Texas . Some of the costumes from the film had been originally used in the stage production . Props and set pieces were reused from old Hammer Horror productions and others . The tank and dummy used for Rocky 's birth originally appeared in The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) . These references to earlier productions , in addition to cutting costs , enhanced the cult status of the film . Costume designer Sue Blane was not keen on working for the film until she became aware that Curry , an old friend , was committed to the project . Curry and Blane had worked together in Glasgow 's Citizens Theatre in a production of The Maids , for which Curry had worn a woman 's corset . Blane arranged for the theatre to loan her the corset from the other production for Rocky Horror . Blane admits that she did not conduct research for her designing , had never seen a science fiction film , and is acutely aware that her costumes for Brad and Janet may have been generalizations . `` When I designed Rocky , I never looked at any science fiction movies or comic books . One just automatically knows what spacesuits look like , the same way one intuitively knows how Americans dress . I had never been to the United States , but I had this fixed idea of how people looked there . Americans wore polyester so their clothes would n't crease , and their trousers were a bit too short . Since they 're very keen on sports , white socks and white T - shirts played an integral part in their wardrobe . Of course , since doing Rocky I have been to the United States and admit it was a bit of a generalization , but my ideas worked perfectly for Brad and Janet . '' The budget for the film 's costumes was US $1,600 , far more than the stage production budget , but having to double up on costumes the film production was expensive . For filming , corsets for the finale had to be doubled for the pool scene , with one version drying while the other was worn on set . While many of the costumes are exact replicas from the stage productions , other costumes were new to filming , such as Columbia 's gold sequined swallow - tail coat and top hat and Magenta 's maid 's uniform . Blane was amazed by the recreation and understanding of her designs by fans . When she first heard that people were dressing up , she thought it would be tacky , but was surprised to see the depth to which the fans went to recreate her designs . Rocky Horror fan Mina Credeur , who designs costumes and performed as Columbia for Houston 's performance group , states that `` the best part is when everyone leaves with a big smile on their face '' , noting that there 's `` such a kitschiness and campiness that it seems to be winking at you '' . The film still plays at many theatre locations and Rocky Horror costumes are often made for Halloween , although many require much time and effort to make . Title sequence ( edit ) The iconic `` Lips '' poster , a parody of the 1975 film poster for Jaws The film starts with the screen fading to black and oversized , disembodied female lips appear overdubbed with a male voice , establishing the androgynous theme to be repeated as the film unfolds . The opening scene and song , `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' , consists of the lips of Patricia Quinn ( who appears in the film later as the character Magenta ( in addition to the latter , appeared as ' Trixie ' the Usherette in the original London production who sang the song ) ) , but has the vocals of actor and Rocky Horror creator , Richard O'Brien ( who appears as Magenta 's brother Riff Raff ) . The lyrics refer to science fiction and horror films of the past and list several film titles from the 1930s to the 1970s , including The Day the Earth Stood Still , Flash Gordon , The Invisible Man , King Kong , It Came from Outer Space , Doctor X , Forbidden Planet , Tarantula , The Day of the Triffids , Curse of the Demon , and When Worlds Collide . A second film poster was created using a set of red , lipstick painted lips with the tagline `` A Different Set of Jaws '' , a spoof of the poster for the film Jaws ( which was also released in 1975 ) . The lips of Former Playboy model Lorelei Shark are featured on the poster . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack was released in 1975 by Ode Records and produced by Richard Hartley . The album peaked at No. 49 on the Billboard 200 in 1978 . It reached No. 12 on the Australian albums chart and No. 11 on the New Zealand albums chart . The album is described as the `` definitive version of the ( Rocky Horror ) score . '' `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' -- The Lips ( those of Patricia Quinn ; voice of Richard O'Brien ) `` Dammit Janet '' -- Brad , Janet , and Chorus `` There 's a Light ( Over at the Frankenstein Place ) '' -- Janet , Brad , Riff Raff , and Chorus `` The Time Warp '' -- Riff Raff , Magenta , The Criminologist , Columbia , and Transylvanians `` Sweet Transvestite '' -- Frank `` The Sword of Damocles '' -- Rocky and Transylvanians `` I Can Make You a Man '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Riff Raff , Magenta , and Columbia `` Hot Patootie -- Bless My Soul '' -- Eddie and Transylvanians `` I Can Make You a Man ( Reprise ) '' -- Frank , Janet , and Transylvanians `` Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch Me '' -- Janet with Magenta , Columbia , Rocky , Brad , Frank , and Riff Raff `` Once in a While '' ( deleted scene ) -- Brad `` Eddie '' -- Dr. Scott , The Criminologist , Janet , Columbia , Frank , Rocky , Brad , Riff Raff , and Magenta `` Planet Schmanet Janet ( Wise Up Janet Weiss ) '' -- Frank `` Planet Hot Dog '' -- Janet , Brad , and Dr. Scott `` Rose Tint My World '' -- Columbia , Rocky , Janet , and Brad `` Fanfare / Do n't Dream It , Be It '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Rocky , and Columbia `` Wild and Untamed Thing '' -- Frank with Brad , Janet , Rocky , Columbia , and Riff Raff `` I 'm Going Home '' -- Frank and Chorus `` The Time Warp ( Reprise ) '' -- Riff Raff and Magenta `` Super Heroes '' ( only present in the original UK release ) -- Brad , Janet , and Chorus `` Science Fiction / Double Feature ( Reprise ) '' -- The Lips Release ( edit ) London release poster for 14 August 1975 premiere The film opened in the United Kingdom at Rialto Theater in London 14 August 1975 and in the United States on 26 September at the UA Westwood in Los Angeles , California . It did well at that location , but not elsewhere . Before the midnight screenings ' success , the film was withdrawn from its eight opening cities due to very small audiences , and its planned New York City opening on Halloween night was cancelled . Fox re-released the film around college campuses on a double - bill with another rock music film parody , Brian De Palma 's Phantom of the Paradise , but again it drew small audiences . With Pink Flamingos ( 1972 ) and Reefer Madness ( 1936 ) making money in midnight showings nationwide , a Fox executive , Tim Deegan , was able to talk distributors into midnight screenings , starting in New York City on April Fools ' Day of 1976 . The cult following started shortly after the film began its midnight run at the Waverly Theater in New York City. , then spread to other counties in NYC , and to Uniondale , L.I. Rocky Horror was not only found in the larger cities but throughout the United States where many attendees would get in free if they arrived in costume . The western division of the film 's release included the U.A. Cinemas in Fresno and Merced , the Cinema J. in Sacramento , California , and the Covell in Modesto . In New Orleans , an early organised performance group was active with the release there as well as in such cities as Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and Chicago ( at the Biograph Theater ) . Before long nearly every screening of the film was accompanied by a live fan cast . 19 January 1978 , opening at the UA Cinema , Merced , California The film is considered to be the longest - running release in film history . It has never been pulled by 20th Century Fox from its original 1975 release , and it continues to play in cinemas . Home media ( edit ) A Super 8 version of selected scenes of the film was made available . In 1983 , Ode Records released `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show , Audience Par - Tic - I - Pation Album '' , recorded at the 8th Street Playhouse . The recording consisted of the film 's audio and the standardised call - backs from the audience . A home video release was made available in 1987 in the UK . In the US , the film ( including documentary footage and extras ) was released on VHS in November 8 , 1990 , retailing for $89.95 . The film was released on DVD in 2000 for the film 's 25th anniversary . A 35th Anniversary edition Blu - ray was released in the US on 19 October 2010 . The disc includes a newly created 7.1 surround sound mix , the original theatrical mono sound mix , and a 4K / 2K image transfer from the original camera negative . In addition , new content featuring karaoke and a fan performance were included . Reception , reaction and Legacy ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert noted that when first released , The Rocky Horror Picture Show was `` ignored by pretty much everyone , including the future fanatics who would eventually count the hundreds of times they 'd seen it '' . He considered it more a `` long - running social phenomenon '' than a movie , rating it 2.5 out of 4 stars . Bill Henkin noted that Variety thought that the `` campy hijinks '' of the film seemed labored , and also mentioned that the San Francisco Chronicle 's John Wasserman , who had liked the stage play in London , found the film `` lacking both charm and dramatic impact '' . Newsweek called the film `` tasteless , plotless and pointless '' in 1978 . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 80 % based on 41 reviews . A number of contemporary critics find it compelling and enjoyable because of its offbeat and bizarre qualities ; the BBC summarised : `` for those willing to experiment with something a little bit different , a little bit outré , The Rocky Horror Picture Show has a lot to offer '' . The New York Times called it a `` low - budget freak show / cult classic / cultural institution '' and considered the songs featured in the film to be `` catchy '' . Geoff Andrew of Time Out noted that the `` string of hummable songs gives it momentum , Gray 's admirably straight - faced narrator holds it together , and a run on black lingerie takes care of almost everything else '' , rating it 4 out of 5 stars . Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader on the other hand considered the wit to be `` too weak to sustain a film '' and thought that the `` songs all sound the same '' . In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Cult phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show cult following New York City origins ( edit ) Dori Hartley and Sal Piro at the Waverly Theatre in New York in 1977 The Rocky Horror Picture Show helped shape conditions of cult film 's transition from art - house to grind - house style . The film developed a cult following in 1976 at the Waverly Theatre in New York , which developed into a standardised ritual . According to J. Hoberman , author of Midnight Movies , it was after five months into the film 's midnight run when lines began to be shouted by the audience . Louis Farese Jr. , a normally quiet teacher who , upon seeing the character Janet place a newspaper over her head to protect herself from rain , yelled , `` Buy an umbrella , you cheap bitch '' . Originally Louis and other Rocky Horror pioneers , including Amy Lazarus , Theresa Krakauskas , and Bill O'Brian , did this to entertain each other , each week trying to come up with something new to make each other laugh . This quickly caught on with other theater goers and thus began this self - proclaimed `` counter point dialogue '' , which became standard practice and was repeated nearly verbatim at each screening . Performance groups became a staple at Rocky Horror screenings due in part to the prominent New York City fan cast . The New York City cast was originally run by former schoolteacher and stand - up comic Sal Piro and his friend Dori Hartley . Hartley who portrayed Dr. Frank N. Furter , was one of several performers , including Will Kohler as Brad Majors , Nora Poses as Janet , and Lilias Piro as Magenta in a flexible rotating cast . The performances of the audience was scripted and actively discouraged improvising , being conformist in a similar way to the repressed characters . On Halloween in 1976 , people attended in costume and talked back to the screen , and by mid-1978 , Rocky Horror was playing in over 50 locations on Fridays and Saturdays at midnight . Newsletters were published by local performance groups , and fans gathered for Rocky Horror conventions . By the end of 1979 , there were twice - weekly showings at over 230 theatres . The National Fan Club was established in 1977 and later merged with the International Fan Club . The fan publication The Transylvanian printed a number of issues , and a semi-regular poster magazine was published as well as an official magazine . Los Angeles , Hollywood ( edit ) D. Garrett Gafford and Terri Hardin , Tiffany Theater Hollywood , 1978 The Los Angeles area performance groups originated in 1977 at the Fox Theatre , where Michael Wolfson won a look - alike contest as Frank N. Furter , and won another at the Tiffany Theater on Sunset Boulevard . Wolfson 's group eventually performed in all of the L.A. area theaters screening Rocky Horror , including the Balboa Theater in Balboa , The Cove at Hermosa Beach , and The Sands in Glendale . He was invited to perform at the Sombrero Playhouse in Phoenix , Arizona . At the Tiffany Theatre , the audience performance cast had the theater 's full cooperation ; the local performers entered early and without charge . The fan playing Frank for this theatre was a transgender performer , D. Garret Gafford , who was out of work in 1978 and trying to raise the funds for a gender reassignment while spending the weekends performing at the Tiffany . Presently , the live action rendition of The Rocky Horror Picture Show is available for attendance in various locations in Los Angeles , typically Saturday nights at Midnight . San Francisco ( edit ) In 1978 San Francisco , Rocky Horror moved from an earlier location to the Strand Theatre located near the Tenderloin on Market Street . The performance group there , Double Feature / Celluloid Jam , was the first to act out and perform almost the entire film , unlike the New York cast at that time . The Strand cast was put together from former members of an early Berkeley group , disbanded due to less than enthusiastic management . Frank N. Furter was portrayed by Marni Scofidio , who , in 1979 , attracted many of the older performers from Berkeley . Other members included Mishell Erickson and her twin sister Denise Erickson as Columbia and Magenta , Kathy Dolan as Janet , and Linda `` Lou '' Woods as Riff Raff . The Strand group performed at two large science fiction conventions in Los Angeles and San Francisco , were offered a spot at The Mabuhay , a local punk club , and performed for children 's television of Argentina . San Francisco 's Strand Theatre , 1979 . Linda Woods , Marni Scofidio , Denise Erickson , and Jim Curry Fan following ( edit ) Rocky Horror is one of the last few western rites left that pertain to the carnivalesque . Annual Rocky Horror conventions are held in varying locations lasting days . Tucson , Arizona has been host a number of times , including 1999 with `` El Fishnet Fiesta '' , and `` Queens of the Desert '' held in 2006 . Vera Dika wrote that to the fans , Rocky Horror is ritualistic and comparable to a religious event , with a compulsive , repeated cycle of going home and coming back to see the film each weekend . The audience call backs are similar to responses in church during a mass . Many theatre troupes exist across the United States that produce shadow - cast performances where the actors play each part in the film in full costume and props as the movie plays on the big screen in a movie theatre . These showings are typically once a week or once a month on a Saturday at midnight . The film has a global following and remains popular . Subcultures such as Rocky Horror have also found a place on the Internet . Audience participation scripts for many cities are available to download on the Internet . The Internet has a number of Rocky Horror fan - run websites with various quizzes and information specializing in different content allowing fans to participate at a unique level . Cultural influence ( edit ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show has been featured in a number of other feature films and television series over the years . Episodes of The Simpsons , The Venture Bros. , The Boondocks , Glee , The Drew Carey Show , That ' 70s Show , and American Dad ! spotlight Rocky Horror , as do films such as Vice Squad , Halloween II ( 2009 ) , and The Perks of Being a Wallflower . The 1980 film Fame featured the audience reciting their callback lines to the screen and dancing the Time Warp , the dance from the stage show and film , which has become a novelty dance at parties . `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' aired on 26 October 2010 , as part of the second season of the TV series Glee , which recreated several scenes from the film , including the opening credits . It featured Barry Bostwick and Meat Loaf in cameo roles . `` Bisexuality , The Rocky Horror Picture Show , and Me '' , by Elizabeth Reba Weise , is a piece in Bi Any Other Name : Bisexual People Speak Out ( 1991 ) , an anthology edited by Loraine Hutchins and Lani Ka'ahumanu which is one of the seminal books in the history of the modern bisexual rights movement . The Rocky Horror Picture Show remains a cultural phenomenon in both the U.S. and U.K. Cult film participants are often people on the fringe of society that find connection and community at the screenings , although the film attracts fans of differing backgrounds all over the world . Sequels ( edit ) In 1979 , Richard O'Brien wrote a projected sequel to the film entitled Rocky Horror Shows His Heels . This script would have featured the return of all of the characters from the original film , and O'Brien wished to largely use the original production team to make the new film , however Jim Sharman did not wish to revisit the original concept so directly , and Tim Curry did not wish to reprise his role . Instead , in 1981 , Sharman reunited with O'Brien to film Shock Treatment , a stand - alone feature that was not a direct sequel to the original film . This film as originally conceived and written in 1980 under the title The Brad and Janet Show , using most of the songs from the original Rocky Horror Shows His Heels project with lyrical adjustments , and depicting the characters ' continuing adventures in the town of Denton , however these plans had to be adjusted due to a Screen Actor 's Guild strike . The eventual production would entail the entire film being shot within a sound stage . Shock Treatment was poorly received by critics and audiences upon release ( in no small part due to the principal cast of Curry , Sarandon and Bostwick not returning ) but over time has built a small cult following , though not nearly as strong as the first film . Ten years later , O'Brien wrote another script intended as a direct sequel to the cult classic entitled Revenge of the Old Queen . Producer Michael White had hoped to begin work on the production and described the script as being `` in the same style as the other one . It has reflections of the past in it . '' Revenge of the Old Queen had apparently commenced pre-production , however after studio head Joe Roth was ousted from Fox in 1993 , the project was shelved indefinitely . Although the script has not been published , bootleg copies can be read on the Internet , and one song from the project 's original demo tape circulates among fans . The script is currently owned by Fox , which produced the two original films . Most individuals associated with the project , including O'Brien , agree that the film will probably never be made , owing to the failure of Shock Treatment and the aging of the original cast . Between 1999 and 2001 , Richard O'Brien was working on a third attempted sequel project with the working title Rocky Horror : The Second Coming , first to be made as a stage production , with an option to create a film if met with success . This script would largely integrate plot elements from Rocky Horror Shows His Heels , but with all - new songs . O'Brien completed a first draft of this script ( which was read by Terry Jones ) but had difficulties finalizing anything beyond the first act , and little more has been heard of this project since the mid-2000s . In 2015 , O'Brien produced Shock Treatment for the theatrical stage . The production premiered at the King 's Head theatre in Islington , London in the United Kingdom in the spring of 2015 . Remake ( edit ) Main article : The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again On 10 April 2015 , it was announced that the Fox Broadcasting Company would air a modern - day reimagining of the film , titled The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again . On 22 October 2015 , it was announced that the role of Dr. Frank N. Furter would be played by actress Laverne Cox . Ryan McCartan and Victoria Justice play the roles of Brad and Janet , alongside Reeve Carney as Riff Raff and singer / model Staz Nair as Rocky . Adam Lambert portrays Eddie . Tim Curry , who portrayed Dr. Frank N. Furter in the film , portrays the Criminologist . On 1 February 2016 , it was announced that Broadway veteran Annaleigh Ashford would portray Columbia . On 5 February 2016 , Ben Vereen joined the cast as Dr. Everett von Scott . Kenny Ortega , best known for the High School Musical franchise and Michael Jackson 's This Is It , directed , choreographed and executive - produced the remake ; Lou Adler , who was an executive producer of the original film , has the same role for the new film . The film premiered on Fox on 20 October 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1975 Cross-dressing in film and television List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring Frankenstein 's monster References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ROCKY HORROR PICTURE SHOW ( AA ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 17 June 1975 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Richard ; et al. ( 7 November 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film . Rough Guides . p. 506 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8498 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . Scarecrow Press . p. 258 . Jump up ^ Box Office Information for The Rocky Horror Picture Show . The Numbers . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Dave ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show FAQ : Everything Left to Know About the Campy Cult Classic . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . p. 1785 . ISBN 978 - 1495007477 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Miller ( 2011 ) . Sex , Drugs , Rock & Roll , and Musicals . UPNE . pp. 127 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 761 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Vera Dika ( 9 June 2003 ) . Recycled Culture in Contemporary Art and Film : The Uses of Nostalgia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 112 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 01631 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Knapp , Raymond ( 2 March 2009 ) . The American Musical and the Performance of Personal Identity . Princeton University Press . pp. 240 ' . ISBN 0 - 691 - 14105 - 3 . Jump up ^ Auslander , Philip ( 2006 ) . Performing Glam Rock : Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music . University of Michigan Press . p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Simon ( 2016 ) . Shock and Awe : Glam Rock and Its Legacy , from the Seventies to the Twenty - First Century . Faber & Faber . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Eagan ( 26 November 2009 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . Continuum International Publishing Group , Limited . pp. 2086 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7541 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Brian , ed. ( 1979 ) The Rocky Horror Scrapbook . New York : Star Fleet Productions , Inc. 6 . Jump up ^ Shuker , Roy ( 1 November 1994 ) . Understanding popular music . Routledge ; annotated edition . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10722 - 8 . Jump up ^ Erik Quisling ; Austin Lowry Williams ( 2003 ) . Straight Whisky : A Living History of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll on the Sunset Strip . Bonus Books . pp. 245 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56625 - 197 - 6 . Jump up ^ Louis Botto ; Robert Viagas ( 2002 ) . At this Theatre : 100 Years of Broadway Shows , Stories and Stars . Applause / Playbill . pp. 33 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 566 - 6 . Jump up ^ Paul Newland ( 2010 ) . Do n't Look Now : British Cinema in the 1970s . Intellect Books . pp. 138 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 320 - 2 . Jump up ^ Williams , sally . `` Elstree Studios '' . The Free Library . Farlex , Inc . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Huckvale , David ( 28 May 2008 ) . Hammer Film Scores and the Musical Avant - Garde . McFarland . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3456 - 5 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Stuart Fisher ( 24 October 2013 ) . British River Navigations : Inland Cuts , Fens , Dikes , Channels and Non-tidal Rivers . A&C Black . pp. 227 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4729 - 0668 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Hallenbeck ( 30 April 2009 ) . Comedy - Horror Films : A Chronological History , 1914 -- 2008 . McFarland . pp. 109 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5378 - 8 . 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Jump up ^ Jones , Melanie ( 18 October 2011 ) . `` Rocky Horror Picture Show Costumes : DIY Ideas for Halloween 2011 '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ David Laderman ( 1 March 2010 ) . Punk Slash ! Musicals : Tracking Slip - Sync on Film . University of Texas Press . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77791 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Kurt Lancaster ; Thomas J. Mikotowicz ( 1 January 2001 ) . Performing the Force : Essays on Immersion Into Science Fiction , Fantasy , and Horror Environments . McFarland . pp. 128 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0895 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Lorelei Shark Interview -- She IS The Rocky Horror LIPS -- Scott Michaels Dearly Departed online '' . 2016 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show > Charts & Awards '' , AllMusic , retrieved 3 October 2010 Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , New South Wales : Australian Chart Book . p. 282 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( album ) '' . New Zealand charts portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William , `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show > Review '' , Allmusic , Rovi Corporation , retrieved 3 October 2010 ^ Jump up to : William A. Henkin ; Bill Henkin ( 1 August 1979 ) . The Rocky Horror Picture Show Book . PENGUIN Group ( USA ) Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 26654 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Samuels ( 1983 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` Fox Celebrates 25 Years of Absolute Pleasure , Pop Culture Phenomenon and Midnight Classic '' ( Press release ) . RHPS Official Fan Site. 24 August 2000 . Retrieved 13 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` RHPS regular showtimes '' . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zach . `` What keeps The Rocky Horror Picture Show flame burning for more than two decades in Raleigh ? '' . Indy Week . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Piro & Hess ( 1991 ) , p. 77 Jump up ^ Judith A. Peraino ( 2005 ) . Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig . University of California Press . pp. 234 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92174 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` British Board of Film Classification : RHPS '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Champion , Lindsay ( 14 August 2013 ) . `` Happy Birthday , Dear Rocky ! 38 Freaky Facts About The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RHPS Official Fan Site : News : Press Release '' . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 1 January 1975 ) . `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Caroline Joan Picart ( 2 July 2003 ) . Remaking the Frankenstein Myth on Film : Between Laughter and Horror . SUNY Press . pp. 62 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5770 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` T he Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . BBC . 25 August 2000 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Time Out . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Registry Titles 1989 -- 2013 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . 20 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ L.C. Information Bulletin . Library of Congress . 2006 . p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Mathijs , Ernest ; Mendik , Xavier ( 1 December 2007 ) . The Cult Film Reader . McGraw - Hill International . pp. 395 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 335 - 21923 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ernest Mathijs ; Jamie Sexton ( 30 March 2012 ) . Cult Cinema . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 101 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 9642 - 3 . Jump up ^ Overand , William ( 19 July 1978 ) . `` Saturday Night Fervor at the Tiffany Theater '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jim Stewart ( 2011 ) . Folsom Street Blues : A Memoir of 1970s SoMa and Leatherfolk in Gay San Francisco . Palm Drive Publishing . pp. 109 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890834 - 03 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jack Santino ( 1994 ) . Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 105 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 813 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gay , Gerald M. ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` ' Rocky Horror ' shines at El Fishnet Fiesta '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transylvanian Concubines '' . www.transylvanianconcubines.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sins O ' The Flesh -- Where Rocky Horror Lives in Los Angeles ! -- Sins O ' The Flesh '' . Sins O ' The Flesh . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bob Batchelor ( December 2011 ) . Cult Pop Culture : How the Fringe Became Mainstream . ABC - CLIO . pp. 52 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35780 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sharon Marie Ross ( 23 September 2011 ) . Beyond the Box : Television and the Internet . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5865 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lori Ortiz ( 31 March 2011 ) . Disco Dance . ABC - CLIO . pp. 147 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37747 - 1 . Jump up ^ Delia Silvester ( 21 December 2013 ) . Dance and Movement Sessions for Older People : A Handbook for Activity Coordinators and Carers . Jessica Kingsley Publishers . pp. 47 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85700 - 846 - 6 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 27 October 2010 ) . `` Sugarland Tops Kings of Leon on Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Bisexual Movements Archived 14 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . glbtq.com . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Bisexual Movement by Liz A. Highleyman '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` bi any other nam e '' . Jump up ^ Justin Smith ( 28 February 2010 ) . Withnail and Us : Cult Films and Film Cults in British Cinema . I.B. Tauris . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 793 - 1 . Jump up ^ Betty Jo Tucker ( 2004 ) . Susan Sarandon : A True Maverick . Wheatmark , Inc . pp. 139 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 300 - 9 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Lippy ( 1 January 2006 ) . Faith in America : Changes , Challenges , New Directions . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 2 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98605 - 6 . Jump up ^ Tony Blackshaw ( 18 July 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies . Routledge . pp. 117 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 49559 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Cettl ( 12 December 2010 ) . Film Tales . Wider Screenings TM . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9870500 - 0 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge of the Old Quees '' . RockyMusic . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( 13 September 1991 ) . `` ' Rocky Horror ' to ' Queen ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Drees , Rich ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` Script Review : Revenge of the Old Queen '' . Film Buff Online . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ https://nypost.com/1999/09/23/rocky-ii-with-a-sequel-to-his-last-picture-show-creator-richard-obrien-does-the-time-warp-again/ Jump up ^ https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/alt.cult-movies.rocky-horror/%22rocky$20horror$202%22%7Csort:date/alt.cult-movies.rocky-horror/1pLTfdggwMI/7Zw8LUEXhrIJ Jump up ^ `` As Rocky Horror sequel comes to stage , it seems creator was far ahead of his time Stage The Guardian '' . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Claire Allfree ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Shock Treatment , King 's Head Theatre , review : ' infectious ' - Telegraph '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' TV Remake In Works At As Fox Special '' . Deadline Hollywood . 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox remaking ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laverne Cox starring in Rocky Horror remake '' . 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Justice Joins Fox 's ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' Remake '' . Billboard. 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Adam Lambert to Co-Star in Fox 's ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' YAHOO News Jump up ^ `` Tim Curry Lands Role in ' Rocky Horror Picture Show ' Remake '' . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annaleigh Ashford Joins The Rocky Horror Picture Show '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline. 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) . `` The fan rituals that made Rocky Horror Picture Show a cult classic '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black 's Laverne Cox To Star In Rocky Horror Picture Show Remake '' . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . 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Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 761 - 6 . Peraino , Judith ( 2006 ) . Listening to the sirens musical technologies of queer identity from Homer to Hedwig . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 92174 - 0 . Picart , Caroline ( 2003 ) . Remaking the Frankenstein myth on film : between laughter and horror . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5770 - 2 . Piro , Sal ; Hess , Michael ( 1991 ) . The Official Rocky Horror Picture Show Audience Par - tic - i - pation Guide . London : Stabur Press . ISBN 0 - 941613 - 16 - X . Samuels , Stuart ( 1983 ) . Midnight Movies . New York : Collier Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 081450 - X . Sandys , Jon ( 2007 ) . Movie Mistakes Take 5 . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 1113 - 8 . Santino , Jack ( 1994 ) . Halloween and other festivals of death and life . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87049 - 813 - 8 . Smith , Justin ( 2010 ) . Withnail and us cult films and film cults in British cinema . London New York : I.B. Tauris Distributed in the United States and Canada exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 793 - 1 . Stewart , Jim ( 2011 ) . Folsom Street blues : a memoir of 1970s SoMa and leatherfolk in gay San Francisco . San Francisco , CA : Palm Drive Pub . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890834 - 03 - 6 . Silvester , Delia ( 2013 ) . Dance and Movement Sessions for Older People A Handbook for Activity Coordinators and Carers . City : Jessica Kingsley Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85700 - 846 - 6 . Tucker , Betty ( 2004 ) . Susan Sarandon : a true maverick . Tucson , Ariz : Hats Off . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58736 - 300 - 9 . Ross , Sharon ( 2011 ) . Beyond the Box Television and the Internet . Chicester : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5865 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Rocky Horror Picture Show Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Rocky Horror Picture Show . Official website The Rocky Horror Picture Show on IMDb The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Box Office Mojo The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Rotten Tomatoes The Rocky Horror Picture Show at Metacritic The Rocky Horror Picture Show official trailer at YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> The Rocky Horror Picture Show Stage shows The Rocky Horror Show ( 1973 ) The Rocky Horror Show Live ( 2015 ) Films The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) Soundtrack Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again ( 2016 ) Soundtrack Songs `` Science Fiction / Double Feature '' `` Dammit Janet '' `` Over at the Frankenstein Place '' `` The Time Warp '' `` Sweet Transvestite '' `` I Can Make You a Man '' `` Hot Patootie -- Bless My Soul '' `` Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch - a , Touch Me '' `` Rose Tint My World '' `` I 'm Going Home '' Related Video game Cult following Sequels and other media The Rocky Horror Punk Rock Show `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' ( EP ) A Regular Frankie Fan Sal Piro <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Jim Sharman <Td_colspan="2"> Shirley Thompson vs. the Aliens ( 1972 ) The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) Summer of Secrets ( 1976 ) The Night the Prowler ( 1978 ) Shock Treatment ( 1981 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show&oldid=856530657 '' Categories : 1975 films English - language films Rocky Horror 1970s comedy horror films 1970s LGBT - related films 1970s musical comedy films 1970s musical films 20th Century Fox films British films British comedy horror films British LGBT - related films British musical comedy films Alien visitations in films American films American comedy horror films American LGBT - related films American musical comedy films Cannibalism in fiction Cross-dressing in American films American dance films Films based on musicals Films directed by Jim Sharman Films set in country houses Films set in 1974 Films set in the 1970s Films shot in Berkshire Incest in film Transgender in film LGBT - related comedy films LGBT - related horror films LGBT - related musical films Mad scientist films Mannequins in films United States National Film Registry films Screwball comedy films Rock musicals 1970s dance films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use British English from March 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 21 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Rocky Horror Picture Show
2. Musical science-fiction horror-comedy film
3. Parody tribute to science fiction and horror B movies
4. Cult following and midnight movie phenomenon
5. Costumes and fashion influence |
-1,122,061,593,228,659,500 | who sang the song end of the world | The End of the World ( Skeeter Davis song ) - wikipedia The End of the World ( Skeeter Davis song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( June 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The End of the World '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Skeeter Davis <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Skeeter Davis Sings The End of the World B - side `` Somebody Loves You '' , `` Blueberry Hill '' Released 1962 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1962 Genre Country Length 2 : 33 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Arthur Kent , Sylvia Dee Producer ( s ) Chet Atkins <Th_colspan="2"> Skeeter Davis singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Little Music Box '' ( 1962 ) `` The End of the World '' ( 1962 ) `` I 'm Saving My Love '' ( 1963 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Little Music Box '' ( 1962 ) `` The End of the World '' ( 1962 ) `` I 'm Saving My Love '' ( 1963 ) `` The End of the World '' is a country pop song written by Arthur Kent and lyricist Sylvia Dee , for American singer Skeeter Davis . It had success in the 1960s and spawned many covers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 3 The Carpenters version 4 Sonia version 4.1 Formats and track listings 4.2 Charts 5 Other versions 6 Appearances in media 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) `` The End of the World '' was written by Arthur Kent and Sylvia Dee ; the latter drew on her sorrow from her father 's death . Davis recorded her version with sound engineer Bill Porter on June 8 , 1962 , at the RCA Studios in Nashville , produced by Chet Atkins , and featuring Floyd Cramer . Released by RCA Records in December 1962 , `` The End of the World '' peaked in March 1963 at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 ( behind `` Our Day Will Come '' by Ruby & the Romantics ) , No. 2 on the Billboard country singles , No. 1 on Billboard 's easy listening , and No. 4 on Billboard 's rhythm and blues . It is the first , and , to date , only time that a song cracked the Top 10 on all four Billboard charts . Billboard ranked the record as the No. 3 song of 1963 . In the Skeeter Davis version , after she sings the whole song through in the key of B - flat , the song modulates up by a half step to the key of B , where Skeeter speaks the first two lines of the final stanza , before singing the rest of the stanza , ending the song . Davis 's recording of `` The End of the World '' was played at Atkins 's funeral in an instrumental by Marty Stuart , and at Davis 's own funeral at the Ryman Auditorium . Her version has been featured in several TV shows , video games and films including Girl , Interrupted , Riding in Cars with Boys , Daltry Calhoun , ' ' An American Affair ' ' , The Boat That Rocked , Mad Men , Under the Dome and Fallout 4 in addition to the TV spot for Wayward Pines season 2 , and opening credits of the BYU TV series Granite Flats . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 32 U.K. Singles Chart 18 U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Black Singles U.S. Billboard Easy Listening The Carpenters version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` The End of the World '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Carpenters <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Live in Japan B - side `` Sing '' ( live with the Kyoto Children 's Choir ) Released March 5 , 1975 Format Cassette Recorded June 4 -- 9 , 1975 Genre Country Length 2 : 04 Label A&M / King Records , Universal Songwriter ( s ) Arthur Kent , Sylvia Dee Producer ( s ) Richard Carpenter <Th_colspan="2"> The Carpenters singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Only Yesterday '' ( 1975 ) `` The End of the World '' ( 1975 ) `` Solitaire '' ( 1976 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Only Yesterday '' ( 1975 ) `` The End of the World '' ( 1975 ) `` Solitaire '' ( 1976 ) In 1975 , American pop music duo Carpenters released a cover of `` The End of the World '' as a promotional single from their live album Live in Japan . It was recorded at the Festival Hall , Osaka , Japan . Sonia version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` End of the World '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Sonia <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Everybody Knows B - side `` Ca n't Help the Way That I Feel '' Released August 1990 Format CD Single 7 '' Single 12 '' Single Recorded Genre Pop Length 3 : 36 Label Chrysalis Songwriter ( s ) Arthur Kent , Sylvia Dee Producer ( s ) Stock , Aitken & Waterman <Th_colspan="2"> Sonia singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` You 've Got a Friend '' ( 1990 ) `` End of the World '' ( 1990 ) `` Only Fools ( Never Fall in Love ) '' ( 1991 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` You 've Got a Friend '' ( 1990 ) `` End of the World '' ( 1990 ) `` Only Fools ( Never Fall in Love ) '' ( 1991 ) In 1990 , British singer Sonia covered `` End of the World '' . The fifth and final single from her debut album , Everybody Knows , it reached number 18 in the UK , the same chart position as the original . The single 's B - side `` Ca n't Help the Way That I Feel '' also appeared on Sonia 's debut album . This was her final single with Stock Aitken Waterman . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` End of the World '' `` Ca n't Help the Way That I Feel '' CD single and 12 '' vinyl single `` End of the World '' `` Ca n't Help the Way That I Feel '' `` Counting Every Minute '' ( Tick Tock Remix ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak Position Australian Singles Chart 153 Irish Singles Chart 18 UK Singles Chart 18 Other versions ( edit ) A No. 2 hit in Sweden in September 1966 via a local cover by Mike Wallace & the Caretakers , `` The End of the World '' has also been remade by a number of other artists including Jessica Andersson , Anika ( as B - side to her single `` Yang Yang '' and on her album Anika ) , Eddy Arnold , Best Coast , Debby Boone , Brilliant , Carola ( in Finnish as `` Maailmain '' ) , Chantal Pary ( in French `` Le jour se lèvera ) , the Carpenters , Rivers Cuomo , Bobby Darin , Lana Del Rey , Barbara Dickson , Dion , Mary Duff , Allison Durbin , Judith Durham , Exposé , Agnetha Fältskog , Rosie Flores , Emi Fujita , Girls , Nina Gordon , Herman 's Hermits ( as the B - side of `` I 'm Henery the Eighth , I Am '' ) , Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann ( released on the b - side to Eurovision Song Contest winner song 1963 ; Dansevise ) , Satoko Ishimine , Joni James , Cyndi Lauper , Brenda Lee , Vic Dana , Lobo , Julie London , Claudine Longet , Loretta Lynn , Al Martino , Johnny Mathis , Anne Mattila ( in Finnish as `` Maailmain '' ) , Imelda May , Maywood , John Mellencamp , Anita Meyer , the Mills Brothers , Ronnie Milsap , Dorothy Moore , Mud , Anne Murray , Leigh Nash , Nomeansno , Patti Page , Helen Shapiro , Anne Shelton , Vonda Shepard , Nancy Sinatra , Sonia , the Tokens , Twiggy , Twinkle , Sharon Van Etten , the Vanguards , Bobby Vinton , Jeff Walker , Dottie West , Lena Zavaroni , and Tracy Huang ( 黃鶯 鶯 ) . In 2009 Susan Boyle remade `` The End of the World '' for her debut album , I Dreamed a Dream . A cover version by Allison Paige peaked at number 72 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in May 2000 . The Brazilian band Roupa Nova made a cover version in Portuguese , in 1997 , named `` O Sonho Acabou '' . There have been three Cantonese versions covered by three different Hong Kong singers , namely `` 長 相思 '' by Pauline Chan ( 陳寶珠 ) in 1968 , `` 含羞 草 '' by Annabelle Lui ( 雷 安娜 ) in 1987 and `` 冬 戀 '' by Danny Chan ( 陳百強 ) in 1988 . For the Mandarin version , the first one `` 打 不動 你 的 心 '' was covered by Hong Kong veteran female singer Rebecca Pan ( 潘迪華 ) in 1965 while the second one `` 後 會 無期 '' by another Hong Kong female singer G.E.M. Tang ( 鄧紫棋 ) in 2014 . Subsequently , there was the third one titled `` 星 夢 之 光 '' , lyrics written by an SNH48 member , Wu Yanwen ( 吳燕 文 ) , and performed by SNH48 themselves in 2015 . Cyndi Lauper covered the song in 2016 , the cover is part of the album Detour . Appearances in media ( edit ) The song was used as the opening and closing theme for the political thriller radio drama Pandemic , produced by BBC Radio 4 . It was also used in the 1999 drama film Girl , Interrupted , as well as in the Stephen King / Steven Spielberg CBS TV series Under the Dome season one episode five , `` Blue on Blue . '' An abbreviated version of the song is the theme music for the TV series Granite Flats . The song was used for the main title and credit sequences in the 2008 film An American Affair . The song appears on the in - game radio in the video game Fallout 4 . In episode 8 ( `` End of the World '' ) of the 2015 TV series The Man in the High Castle , an American singer performs the song in Japanese . The song was also used in the second part of the 2015 Japanese dark fantasy action horror film Attack on Titan . The song appears in the episode of Lost , What Kate Did . The song appears in an episode of the TV series Wayward Pines , Season 2 , Episode 9 , `` Walcott Prep '' . The song also makes an appearance at the end of Season 3 , episode 7 , of HBO 's The Leftovers . The song appears at the end of episode 12 of the third season of Mad Men ; `` The Grown - Ups '' . The song appears at the closing credits of Darren Aronofsky 's controversial film Mother ! ( 2017 ) . A different version of the song has appeared in Man in the High Castle on the Resistance Radio . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 10 -- Tennessee Firebird : American country music before and after Elvis . ( Part 2 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 -- 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 147 . Jump up ^ `` '' The End of the World '' -- Skeeter Davis : 1963 `` . The Pop History Dig . Jump up ^ Levinson , Paul ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Mad Men 3.12 : The End of the World '' . InfiniteRegress.tv . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` SKEETER DAVIS full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Theofficialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` SONIA full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Theofficialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Response from ARIA re : chart inquiry , received 2014 - 06 - 17 '' . Imgur.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( May 13 , 2000 ) . `` Country Is Mr. Rogers ' Neighborhood '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 - Afternoon Drama , Pandemic '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mozuch , Mo . `` Fallout 4 Soundtrack News : Audio Director Mark Lampert Confirms New Track ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Idigitaltimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Rhythm of the Rain '' by The Cascades `` Billboard '' Middle - Road number - one single by Skeeter Davis March 16 , 1963 ( four weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' by Andy Williams <Th_colspan="2"> Sonia Studio albums Everybody Knows ( 1990 ) Sonia ( 1991 ) Better the Devil You Know ( 1993 ) Love Train - The Philly Album ( 1998 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 2007 ) Singles `` You 'll Never Stop Me Loving You '' ( 1989 ) `` Ca n't Forget You '' ( 1989 ) `` Listen to Your Heart '' ( 1989 ) `` Counting Every Minute '' ( 1990 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' ( 1990 ) `` End of the World '' ( 1990 ) `` Only Fools ( Never Fall in Love ) '' ( 1991 ) `` Be Young , Be Foolish , Be Happy '' ( 1991 ) `` You to Me Are Everything '' ( 1991 ) `` We 've Got the Power '' ( 1992 ) `` Boogie Nights '' ( 1992 ) `` Better the Devil You Know '' ( 1993 ) `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' ( 1994 ) `` Wake Up Everybody '' ( 1995 ) `` Fool for Love '' ( 2009 ) Record labels Chrysalis Records IQ Records Arista Records BMG Related topics Stock Aitken Waterman Nigel Wright Brian Teasdale Dean Collinson Steve Levine <Th_colspan="2"> Skeeter Davis Solo albums I 'll Sing You a Song and Harmonize Too ( 1959 ) Here 's the Answer ( 1961 ) Skeeter Davis Sings The End of the World ( 1963 ) Singles `` ( I Ca n't Help You ) I 'm Falling Too '' `` The End of the World '' `` For Loving You '' `` Fuel to the Flame '' `` Gonna Get Along Without Ya Now '' `` The Hands You 're Holding Now '' `` He Says the Same Things to Me '' `` Homebreaker '' `` I Ca n't Believe That It 's All Over '' `` I Ca n't Stay Mad at You '' `` I 'm a Lover ( Not a Fighter ) '' `` I 'm Saving My Love '' `` Last Date '' `` Lost to a Geisha Girl '' `` My Last Date ( with You ) '' `` One Tin Soldier '' `` Optimistic '' `` Please Help Me , I 'm Falling '' `` Set Him Free '' `` Sun Glasses '' `` There 's a Fool Born Every Minute '' `` What Does It Take ( To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied ) '' `` Where I Ought to Be '' Related Discography The Davis Sisters `` I Forgot More Than You 'll Ever Know '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_End_of_the_World_(Skeeter_Davis_song)&oldid=816120988 '' Categories : 1962 singles 1963 singles 1990 singles Skeeter Davis songs Sonia ( singer ) songs Susan Boyle songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs with lyrics by Sylvia Dee Torch songs 1962 songs Song recordings produced by Chet Atkins Song recordings produced by Stock Aitken Waterman RCA Records singles Chrysalis Records singles Songs with music by Arthur Kent ( composer ) Songs about suicide Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 12 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "The End of the World" - Skeeter Davis song
2. Country pop song
3. Written by Arthur Kent and Sylvia Dee
4. Covered by various artists
5. Chart success and appearances in media |
-290,889,443,083,759,550 | when was who wants to be a millionaire recorded | Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) - Wikipedia Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) This article is about the original UK version . For the international franchise , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? <Th_colspan="2"> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? <Td_colspan="2"> Titlecard for the 2018 , 20th Anniversary series of Who Wants to be a Millionaire Created by David Briggs Steve Knight Mike Whitehill Presented by Chris Tarrant Jeremy Clarkson Theme music composer Keith Strachan Matthew Strachan Nick Magnus ( 2007 -- 2014 ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 31 No. of episodes 599 ( as of 11 May 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Producer ( s ) David Briggs Location ( s ) Elstree Studios ( 1998 -- 2014 ) MediaCityUK ( 2018 - ) Running time 30 -- 75 minutes Production company ( s ) Celador ( 1998 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- 10 ) Victory Television ( 2011 -- 14 ) Stellify Media ( 2018 - ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1998 -- 99 ) 16 : 9 ( 1999 -- 2014 , 2018 - ) Original release Original series : 4 September 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) -- 11 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) Revived series : 5 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 05 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? is a British quiz show , created and produced by David Briggs , and made for the ITV network . The show 's format , devised by Briggs , sees contestants taking on multiple - choice questions , based upon general knowledge , winning a cash prize for each question they answer correctly , with the amount offered increasing as they take on more difficult questions . To assist each contestant who takes part , they are given three lifelines to use , may walk away with the money they already have won if they wish not to risk answering a question , and are provided with a safety net that grants them a guaranteed cash prize if they give an incorrect answer , provided they reach a specific milestone in the quiz . The original series aired for 30 series and a total of 592 episodes , from 4 September 1998 to 11 February 2014 , and was presented by Chris Tarrant . Over the course of its run , the original series had around five contestants walk away with the top cash prize of £ 1 million , and faced a number of controversies during its run , including an attempt to defraud the show of its top prize by a contestant . The original format of the programme was tweaked in later years , changing the number of questions from fifteen to twelve and altering the payout structure as a result , and later incorporating a time limit . Four years after the original series ended , ITV unveiled a revived series , created by Stellify Media , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme . The revived format , based upon the original design , was presented by Jeremy Clarkson , and broadcast in 2018 , from 5 -- 11 May . The gameshow became one of the most significant shows in British popular culture , ranking 23rd in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes . Its success led to the programme being exported to many other countries , all of which follow the same general format , though with some versions including unique differences in gameplay and lifelines provided . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Creation 1.2 Original series 1.3 Revival 1.4 Top prize winners 2 Format 2.1 Auditioning 2.2 Game Rules 2.3 Lifelines 3 Series overview 4 Text game ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 5 Controversies 5.1 Incorrect answer to question accepted 5.2 Schedule rigging allegation 5.3 Ambiguous question 5.4 Ingram cheating scandal 5.5 Phone - a-Friend 6 References 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links History ( edit ) UK presenters of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Chris Tarrant ( 1998 -- 2014 ) Jeremy Clarkson ( 2018 -- ) Creation ( edit ) The creation of the game show was led by David Briggs , assisted by Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight , who had helped him before with creating a number of promotional games for Chris Tarrant 's morning show on Capital FM radio . The basic premise for the show was a twist on the conventional game - show genre of the time , with a focus towards the setup used in radio quizzes , in that the programme would have one contestant taking on the game and answering questions , but with the ability to pull out at any time , to have certain points in the quiz where , once passed , they could have a set prize given to them if they should give a wrong answer , and be provided with special forms of assistance during their game . During the design phase , the show was given the working title of `` Cash Mountain '' , before Briggs decided upon using the name of the song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society , as the show 's finalised title . After presenting their idea to ITV , the broadcaster gave the green - light for production to begin on a series . The set designed for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley , who focused the design towards making contestants feel uncomfortable , creating an atmosphere of tension similar to movie thriller . The design was in stark contrast to the design of sets made for more typical game shows , which are designed to make contestants feel more at ease . Walmsley 's design feature a central stage made primarily with Plexiglas , with a huge dish underneath covered in mirror paper , onto which two slightly - modified , 3 foot ( 0.91 m ) - high Pietranera Arco All chairs were chosen for use by both the contestant and the host , each having an LG computer monitor directly facing each that would be used to display questions and other pertinent information . The rest of the set featured seating spaced out around the main stage in a circle , with breaks in them to allow movement of people on and off the set . The lighting rig used for the set was designed so as to allow only the lights to switch from illuminating the entire set , to focusing on the host and contestant on the main stage when a game was underway , but to include special lighting effects when the contestant reached higher cash prize amounts . His overall conception would eventually prove to be a success , becoming one of the most reproduced scenic designs in television history . The music provided for the show was composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . The Strachans ' composition for the game show helped with Briggs ' tense game design , by providing the necessary drama and tension . Unlike other game show musical scores , the music provided for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was designed to be played throughout the entire episode of the show . The Strachans main theme for the game show was inspired from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets . For the main game of the show , the pair designed the music to feature three variations , with the second and third compositions focused on emphasising the increased tension of the game - as a contestant made progress to higher cash amounts , the pitch of the music was increased by a semitone for each subsequent question . On Game Show Network 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart '' , and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder , the music is `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse '' . Original series ( edit ) With the show created , ITV assigned Chris Tarrant as its host , and set its premiere to 4 September 1998 . The programme was assigned a timeslot of one hour , to provide room for three commercial breaks , with episodes produced by production company Celador . Originally , the show was broadcast on successive evening for around ten days , before the network modified its broadcast schedule to air it within a primetime slot on Saturday evenings , with occasional broadcasts on Tuesday evenings . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? proved a ratings hit , pulling in average viewing figures of up to 19 million during its broadcast in 1999 , though such figures often occurred when the programme was allocated to a half - hour timeslot ; by 2003 , the viewing figures declined to an average of around 8 million viewers . Over the course of his time presenting the game show , Tarrant developed a number of notable catchphrases , including `` Is that your final answer ? '' , and `` But we do n't want to give you that '' , with the latter often used to emphasise his wish to see contestants continue on and win more money . Since its launch , several individuals made claims over the origins of the format or elements of it , with each accusing Celador of breaching their copyrights . In three cases , the matters could not be proven by the claimants - in 2002 , Mike Bull , a Southampton - based journalist , was given an out - of - court settlement when he claimed the authorship of lifelines was his work , though with a confidentiality clause attached ; in 2003 , Syndey resident John J. Leonard made claims in that the show 's format was based on one he had made of a similar nature , but without the concept of lifelines ; in 2004 , Alan Melville was given an out - of - court settlement after he claimed that the opening phrase `` Who wants to be a millionaire ? '' had been taken from document he sent to Granada Television , concerning his idea for a game show based on the lottery . One of most significant claims Celador received against them was from John Bachini . In 2002 , he started legal proceedings against the production company , ITV , and five individuals who had claimed they had created Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , stating that the idea from the show was taken from several elements he had created - a board game format he conceived in 1982 ; a two - page TV format , known as Millionaire , made in 1990 ; and the telephone mechanics for a TV concept he created in 1990 , BT Lottery . In his claim , Bachini stated that he submitted documents for his TV concepts to Paul Smith , from a sister company of Celador 's , in March 1995 and again in January 1996 , and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV , also in January 1996 , accusing both of using roughly 90 % of the format for Millionaire in the pilot for the game show , including the use of twenty questions , lifelines and safety nets , although the lifelines were conceived under different names - Bachini claimed that he never coined the phrase `` phone - a-friend '' that Briggs designed in his format . In response to this claim , Celdaor made a counter-claim that the franchise originated from the basic format idea conceived by Briggs . The defendants in the claim took Bachini to a summary hearing , but lost their right to have his claim dismissed . Although Bachini won the right to go to trial , he was unable to after the hearing due to serious illness . Celador eventually settled the matter with him out - of - court . In March 2006 , Celador began procedures to sell the format of the show and all UK episodes , as part of their first step towards the sale of their formats divisions . The purchase of both assets was made by Dutch company 2waytraffic , which were then passed on to Sony Pictures Entertainment in 2008 when it acquired 2waytraffic . As the original series progress , variations of the format were created , and screened as special episodes , including celebrity editions , games featuring couples as contestants , and episodes themed around special events such as Mother 's Day . From April 2011 , only celebrity contestants appeared on the show , in special live editions that coincided with holidays , events and other notable moments , such as the end of a school term . However , in 2012 , three special episodes , entitled `` The People Play '' , were broadcast for three consecutive nights between 9 and 11 July , - they featured standard contestants , with viewers at home allowed to play along . The special was used three more times in 2013 , once on 7 May , and twice more on 21 May , before the special 's format was discontinued . On 22 October 2013 , Tarrant announced that after fifteen years of hosting the programme , he would be leaving Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , which consequently led ITV to axe the programme once his contract was finished ; no more specials would be filmed after this announcement , leaving only those made before it to be aired as the final episodes . After a few more celebrity editions of the game show , Tarrant hosted his final episode , a clip show entitled `` Chris ' Final Answer '' , aired on 11 February 2014 . Revival ( edit ) In 2018 , ITV revived the show for a new series , as part of its 20th anniversary commemorations of the programme . On 23 February , the broadcast put out a casting call for contestants who would appear on the game show . On 9 March , Jeremy Clarkson was confirmed as the new host of the show . On 13 April , the trailer for the revival premiered on ITV and confirmed that the show would return in May for a week long run , with it later confirmed on 25 April , that the show would begin airing from 5 May . Top prize winners ( edit ) See also : List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? top prize winners Over the course of the programme 's broadcast history , it has had to date five winners who managed to successfully receive its top prize of £ 1 million . They include : Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel , a cash - strapped garden designer at the time . On 20 November 2000 , she became the first contestant to win the top prize , and is to date the only woman to have received it in the British original . Following her success , Keppel later went onto become part of team of quiz experts for the BBC game show , Eggheads . David Edwards , a former physics teacher of Cheadle High School and Denstone College in Staffordshire . On 21 April 2001 , he became the first man to win the top prize . Following his success , Edwards went on to compete in both series of Are You an Egghead ? , in 2008 and 2009 respectively , but failed to win either series and secure a place as a panellist on Eggheads . Robert Kempe Brydges , an Oxford - educated banker from Holland Park , London . On 29 September 2001 , he became the third person to win the show 's top prize . Pat Gibson , a multiple world champion Irish quiz player . On 24 April 2004 , he became the fourth person to win the top prize , and is the only person in the show 's history to reach the final question with two lifelines still intact . Ingram Wilcox , a British quiz enthusiast . On 23 September 2006 , he became the fifth person to win the top prize , and is to date , the most recent person to answer the show 's final question . Format ( edit ) Auditioning ( edit ) Members of the public wishing to apply for the game show are provided with four options to choose form - calling / texting a premium - rate number ; submitting an application via the show 's ITV website , using a system of £ 1 `` credits '' ; taking part in a casting audition , held at various locations around the UK . Once an application is made , production staff select an episode 's contestants through a combination of random selection , and a potential contestant 's ability to answer a set of test questions based on general knowledge . Game rules ( edit ) A contestant being asked a question about pop music on the show . Once a contestant has auditioned for a part on the programme and filming takes place , they undertake a preliminary round entitled `` Fastest Finger First '' - the group of contestants seeking a chance to take on the main game of the show , must answer a single question correctly , but do so faster than their opponents . Initially , the round required contestants to provide the correct answer to a question , but from the second series onwards , they are tasked with putting four answers in the correct order stated within the question ( i.e. earliest to latest ) . The contestant who answers a question correctly and in the fastest time , moves on towards playing the main game ; in the event that no - one answers the question correctly , a new question is given , while if two or more contestants give the correct answer in the same amount of time , they undergo a tiebreaker question to determine who takes on the main game . This round is primarily used to determine the new contestant for the main game , and can often be used more than once in an episode . After completing the preliminary round , the contestant now begins taking on the main game , tackling a series of increasingly difficult question , which offering increasingly high sums of money , up to the top prize of £ 1 million . The questions they undertake are randomly chosen from list of generated questions based on general knowledge , with each consisting of four answers to chose from . While undertaking questions , the contestant is allowed to use a set of lifelines to provide them assistance with a question at any time , and two safety nets - if a contestant gets a question wrong , but had reached a designated cash value during their game , they left with that amount as their prize . Unlike other game shows , if a contestant is unsure about a question they are facing , they are allowed to leave the game at that point with the cash amount they had managed to win by that stage . While the initial questions are generally easy , the subsequent ones after it require the contestant to confirm that their answer / decision is final by the host , at which point it is locked in and can not be reversed . As a rule , the host is not shown the correct answer , until a contestant has given their answer . If an episode is reaching the end of its allotted , an audio cue is triggered to highlight this ; contestants still playing the main game are left to wait until filming for the next episode begins to continue , though this is not the case for special editions of the show , such as celebrity episodes . Over the course of the show 's history on British television , the format of the programme was altered in a number of aspects , mainly towards the setup of questions and the payout structure used in the game show , along with minor tweaks and changes in other aspects : Between 1998 and 2007 , the format focused on contestants answering 15 questions , with two safety nets placed at £ 1,000 and £ 32,000 respectively , and the use of three standard lifelines . The payout structure during these years was focused as follow : £ 100 - > £ 200 - > £ 300 - > £ 500 - > £ 1,000 - > £ 2,000 - > £ 4,000 - > £ 8,000 - > £ 16,000 - > £ 32,000 - > £ 64,000 - > £ 125,000 - > £ 250,000 - > £ 500,000 - > £ 1,000,000 Between 2007 and 2014 , the number of questions was reduced to 12 . This alteration led to the second safety net being assigned to a new cash value , £ 50,000 , and the payout structure being changed as a result : £ 500 - > £ 1,000 - > £ 2,000 - > £ 5,000 - > £ 10,000 - > £ 20,000 - > £ 50,000 - > £ 75,000 - > £ 150,000 - > £ 250,000 - > £ 500,000 - > £ 1,000,000 In 2010 , the format was further changed in three factors . The first was the discontinuation of the preliminary round , meaning new contestants were selected by production staff before a new run of the main game was played . The second was the inclusion of a fourth lifeline . The third was adoption of the time - limit format from the US Version , but with some differences - the time limit was active for the first seven questions - 15 seconds for the first two questions , and 30 seconds for the other five - and if a contestant ran out of time , it was treated as an incorrect answer and thus affected their winnings , though time was briefly paused when a lifeline is used by the contestant . For the revived series in 2018 , the format returned to that used between 1998 -- 2007 , including the payout structure , but with one noticeable difference . Apart from the use of a brand new , fourth lifeline , the series included a new rule in which upon reaching £ 1,000 , the contestant would be asked before each subsequent question if they would like to set the cash prize for that question as their second safety net , with it offered up to £ 500,000 . Lifelines ( edit ) During a contestant 's game , they may make use of a set of lifelines to provide assistance on a question . Throughout the course of the show 's history , these lifelines involve the following : 50 / 50 ( 1998 -- ) : Two random incorrect answers are eliminated , leaving the correct answer and one incorrect answer , thus granting the contestant a 50 / 50 chance of answering a question correctly . Phone a Friend ( 1998 -- ) : The contestant calls one of their friends , and has 30 seconds to read the question and the possible answers to them . The friend uses the leftover time to offer an answer . Since 2018 , a member of the production team accompanies the friend to prevent cheating . Ask the Audience ( 1998 -- ) : Audience members use keypads to vote on what they believe to be the correct answer to the question . The percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant , after this vote . Switch ( 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 14 ) : The computer replaces one question with another of the same monetary value . Any lifelines already used on the original question are not reinstated . From 2010 to 2014 , this lifeline was earned after the contestant answered seven questions correctly . Ask the Host ( 2018 -- ) : The contestant asks the host to help provide an answer on a question . No time limit is associated with the lifeline , while , in addition to standard rules , the host has no contact with outside sources to help them . Series overview ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 4 September 1998 25 December 1998 11 1 January 1999 13 January 1999 13 5 March 1999 16 March 1999 12 3 September 1999 14 September 1999 13 5 5 November 1999 26 December 1999 18 6 16 January 2000 22 January 2000 7 7 26 March 2000 1 May 2000 13 8 7 September 2000 6 January 2001 55 9 8 January 2001 26 April 2001 45 10 4 September 2001 29 December 2001 43 11 5 January 2002 9 April 2002 55 12 31 August 2002 28 December 2002 19 13 4 January 2003 31 May 2003 21 14 30 August 2003 27 December 2003 21 15 3 January 2004 5 June 2004 23 16 18 September 2004 25 December 2004 16 17 1 January 2005 11 June 2005 24 18 17 September 2005 31 December 2005 11 19 7 January 2006 8 July 2006 27 20 9 September 2006 6 January 2007 13 21 10 March 2007 28 July 2007 17 22 18 August 2007 30 October 2007 11 23 1 January 2008 3 June 2008 19 24 16 August 2008 31 January 2009 18 25 13 June 2009 20 December 2009 20 26 13 April 2010 8 June 2010 8 27 3 August 2010 23 December 2010 11 28 2 April 2011 19 December 2011 6 29 3 January 2012 20 December 2012 11 30 1 January 2013 11 February 2014 11 31 5 May 2018 11 May 2018 7 Text game ( 2004 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) On 23 October 2004 the show included a new feature called the `` Walkaway Text Game '' . The competition was offered to viewers at home to play the text game where they had to answer the question , if a contestant decided to walk home with the cash prize they have got , by choosing the letters ' A , B , C or D ' within 30 seconds to a specific mobile number . The viewer who answered the question won £ 1,000 by having their entries selected randomly . On 9 September 2006 , there were some changes . The competition stayed the same but this time , they played it before some commercial breaks . A question to which the contestant had given their final answer , but the correct answer had not yet been revealed , was offered as a competition to viewers . Entry was via SMS text message at a cost of £ 1 per entry , and the competition ran through the commercial break , after which the answer was revealed and the game continued . One viewer who answered the question correctly won £ 1,000 . The text game ended on 28 July 2007 . Controversies ( edit ) Incorrect answer to question accepted ( edit ) In March 1999 , the Daily Mirror published a report that accused the show of allowing a contestant , Tony Kennedy , to win a question by giving an incorrect answer . During Kennedy 's game , when he had reached the £ 64,000 question , he was asked `` Theoretically , what is the minimum number of strokes with which a tennis player can win a set ? '' , and given four possible answers - twelve , twenty four , thirty six , and forty eight . Kennedy calculated that a player would need four shots to win a game , with six games in a set , giving an answer of twenty four , but the newspaper reported that this was incorrect , stating that a tennis player could win a game without playing a shot - if their opponent double - faulted on every serve , and the player aced each of their own serves , it would allow them to win with just 12 strokes . Based on their findings , the production staff acknowledged the mistake and apologised for it , but allowed Kennedy to keep the prize money he won by the end of his game . Schedule rigging allegation ( edit ) When Judith Keppel 's victory as the first UK jackpot winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? was announced by ITV on the day of that the corresponding episode was to be broadcast , several allegations were made that Celador had rigged the show to spoil the BBC 's expected high ratings for the finale of One Foot in the Grave . Richard Wilson , the lead star on the sitcom , was quoted in particular for saying that the broadcaster had `` planned '' the win , adding `` it seems a bit unfair to take the audience away from Victor 's last moments on earth . '' David Renwick , writer of the sitcom , voiced annoyance that the episode would draw away interest from the sitcom 's finale , believing that a leaked press release on ITV 's announcement had been `` naked opportunism '' , and it `` would have been more honorable to let the show go out in the normal way '' , pointing out that it `` killed off any element of tension or surprise in their own programme '' , but that `` television is all about ratings '' . Richard Webber 's account , in his 2006 book , cites `` unnamed BBC sources '' as those who `` questioned the authenticity of Keppel 's victory '' . The allegations in turn led to eleven viewers making complaints against the quiz show , of a similar nature , to the Independent Television Commission ( ITC ) . In response , ITV expressed distress to the allegations , claiming that it `` undermined viewers ' faith in the programme . '' Leslie Hill , the chairman of ITV , wrote to Sir Christopher Bland , the chairman of the Board of Governors of the BBC , to complain about the issue . The corporation apologised , saying that any suggestion of ' rigging ' `` did not represent the official view of the BBC '' , while the ITC 's investigation cleared the programme of any wrongdoing . Ambiguous question ( edit ) On 11 February 2006 , celebrity couple Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen and his wife Jackie took on the game show to raise money for their chosen charity - The Shooting Star Children 's Hospice . Having reached the final question of the quiz , they were asked `` Translated from the Latin , what is the motto of the United States ? '' , to which the Bowens answered with `` In God , We Trust '' , only to learn that the question 's correct answer was `` One Out of Many '' - the English translation for the Latin E pluribus unum . However , Celador later admitted that the question had been ambiguous and not fair to the pair - although E pluribus unum is considered the de-facto motto of the United States , it was never legally declared as such ; In God , We Trust is the official motto of the country since 1956 , although is not translated from any form of Latin . Following this revelation , the production company invited the Bowens back to tackle a new question , with their original winnings reinstated ; the couple chose not to risk the new question , and left with £ 500,000 for their charity . Ingram cheating scandal ( edit ) Main article : Charles Ingram - Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? scandal Charles Ingram and his wife Diana . Both had previously made appearances on the show , before Charles ' controversial game in September 2001 . In September 2001 , British Army Major Charles Ingram became a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , joined by his wife Diana , and a close friend and college lecturer , Tecwen Whittock . After the first day of filming , the group devised a scheme that would allow Ingram to win the £ 1 million cash prize when he returned for the second day of recording , on 10 September - for each question he faced , the correct answer would be signalled to Ingram by a cough made by Whittock ; Ingram would differentiate the way he received this to avoid making the scheme too obvious , such as reading aloud all four answers , or dismissing an answer and then choosing it again later . Although the scheme proved successful , by the time he had reached the final questions , production staff off - stage had become suspicious over the amount of background noise being made by Whittock 's coughing , while noting that Ingram seemed to show no specialist knowledge of any subjects he faced with each questions . After the second day of recording ended , the production staff ordered an immediate investigation on the grounds that cheating had occurred , suspending the broadcast of both episodes that had been filmed . Ingram was subsequently informed that he was being investigated for cheating and would not receive his winnings . While reviewing the recording , production staff began to see a pattern between Whittock 's coughing , and Ingram 's unusual behaviour when he answered questions ; at one point , they noticed Ingram gave an answer when Diana had coughed after he read it aloud . By this point , Celador was convinced that cheating had occurred , and the matter was handed over to police . Both the Ingrams and Whittock were charged with `` procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception '' , and taken to Southwark Crown Court in 2003 . During the four - week long trial , the Prosecution provided evidence towards the charges , which included a recording of Ingram 's second day on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , pager telephone records for a previous scheme the group intended to use , before deeming it too complicated - a system of four pagers intended to be hidden on Ingram 's body , in which a pager 's vibrations signalled the correct answer - and testimony from one of the production staff and a `` Fastest Finger '' contestant attending the recording , Larry Whitehurst . Although the Defence provided evidence claiming Whittock 's coughing was a result of dust allergies and a hay fever he was suffering from , and Whittock himself testified against the accusations , the Prosecution refuted these claims with their evidence , including footage that showed Whittock stopped coughing when he became a contestant after Ingram . On 7 April 2003 , the group were found guilty , with all three given suspended prison sentences and fines , with the Ingrams later ordered to pay legal costs within two months of the trial 's conclusion . On 24 July 2003 , the British Army ordered Charles Ingram to resign his commission as a Major , in the wake of the trial . In the aftermath of the trial , the scandal became the subject of a documentary entitled Millionaire : A Major Fraud , presented by Martin Bashir and broadcast on 21 April 2003 , with a follow - up two weeks later entitled Millionaire : The Final Answer . The documentary featured excerpts from the recording that had been enhanced for the Ingrams ' trial , footage of the actions made by Ingram 's wife in the audience , and interviews with production staff and some of the contestants who had been present during the recording . None of the defendants in the case took part , with Ingram later describing Major Fraud and a subsequent programme of the matter , shown on ITV2 , as `` one of the greatest TV editing con tricks in history '' . Chess grandmaster James Plaskett later wrote an essay arguing in favour of the group 's innocence ; journalists Bob Woffinden , and Jon Ronson , each wrote a piece influenced by this essay , with Woffinden collaborating with Plaskett on a book entitled Bad Show : The Quiz , The Cough , The Millionaire Major , published in 2015 , arguing that Ingram 's appearance on the show coinciding with Whittock 's was `` chance '' . A play based upon the events of the scandal was written by James Graham , entitled Quiz , and was performed from 3 November 2017 to 9 December 2017 , before being performed in the West End from 31 March 2018 to 16 June 2018 . Phone - a-friend ( edit ) The Phone - a-Friend lifeline provided multiple instances of controversy during the show 's run . A 2002 edition of the Daily Mail reported that many contestants had selected strangers who were `` contacts among the quizzing fraternity '' to act as their Phone - a-Friends . Specifically , game show champion Daphne Fowler was approached by a man she had not previously met and asked if she would be his lifeline in exchange for £ 200 . Fowler refused , adding : `` I thought a fair price would be a quarter of whatever the man won , so if I helped him get from £ 32,000 to £ 64,000 I would expect to get £ 16,000 . '' The man was later revealed by ITV sources not to have made it onto the programme . In March 2007 various UK newspapers reported that an organised syndicate had been getting quiz enthusiasts onto the show in return for a percentage of their winnings . The person behind the syndicate was Keith Burgess from Northern Ireland . Burgess admitted to helping around 200 contestants to appear on the show since 1999 ; he estimates those contestants to have won around £ 5,000,000 . The show producers are believed to have been aware of this operation , with Burgess stating : `` The show knows about me and these types of syndicates , but they cover it up to keep the show going . '' An earlier version of a Phone a Friend syndicate was reported in the Northampton Chronicle and Echo during 2003 . Paul Smith , the Managing Director of Celador Productions , stated : `` We are aware of Paddy Spooner and what people similar to him are doing , and we have made a priority of changing our question procedure . We are confident we have now made it impossible for anyone to manipulate the system . '' Since then , the options of people that can be called have a picture of themselves shown on - air . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? Episode 7 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN. 21 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Smurthwaite , Nick ( 21 March 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : A TV phenomenon '' . BBC News . 3 March 2003 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonard , John J. ( 2005 ) . `` Millionaire 2nd Edition. qxd '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Dasey ( 30 March 2003 ) . `` The show that should have made me a million '' . The Sydney Sun - Herald . Jump up ^ Birmingham Sunday Mercury , 28 August 2005 Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` New owners take on Celador International and Millionaire brand '' . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( 4 June 2008 ) . `` Sony Pictures acquires 2waytraffic '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This summer , Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? will once again be going live , but this time with the Great British public in the hotseat ! '' . ITV . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire axed as host Chris Tarrant decided ' it was time to take a break ' '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire axed as Tarrant quits '' . u.tv . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 've loved every minute ' : An emotional Chris Tarrant bids farewell as Who Wants To Be A Millionaire bows out after 16 - years '' . Daily Mail . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . itv.com. 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Clarkson replaces Chris Tarrant on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' . BBC News . 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` ITV releases trailer for Jeremy Clarkson 's Who Wants to Be a Millionaire revival '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Charles Mosley ( ed . ) , Burke 's Peerage , Baronetage & Knightage ( London : Burke 's Peerage , 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Fourth Millionaire ' is millionaire ' '' . BBC . 27 September 2001 . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Millionaire ' quiz show aims to broaden appeal '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth contestant wins ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Nadia . `` The man who won a million '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` THANKS A MILLION ... WE 'RE BOTH WINNERS ; EXCLUSIVE : Couple each scoop TV prize '' . Free Online Library . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` So I phoned a friend -- part one '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Format changes ahead for ' Millionaire ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? returns to ITV this Saturday with brand new twists '' . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110713070556/http://millionaire.itv.com/viewergame.php?howtoplay=1 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Millionaire -- Walkaway Game '' . itv.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? '' . UKGameshows.com . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Webber 2006 , p. 184 Jump up ^ `` Wilson : Millionaire win ' planned ' '' . BBC News . 22 November 2000 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire ? cleared of ratings ' fix ' '' . BBC News . 15 January 2001 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Judd , Terri ( 2 December 2000 ) . `` BBC apologises for ' Millionaire ' dirty tricks slur '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Casey & Calvert 2008 , p. 128 Jump up ^ Dyja 2002 , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : `` TV designer 's second shot at £ 1m '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 January 2006 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Charles Ingram has been found guilty of cheating his way to the top prize on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . BBC News . 7 April 2003 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire trio escape jail '' . BBC News . 8 April 2003 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2823407.stm Millionaire 's route to the top prize Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2964675.stm Millionaire cheats left ' devastated ' ^ Jump up to : Innes , John ( 7 March 2003 ) . `` Pager plot too risky for TV quiz '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Contestant ' spotted Millionaire coughs ' '' . BBC News . 11 March 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` So I phoned a friend -- part two '' . The Guardian . London . 19 April 2003 . Retrieved 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3092357.stm Millionaire cheat sacked by Army Jump up ^ Day , Julian ( 22 April 2003 ) . `` The cough carries it off '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 22 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ronson , Jon ( 17 July 2006 ) . `` Are the Millionaire three innocent ? '' . London : The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Levi ( 17 January 2015 ) . `` ' Coughing Major ' was INNOCENT of cheating on Who Wants to be a Millionaire , says new book '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz '' . Chichester Festival Theatre . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz the Play by James Graham Official West End Website '' . 2018 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Woffinden ; Plaskett , p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Conlan , Tara ( 18 April 2002 ) . `` I 'll phone a stranger '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Phoney a Friend '' . Sunday Mirror. 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz syndicate leader denies wrongdoing '' . crewechronicle.co.uk. 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire syndicate is probed '' . northamptonchron.co.uk. 23 April 2003 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Casey , Bernadette ; Calvert , Ben ( 2008 ) . Television Studies : The Key Concepts ( 2 ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37149 - 0 . Dyja , Eddie , ed. ( 2002 ) . BFI Film and Television Handbook 2002 . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 904 - 8 . Webber , Richard ( 2006 ) . The Complete One Foot in the Grave . London : Orion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7528 - 7357 - 2 . Woffinden , Bob ; Plaskett , James ( 2015 ) . Bad Show : The Quiz , the Cough , the Millionaire Major . Bojangles Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9930755 - 2 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Television portal Official website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) on IMDb Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? at UKGameshows.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_(UK_game_show)&oldid=845596699 '' Categories : 1998 British television programme debuts 1990s British game shows 2000s British game shows 2010s British game shows Films shot at Elstree Studios ITV game shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television English - language television programs Television series revived after cancellation Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from April 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire UK game show
2. Format and rules of the game show
3. Top prize winners of the show
4. Controversies surrounding the show
5. Revival of the show in 2018 with Jeremy Clarkson as the host |
7,251,632,707,801,330,000 | big band singers of the 30's and 40's | List of american big band bandleaders - wikipedia List of american big band bandleaders Main article : Big band Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Irving Aaronson ( 1895 -- 1963 ) Louis Armstrong ( 1901 -- 1971 ) ( Louis Armstrong and His Orchestra , 1928 -- 1947 ) Toshiko Akiyoshi ( born 1929 ) ( Toshiko Akiyoshi -- Lew Tabackin Big Band ) Ray Anthony ( born 1922 ) Lil Hardin Armstrong ( 1898 - 1971 ) Georgie Auld ( 1919 - 1990 ) ( Georgie Auld and His Orchestra , Georgie Auld and His Hollywood All Stars ) Charlie Barnet ( 1913 - 1991 ) Count Basie ( 1904 -- 1984 ) ( Count Basie Orchestra , 1934 -- 1984 ) Louie Bellson ( 1924 - 2009 ) Bunny Berigan ( 1908 - 1942 ) Carla Bley ( born 1936 ) Will Bradley ( 1912 - 1989 ) Les Brown ( 1912 - 2001 ) ( Les Brown and His Band of Renown ) ( 1938 -- 2001 ) Joe Cabot ( 1921 - 2016 ) Cab Calloway ( 1907 -- 1994 ) ( Cab Calloway Orchestra ) Frankie Carle ( 1903 - 2001 ) Benny Carter ( 1907 - 2003 ) Larry Clinton ( 1909 - 1985 ) Harry Connick , Jr. ( born 1967 ) Bob Crosby ( 1913 - 1993 ) Tommy Dorsey ( 1905 -- 1956 ) ( Dorsey Brothers Orchestra ) ( 1928 -- 1956 ) , Tommy Dorsey Orchestra ( 1935 -- 1956 ) Jimmy Dorsey ( 1904 -- 1957 ) ( Dorsey Brothers Orchestra ( 1928 -- 1956 ) , Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra ) Eddy Duchin ( 1909 -- 1951 ) ( Eddy Duchin and His Orchestra ) Billy Eckstine ( 1914 - 1993 ) Les Elgart ( 1917 - 1995 ) Duke Ellington ( 1899 -- 1974 ) ( Duke Ellington Orchestra ) Mercer Ellington ( 1919 - 1996 ) Don Ellis ( 1934 - 1978 ) Ziggy Elman ( 1914 - 1968 ) ( Ziggy Elman and His Orchestra ) Gil Evans ( 1912 -- 1988 ) Maynard Ferguson ( 1928 -- 2006 ) Jerry Fielding ( 1922 - 1980 ) Shep Fields ( 1910 -- 1981 ) ( Shep Fields and His Rippling Rhythm ) Brent Fischer ( born 1964 ) Bob Florence ( 1932 - 2008 ) ( the Limited Edition ) Jan Garber ( 1897 -- 1977 ) ( Jan Garber Orchestra ) Terry Gibbs ( born 1924 ) Dizzy Gillespie ( 1917 - 1993 ) Benny Goodman ( 1909 -- 1986 ) ( Benny Goodman and His Orchestra , 1932 -- 1952 ) Gordon Goodwin ( born 1954 ) ( Big Phat Band ) Glen Gray ( 1900 - 1963 ) ( Casa Loma Orchestra ) ( 1927 - 1963 ) George Gee ( George Gee Swing Orchestra ; formerly known as the Make - Believe Ballroom Orchestra ) Glenn Miller ( 1904 - 1944 ) ( Glenn Miller Orchestra ) Henry Halstead ( 1897 -- 1984 ) Lionel Hampton ( 1908 - 2002 ) Slide Hampton ( born 1932 ) ( Slide Hampton Ultra Big Band ) Erskine Hawkins ( 1914 -- 1993 ) Horace Heidt ( 1901 - 1986 ) Neal Hefti ( 1922 - 2008 ) Fletcher Henderson ( 1897 -- 1952 ) Woody Herman ( 1913 -- 1987 ) Tiny Hill ( 1906 - 1971 ) Earl Hines ( 1903 - 1983 ) Claude Hopkins ( 1903 - 1984 ) Pee Wee Hunt ( 1907 - 1979 ) Lloyd Hunter ( died 1961 ) Ina Ray Hutton ( 1916 - 1984 ) ( Melodears ) Tommy Igoe ( born 1964 ) ( The Birdland Big Band ) J ( edit ) Harry James ( 1916 -- 1983 ) Galen Jeter ( Dallas Jazz Orchestra ) Isham Jones ( 1894 -- 1956 ) Quincy Jones ( born 1933 ) Thad Jones ( 1923 -- 1986 ) ( The Thad Jones / Mel Lewis Orchestra ) ( c. 1965 - 1977 ) Louis Jordan ( 1908 -- 1975 ) John Cameron Fogerty ( born 1945 ) Sammy Kaye ( 1910 -- 1987 ) Stan Kenton ( 1911 -- 1979 ) Wayne King ( 1901 -- 1985 ) Andy Kirk ( 1898 - 1992 ) ( Twelve Clouds of Joy ) Gene Krupa ( 1909 - 1973 ) Tom Kubis ( born 1951 ) Kay Kyser ( 1905 -- 1985 ) Kevin Chad Layer ( Born 1988 ) Mel Lewis ( 1929 -- 1990 ) ( The Thad Jones / Mel Lewis Orchestra ) ( c. 1965 - 1977 ) ) Ted Lewis ( 1890 -- 1971 ) Guy Lombardo ( 1902 -- 1977 ) Johnny Long ( 1914 - 1972 ) Vincent Lopez ( 1896 -- 1975 ) Jimmie Lunceford ( 1902 -- 1947 ) Rob McConnell ( 1935 - 2010 ) ( the Boss Brass ) Ray McKinley ( 1910 - 1995 ) Richard Maltby ( 1914 - 1991 ) Gap Mangione ( born 1938 ) Ralph Marterie ( 1914 - 1978 ) Freddy Martin ( 1906 - 1983 ) Frankie Masters ( 1904 -- 1991 ) Billy May ( 1916 -- 2004 ) Glenn Miller ( 1904 -- 1944 ) ( Glenn Miller Orchestra , 1937 -- 1942 ) Lucky Millinder ( 1900 -- 1966 ) Charles Mingus ( 1922 - 1979 ) Bob Mintzer ( born 1953 ) ( Bob Mintzer Big Band ) Vaughn Monroe ( 1911 -- 1973 ) Russ Morgan ( 1904 -- 1969 ) Bennie Moten ( 1894 - 1935 ) ( Kansas City Orchestra ) Gerry Mulligan ( 1927 - 1996 ) ( Concert Jazz Band ) Ozzie Nelson ( 1906 - 1975 ) Red Nichols ( 1905 -- 1965 ) Ray Noble ( 1903 -- 1978 ) Red Norvo ( 1908 - 1999 ) O ( edit ) Joe `` King '' Oliver ( 1885 -- 1938 ) Kid Ory ( 1886 -- 1973 ) Tony Pastor ( 1907 -- 1969 ) George Paxton ( 1914 - 1989 ) Fats Pichon ( 1906 -- 1967 ) Ben Pollack ( 1903 -- 1971 ) Paul Whiteman ( 1880 - 1967 ) Boyd Raeburn ( 1913 - 1966 ) Ray Reach ( born 1948 ) Don Redman ( 1900 -- 1964 ) ( Don Redman Orchestra , 1931 -- 1940 ) Alvino Rey ( 1908 - 2004 ) Buddy Rich ( 1917 -- 1987 ) ( Buddy Rich Big Band ) Nelson Riddle ( 1921 -- 1985 ) Shorty Rogers ( 1924 - 1994 ) ( Shorty Rogers and His Giants ) Sauter - Finegan Orchestra led by Eddie Sauter ( 1914 - 1981 ) and Bill Finegan ( 1917 - 2008 ) Jan Savitt ( 1907 - 1948 ) ( Jan Savitt & His Top Hatters , the Jan Savitt String Orchestra , Jan Savitt & His Orchestra ) Maria Schneider ( born 1960 ) ( Maria Schneider Orchestra ) Vic Schoen ( 1916 - 2000 ) ( The Vic Schoen Orchestra ) Raymond Scott ( 1908 - 1994 ) Ben Selvin ( 1898 -- 1980 ) Brian Setzer ( born 1959 ) ( The Brian Setzer Orchestra ) Artie Shaw ( 1910 -- 2004 ) Tom Smith ( born 1957 ) ( Unifour Jazz Ensemble ) Charlie Spivak ( 1905 / 07 - 1982 ) Sun Ra ( 1914 -- 1993 ) Lew Tabackin ( born 1940 ) Jack Teagarden ( 1905 -- 1964 ) ( Jack Teagarden and His Orchestra , 1939 -- 1946 ) Dan Terry ( 1924 - 2011 ) Claude Thornhill ( 1908 - 1965 ) Orrin Tucker ( 1911 - 2011 ) ( Orrin Tucker and his Orchestra ) Tommy Tucker ( 1903 - 1989 ) ( Tommy Tucker and his Orchestra ) V ( edit ) Rudy Vallee ( 1901 - 1986 ) ( The Connecticut Yankees ) Charlie Ventura ( 1916 - 1992 ) Tommy Vig ( born 1938 ) Fred Waring ( 1900 -- 1984 ) ( Waring 's Pennsylvanians ) Chick Webb ( 1905 -- 1939 ) Ted Weems ( 1901 -- 1963 ) Lawrence Welk ( 1903 -- 1992 ) Paul Whiteman ( 1890 -- 1967 ) Gerald Wilson ( 1918 - 2014 ) Anna Mae Winburn ( 1913 - 1999 ) Z ( edit ) Si Zentner ( 1917 - 2000 ) See also ( edit ) Big band remote List of big bands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_big_band_bandleaders&oldid=825298499 '' Categories : American jazz bandleaders Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 16 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. American big band bandleaders
2. List of bandleaders in the big band genre
3. Notable American big band leaders
4. Famous American big band musicians
5. Big band leaders in the United States |
-5,058,785,030,837,512,000 | what day do new episodes of the 100 air | List of the 100 episodes - Wikipedia List of the 100 episodes The 100 ( pronounced The Hundred ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series developed by Jason Rothenberg , which premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . It is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name , the first in a book series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of teens as they become the first people from a space habitat to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse . As of August 7 , 2018 , 71 episodes of The 100 have aired , concluding the fifth season . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 158 1.47 <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 182 1.61 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bharat Nalluri Jason Rothenberg March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 296843 2.73 <Td_colspan="8"> Set in an indeterminate year in the distant future , 97 years after a nuclear apocalypse has devastated the surface of Earth , all known humans are residents of merged orbiting space stations known as `` The Ark '' . Equipped with vital - monitoring wristbands and instructions to proceed directly to Mount Weather , upon landing , 100 juvenile delinquents are sent to the surface to test its habitability . Among them is 17 - year - old Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , the daughter of The Ark 's chief medical officer , Dr. Abby ( Paige Turco ) . The 100 discover a lush Earth filled with new wonders and dangers . Clarke and four others search for the former Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center , a possible site of supplies . Ultimately , they discover that there are hostile survivors on the ground when Jasper , one of their party , is speared . The other delinquents remain at the landing site and , under the leadership of Bellamy ( Bob Morley ) , celebrate their new world . Back on The Ark , Chancellor Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) has been shot , causing the merciless and unsympathetic Councilman Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) to take charge . `` Earth Skills '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7052 2.27 <Td_colspan="8"> Chancellor Jaha recovers and learns of his son Wells ' supposed fate on the ground . Abby recruits Raven , a zero - gravity mechanic , to fix a drop pod to send herself to the ground . Meanwhile on Earth , Clarke , Wells , Murphy , and Bellamy set out to rescue Jasper , who was taken by the grounders after being attacked . They find Jasper tied to a tree and manage to return to camp with him , in addition to a panther they killed prior his rescue . Bellamy forces the 100 to trade their wristbands for food . Clarke manages to keep hers . As the Ark watches more wristbands going offline believing they are dying , a figure watches the 100 from above the camp . `` Earth Kills '' Dean White Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7053 1.90 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , Clarke 's engineer father Jake discovers a life support problem with The Ark , and is arrested for threatening to tell the people and `` floated '' by Jaha . In the present , Clarke , Finn , and Wells search for antibiotic seaweed to treat Jasper 's wounds . Bellamy assembles a hunting group who are followed by Charlotte , a troubled 13 - year - old . A lethal acidic fog hits , forcing Clarke , Finn , and Wells to seek shelter . The three talk , and Clarke berates Wells for his apparent part in her father 's execution believing he told his father of Clarke 's father 's intent to commit treason . Bellamy and Charlotte take refuge from the fog ; he comforts her when she has a nightmare . Clarke discovers her mother 's culpability in her father 's death , learning that she actually told Thelonious , knowing her father would be floated . Clarke and Wells reconcile . Later , Charlotte 's misinterpretation of Bellamy 's advice leads her to kill Wells . `` Murphy 's Law '' P.J. Pesce T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 2J7054 1.69 <Td_colspan="8"> Monty attempts to use the wristbands to contact The Ark . Octavia and Jasper discover Murphy 's knife outside the wall with two fingers , which are Wells ' . Clarke publicly accuses Murphy , inciting a mob that begins hanging him . Overwhelmed , Charlotte confesses and Murphy is cut down . Charlotte flees camp with Clarke and Finn , and they take refuge in a bunker , pursued by a revenge - seeking Murphy . Feeling guilty , Charlotte attempts to turn herself in , but Bellamy intercepts her . The whole group ends up at a dead - end cliff where Charlotte jumps off and commits suicide , and Bellamy banishes Murphy . Monty accidentally fries all of the wristbands . Finn runs to the bunker in frustration , Clarke follows , and they have sex . On The Ark , Abby and Raven go to great lengths to acquire a pressure regulator , but Kane finds out and has Abby arrested . Raven launches off The Ark alone and prepares to enter the atmosphere . 5 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' Milan Cheylov Bruce Miller April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7055 1.80 <Td_colspan="8"> Raven , unconscious , has made it to the ground . Bellamy reaches her pod first and throws away her radio . Clarke and Finn follow , and help Raven , who is revealed to be Finn 's girlfriend , leaving Clarke devastated . They catch up with Bellamy and tell him of the 300 people to be culled from The Ark to preserve oxygen . He helps locate the radio , but it can not be repaired in time , so they devise a plan to fire `` flare '' rockets that The Ark will see , confirming that Earth is survivable . On The Ark , the approved plan calls for sealing off and deoxygenating Section 17 . A desperate Abby reveals her husbands discovery to The Ark , causing some residents to volunteer for the culling . After the culling , Abby , imprisoned , and Jaha watch in surprise as the `` flare '' rockets appear in the viewport above Abby 's cell . Meanwhile , Octavia is captured by a grounder . 6 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' Wayne Rose Tracy Bellomo & Dorothy Fortenberry April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7056 1.97 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , Bellamy witnesses Octavia 's birth ; he names her after Augustus ' sister Octavia the Younger . Due to The Ark 's one child rule , Octavia is forced to live beneath the floor of her family 's quarters . To ensure her daughter 's safety , her mother resorts to prostitution in order to gain notice of guard 's inspections . When Octavia is 16 , Bellamy takes her to a masked ball for Unity Day . She is caught , and their mother is floated ( execution by being blown out of an airlock ) . A year later , Commander Shumway convinces Bellamy to assassinate Jaha , in exchange for a place on the dropship with his sister . In the present , Bellamy combs the camp looking for Octavia , to no avail . He assembles a search party , and they leave for the woods . Meanwhile , Clarke and Raven travel to Finn 's bunker in hopes of finding a radio transmitter with which to contact The Ark , and Raven discovers Finn 's involvement with Clarke . Bellamy , Finn , and Jasper rescue Octavia , and Finn is stabbed in the process . 7 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' John Showalter Akela Cooper & Kira Snyder April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7057 1.88 <Td_colspan="8"> In the midst of a hurricane on the ground , Finn is near death from a poisoned stab wound . Bellamy , having captured the grounder who stabbed Finn , tortures him for the antidote but he does not speak . Raven successfully connects with The Ark ; Abby assists Clarke with treating Finn . Octavia convinces the grounder to reveal the antidote by poisoning herself with the same blade . On The Ark , Abby is released but is removed from the Council . Replacing her is the former chancellor , Diana Sydney , whose intentions are questionable . After learning that Earth is habitable , The Ark begins preparations for Project Exodus : their re-colonization of Earth . However , their drop ships can only carry about 25 % of The Ark 's population . In addition , residual tension from the culling causes mistrust in the Council . 8 8 `` Day Trip '' Matt Barber Story by : Andrei Haq Teleplay by : Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7058 1.64 <Td_colspan="8"> Video connection is established with The Ark . The Ark informs the 100 of a nearby underground depot that may serve as a winter home . Bellamy and Clarke investigate , and discover a stockpile of weapons and supplies . Dax , whom Commander Shumway is coercing to kill Bellamy , follows them . Octavia takes advantage of the camp 's suffering from the effects of hallucinogenic nuts gathered as rations and frees the grounder , whose name is Lincoln . Bellamy , also hallucinating , is wracked with guilt for the culling and almost killed by Dax . Now , coming to terms with his actions , he speaks to Jaha and is pardoned in exchange for information about the assassination attempt . This leads to the arrest and imprisonment of Shumway . He is visited by Diana Sydney , and it is revealed that Jaha 's assassination was her idea . Diana then has Shumway killed in his cell . 9 9 `` Unity Day '' John Behring Kim Shumway & Kira Snyder May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7059 1.73 <Td_colspan="8"> `` Unity Day '' arrives , when the joining of the orbiting space stations is celebrated . As the 100 celebrate , they find their video link interrupted when a bomb explodes during the ceremony on The Ark . Diana engineers a mutiny in order to hijack the first dropship . As the ship launches , it is not fully disconnected from The Ark 's main systems , causing an Ark - wide power outage and disabling every dropship . On the ground , in an effort to initiate peace , Finn arranges a meeting with the local grounder leader through Lincoln . Clarke represents the group and goes to the meeting , where she meets Anya , a grounder leader . Jasper , who along with Bellamy is monitoring the meeting from cover , believes he sees the grounder spotters in the trees about to shoot , he opens fire , and the meeting dissolves into battle . That night , Clarke and Bellamy see the dropship descending . It comes in too fast with no parachute , and violently crashes in the distance . 10 10 `` I Am Become Death '' Omar Madha T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 2J7060 1.46 <Td_colspan="8"> Murphy returns to the dropship after being captured and tortured by the grounders for information about the group . Soon , a deadly virus spreads thanks to Murphy , who was used by the grounders as an agent of biological warfare . Bellamy , Raven and Clarke all contract the disease . Octavia learns from Lincoln that this is his people 's way of softening the battlefield . To delay the incoming attack , Raven builds a bomb to stop the grounders from crossing the bridge featured in the previous episode . Bellamy tasks Jasper with detonating the bomb , and he does so just as the raiding party reaches the bridge . Later , Murphy smothers Connor as revenge for his part in Murphy 's hanging . Raven breaks up with Finn . 11 11 `` The Calm '' Mairzee Almas Bruce Miller May 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) 2J7061 1.71 <Td_colspan="8"> After a fire destroys most of the food supply , the group sends out hunting parties to restock . Clarke , Finn , and Myles go out together , but Clarke and Finn are captured and brought to the grounder camp . Anya instructs Clarke to save Tris , her second , a young girl who was injured in the bomb blast . Clarke tries to save her but is unsuccessful . In revenge , Finn is taken away to be executed . Clarke escapes by killing her guard and runs . Bellamy , Raven , Octavia , and Monty search for the missing party and find Myles , hurt in the woods . Monty mysteriously disappears after hearing a strange signal on their hand radios . Kane awakens on a devastated Ark . He searches for survivors and realizes Jaha is alive in the Earth Monitoring Station and trying to bring systems online . With over half The Ark 's populace likely dead , they discover that there are survivors in an access bay to the exodus ship . Kane braves the extreme heat in a maintenance tunnel to reach the survivors -- including Abby . 12 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' Dean White Tracy Bellmo & Akela Cooper June 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) 2J7062 1.58 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke is recaptured by Anya , and they encounter a grounder named Tristan , who assumes command . Clarke is saved by Lincoln and taken to a very much alive Finn . Lincoln leads the two through a network of tunnels occupied by the reapers , cannibalistic humanoids the grounders themselves are afraid of . Lincoln seemingly sacrifices himself so Clarke and Finn can live to warn the others , including Octavia . Back at the dropship , Murphy has taken Jasper hostage . Bellamy trades himself for Jasper . While Raven attempts to open the dropship door , Murphy prepares to hang Bellamy . She is successful as Bellamy is dangling , and Murphy retreats to the upper level . Murphy shoots his gun aimlessly at the floor and accidentally shoots Raven . Murphy blows a hole in the ship with gunpowder and escapes with a radio . A returned Clarke convinces the group to flee the camp for the ocean where they 'll be safe . On The Ark , with the dropships no longer functional , Jaha realizes the only way to save the rest of the citizens is by bringing The Ark and its people to the ground . 13 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 2J7063 1.68 <Td_colspan="8"> The 100 are ambushed by grounder scouts and forced to retreat to camp . Meanwhile , the remaining citizens of The Ark prepare to return to Earth . After a technical failure to jettison requires manual intervention , Jaha remains on The Ark . The Mecha Station , with Abby and Kane , makes it to the ground . Back at the dropship , Tristan leads the grounders ' attack . The 100 mount their defense . Octavia is injured and leaves with Lincoln . Most of the 100 retreat into the dropship ; Anya leaps in after them . As previously planned , Jasper manages to activate its rockets , and the massive fireball kills all 300 of the grounders , and apparently Finn and Bellamy . When the 100 emerge from the dropship , gas grenades drop at their feet , and they all pass out . Clarke wakes up in a white room . Through the window in her door she sees Monty locked in an identical room across the hallway . A sign next to his door reads `` Mount Weather Quarantine Ward '' . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The 48 '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5251 1.54 <Td_colspan="8"> Finding Monty gone from his cell , Clarke breaks out and discovers she is trapped in an underground complex inside Mount Weather . She discovers an entire population of humans has survived , but is unable to go outside because they have never built up the resistance to radiation that the grounders and the 100 have from space and adaptation . After meeting their leader , President Dante Wallace , she is invited to stay along with the 47 surviving teenagers out of the original 100 that landed on Earth . Distrusting him , she makes a break for freedom but is stopped by Jasper . Clarke secretly plots an escape . Meanwhile , grounders capture Finn and Bellamy , before Abby , Kane , and the rest of The Ark 's survivors find them and free them . After heading to the crash site , they discover an injured Raven and Murphy . Bellamy attacks Murphy , and Kane arrests him . The group returns to the newly established Camp Jaha , the remains of the crashed Ark . Separated from everyone else , Lincoln tries to save a poisoned Octavia , but with no antidote , he is forced to take her to his village , knowing it will mean certain death if he is caught . 15 `` Inclement Weather '' John F. Showalter Michael Angeli October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5252 1.48 <Td_colspan="8"> Chancellor Jaha discovers a baby left on The Ark and plans to take him to Earth . While a suspicious Clarke confronts Dante , Octavia is healed by Nyko , a friend of Lincoln 's . Octavia holds Nyko hostage and leverages him to Indra , the village leader , in order to get Lincoln back . Abby performs surgery on Raven to remove the bullet from her spine without any anaesthesia . Jaha learns that the baby is an hallucination of his son , who convinces him to continue living his life ; he crash lands a missile to Earth . During the prisoner exchange , Octavia is attacked by the reapers , who capture Lincoln . Clarke learns that Anya -- the leader of the grounders -- is being held in Mount Weather with other prisoners being forced to supply blood to heal the mountain residents . 16 `` Reapercussions '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5253 1.68 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and Anya escape Mount Weather into the reaper tunnels . Abby is punished for supplying guns to Finn , Bellamy and the others leave Camp Jaha to search for their friends . Octavia joins Indra 's hunting party in order to follow the reapers and retrieve Lincoln , but he is not among the grounders they intercept . In Mount Weather , Jasper and Monty worry about Clarke 's whereabouts . Kane goes after Finn , Bellamy , and the others , and appoints Abby chancellor in his absence . Clarke and Anya risk their lives to escape the tunnels ; Anya takes Clarke hostage . Lincoln is shown to be in Mount Weather , and it is revealed that the reapers work with the mountain men , bringing prisoners to Mount Weather and being fed with dead grounders . 17 `` Many Happy Returns '' P.J. Pesce Kim Shumway November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5254 1.75 <Td_colspan="8"> Chancellor Jaha is found in a desert and rescued by a boy named Zoran , living with his parents who left their people in search of a place in the `` dead zone '' called the `` City of Light '' . Searching for their friends , Finn , Bellamy , and the others find a survivor from The Ark -- Mel -- who is saved by Bellamy after Sterling dies while trying to rescue her . While Clarke and Anya are on the run from mountain men who follow them , Raven starts working in the camp again alongside Wick , who has made her a brace for her leg . Octavia finally reunites with Bellamy and the others . Chancellor Jaha is forced to leave Zoran and his parents when Zoran 's father trades him for a horse . On their way out of the woods , Clarke and Anya arrive at Camp Jaha . At the end , Ark soldiers shoot and kill Anya and knock out Clarke , after mistaking her for a hostile grounder . 18 5 `` Human Trials '' Ed Fraiman Charlie Craig November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5255 1.64 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke is brought into Camp Jaha and , after receiving medical attention from Abby , is reunited with Bellamy , Octavia , and Raven . They go after Finn and Murphy . Kane is hoping to find peace with the grounders but instead is imprisoned at the grounder camp , where he discovers Jaha is also a prisoner . Meanwhile , Lincoln is being held at Mount Weather where he is the subject of experimentation involving a red drug that turns grounders into reapers . Jasper takes extreme measures to save Maya from radiation exposure by allowing a blood transfusion conducted by Dr. Tsing . After Maya 's successful treatment , Dr. Tsing and Cage -- Dante 's son and Lincoln 's torturer -- ask President Wallace for permission to move forward with trials on the 47 . He refuses . Elsewhere , Finn holds an entire grounder village hostage while searching for Clarke . Clarke , Bellamy , and Octavia arrive in time to see Finn gun down 18 grounders . 19 6 `` Fog of War '' Steven DePaul Kira Snyder December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5256 1.86 <Td_colspan="8"> Two days after the massacre , Raven discovers that Mount Weather has jammed communications . Leaving camp to investigate , Bellamy and Octavia discover that Lincoln has become a reaper . Clarke still has not spoken to Finn . Raven manages to listen in on Mount Weather 's radio broadcasts and discovers the previously encountered acid fog is a weapon of the mountain . In Mount Weather , Wallace wants Jasper to find volunteers to provide blood for the mountain residents , but he is unsuccessful . Maya discovers the radiation leak she was caught in was no accident and confides in Jasper about the mountain 's caged grounders . In captivity , Jaha and Kane are told that one of them must kill the other to gain an audience with the Commander . Kane attempts to take his own life rather than kill Jaha , but a grounder witness , named Lexa , reveals herself to be the Commander and says that she believes their wish for peace is sincere . She sends Jaha to Camp Jaha with a message ; leave within two days , or die . 20 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' Antonio Negret James Thorpe December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5257 1.62 <Td_colspan="8"> With the grounders ' deadline imminent , Abby and Jaha disagree over what the survivors are to do ; Jaha wishes to evacuate to the so called `` City of Light '' , while Abby wants to remain behind to rescue the 47 . Clarke , Octavia , and Bellamy hold the reaper - state Lincoln in the dropship , and learn he was drugged and experimented on . Lincoln 's heart stops but is restarted by Clarke , who believes there is a way to cure reapers -- information they can leverage to the grounders . When Abby is successful in curing Lincoln , Lexa grants Clarke the truce but demands Finn 's execution for the massacre before it can begin . In Mount Weather , Jasper , Monty , Miller , and Harper discover that there are Ark survivors on the ground . Dr. Tsing learns that for the mountain residents to live on the surface , they would have to kill the 47 for their bone marrow . Though Wallace vetoes the plan , his son Cage goes behind his back and begins the process with Harper . 21 8 `` Spacewalker '' John F. Showalter Bruce Miller December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3J5258 1.40 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke returns to camp with knowledge of the only way the grounders will accept a truce . Opinions are divided when Clarke reveals the grounders will cease their attack if they are given Finn . Flashbacks to The Ark reveal that Finn was imprisoned because he took the fall for Raven 's illegal spacewalking . At Camp Jaha , Abby and a returned Kane think they can bargain with the grounders by offering to put Finn on trial , but such plans are for naught , as Finn ultimately turns himself in . In a last - ditch effort to save Finn , Clarke goes to meet with Lexa . When Lexa refuses clemency Clarke asks to say goodbye . She approaches Finn , kisses him , and tells him that she loves him while stabbing him to death , saving him the brutal torture / execution of grounder custom . 22 9 `` Remember Me '' Omar Madha Dorothy Fortenberry January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5259 1.48 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and a group from The Ark accompany Finn 's body to a grounder camp to complete their agreement for a truce . Clarke is haunted by visions of Finn . Bellamy tries to convince Clarke to let him go to Mount Weather as a inside man ; she refuses . At the village , Finn 's corpse is burned along with those of the massacre victims . Kane gifts Lexa a bottle of liquor , which when tested appears poisoned , leading to the belief it was an assassination attempt by the Sky People . The grounders accuse and prepare to execute Raven , but Clarke and Bellamy pinpoint Gustus , Lexa 's right hand , as the true culprit . Later , Clarke changes her mind and sends Bellamy , along with Lincoln , to infiltrate Mount Weather . 23 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Dean White Akela Cooper January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5260 1.53 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and Lexa encounter a gigantic mutated gorilla after one of the grounder council members drives Clarke into the forest with the intent to kill her . They escape it but become temporarily trapped in its cage , and Lexa is injured . Clarke figures out a way to escape and has an idea about freeing the grounders inside Mount Weather to act as an insider army . Bellamy and Lincoln plan their infiltration of Mount Weather en route to the reaper tunnels , but upon arrival Lincoln is overcome by his addiction , leaving Bellamy to a questionable fate . Murphy helps Jaha confront his past , while Jaha persuades Murphy that the Sky People have nothing to offer him and that his best option is to search for the mystical `` City of Light '' . Jaha then leaves the camp with over a dozen Ark survivors , with Murphy tagging along , to search for the `` City of Light '' . After witnessing Octavia 's determination and unwavering spirit to fight , Indra offers to make Octavia her second in command , but Kane warns Octavia that once the war ends it is likely that the grounders and Sky People will end up breaking their alliance . 24 11 `` Coup de Grace '' P.J. Pesce Charlie Craig February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5261 1.51 <Td_colspan="8"> Bellamy is caged in Mount Weather along with numerous grounders . Jasper 's search for Monty and Harper remains fruitless , so he confronts the President about their disappearance . Cage sends snipers to assassinate Clarke and Lexa ; they are intercepted , and one is captured for questioning . Maya discovers Bellamy being harvested for blood and saves him ; he makes contact with Clarke . President Wallace and Jasper discover Dr. Tsing 's illegal experiments on Harper and Monty . Cage replaces his father as President by force and orders a lockdown for the surviving 47 teens . Realizing she has to draw attention to the outside for Bellamy 's sake , Clarke sends Emerson , their captive , back to Mount Weather with a message boasting that the army that is coming for them . 25 12 `` Rubicon '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5262 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> An unmasked Cage rescues Emerson on the surface , revealing the success of the bone marrow experiments . In the dormitory , Jasper tells the others of Bellamy 's presence . Meanwhile , Jaha , Murphy , and his group encounter a strange woman , a scavenger and drifter named Emori , who offers to serve as guide to the City of Light through the `` dead zone '' desert . But Emori is not who she appears to be . In Mount Weather , Bellamy seeks a way to help his friends . When Bellamy makes radio contact , Clarke and Raven overhear Cage 's plan to bomb the planned peace conference in Tondc . Clarke races to the village , where she explains the danger to Lexa . Lexa convinces Clarke that an evacuation would expose Bellamy 's presence in the mountain ; the two secretly escape . As they leave , Clarke sees her mother arrive in the village and returns to try to rescue Abby as the missile hits the village . 26 13 `` Resurrection '' Dean White Bruce Miller February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5263 1.42 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and Abby survive the missile strike on Tondc , but Abby is horrified to realize that Clarke knew it was coming and did not evacuate the village . She goes back to help survivors , while Lexa and Clarke set off to find and kill the spotter who called in the strike and is still shooting . Lincoln saves Indra 's life , while Octavia leads the other seconds in an effort to dig out survivors . Abby finds Kane pinned below rubble and struggles to free him , while they wonder whether they deserve to survive at all . Clarke finds and kills the spotter with Lincoln 's help , and realizes that the spotter 's lack of a hazmat suit means the mountain men have started harvesting her friends . Inside Mount Weather , Jasper and the others fight back and find refuge with those in Mount Weather who do not agree with Cage . 27 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' Uta Briesewitz Kim Shumway February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5264 1.55 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Octavia has figured out that Clarke and Lexa knew about the missile strike in advance , and Lexa decides she needs to be killed to protect that secret . Clarke prevents this and angrily confronts Lexa , who reveals that she has feelings for Clarke . Meanwhile Bellamy , Raven , and Wick find a way to disable the acid fog , but Bellamy discovers that the fog 's still active and that his radio contact has been cut off while the army is marching on Mount Weather . Clarke inspires Lexa to not treat love as weakness , and that there is more to life than just surviving . Lexa kisses Clarke , but she pushes Lexa away , claiming that is not ready for another relationship so soon . Raven signals the fog is disabled ; Clarke and Lexa lead their army to the mountain . The mountain men prepare to deploy the acid fog , but Bellamy manages to elude a security team and destroy the system in an explosion just in time . Elsewhere , Jaha , Murphy , and crew encounter a perilous minefield roadblock as they continue their search for the City of Light . After traversing the minefield , at a cost of their remaining group , they reach a lake where a boat appears as if by magic to aid them in crossing . 28 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' Omar Madha Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5265 1.49 <Td_colspan="8"> Bellamy is letting the grounders imprisoned inside Mount Weather out of their cages as Cage starts to raid the complex for the 47 . Some of them are temporarily captured but freed again by Bellamy , Jasper , and Maya , who bring them to the harvest chamber . Soldiers soon raid the harvest chamber too , taking the 47 prisoner once again . Meanwhile , Cage visits his father , desperately hoping he will tell him a way to stop the incoming attack . Raven and Wick destroy the mountain 's generators , and the lock on Mount Weather 's door is disabled . When they pull the door open however , Lexa commands her people to stand down -- she has made a deal with Emerson , her people will be freed if the grounder army retreats leaving the Sky People left for dead . It is later learned that this was Dante 's suggestion . When the grounders retreat , almost all the Sky People accept defeat and soon leave too , leaving behind only Clarke at the front door and Octavia in the tunnels . 29 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 3J5266 1.34 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke joins Octavia in the tunnels and is let into Mount Weather by Bellamy . With the 47 waiting for bone marrow extraction , Clarke and Bellamy take Dante hostage . When Cage still refuses to stop , Clarke shoots his father , which leads Cage to begin bone marrow extraction on Abby . Seeing no other option , Clarke has Monty hack into Mount Weather 's air filtration system , and she and Bellamy irradiate the mountain , killing the entire population , including Maya . Cage escapes but comes upon Lincoln , who injects Cage with the reaper drug , killing him , leaving Emerson , who also escaped , as the last Mountain Man . Everyone returns to Camp Jaha , but Clarke , wracked with guilt over the deaths of hundreds of people , leaves . Meanwhile , Jaha and Murphy arrive at an island where they separate . Murphy finds a lighthouse inside of which he watches a video recording ( dated May 10 , 2052 ) of the previous occupant who says she `` got the launch codes '' , before shooting himself . In the final scene , Jaha finds a well kept mansion , surrounded by flying drones , where he meets an A.I. , named `` A.L.I.E. '' , in the hologram form of an attractive dark - haired woman wearing a red dress , who thanks him for his `` gift '' : the nuclear warhead from the missile he used to land on Earth . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Wanheda : Part One '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5751 1.88 <Td_colspan="8"> For the past three months , Clarke has been living on her own in the woods . At a grounder trading post , Clarke sleeps with the post owner , Niylah , and is caught by a bounty hunter while leaving the next morning . At Camp Jaha , renamed Arkadia , Lincoln -- unable to leave camp due to a kill order put on him by Lexa -- tries to fit in with the Sky People , much to Octavia 's distaste . Bellamy , with several others , goes on patrol and encounters scouts from another grounder clan called the Ice Nation . Jasper is injured , and part of the group returns to Arkadia . The rest meet up with Kane and Indra , from whom they learn there is a bounty on Clarke ( who is known in the grounder circles as `` Wanheda '' ; the Death Dealer ) for the mass killings of the population of Mount Weather . They leave to search for Clarke , but the solar powered Rover ATV they are using gets trapped by a deliberately felled tree . Meanwhile , Murphy is released from his bunker and finds Jaha and A.L.I.E. at the mansion . Murphy refuses to be a part of Jaha 's mission but decides to leave the island with him when he sees that Emori is part of the boat crew . 31 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5752 1.63 <Td_colspan="8"> The attackers of the Rover ATV turn out to be fellow Ark members from Farm Station who landed separately , including Monty 's mother , and under the control of Pike . Conflicts with the Ice Nation , in whose territory they landed , have reduced their numbers to 63 . Pike and his group accept Kane 's offer to come to Arkadia . Part of the group continues their search for Clarke , but after Bellamy is injured by the bounty hunter who has captured Clarke , the group is forced to return to base . Indra returns to the grounder city of Polis where the bounty hunter -- revealed to be Prince Roan of Ice Nation -- delivers Clarke to Lexa . Meanwhile , Jaha continues his mission for A.L.I.E. While Otan distracts Jaha , Emori and ( unwittingly ) Murphy kill Gideon and steal a backpack containing A.L.I.E. 's portable nuclear powered hardware . When Otan returns he appears to be brainwashed , and Murphy throws the pack into the water . Emori and Murphy escape on the boat , while Jaha and Otan scramble to save the bag . A.L.I.E. reveals that no one can die in the City of Light , showing them Gideon -- alive and unscarred -- in the city . 32 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' Antonio Negret Kim Shumway February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5753 1.57 <Td_colspan="8"> Lexa reveals to Clarke that she intends to initiate the Sky People into her Coalition . Meanwhile , Bellamy , his girlfriend Gina , Octavia , and Raven arrive at Mount Weather with supplies for the Farm Station refugees . There , Echo , the grounder Bellamy first freed from the cages beneath the mountain , appears and speaks of an Ice Nation plot to attack the summit in Polis . Bellamy , Pike , and Octavia leave for Polis . As they reach the summit , it is revealed there is no imminent threat to those present ; the `` warning '' was a ruse to lure them away . Meanwhile , an assassin infiltrates Mount Weather , kills Gina , and punches in the self - destruct codes . After a fight between the assassin on one hand , and Sinclair and Raven on the other , Mount Weather detonates , killing all 36 members of the Farm Station ; only Raven and Sinclair survive . It is revealed that Echo is working with Queen Nia of the Ice Nation , who is helped by Emerson , the last survivor of Mount Weather , in carrying out its destruction . 33 `` Watch the Thrones '' Ed Fraiman Dorothy Fortenberry February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5754 1.32 <Td_colspan="8"> In a fight to the death for the right to the throne , Queen Nia chooses her son Roan to fight Lexa . At Arkadia , Bellamy , wracked with guilt , resigns from the guard . Monty and Jasper leave camp , and Monty confronts his grieving friend . Pike publicly confronts Kane and Abby , questioning them about the grounder army surrounding Arkadia , sent as protection by Lexa . Pike convinces Bellamy to supply him with guns and help massacre the grounder army . Lincoln , Abby , and Kane stop them at the last minute . Pike 's name is then suggested for inclusion on the ballot for the upcoming Chancellor vote . Back at Polis , Lexa bests Roan but kills Nia instead of him , and pronounces Roan the king of Ice Nation . Back at Arkadia , Pike is the elected Chancellor . Pike then frees himself , his supporters , and Bellamy , and they leave to finish what they started . 34 5 `` Hakeldama '' Tim Scanlan Charlie Craig February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5755 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke , Lexa , and other grounders from Polis discover the fallen army of grounders , slain by Pike and his followers . Indra is found wounded and claims Bellamy persuaded Pike to let her live in order to tell Lexa that the Sky People reject the newly - formed coalition . Lexa allows Clarke 's return to Arkadia to tell Bellamy and the others to step down . Clarke fails to convince Bellamy , but instead induces Lexa to end the cycle of violence in hopes of peace . Meanwhile , Murphy and Emori set up traps to steal from passersby . Murphy is caught , and one of the grounders spots the pill Jaha gave him earlier in the season ; he demands to know where Murphy found it . After arriving in Arkadia , Jaha and A.L.I.E. set out to recruit more people into the City of Light by giving out the pills . Devastated by her chronic agony , Raven decides to take the pill , which successfully removes her pain . She then sees A.L.I.E. for the first time . 35 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' Dean White Kira Snyder February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5756 1.41 <Td_colspan="8"> When Roan has Emerson , the last Mountain Man , delivered to Polis , Clarke must decide his fate . Ultimately , she decides to let Lexa banish him . Octavia and Kane find out Pike intends to clear a nearby grounder village and utilize their fertile soil for crops , so Octavia rides to alert the village . The village set a deadly trap for the incoming Sky People , which Octavia manages to warn Bellamy about just in time . Meanwhile , Abby confiscates the City of Light chips from Jaha when it becomes clear he has no recollection of his son . A.L.I.E. enlists Raven 's help to search The Ark for her second iteration , A.L.I.E. 2.0 . They are unable to find it , which leads to the realization that it may be on the mythical 13th station , named Polaris , that got shot out of orbit before joining the rest of The Ark . Titus , the Flamekeeper , tortures Murphy for information , alongside an escape pod with two letters clearly scorched off from re-entry that , with the other marked letters , spells Polaris . 36 7 `` Thirteen '' Dean White Javier Grillo - Marxuach March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 3J5757 1.39 <Td_colspan="8"> Murphy convinces Titus to tell him more about the origin of his religion , speculating that the first Commander was from the 13th station rather than born on the ground . Flashbacks to 97 years earlier reveal that after A.L.I.E. causes the nuclear apocalypse by hacking all of the world 's computer launch codes , Becca -- A.L.I.E. 's creator and avatar template -- attempted to create A.L.I.E. 2.0 to interface more directly with humanity . When The Ark destroyed her research station Polaris , Becca injected herself with an unknown black substance while implanting the A.L.I.E. 2.0 in her neck , and traveled to Earth in an escape pod . In the present , Clarke and Lexa sleep together for the first time as they prepare to part ways in response to Lexa 's decision to blockade Arkadia until Pike is removed from leadership . Titus attempts to ensure that the Sky People are destroyed by shooting Clarke and blaming Murphy for it , only he shoots Lexa accidentally . After Lexa dies , it is revealed that the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer has been implanted in the back of her neck ; Titus describes it as the spirit of the Commander . 37 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' John Showalter Charlie Craig March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 3J5758 1.20 <Td_colspan="8"> Two grounders inform Arkadia of the blockade and note that it will only be lifted if Pike is surrendered to them . In response , Pike begins to plan for war , while Kane plans to hand Pike over to the grounders . To this end , Sinclair allows himself to be arrested . He and an interned Lincoln stage an argument in lock - up , creating a distraction for Kane to capture Pike . Bellamy and other guards intercept him at the gate . Meanwhile , Raven convinces Jasper to help her break into Pike 's office to recover the confiscated chip manufacturer . Jasper , mentioning Finn , prompts a realisation that Raven has no recollection of him at all , and they leave the device where it is . As Jaha reflects on his future plans , Pike decides to sentence Kane to death for treason , forcing Bellamy and Monty to re-evaluate which side they are truly on in the ever - escalating tensions towards war . 38 9 `` Stealing Fire '' Uta Briesewitz Heidi Cole McAdams March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5759 1.23 <Td_colspan="8"> In Polis , a conclave is held to decide the new Commander . Ontari , Nia 's bodyguard , arrives and murders the other Nightbloods , declaring herself Commander . Titus names Clarke the new Flamekeeper and she takes the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer chip , known to the grounders as `` the Flame '' , to find Luna , a Nightblood friend of Lincoln . Titus kills himself to ensure Ontari can not use him against Clarke , and Ontari swears Roan and Murphy to secrecy about the missing Flame . Meanwhile , Bellamy goes to Octavia for help to save Kane , Lincoln , and Sinclair from execution , but is captured by Octavia and Indra . Abby , Octavia , Miller , and Harper stage an elaborate rescue , with last - minute help from Monty , whose betrayal of Pike is covered up by his mother . When Pike threatens to execute the interned grounders , Lincoln surrenders to save them , while the others escape Arkadia . Octavia watches from a distance as Pike executes Lincoln . 39 10 `` Fallen '' Matt Barber Charmaine DeGrate & Javier Grillo - Marxuach April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 3J5760 1.13 <Td_colspan="8"> Acting as a fake Flamekeeper , Murphy helps Ontari convince the grounders to submit to her rule ; she later rapes him . Pike discovers Monty 's betrayal , forcing him to flee Arkadia . Monty rejoins Kane , Octavia , and a captive Bellamy at the dropship , but Pike 's men capture them , and Bellamy offers to lead them to the rest of Kane 's insurgents . Instead , he leads them to the grounder blockade and hands Pike over to them . Kane goes with the grounders to Polis . Meanwhile , A.L.I.E. 's influence spreads throughout Arkadia as more people fall under the mind - controlling influence , and Raven enlists Abby and Jasper to help her destroy the chip inside her . A.L.I.E. restores Raven 's pain to torture her into submission , and then uses her to coerce Abby to take the chip . Jasper , finding the whole of Arkadia in A.L.I.E. 's thrall , manages to escape with an unconscious Raven , encountering Clarke on the way out . 40 11 `` Nevermore '' Ed Fraiman Kim Shumway April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5761 1.08 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and Jasper regroup with Bellamy , Octavia , Monty , and Sinclair . They decide to carry out Raven 's original plan to free herself from A.L.I.E. 's control : by building an electromagnetic pulse device ( EMP ) from one of The 100 's old wristbands and frying the chip inside her . Clarke leads the group to Niylah 's trading post , where there is a salvaged bracelet . Monty and Octavia return to the dropship to retrieve additional components for the EMP , but they are attacked by Monty 's mother Hannah , now under A.L.I.E. 's control . Monty fatally shoots his mother to save Octavia , and they return to Niylah 's , where they are able to destroy the chip inside Raven using the EMP and Clarke cuts out its liquefied remains using Titus ' Flamekeeper kit . Raven reveals to the group that the Flame is the only thing that can stop A.L.I.E. 41 12 `` Demons '' P.J. Pesce Justine Juel Gillmer April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5762 1.15 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke 's group finds Arkadia abandoned , and retrieve Lincoln 's journal , which contains a map to Luna 's location . A mysterious masked figure attacks Harper , Miller , and his boyfriend Bryan before they can reach Arkadia and then targets Clarke , who unmasks him as Carl Emerson . Emerson kills Sinclair , and traps everyone else in the airlock planning to force Clarke to watch them suffocate . Clarke uses the Flame to kill him and saves her friends . The group hold a funeral for Lincoln and Sinclair , after which Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper embark on a journey to find Luna , while the others remain to use the Arkadia 's mainframe to hack A.L.I.E. Meanwhile , Emori arrives in Polis and reunites with Murphy . Jaha arrives with knowledge of Ontari 's deception , revealing that Emori is under A.L.I.E. 's control . Ontari has Murphy arrested , and Jaha convinces her to take a chip . With Ontari in her thrall , A.L.I.E. now has mastery of both the Sky People and the grounders . 42 13 `` Join or Die '' Dean White Julie Benson & Shawna Benson April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5763 1.27 <Td_colspan="8"> Flashbacks depict Pike giving The 100 an Earth Skills crash - course in the two weeks prior to the events of the pilot episode . Realising the teens were being sent to the ground and failing to persuade Jaha to let him go with them , Pike beats Murphy in front of the class to incite them to fight for their survival . In the present , Kane and Pike arrive in an A.L.I.E. - controlled Polis and are taken prisoner by Ontari . While incarcerated , Pike is tortured by fellow prisoner Indra in revenge for the massacre of her people , but Murphy convinces her they must unite against A.L.I.E. 's followers . Jaha threatens Abby 's life to coerce Kane into taking the chip . Meanwhile , Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper arrive at the shore of a vast ocean and send a signal to Luna 's people . After being drugged , they awaken aboard a disused oil rig and meet Luna of the ' boat people ' clan , who refuses to take the Flame . 43 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' P.J. Pesce Lauren Muir & Kira Snyder May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5764 1.13 <Td_colspan="8"> At Arkadia , Harper and Monty sleep together while Raven hacks into the City of Light . She breaks through the firewalls but is blocked by the spirit of Hannah . Monty erases his mother 's code , but A.L.I.E. removes herself from Arkadia before Raven can destroy her code . Meanwhile , Murphy , Indra , and Pike escape the Polis dungeons and destroy A.L.I.E. 's core processor , but she has already migrated to the computer system on The Ark , still orbiting Earth . At the oil rig , Clarke plans to implant the Flame into Luna against her will , but is unsuccessful . Some of Luna 's people return from the mainland having been taken over by A.L.I.E. , and capture Jasper and Luna . After breaking free and killing her captors , Luna , knowing Clarke will stop at nothing to get her to accept the Flame , drugs Clarke and her companions , and has them returned to the mainland . 44 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' Ed Fraiman Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5765 1.17 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke encounters Roan in the woods , and he agrees to help her infiltrate Polis to implant the Flame into Ontari as a last resort . In Arkadia , Jasper is revealed to have been put under A.L.I.E. 's control at the oil rig , and traps Monty and Raven , and takes Harper hostage . At Polis , Roan is shot by Kane and dragged away , while Clarke is captured and tortured by Abby . Murphy , Pike , and Indra rescue Bellamy and the rest of the group . Bellamy and Murphy then attempt to rescue Clarke while the others fight A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , during which Kane is almost killed in an explosion but is tackled aside by Indra , who is captured . Bellamy and Murphy arrive in time to save Clarke , but Jaha prevents them from using Ontari by inflicting a severe head wound that leaves her brain - dead . 45 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5766 1.29 <Td_colspan="8"> At Arkadia , Monty rescues Harper and captures Jasper . At the Polis tower , freed from A.L.I.E. 's control , Abby transfuses the near - dead Ontari 's Nightblood into Clarke so she can be implanted with the Flame . While Pike and the others fend off A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , Clarke takes a chip and enters the City of Light . She is protected by Lexa 's spirit and aided by Raven 's hacking against A.L.I.E. 's minions , and is led to Becca 's spirit who shows her A.L.I.E. 's kill switch . To stop Clarke , A.L.I.E. claims that the world 's abandoned nuclear power plants are melting down and releasing radiation , meaning Earth will be uninhabitable in the next six months , and City of Light is the only salvation . Clarke decides to pull the switch despite this , destroying A.L.I.E. and freeing all her subjugates . In the aftermath , Octavia brutally executes Pike to avenge Lincoln 's death . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Echoes '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13251 1.21 <Td_colspan="8"> Picking up immediately after destroying A.L.I.E. , Clarke confides in Bellamy about A.L.I.E. 's warning of the nuclear power plants melting down and the human race surviving only six more months . In the aftermath of the battle , it turns out that the people Lexa killed to protect Clarke in the City of Light are actually dead , leading the people of Polis to declare both Wanheda and Skaikru their enemies . During these events , Echo leads the Ice Nation warriors against Skaikru and begins to take the city by force ; in order to stop her , Clarke and Abby go to King Roan to save him from his bullet wound . When Roan awakens , Echo attempts to convince him to kill Clarke , but Clarke gives Roan the Flame and he declares himself ruler of the thirteen clans until the Flame chooses another commander and announces their peace with Skaikru . Murphy and Emori run away from everyone to be together . Clarke , Bellamy , and Jaha leave Polis to return to Arkadia to decide their next move in their fight against the radiation that 's coming . Elsewhere at Arkadia , Raven attempts to determine exactly what kind of damage the radiation will deliver while Jasper 's suicide attempt is unknowingly interrupted by Monty . 47 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' Ed Fraiman Justine Juel Gillmer February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13252 1.01 <Td_colspan="8"> Ilian , a grounder who was under A.L.I.E. 's influence , kills his family to convince his mother to take the chip . Soon after when his mother dies , she tells him to avenge her . In Polis , Ambassador Raphael and Ilian plan to challenge Roan . Roan prepares for battle despite being too weak from his injury . Kane and Octavia attempt to deter Raphael , but he refuses , Octavia later assassinates him . At Arkadia , Raven , Clarke , Bellamy , Monty , Harper , Bryan , and Miller devise a plan to restore Alpha Station to survive the radiation and acquire a hydro - generator for water from Farm Station which is in the Ice Nation . Grounders meet them there and eventually agree to give them the generator . However , they find many of their own as slaves and vote amongst them to use the generator to make an explosion to free them . Everyone returns to Arkadia but with no way of supplying water for everyone . Clarke tells the people of the radiation crisis and they all agree to work together . Kane and Abby sleep together in Polis . 48 `` The Four Horsemen '' P.J. Pesce Heidi Cole McAdams February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13253 1.05 <Td_colspan="8"> A possible lead from Jaha for a safe place for when the radiation comes turns out to be false hope . A group of grounders arrive at Arkadia with signs of Acute Radiation Syndrome ( A.R.S ) from eating contaminated fish , including Nyko and Luna . Abby wants to use their radiation medicine , but Raven who 's now in charge of rationing , stops her . Murphy steals it and gives it to Abby anyway . The new Flamekeeper , Gaia , steals the Flame from King Roan , but before Octavia kills her Indra stops her , stating that she is her estranged daughter . Using a decoy , Octavia tells Roan the Flame was destroyed . Arkadia can only house 100 people for the next 5 years to ride out the radiation . Clarke writes a list and includes Bellamy as number 99 , and he writes her name for the 100th spot . Luna is the only person who does not die from the A.R.S , which makes Abby realize that Luna 's body is rejecting the radiation because of her Nightblood . 49 `` A Lie Guarded '' Ian Samoil Kim Shumway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13254 1.00 <Td_colspan="8"> In Polis , Kane and Bellamy are sentenced to die when Roan ends the alliance with both Skaikru and Trikru . Meanwhile , Abby , Raven , Murphy and Luna return to A.L.I.E. 's island to discover how they can use Luna 's Nightblood to save the human race from the radiation . Drones fire on them , resulting in Nyko 's death and driving Luna to her breaking point . Echo hunts down Octavia and after a sword fight , Octavia is stabbed and falls off a cliff , but survives . Also , Monty and Jasper discover and expose Clarke 's list of 100 names forcing Jaha to resolve the conflict . 50 5 `` The Tinder Box '' John F. Showalter Morgan Gendel March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13255 1.02 <Td_colspan="8"> Raven and Abby discover that because they were released from A.L.I.E. 's control via EMP instead of when Clarke pulled the kill switch , that they have leftover knowledge from Becca / A.L.I.E. in their brains . They learn that Becca was making Nightblood on the Ark and after they find a rocket , they prepare to go back to the Ark to make Nightblood for the survival of the human race . Meanwhile , Ilian brings Octavia to Arkadia to sneak his way in . Octavia warns them of Roan 's planned takeover of the ship and Clarke goes to negotiate with him . They eventually agree to share Arkadia 50 -- 50 until Ilian blows up the ship and they all watch their last chance of survival burn to the ground . 51 6 `` We Will Rise '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13256 0.98 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan go on a road trip to deliver ten barrels of hydrazine fuel to Raven for her trip to space to make Nightblood . Meanwhile , the residents of Arkadia band against Ilian and want to execute him for destroying the ship but Kane tries to resolve the conflict peacefully . However , Octavia holds a gun to Ilian 's head but is stopped at the last minute by Kane who points out that Lincoln had been murdered in a similar fashion ; she has an emotional breakdown and leaves . Also , Clarke lets her lover , Niylah , stay at Arkadia for the time being . During the drive , a Trikru attack on Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan results in one of the hydrazine barrels being pierced by an arrow and emptied . Later as Raven hears the news , she suffers a seizure . 52 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' Tim Scanlan Terri Hughes Burton & Ron Milbauer March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13257 0.90 <Td_colspan="8"> The black rain begins to fall , and as the Sky People shelter in the remains of Arkadia , Bellamy tries to rescue a father and son trapped outside , but is unable to reach them . Meanwhile , Octavia and Ilian take refuge in a cave , but when he tries to get her to open up about Lincoln , she tries to go into the black rain and kill herself , but he stops her . They have sex , and she decides to go with him back to his family 's abandoned farm . At the underground lab on Becca 's island , Abby tells Clarke her new plan to implant Luna 's bone marrow into a test subject to see if it can create immunity , but to test this they would need to use a huge dose of radiation on the subject , which could kill them . When a grounder thief breaks into Becca 's mansion and is captured , Emori identifies him as her nemesis Baylis . She intends to kill him , but Clarke decides to use him as the test subject . Emori later admits to Murphy that the thief is not Baylis , and that she lied to save herself from being sacrificed . 53 8 `` God Complex '' Omar Madha Lauren Muir March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13258 0.97 <Td_colspan="8"> After the first test kills the thief , Emori 's lie is discovered and she is taken prisoner , with the intention of using her as the next subject . Murphy also has to be tied up when he tries to stop them , and Luna is knocked out by Roan when she tries to leave . Clarke changes her mind and injects herself with Luna 's bone marrow , becoming a Nightblood , but before she can subject herself to the radiation , Abby destroys the machine , with her hallucinations having convinced her that Clarke would die . In Arkadia , Jaha overhears Niylah use a phrase associated with the cult who built the shelter , and believes that the shelter he found was a decoy . Suspecting Gaia may have information that could lead to the real shelter , he , Kane and Monty go to Polis , where the Tree People are fighting the Ice Nation for control . Gaia helps them deduce that the shelter is beneath Polis , and they find it using a talisman found at the decoy shelter . 54 9 `` DNR '' Mairzee Almas Miranda Kwok April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13260 0.81 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke struggles to keep the peace in Polis after word of Jaha 's discovery of the shelter spreads , which makes other clans , including Roan 's and Indra 's , want a part of the shelter for their own people . At Arkadia , Jasper and Bellamy get into an argument when Jasper and other like - minded youth of the original 100 want to stay behind to celebrate the end of the world , while Bellamy wants to lead the remainder of Arkadia 's 400 - plus population to the shelter before the death wave arrives in less than six days and wipes out all life . Meanwhile , Raven decides to stay behind at the lab as she is haunted by Becca 's hallucination urging her to continue the space rocket repairs as Murphy and Emori decide to head out to the shelter . Elsewhere , Octavia struggles to adjust to living at Ilian 's farm until a brutal and lethal encounter with three hostile grounders make her realize that she can not run away from her past . 55 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13259 0.85 <Td_colspan="8"> The clans hold a fight to the death at Polis to determine which clan will receive the shelter . Octavia , Roan , and Ilian represent their respective clans . Luna also fights , but explains she will not let anyone into the shelter if she wins . During the fight , Echo is discovered to be cheating without Roan 's knowledge and is subsequently banished by Roan as punishment . Octavia decides to ally with Ilian , but he is killed with an arrow to his neck . Later , only three warriors are left ; Octavia teams up with Roan to take on Luna , but a storm of black rain arrives which puts both of them at a disadvantage against Luna , who is a Nightblood . Although Luna kills Roan , Octavia eventually defeats Luna and becomes the winning champion . She decides to share the shelter equally with the clans , allowing 100 survivors from each clan . It is then discovered that members of Skaikru settled in the bunker during the battle and sealed the door . 56 11 `` The Other Side '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13261 0.86 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With Jaha having sealed the Second Dawn bunker , he argues with Bellamy over leaving others above ground as the death wave approaches . Abby takes it upon herself to free Bellamy from containment , and subdue Murphy guarding him , to help open the bunker , but Bellamy comes face - to - face with Clarke who stands by Jaha 's decision . However , despite her concerns about future survivors , Clarke finally makes her own choice to help Bellamy . On the surface , Octavia quarrels with Echo over her involvement in the battle , and while they are able to convince her to stay quiet about the situation in the bunker until it is resolved , Octavia and Indra ban her from entering while admitting the Ice Nation . At Arkadia , Monty tries to reason with Jasper and the others to travel to Polis to the bunker before it is too late , but Jasper and the others ( showing signs of fatal radiation poisoning ) decides to end it all with a suicide pact , except for Harper . Elsewhere at the lab , Raven pushes herself to make a tough choice due to both Becca and Sinclair 's hallucinations over how to cure her damaged brain and to continue building the space rocket , finally drowning herself in a pool of icy water with a timed electric shock to restart her heart . 57 12 `` The Chosen '' Alex Kalymnios Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13262 0.83 <Td_colspan="8"> Jaha and Kane disagree over how to handle their grim reality when they must choose only 100 out of their 400 people to shelter at the Second Dawn bunker to make room for the rest of the 1,200 grounders who want to place their own survivors there as well . It all leads to holding a lottery which threatens to tear the fragile plans apart . Abby asks Kane to let her give up her place to make space for others . Meanwhile , Clarke leads Bellamy , Murphy , and Emori , to save Raven , who still is at the lab . However , they run into a grounder clan , which wreck their truck until Echo appears to save them . With no time to return to Polis , Monty and Harper are called to transport the group to the lab , where they decide to go to space before the death wave reaches them . 58 13 `` Praimfaya '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13263 0.91 <Td_colspan="8"> As the death wave hits Polis and the Second Dawn bunker , Clarke , Bellamy , Raven , Murphy , Emori , Monty , Harper and Echo gather at the lab to ready the rocket to travel to the remains of the Ark . Monty is incapacitated after going out with Murphy to obtain an oxygen generator for installation in the Ark . With only 90 minutes before the radioactive pyroclastic wave of the death wave hits , Clarke decides to stay behind to climb to the top of an antenna tower to realign the dish in order to program power for the Ark prior to launch . The rocket 's launch is successful , and Raven spacewalks to the Ark to dock the rocket pod . After programming power for the Ark , Clarke runs to the lab with the death wave right behind her , but upon arriving , she is revealed to have been affected by the radiation . On the Ark , the group almost runs out of air before the oxygen generator is installed . Six years and seven days later , Clarke is revealed to have survived the death wave along with a young Nightblood girl . While Clarke tries to make contact with the Ark , a spacecraft lands on Earth . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 59 `` Eden '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13551 1.43 <Td_colspan="8"> In a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya , Clarke searches for food and water in the rover , first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker , then to Arkadia where she finds Maya 's MP3 player among other people 's possessions as well as Jasper 's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty . She then drives to the Dead Zone , where the rover breaks down in a storm . She follows a bird , at one stage considering suicide , and discovers the Shallow Valley . She finds a room of dead people , then a young Nightblood girl who runs from her . Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her , which does not work until Clarke draws a sketch of her . The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya , where Clarke and the Nightblood , Madi , are living together . Raven and the other six on the Go - Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker , when they see the Eligius ship . Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship , where they roam the area and almost kill Madi , before Clarke jumps in . Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground . Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . 60 `` Red Queen '' P.J. Pesce Terri Hughes Burton May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13552 1.02 <Td_colspan="8"> Shortly after Praimfaya , the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief . Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker , and when they try to open it , they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis . A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area . While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area , Jaha is stabbed . Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer . With Jaha , Indra , and Gaia 's help , Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader . When many grounders question her leadership , she kills them , telling them they are Wonkru , or they are against Wonkru . Those remaining bow before her . After opening the door , Octavia , Kane , and Abby rush to Jaha 's aid . As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer , Jaha dies of his injuries . As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup , Octavia instructs them to fight to the death . Kara emerges victorious . Six years later , Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . The next batch of combatants are brought in , Kane among them . 61 `` Sleeping Giants '' Tim Scanlan Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13553 1.08 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew , while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them . He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza . To make Clarke talk , she orders Madi shot on sight . Clarke promises to tell her everything . Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth . Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth , when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners . One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy , who kills him . In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza , Raven stays behind . Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth . Bellamy , Echo , Monty , Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground . Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped . The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others . Shortly after , Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke . McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke . Bellamy arrives , telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they do not release Clarke . 62 `` Pandora 's Box '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13554 1.07 <Td_colspan="8"> Octavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine , which is a crime against Wonkru . Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza . Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe . Bellamy and Clarke , with the help of Diyoza and McCreary , break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside . Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground . Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy , but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners . The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby . As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru , they find that the launch codes have been changed . Miles tells them it must be Raven . They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war . 63 5 `` Shifting Sands '' Omar Madha Nick Bragg May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13555 0.94 <Td_colspan="8"> Diyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson , while Octavia takes her people to march in the Shallow Valley . McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on ; Miles stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them . Abby tells Diyoza she does not know if she can help Vinson . Murphy escapes with Miles ' help and Echo finds him . She , Murphy , Harper , Emori , Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy , but McCreary activates Murphy 's shock collar , leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey . A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest . Octavia and Wonkru retreat , as the four in the van arrive . Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo 's reunion , as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke . 64 6 `` Exit Wounds '' Michael Blundell Drew Lindo June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) T27. 13556 0.92 <Td_colspan="8"> Octavia confronts Bellamy over his relationship with Echo and reiterates the latter 's banishment . Diyoza 's ship arrives , delivering apples and offering free passage to any Wonkru defectors . Octavia offers Echo a deal ; spy on her people and report anyone that plans to defect in exchange for her banishment to be lifted . Monty eventually deduces that he will need to access the firewall from the inside ; Echo , who has decided against Octavia 's plan , offers to instead go undercover as a defector so that she can breach Diyoza 's camp . Octavia agrees , but has Cooper to shoot fleeing defectors , ostensibly for appearances . Murphy and Emori work to remove his shock collar and decide to use his collar to set up an explosive trap . During which time they discuss and rekindle their relationship . The two find McCreary survived the explosion and take him hostage . Clarke believing that Octavia will figure out and kill Madi for her natural Nightblood status , plans to leave with the defectors . Madi objects , fearing for Clarke 's safety , and reveals her status to Octavia . Octavia tells Clarke that nothing bad will happen to Madi and that Madi will train as a Wonkru warrior . Echo successfully infiltrates Diyoza 's camp . 65 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' Mairzee Almas Jeff Vlaming June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) T27. 13557 0.83 <Td_colspan="8"> Kane finds Abby huddled on the floor by a dead patient and deduces she was high on pills during the surgery despite her denials . Later , Kane gives Abby an ultimatum ; him or the pills . Diyoza interviews the Wonkru defectors to determine their use and trustworthiness . In order to gain Diyoza 's trust , Echo reports Shaw as the one to shutdown the systems despite Raven 's initial protests . Echo uses Raven 's demonstration about the shutdown to Diyoza to install Monty 's backdoor into the prisoner 's system . A bloodied , collared Shaw later appears in the defector 's room . In the bunker , Clarke and Bellamy discover Cooper 's human experimentation to breed the parasitic worms as a weapon . Octavia reveals her plan to release the worms with the next group of Defectors . Diyoza reveals her pregnancy to Abby . Madi , at the urging of Clarke and Gaia , initially hides her aptitude in hand - to - hand combat , but drops the charade during a class presentation to Octavia and is designated Octavia 's second . Clarke attempts to negotiate a nonviolent settlement of the valley with Diyoza . The only term Diyoza will agree to is Wonkru 's unconditional surrender , to which Octavia will never agree . Clarke declares the need to assassinate Octavia . 66 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' Antonio Negret Lauren Muir June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) T27. 13558 0.73 <Td_colspan="8"> Octavia is ready to prepare for an all - out war against Diyoza which Clarke opposes . Despite perfecting the algae , Monty 's request to end the war and forget about the valley is ignored . Monty , sick of the unending violence , resolves to not go with his friends to the valley . Due to Octavia 's unwillingness to listen to reason , Clarke and Bellamy decide to sabotage Wonkru 's plan to attack the valley . Clarke and Bellamy enlist the help of Indra to sabotage Octavia 's plan . They use the worms to kill Cooper , and attempt to make her death look like an accident . At the camp , Diyoza reveals to Kane that she is pregnant while the two discuss their plans for a better world . Raven finds out about Abby 's addiction to pills , and feels betrayed when Abby tricks her into creating a device that can cure the lung disease of the Eligius prisoners . Later , Octavia finds Cooper 's body , and immediately deduces Cooper was murdered and she reveals to Indra that she had planned to use the worm 's eggs on the camp instead of the worms . Octavia arrests Clarke for treason and plans to have her executed . Bellamy and Octavia have dinner where Bellamy uses Monty 's algae to poison her food . 67 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' Ian Samoil Miranda Kwok July 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) T27. 13559 0.89 <Td_colspan="8"> Indra announces her intentions to surrender to Diyoza to Wonkru , only to be challenged by Miller for leadership . Wonkru takes Miller 's side and Indra tells Bellamy that Madi ascending is the only way that they can stop the war . Clarke opposes the plan but Bellamy leaves her chained up to carry it out . In Eden , Murphy successfully starts a civil war by telling McCreary that Diyoza has a cure for the lung disease . A battle breaks out , and McCreary takes over the valley with Diyoza escaping . Raven , Emori , Echo , and Shaw escape while Kane and Murphy stay behind to find Abby and Diyoza . Octavia wakes up and reports Bellamy 's betrayal , but Indra secures the room and will not let her leave . Niylah eventually rescues Clarke who goes to kill Octavia . Octavia convinces her that neither of them want Madi to ascend . However , Gaia performs the ascension on Madi ; Clarke then shows up and escapes with Madi in the rover . Octavia arrests Bellamy , Indra , and Gaia and sentences them to fight in the arena . Then , behind closed doors , Octavia sheds a tear . 68 10 `` The Warriors Will '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson July 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) T27. 13560 0.86 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarke goes on the run with Madi and tells her she will remove the flame , but Madi insists that she needs to go back , because the flame is giving her visions of the previous commanders , specially Becca Pramheda . Brell tells Octavia that they must be shown what happens if they do n't march by making Bellamy , Indra and Gaia fight in the arena . Octavia goes to Indra to try and come up with another way , which Indra denies . She also says that if they fight , she will kill Bellamy and then ensure that Gaia kills her . Octavia remembers her childhood with Bellamy when she cut herself and was terrified someone would find her by the blood , but Bellamy was always there to help . She then asks how that led to him poisoning her and he states that was to protect her too . Octavia tells Bellamy of a weakness of Indra 's - because she still does n't want him to die . Monty shows Octavia that the Hydrofarm is working again and they could grow crops elsewhere than the Shallow Valley , but it makes no difference , she still makes Indra , Bellamy and Gaia fight . McCreary takes Abby 's pills away in order to make her cure him - sure she will break before she dies , so she enlists Vinson to get them back for her under the pretense of 2 hourly check - ups . By the time Vinson is back with the pills , he attacks the other guards , while Abby takes too many pills . Clarke and Madi find Diyoza 's men burying bodies in the woods and convince one to tell them where Abby is , where they find her unconscious . Monty stops the fight between Bellamy , Gaia and Indra by revealing the truth about the Hydrofarm to Wonkru , as well as Octavia 's knowledge of it . They turn against her , so she burns the Hydrofarm down , leaving everybody with one choice , stay behind and die , or march with her and live . 69 11 `` The Dark Year '' Alex Kalymnios Heidi Cole McAdams July 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) T27. 13561 0.85 <Td_colspan="8"> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clarke helps Abby after her overdose and McCreary orders her to get her mother operating again , and says that if she still refuses to cure them , they can both watch their daughters die . Raven , Emori , Murphy and Echo head out to scout ways into the valley ( Octavia 's army will arrive in 5 days ) . Raven tells Shaw to stay behind . Shaw follows the scouting group , and after Murphy suggests they steal the ammo rather than just scouting , they get ambushed , and Shaw saves them . The truth of the dark year in the bunker is revealed - they do not have enough protein until another year , so they have to get it from the fighting pits . Clarke and Abby cure McCreary 's people and Madi confronts Clarke , telling her they are on the wrong side of the war . Bellamy tells Octavia about the safe way into the valley , as long as she agrees to his terms - accept McCreary 's surrender and share the valley - to which Octavia agrees . Diyoza and Kane go to McCreary and tell him that Wonkru will win because they know every move he is going to make before he makes it but they will tell him how to win the war . 70 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' Dean White Justine Juel Gillmer July 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) T27. 13562 0.88 <Td_colspan="8"> During the ambush , Gaia and Indra are both hurt , Octavia helps Gaia because she needs her to tell Wonkru to follow Octavia , or else they will all die . Monty is helping the injured but they run out of supplies . Clarke asks Abby if the overdose was an accident , Abby says she does n't know . Clarke tracks down the runaway Madi and discovers that she changed the code that activates the flame . Raven and Clarke come face to face for the first time in 6 years when Raven tries to take Madi ( to lead Wonkru ) . Vinson approaches Kane and tries to kill him in order to make Abby turn back to pills , but Abby kills Vinson by electrocuting him through his shock collar . Kane tells Abby he forgiorgives for telling Octavia to break him , because Octavia killed all those people , not Abby . Madi tells Clarke that the only comnander that does n't think love is a weakness is Lexa , and that she regrets betraying Clarke at Mount Weather , not wanting Clarke to make the same mistake . Clarke kills McCreary 's guards and stays behind to try and stop the transport ship , giving Madi and Echo time to run and lead Wonkru through the gorge . Clarke says she will always protect Madi , and this is how she does it now . She also says that Madi was the one who saved her . Shaw asks Raven to turn on his collar to prevent him launching McCreary 's missiles - because he knows he would break if they torture Raven . Octavia gives herself up to give Bellamy and Indra time to run , but they are all rescued at the last minute by Echo , Emori and Murphy . 71 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) T27. 13563 0.99 <Td_colspan="8"> With the valley about to be destroyed by a bomb dropped by McCreary before being killed by Clarke , the remaining survivors rush to escape using the spaceship . Due to the limited rations , everyone decides to enter cryogenic sleep for 10 years in order to give Earth time to recuperate . Clarke and Bellamy are the first to awake and are greeted by a teenage boy named Jordan , Harper and Monty 's son , who informs them 125 years have passed . He shows them a series of video diaries recorded by Monty and Harper , in which Monty gives updates on Earth 's condition , their lives , and their son . As years go by , it became clear to him that Earth would not recuperate , so he put his son to sleep as well . Over decades , he managed to crack the Eligius III data and found a new planet to sustain the survivors , although Harper 's death due to her genetic illness and his own age left him unwilling to put himself to sleep . Bellamy and Clarke stare outside the ship 's window to the new planet , hoping that this time , things will be different . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' March 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.73 `` Earth Skills '' March 26 , 2014 0.7 / 2 2.27 `` Earth Kills '' April 2 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.90 `` Murphy 's Law '' April 9 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.69 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' April 16 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.80 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' April 23 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.97 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' April 30 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.88 8 `` Day Trip '' May 7 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 9 `` Unity Day '' May 14 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.73 10 `` I Am Become Death '' May 21 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.46 11 `` The Calm '' May 28 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.71 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' June 4 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.58 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' June 11 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` The 48 '' October 22 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.54 0.3 0.8 `` Inclement Weather '' October 29 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.48 N / A N / A `` Reapercussions '' November 5 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 0.4 0.9 `` Many Happy Returns '' November 12 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.75 0.4 0.9 5 `` Human Trials '' November 19 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 N / A N / A 6 `` Fog of War '' December 3 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.86 0.4 1.0 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' December 10 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.4 1.0 8 `` Spacewalker '' December 17 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.40 N / A N / A 9 `` Remember Me '' January 21 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.4 0.9 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' January 28 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.9 11 `` Coup de Grace '' February 4 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.4 0.9 12 `` Rubicon '' February 11 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.9 13 `` Resurrection '' February 18 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.42 0.4 0.9 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' February 25 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.55 0.3 0.8 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' March 4 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.49 0.4 0.9 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' March 11 , 2015 0.4 / 1 1.34 0.4 0.8 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wanheda : Part One '' January 21 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.88 0.4 1.01 2.89 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' January 28 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.4 0.9 1.0 2.54 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' February 4 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.57 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.48 `` Watch the Thrones '' February 11 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.32 N / A 0.89 N / A 2.21 5 `` Hakeldama '' February 18 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.32 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' February 25 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.41 N / A 0.88 N / A 2.29 7 `` Thirteen '' March 3 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.39 N / A 0.80 N / A 2.19 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' March 10 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.20 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.13 9 `` Stealing Fire '' March 31 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.99 10 `` Fallen '' April 7 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.13 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.98 11 `` Nevermore '' April 14 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.08 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.83 12 `` Demons '' April 21 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.15 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.89 13 `` Join or Die '' April 28 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.27 0.4 0.75 0.8 2.02 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' May 5 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.13 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.88 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' May 12 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.17 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.89 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' May 19 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.3 0.79 0.8 2.08 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Echoes '' February 1 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.21 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.97 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' February 8 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.01 0.3 0.78 0.7 1.79 `` The Four Horsemen '' February 15 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.05 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 `` A Lie Guarded '' February 22 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.70 0.7 1.69 5 `` The Tinder Box '' March 1 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` We Will Rise '' March 15 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.73 0.7 1.72 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' March 22 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.63 8 `` God Complex '' March 29 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.6 1.65 9 `` DNR '' April 26 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' May 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.54 0.6 1.42 11 `` The Other Side '' May 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.3 0.66 0.6 1.52 12 `` The Chosen '' May 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.2 0.57 0.5 1.40 13 `` Praimfaya '' May 24 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 0.3 0.59 0.6 1.50 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eden '' April 24 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.34 `` Red Queen '' May 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.02 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.95 `` Sleeping Giants '' May 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.97 `` Pandora 's Box '' May 15 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.07 0.4 0.77 0.7 1.84 5 `` Shifting Sands '' May 22 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.88 0.6 1.82 6 `` Exit Wounds '' June 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.92 0.4 0.94 0.7 1.87 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' June 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.70 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' June 26 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.73 0.4 0.86 0.6 1.59 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' July 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.89 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.69 10 `` The Warriors Will '' July 17 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.76 0.6 1.62 11 `` The Dark Year '' July 24 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.70 0.6 1.56 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' July 31 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.88 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' August 7 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.99 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` The template below ( The 100 ratings ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 <Td_colspan="3"> N / A 1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34 1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29 1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 <Td_colspan="3"> N / A 5 1.43 1.02 1.08 1.07 0.94 0.92 0.83 0.73 0.89 0.86 0.85 0.88 0.99 <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . TV Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , THE ( CW ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law and Order : SVU ' & ' Mixology ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The 100 ' or ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for Stanley Cup Finals : Game 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment to ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Empire ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts up , ' The Outpost ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and all shows hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last Defense ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Outpost ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' The Outpost ' adjust down , ' Beat Shazam ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 5 Ending October 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Constantine ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainers in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 20 Ending February 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases & Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 21 Ending February 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 22 Ending February 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Gains +'Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases , ' The Blacklist ' Wins in Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 23 Ending March 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' Glee ' & ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 24 Ending March 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 25 Ending March 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' triples in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Gains Nearly 3 Million More Viewers to Again Dominate Scripted Telecasts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' the Lone Telecast to Rise At Least 3 Million Viewers , Also Tops Scripted Fare in Adults 18 - 49 Raw Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Code Black ' Earns Third Straight Week of Broadcast Network Scripted Leadership in Delayed Viewing Boosts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' The Bachelorette ' lead in 18 - 49 broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The 100 ' Leads Broadcast Network Entries in Adults 18 - 49 Percentage Gains for its Fourth Consecutive Original Telecast '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The 100 episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_100_episodes&oldid=854704575 '' Categories : The 100 Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar मराठी Polski Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 06 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | 1. The 100: American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series
2. Jason Rothenberg: Developer of The 100 series
3. Nuclear apocalypse: Devastating event that leads to the return of humans to Earth
4. Seasons and episodes: List of episodes aired in each season
5. Ratings and renewals: Information about viewership and renewal of the series for future seasons |
5,286,794,233,177,655,000 | who plays lina mayfleet in the city of ember | City of Ember - wikipedia City of Ember Jump to : navigation , search For the novel on which the film is based , see The City of Ember . <Th_colspan="2"> City of Ember <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Gil Kenan Produced by Seth Hanchett Gary Goetzman Tom Hanks Steven Shareshian Written by Caroline Thompson Based on The City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau Starring Saoirse Ronan Bill Murray Harry Treadaway Toby Jones Martin Landau Mary Kay Place Mackenzie Crook Marianne Jean - Baptiste Tim Robbins Music by Andrew Lockington Cinematography Xavier Pérez Grobet Edited by Adam P. Scott Zach Staenberg Production company Walden Media Playtone Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) Running time 90 minutes Country United States Language English Budget US $55 million Box office US $17.9 million City of Ember is a 2008 American science fantasy film based on the 2003 novel The City of Ember by Jeanne DuPrau . It was produced by Walden Media , Playtone , Seth Hanchett , Gary Goetzman , Tom Hanks and Steven Shareshian , directed by Gil Kenan , distributed by 20th Century Fox , written by Caroline Thompson with music by Andrew Lockington and stars Saoirse Ronan , Harry Treadaway , Bill Murray , Mackenzie Crook , Martin Landau , Mary Kay Place , Toby Jones and Tim Robbins . It was theatrically released in October 10 , 2008 by 20th Century Fox , just two months after the release of the final book in the series , The Diamond of Darkhold . The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office flop . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Effects 4 Marketing 5 Premiere 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) As an unspecified global catastrophe looms , an underground city , Ember , is constructed to shelter a large group of survivors . In addition , a small metal box intended for a future generation of Emberites is timed to open after 200 years . This box is entrusted to the Mayor of the City of Ember , and each mayor passes it on to his or her successor . Over time , however , the significance of the box is forgotten , and the succession is broken when the seventh mayor suddenly dies . The box opens by itself at the allotted time , but this goes unnoticed . Several decades later , Ember 's electric generator begins to fail , while food , medicine , and other necessities are in dangerously short supply . At a rite of passage for all graduating students of Ember City School , Mayor Cole stands before the students as they choose their adult occupations by lottery . Doon Harrow , the son of inventor and repairman Loris Harrow , is assigned `` Messenger '' , while his classmate Lina Mayfleet is assigned `` Pipeworks Laborer '' and apprenticed to elderly technician Sul . Shortly afterwards , the two secretly exchange assignments . At home , Lina ( a descendant of the seventh mayor ) finds the opened box and enlists Doon 's help to decipher its contents . Gradually , they learn that it contains a set of instructions and directions for an exit from the city . Later , they also discover that Mayor Cole has been hoarding canned food in a secret vault for his own benefit while the people go hungry . After Lina attempts to report this , the mayor captures her and tries to steal the metal box , but she escapes during a blackout . Now fugitives from the mayor 's police , Lina and Doon , accompanied by Lina 's little sister , Poppy , use the instructions and assistance from Sul to flee the city via a subterranean river . Meanwhile , the Mayor turns against his accomplice , Looper , and locks himself in his vault , only to be devoured by a gigantic star - nosed mole ( which Lina and Doon encountered earlier ) . Lina , Doon , and Poppy eventually reach the Earth 's surface , where , for the first time in their lives , they witness a sunrise . The movie ends as Lina and Doon tie a message to a rock and drop it from far above it into the city − where it is found by Loris . Cast ( edit ) Saoirse Ronan as Lina Mayfleet Bill Murray as Mayor Cole , the current Mayor of the City of Ember and the main antagonist in the story Harry Treadaway as Doon Harrow Toby Jones as Barton Snode , the assistant to Mayor Cole Martin Landau as Sul , a technician in the Pipeworks who is Doon 's mentor ( and a character not found in the book ) Tim Robbins as Loris `` Barrow '' Harrow , Doon 's father Marianne Jean - Baptiste as Clary Lane , a greenhouse worker Liz Smith as Granny Mayfleet Amy Quinn and Catherine Quinn as Poppy Mayfleet Mary Kay Place as Mrs. Murdo Mackenzie Crook as Looper , keeper of the storerooms and Lizzie 's `` boyfriend '' Lucinda Dryzek as Lizzie Bisco , Lina 's best friend Matt Jessup as Joss , a classmate of Lina and Doon Simon Kunz as Captain Fleery , Lina 's boss Ian McElhinney as a Builder Production ( edit ) In October 2004 , Playtone partners Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman paid in the mid-six figures to purchase the film rights to Jeanne DuPrau 's 2003 novel The City of Ember . They entered negotiations with Caroline Thompson to adapt the novel and Gil Kenan to direct the film . The deal includes an option on the sequel novel The People of Sparks . Filming was scheduled to begin in early summer of 2007 and to wrap up in October of the same year , a 16 - week shooting process . A former paint hall in the shipyard of Harland and Wolff in Belfast 's Titanic Quarter was converted into the post-apocalyptic city . Effects ( edit ) Few animals are shown ; but the two nonhuman living creatures onscreen are related thematically to darkness and light : a giant moth ( which seeks light ) and a giant mole ( subterranean and blind ) . Marketing ( edit ) Walden Media hired Lucas Cruikshank to promote the movie in his internet series `` Fred '' . The video was released Saturday , October 4 , 2008 with an edited version of clips from the film , including `` Fred 's '' face superimposed on the faces of characters from the trailer . Premiere ( edit ) At the AMC premiere of the film , its stars chatted about their feeling that the film was thematically appropriate for the times . As Mike Flaherty wrote : At the after - party at meatpacking district eatery Vento , the pic 's baddie , Bill Murray , said , `` You ca n't help but feel that this film is speaking to you right now , when you really feel a little bit lost , a little abandoned . '' Added pic 's Tim Robbins , who was joined by cast mates Martin Landau and Saoirse Ronan at the premiere : `` I just loved the script . It had such a good , optimistic spirit about it . It 's fun to play against this bleak , dark world . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 53 % based on 124 reviews , with the site 's consensus stating : `` City of Ember is visually arresting , and boasts a superb cast , but is sadly lacking in both action and adventure . '' Metacritic gave the film a 58 / 100 rating indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' , based on reviews from 27 critics . Stephen Holden wrote in The New York Times that the `` talents of Saoirse Ronan , the brilliant young actress from Atonement '' , were `` wasted in the science - fiction juvenilia of City of Ember '' , though he added : `` Most of the time , however , it 's a whiz - bang kid 's film with neat gadgets and sound effects and an extended chase and escape sequence through underground rivers and tunnels . At only 95 minutes , the movie feels as though it had been shredded in the editing room ... The best things about this are scenes of ominous grinding machinery of the kind found in railway yards , as well as several zany gadgets worthy of Rube Goldberg . The most witty is a primitive telephone - answering machine that resembles the do - it - yourself hi - fi kits assembled by audiophiles in the early days of stereo ... Tim Robbins is also on hand as Doon 's earnest , secretly rebellious father , who spends his days tinkering with exotic inventions ... But not to worry : the boundless resourcefulness of two curious , clean - cut adolescents full of gee - whiz enthusiasm may lead humanity back into the fresh air and sunlight . '' Justin Chang of Variety had similarly mixed feelings : `` A fabulously designed underground metropolis proves more involving than the teenagers running through its streets in City of Ember , a good - looking but no more than serviceable adaptation of Jeanne Duprau 's 2003 novel . Director Gil Kenan 's disappointing live - action follow - up to his enjoyable toon debut , Monster House , shows promising flickers of visual invention throughout , but the dramatic sparks fail to ignite in this simpleminded exercise in juvenile dystopia '' . Chang also observed that the characters represent `` English - speaking , predominantly Caucasian humanity . '' Irv Slifkin for Video Business wrote , `` this lavishly designed adventure saga from director Gil Kenan ... plays like Terry Gilliam 's Brazil -- for beginners '' . He praised the `` secret escape plan hidden by Ember 's founders '' and `` impressive technical work , '' concluding that there were `` drama and sometimes lethargic pacing , but there 's enough here for middle - and high - school kids to think about and marvel over . '' Cinema Blend 's Editor in Chief , Katey Rich gave the film 2.5 of 5 stars and said , `` City of Ember belongs to one of the best and most enduring genres of children 's films , in which smart kids stand up against the ignorant and aloof adult world and have a big adventure in the process . It also throws in a fantastical city , replete with whiz - bang inventions and secret societies . It 's a mystery , then , that all the happy elements only add up to a big mush , a dull adventure and a contrived fantasy . Saiorsie ( sic ) Ronan is a fantastic heroine , but the story and the rest of the cast ca n't keep up with her lively pace '' - She added that `` director Gil Kenan seems hellbent on just driving the narrative forward . The movie clocks in at an acceptably short time for a kid 's movie , but so much gets lost or glossed over along the way . Ember itself is fascinating , an intricately detailed set that , like Diagon Alley or the Star Wars cantina , you 'd like to take a few hours to wander around in . But so many questions about the city are left unanswered ... You get the feeling that Jeanne Duprau 's book got into this stuff , while the movie never seems to have the time '' - TV Guide was more forgiving with 3.5 out of 4 stars , pointing out , `` A fun and moving family film with a subtly dark feel rarely seen in kids ' movies since the ' 80s , City of Ember succeeds despite its shortcomings , not only because of its fun and inspiring story , but because most of its flaws are things kids wo n't notice anyway ... ( T ) he story spins into a classic fable ; the ignorance that seemed so blissful shows it 's just one half of a coin , where the other side holds apathy and hopelessness . The moral might well be lost on kids , but for adults , it 's compelling -- all the more so because we like the good people of this dying city '' . This reviewer praised the `` series of exciting adventures '' and argued that `` Lina and Doon 's vigilant sense of hope is , in the end , incredibly inspiring and extremely pertinent ... It might be a staple theme in family films , but City of Ember is a useful reminder about the power of the human spirit to triumph where our own hopelessly broken systems have failed . It 's a message that the filmmakers did n't take for granted -- and that hopefully viewers wo n't either '' . Box Office ( edit ) On its opening weekend , the film opened poorly at # 11 at the US box office with US $3,129,473 . As of February 20 , 2010 , the film has grossed US $17,929,684 worldwide , well below its US $55 million budget . Accolades ( edit ) Saoirse Ronan was nominated for a 2009 Irish Film and Television Award as `` Best Actress in a Lead Role in a Film '' , and art director Jon Billington and production designer Martin Laing were nominated for Satellite Awards in 2008 for their design of the film , as was Ruth Myers for her costume design . Home Media ( edit ) The DVD was released on January 20 , 2009 in a DVD - 18 format with the widescreen version of the film on one side , and the full screen version on the other . It was released in 2009 on Blu - ray disc in the United Kingdom , Australia , Germany , and France , all coded for Region B playback only , although the German release will also play on Region A players . No United States Blu - ray release has been announced , but a Region A Blu - ray was released in Hong Kong in 2010 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` City of Ember '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ TCM Misc . notes for The City of Ember Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2004 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Playtone warms up to ' Ember ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jane Loughrey ( 2007 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Hanks ' firm to shoot film in Belfast 's Titanic Quarter '' . UTV . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Robbins ' role in City of Ember '' . BBC . 2007 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Mike ( Oct 13 , 2008 ) . `` ' Ember ' glows in N.Y '' . New York . New York : New York Media , LLC . Jump up ^ Platt , Adam . `` Vento Frustration '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City of Ember Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` City of Ember reviews '' . Metacritic.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( Oct 10 , 2008 ) . `` Fleeing a Dying Civilization , Toward Hope and Sunlight '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . p . C10 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( Oct 13 , 2008 ) . `` Eye - popping ' Ember ' burns out '' . Variety . New York : Penske Business Media . 412 ( 9 ) : 39 . Jump up ^ Slifkin , Irv ( Dec 29 , 2008 ) . `` City of Ember '' . 28 ( 51 ) . Video Business . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey . `` City of Ember '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Albertson , Cammila ( 2008 ) . `` City Of Ember : Review '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Weekend Grosses from 10 / 10 / 08 to 10 / 01 / 09 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ IMDB Awards External links ( edit ) City of Ember on IMDb City of Ember at AllMovie <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Jeanne DuPrau The Books of Ember The City of Ember ( 2003 ) The People of Sparks ( 2004 ) The Prophet of Yonwood ( 2006 ) The Diamond of Darkhold ( 2008 ) Other novels Golden God ( 1981 ) The Earth House ( 1993 ) Car Trouble ( 2005 ) Non-fiction Adoption : The Facts , Feelings , and Issues of a Double Heritage Cloning Cells The American Colonies Film adaptions City of Ember Short stories Pearl 's Fateful Wish ( 2011 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Gil Kenan <Td_colspan="2"> Monster House ( 2006 ) City of Ember ( 2008 ) Poltergeist ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tom Hanks Director That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) Screenwriter That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 , 4 episodes ) Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) Producer Cast Away ( 2000 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( 2002 ) Connie and Carla ( 2004 ) Magnificent Desolation : Walking on the Moon 3D ( 2005 ) Neil Young : Heart of Gold ( 2006 ) The Ant Bully ( 2006 ) Starter for 10 ( 2006 ) Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) The Great Buck Howard ( 2008 ) City of Ember ( 2008 ) Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) Larry Crowne ( 2011 ) My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 ( 2016 ) The Circle ( 2017 ) Television From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) Related Filmography Playtone Robert Langdon ( film series ) Awards and nominations Colin Hanks Rita Wilson Jim Hanks David S. Pumpkins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Ember&oldid=815903241 '' Categories : English - language films 2008 films 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films 2000s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films Children 's fantasy films Dystopian films The City of Ember Fantasy adventure films Films set in the future Films shot in Northern Ireland Playtone films Walden Media films Screenplays by Caroline Thompson Post-apocalyptic films Films produced by Tom Hanks Films directed by Gil Kenan Films produced by Gary Goetzman Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 23 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. City of Ember - film adaptation
2. Jeanne DuPrau - author of The City of Ember
3. Post-apocalyptic underground city
4. Saoirse Ronan - lead actress in City of Ember
5. Mixed reviews and box office flop |
1,339,815,990,945,452,000 | what happened to jack's dad in lost | Christian Shephard - wikipedia Christian Shephard <Th_colspan="2"> Christian Shephard <Td_colspan="2"> Lost character <Td_colspan="2"> John Terry as Christian Shephard First appearance `` Walkabout '' Last appearance `` The End '' Created by J.J. Abrams Damon Lindelof Portrayed by John Terry <Th_colspan="2"> Information Full name Dr. Christian Shephard Species Human Gender Male Occupation Chief of surgery Spouse ( s ) Margo Shephard Children Jack Shephard Claire Littleton Relatives Aaron Littleton ( grandson ) Nationality American Former residence California , USA Dr. Christian Shephard is a fictional character on the ABC television series Lost played by John Terry . He is the father of lead characters Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) , who becomes the de facto leader of the survivors of Oceanic 815 after it crashes on an island , and Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) , another of the survivors on the Island . Christian died of an alcohol - induced heart attack days before the flight , leading to much of his story being told through flashbacks . In the fourth season and fifth season he is again featured on the Island several times , seemingly acting as a messenger for the leader of the Others , Jacob ( Mark Pellegrino ) . In the sixth season , the Man in Black ( Titus Welliver / Terry O'Quinn ) admitted that he had `` impersonated '' Christian during the first week after the crash of Flight 815 . Christian is introduced in the fourth episode of the series , and goes on to feature in thirteen more , including a pivotal scene in the series finale , as well as two webisodes . He is an example of two of the main themes in Lost : father issues and character crossovers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character biography 1.1 Before the crash 1.2 After the crash 1.3 Afterlife 2 Characteristics 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References Character biography ( edit ) Before the crash ( edit ) Initially , Christian is the chief of surgery at St. Sebastian Hospital . He is a recovering alcoholic . He marries Margo ( Veronica Hamel ) , and the two have one child together , Jack . When Jack comes home following a bullying incident , Christian discourages Jack from trying to be heroic , saying that he does n't have what it takes . Years later , Christian meets Carole Littleton ( Susan Duerden ) , a woman from Sydney , Australia . The two have a brief relationship before she returned to her home country , and later she gives birth to Christian 's daughter , Claire ( Emilie de Ravin ) . Christian would often fly over to visit , supporting the two the best he could . Carole and her sister , Lindsey ( Gabrielle Fitzpatrick ) , do not approve of him juggling time between two families , which leads to Christian being told he is no longer allowed to visit . Jack grows up to be a doctor , working at the same hospital as Christian . Christian tries to coach Jack on his poor bedside manner , most notably when Sarah ( Julie Bowen ) is brought in with severe injuries to her spine ; he states that `` false hope is still hope . '' Jack and Sarah grow close and eventually marry . When he learns Carole has been in a car accident , Christian travels to Australia and pays for the medical treatment to keep her alive . While at the hospital , he introduces himself to Claire for the first time , much to Lindsay 's resentment . Christian takes Claire out for coffee and tells her of his other family . Claire does n't react well and walks out on him , so he returns to Los Angeles . After Jack and Sarah 's marriage fails , Jack finds Christian 's number on her phone bill , and assumes he is the man Sarah was now seeing , confronting him at an AA meeting . After being assaulted , Christian slips back into drinking heavily after being sober for fifty days . Later , Christian operates on a woman while under the influence , and is exposed by Jack , ending his career . At an airport bar , Christian meets Ana Lucia Cortez ( Michelle Rodriguez ) . The two agree to travel to Australia together under different aliases ; Ana Lucia names him `` Tom '' , and Christian calls her `` Sarah '' . Once in Australia , Christian asks Ana Lucia to serve as his bodyguard . The two drive to Lindsey 's house , where he angrily demanded to see his daughter . After almost becoming violent , Christian is restrained and driven away . He is dropped off outside a bar , where he meets James `` Sawyer '' Ford ( Josh Holloway ) . The two drink together , when Christian admits his mistakes , and that he is n't able to call his son and apologize . Christian later suffers a severe heart attack and dies in an alley . His body is discovered and placed in a morgue , where he is identified by Jack . A funeral service was arranged back in LA , but Jack has trouble clearing Christian 's coffin onto the doomed plane . After the crash ( edit ) After the plane crashes , Vincent , the dog that was on the plane , wanders through the jungle . Christian orders Vincent to go wake Jack , since there is work to do . The first few days on the island , Jack sees his father on the island and is certain that he 's hallucinating from fatigue . Locke ( Terry O'Quinn ) , a fellow crash survivor , refers to Jack 's hallucinations as the `` white rabbit '' and convinces him to follow them . Jack does so and subsequently is led to a set of caves where he finds his father 's coffin . Christian 's body is nowhere to be found . Months later , when Hurley ( Jorge Garcia ) stumbles upon Jacob 's cabin in the jungle he looks through the window and observes Christian in a rocking chair . Another person inside the cabin peeps through the window at Hurley , scaring him and causing him to run away . When Claire wakes up one night while returning to the beach with Miles Straume ( Ken Leung ) and Sawyer , she sees Christian rocking his grandson , Aaron . Claire recognizes him as her father , and he then leads her into the jungle . Miles witnesses the encounter while Sawyer sleeps through it . Miles informs Sawyer of the encounter in the morning , and Sawyer finds Aaron lying on a nearby tree stump with Claire and Christian nowhere to be found . Locke encounters Christian acting as an intermediary for the invisible Jacob in his cabin . He tells Locke that the people from the freighter are already on their way back to the island and the only way to keep it safe is to have the island moved . Claire is also present , but Christian tells Locke to keep her whereabouts to himself . On the freighter , now fated to explode thanks to a failsafe bomb Michael Dawson is keeping temporarily frozen , Christian appears to Michael moments before the C - 4 explodes . He simply says , `` You can go now , Michael . '' The bomb then explodes and Michael is killed . Some time later , after Jack has escaped from the Island , he sees Christian late one night in the lobby of his hospital . Due to the sudden fright , Jack has a fellow doctor prescribe him medication to deal with the `` hallucinations . '' Jack is continually visited by Christian , causing a mental breakdown . Meanwhile , on the island , Christian once again appears to Locke as he is attempting to reach the wheel that Ben used to move the island . This encounter took place at a time where the ancient well that led to the wheel had not been built yet , and where the giant statue was still standing . Christian criticizes Locke for not moving the island himself , as per Christian 's instructions . He also concurs with Richard Alpert 's assessment that Locke would `` have to die . '' Christian gives Locke additional instructions on what to do when he moves the wheel , including how to contact Eloise Hawking . Christian tells Locke to `` say hello to ( his ) son '' for him ; though he does n't give Locke a name , Locke deduces that Christian was referring to Jack and passes the message on , upsetting Jack . In `` Namaste '' , Christian appears to Sun and Lapidus after they have crashed on the island circa 2007 in the Barracks . He informs Sun that Jin is on the island , but that Jin is existing in 1977 , and they have a long journey ahead of them . During this encounter , Christian 's appearance was preceded by both the `` Whispers '' and by the Smoke Monster . When Sun and Lapidus tell Ben Linus that they were told to wait at the Barracks by Christian , Ben has an alarmed look on his face , but does not elaborate . In the episode `` The Last Recruit , '' the Man in Black reveals to Jack that he had been impersonating as his father in a similar way to how he now impersonates Locke and how he impersonated Mr. Eko 's brother , Yemi , revealing that at least some , if not all of Christian 's appearances on the island post-death were the Man in Black . Afterlife ( edit ) In the series finale , Jack meets Christian again in what is believed to be an alternate timeline in which Oceanic flight 815 never crashed , and in which many characters regain memories of their original island lives . However , in one of the show 's final scenes , Jack encounters his father in a church , where he realizes that everyone in the `` alternate timeline '' is actually dead , in an afterlife constructed by the survivors in an unknown fashion so they could be with the people most important to them before `` moving on '' together . Jack finally makes amends with his father and , as the various characters seat themselves in the church pews , Christian exits through the front door , filling the room with a bright light . Characteristics ( edit ) Whilst living , Christian is a quick tempered alcoholic . He is hard on his son , but is keen to be a better father to Jack than his father ( Ray Shephard ) was to him . A common theme throughout Lost is father issues . Jack 's difficulties getting on with his father are the first instance of this , with many other characters such as Locke , Hurley and Kate also having difficult relationships with their dads . Christian further exemplifies this theme with his poor relationship with his daughter , Claire , where he was barely present in her upbringing . The connection between characters before the plane crash is another frequently occurring theme . Christian is present in flashbacks of Jack , Sawyer , Ana Lucia and Claire . Ben Rawson - Jones from DigitalSpy describes Christian as `` flawed character with both wisdom and regret '' . After his death and reappearance on the island , Christian becomes a very mysterious figure , acting as a messenger for the even more mysterious Jacob . Christian is able to appear anywhere , both on and off the island , at will , and intervenes several times to stop Michael 's suicide attempts . He was also able to defy time , in appearing to Locke at the bottom of what would someday be the Orchid Station , at a time when even the ancient well had not been built , the Statue was still standing , and before the original Christian had even died . Christian 's posthumous appearances have prompted much speculation from critics . One reviewer calls Christian 's appearance a vision . Erin Martell of TV Squad pondered that Christian 's appearance is `` like the Yemi apparition that turned into the Smoke Monster '' . Alan Sepinwall notes Christian holds Aaron , thus making him corporeal , but wondered about the significance of Miles seeing him . In a review of the season finale he considers Christian `` may be the walking dead '' . It should be noted that the first apparition of Christian had him wearing a clean suit , and having very well kept hair , whereas in his most recent apparition , Christian is wearing pants and a tattered looking shirt , as well as having stubble and untidy hair . This could suggest that he is alive in some sense , though it is unclear . Oscar Dahl commented `` I still do n't think that Jacob is Christian Shepherd ( sic ) or anything like that '' Entertainment Weekly 's Jeff Jensen calls him `` Ghost Dad '' . Chris Carabott `` expect ( s ) th ( is ) mystery will last until the final season '' . Lost producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse have confirmed Christian is dead , stating `` In terms of actually physically corporally in existence ... he 's dead '' . They have also described Christian as one of three characters that are considered `` undead '' , with Mr. Eko 's brother Yemi and Kate 's horse as the others . They elaborate that Yemi 's post-death appearances are incarnations of the monster . Development ( edit ) American John Terry previously appeared in ER , 24 and Las Vegas . His early appearances in Lost are mostly in flashbacks of various characters . He begins to feature more prominently on the island throughout the fourth season . Reception ( edit ) Chris Carabott of IGN gave his highest rating , 9 / 10 , to the webisode featuring Christian telling Vincent to wake Jack , describing it as `` a shocking new look at ... Christian Shephard '' , whereas Oscar Dahl from BuddyTV found the presence of a `` supposed - to - be-dead Christian '' confusing . Christian 's first appearance in Jacob 's cabin gave Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly `` the chills '' . DigitalSpy 's Ben Rawson - Jones described it as `` a pleasure '' when Christian returned in the second half of season 4 , adding `` John Terry is superb '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kevin Hooks ( director ) ; Christian Taylor ( writer ) ( 2004 - 10 - 20 ) . `` White Rabbit '' . Lost . Season 1 . Episode 5 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Paul Edwards ( director ) ; Christina M. Kim & Jordan Rosenberg ( writers ) ( 2007 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Par Avion '' . Lost . Season 3 . Episode 12 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; Damon Lindelof ( writer ) ( 2005 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Man of Science , Man of Faith '' . Lost . Season 2 . Episode 1 . ABC . Jump up ^ Stephen Williams ( director ) ; Janet Tamaro ( writer ) ( 2005 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Do No Harm '' . Lost . Season 1 . Episode 20 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; J.J. Abrams & Damon Lindelof ( writers ) ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) . `` A Tale of Two Cities '' . Lost . Season 3 . Episode 1 . ABC . Jump up ^ Stephen Williams ( director ) ; Javier Grillo - Marxuach ( writer ) ( 2004 - 12 - 08 ) . `` All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues '' . Lost . Season 1 . Episode 11 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Paul Edwards ( director ) ; Elizabeth Sarnoff & Christina M. Kim ( writers ) ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Two for the Road '' . Lost . Season 2 . Episode 20 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Jack Bender ( director ) ; Drew Goddard ( writer ) ( 2005 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Outlaws '' . Lost . Season 1 . Episode 16 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; Drew Goddard ( writer ) ( 2008 - 01 - 28 ) . `` So It Begins '' . Lost : Missing Pieces . Episode 13 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; David Fury ( writer ) ( 2004 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Walkabout '' . Lost . Season 1 . Episode 4 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse ( writers ) ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ) . `` The Beginning of the End '' . Lost . Season 4 . Episode 1 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Williams ( director ) ; Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz ( writers ) ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Something Nice Back Home '' . Lost . Season 4 . Episode 10 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Paul Edwards ( director ) ; Elizabeth Sarnoff & Kyle Pennington ( writers ) ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Cabin Fever '' . Lost . Season 4 . Episode 11 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Jack Bender & Stephen Williams ( director ) ; Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse ( writers ) ( 2008 - 05 - 29 ) . `` There 's No Place Like Home : Parts 2 and 3 '' . Lost . Season 4 . Episode 13 & 14 . ABC . Jump up ^ Paul Edwards ( director ) ; Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz ( writers ) ( 2009 - 02 - 11 ) . `` This Place is Death '' . Lost . Season 5 . Episode 5 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender ( director ) ; Drew Goddard & Jeff Pinkner ( writers ) ( 2007 - 03 - 21 ) . `` The Man from Tallahassee '' . Lost . Season 3 . Episode 13 . ABC . Jump up ^ Jack Bender , Eric Laneuville ( director ) ; Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz ( writers ) ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Tricia Tanaka is Dead '' . Lost . Season 3 . Episode 10 . ABC . Jump up ^ Paul Edwards ( director ) ; Steven Maeda & Craig Wright ( writers ) ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) . `` What Kate Did '' . Lost . Season 2 . Episode 9 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Rawson - Jones , Ben , ( May 11 , 2008 ) `` S04E10 : ' Something Nice Back Home ' '' , Digital Spy . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Martell , Erin , ( May 1 , 2008 ) `` Lost : ' Something Nice Back Home ' '' , TV Squad . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan , ( May 2 , 2008 ) `` Sister , Christian '' , The Star - Ledger . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 2008 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Dude , Where 's My Island ? '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Oscar , ( February 1 , 2008 ) `` Lost : The Oceanic Six '' , BuddyTV . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff , ( May 2 , 2008 ) `` Unhappy Jack '' , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carabott , Chris , ( May 9 , 2008 ) `` Lost : `` Cabin Fever '' Review `` , IGN . Retrieved on September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Official Lost Podcast April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Access : Granted '' . Lost : The Complete Third Season -- The Unexplored Experience ( Blu - ray edition ) , Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Featurette , disc 6 . Released on December 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Official Lost Podcast March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carabott , Chris , ( February 5 , 2008 ) `` In the Final Webisode , Vincent Makes a Surprising New Friend '' , IGN . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Oscar , ( January 29 , 2008 ) `` Lost : Mobisode 13 , ' So It Begins ' '' , BuddyTV . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff `` Doc '' , ( February 1 , 2008 ) `` Lost : Back and Forth '' , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on September 25 , 2008 . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Lost <Td_colspan="2"> Awards and nominations Cast Soundtracks Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Alex Rousseau Ana Lucia Cortez Ben Linus Boone Carlyle Charles Widmore Charlie Pace Charlotte Lewis Christian Shephard Claire Littleton Daniel Faraday Danielle Rousseau Desmond Hume Ethan Rom Frank Lapidus Hugo `` Hurley '' Reyes Ilana Verdansky Jack Shephard Jacob James `` Sawyer '' Ford Jin - Soo Kwon John Locke Juliet Burke Kate Austen Libby Smith Man in Black Martin Keamy Michael Dawson Miles Straume Mr. Eko Nikki and Paulo Penny Widmore Richard Alpert Rose and Bernard Nadler Sayid Jarrah Shannon Rutherford Sun - Hwa Kwon Tom Friendly Walt Lloyd Mythology Dharma Initiative Oceanic Airlines Related articles Find 815 Lost Experience Lost : Missing Pieces Lost : Via Domus <Td_colspan="2"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Shephard&oldid=814339975 '' Categories : Lost ( TV series ) characters Fictional alcohol abusers Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from Los Angeles Fictional undead Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 06 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Christian Shephard - Lost character
2. Father issues and character crossovers in Lost
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4,346,616,225,066,456,000 | the mystery of iron mask the journey to china | Viy 2 : Journey to China - Wikipedia Viy 2 : Journey to China Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Viy 2 : Journey to China Directed by Oleg Stepchenko Produced by Gleb Fetisov Alexey A. Petrukhin Sergey Sozanovskiy Screenplay by Dmitri Palees Alexey Petrukhin Oleg Stepchenko Based on Viy by Nikolai Gogol Starring Jason Flemyng Rutger Hauer Charles Dance Jackie Chan Arnold Schwarzenegger Music by Aleksandra Maghakyan Cinematography Ivan Gudkov Man - Ching Ng Production company Russian Film Group China Film Group Corporation ( CFGC ) Distributed by NBC Universal Russia Release date 2018 ( 2018 ) Country Russia China Language Russian English Budget US $48 million Viy 2 : Journey to China ( Russian : Вий 2 alternately known as Journey to China : The Mystery of Iron Mask ) is an upcoming Russo - Chinese fantasy adventure film . It is the sequel to Viy , the 2014 cinema hit loosely based on the Nikolai Gogol story Viy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) Set in the 18th century , the film follows the continuing exploits of cartographer Jonathan Green as he undertakes a scientific and supernatural journey that leads him from England to China . Cast ( edit ) Jason Flemyng as Jonathan Green Charles Dance as Lord Dudley Rutger Hauer Jackie Chan Arnold Schwarzenegger Martin Klebba Christopher Fairbank Igor Jijikine Production ( edit ) On April 5 , 2015 , a press conference was held in Moscow with producers Alexey Petrukhin and Sergei Selyanov , actors Jason Flemyng , Rutger Hauer , and Anna Yo . During the conference , it was confirmed that the filming of the sequel , titled Viy 2 : Journey to China , has been started . It was also revealed that members of the Jackie Chan Stunt Team would be helping out in choreographing the fights for the film . In an attempt to appeal to the international market , major film stars were courted to appear in the sequel . Initial reports had Jackie Chan , Jason Statham , and Steven Seagal as appearing in the film . In November 2016 , it was confirmed that Chan would co-star alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger . Release ( edit ) The film is currently scheduled to be released in the winter of 2017 in Russia . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Arnold Schwarzenegger , Jackie Chan Join Russian - Chinese Movie ' Viy - 2 ' '' . Variety.com . Variety.com . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VIY 2 -- JOURNEY TO CHINA 2014 '' . Rutger Hauer . rutgerhauer.org . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Viy 2 on IMDb Viy 2 at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Nikolai Gogol 's Viy Films Black Sunday ( 1960 ) Viy ( 1967 ) Viy ( 2014 ) Sequel Viy 2 : Journey to China ( 2017 ) This article related to Russian film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to Chinese film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about a fantasy film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viy_2:_Journey_to_China&oldid=805301045 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films Russian films Russian - language films Supernatural horror films Films based on works by Nikolai Gogol Films based on Russian folklore Chinese films Chinese fantasy adventure films Russian fantasy films 2010s fantasy films China Film Group Corporation films Upcoming fantasy films Fantasy adventure films Russian adventure films 2010s adventure films Films shot in China 2010s sequel films Films set in the Qing dynasty Russian sequel films Russian film stubs Chinese film stubs Fantasy film stubs Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - language text All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 13 : 00 . About Wikipedia | 1. Viy 2: Journey to China - upcoming Russo-Chinese fantasy adventure film
2. Sequel to Viy, based on Nikolai Gogol's story
3. Cast includes Jason Flemyng, Rutger Hauer, Charles Dance, Jackie Chan, Arnold Schwarzenegger
4. Filming started in 2015, with Jackie Chan Stunt Team involved in choreography
5. Scheduled for release in winter 2017 in Russia |
-7,706,919,021,888,794,000 | where does pot calling the kettle black come from | The pot calling the kettle black - wikipedia The pot calling the kettle black Jump to : navigation , search `` The pot calling the kettle black '' is a proverbial idiom that seems to be of Spanish origin , versions of which began to appear in English in the first half of the 17th century . It is glossed in the original sources as being used of a person who is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another and is thus an example of psychological projection . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Similar themes in antiquity 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) The earliest appearance of the idiom is in Thomas Shelton 's 1620 translation of the Spanish novel Don Quixote . The protagonist is growing increasingly restive under the criticisms of his servant Sancho Panza , of which one is that `` You are like what is said that the frying - pan said to the kettle , ' Avant , black - browes ' . '' The Spanish text at this point reads : Dijo la sartén a la caldera , Quítate allá ojinegra ( Said the pan to the pot , get out of there black - eyes ) . It is identified as a proverb ( refrán ) in the text , functioning as a retort to the person who criticises another of the same defect that he plainly has . Among several variations , the one where the pan addresses the pot as culinegra ( black - arse ) makes clear that they are dirtied in common by contact with the cooking fire . This version was also recorded in England soon afterwards as `` The pot calls the pan burnt - arse '' in John Clarke 's collection of proverbs , Paroemiologia Anglo - Latina ( 1639 ) . A nearer approach to the present wording is provided by William Penn in his collection Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims ( 1682 ) : `` If thou hast not conquer 'd thy self in that which is thy own particular Weakness , thou hast no Title to Virtue , tho ' thou art free of other Men 's . For a Covetous Man to inveigh against Prodigality , an Atheist against Idolatry , a Tyrant against Rebellion , or a Lyer against Forgery , and a Drunkard against Intemperance , is for the Pot to call the Kettle black . '' Apart from the final example in this passage , there is not a strict accord between the behaviour of the critic and the person censured . An alternative modern interpretation , far removed from the original intention , argues that while the pot is sooty ( being placed on a fire ) , the kettle is shiny ( being placed on coals only ) ; hence , when the pot accuses the kettle of being black , it is the pot 's own sooty reflection that it sees : the pot accuses the kettle of a fault that only the pot has , rather than one that they share . The point is illustrated by a poem that appeared anonymously in an early issue of St. Nicholas Magazine from 1876 : `` Oho ! '' said the pot to the kettle ; `` You are dirty and ugly and black ! Sure no one would think you were metal , Except when you 're given a crack . '' `` Not so ! not so ! '' kettle said to the pot ; `` ' Tis your own dirty image you see ; For I am so clean -- without blemish or blot -- That your blackness is mirrored in me . '' Similar themes in antiquity ( edit ) The fable of the Snake and the Crab in the 1470s Medici Manuscript In ancient Greece , mention of ' the Snake and the Crab ' signified much the same , where the critic censures its own behaviour in another . The first instance of this is in a drinking song ( skolion ) dating from the late 6th or early 5th century BCE . The fable ascribed to Aesop concerns a mother crab and its young , where the mother tells the child to walk straight and is asked in return to demonstrate how that is done . The same theme differently expressed occurs in the Aramaic version of the story of Ahiqar , dating from about 500 BCE . ' The bramble sent to the pomegranate tree saying , `` Wherefore the multitude of thy thorns to him that toucheth thy fruit ? '' The pomegranate tree answered and said to the bramble , `` Thou art all thorns to him that toucheth thee '' . In Matthew 7 : 3 - 5 , it is criticism of a less significant failing by those who are worse that is the target of the Sermon on the Mount : `` Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother 's eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye ? '' See also ( edit ) Tu quoque References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phrase Finder Jump up ^ Ch. 67 Jump up ^ Regino Etxabe , Diccionario de refranes comentado , Madrid 2012 Jump up ^ Julia Cresswell , Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins , 2010 , p. 339 Jump up ^ Lines 445 -- 6 Jump up ^ Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins , by William Morris , Mary Morris Jump up ^ Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable , 1870 , revised by Adrian Room ( Millennium Edition ) Jump up ^ St Nicholas Magazine 3.4 , February 1876 , p. 224 Jump up ^ Francisco Rodríguez Adrados , History of the Graeco - Latin fable I , Brill , Leiden NL 1999 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Folklore and Fable vol. XVII , New York 1909 , p. 30 Jump up ^ The Words of Ahiqar : Aramaic proverbs and precepts , Syriac Studies site External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of pot calling the kettle black at Wiktionary <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Internet slang Abuse cyberbullying cyberstalking doxing flaming griefer hacker keylogger malware spyware phishing script kiddie Stealth banning spamming troll Chatspeak emoticon emoji leet owned Pr0n pwn teh w00t fap LOL nsfw padonkaffsky jargon sexting Imageboard 4chan anonymous - chan CP goatse.cx lolcat lulz lurk newbie OP pedobear rickrolling Rule 34 tripcode weeaboo Memes advertising and products animation and comics challenges email film gaming images music politics videos miscellaneous Usenet eternal September PKB plonk <Td_colspan="3"> Portal Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_pot_calling_the_kettle_black&oldid=808808901 '' Categories : English - language idioms Hypocrisy Internet slang Metaphors referring to objects Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wiktionary Add links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 09 : 03 . About Wikipedia | 1. Proverbial idiom: "The pot calling the kettle black"
2. Psychological projection
3. Spanish origin of the idiom
4. Similar themes in antiquity
5. Criticism and hypocrisy |
6,252,557,997,340,496,000 | which process or processes directly generate co2 in humans | Fermentation - wikipedia Fermentation Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fermentation ( disambiguation ) . Fermentation in progress : Bubbles of CO form a froth on top of the fermentation mixture . Overview of ethanol fermentation . One glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules ( 1 ) . The energy from this exothermic reaction is used to bind inorganic phosphates to ATP and convert NAD+ to NADH . The two pyruvates are then broken down into two acetaldehyde molecules and give off two CO2 molecules as a waste product ( 2 ) . The acetaldehyde is then reduced into ethanol using the energy and hydrogen from NADH ; in this process the NADH is oxidized into NAD+ so that the cycle may repeat ( 3 ) . Fermentation is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen . The products are organic acids , gases , or alcohol . It occurs in yeast and bacteria , and also in oxygen - starved muscle cells , as in the case of lactic acid fermentation . The science of fermentation is known as zymology . In microorganisms , fermentation is the primary means of producing ATP by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically . Humans have used fermentation to produce drinks and beverages since the Neolithic age . For example , fermentation is used for preservation in a process that produces lactic acid as found in such sour foods as pickled cucumbers , kimchi and yogurt ( see fermentation in food processing ) , as well as for producing alcoholic beverages such as wine ( see fermentation in winemaking ) and beer . Fermentation can even occur within the stomachs of animals , including humans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biochemical overview 2 Definitions 3 Examples 4 Chemistry 4.1 Ethanol fermentation 4.2 Lactic acid fermentation 4.3 Aerobic respiration 5 Hydrogen gas production in fermentation 6 Methane gas production in fermentation 7 History of human use 8 Etymology 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Biochemical overview ( edit ) Fermentation turns NADH and pyruvate produced in glycolysis into NAD+ and an organic product ( which varies depending on the type of fermentation ; see examples below ) . In the presence of O , NADH and pyruvate are used to generate ATP in respiration . This is called oxidative phosphorylation , and it generates much more ATP than glycolysis alone . For that reason , fermentation is rarely utilized when oxygen is available . The exception being obligate anaerobes , which can not tolerate oxygen . The first step , Embden - Meyerof - Parnas glycolysis , is common to many fermentation pathways : C H O + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2 P → 2 CH COCO + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H O + 2H Pyruvate is CH COCO . P is inorganic phosphate . Two ADP molecules and two P are converted to two ATP and two water molecules via substrate - level phosphorylation . Two molecules of NAD are also reduced to NADH . In oxidative phosphorylation , the energy for ATP formation is derived from an electrochemical proton gradient generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( or , in the case of bacteria , the plasma membrane ) via an electron transport chain . Glycolysis has substrate - level phosphorylation ( ATP generated directly at the point of reaction ) . Definitions ( edit ) Fermentation simply means the production of alcohol : grains and fruits are fermented to produce beer and wine . If a food soured , one might say it was ' off ' or fermented . Here are some definitions of fermentation . They range to informal , general usage to more scientific definitions . Preservation methods for food via microorganisms ( general use ) . Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products ( general use ) . Any large - scale microbial process occurring with or without air ( common definition used in industry ) . Any energy - releasing metabolic process that takes place only under anaerobic conditions ( becoming more scientific ) . Any metabolic process that releases energy from a sugar or other organic molecule , does not require oxygen or an electron transport system , and uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor ( most scientific ) . Examples ( edit ) Fermentation is a process which does not necessarily have to be carried out in an anaerobic environment . For example , even in the presence of abundant oxygen , yeast cells greatly prefer fermentation to aerobic respiration , as long as sugars are readily available for consumption ( a phenomenon known as the Crabtree effect ) . The antibiotic activity of hops also inhibits aerobic metabolism in yeast . Fermentation reacts NADH with an endogenous , organic electron acceptor . Usually this is pyruvate formed from the sugar during the glycolysis step . During fermentation , pyruvate is metabolized to various compounds through several processes : ethanol fermentation , aka alcoholic fermentation , is the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide lactic acid fermentation refers to two means of producing lactic acid : homolactic fermentation is the production of lactic acid exclusively heterolactic fermentation is the production of lactic acid as well as other acids and alcohols . Sugars are the most common substrate of fermentation , and typical examples of fermentation products are ethanol , lactic acid , carbon dioxide , and hydrogen gas ( H ) . However , more exotic compounds can be produced by fermentation , such as butyric acid and acetone . Although yeast carries out the fermentation in the production of ethanol in beers , wines , and other alcoholic drinks , this is not the only possible agent : bacteria carry out the fermentation in the production of xanthan gum , while mammalian muscle carries out the fermentation that occurs during periods of intense exercise where oxygen supply becomes limited , resulting in the creation of lactic acid . Chemistry ( edit ) Comparison of aerobic respiration and most known fermentation types in eucaryotic cell . Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules , C6 is glucose C H O , C1 carbon dioxide CO . Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted . Fermentation products contain chemical energy ( they are not fully oxidized ) , but are considered waste products , since they can not be metabolized further without the use of oxygen . Ethanol fermentation ( edit ) Main article : Ethanol fermentation The chemical equation below shows the alcoholic fermentation of glucose , whose chemical formula is C H O. One glucose molecule is converted into two ethanol molecules and two carbon dioxide molecules : C H O → 2 C H OH + 2 CO C H OH is the chemical formula for ethanol . Before fermentation takes place , one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules . This is known as glycolysis . Lactic acid fermentation ( edit ) Main article : Lactic acid fermentation Homolactic fermentation ( producing only lactic acid ) is the simplest type of fermentation . The pyruvate from glycolysis undergoes a simple redox reaction , forming lactic acid . It is unique because it is one of the only respiration processes to not produce a gas as a byproduct . Overall , one molecule of glucose ( or any six - carbon sugar ) is converted to two molecules of lactic acid : C H O → 2 CH CHOHCOOH It occurs in the muscles of animals when they need energy faster than the blood can supply oxygen . It also occurs in some kinds of bacteria ( such as lactobacilli ) and some fungi . It is this type of bacteria that converts lactose into lactic acid in yogurt , giving it its sour taste . These lactic acid bacteria can carry out either homolactic fermentation , where the end - product is mostly lactic acid , or Heterolactic fermentation , where some lactate is further metabolized and results in ethanol and carbon dioxide ( via the phosphoketolase pathway ) , acetate , or other metabolic products , e.g. : C H O → CH CHOHCOOH + C H OH + CO If lactose is fermented ( as in yogurts and cheeses ) , it is first converted into glucose and galactose ( both six - carbon sugars with the same atomic formula ) : C H O + H O → 2 C H O Heterolactic fermentation is in a sense intermediate between lactic acid fermentation , and other types , e.g. alcoholic fermentation ( see below ) . The reasons to go further and convert lactic acid into anything else are : The acidity of lactic acid impedes biological processes ; this can be beneficial to the fermenting organism as it drives out competitors that are unadapted to the acidity ; as a result , the food will have a longer shelf life ( part of the reason foods are purposely fermented in the first place ) ; however , beyond a certain point , the acidity starts affecting the organism that produces it . The high concentration of lactic acid ( the final product of fermentation ) drives the equilibrium backwards ( Le Chatelier 's principle ) , decreasing the rate at which fermentation can occur , and slowing down growth . Ethanol , into which lactic acid can be easily converted , is volatile and will readily escape , allowing the reaction to proceed easily . CO is also produced , but it is only weakly acidic , and even more volatile than ethanol . Acetic acid ( another conversion product ) is acidic , and not as volatile as ethanol ; however , in the presence of limited oxygen , its creation from lactic acid releases additional energy . It is a lighter molecule than lactic acid , that forms fewer hydrogen bonds with its surroundings ( due to having fewer groups that can form such bonds ) , thus is more volatile and will also allow the reaction to move forward more quickly . If propionic acid , butyric acid , and longer monocarboxylic acids are produced ( see mixed acid fermentation ) , the amount of acidity produced per glucose consumed will decrease , as with ethanol , allowing faster growth . Aerobic respiration ( edit ) In aerobic respiration , the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is oxidized completely , generating additional ATP and NADH in the citric acid cycle and by oxidative phosphorylation . However , this can occur only in the presence of oxygen . Oxygen is toxic to organisms that are obligate anaerobes , and is not required by facultative anaerobic organisms . In the absence of oxygen , one of the fermentation pathways occurs in order to regenerate NAD ; lactic acid fermentation is one of these pathways . Hydrogen gas production in fermentation ( edit ) Hydrogen gas is produced in many types of fermentation ( mixed acid fermentation , butyric acid fermentation , caproate fermentation , butanol fermentation , glyoxylate fermentation ) , as a way to regenerate NAD from NADH . Electrons are transferred to ferredoxin , which in turn is oxidized by hydrogenase , producing H. Hydrogen gas is a substrate for methanogens and sulfate reducers , which keep the concentration of hydrogen low and favor the production of such an energy - rich compound , but hydrogen gas at a fairly high concentration can nevertheless be formed , as in flatus . As an example of mixed acid fermentation , bacteria such as Clostridium pasteurianum ferment glucose producing butyrate , acetate , carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas : The reaction leading to acetate is : C H O + 4 H O → 2 CH COO + 2 HCO + 4 H + 4 H Glucose could theoretically be converted into just CO and H , but the global reaction releases little energy . Methane gas production in fermentation ( edit ) Acetic acid can also undergo a dismutation reaction to produce methane and carbon dioxide : CH COO + H → CH + CO ΔG ° = - 36 kJ / reaction This disproportionation reaction is catalysed by methanogen archaea in their fermentative metabolism . One electron is transferred from the carbonyl function ( e donor ) of the carboxylic group to the methyl group ( e acceptor ) of acetic acid to respectively produce CO and methane gas . History of human use ( edit ) The use of fermentation , particularly for beverages , has existed since the Neolithic and has been documented dating from 7000 -- 6600 BCE in Jiahu , China , 5000 BCE in India , Ayurveda mentions many Medicated Wines , 6000 BCE in Georgia , 3150 BCE in ancient Egypt , 3000 BCE in Babylon , 2000 BCE in pre-Hispanic Mexico , and 1500 BC in Sudan . Fermented foods have a religious significance in Judaism and Christianity . The Baltic god Rugutis was worshiped as the agent of fermentation . The first solid evidence of the living nature of yeast appeared between 1837 and 1838 when three publications appeared by C. Cagniard de la Tour , T. Swann , and F. Kuetzing , each of whom independently concluded as a result of microscopic investigations that yeast is a living organism that reproduces by budding . It is perhaps because wine , beer , and bread were each basic foods in Europe that most of the early studies on fermentation were done on yeasts , with which they were made . Soon , bacteria were also discovered ; the term was first used in English in the late 1840s , but it did not come into general use until the 1870s , and then largely in connection with the new germ theory of disease . Louis Pasteur in his laboratory Louis Pasteur ( 1822 -- 1895 ) , during the 1850s and 1860s , showed that fermentation is initiated by living organisms in a series of investigations . In 1857 , Pasteur showed that lactic acid fermentation is caused by living organisms . In 1860 , he demonstrated that bacteria cause souring in milk , a process formerly thought to be merely a chemical change , and his work in identifying the role of microorganisms in food spoilage led to the process of pasteurization . In 1877 , working to improve the French brewing industry , Pasteur published his famous paper on fermentation , `` Etudes sur la Bière '' , which was translated into English in 1879 as `` Studies on fermentation '' . He defined fermentation ( incorrectly ) as `` Life without air '' , but correctly showed that specific types of microorganisms cause specific types of fermentations and specific end - products . Although showing fermentation to be the result of the action of living microorganisms was a breakthrough , it did not explain the basic nature of the fermentation process , or prove that it is caused by the microorganisms that appear to be always present . Many scientists , including Pasteur , had unsuccessfully attempted to extract the fermentation enzyme from yeast . Success came in 1897 when the German chemist Eduard Buechner ground up yeast , extracted a juice from them , then found to his amazement that this `` dead '' liquid would ferment a sugar solution , forming carbon dioxide and alcohol much like living yeasts . Buechner 's results are considered to mark the birth of biochemistry . The `` unorganized ferments '' behaved just like the organized ones . From that time on , the term enzyme came to be applied to all ferments . It was then understood that fermentation is caused by enzymes that are produced by microorganisms . In 1907 , Buechner won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work . Advances in microbiology and fermentation technology have continued steadily up until the present . For example , in the late 1970s , it was discovered that microorganisms could be mutated with physical and chemical treatments to be higher - yielding , faster - growing , tolerant of less oxygen , and able to use a more concentrated medium . Strain selection and hybridization developed as well , affecting most modern food fermentations . Other approaches to advancing the fermentation industry has been done by companies such as BioTork , a biotechnology company that naturally evolves microorganisms to improve fermentation processes . This approach differs from the more popular genetic modification , which has become the current industry standard . Etymology ( edit ) The word `` ferment '' is derived from the Latin verb fervere , which means to boil . It is thought to have been first used in the late 14th century in alchemy , but only in a broad sense . It was not used in the modern scientific sense until around 1600 . See also ( edit ) Biotechnology portal Acetone - butanol - ethanol fermentation Chemostat Dark fermentation Ethanol fermentation Fed - batch Fermentation in food processing Fermentation ( wine ) Fermentation lock Fermentative hydrogen production Gut fermentation syndrome Industrial fermentation Non-fermenter Photofermentation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Klein , Donald W. ; Lansing M. ; Harley , John ( 2006 ) . Microbiology ( 6th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 255678 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : AP Biology . Anestis , Mark . 2nd Edition . McGraw - Hill Professional . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147630 - 0 . p. 61 Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard J. ; Funke , Berdell R. ; Case , Christine L. ( 2010 ) . `` 5 '' . Microbiology An Introduction ( 10 ed . ) . San Francisco , CA 94111 , USA : Pearson Benjamin Cummings . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 58202 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , J.R. ( 1999 ) . `` Carbon metabolism '' . In J.R. Dickinson ; M. Schweizer . The metabolism and molecular physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Philadelphia , PA : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7484 - 0731 - 6 . Jump up ^ Voet , Donald ; Voet , Judith G. ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , NY : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stryer , Lubert ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( fourth ed . ) . New York - Basingstoke : W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 978 - 0716720096 . ^ Jump up to : Life , the science of biology . Purves , William Kirkwood . Sadava , David . Orians , Gordon H. 7th Edition . Macmillan Publishers . 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 9856 - 9 . pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Stryer , Lubert ( 1975 ) . Biochemistry . W.H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0174 - X . Jump up ^ Introductory Botany : plants , people , and the Environment . Berg , Linda R. Cengage Learning , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 46669 - 5 . p. 86 ^ Jump up to : A dictionary of applied chemistry , Volume 3 . Thorpe , Sir Thomas Edward . Longmans , Green and Co. , 1922 . p. 159 Jump up ^ Madigan , Michael T. ; Martinko , John M. ; Parker , Jack ( 1996 ) . Brock biology of microorganisms ( 8th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 520875 - 5 . Jump up ^ Thauer , R.K. ; Jungermann , K. ; Decker , K. ( 1977 ) . `` Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria '' . Bacteriological Reviews . 41 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 80 . ISSN 0005 - 3678 . PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 . Jump up ^ Ferry , J.G. ( 1992 ) . `` Methane from acetate '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 174 ( 17 ) : 5489 -- 5495 . PMC 206491 . PMID 1512186 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Vogels , G.D. ; Keltjens J.T. ; Van Der Drift C. ( 1988 ) . `` Biochemistry of methane production '' . In Zehnder A.J.B. Biology of anaerobic microorganisms . New York : Wiley . pp. 707 -- 770 . Jump up ^ McGovern , P.E. ; Zhang , J. ; Tang , J. ; Zhang , Z. ; Hall , G.R. ; Moreau , R.A. ; Nunez , A. ; Butrym , E.D. ; Richards , M.P. ; Wang , C. - S. ; Cheng , G. ; Zhao , Z. ; Wang , C. ( 2004 ) . `` Fermented beverages of pre - and proto - historic China '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 101 ( 51 ) : 17593 -- 17598 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0407921102 . PMC 539767 . PMID 15590771 . Jump up ^ Vouillamoz , J.F. ; McGovern , P.E. ; Ergul , A. ; Söylemezoğlu , G.K. ; Tevzadze , G. ; Meredith , C.P. ; Grando , M.S. ( 2006 ) . `` Genetic characterization and relationships of traditional grape cultivars from Transcaucasia and Anatolia '' . Plant Genetic Resources : characterization and utilization . 4 ( 2 ) : 144 . doi : 10.1079 / PGR2006114 . Jump up ^ Cavalieri , D ; McGovern P.E. ; Hartl D.L. ; Mortimer R. ; Polsinelli M. ( 2003 ) . `` Evidence for S. cerevisiae fermentation in ancient wine '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Molecular Evolution. 57 Suppl 1 : S226 -- 32 . doi : 10.1007 / s00239 - 003 - 0031 - 2 . PMID 15008419 . 15008419 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fermented fruits and vegetables . A global perspective '' . FAO Agricultural Services Bulletins - 134 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dirar , H. , ( 1993 ) , The Indigenous Fermented Foods of the Sudan : A Study in African Food and Nutrition , CAB International , UK Jump up ^ `` Gintaras Beresneviius . M. Strijkovskio Kronikos '' lietuvi diev sraas `` . spauda.lt . Jump up ^ Rūgutis . Mitologijos enciklopedija , 2 tomas . Vilnius . Vaga. 1999 . 293 p . Jump up ^ A brief history of fermentation , East and West . Soyinfocenter.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Accomplishments of Louis Pasteur . Fjcollazo.com ( 2005 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ HowStuffWorks `` Louis Pasteur '' . Science.howstuffworks.com ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Louis Pasteur ( 1879 ) Studies on fermentation : The diseases of beer , their causes , and the means of preventing them . Macmillan Publishers . ^ Jump up to : Modern History Sourcebook : Louis Pasteur ( 1822 -- 1895 ) : Physiological theory of fermentation , 1879 . Translated by F. Faulkner , D.C. Robb . Jump up ^ New beer in an old bottle : Eduard Buchner and the Growth of Biochemical Knowledge . Cornish - Bowden , Athel . Universitat de Valencia. 1997 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 370 - 3328 - 0 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ The enigma of ferment : from the philosopher 's stone to the first biochemical Nobel prize . Lagerkvist , Ulf . World Scientific Publishers . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 256 - 421 - 4 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ A treasury of world science , Volume 1962 , Part 1 . Runes , Dagobert David . Philosophical Library Publishers . 1962 . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Wang , H.L. ; Swain , E.W. ; Hesseltine , C.W. ( 1980 ) . `` Phytase of molds used in oriental food fermentation '' . Journal of Food Science . 45 ( 5 ) : 1262 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2621.1980. tb06534. x . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fermentation . Works of Louis Pasteur Pasteur Brewing . The chemical logic behind fermentation and respiration <Th_colspan="2"> Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human <Td_colspan="2"> Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis <Td_colspan="2"> Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis <Td_colspan="2"> Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis <Td_colspan="2"> Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman <Td_colspan="2"> Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation <Td_colspan="2"> Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism <Th_colspan="2"> Metabolism map <Td_colspan="2"> Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . GND : 4129537 - 7 NDL : 00562847 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermentation&oldid=809391494 '' Categories : Fermentation Anaerobic digestion Oenology Fermented drinks Brewing Food science Metabolism Food preservation Alchemical processes Mycology Catalysis Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Alemannisch Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 20 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Fermentation process
2. Organic acids, gases, and alcohol production
3. Ethanol fermentation
4. Lactic acid fermentation
5. History and uses of fermentation |
-2,177,737,965,179,182,300 | pop will eat itself can u dig it lyrics | Can U dig it ? - Wikipedia Can U dig it ? <Th_colspan="2"> `` Can U Dig It ? '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Pop Will Eat Itself <Th_colspan="2"> from the album This Is the Day ... This Is the Hour ... This Is This ! B - side `` Poison To the Mind '' Released Format 12 `` , 7 '' , CD , Cassette Length 4 : 32 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Clinton Mansell Producer ( s ) Flood <Th_colspan="2"> Pop Will Eat Itself singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Def . Con . One '' ( 1988 ) `` Can U Dig It ? '' ( 1989 ) `` Wise Up ! Sucker '' ( 1989 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Def . Con . One '' ( 1988 ) `` Can U Dig It ? '' ( 1989 ) `` Wise Up ! Sucker '' ( 1989 ) `` Can U Dig It ? '' is a popular single by British band Pop Will Eat Itself , released in 1989 from the band 's second album This Is the Day ... This Is the Hour ... This Is This ! and it peaked at # 38 in the UK Charts . The lyrics include a litany of references to movies , comics , music , and television . The sample in which a male voice is heard yelling `` Can you dig it ? '' several times and the female voice at the beginning of the track saying `` Let 's get down to it , boppers ... '' were taken from the cult classic 1979 U.S. action film The Warriors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listing 3 Charts 4 Personnel 5 References 6 External links Music video ( edit ) An accompanying music video was made for the single . It features Clint Mansell and Graham Crabb singing the song against various changing backgrounds ( many of which reference the song lyrics , ) while in other parts the rest of the band members perform the song with stacks of TVs behind them . Track listing ( edit ) All songs written by Pop Will Eat Itself 12 '' <Th_colspan="3"> A Side No . Title Length 1 . `` Can U Dig It ? ( 12 '' Version ) '' 6 : 25 2 . `` Poison To the Mind '' 2 : 45 <Th_colspan="3"> B side No . Title Length 1 . `` Radio P.W.E.I ( Acapella ) '' 1 : 10 2 . `` The Fuses Have Been Lit ( Instrumental ) '' 2 : 07 7 '' <Th_colspan="3"> A Side No . Title Length 1 . `` Can U Dig It ? '' 3 : 15 <Th_colspan="3"> B side No . Title Length 1 . `` Poison To the Mind '' 2 : 45 CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Can U Dig It ? '' 3 : 15 2 . `` Poison To the Mind '' 2 : 45 3 . `` Radio P.W.E.I ( Acapella ) '' 1 : 10 4 . `` Can U Dig It ? ( Twelve ) '' 4 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Chart 38 Personnel ( edit ) Clint Mansell - Vocals Graham Crabb - Vocals Adam Mole - Guitar Richard March - Guitar `` The Buzzard '' - Wild Guitar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PWEI UK Charts '' . Official charts . 2013 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Pop Will Eat Itself - Can U Dig It ? on YouTube ( official PopWillEatItselfVEVO channel ) <Th_colspan="2"> hide Pop Will Eat Itself <Td_colspan="2"> Graham Crabb Mary Byker Clint Mansell Tim Muddiman Davey Bennett Jason Bowld Richard March Adam Mole Robert `` Fuzz '' Townshend Kerry `` The Buzzard '' Hammond Albums Box Frenzy Now for a Feast ! ( compilation ) This Is the Day ... This Is the Hour ... This Is This ! Cure for Sanity The Looks or the Lifestyle ? Dos Dedos Mis Amigos Two Fingers My Friends ! ( remix album ) New Noise Designed by a Sadist Anti-Nasty League EPs `` The Poppies Say GRRrrr ! '' `` Poppiecock '' `` Very Metal Noise Pollution '' `` Amalgamation '' `` Watch The Bitch Blow '' `` Reclaim The Game ( Funk FIFA ) '' Singles `` Sweet Sweet Pie '' `` Love Missile F1 - 11 '' `` Beaver Patrol '' `` There Is No Love Between Us Anymore '' `` Def . Con . One '' `` Can U Dig It ? '' `` Wise Up ! Sucker '' `` Touched by the Hand of Cicciolina '' `` Dance of the Mad Bastards '' `` Another Man 's Rhubarb '' `` XY & Zee '' `` 92 Degrees '' `` Karmadrome '' / `` Eat Me Drink Me Love Me '' `` Bulletproof ! '' `` Get The Girl ! Kill The Baddies ! '' `` R.S.V.P. / Familius Horribilus '' `` Ich Bin Ein Auslander '' `` Everything 's Cool '' `` Axe Of Men 2010 '' `` Chaos & Mayhem '' Related articles Bentley Rhythm Ace Golden Claw Musics Vileevils The Designers Republic This 1980s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can_U_Dig_It%3F&oldid=843130842 '' Categories : 1989 singles List songs 1989 songs RCA Records singles Pop Will Eat Itself songs Songs written by Clint Mansell Song recordings produced by Flood ( producer ) 1980s rock song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 02 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "Can U Dig It?" - Pop Will Eat Itself single
2. British band Pop Will Eat Itself
3. References to movies, comics, music, and television in the lyrics
4. Sample from the 1979 U.S. action film The Warriors
5. Music video featuring band members and changing backgrounds |
988,835,077,718,540,000 | bendy and the ink machine xbox one cost | Bendy and the ink Machine - Wikipedia Bendy and the ink Machine Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Bendy and the Ink Machine <Td_colspan="2"> Developer ( s ) TheMeatly Games Publisher ( s ) TheMeatly Games Rooster Teeth Games Designer ( s ) theMeatly Mike Mood Matt Goles Dan Tozer Programmer ( s ) Mike Mood Artist ( s ) theMeatly Writer ( s ) theMeatly Bookpast Composer ( s ) theMeatly Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS Linux PlayStation 4 Xbox One Nintendo Switch Release Chapter One : Moving Pictures WW : February 10 , 2017 Chapter Two : The Old Song WW : April 18 , 2017 Chapter Three : Rise and Fall WW : September 28 , 2017 Chapter Four : Colossal Wonders WW : April 30 , 2018 Chapter Five WW : TBA Genre ( s ) Survival horror Mode ( s ) Single - player Bendy and the Ink Machine is an episodic survival horror video game developed and published by TheMeatly Games . The game focuses on Henry , a retired cartoonist , who returns to his old studio upon an invitation from a former colleague and discovers a nightmare of cartoon monsters seemingly created by the titular Ink Machine . The game 's first chapter was released for Linux , macOS and Microsoft Windows via Game Jolt on February 10 , 2017 , with a second chapter bundled with a remastered version of the first following on April 18 , 2017 . After the game succeeded in its Steam Greenlight campaign on February 28 , 2017 , both available chapters were released onto Steam on April 27 , 2017 . The third chapter was released on September 28 , 2017 and the fourth chapter was released on April 30 , 2018 after a short delay . Mike Mood , the game 's programmer , describes the game as an `` accidental success '' . Bendy and the Ink Machine was announced to be published by Rooster Teeth Games for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Nintendo Switch sometime in 2018 after the final chapter has been completed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Chapters 2.1 Chapter One : Moving Pictures 2.2 Chapter Two : The Old Song 2.3 Chapter Three : Rise and Fall 2.4 Chapter Four : Colossal Wonders 3 Other Media 4 Characters 4.1 Humans 4.2 Cartoon Characters 4.3 Monsters 4.4 Easter Eggs 5 References Gameplay ( edit ) Bendy and the Ink Machine is a survival horror game that uses a mixture of puzzle solving , environment exploration and combat to aid Henry on his journey through the abandoned studio . Players explore through a first - person view and have limited physical actions such as running and jumping . Different items can be collected , some of which are for solving various puzzles to fix machinery or open doors . Cans of bacon soup , a reference to the game 's creator TheMeatly and his partner Mike Mood , can also be collected for both achievements and to restore Henry 's health if he is injured . Combat is primarily focused around a variety of different weapons , including axes , pipes and plungers , though the special use of a tommy gun can also be obtained as of Chapter Three . The game 's ink monsters , acting as the main enemies of the story , all have different strength levels and resilience to damage , forcing players to be tactical about keeping out of reach and striking when necessary . Some enemies can not be destroyed and must be instead hidden from in order to survive . If Henry takes too much damage , he can escape from the ink that consumes him and respawn at one of the numerous statues of a Statue of Bendy that act as checkpoints . In addition , players can find numerous audio logs throughout the studio that give more story details about the fate of the studio and its employees , similar to the systems used in games such as BioShock . Some of these logs can be missed and require further exploration to uncover the secret areas they often reside in . Chapters ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chapter one : moving pictures ( edit ) Henry , an animator , returns to his old animation studio , Joey Drew Studios , after receiving an invitation from his old friend and former employer , Joey Drew , to be shown something important . Having not been to the studio in 30 years , Henry finds the place seemingly abandoned . Upon finding his old animation desk and exploring the other rooms of the studio , he eventually discovers the titular Ink Machine and decides to turn it on after concluding it is what Joey wanted to show him . During the repair attempts , Henry uncovers hints from old recordings of the staff that imply Joey was taking part in bizarre occult practices , further amplified by the gruesome discovery of a corpse in the shape of Boris the Wolf , one of the studio 's characters . After completing the necessary steps to fix the Ink Machine , The path to the ink machine was boarded up for some reason followed by a trail of footprints , Henry is then suddenly shocked by a humanoid ink monster that resembles the studio 's most popular character , Bendy ( who is theorized to be Joey himself ) . Henry attempts to flee from `` Bendy '' as the studio starts to flood with ink and just before he reaches the exit , the floor collapses underneath him , trapping him in a room below . Using an axe to clear the path and approaching a pentagram drawn on the floor , Henry is racked with a vision of the Machine , a wheelchair , and `` Bendy '' before he falls unconscious before finding a axe . In the post-credit scene , the pentagram room is almost pitch grey with the candles being lit , just as this cutscene ends `` Bendy '' emerges from the shadows with his evil smile . This was later removed during the production of Chapter 2 Chapter two : the old song ( edit ) Waking up after his vision , Henry arrives at the same place on when he fell . He is attacked by several hostile ink creatures , the Searchers , and briefly sees the outline of what appears to be another person in the studio with him that disappears when he gets close . Several tape recordings Henry find more of how the studio fared since his departure , including one by Sammy Lawrence , the musical director for the studio , who seemingly started to worship Bendy as a deity . Another recording from Norman Polk , the studio projectionist , mentions how Sammy continually disrupted daily recording sessions by attempting to enter a custom built sanctuary , and Susie Campbell , a newcomer to the studio , talks about how she was hired to voice a new character alongside Bendy and Boris after voicing `` talking chairs and dancing chickens '' . After activating the pump in Sammy 's office to drain the flooded stairwell of the music department blocking the exit , Henry is suddenly attacked from behind and knocked out by the same person he saw earlier . Upon waking up , he finds his captor is Sammy , who has been turned into an ink creature and is wearing a Bendy mask over his face . As `` Sammy '' briefly remarks that Henry appears familiar to him , he reveals his worship of `` Bendy '' , thinking that the creature will be able to return him back to human form . Intending on using Henry as a human sacrifice , the ritual backfires when `` Bendy '' arrives and presumably kills `` Sammy '' instead . Henry escapes his bindings and runs into `` Bendy '' , forcing him to flee . After successfully escaping , Henry hears a noise grab his attention and is shocked to see a living version of Boris ( who is theorized to be Wally Franks , the studio 's janitor ) come out to greet him . In the post-credit scene , `` Sammy 's '' remains are shown as a puddle of ink with his mask . Also , by the right corner , Boris 's shoes can be seen , implying that he has seen what `` Bendy '' has done . This was later removed during the production of Chapter 3 . Chapter three : rise and fall ( edit ) An undetermined amount of time after escaping from `` Bendy '' , Henry wakes up in a safe house along with Boris , Traveling together with the wolf through a part of the studio his does n't recognize , Henry finds himself in Heavenly Toys , the studio 's toy manufacturing department . Briefly separated from Boris , Henry encounters a humanoid female ink creature that resembles a deformed Alice Angel ( who is implied to be Susie Campbell ) . She comments on how he interests her and asks if he is worthy to ' walk with angels ' . After meeting with `` Alice '' , there are two paths that Henry can take : the Path of the Angel or the Path of the Demon . Only one path can be chosen , with the other one being locked permanently . Though each path has no bearing on the rest of the Chapter , the audio logs that Henry finds inside each offer a different insight into more happenings at the studio . In the Path of the Demon , Henry can listen to a tape from Joey Drew himself who rambles about how one can even `` cheat death '' with enough belief . The Path of the Angel features a recording from Susie Campbell , who laments at the fact she had been replaced as Alice by another voice actress named Allison Pendle and wishes for a way to fix it . Henry reunites with Boris , and after working together and battling more cartoon monsters , they reach `` Alice 's '' lair . There , Henry finds out that `` Alice '' has been harvesting the body parts of other Boris clones and some of the ink in order to improve her deformed appearance . Thinking that he can be useful in aiding her , `` Alice '' offers Henry his freedom in exchange for a few errands and offers him tools to help . Henry carries out these errands , which involve gathering materials for `` Alice '' , all the while evading `` Bendy '' , Searchers , monstrous versions of the studio 's Butcher Gang characters , and the Projectionist , a disfigured version of Norman Polk who has now become an ink monster . After every task is complete , Henry and Boris are allowed to ascend in an elevator to escape , but `` Alice '' proclaims she wants to use Boris to fix herself , and the elevator plummets down and crashes . As Boris tries to revive an injured Henry , he is pulled away by `` Alice '' into the darkness . One of the two post-credit scenes are shown depending on which path Henry took : the Path of the Demon shows `` Bendy '' in front of an ink - filled room with the Butcher Gang and a Swollen Searcher . The Path of the Angel shows Boris tied to a table with an axe and `` Alice 's '' shadow nearby . Chapter four : colossal wonders ( edit ) Henry wakes up in the remains of the crashed elevator and begins his search for Boris . He journeys through the studio 's archives , suddenly beginning to suffer from hallucinations of paranormal activity and discovers a large group of non-hostile ink monsters called the Lost Ones , hinted to be the studio 's employees . They have been driven to despair at being trapped inside the studio for so long , crying that they just want to go home . Henry then also encounters `` Bendy '' again , who surprises him , but then strangely leaves him alone before disappearing . After navigating through the vents of the archives , Henry finds himself in a large underground warehouse that houses prototypes for a Bendy theme park , Bendy Land . Created by park designer Bertrum Piedmont , more audio logs imply that Joey intended to take the credit for the park 's creation , leading Bertrum to become frustrated with the studio owner . Henry is taunted by the disembodied voice of `` Alice '' , threatening him with the idea of the captured Boris being used to finally cure her disfigurement before he can reach her . Having to travel through different storage areas of character suits , Bendy animatronics , ride prototypes and even a railway system , Henry learns from a recording that Joey 's focus on belief and dreaming was nothing but a facade when he drops the attitude and remarks how the public love messages like that , complaining he can only do so many takes of such rhetoric a day . During his time in the prototype ride storage , Henry is attacked by the corrupted form of Bertrum , who has somehow been transformed into one of the park 's attractions , forcing Henry to destroy him . In the railway storage , Henry is also stalked by the Projectionist again . After being spotted and hiding in a `` Little Miracle Station '' from it , Henry witnesses `` Bendy '' arrive and the two monsters fight each other , leading to `` Bendy 's '' victory after he pulls off the Projectionist 's head . `` Bendy '' , once again , confusingly leaves Henry alone and departs with the Projectionist 's ( now headless ) body . After activating the haunted house ride to reach where `` Alice '' is hiding , Henry is stopped by Boris , who has been turned into a hulking monster by `` Alice '' in order to kill him . With no choice but to defend himself , Henry eventually manages to kill `` Brute Boris '' . Enraged at having been foiled again , `` Alice '' charges at Henry in an attempt to kill him herself but is suddenly stabbed through the heart from behind and collapses to the ground . Henry then realizes that he has been saved by another Alice Angel named Allison Angel ( who is heavily implied to be Allison Pendle ) and another Boris named Tom ( possibly the studio 's repairman , Thomas Connor ) , both armed with weapons . In a post-credit scene , `` Alice 's '' body is shown lifeless on the ground , surrounded by the Lost Ones . However , through the humming that is heard faintly in the background , it suggests she might still be alive . Other media ( edit ) Official videos for a series of animated shorts based on Bendy and the Ink Machine have been released from theMeatly 's YouTube channel , with animation done by animator Timethehobo . The first animated short , Tombstone Picnic , was released as a first part of Chapter 3 's reveal trailer on August 11 , 2017 . The second short , Haunted Hijinx , was uploaded on October 31 , 2017 for the celebration on Halloween . The third short , Snow Sillies , was uploaded on December 24 , 2017 for the celebration on Christmas season . A Halloween crossover mod , Hello Bendy , was released for the game on October 27 , 2017 for a limited time , featuring the Hello Neighbor antagonist who takes the role as Bendy in all previous three chapters and even Sammy for Chapter 2 . The mod 's menu features the advertisement of pre-ordering the game Hello Neighbor . The mod expired by the end of October . A mobile spin - off , Bendy in Nightmare Run , was announced on January 26 , 2018 and is scheduled to be released on Android and iOS . The game will introduce a playable Bendy in an endless running - style game , featuring four levels with a different `` boss '' cartoon monster , collectible items and power - ups , and possible future updates . Characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Henry ( voiced by theMeatly ) -- The player character , Henry is a former animator and employee of Joey Drew Studios . Now trapped against his will , Henry ventures into the depths of the studio to not only discover the truth behind its downfall , but to escape any way he can . Joey Drew ( voiced by David Eddings ) -- The owner of Joey Drew Studios , and an old friend and colleague of Henry 's . Many old audio recordings of former employees detail Joey 's mismanagement and bizarre behavior , and he is implied to be responsible for the studio 's current state through the use of the Ink Machine . His current whereabouts are unknown , but it is theorized that he may be `` Bendy '' . Wally Franks ( voiced by theMeatly ) -- The studio 's janitor , whose voice appears in several audio recordings . His notable catchphrase , `` I 'm Outta Here ! '' , signs off every message he leaves . His whereabouts are unknown , but it is theorized that he has become a Bendy clone . Thomas Connor ( voiced by Mike Mood ) -- A repairman who worked part - time for the studio , Thomas was frequently appalled by the dangerous state of the studio 's structure , often complaining that Joey had no care for the safety or smooth operation of his business . It is implied that he is Tom , the Boris clone that appears at the end of Chapter 4 . Sammy Lawrence ( voiced by Aaron Landon ) -- The music director of the studio , Sammy was once in charge of writing and recording music for the Bendy cartoons . At some point prior to the game , he began to idolize Bendy as some sort of deity and was eventually transformed into an ink creature . Norman Polk ( voiced by theMeatly ) -- The studio 's projectionist . Usually seen as quiet and reclusive by his colleagues , Norman appears to enjoy his solitude and claims that he sees more than most because of it . Like others in the studio , he was eventually corrupted by the ink and became an ink creature . Jack Fain ( voiced by Bookpast ) -- An employee of the studio 's music department who worked as the lyricist for Sammy Lawrence 's songs , Jack often used the lower floors of the department to find solitude when writing his words . He is eventually transformed into a Searcher who holds a key item that Henry needs to progress . Susie Campbell ( voiced by Alanna Linayre ) -- A voice actress for the studio and the official voice of Alice Angel . Susie considered Alice to be a perfect match for her , claiming that she felt a deep connection to the character . She was eventually replaced by Allison Pendle , a fact that made her desperate to do something to regain it . The audio logs about Susie hint that Joey was trying to fool her into becoming part of his activities with the Ink Machine and the corrupted `` Alice '' makes specific mention of Susie 's past , hinting that she was what `` Alice '' used to be . Shawn Flynn ( voiced by Seán McLoughlin , Jacksepticeye ) -- An employee who works as a toy manufacturer at the studio 's Heavenly Toys department . Shawn is heard remarking on Joey 's obsessive attention to detail when creating the toys after he accidentally painted some Bendy dolls with crooked smiles . His whereabouts are unknown , but it is possible he has become a Lost One . Grant Cohen ( voiced by Will Ryan , DA Games ) -- A studio employee maintaining the company 's financial administration , he is heard in recordings voicing concerns about Joey Drew 's frivolous spending . His office can be found in Chapter 4 where it is strongly implied he was transformed into an ink creature ( most likely a Lost One ) . Bertrum Piedmont ( voiced by Joe J Thomas ) - The creator behind the amusement park Bendy Land . He has been building attractions for 40 years and frequently voices his frustration that Joey is intending to take credit for his creations once the park is complete . Bertrum was eventually corrupted into an amusement park ride monster which Henry has to defeat . Lacie Benton ( voiced by Lani Minella ) -- A worker responsible for maintaining the mechanics of Bendy Land 's attractions , she comments on how the Bendy animatronics that Bertrum has been making unnerve her , swearing that they move when she is not looking . Her whereabouts are unknown , but it is possible she has become a Lost One . Allison Pendle ( voiced by Lauren Synger ) -- A new voice actress who replaced Susie as Alice Angel , her employment caused Susie to become depressed at having lost her dream role . She appears at the end of Chapter 4 as an Alice Angel clone . Linda -- A woman only mentioned in Henry 's audio recording in Chapter 3 , she is theorized to be Henry 's friend or wife . She is the only one who does n't work at Joey Drew Studios . Cartoon characters ( edit ) Bendy -- The studio 's most popular character , Bendy is a dancing cartoon demon whose image appears on posters and life - sized cutouts throughout the studio . Acting as the star of his own series , Bendy is shown to be curious and mischievous , but often ends up with his plans backfiring when he attempts to provoke other characters . Numerous posters for his animated shorts can be seen throughout the studio , many of which were designed by fan artists as part of art contests for each chapter 's release . Boris the Wolf -- A wolf who has appeared in many cartoons alongside Bendy , Boris is shown to be slow , easily tempted by food , but also easy to anger if rubbed the wrong way . Henry meets a living version of Boris during the second chapter of the game , acting as a companion to him . Some theory states that he would be the studios janitor Wally Franks , he is eventually captured by `` Alice '' and turned into a monster that Henry must fight . Alice Angel -- Alice Angel is a cartoon character created by Joey Drew Studios . She is a cartoon angel / demon hybrid who acted as a female parallel to Bendy . Alice made her first appearance in the `` Sent From Above '' poster from Chapter 2 . Similar to other popular characters , like Bendy and Boris . Alice starred in a series of cartoons thirty years prior to the game . Alice acts as a homage to other female characters of the time period such as Betty Boop . Apparently renowned for her singing talent , Alice 's popularity never reached the same as Bendy . The Butcher Gang -- A trio of cartoon villains named Charley the chimp , Barley the pirate and Edgar the spider , first appearing on a poster in the third Chapter . Corrupted versions of them are in Chapter 3 and 4 as enemies . Monsters ( edit ) Bendy -- Bendy is the main antagonist of the game appearing in Bendy And The Ink Machine from Chapter 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 . He is an ink - covered , humanoid - like monster vaguely resembling the original Bendy , his origins are unknown ( although it is theorized that he is possibly Joey Drew ) , but the other cartoon monsters fear him and his presence . Throughout the game , Bendy stalks the halls and corrupts the environment with an aura of ink , damaging any other creature he comes across . Bendy first shows up in the beginning chapter after the ink machine is activated , responsibly from Henry . Bendy dwells inside every location and considers Henry as an enemy , constantly hunting him down , then attempting to kill whenever Henry is caught in his surroundings . If he spots Henry , Bendy will chase him relentlessly unless the player can hide in the Little Miracle Stations found throughout the level . Bendy is the only encountered monster that can not be killed and causes a one hit death if he strikes Henry down . Alice ( voiced by Lauren Synger ) -- Alice is a living , murderous , insane form of Alice Angel who is obsessed with fixing her deformed imperfect appearance , created from the body of Susie Campbell . Harvesting parts from the other cartoons of the studio , she aspires to be perfect again and acts as a major antagonist for Chapters 3 and 4 . She refers to Henry with derogatory names and taunts him , forcing him to do tasks for her while constantly threatening death upon him if he does not obey her . Like Bendy , she can not be harmed by any weapon , but is not invulnerable . She is killed by Allison Angel at the end of Chapter 4 . The Projectionist -- The Projectionist is an antagonist that appears in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 . He is a humanoid ink monster with a projector for a head . Judging by his human - shaped appearance with a projector as a head . It is an ink carnation of Norman Polk . It is first encountered when Henry is on an errand for Alice , the Projectionist instantly chases Henry down if he is caught in the light of his projector head . Unlike Bendy and Alice , the Projectionist can actually be killed and defeated during the first encounter with it , which is non-canon . Despite this , it makes another appearance in Chapter 4 , stalking the ruins of the prototype railway storage . Bendy later kills it when it tries to attack Henry again . Boris - A corrupted version of Boris that Henry is forced to battle at the conclusion of Chapter 4 , after Alice claimed his heart then deforming him in a monstrous , twisted way . Immensely strong and able to destroy the environment , he can only be damaged when his mutilated body forces him to stop and recover . Sammy ( Monster ) ( voiced by Aaron Landon ) -- A corrupted version of Sammy Lawrence whose body has been turned into that of an ink creature . Wearing a Bendy mask and proclaiming his love of the cartoon as a figure of worship , he intends to use Henry as a sacrifice in order to become human again , but it backfires when Bendy kills Sammy instead . Bertrum ( Monster ) -- A living amusement park ride formed from the body of Bertrum Piedmont , who attacks by swinging his mechanical arms around and slamming them into the ground . Swollen Jack -- Swollen Jack is a minor antagonist appearing in Chapter 2 who Holds a valve Henry needs to obtain . He appears as a swollen Searcher with a derby hat . He is one of the few victims of Joey Drew Studios corrupted by unknown circumstances with ink before Henry returned back to the abandoned studio 30 years later . Piper -- Piper or Charlie is an enemy and a part of the `` Butcher Gang '' that appear in Chapter 3 and 4 . He is an imperfect clone of Charley who originally appeared in Bendy 's cartoons . Fisher -- Fisher is an enemy and a part of the `` Butcher Gang '' that appear in Chapter 3 and 4 . He is a disfigured clone of Barley from the `` Butcher Gang '' cartoon . Striker -- Striker is an enemy and a part of the `` Butcher Gang '' that appears in Chapter 3 and 4 . He is a twisted clone of Edgar who originally appeared in Bendy 's cartoons . Boris Clones - The Boris clones are minor characters that appear only as lifeless bodies in Chapter 1 and later in Chapter 3 . As their name suggets , they are duplicate but imperfect clones of Boris the Wolf . Searchers -- The searchers are primary and common enemies that first appear in Chapter 2 and 3 . Seen from Chapter 3 , the Searchers come in several different types - the main yet common normal variants , the swoller variants , minibosses , miners , and a boss type making them one of the first enemies that have different forms . Miner Searchers - The Miner Searcher is an enemy and a type of Searcher boss in Chapter 2 . Swollen Searchers - Minor enemies that appear in Chapter 3 and 4 of Bendy and the Ink Machine . Before obtaining their thick ink , they do not attack and only takes a single hit by Henry 's syringe . In the `` Path of the Demon '' ending , the Swollen Searcher was seen along with Bendy . Miniboss Searchers - The Searcher Minibosses are enemies and a type of Searchers that appear in Chapter 3 . Boss Searcher - The Searcher Boss is a type of Searcher and a secret enemy that appears in Chapter 3 . The Lost Ones ( voiced by Joe J Thomas ) -- Humanoid ink creatures that are found in Chapter 4 . Unlike Searchers , they are harmless and are often seen crying in despair over being trapped in the studio . Before Henry enters the room where he sees all of these `` lost ones '' , one of them is seen desperate and keeps wondering when are they going to go home . It is theorized that they are the studio employees . Allison Angel -- A corrupted version of Allison Pendle whose body has been turned into that of an ink creature . Allison Angel is the `` true '' physical form of the original Alice Angel who appeared at the end of Chapter 4 along with Tom . Unlike other ink monsters , she is seemly an ally to Henry . Allison Angel has many similar features to her impostor Alice , but has a perfected look on her face . Tom -- Tom is a minor character and an alternative counterpart of Boris the Wolf who appeared at the end of Chapter 4 along with Allison Angel . It is a possibly that Tom could be Thomas Connor , the studios repairman , due to his wielding a pipe . Tom is nearly identical to his original form , with only two exceptions : unamused - looking brows and a mechanical arm from the Bendy animatronic . Like Allison , he is supposedly an ally . Easter eggs ( edit ) theMeatly theMeatly is both a character and a recurring Easter Egg from throughout the chapters , and he can only be located in a small secret room behind a Boris poster . Wandering is a Terrible Sin Bendy cutout This is a special cutout of a Bendy cutout with creepy eyes and hands holding a sign to warn people who hack into places they should n't be . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TheMeatly Games ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` We did it ! ! WE ARE GREENLIT ! ! '' . Steam . Valve Corporation . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/TylerMcAuleyVallier/20170711/301391/The_CoCreator_of_Bendy_and_the_Ink_Machine_Talks_Accidental_Success.php Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/themeatly/status/958120794512650240 Jump up ^ theMeatly ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) , `` Bendy and the Ink Machine : Chapter Three '' - Reveal Trailer 2017 , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ theMeatly ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) , Bendy in `` Haunted Hijinx '' - A Joey Drew Short , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/batimgame/status/923957479221944321?lang=en Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/BendyRun/status/956905244063092736 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/BendyRun/status/957317127379267584 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bendy_and_the_Ink_Machine&oldid=841236791 '' Categories : Episodic video games Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Horror video games Linux games MacOS games Single - player video games Video games developed in Canada Windows games Hidden categories : Use American English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Bendy and the Ink Machine
2. Survival horror video game
3. Episodic gameplay
4. Cartoon monsters
5. Ink Machine |
-2,732,506,185,634,406,000 | what were the demands of the populist platform of 1892 | Omaha Platform - wikipedia Omaha Platform The Omaha Platform was the party program adopted at the formative convention of the Populist ( or People 's ) Party held in Omaha , Nebraska on July 4 , 1892 . Contents 1 Origin 2 Goals 3 Dissolution 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Origin ( edit ) The platform preamble was written by Ignatius L. Donnelly . The Omaha platform was seen as `` The Second Declaration of Independence , '' as it called for reestablishing American liberty . The planks themselves represent the merger of the agrarian concerns of the Farmers ' Alliance with the free - currency monetarism of the Greenback Party while explicitly endorsing the goals of the largely urban Knights of Labor . In the words of Donnelly 's preamble , the convention was `` ( a ) ssembled on the anniversary of the birthday of the nation , and filled with the spirit of the grand general and chieftain who established our independence , we seek to restore the government of the Republic to the hands of the plain people , with which class it originated . '' The Omaha Platform called for a wide range of social reforms , including a reduction in the working day , a `` safe , sound , and flexible '' national currency , assistance to farmers with the financing of their labours , `` fair and liberal pensions to ex-Union soldiers and sailors , '' the direct election of Senators , single - terms for Presidents and Vice-Presidents , `` the legislative system known as the initiative and referendum , '' `` the unperverted Australian of secret ballot system , '' the nationalization of the railroads , the telegraph , and the telephone systems , a postal savings , `` a graduated income tax , '' and `` the free and unlimited coinage of silver . '' In referencing the Omaha Platform , Senator George Norris of Nebraska suggested the wealth of the `` super rich '' had to begin flowing `` to all the people , from whom it was originally taken . '' The Populist , or People 's , Party went on to capture 11 seats in the United States House of Representatives , several governors and the state legislatures of Kansas , Nebraska and North Carolina . 1892 Presidential nominee and former Greenbacker James B. Weaver received over a million popular votes , and won four states ( Colorado , Kansas , Idaho , and Nevada ) and 22 electoral votes . The Party 's legislative majorities were thereafter able to elect several United States Senators . Taken as a whole , the electoral accomplishments of the Populist Party represent the high water mark for a United States third party after the Civil War . In 1896 , the Populists abandoned the Omaha Platform and endorsed Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan on the basis of a single - plank free silver platform . Goals ( edit ) The first goal of the Omaha Platform was to increase the coinage of silver to gold at a 16 : 1 ratio . The Omaha Platform suggested a federal loans system so that farmers could get the money they needed . The platform also called for the elimination of private banks . The platform required a system of federal storage facilities for the farmers ' crops . The objective was to allow the farmers to control the pricing of their products . The Omaha Platform made a special taxing system for them so that they would have to pay taxes depending on how much money they made . They also asked for an eight - hour workday and the direct election of senators , as opposed to them being elected by state legislatures . Those were the main goals of the Omaha Platform , all focused on helping rural and working - class Americans . They also made it so that farmers would only work 8 hours instead of 10 or more . After 1894 , Populists emphasized the demand for free coinage of silver rather than other goals , such as state - run railroads . Dissolution ( edit ) The platform did not appeal to the more urban areas of the country where wage earners were working industrial jobs . The platform 's only clear attempt to appeal to northerners in the east was the clause mentioning pensions to ex-Union soldiers . The Populist Party dissolved before World War II as members were unable to meet in Omaha for the party 's semi-centennial celebration , and for the reason that many of the party 's values have been accepted by other , more dominant political parties . See also ( edit ) Ocala Demands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Postel , Charles . `` Populist Politics : The Business of Government '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kazin , Michael ( 1995 ) . The Populist Persuasion . New York : BasicBooks . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8558 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Populist Party '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Populism and the Omaha Platform of 1892 '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Populist Convention Reunion '' . February 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Omaha Platform http://www.losal.org/cms/lib7/CA01000497/Centricity/Domain/340/The_Omha_Platform_-_Summary.pdf http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5361/ http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-omaha-platform-of-1892-definition-goals.html The World Almanac , 1893 ( New York : 1893 ) , 83 -- 85 . Reprinted in George Brown Tindall , ed. , A Populist Reader , Selections from the Works of American Populist Leaders ( New York : Harper & Row , 1966 ) , 90 -- 96 . National Economist . Publication of the Farmers Alliance . Washington , DC. , July 9 , 1892 . People 's Party Platform , Omaha Morning World - Herald , 5 July 1892 . Kazin , Michael ( 1995 ) . The Populist Persuasion . New York : BasicBooks . p. 43 Further reading ( edit ) Goodwynn , Lawrence . The Populist Moment : A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America . Oxford University Press , USA ( November 30 , 1978 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502417 - 6 . Brogan , Hugh , The Penguin History of the United States of America ( 1990 edition ) . Hicks , John D . The Populist Revolt : A History of the Farmers Alliance and the Peoples Party . Bison ( 1970 ) . ASIN B000HL905S . External links ( edit ) The Omaha Platform : Launching the Populist Party . Primary source material archived at History Matters : the U.S. History Survey Course on the Web . George Mason University . Retrieved August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omaha_Platform&oldid=848296652 '' Categories : Political party assemblies 1892 elections in the United States 1892 in Nebraska History of Omaha , Nebraska People 's Party ( United States ) Populism United States political party programs 1892 documents Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 02 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Omaha Platform
2. Populist Party
3. Goals of the Omaha Platform
4. Dissolution of the Populist Party
5. Impact of the Omaha Platform |
-3,843,106,404,712,982,500 | in 1804 the french colony of achieved independence | Haitian Revolution - wikipedia Haitian Revolution Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Haitian Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the Atlantic Revolutions , French Revolutionary Wars , and Napoleonic Wars . <Td_colspan="2"> Battle at San Domingo , a painting by January Suchodolski , depicting a struggle between Polish troops in French service and the slave rebels and freed revolutionary soldiers <Td_colspan="2"> Date 21 August 1791 -- 1 January 1804 ( 12 years , 4 months , 1 week and 4 days ) Location Saint - Domingue Result Haitian victory French colonial government expelled Massacre of the French Territorial changes Independent Empire of Haiti established <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents 1791 -- 1793 Ex-slaves French royalists Spain ( from 1793 ) 1791 -- 1793 Slave owners Kingdom of France ( until 1792 ) French Republic 1793 -- 1798 French royalists Great Britain Spain ( until 1796 ) 1793 -- 1798 French Republic Ex-slaves 1798 -- 1801 Louverture Loyalists 1798 -- 1801 Rigaud Loyalists Spain 1802 -- 1804 Ex-slaves United Kingdom 1802 -- 1804 French Republic Polish Legions Swiss Confederation Spain <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders 1791 -- 1793 Dutty Boukman † Georges Biassou Vincent Ogé André Rigaud 1793 -- 1798 Paul - Louis Dubuc Thomas Maitland Joaquín Moreno 1798 -- 1801 Toussaint Louverture 1802 -- 1804 Toussaint Louverture Jean - Jacques Dessalines Henri Christophe Alexandre Pétion François Capois John Duckworth John Loring 1791 -- 1793 Viscount de Blanchelande Léger - Félicité Sonthonax 1793 -- 1798 Toussaint Louverture André Rigaud Alexandre Pétion 1798 -- 1801 André Rigaud 1802 -- 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte Charles Leclerc † Vicomte de Rochambeau Villaret de Joyeuse Federico Gravina <Th_colspan="2"> Strength Regular army : 55,000 , Volunteers : 100,000 + 31,000 Regular army : 60,000 , 86 warships and frigates <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses Haitians : 200,000 dead British : 45,000 dead France : 75,000 dead <Td_colspan="2"> White colonists : 25,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Haitian Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Bois Caïman Fort - Dauphin Jean - Rabel War of Knives Saint - Domingue expedition Snake Gully Crête - à - Pierrot Blockade of Saint - Domingue Vertières <Th_colspan="2"> French Revolutionary Wars <Td_colspan="2"> Timeline 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 <Th_colspan="2"> Haitian Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Bois Caïman Fort - Dauphin Jean - Rabel War of Knives Saint - Domingue expedition Snake Gully Crête - à - Pierrot Blockade of Saint - Domingue Vertières <Th_colspan="2"> War of the First Coalition <Td_colspan="2"> Porrentruy Marquain Verdun Thionville Valmy Lille Mainz Flanders Campaign Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Naval Battles Mediterranean campaign of 1793 -- 1796 War in the Vendée War of the Pyrenees Rhine Campaign of 1793 - 94 Italian Campaigns East Indies Theatre Martinique Guadeloupe Atlantic campaign of May 1794 Helder Rhine Campaign of 1795 Rhine Campaign of 1796 Siegburg Altenkirchen Wetzlar Kircheib First Kehl Malsch Neresheim Amberg Würzburg Limburg Second Kehl Biberach Anglo - Spanish War Fishguard Neuwied Diersheim <Th_colspan="2"> United Irishmen Rebellion <Td_colspan="2"> Ballymore - Eustace Naas Rathangan Prosperous Kilcullen Carnew Dunlavin Carlow Harrow Tara Hill Oulart Hill Enniscorthy Gibbet Rath Newtownmountkennedy Three Rocks Bunclody Tubberneering New Ross / Scullabogue Antrim Arklow Saintfield Ballynahinch Ovidstown Foulksmills Vinegar Hill Ballyellis Castlebar Collooney Ballinamuck Killala Tory Island <Th_colspan="2"> War of the Second Coalition <Td_colspan="2"> Nicopolis Corfu Ostrach Feldkirch 1st Stockach Verona Magnano Cassano Bassignana 1st Marengo Winterthur 1st Zurich Modena Trebbia 2nd Marengo Mantua Novi Callantsoog Vlieter Incident Krabbendam Mannheim Bergen 2nd Zurich Alkmaar Castricum 2nd Novi Genola 3rd Novi Wiesloch Genoa Hohentwiel 2nd Stockach Messkirch Biberach Fort Bard Chiusella Montebello 3rd Marengo Höchstädt Neuburg Ampfing Hohenlinden Mincio Copenhagen Algeciras ( 1st 2nd ) Porto Ferrajo Mediterranean Campaign Egyptian Campaign Swiss Campaign Dutch Campaign Italian Campaign <Th_colspan="2"> Quasi-War <Td_colspan="2"> USS Delaware vs La Croyable USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente Action of 1 January 1800 USS Constellation vs La Vengeance Jacmel Puerto Plata Harbor USS Boston vs Berceau USS Enterprise vs Flambeau Curaçao <Th_colspan="2"> Italian Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars <Td_colspan="2"> 1st Saorgio Méribel Epierre 2nd Saorgio 1st Dego Loano Montenotte Campaign Fombio Lodi Borghetto Lonato Castiglione Peschiera ( fr ) Rovereto 1st Bassano 2nd Bassano Calliano Caldiero Arcole Rivoli 1st Mantua Faenza Valvasone Tyrol ( fr ) Tarvis Veronese Easter Verona Magnano Cassano Bassignana 1st Marengo Modena Trebbia 2nd Marengo 2nd Mantua Novi 2nd Novi Genola 3rd Novi Genoa Fort Bard Chiusella Montebello Marengo Pozzolo <Th_colspan="2"> Mediterranean campaign of 1793 -- 1796 <Td_colspan="2"> Sardinia Toulon Burning of the French fleet Genoa Raid 22 October 1793 Corsica San Fiorenzo Bastia Calvi Martin 's cruise Mykonos Berwick Genoa 24 June 1795 Hyères Islands Richery 's expedition Levant Convoy Ganteaume 's expedition 13 October 1796 19 December 1796 <Th_colspan="2"> East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars <Td_colspan="2"> Pondicherry Sunda Strait 5 May 1794 Île Ronde Ceylon Cape Colony Saldanha Bay Sumatra Bali Strait Manila Macau 9 February 1799 28 February 1799 Port Louis Mahé <Th_colspan="2"> Naval Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars <Td_colspan="2"> Sardinia Toulon 1st Genoa Guernsey May 1794 Ushant Alexander Croisière du Grand Hiver Gulf of Roses 2nd Genoa April 1795 Cornwallis 's Retreat Groix Hyères Levant Convoy Saldanha Bay Newfoundland expedition Expédition d'Irlande Droits de l'Homme 2nd St Vincent Camperdown Raz de Sein Îles Saint - Marcouf Nile Tory Island Croisière de Bruix Dunkirk Malta Copenhagen Algeciras 1st 2nd Boulogne Mahé <Th_colspan="2"> Royalist Revolts of the French Revolutionary Wars <Td_colspan="2"> Vendée Chouannerie Toulon Lyon Quiberon 13 Vendémiaire Peasants ' War ( 1798 ) Part of a series on the History of Haiti Chronology Early history Spanish rule French rule Haitian Revolution Siege of Santo Domingo Haitian - Dominican Wars Imperial era Republican era Duvalier era Post-Duvalier era Post-quake era Topics Slavery U.S. occupation 2004 coup d'état 2010 earthquake Timeline Military history Haiti portal Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Terrorism Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Greek Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The Haitian Revolution ( French : Révolution haïtienne ( ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n ) ) was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self - liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint - Domingue , now the sovereign nation of Haiti . It began on 22 August 1791 at 22 : 00 , and ended in 1804 with the former colony 's independence . It involved blacks , mulattoes , French , Spanish , and British participants -- with the ex-slave Toussaint L'Ouverture emerging as Haiti 's most charismatic hero . It was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery , and ruled by non-whites and former captives . It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of racism in the Atlantic World . Its effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas . The end of French rule and the abolition of slavery in the former colony was followed by a successful defense of the freedoms they won , and , with the collaboration of free persons of color , their independence from white Europeans . It represents the largest slave uprising since Spartacus 's unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years earlier . It challenged long - held beliefs about black inferiority and about enslaved persons ' capacity to achieve and maintain their own freedom . The rebels ' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure inspired stories that shocked and frightened slave owners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historiographical debates 2 Effects 3 Background 4 Situation in 1789 4.1 Social stratification 4.2 Regional conflicts 5 Effects of the French Revolution 6 Relationship between the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution 6.1 Reason for revolution 6.2 Brutality 6.3 Lasting change 7 Influence of Enlightenment thought 8 The Revolution 9 Leadership of Louverture 10 Resistance to slavery 11 Free republic 12 1804 massacre of the French 13 Impact 14 The Revolution and the media 15 In popular culture 16 Literature about the Haitian Revolution 17 See also 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Historiographical debates While acknowledging the cross-influences , most contemporary historians distinguish the Haitian Revolution from the French Revolution . Some also separate it from the earlier armed conflicts by free men of color who were seeking expansion of political rights for themselves , but not the abolition of slavery . These scholars show that if the agency of the enslaved blacks becomes the focus of studies , the Revolution 's opening and closing dates are certain . From this premise , the narrative began with the enslaved blacks ' bid for freedom through armed struggle and concluded with their victory over slavery powers and the creation of an independent state . In April 1791 , a massive black insurgency in the north of the island rose violently against the plantation system , setting a precedent of resistance to racial slavery . In cooperation with their former mulatto rivals , blacks ended the Revolution in November 1803 when they decidedly defeated the French army at the Battle of Vertières . The French had already lost a high proportion of their troops to yellow fever and other diseases . After acknowledging defeat in Saint - Domingue , Napoleon withdrew from North America , agreeing to the Louisiana Purchase by the United States . Although the series of events during these years is known under the name of `` Haitian Revolution , '' alternative views suggest that the entire affair was an assorted number of coincidental conflicts that ended with a fragile truce between free men of color and blacks . Historians debate whether the victorious Haitians were `` intrinsically ( a ) revolutionary force '' . One thing is certain : Haiti became an independent country on January 1 , 1804 , when the council of generals chose Jean - Jacques Dessalines to assume the office of governor - general . One of the state 's first significant documents was Dessaliness ' `` Liberty or Death '' speech , which circulated broadly in the foreign press . In it , the new head of state made the case for the new nation 's objective : the permanent abolition of slavery in Haiti . Effects An independent government was created in Haiti , but the country 's society remained deeply affected by patterns established under French colonial rule . As in other French colonial societies , a class of free people of color had developed after centuries of French rule here . Many planters or young unmarried men had relations with African or Afro - Caribbean women , sometimes providing for their freedom and that of their children , as well as providing for education of the mixed - race children , especially the boys . Some were sent to France for education and training , which sometimes provided entree into the French military . The mulattoes who returned to Saint - Domingue became the elite of the people of color . As an educated class used to the French political system , they became the elite of Haitian society after the war 's end . Many of them had used their social capital to acquire wealth , and some already owned land . Some had identified more with the French colonists than the slaves . Many of the free people of color , by contrast , were raised in French culture , had certain rights within colonial society , and generally spoke French and practiced Catholicism ( with syncretic absorption of African religions . ) Mulatto domination of politics and economics , and urban life after the revolution , created a different kind of two - caste society , as most Haitians were rural subsistence farmers . The nascent state 's future was hobbled in 1825 when France forced it to pay 150 million gold francs in reparations to French ex-slaveholders -- as a condition of French political recognition and to end the nation 's political and economic isolation . Though the amount of the reparations was reduced in 1838 , Haiti was unable to finish paying off its debt until 1947 . The payments left the country 's government deeply impoverished , causing long - term instability . Background Much of Caribbean economic development was contingent to Europeans ' demand for sugar . Plantation owners produced sugar as a commodity crop from cultivation of sugar cane , which required extensive labor . Saint Domingue also had extensive coffee , cocoa , and indigo plantations , but these were smaller and less profitable than the sugar plantations . The commodity crops were traded for European goods . Starting in the 1730s , French engineers constructed complex irrigation systems to increase sugarcane production . By the 1740s Saint - Domingue , together with the British colony of Jamaica , had become the main supplier of the world 's sugar . Sugar production depended on extensive manual labor provided by enslaved Africans in the harsh Saint - Domingue colonial plantation economy . Saint - Domingue was the most profitable French colony in the world , indeed one of the most profitable of all the European colonies in the 18th century . An average of 600 ships engaged every year in shipping products from Saint - Domingue to Bordeaux , and the value of Saint - Domingue 's crops and goods was almost equal in value to all of the products shipped from the British Thirteen Colonies to Great Britain . The livelihood of 1 million of the 25 million or so people who lived in the Kingdom of France in 1789 depended directly upon the imports of coffee , indigo and sugar from St. Domingue , and several million indirectly depended upon trade from France 's richest colony to maintain their standard of living . Slavery sustained sugar production under harsh conditions , including the unhealthy climate of the Caribbean , where diseases such as malaria ( brought from Africa ) and yellow fever caused high mortality . In 1787 alone , the French imported about 20,000 slaves from Africa into Saint - Domingue , while the British imported about 38,000 slaves total to all of their Caribbean colonies . The death rate from yellow fever was such that at least 50 % of the slaves from Africa died within a year of arriving , so the masters preferred to work their slaves as hard as possible while providing with them with the barest minimum of food and shelter . They calculated that it was better to get the most work out of their slaves with lowest possible expense possible , since they were probably going to die of yellow fever anyway . The death rate was so high that polyandry - one woman being married to several men at the same time - developed as a common form of marriage among the slaves . As slaves had no legal rights , rape by masters , their unmarried sons , or white overseers were a common occurrence on the plantations . The white planters and their families , together with the petit bourgeoisie of merchants and shopkeepers , were outnumbered by slaves by a factor of more than ten on Saint Domingue . The largest sugar plantations and concentrations of slaves were in the North of the islands , and whites lived in fear of slave rebellion . Even by the standards of the Caribbean , the French slave masters were extremely cruel in their treatment of slaves . They used the threat and acts of physical violence to maintain control and suppress efforts at slave rebellion . When slaves left the plantations or disobeyed their masters , they were subject to whipping , or to more extreme torture such as castration or burning , the punishment being both a personal lesson and a warning for other slaves . Louis XIV , the French King , passed the Code Noir in 1685 in an attempt to regulate such violence and the treatment of the enslaved person in general in the colony , but masters openly and consistently broke the code . During the 18th century , local legislation reversed parts of it . In 1758 , the white landowners began passing legislation restricting the rights of other groups of people until a rigid caste system was defined . Most historians classify the people of the era into three groups : The first group were white colonists , or les blancs . This group is generally subdivided into the plantation owners and a lower class of whites who often served as overseers or day laborers , artisans and shopkeepers . The second group were free persons of color ( gens de couleur libre ) , usually mixed - race , and sometimes referred to as mulattoes , of African and French descent . These gens de couleur tended to be educated and literate , and the men often served in the army or as administrators on plantations . Many were children of white planters and enslaved mothers , or free women of color . Others had purchased their freedom from their owners through the sale of their own produce or artistic works . They often received education or artisan training , and sometimes inherited freedom or property from their fathers . Some gens de couleur owned and operated their own plantations and became slave owners . The third group , outnumbering the others by a ratio of ten to one , was made up of mostly African - born slaves . A high rate of mortality among them meant that planters continually had to import new slaves . This kept their culture more African and separate from other people on the island . Many plantations had large concentrations of slaves from a particular region of Africa , and it was therefore somewhat easier for these groups to maintain elements of their culture , religion , and language . This also separated new slaves from Africa from creoles ( slaves born in the colony ) , who already had kin networks and often had more prestigious roles on plantations and more opportunities for emancipation . Most slaves spoke a patois of the French language known as Creole , which was also used by island - born mulattoes and whites for communication with the workers . The majority of the slaves were Yoruba from what is now modern Nigeria , Fon from what is now Benin , and from the Kingdom of Kongo in what is now modern northern Angola and the western Congo . The Kongolese at 40 % were the largest of the African ethnic groups represented amongst the slaves . The slaves developed their own religion , a syncretic mixture of Roman Catholicism and West African religions known as Vodou , usually called voodoo in English . This belief system implicitly rejected the Africans ' status as slaves . White colonists and black slaves frequently came into violent conflict . Saint - Domingue was a society seething with hatred . The French historian Paul Fregosi wrote : `` Whites , mulattos and blacks loathed each other . The poor whites could n't stand the rich whites , the rich whites despised the poor whites , the middle - class whites were jealous of the aristocratic whites , the whites born in France looked down upon the locally born whites , mulattoes envied the whites , despised the blacks and were despised by the whites ; free Negroes brutalized those who were still slaves , Haitian born blacks regarded those from Africa as savages . Everyone - quite rightly - lived in terror of everyone else ... Haiti was hell , but Haiti was rich '' . Many of these conflicts involved slaves who had escaped the plantations . Many runaway slaves -- called Maroons -- hid on the margins of large plantations , living off the land and what they could steal from their former masters . Others fled to towns , to blend in with urban slaves and freed slaves who often migrated to those areas for work . If caught , these runaway slaves would be severely and violently punished . However , some masters tolerated petit marronages , or short - term absences from plantations , knowing these allowed release of tensions . The larger groups of runaway slaves who lived in the hillside woods away from white control often conducted violent raids on the island 's sugar and coffee plantations . Although the numbers in these bands grew large ( sometimes into the thousands ) , they generally lacked the leadership and strategy to accomplish large - scale objectives . The first effective maroon leader to emerge was the charismatic François Mackandal , who succeeded in unifying the black resistance . A Haitian Vodou priest , Mackandal inspired his people by drawing on African traditions and religions . He united the maroon bands and also established a network of secret organizations among plantation slaves , leading a rebellion from 1751 through 1757 . Although Mackandal was captured by the French and burned at the stake in 1758 , large armed maroon bands persisted in raids and harassment after his death . Situation in 1789 Social stratification In 1789 Saint - Domingue produced 60 % of the world 's coffee and 40 % of the world 's sugar imported by France and Britain . The colony was the most profitable possession of the French Empire . Saint - Domingue was the wealthiest and most prosperous colony of all the colonies in the Caribbean . In 1789 , whites numbered 40,000 ; mulattoes and free blacks , 28,000 ; and black slaves , an estimated 452,000 . This was almost half the total slave population in the Caribbean , estimated at one million that year . The lowest class of society was enslaved blacks , who outnumbered whites and free people of color by a margin of more than six to one . Two thirds of the slaves were African - born , and they tended to be less submissive than those born in the Americas and raised in slavesocieties . The death rate in the Caribbean exceeded the birth rate , so imports of enslaved Africans were necessary to maintain the numbers required to work the plantations . The slave population declined at an annual rate of two to five percent , due to overwork , inadequate food and shelter , insufficient clothing and medical care , and an imbalance between the sexes , with more men than women . Some slaves were of a creole elite class of urban slaves and domestics , who worked as cooks , personal servants and artisans around the plantation house . This relatively privileged class was chiefly born in the Americas , while the under - class born in Africa labored hard , and more often than not , under abusive and brutal conditions . Among Saint - Domingue 's 40,000 white colonials in 1789 , European - born Frenchmen monopolized administrative posts . The sugar planters , the grands blancs , were chiefly minor aristocrats . Most returned to France as soon as possible , hoping to avoid the dreaded yellow fever , which regularly swept the colony . The lower - class whites , petits blancs , included artisans , shopkeepers , slave dealers , overseers , and day laborers . Saint - Domingue 's free people of color , the gens de couleur libre , numbered more than 28,000 by 1789 . Around that time , colonial legislations , concerned with this growing and strengthening population , passed discriminatory laws that required these freedmen to wear distinctive clothing and limited where they could live . These laws also barred them from occupying many public offices . Many of these freedmen were also artisans and overseers , or domestic servants in the plantation houses . Le Cap Français , a northern port , had a large population of free people of color , including freed slaves . These men would become important leaders in the 1791 slave rebellion and later revolution . Regional conflicts In addition to class and racial tension among whites , free people of color , and enslaved blacks , the country was polarized by regional rivalries between Nord ( North ) , Sud ( South ) , and Ouest ( West ) regions . The North was the center of shipping and trading , and had the largest French elite population , the grands blancs . The rich white colonists wanted greater autonomy for the colony , especially economically . The Plaine - du - Nord on the northern shore of Saint - Domingue was the most fertile area , having the largest sugar plantations and therefore the most slaves . It was the area of greatest economic importance , especially as most of the colony 's trade went through these ports . The largest and busiest port was Le Cap - Français ( present - day Le Cap - Haïtien ) , the capital of French Saint - Domingue until 1751 , when Port - au - Prince was made the capital . In this northern region , enslaved Africans lived in large groups of workers in relative isolation , separated from the rest of the colony by the high mountain range known as the Massif du Nord . These slaves would join with urban slaves from Le Cap to lead the 1791 rebellion , which began in this region . The Western Province , however , grew significantly after the capital was moved to Port - au - Prince in 1751 , and the region became increasingly wealthy in the second half of the 18th century . Irrigation projects supported expansion of sugar plantations in this region . The Southern Province lagged in population and wealth because it was geographically separated from the rest of the colony . However , this isolation allowed freed slaves to find profit in trade with British Jamaica , and they gained power and wealth here . In addition to these interregional tensions , there were conflicts between proponents of independence , those loyal to France , allies of Spain , and allies of Great Britain -- who coveted control of the valuable colony . Effects of the French Revolution Further information : French Revolution In France , the National Assembly made radical changes in French laws , and on 26 August 1789 , published the Declaration of the Rights of Man , declaring all men free and equal . The French Revolution influenced the conflict in Saint - Domingue and was at first widely welcomed in the island . Wealthy whites saw it as an opportunity to gain independence from France , which would allow elite plantation - owners to take control of the island and create trade regulations that would further their own wealth and power . There were so many twists and turns in the leadership in France , and so many complex events in Saint - Domingue , that various classes and parties changed their alignments many times . However , the Haitian Revolution quickly became a test of the ideology of the French Revolution , as it radicalized the slavery question and forced French leaders to recognize the full meaning of their revolution . The African population on the island began to hear of the agitation for independence by the rich European planters , the grands blancs , who had resented France 's limitations on the island 's foreign trade . The Africans mostly allied with the royalists and the British , as they understood that if Saint - Domingue 's independence were to be led by white slave masters , it would probably mean even harsher treatment and increased injustice for the African population . The plantation owners would be free to operate slavery as they pleased without the existing minimal accountability to their French peers . Saint - Domingue 's free people of color , most notably Julien Raimond , had been actively appealing to France for full civil equality with whites since the 1780s . Raimond used the French Revolution to make this the major colonial issue before the National Assembly of France . In October 1790 , Vincent Ogé , another wealthy free man of color from the colony , returned from Paris , where he had been working with Raimond . Convinced that the Declaration of Rights of Man meant that wealthy men of color had full civil rights , Ogé demanded the right to vote . When the colonial governor refused , Ogé led a brief insurgency in the area around Cap Français . He and an army of around 300 free blacks fought to end racial discrimination in the area . He was captured in early 1791 , and brutally executed by being `` broken on the wheel '' before being beheaded . Ogé was not fighting against slavery , but his treatment was cited by later slave rebels as one of the factors in their decision to rise up in August 1791 and resist treaties with the colonists . The conflict up to this point was between factions of whites , and between whites and free blacks . Enslaved blacks watched from the sidelines . Leading 18th - century French writer Count Mirabeau had once said the Saint - Domingue whites `` slept at the foot of Vesuvius '' , suggesting the grave threat they faced should the majority of slaves launch a sustained major uprising . Relationship between the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution Reason for Revolution The Haitian Revolution was a revolution ignited from below , by the underrepresented majority of the population . A huge majority of the supporters of the Haitian revolution were slaves and freed Africans who were severely discriminated against by colonial society and the law . Brutality Despite the idealist , rational and utopian thinking surrounding both uprisings , extreme brutality was a fundamental aspect of both uprisings . Besides initial cruelty that created the precarious conditions that bred the revolution , there was violence from both sides throughout the revolution . The period of violence during the French Revolution is known as the Reign of Terror . Waves of suspicion meant that the government rounded up and killed thousands of suspects , ranging from known aristocrats to persons thought to oppose the leaders . They were killed by guillotine , `` breaking at the wheel '' , mobs and other death machines : death toll estimates range from 18,000 to 40,000 . Total casualties for the French Revolution are estimated at 2 million . In the Caribbean , total casualties totaled approximately 162,000 . Violence in Haiti was largely characterized by military confrontations , riots , killing of slave owners and their families , and guerrilla warfare . Lasting change The Revolution in Haiti did not wait on the Revolution in France . The call for modification of society was influenced by the revolution in France , but once the hope for change found a place in the hearts of the Haitian people , there was no stopping the radical reformation that was occurring . The Enlightenment ideals and the initiation of the French Revolution were enough to inspire the Haitian Revolution , which evolved into the most successful and comprehensive slave rebellion in history . Just as the French were successful in transforming their society , so were the Haitians . On April 4 , 1792 , The French National Assembly granted freedom to slaves in saint - Domingue . The revolution culminated in 1804 ; Haiti was an independent nation solely of freed peoples . The activities of the revolutions sparked change across the world . France 's transformation was most influential in Europe , and Haiti 's influence spanned every location that continued to practice slavery . John E. Baur honors Haiti as home of the most influential revolution in history . Influence of Enlightenment thought French writer Guillaume Raynal attacked slavery in his history of European colonization . He warns , `` the Africans only want a chief , sufficiently courageous , to lead them on to vengeance and slaughter . '' Raynal 's Enlightenment philosophy went deeper than a prediction and reflected many French Enlightenment philosophies , including those of Rousseau and Diderot . It was written thirteen years before the `` Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . '' The declaration , in contrast , highlighted freedom and liberty but did not abolish slavery . Anne - Louis Girodet de Roussy - Trioson 's depiction of Belley . In addition to Raynal 's influence , Toussaint Louverture , a free black , was a key `` enlightened actor '' in the Haitian Revolution . Enlightened thought divided the world into `` enlightened leaders '' and `` ignorant masses '' ; Louverture attempted to bridge this divide between the popular masses and the enlightened few . Louverture was familiar with Enlightenment ideas within the context of European imperialism . He attempted to strike a balance between Western Enlightened thought as a necessary means of winning liberation , and not propagating the notion that it was morally superior to the experiences and knowledge of people of color on Saint Domingue . Louverture wrote a Constitution for a new society in Saint - Domingue that abolished slavery . The existence of slavery in Enlightened society was an incongruity that had been left unaddressed by European scholars . Louverture took on this inconsistency directly in his constitution . In addition , Louverture exhibited a connection to Enlightenment scholars through the style , language and accent of this text . Like Louverture , Jean - Baptiste Belley was an active participant in the colony 's insurrection . The portrait of Belley by Anne - Louis Girodet de Roussy - Trioson depicts a man who encompasses the French view of its colonies . The portrait creates a stark dichotomy between the refinement of French Enlightenment thought and the reality of the situation in Saint Domingue , through the bust of Raynald and the figure of Belley , respectively . While distinguished , the portrait still portrays a man trapped by the confines of race . Girodet 's portrayal of the former National Convention deputy is telling of the French opinion of colonial citizens by emphasizing the subject 's sexuality and including an earring . Both of these racially charged symbols reveal the desire to undermine the colony 's attempts at independent legitimacy , as citizens of the colonies were not able to access the elite class of French Revolutionaries because of their race . The Revolution North American slave revolts Toussaint Louverture 1526 San Miguel de Guadalupe ( Spanish Florida , Victorious ) c. 1570 Gaspar Yanga 's Revolt ( Veracruz , New Spain , Victorious ) 1712 New York Slave Revolt ( British Province of New York , Suppressed ) 1730 First Maroon War ( British Jamaica , Victorious ) 1733 St. John Slave Revolt ( Danish Saint John , Suppressed ) 1739 Stono Rebellion ( British Province of South Carolina , Suppressed ) 1741 New York Conspiracy ( Province of New York , Suppressed ) 1760 Tacky 's War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed ) 1787 Abaco Slave Revolt ( British Bahamas , Suppressed ) 1791 Mina Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed ) 1795 Pointe Coupée Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed ) 1791 -- 1804 Haitian Revolution ( French Saint - Domingue , Victorious ) 1800 Gabriel 's Rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1803 Igbo Landing ( St. Simons Island , Georgia , Suppressed ) 1805 Chatham Manor ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1811 German Coast Uprising ( Territory of Orleans , Suppressed ) 1815 George Boxley ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1816 Bussa 's Rebellion ( British Barbados , Suppressed ) 1822 Denmark Vesey ( South Carolina , Suppressed ) 1831 Nat Turner 's rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed ) 1831 -- 1832 Baptist War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed ) 1839 Amistad , ship rebellion ( Off the Cuban coast , Victorious ) 1841 Creole case , ship rebellion ( Off the Southern U.S. coast , Victorious ) 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation ( Indian Territory , Suppressed ) 1859 John Brown 's Raid ( Virginia , Suppressed ) This box : view talk edit Further information : Slavery in Haiti Enlightened writer Guillaume Raynal attacked slavery in the 1780 edition of his history of European colonization . He also predicted a general slave revolt in the colonies , saying that there were signs of `` the impending storm '' . One such sign was the action of the French revolutionary government to grant citizenship to wealthy free people of color in May 1791 . Since white plantation owners refused to comply with this decision , within two months isolated fighting broke out between the former slaves and the whites . This added to the tense climate between slaves and grands blancs . Raynal 's prediction came true on the night of 21 August 1791 , when the slaves of Saint Domingue rose in revolt ; thousands of slaves attended a secret vodou ( voodoo ) ceremony as a tropical storm came in - the lighting and the thunder was taken as auspicious omens - and later that night , the slaves began to kill their masters and plunged the colony into civil war . The signal to begin the revolt was given by Dutty Boukman , a high priest of vodou and leader of the Maroon slaves , during a religious ceremony at Bois Caïman on the night of 14 August . Within the next ten days , slaves had taken control of the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt . Whites kept control of only a few isolated , fortified camps . The slaves sought revenge on their masters through `` pillage , rape , torture , mutilation , and death '' . The long years of oppression by the slave masters had left many blacks with a hatred of all whites , and the revolt was marked by extreme violence from the very start . The masters and mistresses were dragged from their beds to be killed , and the heads of French children were placed on spikes that were carried at the front of the rebel columns . The plantation owners had long feared such a revolt , and were well armed with some defensive preparations . But within weeks , the number of slaves who joined the revolt reached some 100,000 . Within the next two months , as the violence escalated , the slaves killed 4,000 whites and burned or destroyed 180 sugar plantations and hundreds of coffee and indigo plantations . At least 900 coffee plantations were destroyed , and the total damage inflicted over the next two weeks amounted to 2 million francs . In September 1791 , the surviving whites organized into militias and struck back , killing about 15,000 black people . Though demanding freedom from slavery , the rebels did not demand independence from France at this point . Most of the rebel leaders professed to be fighting for the king of France , who they believed had issued a decree freeing the slaves , which had been suppressed by the governor . As such , they were demanding their rights as Frenchmen which been granted by the king . Slave rebellion of 1791 By 1792 , slave rebels controlled a third of the island . The success of the slave rebellion caused the newly elected Legislative Assembly in France to realize it was facing an ominous situation . To protect France 's economic interests , the Assembly granted civil and political rights to free men of color in the colonies in March 1792 . Countries throughout Europe as well as the United States were shocked by the decision , but the Assembly was determined to stop the revolt . Apart from granting rights to the free people of color , the Assembly dispatched 6,000 French soldiers to the island . The new governor sent by Paris , Léger - Félicité Sonthonax , was a supporter of the French Revolution . He abolished slavery in the Northern Province of Saint Domingue and had hostile relations with the planters , whom he saw as royalists . Meanwhile , in 1793 , France declared war on Great Britain . The grands blancs in Saint Domingue , unhappy with Sonthonax , arranged with Great Britain to declare British sovereignty over the colony , believing that the British would maintain slavery . The British Prime Minister , William Pitt the Younger believed that the success of the slave revolt in Saint Domigue would inspire slave revolts in the British Caribbean colonies . He thought that taking Saint Domingue , the richest of the French colonies , would be a useful bargaining chip to have when the peace negotiations began to end the war , and in the interim , occupying Saint Domingue would mean diverting its great wealth into the British treasury . The American journalist James Perry notes that the great irony of the British campaign in Haiti was that it ended as a complete debacle , costing the British treasury millions of pounds and the British military thousands upon thousands of dead , all for nothing . Spain , who controlled the rest of the island of Hispaniola , also joined the conflict and fought against France . From the beginning , Spanish Santo Domingo had encouraged disruptions in Saint Domingue . The Spanish forces invaded Saint Domingue and were joined by the slave forces . For most of the conflict , the British and Spanish supplied the rebels with food , ammunition , arms , medicine , naval support , and military advisors . By August 1793 , there were only 3,500 French soldiers on the island . On 20 September 1793 , about 600 British soldiers from Jamaica landed at Jérémie to be greeted with shouts of `` Vivent les Anglais ! from the French population . On 22 September 1793 , Mole St. Nicolas , the main French naval base in Saint Domingue , surrendered to the Royal Navy peacefully . Everywhere the British went , they restored slavery , which made them hated by the mass of common people . To prevent military disaster , and secure the colony for republican France as opposed to Britain , Spain , and French royalists , separately or in combination , the French commissioners Léger - Félicité Sonthonax and Étienne Polverel freed the slaves in St. Domingue . The decision was confirmed and extended by the National Convention , the first elected Assembly of the First Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) , on the 4th of February 1794 , under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre . It abolished slavery by law in France and all its colonies , and granted civil and political rights to all black men in the colonies . The French constitutions of 1793 and 1795 both included the abolition of slavery . The constitution of 1793 was never applied , but that of 1795 was implemented and lasted until replaced by the consular and imperial constitutions under Napoleon Bonaparte . Despite racial tensions in Saint Domingue , the French revolutionary government at the time welcomed abolition with a show of idealism and optimism . The emancipation of slaves was viewed as an example of liberty for other countries , much as the American Revolution was meant to serve as the first of many liberation movements . Danton , one of the Frenchmen present at the meeting of the National Convention , expressed this sentiment : representatives of the French people , until now our decrees of liberty have been selfish , and only for ourselves . But today we proclaim it to the universe , and generations to come will glory in this decree ; we are proclaiming universal liberty ... We are working for future generations ; let us launch liberty into the colonies ; the English are dead , today . In nationalistic terms , the abolition of slavery also served as a moral triumph of France over England , as seen in the latter half of the above quote . Yet Toussaint Louverture did not stop working with the Spanish army until sometime later , as he was suspicious of the French . The British force that landed in St. Domingue in 1793 was too small to conquer the place , being capable only of holding only few coastal enclaves . The French planters were disapppointed as they had hoped to regain power ; Sonthonax was relieved , as he had twice refused ultimatums from Commodore John Ford to surrender Port - au - Prince . In the meantime , a Spanish force under Captain - General Joaquin Garcia y Moreno had marched into the Northern Province . Toussaint Louverture , the ablest of the Haitian generals , had joined the Spanish , accepting an officer 's commission in the Spanish Army and being made a knight in the Order of St. Isabella . The main British force for the conquest of St. Domingue under General Charles Grey aka `` No - flint Grey '' and Admiral Sir John Jervis set sail from Portsmouth on 26 November 1793 , which was in defiance of the well known rule that the only time that one could campaign in the West Indies was from September to November , when the mosquitoes that carried malaria and yellow fever were scarce . After arriving in the West Indies in February 1794 , Grey chose to conquer Martinique , St. Lucia , and Guadeloupe . Troops under the command of John Whyte did not arrive in St. Domingue until 19 May 1794 . Rather than attacking the main French bases at Le Cap and Port - de-Paix , Whyte chose to march towards Port - au - Prince , whose harbour was reported to have 45 ships loaded with sugar . Whyte took Port - au - Prince , but Sonthonax and the French forces were allowed to leave in exchange for not burning the 45 ships loaded with sugar . By May 1794 , the French forces were severed in two by Toussaint , with Sonthonax commanding in the north and André Rigaud leading in the south . At this point , Toussaint , for reasons that remain obscure , suddenly joined the French and turned against the Spanish , ambushing his allies as they emerged from attending mass in a church at San Raphael on 6 May 1794 . The Spaniards were not defeated militarily , but their advance was restrained , and when in 1795 Spain ceded Santo Domingo to France , Spanish attacks on Saint Domingue ceased . Despite being a former slave , Toussaint proved to be forgiving of the whites , insisting that he was fighting to assert the rights of the slaves as black French people to be free . He said he did not seek independence from France , and urged the surviving whites , including the former slave masters , to stay and work with him in rebuilding St. Domingue . Rigaud had checked the British in the south , taking the town of Léogâne by storm and driving the British back to Port - au - Prince . During the course of 1794 , most of the British forces were killed by yellow fever , the dreaded `` black vomit '' as the British called it . Within two months of arriving in St. Domingue , the British had lost 40 officers and 600 men to yellow fever . Ultimately , of Grey 's 7,000 men , about 5,000 were to die of yellow fever while the Royal Navy reported losing `` ... forty - six masters and eleven hundred men dead , chiefly of yellow fever '' . The British historian Sir John Fortescue wrote `` It is probably beneath the mark to say that twelve thousand Englishmen were buried in the West Indies in 1794 '' . Rigaud failed in attempt to retake Port - au - Prince , but on Christmas Day 1794 , he stormed and retook Tiburon in a surprise attack . The British lost about 300 dead , and the mulattoes took no prisoners , executing any British soldier and sailor who surrendered . At this point , Pitt decided to reinforce failure by launching what he called `` the great push '' to conquer St. Domingue and the rest of the French West Indies , sending out the largest expedition Britain had yet mounted in its history , a force of about 30,000 men to be carried in 200 ships . Fortescue wrote that the aim of London in the first expedition had been to destroy `` the power of France in these pestilent islands ... only to discover when it was too late , that they practically destroyed the British army '' . By this point , it was well known that service in the West Indies was virtually a death sentence . In Dublin and Cork , soldiers from the 104th , 111th , 105th , and 112th regiments rioted when they learned that they were being sent to St. Domingue . The fleet for the `` great push '' left Portsmouth on 16 November 1795 and was wrecked by a storm , before sending out again on 9 December . General Ralph Abercromby , the commander of the forces committed to the `` great push '' , hesitated over which island to attack when he arrived in Barbados on 17 March 1796 . He dispatched a force under Major General Gordon Forbes to Port - au - Prince . Forbes 's attempt to take the French - held city of Léogâne ended in disaster . The French had built a deep defensive ditch with palisades , while Forbes had neglected to bring along heavy artillery . The French commander , the mulatto General Alexandre Pétion , proved to be an excellent artilleryman , who used the guns of his fort to sink two of the three ships - of - line under Admiral Hyde Parker in the harbour , before turning his guns to the British forces ; a French sortie led to a British rout and Forbes retreating back to Port - au - Prince . As more ships arrived with British troops , more soldiers died of yellow fever . By 1 June 1796 , of the 1,000 from the Sixty - sixth regiment , only 198 had not been infected with yellow fever ; and of the 1,000 men of the Sixth - ninth regiment , only 515 were not infected with yellow fever . Abercromby predicted that at the current rate of yellow fever infection , all of the men from the two regiments would be dead by November . Ultimately , 10,000 British soldiers arrived in Saint Domingue by June , but besides for some skirmishing near Bombarde , the British remained put in Port - au - Prince and other coastal enclaves , while yellow fever continued to kill them all off . The government attracted much criticism in the House of Commons about the mounting costs of the expedition to St. Domingue . In February 1797 , General John Graves Simcoe arrived to replace Forbes with orders to pull back the British forces to Port - au - Prince . As the human and financial costs of the expedition mounted , people in Britain demanded a withdrawal from St. Domingue , which was devouring money and soldiers , while failing to produce the expected profits . On 11 April 1797 , Colonel Thomas Maitland of the Sixty - second Foot regiment landed in Port - au - Prince , and wrote in a letter to his brother that British forces in St. Domingue had been `` annihilated '' by the yellow fever . Service in St. Domingue was extremely unpopular in the British Army owing to terrible death toll caused by yellow fever . One British officer wrote of his horror of seeing his friends `` drowned in their own blood '' while `` some died raving Mad '' . Simcoe used the new British troops to push back the Haitians under Toussaint , but in a counter-offensive , Toussaint and Rigaud stopped the offensive . Toussaint retook the fortress at Mirebalais . On 7 June 1797 , Toussaint attacked Fort Churchill in an assault that was noted for its professionalism as it for its ferocity . Under a storm of artillery , the Haitians placed ladders on the walls and were driven back after four times , with heavy losses . Even though Toussaint had been defeated , the British were astonished that he had turned a group of former slaves with no military experience into troops whose skills were the equal of a European army . In July 1797 , Simcoe and Maitland sailed to London to advise a total withdrawal from St. Domingue . In March 1798 Maitland returned with a mandate to withdraw , at least from Port - au - Prince . On 10 May 1798 , Maitland met with Toussaint to agree to an armistice , and on 18 May the British had left Port - au - Prince . British morale had collapsed with the news that Toussaint had taken Port - au - Prince , and Maitland decided to abandon all of St. Domingue , writing that the expedition had become such a complete disaster that withdrawal was the only sensible thing to do , even through he did not have the authority to do so . On 31 August , Maitland and Toussaint signed an agreement whereby in exchange for the British pulling out of all of St. Domingue , Toussaint promised to not support any slave revolts in Jamaica . Between 1793 -- 98 , the expedition to St. Domingue had cost the British treasury four million pounds and 100,000 men either dead or permanently disabled from the effects of yellow fever . After the departure of the British , Toussaint turned his attention to Rigaud , who was conspiring against him in the south of Saint Domingue . In June 1799 , Rigaud initiated the War of Knives against Toussaint 's rule , sending a brutal offensive at Petit - Goâve and Grand - Goâve . Taking no prisoners , Rigaud 's predominantly mulatto forces put blacks and whites to the sword . Though the United States was hostile towards Toussaint , the U.S. Navy agreed to support Toussaint 's forces with the frigate USS General Greene , commanded by Captain Christopher Perry , providing fire support to the blacks as Toussaint laid siege to the city of Jacmel , held by mulatto forces under the command of Rigaud . To the United States , Rigaud 's ties to France represented a threat to American commerce . On 11 March 1800 , Toussaint took Jacmel and Rigaud fled on the French schooner La Diana . Though Toussaint maintained he was still loyal to France , to all intents and purposes , he ruled Saint Domingue as its dictator . In the early 21st century , historian Robert L. Scheina estimated that the slave rebellion resulted in the death of 350,000 Haitians and 50,000 European troops . According to the Encyclopedia of African American Politics , `` Between 1791 and independence in 1804 nearly 200,000 blacks died , as did thousands of mulattoes and as many as 100,000 French and British soldiers . '' Yellow fever caused the most deaths . Geggus points out that at least 3 of every 5 British troops sent there in 1791 -- 97 died of disease . There has been considerable debate over whether the number of deaths caused by disease was exaggerated . Leadership of Louverture General Toussaint Louverture . One of the most successful black commanders was Toussaint Louverture , a self - educated former domestic slave . Like Jean François and Biassou , he initially fought for the Spanish crown in this period . After the British had invaded Saint - Domingue , Louverture decided to fight for the French if they would agree to free all the slaves . Sonthonax had proclaimed an end to slavery on 29 August 1792 . Louverture worked with a French general , Étienne Laveaux , to ensure that all slaves would be freed . Louverture abandoned the Spanish army in the east and brought his forces over to the French side on 6 May 1794 after the Spanish refused to take steps to end slavery . Under the military leadership of Toussaint , the forces made up mostly of former slaves succeeded in winning concessions from the British and expelling the Spanish forces . In the end , Toussaint essentially restored control of Saint - Domingue to France . Louverture was very intelligent , organized and articulate . Having made himself master of the island , however , Toussaint did not wish to surrender too much power to France . He began to rule the country as an effectively autonomous entity . Louverture overcame a succession of local rivals , including : the Commissioner Sonthonax , a French white man who gained support from many Haitians , angering Louverture ; André Rigaud , a free man of color who fought to keep control of the South in the War of Knives ; and Comte d'Hédouville , who forced a fatal wedge between Rigaud and Louverture before escaping to France . Toussaint defeated a British expeditionary force in 1798 . In addition , he led an invasion of neighboring Santo Domingo ( December 1800 ) , and freed the slaves there on January 3 , 1801 . In 1801 , Louverture issued a constitution for Saint - Domingue that decreed he would be governor - for - life and called for black autonomy and a sovereign black state . In response , Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island , led by Bonaparte 's brother - in - law Charles Leclerc , to restore French rule . They were under secret instructions to restore slavery , at least in the formerly Spanish - held part of the island . Bonaparte ordered that Toussaint was to be treated with respect until the French forces were established ; once that was done , Toussaint was to summoned to Le Cap and be arrested ; if he failed to show , Leclerc was to wage `` a war to the death '' with no mercy and all of Toussaint 's followers to be shot when captured . Once that was completed , slavery would be ultimately restored . The numerous French soldiers were accompanied by mulatto troops led by Alexandre Pétion and André Rigaud , mulatto leaders who had been defeated by Toussaint three years earlier . The French arrived on 2 February 1802 at Le Cap with the Haitian commander Henri Christophe being ordered by Leclerc to turn over the city to the French . When Christophe refused , the French assaulted Le Cap and the Haitians set the city afire rather than surrender it . Leclerc sent Toussaint letters promising him : `` Have no worries about your personal fortune . It will be safeguarded for you , since it has been only too well earned by your own efforts . Do not worry about the liberty of your fellow citizens '' . When Toussaint still failed to appear at Le Cap , Leclerc issued a proclamation on 17 February 1802 : `` General Toussaint and General Christophe are outlawed ; all citizens are ordered to hunt them down , and treat them as rebels against the French Republic '' . Captain Marcus Rainsford , a British Army officer who visited St. Domingue observed the training of the Haitian Army , writing : `` At a whistle , a whole brigade ran three or four hundred yards , and then , separating , threw themselves flat on the ground , changing to their backs and sides , and all the time keeping up a strong fire until recalled ... This movement is executed with such facility and precision as totally to prevent cavalry from charging them in bushy and hilly country '' . In a letter to Jean - Jacques Dessalines , Toussaint outlined his plans for defeating the French : `` Do not forget , while waiting for the rainy reason which will rid us of our foes , that we have no other resource than destruction and fire . Bear in mind that the soil bathed with our sweat must not furnish our enemies with the smallest sustenance . Tear up the roads with shot ; throw corpses and horses into all the foundations , burn and annihilate everything in order that those who have come to reduce us to slavery may have before their eyes the image of the hell which they deserve '' . Dessalines never received the letter as he already taken to the field , evaded a French column sent to capture him and stormed Léogane . The Haitians burned down Leogane and killed all of the French with the Trinidadian historian C.L.R. James writing of Dessalines 's actions at Leogane : `` Men , women and children , indeed all the whites who came into his hands , he massacred . And forbidding burial , he left stacks of corpses rotting in the sun to strike terror into the French detachments as they toiled behind his flying columns '' . The French had been expecting the Haitians to happily go back to being their slaves , as they believed it was natural for blacks to be the slaves of whites , and were stunned to learn how much the Haitians hated them for wanting to reduce them back to a life in chains . A visibly shocked General Pamphile de Lacroix after seeing the ruins of Leogane wrote : `` They heaped up bodies '' which `` still had their attitudes ; they were bent over , their hands outstretched and beseeching ; the ice of death had not effaced the look on their faces '' . Leclerc ordered four French columns to march on Gonaives , which was the main Haitian base . One of the French columns was commanded by General Donatien de Rochambeau , a proud white supremacist and a supporter of slavery who detested the Haitians for wanting to be free . Toussaint tried to stop Rochambueau at Ravin - a-Couleuvre , a very narrow gully up in the mountains that the Haitians had filled with chopped down trees . In the ensuring Battle of Ravine - à - Couleuvres , after six hours of fierce hand - to - hand fighting with no quarter given on either side , the French finally broke through , albeit with heavy losses . During the battle , Toussaint personally took part in the fighting to lead his men in charges against the French . After losing 800 men , Toussaint ordered a retreat . The Haitians next tried to stop the French at a British - built fort up in the mountains called Crête - à - Pierrot , a battle that is remembered as a national epic in Haiti . While Toussaint took to the field , he left Dessalines in command of Crête - à - Pierrot , who from his fastness could see three French columns converging on the fort . Dessalines appeared before his men standing atop of a barrel of gunpowder , holding a lit torch , saying : `` We are going to be attacked , and if the French put their feet in here , I shall blow everything up '' , leading his men to reply `` We shall die for liberty ! '' . The first of the French columns to appear before the fort was commanded by General Jean Boudet , whose men were harassed by skirmishers until they reached a deep ditch the Haitians had dug . As the French tried to cross the ditch , Dessalines ordered his men who were hiding to come out and open fire , hitting the French with a tremendous volley of artillery and musket fire , inflicting heavy losses on the attackers . General Boudet himself was wounded and as the French dead and wounded start to pile up in the ditch , the French retreated . The next French commander who tried to assault the ditch was General Charles Dugua , who joined shortly afterwards by the column commanded by Leclerc . All of the French assaults ended in total failure , and after the failure of their last attack , the Haitians charged the French , cutting down any Frenchmen . General Dugua was killed , Leclerc was wounded and the French lost about 800 dead . The final French column to arrive was the one commanded by Rochambeau , who brought along heavy artillery that knocked out the Haitian artillery , through his attempt to storm the ditch also ended in failure with about 300 of his men killed . Over the following days , the French kept on bombarding and assaulting the fort , only to be repulsed every time while the Haitians defiantly sang songs of the French Revolution , celebrating the right of all men to be equal and free . The Haitian psychological warfare was successful with many French soldiers asking why they were fighting to enslave the Haitians , who were only asserting the rights promised by the Revolution to make all men free . Despite Bonaparte 's attempt to keep his intention to restore slavery a secret , it was widely believed by both sides that was why the French had returned to Haiti , as a sugar plantation could only be profitable with slave labour . Finally after twenty days of siege with food and ammunition running out , Dessalines ordered his men to abandon the fort on the night of 24 March 1802 and the Haitians slipped out of the fort to fight another day . Even Rochambeau , who hated all blacks was forced to admit in a report : `` Their retreat - this miraculous retreat from our trap - was an incredible feat of arms '' . The French had won , but they had lost 2,000 dead against an opponent whom they held in contempt on racial grounds , believing all blacks to be stupid and cowardly , and furthermore , that it was shortages of food and ammunition that forced the Haitians to retreat , not because of any feats of arms by the French army . After the Battle of Crête - à - Pierrot , the Haitians abandoned conventional warfare and reverted to guerilla tactics , making the French hold over much of the countryside from Le Cap down to the Artibonite valley very tenuous . With March , the rainy season came to St. Domingue , and as stagnant water collected , the mosquitoes began to breed , leading to yet another outbreak of yellow fever . By the end of March , 5,000 French soldiers had died of yellow fever and another 5,000 were hospitalized with yellow fever , leading to a worried Leclerc to write in his diary : `` The rainy season has arrived . My troops are exhausted with fatigue and sickness '' . On 25 April 1802 , the situation suddenly changed when Christophe defected with much of the Haitian Army over to the French . Louverture was promised his freedom if he agreed to integrate his remaining troops into the French army . Louverture agreed to this on 6 May 1802 . Just why Toussaint was motivated to just give up has been the subject of much debate with most probable explanation being that he was just tired after 11 years of war . Under the terms of surrender , Leclerc gave his solemn word that slavery would not be restored in St. Domingue , that blacks could be officers in the French Army , and that the Haitian Army would be allowed to integrate into the French Army . Leclerc also gave Toussaint a plantation at Ennery . Toussaint was later deceived , seized by the French and shipped to France . He died months later in prison at Fort - de-Joux in the Jura region . Shortly afterwards , the ferocious Dessalines rode into Le Cap to submit to France and was rewarded by being made the governor of Saint - Marc , a place that Dessalines ruled with his customary cruelty . However , the surrender of Christophe , Toussaint and Dessalines did not mean the end of Haitian resistance . Throughout the countryside , guerrilla warfare continued and the French staged mass executions via firing squads , hanging and drowning Haitians in bags . Rochambeau invented a new means of mass execution , which he called `` fumigational - sulphurous baths '' of killing hundreds of Haitians in the holds of ships by burning sulphur to make sulphur dioxide to gas them . Resistance to slavery This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle at `` Snake Gully '' in 1802 For a few months , the island was quiet under Napoleonic rule . But when it became apparent that the French intended to re-establish slavery ( because they had nearly done so on Guadeloupe ) , black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802 . Yellow fever had decimated the French ; by the middle of July 1802 , the French lost about 10,000 dead to yellow fever . By September , Leclerc wrote in his diary that he had only 8,000 fit men left as yellow fever had killed the others . Many of the `` French '' soldiers were actually Polish , as 5,000 Poles were serving in two demi - brigades in the French Army . Many Poles believed that if they fought for France , Bonaparte would reward them by restoring Polish independence , which had been ended with the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 . Of the 5,000 Poles , about 4,000 died of yellow fever . A French planter wrote of the Polish soldiers : `` Ten days after the landing of these two beautiful regiments , more than half their number were carried off by yellow fever ; they fell down as they walked , the blood rushing out through their nostrils , mouths , eyes ... what a horrible and heart - rending sight ! '' . Sometimes , the Poles died in battle . At a battle at Port Sault , the Polish Third Battalion fought about 200 Haitians who ambushed them with musket fire and by pushing boulders down on them . One historian noted that `` the Poles , rather than spreading out , each man for himself , slowly advanced in a tightly packed mass which afford an ideal target for the well - protected insurgent rifleman '' . Most of the Poles were cut down by the Haitians , which led Rochambeau to remark that one could always count on the Poles to die without flinching in battle . Some of the Poles came to believe that they were fighting on the wrong side , as they had joined the French Army to fight for freedom , not impose slavery . Some defected to join the Haitians . Dessalines and Pétion remained allied with France until they switched sides again , in October 1802 , and fought against the French . As Leclerc lay dying of yellow fever and heard that Christophe and Dessalines had joined the rebels , he reacted by ordering all of the blacks living in Le Cap to be killed by drowning in the harbour . In November , Leclerc died of yellow fever , like much of his army . His successor , the Vicomte de Rochambeau , fought an even more brutal campaign . Rochambeau waged a near - genocidal campaign against the Haitians , killing everyone who was black . Rochambeau imported about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica , who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes . At the Bay of Le Cap , Rochambeau had blacks drowned . No one would eat fish from the bay for months afterward , as no one wished to eat the fish that had eaten human flesh . Bonaparte , hearing that most of his army in St. Domingue had died of yellow fever and the French held only Port - au - Prince , Le Cap and Les Cayes sent about 20,000 reinforcements to Rochambeau . Dessalines matched Rochambeau in his vicious cruelty . At Le Cap , when Rochambeau hanged 500 blacks , Dessalines replied by killing 500 whites and sticking their heads on spikes all around Le Cap , so that the French could see what he was planning on doing to them . Rochambeau 's atrocities helped rally many former French loyalists to the rebel cause . Many on both sides had come to see the war as a race war where no mercy was to be given . The Haitians were just as brutal as the French : they burned French prisoners alive , cut them up with axes , or tied them to a board and sawed them into two . Having sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in April 1803 , Napoleon lost interest in his failing ventures in the Western Hemisphere . He was more concerned about France 's European enemies such as Great Britain and Prussia . With that , he withdrew a majority of the French forces in Haiti to counter the possibility of an invasion from Prussia , Britain , and Spain on a weakened France . With Napoleon 's inability to send the requested massive reinforcements after the outbreak of war on 18 May 1803 with the British -- the Royal Navy immediately despatched a squadron under Sir John Duckworth from Jamaica to cruise in the region , seeking to eliminate communication between the French outposts and to capture or destroy the French warships based in the colony . The Blockade of Saint - Domingue not only cut the French forces out from reinforcements and supplies from France , but also meant that the British began to supply arms to the Haitians . Trapped , engaged in a vicious race war , and with much of his army dying of yellow fever , Rochambeau fell to pieces . He lost interest in commanding his army and as James wrote , he `` amused himself with sexual pleasures , military balls , banquets and the amassing of a personal fortune '' . The Royal Navy squadrons soon blockaded the French - held ports of Cap Français and Môle - Saint - Nicolas on the Northern coast of the French colony . In the summer of 1803 , when war broke out between the United Kingdom and the French Consulate , Saint - Domingue had been almost completely overrun by Haitian forces under the command of Jean - Jacques Dessalines . In the north of the country , the French forces were isolated in the two large ports of Cap Français and Môle - Saint - Nicolas and a few smaller settlements , all supplied by a French naval force based primarily at Cap Français . On 28 June , the squadron encountered a French convoy from Les Cayes off Môle - Saint - Nicolas , capturing one ship although the other escaped . Two days later an independently sailing French frigate was chased down and captured in the same waters . On 24 July another British squadron intercepted the main French squadron from Cap Français , which was attempting to break past the blockade and reach France . The British , led by Commodore John Loring gave chase , but one French ship of the line and a frigate escaped . Another ship of the line was trapped against the coast and captured after coming under fire from Haitian shore batteries . The remainder of the squadron was forced to fight two more actions on their return to Europe , but did eventually reach the Spanish port of Corunna . Battle of Vertières in 1803 On 8 October 1803 , the French abandoned Port - au - Prince as Rochambeau decided to concentrate what was left of his army at Le Cap . Dessalines marched into Port - au - Prince , where was welcomed as a hero by the 100 whites who had chosen to stay behind . Dessalines thanked them all for their kindness and belief in racial equality , but then he said that the French had treated him as less than human when he was a slave , and so to avenge his mistreatment , he promptly had the 100 whites all hanged . On 3 November , the frigate HMS Blanche captured a supply schooner near Cap Français , the last hope in supplying the French forces . On 16 November 1803 , Dessalines began attacking the French blockhouses outside of Le Cap . The last battle on land of the Haitian Revolution , the Battle of Vertières , occurred on 18 November 1803 , near Cap - Haïtien fought between Dessalines ' army and the remaining French colonial army under the Vicomte de Rochambeau ; the slave rebels and freed revolutionary soldiers won the battle . By this point , Perry observed that both sides were `` a little mad '' as the pressures of the war and yellow fever had taken their toil , and both the French and the Haitians fought with a reckless courage , seeing death in battle as preferable to a slow death by yellow fever or being tortured to death by the enemy . Rochambeau , seeing defeat inevitable , procrastinated until the last possible moment , but eventually was forced to surrender to the British commander -- by the end of the month the garrison was starving , having reached the conclusion at a council of war that surrender was the only way to escape from this `` place of death '' . Commodore Loring , however , refused the French permission to sail and agreed terms with Dessalines that permitted them to safely evacuate provided they had left the port by 1 December . On the night of 30 November 1803 , 8,000 French soldiers and hundreds of white civilians boarded the British ships to take them away . One of Rochambeau 's ships was almost wrecked while leaving the harbour , but was saved by a British lieutenant acting alone , who not only rescued the 900 people on board , but also refloated the ship . At Môle - Saint - Nicolas , General Louis de Noailles refused to surrender and instead sailed to Havana , Cuba in a fleet of small vessels on 3 December , but was intercepted and mortally wounded by a Royal Navy frigate . Soon after , the few remaining French - held towns in Saint - Domingue surrendered to the Royal Navy to prevent massacres by the Haitian army . Meanwhile , Dessalines led the rebellion until its completion , when the French forces were finally defeated by the end of 1803 . On 1 January 1804 , from the city of Gonaïves , Dessalines officially declared the former colony 's independence , renaming it `` Haiti '' after the indigenous Arawak name . Although he lasted from 1804 to 1806 , several changes began taking place in Haiti . The independence of Haiti was a major blow to France and its colonial empire , but the French state would take several decades to recognize the loss of the colony . As the French retreated , Haiti , which had once been called the `` Pearl of the Antilles '' , the richest French colony in the world , was impoverished , as its economy was in ruins after the revolution , and the country descended into chaos as black and mulattoes now fought each other for control . Haiti never recovered economically from the war . The Haitians had paid a high price for their freedom , losing about 200,000 dead between 1791 -- 1803 , and unlike the majority of the European dead , who were killed by yellow fever , the majority of the Haitian dead were the victims of violence . Free Republic On 1 January 1804 , Dessalines , the new leader under the dictatorial 1805 constitution , declared Haiti a free republic in the name of the Haitian people , which was followed by the massacre of the remaining whites . Dessalines ' secretary Boisrond - Tonnerre stated , `` For our declaration of independence , we should have the skin of a white man for parchment , his skull for an inkwell , his blood for ink , and a bayonet for a pen ! '' Haiti was the first independent nation in Latin America , the first post-colonial independent black - led nation in the world , and the only nation whose independence was gained as part of a successful slave rebellion . The country was damaged from years of war , its agriculture devastated , its formal commerce nonexistent . The country , therefore , had to be rebuilt . To realise this goal Dessalines adopted the economic organisation of serfdom . He proclaimed that every citizen would belong to one of two categories , laborer or soldier . Furthermore , he proclaimed the mastery of the state over the individual and consequently ordered that all laborers would be bound to a plantation . To avoid the appearance of slavery , however , Dessalines abolished the ultimate symbol of slavery , the whip . Likewise , the working day was shortened by a third . Dessalines ' chief motivator nonetheless was production and to this aim he granted much freedom to the plantations ' overseers . Barred from using the whip , many instead turned to lianes , which were thick vines abundant throughout the island , to persuade the laborers to keep working . Dessalines effectively sent the Haitian people back into slavery . Nevertheless , he succeeded in rebuilding much of the countryside and in raising production levels . Fearing a return of French forces , Dessalines first expanded and maintained a significant military force . During his reign , nearly 10 % of able - bodied men were in active service . Furthermore , Dessalines ordered the construction of massive fortifications throughout the island , like the Citadelle Laferrière . Many commentators believe that this overmilitarization contributed to many of Haiti 's future problems . In fact , because young fit men were the most likely to be drafted into the army , the plantations were thus deprived of the workforce needed to function properly . The mulattoes rebelled . Haiti was split in two . Dessalines was assassinated . Another of Toussaint 's black generals , Henri Christophe , succeeded Dessalines in control of the north , while Alexandre Pétion presided over mulatto rule in the south . A major effort by Christophe to take Port - au - Prince in mid -- 1812 failed . The mulattoes were harassed by a pocket of black rebellion in their rear from February 1807 to May 1819 . A black leader named Goman kept alive the angry spirit of Dessalines in the southern mountains of the Grand - Anse , resisting several mulatto punitive expeditions . Finally , in 1819 , the new mulatto leader , Jean - Pierre Boyer , sent 6 regiments into the Grand - Anse to ferret out Goman . The black rebel was trapped and shot off a 1,000 - foot - high cliff . In 1820 , the island nation was finally reunified when Christophe , ill and surrounded by new rebellions , killed himself . Boyer with 20,000 troops marched into Cap - Haïtien , the northern capital , shortly afterward to establish his power over all of Haiti . Under the presidency of Jean - Pierre Boyer , Haiti made reparations to French slaveholders in 1825 in the amount of 150 million francs , reduced in 1838 to 60 million francs . This payment was due in exchange for French recognition of its independence . By an order of 17 April 1825 , the King of France renounced his rights of sovereignty over Santo Domingo , and recognized the independence of Haiti . Boyer believed that the constant threat of a French invasion was stymieing the Haitian economy and thus felt the need to settle the matter once and for all . The negotiations for the indemnity were rather one sided however as French warships were anchored off the coast . The resulting indemnity bankrupted the Haitian treasury . Haiti was therefore forced to take out a loan from French banks , who provided the funds for the large first installment , severely affecting Haiti 's ability to prosper . Haitian forces , led by Boyer , invaded neighboring Dominican Republic in February 1822 -- beginning a 22 - year occupation . The end of the Haitian Revolution in 1804 marked the end of colonialism on the island . However , the social conflict cultivated under slavery continued to affect the population for years to come . The revolution left in place the affranchi élite , who continued to rule Haiti while the formidable Haitian army kept them in power . France continued the slavery system in French Guiana , Martinique , and Guadeloupe . 1804 massacre of the French Main article : 1804 Haiti massacre An 1806 engraving of Jean - Jacques Dessalines . It depicts the general , sword raised in one arm , while the other holds a severed head of a white woman . The 1804 massacre was carried out against the remaining white population of French colonists and loyalists , both enemies and traitors of the revolution , by the black population of Haiti on the order of Jean - Jacques Dessalines , who declared the French as barbarians , demanding their expulsion and vengeance for their crimes . The massacre -- which took place in the entire territory of Haiti -- was carried out from early February 1804 until 22 April 1804 . During February and March , Dessalines traveled among the cities of Haiti to assure himself that his orders were carried out . Despite his orders , the massacres were often not carried out until he personally visited the cities . The course of the massacre showed an almost identical pattern in every city he visited . Before his arrival , there were only a few killings , despite his orders . When Dessalines arrived , he first spoke about the atrocities committed by former French authorities , such as Rochambeau and Leclerc , after which he demanded that his orders about mass killings of the area 's French population be carried out . Reportedly , he also ordered the unwilling to take part in the killings , especially men of mixed race , so that blame would not rest solely on the black population . Mass killings then took place on the streets and on places outside the cities . In parallel to the killings , plundering and rape also occurred . Women and children were generally killed last . White women were `` often raped or pushed into forced marriages under threat of death '' . By the end of April 1804 , some 3,000 to 5,000 persons had been killed practically eradicating the country 's white population . Dessalines had specifically stated that France is `` the real enemy of the new nation . '' This allowed certain categories of whites to be excluded from massacre who had to pledge their rejection to France : the Polish soldiers who deserted from the French army ; the group of German colonists of Nord - Ouest who were inhabitants before the revolution ; French widows who were allowed to keep their property ; select male Frenchmen ; and a group of medical doctors and professionals . Reportedly , also people with connections to Haitian notables were spared , as well as the women who agreed to marry non-white men . In the 1805 constitution that declared all its citizens as black , it specifically mentions the naturalizations of German and Polish peoples enacted by the government , as being exempt from Article XII that prohibited whites ( `` non-Haitians ; '' foreigners ) from owning land . Impact Historians continue to debate the importance of the Haitian Revolution . David Geggus asks : `` How much of a difference did it make ? '' A limited amount , he concludes , for slavery flourished in the western hemisphere for many more decades . Other historians say the Haitian Revolution influenced slave rebellions in the U.S. as well as in British colonies . The biggest slave revolt in U.S. history was the 1811 German Coast Uprising in Louisiana . This slave rebellion was put down and the punishment the slaves received was so severe that no contemporary news reports about it exist . The neighboring revolution brought the slavery question to the forefront of U.S. politics , and the resulting intensification of racial divides and sectional politics ended the idealism of the Revolutionary period . The American President Thomas Jefferson -- who was a slaveholder himself -- refused to establish diplomatic relations with Haiti ( the United States did not recognize Haiti until 1862 ) and imposed an economic embargo on trade with Haiti that also lasted until 1862 in an attempt to ensure the economic failure of the new republic as Jefferson wanted Haiti to fail , regarding a successful slave revolt in the West Indies as a dangerous example for American slaves . Saint - Domingue slave revolt in 1791 Beginning during the slave insurrections of 1791 , white refugees from Saint - Domingue fled to the United States , particularly to Philadelphia , Baltimore , New York , and Charleston . The immigration intensified after the journée ( crisis ) of June 20 , 1793 , and soon American families began to raise money and open up their homes to help exiles in what became the United States ' first refugee crisis . While some white refugees blamed the French Revolutionary government for sparking the violence in Haiti , many supported the Republican regime and openly expressed their support of the Jacobins . There is also some historical evidence suggesting that displaying solidarity with the French Revolution was the easiest way for the refugees to earn the support and sympathy of the Americans , who had just recently lived through their own revolution . American slaveholders , in particular , commiserated with the French planters who had been forcibly removed from their plantations in Saint - Domingue . While the exiles found themselves in a peaceful situation in the United States -- safe from the violence raging in both France and Haiti -- their presence complicated the already precarious diplomatic relations among the UK , France , and the U.S. Many of the whites and free people of color who left Saint - Domingue for the United States settled in southern Louisiana , adding many new members to its French - speaking , mixed - race , and black populations . The exiles causing the greatest amount of alarm were the African slaves who came with their refugee owners . Some southern planters grew concerned that the presence of these slaves who had witnessed the revolution in Haiti would ignite similar revolts in the United States . Other planters , however , were confident they had the situation under control . In 1807 Haiti was divided into two parts , the Republic of Haiti in the south , and the Kingdom of Haiti in the north . Land could not be privately owned ; it reverted to the State through Biens Nationaux ( national bonds ) , and no French whites could own land . The remaining French settlers were forced to leave the island . Those who refused were slaughtered . The Haitian State owned up to 90 % of the land and the other 10 % was leased in 5 - year intervals . Since the resistance and the murderous disease environment made it impossible for Napoleon to regain control over Haiti , he gave up hope of rebuilding a French New World empire . He decided to sell Louisiana to the U.S. The Haitian Revolution brought about two unintended consequences : the creation of a continental America and the virtual end of Napoleonic rule in the Americas . There never again was such a large - scale slave rebellion . Napoleon reversed the French abolition of slavery in law , constitution , and practice , which had occurred between 1793 and 1801 , and reinstated slavery in the French colonies in 1801 -- 1803 -- which lasted until 1848 . The Revolution and the media The revolution of African slaves brought many fears to colonies surrounding Haiti and the Caribbean . Prominent wealthy American slave owners , reading about the revolution , also read speculation about what might come in their own states . However , newspapers like the Colombian Centinel took the extra steps to support the revolution , in the sense that it was based on the foundations of the American Revolution . The French media also played an important role in the Haitian Revolution , with contributions that made many French upstarts quite interested in the young , passionate Toussaint 's writings of freedom . However , all was not simple in the press . A top critic who significantly drove Toussaint into fear of backlash from France was Sonthonax , who was responsible for many outlooks of Haiti in the French newspapers . Yet Sonthonax was one of the few contenders who truly pushed for the independence of the African slaves and became a major factor in Toussaint 's decision of declaring independence from France . In popular culture Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier 's second novel , The Kingdom of This World ( 1949 ) , ( translated into English 1957 ) , explores the Haitian Revolution in depth . It is one of the novels that inaugurated the Latin American renaissance in fiction beginning in the mid-20th century . Madison Smartt Bell has written a trilogy called All Souls ' Rising ( 1995 ) about the life of Toussaint Louverture and the slave uprising . C. Richard Gillespie , former Towson University professor , wrote a novelization of Louverture 's life in the Revolution titled Papa Toussaint ( 1998 ) . Though not referred to by name , Haiti is the backdrop for the 1990 Broadway musical Once on This Island by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty . The musical , based on the novel My Love , My Love by Rosa Guy , describes the social stratification of the island , and contains a song that briefly outlines the history of the Haitian Revolution . In 2004 an exhibition of paintings entitled Caribbean Passion : Haiti 1804 by artist Kimathi Donkor , was held in London to celebrate the bicentenary of Haiti 's revolution . In 2010 , author Isabel Allende wrote a historical novel entitled Island Beneath the Sea , which documents the Haitian Revolution through the eyes of a slave woman living on the island . William Dietrich set his 2012 novel , The Emerald Storm during the Haitian Revolution . The television mini-series The Feast of All Saints features the Haitian Revolution in its opening scene . The film Top Five refers to a fictional film within the film called `` Uprize '' , ostensibly about this revolution . The role of Bois Caiman , Boukman , and Vodou generally , would become the subject of a controversial , discredited neo-evangelical theology in the 1990s that insisted that Haiti was pledged to the devil during the Revolution . Jacobin , an American socialist periodical , uses an image of Toussaint Louverture for its logo . Literature about the Haitian Revolution An Unbroken Agony : Haiti , From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President Bug - Jargal The Crime of Napoleon The Black Jacobins See also Cécile Fatiman Charles Rivière - Hérard Dédée Bazile Lamour Desrances Faustin Soulouque Jean - François Papillon Joseph Balthazar Inginac Marie - Claire Heureuse Félicité Marie - Jeanne Lamartiniére Marie - Louise Coidavid Marie - Madeleine Lachenais Pauline Bonaparte Peace of Basel Philippe Guerrier Pompée Valentin Vastey Quasi War Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture Sanité Bélair War of the Knives References * Please note that the URL in a footnote whose link is followed by an asterisk may occasionally require special attention . Jump up ^ Madiou , Thomas ( 1848 ) . Histoire d'Haiti Volume 3 of Histoire d'Haïti ( 1492 ) -. J. Courtois , . p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Scheina . Latin America 's Wars . Potomac Books . p. 1772 . Jump up ^ Adam Hochschild ( 2005 ) . Bury the Chains . Houghton Mifflin . p. 257 . 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Retrieved 22 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Popkin , Jeremy D. ( 2012 ) . A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution . Chicester , West Sussex : Wiley - Blackwell . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9820 - 2 . Jump up ^ Girard 2011 , pp. 321 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Dayan 1998 , p. . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Girard2011 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Girard 2011 , p. 322 . ^ Jump up to : Girard 2011 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ David Patrick Geggus and Norman Fiering , eds ( 2009 ) . The World of the Haitian Revolution . Indiana University Press . p. 397 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Daniel ( 2011 ) . American Uprising : The Untold Story of America 's Largest Slave Revolt . HarperCollins . p. 288 . Jump up ^ Newman , Simon P. `` American Political Culture and the French and Haitian Revolutions : Nathaniel Cutting and the Jeffersonian Republicans . '' The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World . Ed . David P. Geggus . ( University of South Carolina Press 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Dubois , Laurent The Avengers of the New World : The Story of the Haitian Revolution , Cambridge : Belknap Press , 2005 page 303 . Jump up ^ Popkin , Jeremy D. ' You Are All Free : The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popkin , page 298 . Jump up ^ Davis , David Brion . `` Impact of the French and Haitian Revolutions . '' The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World . Ed . David P. Geggus . ( Columbia , South Carolina : University of South Carolina Press 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Ashli White , Encountering Revolution : Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic ( 2010 ) p 139 Jump up ^ James A. Henretta ; et al. ( 2011 ) . America 's History , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 220 . Jump up ^ Matthewson , Tim , 1996 Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti , p. 30 Jump up ^ Jenson , The Sonthonax Drama : Toussaint as Political Dramaturge , p. 70 Jump up ^ Melbourne , Kamali ( 31 October 2005 ) . `` Caribbean Passion : Haiti 1804 '' . BBC Nottingham . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ McAlister , Elizabeth ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` From Slave Revolt to a Blood Pact with Satan : The Evangelical Rewriting of Haitian History '' . Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses. 41 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 215 . doi : 10.1177 / 0008429812441310 . ISSN 0008 - 4298 . Jump up ^ Web pages for FRD Country Studies are subject to changes of URL . If a page linked from a footnote that cites the Haiti study bears a title different from that cited next to the link , consult A Country Study : Haiti for the revised URL . Library resources about Haitian Revolution Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading Baur , John . `` International Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution . '' The Americas 26 , no . 4 ( 1970 ) . Blackburn , Robin . `` Haiti , Slavery , and the Age of the Democratic Revolution '' , William and Mary Quarterly 63.4 , 633 -- 674 ( 2006 ) Bryan , Patrick E. ( 1984 ) . The Haitian Revolution and Its Effects . Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 98301 - 7 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Censer , Jack Richard , ; Lynn Avery Hunt ( 2001 ) . Liberty , Equality , Fraternity Exploring the French Revolution . Penn State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02088 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Dubois , Laurent ( 2005 ) . Avengers of the New World . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01826 - 6 . Laurent Dubois ; John D. Garrigus ( 2006 ) . Slave Revolution in the Caribbean , 1789 -- 1804 A Brief History with Documents . Bedford / st Martins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 41501 - 3 . Fick , Carolyne `` The Haitian revolution and the limit of freedom : defining citizenship in the revolutionary era '' . Social History , Vol 32 . No 4 , November 2007 Garrigus , John D. ( 2006 ) . Before Haiti Race and Citizenship in French Saint - Domingue . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7140 - 1 . Geggus , David Patrick . The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World . Columbia : University of South Carolina Press 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 416 - 9 Girard , Philippe . `` Black Talleyrand : Toussaint Louverture 's Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States , '' William and Mary Quarterly 66 : 1 ( Jan. 2009 ) , 87 -- 124 . Girard , Philippe . `` Napoléon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint - Domingue , 1799 -- 1803 , '' French Historical Studies 32 : 4 ( Fall 2009 ) , 587 -- 618 . Girard , Philippe R. ( 2011 ) . The slaves who defeated Napoleon : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence , 1801 -- 1804 . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1732 - 5 . Girard , Philippe . `` Jean - Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System : A Reappraisal , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( July 2012 ) . Cyril Lionel Robert James ( 1989 ) . The Black Jacobins Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 72467 - 4 . Joseph , Celucien L. Race , Religion , and The Haitian Revolution : Essays on Faith , Freedom , and Decolonization ( CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2012 ) Joseph , Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price - Mars : Rhetoric , Race , and Religion in Haitian Thought ( CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2013 ) Ott , Thomas O . The Haitian Revolution , 1789 -- 1804 . University of Tennessee Press , 1973 . Joseph Elisée Peyre - Ferry ( 2006 ) . Journal des opérations militaires de l'armée française à Saint - Domingue 1802 -- 1803 sous les ordres des capitaines - généraux Leclerc et Rochambeau . Les Editions de Paris - Max Chaleil . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84621 - 052 - 2 . Popkin , Jeremy D. , You Are All Free : The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 2010 ) Jeffers , Jen ( 2016 ) `` Freedom At All Cost : Remembering History 's Greatest Slave Rebellion '' . The Raven Report . External links Haitian Revolution . The Louverture Project , a wiki about the history of Haiti Haiti : History of Shaken Country -- Video interview with historian Laurent Dubois Haiti Archives `` Égalité for All : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution '' . Noland Walker . PBS documentary . 2009 France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for `` Independence Debt '' -- video report by Democracy Now ! The Other Revolution : Haiti , 1789 -- 1804 digital exhibition from Brown University 15 Minutes History , UT at Austin Two Revolutions in the Atlantic World : Connections between the American Revolution and the Haitian Revolution Gilder Lehrman Center , Laurent Dubois . `` Upheavals in France and Saint - Domingue '' Brown University <Th_colspan="2"> Haiti articles History Chiefdoms Captaincy General of Santo Domingo Colonial governors ( Santo Domingo ) Atlantic slave trade Maroons Treaty of Ryswick Saint - Domingue Colonial governors ( Saint - Domingue ) Slavery Revolution 1804 Massacre Unification of Hispaniola Post-independence Republic U.S. occupation Duvalier dynasty 2004 coup d'état 2010 earthquake Hurricane Matthew Timeline Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Arrondissements Cities Deforestation Departments Earthquakes Environment Hispaniola Islands National parks Rivers Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Central bank External debt Foreign aid Gourde ( currency ) Poverty Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society <Td_colspan="2"> Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Religion People Social class Water and sanitation Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Haitian Creole Haitian French Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Television <Td_colspan="2"> Outline Index Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> French colonial conflicts 16th -- 17th centuries Brazil ( 1557 -- 60 ) Florida ( 1562 -- 65 ) Brazil ( 1612 -- 15 ) Morocco ( 1629 ) Beaver Wars ( 1641 -- 1701 ) French colonization of Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) Siam ( 1688 ) King William 's War ( 1689 -- 97 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chickasaw Wars ( 1721 -- 52 ) Dummer 's War ( 1721 -- 25 ) Burma -- France relations ( 1729 -- 56 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) First Carnatic War ( 1746 -- 48 ) Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 54 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 60 ) East Indies ( 1757 -- 63 ) Larache expedition 1765 Vietnam ( 1777 -- 1820 ) North America ( 1778 -- 83 ) Caribbean and East Indies ( 1778 -- 83 ) Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) Siege of Pondicherry ( 1793 ) French acquisition of Santo Domingo ( 1795 -- 1809 ) French campaign in Egypt and Syria ( 1798 -- 1801 ) 19th century West Indies ( 1804 -- 10 ) Indian Ocean ( 1809 -- 11 ) Java ( 1811 ) Algeria ( 1830 -- 47 ) Algeria ( 1835 -- 1903 ) Río de la Plata ( 1838 -- 40 ) Mexico ( 1838 -- 39 ) Argentina -- Uruguay ( 1845 -- 50 ) Morocco ( 1844 ) Philippines ( 1844 -- 45 ) Bombardment of Tourane Vietnam ( 1847 ) Franco - 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1960 ) Bizerte crisis ( 1961 ) Ouvéa cave hostage taking ( 1988 ) Haiti portal History portal French Revolution portal War portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Revolution&oldid=841680755 '' Categories : Haitian Revolution History of Haiti Saint - Domingue Latin American wars of independence Military history of the Caribbean French colonization of the Americas French Revolution Anti-imperialism in North America 18th - century revolutions 18th - century rebellions 19th - century rebellions Slave rebellions in North America Wars of independence History of sugar 1790s in the Caribbean 1791 in the Caribbean 1792 in the Caribbean 1793 in the Caribbean 1794 in the Caribbean 1795 in the Caribbean 1796 in the Caribbean 1797 in the Caribbean 1798 in the Caribbean 1799 in the Caribbean 1800s in the Caribbean 1800 in the Caribbean 1801 in the Caribbean 1802 in the Caribbean 1803 in the Caribbean 1804 in the Caribbean 1790s in Haiti 1800s in Haiti 1804 in Haiti Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - 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2,602,755,864,470,873,600 | the boat that rocked how about it then | The Boat that Rocked - Wikipedia The Boat that Rocked Jump to : navigation , search For the soundtrack album , see The Boat That Rocked ( soundtrack ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Boat That Rocked <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Richard Curtis Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Hilary Bevan Jones Written by Richard Curtis Starring Philip Seymour Hoffman Bill Nighy Rhys Ifans Nick Frost Kenneth Branagh Cinematography Danny Cohen Edited by Emma E. Hickox Production company Working Title Films Distributed by Focus Features ( United States ) Universal Pictures ( International ) Release date 1 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 01 ) ( UK ) 16 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) ( Germany ) 6 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 06 ) ( France ) 13 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) ( USA ) Running time 135 minutes Country United Kingdom Germany France Language English Budget US $50 million Box office US $36,348,784 The Boat That Rocked ( retitled Pirate Radio in North America , Good Morning England in France , Radio Rock Revolution in Germany ) is a 2009 British comedy film written and directed by Richard Curtis , with pirate radio in the United Kingdom during the 1960s as its setting . The film has an ensemble cast featuring Philip Seymour Hoffman , Bill Nighy , Rhys Ifans , Nick Frost , and Kenneth Branagh . Set in 1966 , it tells the story of the fictitious pirate radio station `` Radio Rock '' and its crew of eclectic disc jockeys , who broadcast rock and pop music to the United Kingdom from a ship anchored in the North Sea while the British government endeavours to shut them down . It was produced by Working Title Films for Universal Pictures , and was filmed on the Isle of Portland and at Shepperton Studios . After the world premiere in London 's Leicester Square on 29 March 2009 , the film was released in United Kingdom and Ireland on 1 April 2009 . It was a commercial failure at the British box office , making only US $10.1 million in its first three months , just a fifth of its US $50 million production cost . It received mixed reviews , with most criticism directed at its muddled storyline and 21⁄4 - hour length . For its North American release the film had its running time cut by 20 minutes , and was retitled Pirate Radio . Opening 13 November 2009 , it was still commercially unsuccessful in the US , earning only US $8 million . When the worldwide theatrical run was finished in January 2010 , the film had grossed US $36.3 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 North American release 4 Reception 5 Historical setting 6 Soundtrack 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1966 , numerous pirate radio stations broadcast to the United Kingdom from ships anchored in international waters , specialising in rock and pop music that is not played on BBC Radio . Seventeen - year - old Carl ( Tom Sturridge ) , recently expelled from school , is sent to stay with his godfather Quentin ( Bill Nighy ) , who runs the station `` Radio Rock '' anchored in the North Sea . The eclectic crew of disc jockeys and staffers , led by the brash American DJ `` The Count '' ( Philip Seymour Hoffman ) , quickly accept Carl as one of their own . At the start of the film Doctor Dave ( Nick Frost ) and Carl conspire to have Carl lose his virginity . Dave has his girlfriend get naked and lie in bed for him while he turns off the lights and goes into the bathroom , where Carl has hidden . Carl then gets naked and walks into the dark room in an attempt to deceive Dave 's girlfriend . However she turns the lights on and sees who was really about to have sex with her , and Carl gets embarrassed and leaves . In London , government minister Sir Alistair Dormandy ( Kenneth Branagh ) resolves to shut down pirate radio stations due to their commercialism and low morals , instructing his subordinate Twatt ( Jack Davenport ) to find legal loopholes that will serve this end . ( Threatening termination and blacklisting if he does n't . ) They attempt to cut off the stations ' revenue by prohibiting British businesses from advertising on unlicensed radio stations . Quentin counters this by bringing massively popular DJ Gavin Kavanagh ( Rhys Ifans ) out of retirement and onto Radio Rock , enticing his advertisers to work around the law by paying their bills from abroad . Gavin 's popularity creates a rivalry between himself and The Count , who was initially brought to Radio Rock as Gavin 's replacement . On his eighteenth birthday Carl is introduced to Quentin 's niece Marianne ( Talulah Riley ) and falls instantly in love with her , but is heartbroken when she is seduced by Doctor Dave ( Nick Frost ) . Carl 's roommate `` Thick '' Kevin ( Tom Brooke ) observes that the sex , drug , and alcohol - filled atmosphere of Radio Rock is clearly no place for Carl to get on the straight - and - narrow . He theorises that the real reason Carl 's mother sent him there is that his father -- whom Carl has never met -- is someone on the ship , with Quentin being the likeliest suspect . DJ `` Simple '' Simon Swafford ( Chris O'Dowd ) marries Elenore ( January Jones ) in an onboard ceremony , but soon learns that she only married him as a means to live on the ship and be with Gavin , with whom she is infatuated but refuses to marry her ( or anyone ) . The Count challenges Gavin to a game of chicken in defence of Simon 's honour : The two climb one of the ship 's radio masts in a clash of egos , reconciling after they are both injured by jumping into the ocean below . Soon afterwards , Carl 's mother Charlotte ( Emma Thompson ) visits for Christmas , she denies his suspicion that Quentin is his father . As she departs , Carl passes on a cryptic message from reclusive late - night DJ `` Smooth '' Bob Silver ( Ralph Brown ) , leading to the unexpected revelation that Bob is actually his father . When Marianne returns to the ship and apologises to Carl for sleeping with Doctor Dave . She and Carl have sex that night . The following morning , The Count and the rest of the DJ 's announce the news of the event to millions of cheering fans all over Britain . Meanwhile , Dormandy 's mission to ban pirate radio advances when Twatt comes across news of a fishing boat whose distress call was blocked by Radio Rock 's powerful signal . Twatt proposes the creation of the Marine Offences Act , which will make pirate radio stations illegal on the grounds that they endanger other vessels . Despite public opinion being heavily in support of the pirate stations , the Act passes unanimously through Parliament and takes effect at midnight on 1 January 1967 . The Radio Rock crew choose to defy the law and continue to broadcast , firing up the ship 's engine so that they may avoid arrest by relocating . The aging vessel can not take the strain , causing the engine to explode and the ship to start sinking . The DJs broadcast their position in hope of aid , and Twatt appeals to Dormandy to send rescue boats , but Dormandy refuses . Carl rescues the oblivious Bob from his cabin , while The Count vows to continue broadcasting as long as possible . With the lifeboats inoperable , all gather on the prow as the ship begins to go down . They are rescued by dozens of fans , who heard about their broadcast predicament , and have motored out in a fleet of small boats to save them ; Carl himself is rescued by Marianne , Simon is rescued by a female fan who genuinely loves him , Dave being rescued by a throng of female fans , and Elenore rescuing Gavin . The Radio Rock ship disappears beneath the sea , with The Count emerging from the sinking vessel at the last moment . Though pirate radio in Britain comes to an end , the music lives on , with rock and pop becoming increasingly popular in subsequent decades , broadcast over hundreds of ' legal ' stations around the world . Cast ( edit ) Philip Seymour Hoffman as `` The Count '' , the brash American DJ on Radio Rock , loosely based on Emperor Rosko , DJ on pirate Radio Caroline in 1966 . Tom Sturridge as `` Young '' Carl , who is sent to stay with his godfather Quentin on the Radio Rock ship . Bill Nighy as Quentin , Carl 's godfather , who runs Radio Rock . Will Adamsdale as `` News '' John Mayford , the station 's news and weather reporter . Rhys Ifans as Gavin Kavanagh , a massively popular DJ brought out of retirement by Quentin , leading to a professional rivalry with The Count . Nick Frost as DJ `` Doctor '' Dave , who unsuccessfully attempts to help Carl lose his virginity , and later has sex with Carl 's crush , Marianne . Tom Brooke as `` Thick '' Kevin , Carl 's intellectually dense cabin - mate and member of the Radio Rock staff . Rhys Darby as Angus `` The Nut '' Nutsford , DJ and lone New Zealander on the ship . Katherine Parkinson as Felicity , the lesbian cook and the only single woman permitted to live on the ship . Chris O'Dowd as `` Simple '' Simon Swafford , Radio Rock 's breakfast DJ who marries Elenore and learns on their wedding night that she married him to be near Gavin . O'Dowd drew inspiration from Tony Blackburn , the morning DJ on pirate station Radio Caroline in the 1960s , and his Irish contemporary Larry Gogan . Tom Wisdom as `` Midnight '' Mark , Radio Rock 's suave night time DJ who rarely speaks but has female listeners swooning over him ; he is known as `` The Sexiest Man on the Planet '' . In one scene , he `` entertains '' about 30 naked women who are part of a large group of fans that visit the ship . Ralph Brown as hippy `` Smooth '' Bob Silver , `` The Dawn Treader '' ( 3 - 6am shift ) , Radio Rock 's reclusive early - morn DJ . Ike Hamilton as Harold , the station 's radio assistant . Kenneth Branagh as Sir Alistair Dormandy , a strict government minister who endeavors to shut down pirate radio stations . Portrayed as a Conservative , but based on Labour Postmaster General Tony Benn . Sinead Matthews as Miss C ( aka Miss Clitt , as revealed in the DVD deleted scenes ) , Dormandy 's assistant who secretly listens to Radio Rock . Jack Davenport as Domenic Twatt , Dormandy 's subordinate who is assigned the task of finding legal loopholes that can be used to shut down pirate radio stations . Talulah Riley as Marianne , Quentin 's niece , ( and a fan of Dave ) with whom Carl falls instantly in love . Emma Thompson as Charlotte , Carl 's mother . January Jones as Elenore ( ' the goddess ' according to Quentin ) , who marries Simon so that she can live on the ship and carry on a sexual relationship with Gavin ; Simon ends the marriage after 17 hours . Gemma Arterton as Desiree , a female fan ; Dave tries to convince her to have sex with Carl . Additional minor roles were played by Ian Mercer as the transfer boatman , Stephen Moore as the Prime Minister , Michael Thomas and Bohdan Poraj as Dormandy 's subordinates Sandford and Fredericks , Olegar Fedoro as the Radio Rock ship 's captain , Francesca Longrigg and Amanda Fairbank - Hynes as Dormandy 's wife and daughter , and Olivia Llewellyn as Marianne 's friend Margaret and Felicity 's love interest . Production ( edit ) Principal photography taking place on the steps of the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square The film was written and directed by Richard Curtis and made by Working Title Films for Universal Studios . The producers for Working Title were Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner and Hilary Bevan Jones , with Curtis , Debra Hayward and Liza Chasin acting as executive producers . Principal photography started on 3 March and continued until June 2008 . Filming took place on the former Dutch hospital ship Timor Challenger , previously De Hoop , moored in Portland Harbour , Dorset ; the `` North Sea '' scenes were shot off the coast of Dunbar , East Lothian . Boat interior shots were filmed inside a warehouse in Osprey Quay on the Isle of Portland and at Shepperton Studios . They also visited Squerryes Court in Kent to shoot the scenes of the home of government minister Alistair Dormandy ( Kenneth Brannagh ) . The film 's production cost exceeded £ 30 million . North American release ( edit ) Following the film 's commercial failure at the British box office , Focus Features commissioned a re-edited version for release in North American release 13 November 2009 . Retitled Pirate Radio , this version of the film deleted approximately twenty minutes of footage from the original version to address complaints from several critics that the film 's running time was excessive . Upon the release of Pirate Radio in the United States , Manohla Dargis wrote : `` Stuffed with playful character actors and carpeted with wall - to - wall tunes , the film makes for easy viewing and easier listening , even if Mr. Curtis , who wrote and directed , has nothing really to say about these rebels for whom rock ' n ' roll was both life 's rhyme and its reason . '' Robert Wilonsky , reviewing Pirate Radio after having seen The Boat That Rocked and its UK home video release , said the U.S. theatrical release had had `` most of its better bits excised '' ; according to Wilonsky , `` after watching the DVD , Pirate Radio feels so slight in its current incarnation . Shorn of the scenes that actually put meat on its characters ' frail bones , the resulting product is vaguely cute and wholly insubstantial , little more than a randomly assembled hodge - podge of scenes crammed in and yanked out that amount to yet another movie about rebellious young men sticking it to The Grumpy Old Man -- this time , with a tacked - on Titanic climax . '' The marketing campaign for the film 's North American release was notable for embellishing the nature of the movie , as well as the historical setting . Trailers had a prominent voice - over announcement stating that `` in 1966 the British government banned rock ' n ' roll on the radio . Until one American DJ and a band of renegades launched a radio station on the high seas and raided the air waves . '' In the film , pirate radio transmissions were widespread before parliament passed the Marine Offences Act , including the station portrayed on the film . The trailer in North America also featured dialog from a scene not in the release ; chief among which were a British government minister was being told in a voiceover that the American deejay `` The Count '' is `` possibly the most famous broadcaster ever , '' which was n't borne by the actual plot . The trailer and commercials also displayed prominent text that stated `` inspired by a true story , '' which was not claimed by either the production or writing staff . Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gave it a score of 61 % based on 158 reviews . The Daily Telegraph credited the film with `` some magical moments , '' but called it `` muddled '' and criticised its length . Time Out was also critical of the length and said the film was `` disappointing . '' The Hollywood Reporter ran the headline `` Rock ' n ' roll movie Boat just barely stays afloat , '' declaring the film too long to sustain interest . Total Film also criticised the film 's length and comedic style . Andrew Neil , writing in The Observer , remarked that he was disappointed in the `` contrived '' storyline and the `` unnecessarily perverted '' history . Channel 4 said the film was `` touching , '' `` heartfelt '' and an `` enjoyable journey '' but questioned its coherence . The film 's British box office revenues in its first 12 weeks of release were £ 6.1 million , less than a quarter of its production cost . In USA , the film earned less than US $3 million in its first weekend ( in a mid-scale release of 882 screens as opposed to 3,404 screens for 2012 and 3,683 screens for A Christmas Carol ) and suffered a 49.7 % drop - off on its second weekend -- earning only US $1.46 million . Pirate Radio took in only about US $8 million ( approximately £ 5 million ) in North America . Historical setting ( edit ) Main article : Pirate radio in the United Kingdom The MV Mi Amigo , c. 1974 , which was the home of Radio Caroline South from 1964 - 1968 The official synopsis of The Boat That Rocked before release stated that it tells the fictional story about a group of DJs in 1966 who are at odds with a traditionalist British government that prefers to broadcast jazz . According to director Richard Curtis , the film , though inspired by real British pirate radio of the 1960s , is a work of historical fiction and does not depict a specific radio station of the period . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Boat That Rocked ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack features songs from The Kinks , The Rolling Stones , The Turtles , Jimi Hendrix , Duffy , Procol Harum , Box Tops , The Beach Boys , Dusty Springfield , The Seekers and The Who . The soundtrack features 32 songs on two discs . The film itself has a 60 - song playlist . Home media ( edit ) Scenes cut from the film but available in at least some of the film 's home media releases include : a long scene of late - night sabotage aboard a competitor 's vessel ; The Count 's homage to the Beatles , delivered in front of Abbey Road studios ; Gavin Kavanagh in a flashback , dancing in a Latin American bar to `` Get Off of My Cloud '' ; a heartbroken `` Simple '' Simon lip syncs Lorraine Ellison 's `` Stay with Me '' in its entirety . Format Release date Additional content DVD Region 1 : 13 April 2010 Region 2 : 7 September 2009 Region 4 : 12 August 2009 Deleted scenes , director 's commentary Blu - ray Region 1 : 13 April 2010 Region 2 : 7 September 2009 Region 4 : 12 August 2009 Deleted scenes , director 's commentary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Boat That Rocked '' . British Board of Film Classification . 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Boat That Rocked '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ IMDb : The Boat That Rocked - release info Linked 2014 - 09 - 08 Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( 23 March 2009 ) . `` The Boat That Rocked stars hit red carpet for premiere '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Girls in our cabins ? Well , it 's a nice image '' . Telegraph . 28 March 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 3 April 2009 ) . `` Review '' . Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Susan Thompson Updated 32 minutes ago . `` Times review '' . The Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1623508/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1 Jump up ^ `` Chris O'Dowd : The IT Man From The IT Crowd '' . SuicideGirls.com. 9 May 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dawtrey , Adam ( 4 March 2008 ) . `` Curtis sets sail on Universal 's ' Boat ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cast and crew information '' . Working Title Films . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` £ 1 million film is ready to rock '' . Dorset Echo. 2008 . Retrieved 1 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ross Revenge , Radio Caroline and `` The Boat That Rocked '' `` . 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office The Boat That Rocked Film Focus '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Curtis - Curtis to re-edit The Boat That Rocked before U.S. release '' . Contactmusic.com. 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Curtis - Curtis To Re-Edit The Boat That Rocked Before U.S. Release - Contactmusic News '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Boat That Rocked Goes To Focus , Gets Shorter Cut / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 12 November 2009 ) . `` Rock Boys ' Adventure , With BBC as the Enemy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Wilonsky , Robert ( 10 November 2009 ) . `` Pirate Radio Gets a Tame U.S. Release , but We Still Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ North American trailer on YouTube Jump up ^ Garfield , Simon ( 7 March 2009 ) . `` When pop pirates ruled Britannia 's airwaves '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Pirate Radio ( The Boat That Rocked ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Sukhdev Sandhu ( 2 April 2009 ) . `` Richard Curtis 's The Boat That Rocked sloshes about merrily and has some magical moments '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` TimeOut Review '' . TimeOut.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( 31 March 2009 ) . `` Rock ' n ' roll movie Boat just barely stays afloat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film review '' . Totalfilm.com. 2009 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Neil , Andrew ( 5 April 2009 ) . `` My week : Andrew Neil '' . The Observer . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Luck , Richard . `` The Boat That Rocked Review '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirate Radio ( 2009 ) - Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Official synopsis '' . Working Title Films . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . Jump up ^ 3 days left . `` Kent Programmes - Dave Cash - Saturday '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Boat That Rocked at what - song Jump up ^ `` dStore - The Boat That Rocked ( DVD ) '' . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.co.uk - The Boat That Rocked ( Blu - ray ) '' . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to The Boat That Rocked at Wikiquote Media related to The Boat That Rocked at Wikimedia Commons The Boat That Rocked in the British Film Institute 's `` Explore film ... '' database The Boat That Rocked on IMDb The Boat That Rocked at AllMovie The Boat That Rocked at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Richard Curtis Film Written and directed Love Actually ( 2003 ) The Boat That Rocked ( 2009 ) About Time ( 2013 ) Written only The Tall Guy ( 1989 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Bean ( 1997 ) Notting Hill ( 1999 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Trash ( 2014 ) Television TV films Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) Blackadder : Back & Forth ( 1999 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) Red Nose Day Actually ( 2017 ) Series Blackadder ( 1983 - 1989 ) Mr. Bean ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) The Vicar of Dibley ( 1994 -- 2007 ) The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( 2008 ) Other `` Vincent and the Doctor '' ( Doctor Who episode , 2010 ) Other Comic Relief The Atkinson People ( 1979 ) Dead on Time ( 1983 ) No Pressure ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boat_That_Rocked&oldid=800799837 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films British films Films about music and musicians Films about pirate radio Films about radio people Films set in 1966 Films set in 1967 Films set in London Films set on ships Films shot in Dorset Focus Features films Screenplays by Richard Curtis StudioCanal films Universal Pictures films Working Title Films films 2000s comedy - drama films French films German films Film scores by Hans Zimmer British Christmas films British comedy - drama films Films directed by Richard Curtis Films produced by Eric Fellner Films produced by Tim Bevan Seafaring films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2011 Use British English from September 2011 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Brezhoneg Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 19 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. The Boat That Rocked - a British comedy film
2. Pirate radio in the United Kingdom during the 1960s
3. Ensemble cast featuring Philip Seymour Hoffman, Bill Nighy, Rhys Ifans, Nick Frost, and Kenneth Branagh
4. Commercial failure at the British box office
5. Soundtrack featuring songs from The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Turtles, and more |
7,144,276,137,995,987,000 | names of all states chief minister in india | List of current Indian Chief ministers - Wikipedia List of current Indian Chief ministers Jump to : navigation , search Indian states according to party of their chief minister Bharatiya Janata Party Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Indian National Congress Other parties In the Republic of India , a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty - nine states and two union territories ( Delhi and Puducherry ) . According to the Constitution of India , at the state - level , the governor is de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the state legislative assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given he has the assembly 's confidence , the chief minister 's term is usually for a maximum of five years ; there are no limits to the number of terms he / she can serve . Of the thirty - one incumbents , three are women -- Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal , Mehbooba Mufti in Jammu and Kashmir , and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan . Serving since December 1994 ( for 7003843600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 35 days ) , Sikkim 's Pawan Kumar Chamling has the longest incumbency . Amarinder Singh ( b . 1942 ) of Punjab is the oldest chief minister while Arunachal Pradesh 's Pema Khandu ( b . 1979 ) is the youngest . Fourteen incumbents belong to the Bharatiya Janata Party , Five to the Indian National Congress and Two to the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) ; no other party has more than one chief minister in office . Current Chief ministers ( edit ) Colour key for parties Aam Aadmi Party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam All India Trinamool Congress Bharatiya Janata Party Biju Janata Dal Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Indian National Congress Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Janata Dal ( United ) Naga People 's Front Sikkim Democratic Front Telangana Rashtra Samithi Telugu Desam Party State / UT ( past chief ministers ) Name Portrait Took office ( tenure length ) <Th_colspan="2"> Party Ref Andhra Pradesh ( list ) N. Chandrababu Naidu 000000002014 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2014 ( 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days ) Telugu Desam Party Arunachal Pradesh ( list ) Pema Khandu 000000002016 - 07 - 17 - 0000 17 July 2016 ( 7002548000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 183 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Assam ( list ) Sarbananda Sonowal 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2016 ( 7002602000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 237 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Bihar ( list ) Nitish Kumar 000000002015 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 2015 ( 7003105900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 328 days ) Janata Dal ( United ) Chhattisgarh ( list ) Raman Singh 000000002003 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2003 ( 7003515400000000000 ♠ 14 years , 40 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Delhi ( list ) Arvind Kejriwal 000000002015 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2015 ( 7003106700000000000 ♠ 2 years , 336 days ) Aam Aadmi Party Goa ( list ) Manohar Parrikar 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 14 March 2017 ( 7002308000000000000 ♠ 308 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Gujarat ( list ) Vijay Rupani 000000002016 - 08 - 07 - 0000 7 August 2016 ( 7002527000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 162 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Haryana ( list ) Manohar Lal Khattar 000000002014 - 10 - 26 - 0000 26 October 2014 ( 7003117800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 82 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Himachal Pradesh ( list ) Jai Ram Thakur 000000002017 - 12 - 27 - 0000 27 December 2017 ( 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Jammu and Kashmir ( list ) Mehbooba Mufti 000000002016 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 April 2016 ( 7002652000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 287 days ) Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Jharkhand ( list ) Raghubar Das 000000002014 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 2014 ( 7003111500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 19 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Karnataka ( list ) Siddaramaiah 000000002013 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2013 ( 7003170900000000000 ♠ 4 years , 248 days ) Indian National Congress Kerala ( list ) Pinarayi Vijayan 000000002016 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 2016 ( 7002601000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 236 days ) Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Madhya Pradesh ( list ) Shivraj Singh Chouhan 000000002005 - 11 - 29 - 0000 29 November 2005 ( 7003443100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 48 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Maharashtra ( list ) Devendra Fadnavis 000000002014 - 10 - 31 - 0000 31 October 2014 ( 7003117300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 77 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Manipur ( list ) N. Biren Singh 000000002017 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2017 ( 7002307000000000000 ♠ 307 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Meghalaya ( list ) Mukul Sangma 000000002010 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2010 ( 7003282800000000000 ♠ 7 years , 271 days ) Indian National Congress Mizoram ( list ) Lal Thanhawla 000000002008 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 2008 ( 7003332700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 40 days ) Indian National Congress Nagaland ( list ) T.R. Zeliang 000000002017 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 2017 ( 7002181000000000000 ♠ 181 days ) Naga People 's Front Odisha ( list ) Naveen Patnaik 000000002000 - 03 - 05 - 0000 5 March 2000 ( 7003652600000000000 ♠ 17 years , 317 days ) Biju Janata Dal Puducherry ( list ) V. Narayanasamy 000000002016 - 06 - 06 - 0000 6 June 2016 ( 7002589000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 224 days ) Indian National Congress Punjab ( list ) Amarinder Singh 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 2017 ( 7002306000000000000 ♠ 306 days ) Indian National Congress Rajasthan ( list ) Vasundhara Raje 000000002013 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2013 ( 7003149500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 34 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Sikkim ( list ) Pawan Kumar Chamling 000000001994 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1994 ( 7003843600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 35 days ) Sikkim Democratic Front Tamil Nadu ( list ) Edappadi K. Palaniswami 000000002017 - 02 - 16 - 0000 16 February 2017 ( 7002334000000000000 ♠ 334 days ) All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Telangana ( list ) Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao 000000002014 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2014 ( 7003132400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 228 days ) Telangana Rashtra Samithi Tripura ( list ) Manik Sarkar 000000001998 - 03 - 11 - 0000 11 March 1998 ( 7003725100000000000 ♠ 19 years , 311 days ) Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Uttar Pradesh ( list ) Yogi Adityanath 000000002017 - 03 - 19 - 0000 19 March 2017 ( 7002303000000000000 ♠ 303 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Uttarakhand ( list ) Trivendra Singh Rawat 000000002017 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2017 ( 7002304000000000000 ♠ 304 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party West Bengal ( list ) Mamata Banerjee 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2011 ( 7003243300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 241 days ) All India Trinamool Congress Jump up ^ This column names only the chief minister 's party . The ministry he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; those are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : Although Delhi and Puducherry each have an elected legislature and a council of ministers ( headed by the chief minister ) , they are officially union territories . See also ( edit ) List of current Indian governors List of current Indian chief justices List of current Indian legislative speakers List of current Indian opposition leaders List of female Indian chief ministers List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party List of chief ministers from Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th edition , 2011 reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Pema Khandu : India 's youngest Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Chief Ministers . India.gov.in . Retrieved on 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naidu takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM '' . The Hindu . 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pema Khandu sworn in as Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BJP forms govt in Arunachal Pradesh '' . The Hindu . 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sarbananda Sonowal sworn in as first BJP CM of Assam '' . The Hindu . 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Arun ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Alliance to NDA : Nitish Kumar changes partner , continues as Bihar CM '' . Hindustan Times . Patna . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Aarti Dhar . `` Raman Singh takes oath '' . The Hindu . 8 December 2003 . Jump up ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran , Shubhomoy Sikdar . `` Kejriwal promises to make Delhi graft - free in 5 years '' . The Hindu . 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Nistula Hebbar , Prakash Kamat . `` Parrikar takes oath in Goa as SC declines Cong . plea '' . The Hindu . 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahesh Langa . `` Vijay Rupani sworn in ; Gujarat Cabinet bears Shah 's stamp '' . The Hindu . 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarabjit Pandher . `` Khattar sworn in '' . The Hindu . 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bodh , Anand ( 25 December 2017 ) . `` Suspense ends in Himachal , Jai Ram Thakur to be CM '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mehbooba Mufti sworn in as J&K 's first woman CM '' . The Hindu . 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Amarnath Tewary . `` Raghuvar Das assumes office as CM '' . The Hindu . 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Siddaramaiah sworn in as Chief Minister of Karnataka '' . The Hindu . 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ C. Gouridasan Nair . `` Pinarayi takes charge as Kerala Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shivraj Chauhan sworn in Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 30 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Priyanka Kakodkar . `` Uddhav attends Fadnavis swearing - in '' . The Hindu . 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Isha Gupta . `` BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister '' . India Today . 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mukul Sangma sworn in as Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lal Thanhawla sworn in as Mizoram chief minister '' . The Times of India . 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shurhozelie Liezietsu sworn in as Nagaland Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ N. Ramdas . `` Naveen Govt . installed '' . The Hindu . 6 March 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Puducherry : V Narayanasamy sworn in as Chief Minister '' . The Indian Express . 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amarinder Singh sworn in as Punjab CM '' . The Hindu . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vasundhara swearing - in , a show of strength '' . The Hindu . 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pawan Chamling to be longest serving Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ T. Ramakrishnan . `` Edappadi Palaniswami sworn in as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ K. Srinivas Reddy . `` KCR sworn in ; heads cabinet of 11 ministers '' . The Hindu . 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manik Sarkar sworn in as Tripura CM '' . Rediff.com. 11 March 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Yogi Adityanath takes oath as Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavita Upadhyay . `` Trivendra Singh Rawat takes oath as Uttarakhand Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mamata , 37 Ministers sworn in '' . The Hindu . 21 May 2011 . <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) <Td_colspan="2"> Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka Siddaramaiah Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Mukul Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland T.R. Zeliang Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrasekhar Rao Tripura Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee <Td_colspan="2"> Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers&oldid=820380330 '' Categories : Lists of current office - holders of country subdivisions Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Lists of current office - holders in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Featured lists Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली संस्कृतम् தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 11 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. List of current Indian Chief Ministers
2. State-level government in India
3. Role of Chief Minister in Indian states
4. Political parties in Indian states
5. Longest-serving Chief Minister in India |
-416,664,478,272,996,500 | which set of subjects would share the most similar genetic heredity | Twin study - wikipedia Twin study Jump to : navigation , search For the journal , see Twin Research and Human Genetics . Twin studies reveal the importance of environmental and genetic influences for traits , phenotypes , and disorders . Twin research is considered a key tool in behavioral genetics and in content fields , from biology to psychology . Twin studies are part of the broader methodology used in behavior genetics , which uses all data that are genetically informative -- siblings studies , adoption studies , pedigree , etc . These studies have been used to track traits ranging from personal behavior to the presentation of severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia . Twins are a valuable source for observation because they allow the study of environmental influence and varying genetic makeup : `` identical '' or monozygotic ( MZ ) twins share nearly 100 % of their genes , which means that most differences between the twins ( such as height , susceptibility to boredom , intelligence , depression , etc . ) are due to experiences that one twin has but not the other twin . `` Fraternal '' or dizygotic ( DZ ) twins share only about 50 % of their genes , the same as any other sibling . Twins also share many aspects of their environment ( e.g. , uterine environment , parenting style , education , wealth , culture , community ) because they are born into the same family . The presence of a given genetic trait in only one member of a pair of identical twins ( called discordance ) provides a powerful window into environmental effects . Twins are also useful in showing the importance of the unique environment ( specific to one twin or the other ) when studying trait presentation . Changes in the unique environment can stem from an event or occurrence that has only affected one twin . This could range from a head injury or a birth defect that one twin has sustained while the other remains healthy . The classical twin design compares the similarity of monozygotic ( identical ) and dizygotic ( fraternal ) twins . If identical twins are considerably more similar than fraternal twins ( which is found for most traits ) , this implicates that genes play an important role in these traits . By comparing many hundreds of families with twins , researchers can then understand more about the roles of genetic effects , shared environment , and unique environment in shaping behavior . Modern twin studies have shown that almost all traits are in part influenced by genetic differences , with some characteristics showing a stronger influence ( e.g. height ) , others an intermediate level ( e.g. personality traits ) and some more complex heritabilities , with evidence for different genes affecting different aspects of the trait -- as in the case of autism . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Methods 2.1 Modern modeling 2.1. 1 Model comparison 2.1. 2 Multi-group and multivariate modeling 2.1. 3 Modeling the environment : MZ discordant designs 2.2 Assumptions 2.2. 1 Measured similarity : A direct test of assumptions in twin designs 2.3 Sex differences 2.4 Gene × environment interactions 2.4. 1 Norms of reaction 2.5 Extended twin designs and more complex genetic models 2.5. 1 Continuous variables and ordinal variables 3 Criticism 3.1 Criticisms of statistical methods 3.1. 1 Responses to statistical critiques 3.2 Sampling : Twins as representative members of the population 3.2. 1 Response to representativeness of twins 3.3 Separated twin pairs as representative of other twins 3.4 Detection problems 4 Terminology 4.1 Pairwise concordance 4.2 Probandwise concordance 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Critical accounts 8 External links 8.1 Academic bodies 8.2 Journals History ( edit ) Francis Galton laid the foundations of behavior genetics as a branch of science . Twins have been of interest to scholars since early civilization , including the early physician Hippocrates ( 5th century BCE ) , who attributed similar diseases in twins to shared material circumstances , and the stoic philosopher Posidonius ( 1st century BCE ) , who attributed such similarities to shared astrological circumstances . More recent study is from Sir Francis Galton 's pioneering use of twins to study the role of genes and environment on human development and behavior . Galton , however , was unaware of the difference between identical and DZ twins . This factor was still not understood when the first study using psychological tests was conducted by Edward Thorndike ( 1905 ) using fifty pairs of twins . This paper was an early statement of the hypothesis that family effects decline with age . His study compared twin pairs age 9 - 10 and 13 - 14 to normal siblings born within a few years of one another . Thorndike incorrectly reasoned that his data supported for there being one , not two , twin types . This mistake was repeated by Ronald Fisher ( 1919 ) , who argued The preponderance of twins of like sex , does indeed become a new problem , because it has been formerly believed to be due to the proportion of identical twins . So far as I am aware , however , no attempt has been made to show that twins are sufficiently alike to be regarded as identical really exist in sufficient numbers to explain the proportion of twins of like sex . An early , and perhaps first , study understanding the distinction is from the German geneticist Hermann Werner Siemens in 1924 . Chief among Siemens ' innovations was the polysymptomatic similarity diagnosis . This allowed him to account for the oversight that had stumped Fisher , and was a staple in twin research prior to the advent of molecular markers . Wilhelm Weinberg and colleagues in 1910 used the identical - DZ distinction to calculate respective rates from the ratios of same - and opposite - sex twins in a maternity population . They partitioned co-variation amongst relatives into genetic and environmental elements , anticipating the later work of Fisher and Wright , including the effect of dominance on similarity of relatives , and beginning the first classic - twin studies . Methods ( edit ) The power of twin designs arises from the fact that twins may be either monozygotic ( identical ( MZ ) : developing from a single fertilized egg and therefore sharing all of their alleles ) -- or dizygotic ( DZ : developing from two fertilized eggs and therefore sharing on average 50 % of their polymorphic alleles , the same level of genetic similarity as found in non-twin siblings ) . These known differences in genetic similarity , together with a testable assumption of equal environments for identical and fraternal twins creates the basis for the twin design for exploring the effects of genetic and environmental variance on a phenotype . The basic logic of the twin study can be understood with very little mathematics beyond an understanding of correlation and the concept of variance . Like all behavior genetic research , the classic twin study begins from assessing the variance of a behavior ( called a phenotype by geneticists ) in a large group , and attempts to estimate how much of this is due to : genetic effects ( heritability ) ; shared environment -- events that happen to both twins , affecting them in the same way ; unshared , or unique , environment -- events that occur to one twin but not the other , or events that affect either twin in a different way . Typically these three components are called A ( additive genetics ) C ( common environment ) and E ( unique environment ) ; hence the acronym ACE . It is also possible to examine non-additive genetics effects ( often denoted D for dominance ( ADE model ) ; see below for more complex twin designs ) . The ACE model indicates what proportion of variance in a trait is heritable , versus the proportion due to shared environment or un-shared environment . Research is carried out using SEM programs such as OpenMx , however the core logic of the twin design is the same , as described below : Monozygotic ( identical -- MZ ) twins raised in a family share both 100 % of their genes , and all of the shared environment . Any differences arising between them in these circumstances are random ( unique ) . The correlation between identical twins provides an estimate of A + C. Dizygotic ( DZ ) twins also share C , but share on average 50 % of their genes : so the correlation between fraternal twins is a direct estimate of 1⁄2A+C . If r is correlation , then r and r are simply the correlations of the trait in identical and fraternal twins respectively . For any particular trait , then : r = A + C r = 1⁄2A + C A , therefore , is twice the difference between identical and fraternal twin correlations : the additive genetic effect ( Falconer 's formula ) . C is simply the MZ correlation minus this estimate of A . The random ( unique ) factor E is 1 − r : i.e. , MZ twins differ due to unique environments only . ( Jinks & Fulker , 1970 ; Plomin , DeFries , McClearn , & McGuffin , 2001 ) . Stated again , the difference between these two sums , then , allows us to solve for A , C , and E. As the difference between the identical and fraternal correlations is due entirely to a halving of the genetic similarity , the additive genetic effect ' A ' is simply twice the difference between the identical and fraternal correlations : A = 2 ( r − r ) As the identical correlation reflects the full effect of A and C , E can be estimated by subtracting this correlation from 1 E = 1 − r Finally , C can be derived : C = r − A Modern modeling ( edit ) Beginning in the 1970s , research transitioned to modeling genetic , environmental effects using maximum likelihood methods ( Martin & Eaves , 1977 ) . While computationally much more complex , this approach has numerous benefits rendering it almost universal in current research . An example structural model ( for the heritability of height among Danish males ) is shown : A : ACE model showing raw ( non-standardised ) variance coefficients B : ACE model showing standardised variance coefficients Model A on the left shows the raw variance in height . This is useful as it preserves the absolute effects of genes and environments , and expresses these in natural units , such as mm of height change . Sometimes it is helpful to standardize the parameters , so each is expressed as percentage of total variance . Because we have decomposed variance into A , C , and E , the total variance is simply A + C + E . We can then scale each of the single parameters as a proportion of this total , i.e. , Standardised -- A = A / ( A + C + E ) . Heritability is the standardised genetic effect . Model Comparison ( edit ) A principal benefit of modeling is the ability to explicitly compare models : Rather than simply returning a value for each component , the modeler can compute confidence intervals on parameters , but , crucially , can drop and add paths and test the effect via statistics such as the AIC . Thus , for instance to test for predicted effects of family or shared environment on behavior , an AE model can be objectively compared to a full ACE model . For example , we can ask of the figure above for height : Can C ( shared environment ) be dropped without significant loss of fit ? Alternatively , confidence intervals can be calculated for each path . Multi-group and multivariate modeling ( edit ) Multivariate modeling can give answers to questions about the genetic relationship between variables that appear independent . For instance : do IQ and long - term memory share genes ? Do they share environmental causes ? Additional benefits include the ability to deal with interval , threshold , and continuous data , retaining full information from data with missing values , integrating the latent modeling with measured variables , be they measured environments , or , now , measured molecular genetic markers such as SNPs . In addition , models avoid constraint problems in the crude correlation method : all parameters will lie , as they should , between 0 -- 1 ( standardized ) . Multivariate , and multiple - time wave studies , with measured environment and repeated measures of potentially causal behaviours are now the norm . Examples of these models include extended twin designs , simplex models , and growth - curve models . SEM programs such as OpenMx and other applications suited to constraints and multiple groups have made the new techniques accessible to reasonably skilled users . Modeling the environment : MZ discordant designs ( edit ) As MZ twins share both their genes and their family - level environmental factors , any differences between MZ twins reflect E : the unique environment . Researchers can use this information to understand the environment in powerful ways , allowing epidemiological tests of causality that are otherwise typically confounded by factors such as gene - environment covariance , reverse causation and confounding . An example of a positive MZ discordant effect is shown below on the left . The twin who scores higher on trait 1 also scores higher on trait 2 . This is compatible with a `` dose '' of trait 1 causing an increase in trait 2 . Of course , trait 2 might also be affecting trait 1 . Disentangling these two possibilities requires a different design ( see below for an example ) . A null result is incompatible with a causal hypothesis . A depiction of MZ - discordance data MZ discordant test of hypothesis that exercise protects against depression Take for instance the case of an observed link between depression and exercise ( See Figure above on right ) . People who are depressed also reporting doing little physical activity . One might hypothesise that this is a causal link : that `` dosing '' patients with exercise would raise their mood and protect against depression . The next figure shows what empirical tests of this hypothesis have found : a null result . Longitudinal discordance designs A cross-lagged longitudinal MZ discordant twin design . This model can take account of relationships among differences across traits at time one , and then examine the distinct hypotheses that increments in trait1 drive subsequent change in that trait in the future , or , importantly , in other traits . As may be seen in the next Figure , this design can be extended to multiple measurements , with consequent increase in the kinds of information that one can learn . This is called a cross-lagged model ( multiple traits measured over more than one time ) . In the longitudinal discordance model , differences between identical twins can be used to take account of relationships among differences across traits at time one ( path A ) , and then examine the distinct hypotheses that increments in trait1 drive subsequent change in that trait in the future ( paths B and E ) , or , importantly , in other traits ( paths C & D ) . In the example , the hypothesis that the observed correlation where depressed persons often also exercise less than average is causal , can be tested . If exercise is protective against depression , then path D should be significant , with a twin who exercises more showing less depression as a consequence . Assumptions ( edit ) It can be seen from the modeling above , the main assumption of the twin study is that of equal environments , also known as the equal environments assumption . This assumption has been directly tested . A special case occurs where parents believe their twins to be non-identical when in fact they are genetically identical . Studies of a range of psychological traits indicate that these children remain as concordant as MZ twins raised by parents who treated them as identical . Molecular genetic methods of heritability estimation have offered evidence that the equal environments assumption of the classic twin design may be sound . Measured similarity : a direct test of assumptions in twin designs ( edit ) A particularly powerful technique for testing the twin method was reported by Visscher et al. Instead of using twins , this group took advantage of the fact that while siblings on average share 50 % of their genes , the actual gene - sharing for individual sibling pairs varies around this value , essentially creating a continuum of genetic similarity or `` twinness '' within families . Estimates of heritability based on direct estimates of gene sharing confirm those from the twin method , providing support for the assumptions of the method . Sex differences ( edit ) Genetic factors may differ between the sexes , both in gene expression and in the range of gene × environment interactions . Fraternal opposite sex twin pairs are invaluable in explicating these effects . In an extreme case , a gene may only be expressed in one sex ( qualitative sex limitation ) . More commonly , the effects of gene - alleles may depend on the sex of the individual . A gene might cause a change of 100 g in weight in males , but perhaps 150 g in females -- a quantitative gene effect . Such effects are Environments may impact on the ability of genes to express themselves and may do this via sex differences . For instance genes affecting voting behavior would have no effect in females if females are excluded from the vote . More generally , the logic of sex - difference testing can extend to any defined sub-group of individuals . In cases such as these , the correlation for same and opposite sex DZ twins will differ , betraying the effect of the sex difference . For this reason , it is normal to distinguish three types of fraternal twins . A standard analytic workflow would involve testing for sex - limitation by fitting models to five groups , identical male , identical female , fraternal male , fraternal female , and fraternal opposite sex . Twin modeling thus goes beyond correlation to test causal models involving potential causal variables , such as sex . Gene × environment interactions ( edit ) Gene effects may often be dependent on the environment . Such interactions are known as G × E interactions , in which the effects of a gene allele differ across different environments . Simple examples would include situations where a gene multiplies the effect of an environment : perhaps adding 1 inch to height in high nutrient environments , but only half an inch to height in low - nutrient environments . This is seen in different slopes of response to an environment for different genotypes . Often researchers are interested in changes in heritability under different conditions : In environments where alleles can drive large phenotypic effects ( as above ) , the relative role of genes will increase , corresponding to higher heritability in these environments . A second effect is G × E correlation , in which certain alleles tend to accompany certain environments . If a gene causes a parent to enjoy reading , then children inheriting this allele are likely to be raised in households with books due to GE correlation : one or both of their parents has the allele and therefore will accumulate a book collection and pass on the book - reading allele . Such effects can be tested by measuring the purported environmental correlate ( in this case books in the home ) directly . Often the role of environment seems maximal very early in life , and decreases rapidly after compulsory education begins . This is observed for instance in reading as well as intelligence . This is an example of a G * Age effect and allows an examination of both GE correlations due to parental environments ( these are broken up with time ) , and of G * E correlations caused by individuals actively seeking certain environments . Norms of reaction ( edit ) Studies in plants or in animal breeding allow the effects of experimentally randomized genotypes and environment combinations to be measured . By contrast , human studies are typically observational . This may suggest that norms of reaction can not be evaluated . As in other fields such as economics and epidemiology , several designs have been developed to capitalise on the ability to use differential gene - sharing , repeated exposures , and measured exposure to environments ( such as children social status , chaos in the family , availability and quality of education , nutrition , toxins etc . ) to combat this confounding of causes . An inherent appeal of the classic twin design is that it begins to untangle these confounds . For example , in identical and fraternal twins shared environment and genetic effects are not confounded , as they are in non-twin familial studies . Twin studies are thus in part motivated by an attempt to take advantage of the random assortment of genes between members of a family to help understand these correlations . While the twin study tells us only how genes and families affect behavior within the observed range of environments , and with the caveat that often genes and environments will covary , this is a considerable advance over the alternative , which is no knowledge of the different roles of genes and environment whatsoever . Twin studies are therefore often used as a method of controlling at least one part of this observed variance : Partitioning , for instance , what might previously have been assumed to be family environment into shared environment and additive genetics using the experiment of fully and partly shared genomes in twins . No single design can address all issues . Additional information is available outside the classic twin design . Adoption designs are a form of natural experiment that tests norms of reaction by placing the same genotype in different environments . Association studies , e.g. , allow direct study of allelic effects . Mendelian randomization of alleles also provides opportunities to study the effects of alleles at random with respect to their associated environments and other genes . Extended twin designs and more complex genetic models ( edit ) The basic or classical twin - design contains only identical and fraternal twins raised in their biological family . This represents only a sub-set of the possible genetic and environmental relationships . It is fair to say , therefore , that the heritability estimates from twin designs represent a first step in understanding the genetics of behavior . The variance partitioning of the twin study into additive genetic , shared , and unshared environment is a first approximation to a complete analysis taking into account gene - environment covariance and interaction , as well as other non-additive effects on behavior . The revolution in molecular genetics has provided more effective tools for describing the genome , and many researchers are pursuing molecular genetics in order to directly assess the influence of alleles and environments on traits . An initial limitation of the twin design is that it does not afford an opportunity to consider both Shared Environment and Non-additive genetic effects simultaneously . This limit can be addressed by including additional siblings to the design . A second limitation is that gene - environment correlation is not detectable as a distinct effect . Addressing this limit requires incorporating adoption models , or children - of - twins designs , to assess family influences uncorrelated with shared genetic effects . Continuous variables and ordinal variables ( edit ) While concordance studies compare traits either present or absent in each twin , correlational studies compare the agreement in continuously varying traits across twins . Criticism ( edit ) The Twin Method has been subject to criticism from statistical genetics , statistics , and psychology , with some researchers , such as Burt & Simons ( 2014 ) , arguing that conclusions reached via this method are ambiguous or meaningless . Core elements of these criticisms and their rejoinders are listed below . Criticisms of statistical methods ( edit ) It has been argued that the statistical underpinnings of twin research are invalid . Such statistical critiques argue that heritability estimates used for most twin studies rest on restrictive assumptions that are usually not tested , and if they are , they are often contradicted by the data . For example , Peter Schonemann has criticized methods for estimating heritability developed in the 1970s . He has also argued that the heritability estimate from a twin study may reflect factors other than shared genes . Using the statistical models published in Loehlin and Nichols ( 1976 ) , the narrow HR - heritability of responses to the question `` did you have your back rubbed '' has been shown to work out to . 92 heritable for males and . 21 heritable for females , and the question `` Did you wear sunglasses after dark ? '' is 130 % heritable for males and 103 % for females Responses to statistical critiques ( edit ) Before computers , statisticians used methods that were computationally tractable , at the cost of known limitations . Since the 1980s these approximate statistical methods have been discarded : Modern twin methods based on structural equation modeling are not subject to the limitations and heritability estimates such as those noted above are mathematically impossible . Critically , the newer methods allow for explicit testing of the role of different pathways and incorporation and testing of complex effects . Sampling : twins as representative members of the population ( edit ) Results of twin studies can not be automatically generalized beyond the population they come from . It is therefore important to understand the particular sample studied , and the nature of twins themselves . Twins are not a random sample of the population , and they differ in their developmental environment . In this sense they are not representative . For example : Dizygotic ( DZ ) twin births are affected by many factors . Some women frequently produce more than one egg at each menstrual period and , therefore , are more likely to have twins . This tendency may run in the family either in the mother 's or father 's side of the family , and often runs through both . Women over the age of 35 are more likely to produce two eggs . Women who have three or more children are also likely to have dizygotic twins . Artificial induction of ovulation and in vitro fertilization - embryo replacement can also give rise to fraternal and identical twins . Response to representativeness of twins ( edit ) Twins differ very little from non-twin siblings . Measured studies on the personality and intelligence of twins suggest that they have scores on these traits very similar to those of non-twins ( for instance Deary et al. 2006 ) . Separated twin pairs as representative of other twins ( edit ) Separated twin pairs , identical or fraternal , are generally separated by adoption . This makes their families of origin non-representative of typical twin families in that they adopt their children away . The families they are adopted to are also non-representative of typical twin families in that they are all approved for adoption by children 's protection authorities and that a disproportionally large fraction of them have no biological children . Those who volunteer to studies are not even representative of separated twins in general since not all separated twins agree to be part of twin studies . Detection problems ( edit ) There can be some issues of undetected behaviors in the case of behaviors that many people keep secret presently or in their earlier lives . They may not be as willing to reveal behaviors that are discriminated against or stigmatized . If environment played no role in the actual behavior , skewed detection would still make it look like it played a role . For environment to appear to have no role in such cases , there would have to be either a counterproductivity of intolerance in the sense of intolerance causing the behavior it is bigoted against , or a flaw in the study that makes the results scientifically useless . Even if environment does play a role , the numbers would still be skewed . Terminology ( edit ) Pairwise concordance ( edit ) For a group of twins , pairwise concordance is defined as C / ( C + D ) , where C is the number of concordant pairs and D is the number of discordant pairs . For example , a group of 10 twins have been pre-selected to have one affected member ( of the pair ) . During the course of the study four other previously non-affected members become affected , giving a pairwise concordance of 4 / ( 4 + 6 ) or 4 / 10 or 40 % . Probandwise concordance ( edit ) For a group of twins in which at least one member of each pair is affected , probandwise concordance is a measure of the proportion of twins who have the illness who have an affected twin and can be calculated with the formula of 2C / ( 2C + D ) , in which C is the number of concordant pairs and D is the number of discordant pairs . For example , consider a group of 10 twins that have been pre-selected to have one affected member . During the course of the study , four other previously non-affected members become affected , giving a probandwise concordance of 8 / ( 8 + 6 ) or 8 / 14 or 57 % . See also ( edit ) Genome - wide complex trait analysis Minnesota Twin Family Study Behavioral genetics `` Burt Affair '' Gene - environment interaction Gene - environment correlation Heritability Heritability of IQ Human nature Identical Strangers : A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology , Human Heredity , and Eugenics Michigan State University Twin Registry Nature versus nurture Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer Quantitative genetics Differential susceptibility TwinsUk References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Plomin , R. ; DeFries , J.C. ; Knopik , V.S. ; Neiderhiser , J.M. ( Ed . ) . ( 2014 ) . Behavioral Genetics ( 6th ed . ) . New York , NY : Worth Publishers Jump up ^ Polderman , Tinca JC ; Benyamin , Beben ; de Leeuw , Christiaan A ; Sullivan , Patrick F ; van Bochoven , Arjen ; Visscher , Peter M ; Posthuma , Danielle ( 2015 ) . `` Meta - analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies '' . 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Criminology. 52 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 262 . doi : 10.1111 / 1745 - 9125.12036 . Jump up ^ Loehlin , John C. ; Nichols , Robert ( 1976 ) . Heredity , environment , & personality : a study of 850 sets of twins . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 73003 - 9 . JSTOR 2826060 . Jump up ^ Schönemann , Peter H. ( 1997 ) . `` On models and muddles of heritability '' . Genetica. 99 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 97 -- 108 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1018358504373 . PMID 9463078 . Jump up ^ Schönemann , Peter H. ( 1995 ) . Totems of the IQ Myth : General Ability ( g ) and its Heritabilities ( h , HR ) . 1995 Meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences . Jump up ^ M.C. Neale , S.M. Boker , G. Xie and H.H. Maes. ( 2002 ) . Mx : Statistical Modelling . Journal . Jump up ^ Record , R.G. ; McKeown , Thomas ; Edwards , J.H. ( 1970 ) . `` An investigation of the difference in measured intelligence between twins and single births '' . 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Journal of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. 3 ( 2 ) : 114 -- 117 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01139357 . PMID 3701181 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Gillian ( 1983 ) . All About Twins : A Handbook for Parents . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7100 - 9888 - 7 . Jump up ^ Capron , Christiane ; Vetta , Adrian R. ; Duyme , Michel ; Vetta , Atam ( 1999 ) . `` Misconceptions of biometrical IQists '' . Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive / Current Psychology of Cognition . 18 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Fatal Flaws in the Twin Study Paradigm : A Reply to Hatemi and Verhulst , Doron Shultziner 2013 Jump up ^ Twin Studies of Political Behavior : Untenable Assumptions ? , Jon Beckwith and Corey A. Morris 2008 Jump up ^ Critical Analysis : A Comparison of Critical Thinking Changes in Psychology and Philosophy Classes , Teaching of Psychology 2014 41 : 28 Jump up ^ Association for Psychological Science : Why Science Is Not Necessarily Self - Correcting , John P.A. Ioannidis 2012 Jump up ^ How Black African and White British Women Perceive Depression and Help - Seeking : a Pilot Vignette Study , International Journal of Social Psychiatry March 2010 Further reading ( edit ) Free courseware , textbook , software , and example scripts for twin research Jang , K.L. ; McCrae , R.R. ; Angleitner , A. Riemann ; Livesley , W.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Heritability of facet - level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample : support for a hierarchical model of personality '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 74 : 1556 -- 1565 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.74. 6.1556 . R. Plomin , J.C. DeFries , V.S. Knopik and J.M. Neiderhiser. ( 2012 ) . Behavioral Genetics . Worth Publishers . London Nancy L. Segal ( 2005 ) Indivisible by Two : Lives of Extraordinary Twins . New York , Harvard University Press . Segal , Nancy L. ( 2012 ) . Born Together -- Reared Apart . Cambridge ( MA ) : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05546 - 9 . Lay summary ( 16 May 2013 ) . Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2009 May 15 ; 151C ( 2 ) : 136 - 41 . Not really identical : epigenetic differences in monozygotic twins and implications for twin studies in psychiatry . Haque FN , Gottesman II , Wong AH . Critical accounts ( edit ) Schönemann , Peter ( 1997 ) . `` Models and muddles of heritability '' ( PDF ) . Genetica. 99 : 97 -- 108 . doi : 10.1007 / bf02259513 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 02 - 28 . Schönemann , Peter ; Schönemann , Roberta D. ( 1994 ) . `` Environmental versus genetic models for Osborne 's personality data on identical and fraternal twins '' ( PDF ) . CPC. 13 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 167 . Kamin , L.J. ( 1974 ) . The Science and Politics of I.Q. Potomac , MD : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Kempthorne , O ( 1997 ) . `` Heritability : uses and abuses '' . Genetica. 99 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 109 -- 112 . doi : 10.1007 / bf02259514 . Joseph , J. ( 2003 ) . The Gene Illusion : Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology Under the Microscope . PCCS Books . This book has been critically reviewed for the American Psychological Association . Hanson , D.R. ( 2005 ) . ' The Gene Illusion Confusion : A review of The Gene Illusion : Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology Under the Microscope by Jay Joseph ' ( Electronic Version ) . PsycCritiques , 50 , e14 . Capron , Christiane ; Vetta , Adrian R. ; Duyme , Michel ; Vetta , Atam ( 1999 ) . `` Misconceptions of biometrical IQists '' . Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive / Current Psychology of Cognition . 18 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 160 . Horwitz , AV ; Videon , TM ; Schmitz , MF ; Davis , D ( Jun 2003 ) . `` Rethinking twins and environments : possible social sources for assumed genetic influences in twin research '' . J Health Soc Behav. 44 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 129 . doi : 10.2307 / 1519802 . PMID 12866384 . And in reply to this article see : Freese , J ; Powell , B ( Jun 2003 ) . `` Tilting at Twindmills : rethinking sociological responses to behavioral genetics '' . J Health Soc Behav. 44 ( 2 ) : 130 -- 135 . doi : 10.2307 / 1519803 . PMID 12866385 . External links ( edit ) Academic bodies ( edit ) Several academic bodies exist to support behavior genetic research , including the Behavior Genetics Association , the International Society for Twin Studies , and the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society . Behavior genetic work also features prominently in several more general societies , for instance the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics . Journals ( edit ) Prominent specialist journals in the field include Behavior Genetics , Genes , Brain and Behavior , and Twin Research and Human Genetics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twin_study&oldid=837431615 '' Categories : Twin studies Twin Behavioural genetics Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français עברית Magyar Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 19 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. Twin studies
2. Genetic influences
3. Environmental influences
4. Behavioral genetics
5. Heritability estimation |
1,511,801,829,603,817,200 | episode 2 go back to where you came from | Go Back to Where You Came from - Wikipedia Go Back to Where You Came from Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Go Back To Where You Came From Directed by Ivan O'Mahoney Presented by Dr David Corlett Narrated by Colin Friels Theme music composer Hans Baker Composer ( s ) Gordon Wittoch Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Newman , John Godfrey , Michael Cordell , Nick Murray Producer ( s ) Rick McPhee Editor ( s ) Tomas O'Brien Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Cordell Jigsaw Productions <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network SBS One Original release 21 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) -- 2015 ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links Official website www.sbs.com.au/goback Go Back To Where You Came From is a Logie Award - winning Australian TV documentary series , produced by Cordell Jigsaw Productions and broadcast in 2011 ( Season 1 ) , 2012 ( Season 2 ) and 2015 ( Season 3 ) on SBS . The series followed two parties , each of six Australians , all members having differing opinions on Australia 's asylum seeker debate , being taken on a journey in reverse to that which refugees have taken to reach Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 -- Celebrity Go Back 1.3 Season 3 2 Reception 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 4 Ratings 5 International Remakes 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Concept ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The six Australian participants were Gleny Rae , Adam Hartup , Raquel Moore , Darren Hassan , Raye Colbey , and Roderick Schneider . Deprived of their wallets , phones and passports , they board a leaky refugee boat ( from which they are rescued mid-ocean ) , experience immigration raids in Malaysia , live in Kakuma Refugee Camp in far north - west Kenya , visit slums in Jordan before ultimately making it to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Iraq , protected by UN Peacekeepers and the US military . In the final episode , the participants are debriefed for their response to the experiences . Season 2 -- celebrity Go Back ( edit ) The celebrity participants for the 2012 season was Peter Reith , Angry Anderson , Allan Asher , Catherine Deveny , Mike Smith and Imogen Bailey . The participants were placed on a rickety boat bound for Christmas Island . Over three episodes , the six Australians also experienced mortal danger on the streets of the world 's deadliest cities -- from the sweltering , war - torn capital of Somalia , Mogadishu , to the riotous streets of Kabul , freezing amidst the mountains of Afghanistan . They also travelled to the Christmas Island Detention Centre . Season 3 ( edit ) The six participants for the 2015 Season were Davy ( former refugee ) , Kim ( ' Stop the Boats ' Facebook campaigner ) , Nicole ( detention centre whistle blower ) , Jodi and Renee ( sisters with opposing views ) and Andrew ( tough - talking school teacher ) . Reception ( edit ) On its premiere night , the series became the number one trending topic on Twitter worldwide . Go Back To Where You Came From 's viewing figures made it the highest - rating programme for SBS in 2011 . An estimated 524,000 metropolitan viewers watched the first episode , followed by 569,000 for the second and 600,000 for the third . The broadcaster subsequently held a televised forum event to reflect on the series and the public debate about asylum seekers . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Episode 1 Liverpool , New South Wales , Australia -- refugee resettlement Albury / Wodonga , Victoria / New South Wales , Australia -- refugee resettlement Villawood Immigration Detention Centre , New South Wales , Australia Boat crossing , Timor Sea Episode 2 Immigration housing , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Construction site immigration raid , Malaysia Episode 3 Kakuma Refugee Camp in far north - west Kenya Slums in Jordan Warzone in Democratic Republic of the Congo Warzone in Iraq Season 2 ( edit ) Episode 1 Melbourne , Victoria -- refugee resettlement Kabul , Afghanistan Mogadishu , Somalia Episode 2 Kabul , Afghanistan Mogadishu , Somalia Dollo Addo refugee camp , Ethiopia , ran by the UNHCR Episode 3 Bogor , Indonesia -- meeting Hazara refugees Rote Island ( Pulau Rote or Roti ) , Indonesia -- meeting people smugglers Boat journey to Christmas Island Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre Ratings ( edit ) Episode 1 -- 524,000 23rd for the night Episode 2 -- 569,000 24th for the night Episode 3 -- 600,000 19th for the night International remakes ( edit ) The series has had international versions after the concept was sold to the following countries : Denmark ( TV2 Denmark ) by the name of : Send Dem Hjem the Netherlands ( Tuvalu Media ) by the name of : Rot Op Naar Je Eigen Land Germany ( Studio Hamburg DocLights ) by the name of : Auf Der Flucht : Das Experiment Sweden ( Snowman Productions ) South Africa ( Curious Pictures ) Israel ( Keshet Broadcasting ) Belgium ( Vier ) by the name of : Terug naar eigen land United States of America ( BBC America ) See also ( edit ) Boat people Tampa affair Pacific Solution Mandatory detention in Australia First Contact References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In Australia , Reality TV Tackles Immigration '' . The New York Times . 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ David Knox `` Peter Reith to feature in next Go Back to Where You Came From '' at tvtonight.com , 25 May 2012 . Accessed 27 June 2013 Jump up ^ David Knox Go Back Sails to Christmas Island at tvtonight.com , 19 July 2012 . Accessed 27 June 2013 Jump up ^ `` About the Show '' . Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2015/06/sbs-reveals-next-go-back-to-where-you-came-from-cast.html Jump up ^ `` Curator 's notes Go Back to Where You Came From -- Series 1 '' . Australian Screen . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Go Back To Where You Came From finishes on a high '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 24 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SBS to hold Go Back To Where You Came From forum '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 23 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Free To Air TV Ratings , Tuesday 21 June 2011 Jump up ^ Free To Air TV Ratings , Wednesday 22 June 2011 Jump up ^ Free To Air TV Ratings , Thursday 23 June 2011 Jump up ^ Knox , David ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Dutch broadcaster renews Go Back to Where You Came From '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Go Back To Where You Came From -- SBS site Cordell Jigsaw Productions An alternative reality ? Bogans , boat people and broadcasting -- eRenlai , 1 August 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) International Emmy Award for Outstanding Non-Scripted Entertainment <Td_colspan="2"> Without Prejudice ? ( 2003 ) Brat Camp ( 2004 ) Top Gear ( 2005 ) Ramsay 's Kitchen Nightmares ( 2006 ) How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? ( 2007 ) The Big Donor Show ( 2008 ) The Phone ( 2009 ) Caiga Quien Caiga ( 2010 ) The World 's Strictest Parents ( 2011 ) The Amazing Race Australia ( 2012 ) Go Back to Where You Came From ( 2013 ) Educating Yorkshire ( 2014 ) 50 Ways To Kill Your Mammy ( 2015 ) Allt för Sverige ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_Back_to_Where_You_Came_From&oldid=806184896 '' Categories : Special Broadcasting Service shows Australian documentary television series 2011 Australian television series debuts 2012 Australian television series endings 2010s Australian television series Racism in Australia Documentary films about refugees in Australia International Emmy Award for Best Non-Scripted Entertainment winners Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2011 Use Australian English from July 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 08 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 1. "Go Back to Where You Came From" TV documentary series
2. Australian asylum seeker debate
3. Participants' journey in reverse of refugees
4. International remakes of the series
5. Reception and ratings of the show |
-4,966,045,442,943,546,000 | mohabbat ye ho jaye to mp3 song free download | List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi ( m ) - wikipedia List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi ( m ) Jump to : navigation , search This is an alphabetical list of lists of known Hindi songs performed , sung and / or recorded by Mohammed Rafi between 1942 and 1980 . Over 5,000 of his songs are listed here . Mohammed Rafi also sang in several other different languages , which might not be included here . Over 5,000 of his songs are listed here . Mohammed Rafi also sang in several other different languages , which might not be included here . The genre of song is first , followed by any other singers and the music director or lyricist , then Album name and Year released . `` No Fankar Tujhsa Tere Baad Aaya , Mohammed Rafi Bahut Tu Bahut Yaad Aaya '' - this song written by Anand Bakshi and sung by Mohammed Aziz with Music by Laxmikant Pyarelal from 1990 Movie Kroadh says it all about this singer . Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ( 564 ) `` Maa Hain Mohabbat Ka Naam ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Kaifi Azmi ) - Maa Ka Aanchal 1970 '' `` Maa Jag Tere Charano Mein Aayo Bholi Maa ( Prayer Omi and Diraj Kaur - Sonik - Omi ) - Bhakti Mein Shakti 1977 '' ( Maa Saach Darbar Ki Jai ... ) `` Maa Maa Karta Phire Laadla ( Solo - Adi Narayana Rao / Bharat Vyas ) - Suvarna Sundari II 1958 '' `` Maa Maa Karta Phire Ladla Maa Maa Kare Pukar ( Solo - Addi Narayan Rao ) - Suvarna Sundari 1958 '' `` Maa Na Maray Bachapan Mein Kisi Ki Maa Na Maray 2 ( Duet Asha Bhosle as Child - S.S. Mohinder ) - Zameen Ke Tare 1960 '' `` Maa Na Maray Bachapan Mein , Kisi Ki Maa Na Maray 1 ( Solo - S. Mohinder / Pt . Indra ) - Zameen Ke Tare 1960 '' `` Maa Sirf Naata Nahi ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Amar Akbar Anthony 1977 '' `` Maa Tere Darbaar ( Punjabi Solo - Sonik Omi / Inderjeet Singh Tulsi ) - Mata Diya Bhetan Vol. 2 * * * * '' `` Maa Tere Darbaar Jhuke Sara Sansar ( Prayer Solo - Sonik - Omi / Inderjeet Singh Tulsi ) - Bhakti Mein Shakti 1978 '' ( Maa Ae Jotawali Ae Latawali Ae ... ) `` Maa Tujhe Dhoondu Kahan Maine Mamta Ko Pehchana ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Maa 1976 '' `` Maadre Watan Ae Maadre Watan 1 ( Solo - Iqbal / Farooq Qaiser ) - Sipahsalar 1956 '' `` Maadre Watan Ae Maadre Watan 2 ( Solo - Iqbal / Farooq Qaiser ) - Sipahsalar 1956 '' `` Maae Na Wat Poonian Doli ( Punjabi Solo - Surinder Kohli / Ravinder Singh Peepal ) - Sadda Chirhian Da Chamba and Doli Songs * * * * and Long Da Lishkara and Chann Pardesi * * * * '' `` Maajhi Chal O Maajhi Chal Tu Chale To Chham Chham Baaje Maujon Ki Payal ( Multi Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke 1969 '' `` Maan Bhi Jaao Sanam ( Solo - Sonik - Omi / C.L. Rawal ) - Ladki Pasand Hai 1971 '' `` Maan Gaye Ustaad Tum Ko Maan Gaye ( Multi Father - Children Paheli Chandrani Mukherjee and Dilraj Kaur - Sonik - Omi / Verma Malik ) - Maan Gaye Ustad 1981 '' ( Mera Ek Sawal Hain Sawal Ka Jawab Do Yeh Main Tum Pe Chhodta Hoon Achha Do Ya Bura Do ... ) `` Maan Jaiye Maan Jaiye Baat Mere Dil Ki Jaan Jayiye ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Himmat 1970 '' `` Maan Mera Ehsan Are Nadaan Maine Tujh Se Kiya Hain Pyar ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Aan I 1952 '' `` Maang Ke Saath Tumhara Maine Maang Liya Sansaar ( Horse - Cart Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Naya Daur 1957 '' `` Maang Raha Hain Hindustan ( Patriotic Solo - Shyam Sundar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Bazaar 1949 '' `` Maangi Mohabbat , Mili Yeh Judai , Maangi Mohabbat , Mili Yeh Judai , Duniyawale Teri Duhai , Teri Duhai , Maangi Mohabbat , Mili Yeh Judai , Duniyawale Teri Duhai , Teri Duhai ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Guanaa 1950 '' ( Tute Huye Dil Se Mere , Awaz Yeh Aayi , Bhagwan Na , Dushman Ko Bhi De , Dard - E-Judai ... ) `` Maango Na Paisa , Maango Na Paisa , Maango Na Paisa , Maango Na Paisa , Hoy , Maango Na Paisa , Sage Baap Se , Yeh Kehta Hoon Main Aap Se , Bach Ke Rehna Iss Paap Se , Maango Na Paisa , Maango Na Paisa , Maango Na Paisa Sage Baap Se ( Solo - Sardul Kwatra / Vishwamitra Adil - Verma Malik ) - Char Minar 1956 '' `` Maar Gayo Re ( Multi Anand Kumar C. and Runa Laila - Bappi Lahiri / Gauhar Kanpuri ) - Jaan E Bahaar 1979 '' `` Maarenge Kas Kas Ke Baan Saiyan ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Roshan Lal / Ravindra Krishan ) - Jashan 1955 '' `` Maathe Ki Bindiya Bole 1 ( Duet Anuradha Paudwal - Bappi Lahiri / Farooq Qaiser ) - Lahu Ke Do Rang 1979 '' `` Maathe Ki Bindiya Bole 2 ( Duet Anuradha Paudwal - Bappi Lahiri / Farooq Qaiser ) - Lahu Ke Do Rang 1979 '' `` Maati Ke Jalte Deepak ( Solo - Vijay Singh / Dev Kohli ) - Khoon Khoon 1973 '' `` Maaya Ki Uljhanon Ko Hairan ( Solo - - Chitragupt / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Shiv Bhakt 1955 '' `` Maayus Baagbaan Ko Chaman ( Solo - Iqbal Qureshi / Ayaz Saheli ) - Sultaan E Hind 1978 '' `` Maayus To Hoon Vaade Se Tere Kuchh Aas Nahni Kuchh Aas Bhi Hain Main Apane Khyaalo Ke Sadake Tu Paas Nahin Aur Paas Bhi Hain Maayus To Hun ( Solo - Roshan Lal / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Barsaat Ki Raat 1960 '' `` Madhosh Hawa Matwali Fiza ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Farooq Qaiser ) - Prince 1969 '' `` Madhuban Mein Radhika Nache Re Girdhar Ki Muraliya Baje Re ( Classical Duet Ameer Khan - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Kohinoor 1960 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Madhur Preet Sangeet ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Shri Nath Tripathi / Bharat Vyas ) - Chandramukhi 1960 '' `` Madine Ke Galiya ( Naat Solo - Unknown / Unknown ) - Unknown * * * * '' ( Har Ek Shay Se Allah Har Ek Shay Se Akbar Har Ek Shay Se Badhkar ... ) `` Madine Wale Se Mera Salaam ( Prayer Duet Bande Hasan - Hafiz Khan / Shewan Rizvi ) - Mera Salaam 1957 '' `` Magar Yeh Haseenayein Bekhabar ( Duet Sulochana Kadam - Shyam Sundar / Aziz Kashmiri ) - Dholak 1951 '' `` Mahabharat Katha ( Solo - Chitragupt / Bharat Vyas ) - Mahabharat 1965 '' `` Mahi Lao Ki Naav Par ( Duet Manna Dey - Bulo C. Rani - S. Mohinder / N. Sharma ) - Sunehre Kadam 1966 '' `` Mahima Shri Ram Ki ( Duet Govind Prasad Jaipurwale - Govind Naresh / BD Mishra ) - Mahima Shri Ram Ki ( Shelved ) 1975 '' `` Mai Ke Se Aaja Bibi Ri , ... Mai Ke Se Aaja Bibi Ri , Teri Yaad Mein Ho Gayi Tibi , ... Mai Ke Se Aaja Bibi Ri , Teri Yaad Mein Ho Gayi Tibi , Kheer Samajh Kar Kha Loonga Tere Galichon Ko Main Biwi , Mai Ke Se Aaja Bibi Ri , Teri Yaad Mein Ho Gayi Tibi ( Funny Solo - Ravi / ) - Devar Bhabhi 1958 '' ( Tasveer Teri Dil Mera Bahela Naa Sakegi , Mar Jaaoonga Mai Ke Jo Tu Aa Naa Sakegi ... ) `` Main Aisa Ek Khilona , Main Aisa Ek Khilona , Ghoom Jaaoon , Jhoom Jaaoon , Kidhar Bhi Mud Jaaoon , Par Main Nahin Girne Ka , Are Kabhi Nahin Girneka , Main Aisa Ek Khilona , Main Aisa Ek Khilona ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Rajendra Krishan ) - Shaandar 1974 '' ( Hun Hun Hun Hun ... ) `` Main Akela Ja Raha Tha ( Solo - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Gauri 1968 '' `` Main Albela Home Guard ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Indeevar ) - Johar In Kashmir 1966 '' `` Main Albela Jawan Hoon Rangila Aye Dil Manzeel Hain Pyar Ki Jhoom Jhoom Gaoon Najare Pe Chhaoon Sanam Mehfil Bahaar Ki ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Humrahi 1963 '' `` Main Apne Aap Se Ghabra Gaya Hoon Mujhe Aye Zindagi Diwana Kar De ( Solo - Iqbal Qureshi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Bindiya 1960 '' `` Main Badi Mushkil Mein Hoon ( Solo - Laxmikant Pyrelal ) - Pocket Maar 1974 '' ( Na Tujh Se Door Ja Sakoon Na Tere Paas Aa Sakoon Ke ... ) `` Main Bahut Door Chala ( Solo - Ram Kadam / Ibrahim Faiz ) - Raaste Aur Manzil 1968 '' `` Main Bairagi Nachoon Gaaon ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Bairaag 1976 '' `` Main Baje Wala Bawa Na Bhoot Na Koyi Chalawa Usi Ka Beda Par Lage Jo Sune Meri Sargam BuamChiki Bum ( Solo - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Mulzim 1963 '' `` Main Bambai Ka Babu Naam Mera Anjaana English Dhoon Mein Gaoon Main Hindustani Gaana Hey ( Patriotic Swing - O.P. Nayyar / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Naya Daur 1957 '' `` Main Bandar Hoon Shahar Ka ( Solo - C. Ramchandra / Rajendra Krishan ) - Insaniyat 1955 '' `` Main Banjara Door Ka ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Naach Ghar 1959 '' `` Main Bewafa Nahin Hoon Tere Pyar Ki Kasam Ikraar Jo Kiya Usi Ikraar Ki Kasam ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Preet Na Jane Reet 1964 '' `` Main Bhi Jawan Hoon Tum Bhi Jawan Ho ( Duet Geeta Dutt - B.S. Kalla / Pandit Indra ) - Do Dulhe 1955 '' `` Main Buddha Hoon ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Night In Calcutta 1970 '' `` Main Chahoon To Haye Nazaaro Ko Mohabbat ( Multi Asha Bhosle and Sharda Sinha - Datta Naik / Shamshul Huda Bihari - Khalik - Aziz Kasmiri - Shad Fidayi ) - Ganga 1974 '' `` Main Chali Main Chali Peeche Peeche Jahaan Yeh Na Poocho Kidhar Yeh Na Poocho Kahaan ( Train Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Professor 1962 and East Is East 1999 '' `` Main Chalta Hoon Mujhe Jaane Do ( Duet Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman / Anand Bakshi ) - Raksha 1981 '' `` Main Choom Loon Ye Aadaaye Zaraa Kareeb Aaoo Tumhe Gale Se Lagaayen ( Duet Usha Khanna - Usha Khanna / Kafil Azar ) - Aa Jaa Sanam 1975 '' `` Main Deep Jalaye Baitha Hoon ( Urdu Ghazal Solo - Rajeshwar Pal / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Rafi Aye Jaan E Ghazal * * * * '' `` Main Dhoondhati Hoon , Kahan Ho Sanam , Nazar Nazar Bahek Rahi Hain Aaj , JhoomaKe Ga Rahin Hain Zindagi , Ek Bas Teri Kami Hain Sanam , Pukarata Hain Dil Tujhe Sanam Sanam , Nazar Nazar Chahek Rahin Hain Aaj , Ched Le Mastiyon Ki Ragani , Main Hoon Jab Tere Liye To Kya Hain Ghum ( Swing Duet Geeta Dutt or Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Shrimati 420 ( Four Twenty ) 1956 '' `` Main Dil Tainu , Main Dil Tainu ( Punjabi Usha Mangeshkar - Roshan Lal ) - Daku Jagat Singh 1983 '' `` Main Ek Raja Hoon , Tu Ek Rani Hain , Prem Nagar Ki , Yeh Ek Sundar , Prem Kahani Hain , Main Ek Raja Hoon OOO ( Solo - Laxmikant - PyarelalAnand Bakshi ) - Uphaar 1971 '' `` Main Gaoon Tum So Jao Sukh Sapano Mein Kho Jao 1 ( Children Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Brahmachari 1968 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 4 and 5 * * * * '' ( La La Lara La La ... ) `` Main Gaoon Tum So Jao Sukh Sapano Mein Kho Jao 2 ( Children Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Brahmachari 1968 '' ( La La Lara La La ... ) `` Main Gwalo Rakhwalo Maiyya ( Non-Filmy Solo - Khaiyyaam / Unknown ) - and This Is Mohd Rafi Saab - Ghazala And Bhajans * * * * and Tere Bharose Nandlal 1991 '' `` Main Hoon Alladin Mere Paas Hain Chirag - E-Gin ... Ek Do Teen Chaar ( Multi Chitlkar and Lata Mangeshkar - C. Ramchandra / Pyare Lal Santoshi ) - Sargam 1950 '' `` Main Hoon Ashiq Tere Geet Ka ( Multi Jaspal Singh , Pascal Paul , Jagat Singh Jagga , Sudarshan Pandit and Asha Bhosle - Sardar Malik - Prem Nath / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Gyaani Ji 1977 '' `` Main Hoon Baanka Chhabila Jawan Re ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Nisar Bazmi / Saba Afghani ) - Halla Gulla 1954 '' `` Main Hoon Bhola Byopari ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Shailendra ) - Miya Bibi Razi 1960 '' `` Main Hoon Ganwaar ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Rajendra Krishan ) - Ganwaar 1970 '' `` Main Hoon Gori Naagan ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Chitragupt / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Naache Nagin Baje Been 1960 '' `` Main Hoon Haseen ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shyamji - Ghanshyamji / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Harfan Maula 1976 '' `` Main Hoon Jaipur Ki Banjaran ( Duet Lalita Dewoolkar - C. RamChandra / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Saajan 1947 '' `` Main Hoon Jani Tera ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Bhai Bhai 1970 '' `` Main Hoon Kaun ... Yeh Tujh Ko Nahin Hain Pata ( Qawali Manna Dey - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anjaan ) - Ahinsa II 1979 '' ( Are Sar Uthega , Sar Uthega Jo Bhi Mere Samne Kat Jayega , Haan , Teri Aankhon Par Bada Parda Hain Jo Hat Jayega Ha Ha Ha ... Rukh Zara Awaaz Neechi , Yun Garajana Chhod De , Jo Garajate Hain Iss Tarah Woh Barasate Hain Nahin , Are Tu Hain Kaun Main Aa ... ) `` Main Hoon Mr. John ( Duet Geeta Dutt - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Naach Ghar 1959 '' `` Main Hoon Mr. Johny , Main Ne Sab Mulkon Ka Piya Hain Pani , Sari Duniya Ghoom Ghoom Ke , Bana Hoon Hindustani ( Patriotic Swing - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Mai Baap 1957 '' `` Main Hoon Papa Khan ( Business Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Kalyanji Veerji Shah / Pyare Lal Santoshi ) - Post Box 999 ( Nine Hundred Ninety Nine ) 1958 '' `` Main Hoon Saaki Tu Hain Sharabi Sharabi , Tu Ne Aankhon Se Pilayi Woh Nasha Hain Ke Duhai , Har Tarf Dil Ke Chaman Mein Phool Bikhare Hain Gulabi Gulabi Gulabi ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Ram Aur Shyam 1967 '' `` Main Hoon Tera Geet Gori Tu Hi Meri Taan Hai Tu Hi Meri Jaan Hai ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Mahua 1969 '' `` Main Hoon Tera Prem Aur Tu Ho Meri Praan ( Qawali Duet Manna Dey - Kalyanji - Anandji / Verma Malik ) - Rahu Ketu 1978 '' ( Are Jab Aankh Se Aankh Mile To ... ) `` Main Hoon Tere Pyar Ki Maina ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Shri Nath Tripathi / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Dilli Darbar 1956 '' `` Main Idhar Jaoon Ye Udhar Jaoon ( Qawali Manna Dey and Asha Bhosle - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Palki 1967 '' ( Aa Aa Aa Bhari Mehfil Mein Cheda Hain Kisi Ne ... ) `` Main In Pe Marta Hoon ( Duet Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Teesri Manzil 1966 '' ( Dekhiye Sahibo Woh Koi Aur Thi Aur Yeh Nazani Hai Meri ... ) `` Main Is Masoom Chehre Ko ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Bipin Datta / Noor Devasi ) - Baghi Shahzada 1964 '' `` Main Is Paar Tu Us Paar ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Kavi Pradeep ) - Agni Rekha 1973 '' `` Main Jaadugar Hoon Kaarigar Hoon ( Business Solo - Vinod / Deena Nath Madhok ) - Oot Pataang 1955 '' `` Main Jaadugar Matwala ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Avinash Vyas / Bharat Vyas ) - Bhakta Raj 1960 '' `` Main Jaan Gayi Tujhe Sainyan Hut Chhod De Mori Bainyaan ( Duet Shamshad Begum - O.P. Nayyar / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Howrah Bridge 1958 '' `` Main Jab Chhedoon Prem Tarana ( Duet Mohantara Talpade - Firoz Nizami / Pandit Phani ) - Amar Raj 1946 '' `` Main Jat Yamla Pagla Deewana ( Solo - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Pratiggya 1975 '' `` Main Jat Yamla Pagla Deewana ( Solo - Varma Malik ) - Yamla Jatt 1964 '' `` Main Jeeta , Jag Hara ( Solo - Bullo C. Rani / Kumud Tripathi ) - Jeevan Saathi 1957 '' `` Main Jungle Ka Raja ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Maa 1976 '' `` Main Kab Gaata Pyar Kisi Ka Gaata Hain ( Solo - Unknown ) - Geets For Ever 1979 '' `` Main Kah Do Tum Ko Chor To ( Duet Suraiya - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Sanam 1951 '' `` Main Kahin Kavi Na Ban Jaoon Tere Pyar Mein Ae Kavita ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Pyar Hi Pyar 1969 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 5 * * * * '' `` Main Kaise Kahoongi More Raja ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shri Nath Tripathi / B.D. Mishra ) - Ratna Manjari 1955 '' `` Main Kaise Keh Doon ( Duet Amirbai - S. Mohinder / Unknown ) - Jeevan Sathi 1949 '' `` Main Kal Milungi ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - S.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dr. Vidya 1962 '' `` Main Kaun ... Jauadoogar , Tu Kaun ... Main Tera Jaadoo , Allah Allah Jaadoogar Baatein Mat Kar , Kartab Dikha Koi Tu ( Business Magic Show Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman ) - Dushman Dost 1981 '' ( Chhoo Chameli Chhoo , ... Chhoo Chameli Chhoo , ... ) `` Main Kaun Hoon Main Kahan Hoon Mujhe Yeh Hosh Nahin ( Solo - Chitragupt / Rajendra Krishan ) - Main Chup Rahungi 1962 '' `` Main Khidki Pe Aaoongi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Kalpana 1960 '' `` Main Kho Gaya Yahin Kahin Jawan Hai Rut Sama Kahaan Dil Kise Pata Kahaan Hoon Main Khabar Nahin ( Outdoor Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - 12 O'Clock 1957 '' ( Whistle ... ) `` Main Koi Jhoot Boleya ( Punjabi Duet S. Balbir Singh Aatish - Salil Chowdhary / Prem Dhawan ) - 50 Glorious Years Of Punjabi Music Vol. 1 * * * * '' `` Main Main Qartoon , Baj Laga Hain Baar Baar Dil Ka Telephoone 1 ( Multi Swing Asha Bhosle and Shamshad Begum - O.P. Nayyar / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Mr. Qartoon M.A. 1958 '' ( Main ... ) `` Main Main Qartoon , Baj Laga Hain Baar Baar Dil Ka Telephoone 2 ( Multi Swing Asha Bhosle and Shamshad Begum - O.P. Nayyar / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Mr. Qartoon M.A. 1958 '' ( Hum Ghulam Aap Ke Li Jiye Bandagi , Aap Ke Karam Se Hain Humari Zindagi , Yeh Jahaan Jayega Kisi Ka Deharadoon ... Main Main Main Main ... ) `` Main Marne Chala Hoon ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Gunahon Ka Devta 1967 '' `` Main Nahin Manunga Maati Ke Putle Ko Bhagwan , Tum Chaho To Kayar Ban Kar Sahelo Yeh Apmaan ( Prayer Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Chandrakanta 1956 '' ( Lakh Baar Dhikkar Hain Tujh Par , O Nirlaj Insaan , Jhook Gaya Attyachaar Ke Aage Tera Dharm Imaan , Main Nahin Manoonga ... ) `` Main Nashe Mein Hoon ( Solo - Ghulam Mohammadd / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Do Gunde 1959 '' `` Main Ne Aye Jane Wafa Tumse Mohabbat Ki Hain Tum Ne Ek Dard Mujhe De Ke Qayamat Ki Hain ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Roshan Lal / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Bedaagh 1965 '' `` Main Ne Chand Aur Sitaron Ki Tammana Ki Thi , Main Ne Chaand Aur Sitaron Ki Tammana Ki Thi , Mujh Ko Raton Ki Sihai Ke Siwa Kuchch Na Mila , Main Ne Chaand Aur Sitaron Ki Tammana Ki Thi ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Chandrakanta 1956 '' `` Main Ne Chand Dekha Hain , Jhilmila Te Sitaron Mein , Koi Phool Dekha Hain , Muskurati Baharon Mein ( Piano Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Woh Din Yaad Karo 1971 '' `` Main Ne Jab Se Tujhe Aye Jaan E Ghazal Dekha Hain ( Urdu Ghazal Solo - Taj Ahmad Khan / Saba Afgani ) - Mohd . Rafi Ghazals Vol. 2 * * * * '' `` Main Ne Kab Chaha Ki Main Dulha Banoonga , Ban Hi Gaya To Thik Hain , ... O Chham Se Nachoongi , Rasile Rangile Saiyan Ji , O Jo Na Mile Aur Jo Milta Hain Tere Sang Mujh Ko Bhi Sab Chalta Hain , Maine Bhi Na Socha Ke Dulha Milega , Mil Hi Gaya To Thik Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Kahtey Hai Mujh Ko Raja 1975 '' ( O Chamake ... Nachani Soniye Yehin Hain Zindagi , Jo Na Mile Aur Jo Milta Hain , Mast Malang Ko Sab Chalta Hain , ... ) `` Main Ne Kaha Babu Ji , O Maine Kaha Bab Jji , Itna Bataoge O Dil Mera , O Dil Mera Tod Ke Chale To Na Jaoge , O Dil Mera , O Dil Mera Tod Ke Chale To Na Jaoge ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Chhoti Bhabhi 1950 '' `` Main Ne Kaha Ji ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Hansraj Behl / Prem Dhawan ) - Milan 1958 '' `` Main Ne Kaha Miss What Is This ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Mitti Mein Sona 1960 '' `` Main Ne Kaha Suno ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Sardul Kwatra / Aziz Kashmiri ) - Gypsy Girl 1961 '' `` Main Ne Kaha Tha Aana Sunday Ko Sunday Ko Monday Ko Chale Aaye Kyun Milna Jo Chahe Dil Tum Se Ji Tumse Ji Tum Se To Bolo Kya Karoon ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Asad Bhopali ) - Ustadon Ke Ustad 1963 '' ( Pineapple ... Papaiya Papaiya Papaiya ... Le Banana Coconut Coconut ... ) `` Main Ne Kuche Mein Zalim ( Duet S. Balbir - Hansraj Behl / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Inquilab 1956 '' `` Main Ne Pee Hain Pee Hain Pee Hain Par Main To Nashe Mein Nahin Sirf Tu Hai Haseen ( Solo - Bipin Babul / Vishwamitra Adil ) - Raat Ke Raahi 1959 '' `` Main Ne Pee Na Seekh Liya , Paap Kaho Ya Punya Kaho ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Vasant Desai / Bharat Vyas ) - Goonj Uthi Shehnai 1959 '' ( Ik Zindagi Ke Mod Pe Saathi Bichhad Gaya Pyaale Mein Aaa Gayi Meri Duniya Tammam Hain ... Wah Wah Wah Wah Wah Kya ... ) `` Main Ne Pee Sharaab , Tum Ne Kya Piya , Are Tum Ne Kya Piya , Admi Ka Khoon ( Solo - N. Datta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Naya Raasta 1970 '' `` Main Ne Poochha Chand Se ( Solo - R.D. Burman / Anand Bakshi ) - Abdullah II 1980 '' `` Main Ne Rakkha Hain Mohabbat Apne Afsane Ka Naam ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Javed Anwar ) - Shabnam 1964 '' ( Yaahbibi Yaahbibi ... Ae Ae Ae ... ) `` Main Ne Sau Baar Khayalon Ke ( Solo - Ravindra Jain / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Parchaiyan 1980 '' `` Main Ne Shayad Tumhein Pehle Bhi Kahin Dekha Hain ( Solo - Roshan Lal / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Barsaat Ki Raat 1960 '' `` Main Ne Socha Tha Agar Maut Se Pehle Pehle , Maine Socha Tha Agar Duniya Ki Viranon Mein , Maine Socha Tha Agar Hashti Ki Samshanon Mein ( Urdu Ghazal Solo - Babul Supriyo or Ananda Shankar and Reminder Kaushal / Nyaya Sharma ) - Mohd . Rafi Ghazals Vol. 2 * * * * and Ghazals - Mohammed Rafi By SAREGAMA * * * * '' `` Main Ne to Maangi Hai Bas Yeh Dua 1 ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Rajesh Roshan ) - Duniya Meri Jeb Mein 1979 '' `` Main Ne to Maangi Hai Bas Yeh Dua 2 ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Rajesh Roshan ) - Duniya Meri Jeb Mein 1979 '' `` Main Ne Tujh Se Kiya Hain Pyaar ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Khoj 1971 '' `` Main Ne Tujhe Jeet Liya Tune Mujhe ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Nishana 1980 '' `` Main Nigahein Tere Chehre Se Hataoon Kaise Lut Gaye Hosh To Phir Hosh Mein Aaoon Kaise ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Aap Ki Parchchaiyan 1964 '' `` Main Pandit Tu Pathaan Ek Duje Se Qurban ( Duet Manna Dey - Sonik - Omi / M.G. Hashmat ) - Pandit Aur Pathaan 1977 '' `` Main Pyar Ka Diwana ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Ayee Milan Ki Bela 1964 '' ( AA Aa Aa ... ) `` Main Pyar Ka Rahi Hoon Teri Zulf Ke Saaye Mein Kuch Der Thahar Jaoon Tum Ek Musafir Ho Sab Chhod Ke Chal Doge Yeh Soch Ke Ghabara Hoon Main Pyar Ka Rahi Hoon ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Ek Musafir Ek Hasina 1962 '' `` Main Rahi Anjaana Rahon Ka , Main Rahin Anjaana Rahon Ka , O Yaaron Mera Naam Anjaana , ... Main Panchhi Anjaana Bagon Ka , O Yaaron Mera Naam Anjaana ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Anjaana 1969 '' ( O Ho O , O Ho O , O Ho O ... ) `` Main Ravan Lanka Naresh ( Duet Manna Dey - C. Ramchandra / Rajendra Krishan ) - Insaniyat 1955 '' `` Main Riksha Wala Main Riksha Wala ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Chhoti Behen 1959 '' `` Main Sharabi Nahin , Ankhon Se Peene Mein Kuch Kharabi Nahin ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Khilona 1970 '' ( Ooth Gayi Mehfil , Bhooj Gayi Shamma , Dhal Gayi Raat , Gulabi Jaa , Ek Ghoont Bhi , Aur Na Tujh Ko , Peene Nahin Doongi , Sharabi Jaa Sharabi Jaa Sharabi Jaa ... ) `` Main Shola Hoon ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - S.D. Burman / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Benazir 1964 '' `` Main Sooraj Ki Roshni ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Manas Mukherjee / Vithalbhai Patel ) - Shaayad 1979 '' `` Main Soya Ankhiyan Meeche Aa Aa Teri Zulfon Ke Neeche Aa Aa Duniya Ko Bhul Diwani Ab Raha Zamana Peeche Hun Main Soya Ankhiyan Meeche Aa Aa ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Phagun 1958 '' `` Main Sunta Hoon Tujhe ( Solo - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Khandaan 1965 '' `` Main Suraj Hoon Tu Meri Kiran ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi / G.L. Rawal ) - Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya 1966 '' `` Main Suraj Ki Roshni Tu Chanda Ki Chandni ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Manas Mukherjee ) - Shaayad 1979 '' `` Main Teri Gunahagar Hoon , Main Toojh Se Sharamsar Hoon , Par Maaf Karana Yaar , Main Phir Bhi Tera Pyar Hoon ( Qawali Asha Bhosle and Omi - Sonik - Omi / Verma Malik ) - Dharma 1973 '' `` Main Teri Tu Mera Donon Ka Sang Sang Ho Basera ( Duet Mohantara Talpade - Datta Davjekar / Mahipal ) - Aap Ki Sewa Mein 1947 '' `` Main To Baanke Nainowali Meri Baatein Hain Nirali Main Hoon Duniya Karein Mujh Se Pyar ... Aji Chhodo Yeh Fasana Jaaye Chulhe Mein Zamana Dekho Dil Hain Yanhaa Beqarar ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Jaan Nisar Akhtar ) - Chhoo Mantar 1956 '' `` Main To Tere Haseen , Khayalon Mein Kho Gaya , Duniya Yeh Keh Rahi Hain , Ke Deewana Ho Gaya ( Solo - Lala Asar Sattar / Aish Kanwal ) - Sangram 1965 '' `` Main To Teri Aankhon Mein Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Kalyanji - Anandji / Verma Malik ) - Ek Se Badhkar Ek 1976 '' `` Main Tooti Huyi Ek Naiyya Hoon Mujhe Chahe Jidhar Le Jao Ji Chahe Doobo Do Maujo Mein Ya Sahil Par Le Jao ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Aadmi II 1968 '' `` Main Tujh Se Milne Aayee ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Indeevar ) - Heera 1973 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Main Tumhara Ho Liya ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shri Nath Tripathi / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Maya Jaal 1962 '' `` Main Tumhin Se Poochhti Hoon 1 ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Black Cat 1959 '' `` Main Woh Hi Woh Hi Baat ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Rajendra Krishan ) - Nayaa Din Nai Raat 1974 '' `` Main Wohi Hoon ( Waltz Duet Lata Mangeshkar ) - Pyar Ka Sapna 1969 '' ( Ae Meri Zindagi Tu Nahin Ajnabi Tujh Koo Dekha Hai Pehle Kabhi ... ) `` Main Yahan Tu Kahan , Mera Dil Tujhe Pukare , Jhuki Jhuki Hai Nazar , Jhoome Jhoome Jigar , Koi Humein Kyun Pukare ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji Veerji Shah / Bharat Vyas ) - Bedard Zamana Kya Jane 1959 '' `` Main Yamla Jatt ( Punjabi Duet Minoo Purushottam - Sardul Kwatra / Inderjeet Hasanpuri ) - 50 Glorious Years Of Punjabi Film Music Vol. 1 * * * * '' `` Main Yeh Soch Kar Us Ke Dar Se Utha ( Solo - Iqbal Qureshi / Kaifi Azmi ) - Panchayat 1958 '' `` Main Yeh Soch Kar Us Ke Dar Se Utha Tha Ke woh Rok Legi Mana Legi Mujh Ko Ke Hawaon Mein Lehrata Aata Tha Daman Ke Daman Pakad Le Bitha Legi Mujh Ko ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Kaifi Azmi ) - Haqeeqat 1964 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... ) `` Main Zindagi Ka Saath Nibhata Chala Gaya ( Solo - JaiDev / Sahir Ludhanvi ) - Hum Dono 1961 and Hum Dono Rangeen 2011 and Kabul Express 2006 '' ( Radio played this song during travel scene of Kabul express ) `` Main Zindagi Mein Hardam Rota Hi Rahaan Hoon Tadpata Hi Rahaan Hoon ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Iqbal Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Barsaat 1949 '' `` Makhan Chor Nand Kishore ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - R.D. Burman / Anand Bakshi ) - Takkar 1980 '' `` Mall Road Par Ghoom Rahein Hain , Baandh Gale Mein Tai , O Mr. Wai Mr. Wai Mr. Wai ( Solo - Sudarshan / Viren Dablish ) - Mall Road 1962 '' ( Padhe Likhe Kuchh Khaas Nahin , Par Naam Hain Mr. Wai ... ) `` Mama O Mama O Mama O Mama Mama Mama O Mama ... Ghar Wale Khaye Chakkar , Aisa Hain Apna Chakkar , Chakkar Mein Tum Na Aana , O Mama ( Duet Manna Dey - Dattaram / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Parvarish 1958 '' `` Man Mera Tera Jogi ( Solo - Hari - Arjun / Neeraj ) - Aashiaana II 1974 '' `` Man Mora Bawra ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Raagini 1958 '' `` Man Re Tan Hain Dukh Ka Gaon ( Prayer - Unknown ) - Hari Ka Dhyan Laga Man Mere 2008 '' `` Man Re Tu Kahe Na Dheer Dhare Wo Moh Na Jane Jin Kaa ( Solo - Roshan Lal / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Chitralekha 1964 '' `` Man Tarpat Hari Darshan Ko Aai 1 ( Prayer - Naushad Ali ) - Baiju Bawra 1952 and Tere Bharose Nandlal 1991 '' ( Har - i Om Hari Om ... ) `` Man Tarpat Hari Darshan Ko Aai 2 ( Prayer - Naushad Ali ) - Baiju Bawra 1952 '' ( Har - i Om Hari Om ... ) `` Mana Mere Hasin Sanam ( Solo - G.S. Kohli / Yogesh Gaud ) - The Adventures Of Robinhood 1965 '' `` Mana Tum Na Rahoge Mana Hum Na Rahenge ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sardar Malik / Bharat Vyas ) - Naag Jyoti 1963 '' `` Mane Nahin Yeh Jiya Ki Umang Aaj Kahin Raja Chalo Mere Sang ( Duet Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman ) - Ujala Hi Ujala 1975 '' `` Manika Alo Alo Manika ( Oriya - Prafulla Kar ) - Sesa Srabana 1981 '' `` Manmohan Man Mein ( Multi S.D. Batish and Suman Kalyanpur - S.D. Burman / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Kaise Kahoon 1964 '' `` Manmohana Man Mein Ho Tumhin Mano Ya Mano Na Ho Tumhin 1 ( Janmashthami S.D. Batish and Suman Kalyanpur - S.D. Burman / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Kaise Kahoon 1964 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Manmohana Man Mein Ho Tumhin Mano Ya Mano Na Ho Tumhin 2 ( Janmashthami Solo - S.D. Burman / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Kaise Kahoon 1964 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Mann Dole Nadi Kinare ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Ghulam Mohammad ) - Paras 1949 '' ( AraRaRa Jiyo O Jiyo O Jiyo ... ) `` Mann Ka Mouji Hoon Sanam Dil Hi Hain Dariya Ki Tarah ( Duet Krishna Kalle - Shamji Ghanshamji ) - Gaal Gulabi Nain Sharabi 1974 '' ( Are Samajhnewali Baat Bhi Nahin Hain Aa Ha ... ) `` Mann Ke Gagriyan Mein Tu Chamka ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shri Nath Tripathi / Bharat Vyas ) - Piya Milan Ki Aas 1961 '' `` Mann Ke Khazane Mein Maya Hi Maya Jab Bhi Tu Chhaye Ise Lut Le ( Prayer Solo - Sonik - Omi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Teen Chor 1973 '' `` Mann Ki Aankhon Se Main Dekhoon ( Solo - Kamalkant / Uday Khanna ) - Mahabali Hanuman 1980 '' `` Mann Ki Been Matwari Baaje Aaja Jhoom Kar Jeevan Naache ( Classical Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Shabab 1954 '' `` Mann Ki Suni Nagariya Suhani Bani ( Duet Amirbai Karnataki - Tufail Faruqui / Khawar Zaman ) - Sona Chandi 1946 '' `` Manva Kaahein Dhir Ganwayein ( Solo - Hansraj Behl / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Pensioner 1954 '' `` Manzil Bhi Door Hain ( Duet Meera Shiraz - Nashad Ali / Farooq Qaiser ) - Qatil 1960 '' ( ( Nashad Ali was also known as Shaukat Ali , Shaukat Haidari , Shaukat Dehlvi , Shaukat Husain and Shaukat Husain Haidari . ) `` Manzil Ki Chah Mein ... Kahin Ghani Chhao Hain ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Devdas 1955 '' ( Raahi OOO Raahi , ... ) `` Mar Mar Ke Are Mar Mar Ke Chappal Meri Kar Di ( Swing Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar ) - Basant 1960 '' ( Duniya Pakki Four - Twenty ... ) `` Mard E Momin Apne Imaan Se To ( Solo - Shri Nath Tripathi / Prem Dhawan ) - Sher Khan 1962 '' `` Mareez E Ishq Hoon Ae Jaaneman Meri Dua Lena Main Mar Jaaoon To Meri Laash Ko Dulha Bana Dena ( Duet Mahmood - Hemant Kumar / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Bin Badal Barsaat 1963 '' `` Marna Teri Gali Mein , Jeena Teri Gali Mein , Meet Jayegi Humari , Duniya Teri Gali Mein ( Solo - Naushad Ali ) - Shabab 1954 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Marne Wale Zindagi Se Pyar Kar ( Solo - Avinash Vyas / Bharat Vyas ) - Grahalakshmi 1959 '' `` Marya or Maria Kitlem Sobith Tu Maria ( Goan Konkani Duet Lorna Lisboa - Chris Perry / Chris Perry ) - Chris Perry - Golden Hits 1970 '' `` Masoom Chehra Yeh Qatil Aadayein Ke Bemaut Maare Gaye Hum Bichare ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Dil Tera Diwana 1962 '' `` Mast Aankhein Hain Ke Paimaane Do , Haaye Aaj To Mujh Ko Bahek Jane Do , Iss Mein Chhalka Ke Na Paimaane Do , Haaye Iss Tarah Hosh Mein Aa Jaane Do ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Bipin Babul / Kaifi Azmi ) - Naqli Nawab 1961 '' ( AA Aa Aa ... ) `` Mast Baharon Ka Main Aashiq , Main Jo Chahe Yaar Karoon , Chahe Gulon Ke Saayen Se Kheloon , Chahe Kali Se Pyaar Karoon , Sara Jahaan Hain Mere Liye Mere Liye , ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Farz 1967 '' ( O Koo Koo , ... Koo Koo , ... Koo Koo ... ) `` Mast Kalandar DamaDam Mast Kalandar ( Multi Master Sonik and Shamshad Begum - Hansraj Behl / Naqsh Lyallpuri ) - Mast Kalandar 1955 '' `` Mast Nazar Ki Katar , Dil Pe Utar Gayi Par , Inn Pyar Ki Rahon Mein , Dil Bhi Gaya , Hum Bhi Gaye Jakhamein Jigar Hain Bahar ( Solo - Ramlal / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Sehra 1963 '' ( Laggi Mast Nazar Ki Katar , Haan Haan Haan ... ) `` Mastana Ada Behki Behki ( Solo - Usha Khanna / S.H. Bihari - Azad Bhopali - Imam ) - Trip To Moon or Chand Par Chaddhayee 1967 '' `` Masti Jo Teri Aankhon Mein Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Kalyanji - Anandji / Verma Malik ) - Ek Se Badhkar Ek 1976 '' `` Masti Mein Chhed Ke Taraane Koi Dil Ka Aaj Lutaye Khazana Koi Dil Ka ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Kaifi Azmi ) - Haqeeqat 1964 '' ( O Ho Ho ... O Ho Ho ... ) `` Mat Bhool Are Insaan ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Mastana 1954 '' `` Mat Bhool Ki Tu Ek Main Hain ( Solo - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Bezuban 1962 '' `` Mat Poochh Ke Kis Ke Ashiq Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravindra Jain ) - Meharbani 1981 '' `` Mat Poochh Mera Hain Kaun Watan Aur Main Kahan Ka Hoon , Sara Jahan Hain Mera , Main Saare Jahan Ka Hoon ( Patriotic Solo - G.S. Kohli ) - Mr. India 1961 '' `` Mat Poochhiyein Dil Hain Kahan ( Duet Mukesh - Chitragupt / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Hum Matwale Naujawan 1961 '' `` Mat Pyar Mein Dhokha Khana ( Solo - Avinash Vyas / Bharat Vyas ) - Aadhi Roti 1957 '' `` Mat Ro Suhagan Tere Liye Ab Aansoo Bahana Hai Mana ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Kavi Pradeep ) - Naagin Aur Suhagan 1979 '' `` Mat Samajh Muje Tu Kangaal ( Duet Asha Bhosle - S. Mohinder / Bharat Vyas ) - Do Dost 1960 '' `` Mathe Ki Bindiya Bole Kahe 1 ( Duet Anuradha Paudwal - Bappi Lahiri ) - Lahu Ke Do Rang 1979 '' `` Matlab Di Eh Duniya Yaaro Sari ( Punjabi Solo - Ravi / Harbans Singh ) - Pittar Pyare Nu * * * * and Sajjan Thug * * * * and Bemisaal - Mohd . Rafi 2005 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Matlab Ki Iss Duniya Ka Hain Yeh Kaisa ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Nisar Bazmi / Saba Afghani ) - Halla Gulla 1954 '' `` Matlab Nikal Gaya Hain To Pehchanate Nahin ( Solo Qawali - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Amaanat I 1975 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 6 * * * * '' `` Matwala Jiya Dole Piya Jhoome Ghata Chhaye Re Badal Karna Hain To Kar Pyar Na Dar Biti Umar Aayegi Na Kal Are Pagal Are Pagal ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Mother India 1957 '' `` Matwale Nainowale Kaahe ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Jamal Sen / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Rangeela 1953 '' `` Matwali Ankhon Wale ( Flamenco Dance Lata Mangeshkar - R.D. Burman / Shailendra ) - Chhote Nawab 1961 '' ( Lahi - i - La Ya Ya , La La a , Oh Lara La La Lu - u-Lu - u , La a Ya Ya , Lara La La , La La La ... ) ( First Released Album of Music Director R.D. Burman and first released film of Actor / Singer Lucky Ali ) `` Maujon Ka Ishara Hain , Maujon Ka Ishara Hain , Dekha Na Kinarein Ne Haal Hamara Hain , Maujon Ka Ishara Hain , Toofan Ka Dar Kaisa Jab Paas Kinara Hain ( Multi S. Balbir , Lata Mangeshkar and Shamshad Begum - Unknown / Unknown ) - Naata 1955 '' ( O Ho Ho O Ho , O Ho Ho O Ho ... Dharke Dharke Reh Reh Ke Dil Bawra , Bheegi Bheegi Rut Hain Mausam Sawaray , Bheegi Bheegi Rut Hain Mausam Sawaray ... ) `` Maujon Mein Chhupa Sahil ( Duet Manna Dey - Lala Sattar ) - Arabian Nights ( Baghdad Ki Raatein and Panic In Baghdad ) 1967 '' `` Mausam Ho OO Mausam , Mausam Suhaane Aa Gaye Lo Pyar Ke Zamane Aa Gaye ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Judaai 1980 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Mausam Pe Jawani Hai ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Do Premi 1980 '' `` Maut Kabhi Bhi Mil Sakti Hain ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Sone Ki Chidiya 1958 '' `` Maya Ka Aanchal Jale ( Duet Usha Mangeshkar - JaiDev / Nyay Sharma ) - Kinare Kinare 1963 '' `` Maya Ka Sansar Hain Saara ( Solo - Parmathi - Ashwatham / Sant Kabir ) - Ram Aur Rahim 1968 '' `` Mayoos Na Ho Ae Mere Watan ( Solo - Rono Deb Mukherjee / Neeraj ) - Tuhi Meri Zindagi 1965 '' `` Mayuri Go Tuma Aakashe Mun ( Oriya - Shantanu Mahpatra ) - Unknown 1967 '' `` Mazdoor Zindabaad ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Mazdoor Zindaabaad 1976 '' ( Kaam Ki Puja Karanewale Mehnatse Na Darnewale ... ) `` Mazya Viraan Hridayin ( Marathi Solo - Shrikant Thakre / Umakant Kanekar ) - Navaras Sad * * * * '' `` Mee Marne Chala Hoon Main Marne Chala Hoon Ae Husn Teri Khatir Main Marne Chala Hoon ( Duet Mahmood - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Gunahon Ka Devta 1967 '' ( Ho - shiyaar ... Are Khabardaar ... Main Ja Raha Hoon Main Marne Chala Hoon ... ) `` Mee Raksam Mee Raksam ( Duet Chandrashekhar Gadgil - R.D. Burman / Nida Fazil ) - Harjaee 1981 '' `` Meet Mere Man Ke ( Duet Sulakshana Pandit - Rajesh Roshan / Amit Khanna ) - Unees Bees 1980 '' `` Megha Re Bole Ghanan Ghanan ( Classical Folk Song Solo - Usha Khanna / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dil Deke Dekho 1959 '' ( See `` Bade Hain Dil Ke Kaale '' ... Beginning portion ) `` Mehalon Mein Rahne Wale Humein Tere Dar Se Kya Nagri Hai Apni Pyari ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Shabab 1954 '' `` Mehanat Se Na Kabhi Daro ... Kaam Karo ( Multi Asha Bhosle , Dilraj Kaur and Kumar Sonik - Sonik - Omi ) - Bhookh 1978 '' ( Roshan Ho Jis Se Duniya Tu Woh Jalaal Ban Ja ... ) `` Mehanga Ho Ya Sasta Ho , Par Sauda Kar Lo Pyar Ka ( Solo - Nisar Bazmi / Saba Afghani ) - Pyara Dushman 1955 '' `` Mehbooba Dil Walon Ki , Shahzadi Mere Khwabon Ki , Aashiq Hoon Mar Jaoonga , Zalim Ruk Ja Zara , Mehbooba Dilwalon Ki , Shahzadi Mere Khwabon Ki , Aashiq Hoon Mar Jaoonga , Zalim Ruk Ja Zara ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Anjaan Hai Koi 1969 '' `` Mehbooba Mehbooba ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Johar Mehmood in Hong Kong 1971 '' `` Mehbooba Mehbooba Bana Leo Mijhe Dulha , Jala Deo Mera Dola ( Duet Mehmood - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Rajendra Krishan ) - Sadhu Aur Shaitan 1968 '' ( Janiya , Are Kidhar Hain Re Tu , Mere Dil Ki Rani , Mere Nawabon Ki Nani , Aa Gaya Hoon Main , Are Dekh Le Main Aa Gaya , Permission Le Do ... ) `` Mehbooba Mehbooba Meri Mehbooba , Mehbooba Meri Mehbooba , Jab Se Tujhe Dekha Hain , Jab Se Tujhe Chaha Hain , Kuch Hosh Nahin Duniya Ka ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Kaise Kategi Zindagi Tere Bagair 2011 '' ( Previously Unreleased ) `` Mehbooba Meri Roothi Jaayein ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Woh Koi Aur Hoga 1967 '' `` Mehbooba Teri Tasveer ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Anand Bakshi ) - Ishq Par Zor Nahin 1970 and Down Memory Lane - Mohammad Rafi * * * * and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 4 * * * * * '' `` Meherbani Meherbani ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Snehal Bhatkar / Kedar Sharma ) - Fariyad 1964 '' `` Mehfil Mein Meri Kaun Yeh Deewana ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - C. Ramchandra / Rajendra Krishan ) - Albela I 1951 '' `` Mehfil Mein Sayano Ki Ek Diwana Aa Gaya ... Phir Na Kahana Diwana Sayanon Ko Diwana Bana Gaya ( Multi Asha Bhosle and Usha Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Khazana 1978 '' `` Mehfil Mein Shama Chamki Parwane Chale Aaye Ab To Nazar Jhuka Do ( Classical Duet Manna Dey - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Gunahon Ka Devta 1967 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... Aaye Hain Badi Door Se SarkAar Ke Liye Aa Aa Aa ... Kab Se Taras Rahe The Tere Didar Ke Liye Aa Aa Aa ... Bolo Kis Liye Aaye Ho ... NarAaz Na Ho SarkAar Hum To Iss Liye Aaye Hain ... ) `` Mehfil Mein Tera Diwana Aaya Hain , Aaya Hain , ... OOOOOO Mehfil Mein Teri Diwani Aayi Hain , Aayi Hain ( Duet Jyoti Matwankar - Ratandeep - Hemraaj / Kulwant Jani ) - Raakh Aur Chingari 1982 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Mehfil Mein Tere Husn Ka Deewana Kaun Hain Yah Shamma Jaanti Hain Ki Parwana Kaun Hain ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Nashad Ali / Farooq Qaiser ) - Rooplekha 1962 '' ( Nashad Ali was also known as Shaukat Ali , Shaukat Haidari , Shaukat Dehlvi , Shaukat Husain and Shaukat Husain Haidari . ) `` Mehfil Mein Teri Aa Hi Rahe ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Kaajal 1965 '' ( Kabira Nirbhay Ram Jati ... Soyega Din Raat ... ) `` Mehfil Se Uth Jane Walo ( Solo - Roshan Lal / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Dooj Ka Chand 1964 '' `` Mehka Mehka Roop Tumhara ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Rajendra Krishan ) - Ganwaar 1970 '' `` Mehman Ban Ke Aaye The 1 ( Solo - Aziz Hindi / Unknown ) - Shaharat 1949 '' `` Mehman Ban Ke Aaye The 2 ( Duet Hamida Banu - Aziz Hindi / Unknown ) - Shaharat 1949 '' `` Mehnatkash Insaan Jaag Utha ( Duet Asha Bhosle - S.D. Burman / Shailendra ) - Insaan Jaag Utha 1959 '' `` Mela Laga Hua Hain Maula Teri Gali Mein ( Solo - Allah Rakha Qureshi / Shewan Rizvi ) - Alam Ara I 1956 '' `` Mela Laga Hua Hain Maula Teri Gali Mein ( Solo - Allah Rakha Qureshi / Shewan Rizvi ) - Parveen 1957 '' `` Mera Ban Jaye Koi , Ae Meri Taqadeer Nahin , Main Woh Shisha Hoon Jis Mein Koi Tasveer Nahin ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Ek Sapera Ek Lutera 1965 '' `` Mera Bandar Chala Hain Sasural ( Duet Kamal Barot - Dattaram Wadkar / Kavi Pradeep ) - Zindagi Aur Khwab 1961 '' `` Mera Bichhda Yaar Mila De Sudga Rusool Ka ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Sohni Mahiwal 1958 '' `` Mera Dil Aashiqana Hain Kabhi Is Par Nisar Kabhi Us Par Nisar Yeh To Zalim Diwana Hain ... Yeh To Jhoota Fasana Hain Kabhi Itna Guroor Nahin Karna Huzoor Bada Nazuk Zamana Hain ( Qawali Type Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya 1963 '' ( Bahot Haseen Hain Duniya Meri Nigahon Mein Jo Bas Chale To Loota Doonga Main Dil Ko Rahon Mein , Kyun Bhai Kis Liye , Is Liye Ke Mera Dil ... ) `` Mera Dil Ghabarayein , Meri Aankh Sharmayein , Kachhoo Samajh Na Aaye Re , Ke Tu Mera Kya Lage Re , OOO Tera Pyar Tadapayein , Mera Dum Ghabrayein , Kachhoo Samajh Na Aaye Re , Ke Tu Mera Kya Lage Re ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Mr. Qartoon M.A. 1958 '' `` Mera Dil Ghayal Kar Ke Bairi Jag Se Dar Ke ( Duet Binpani Mukherjee - Hansraj Behl / Surjit Sethi ) - Bhikhari 1949 '' `` Mera Dil Ghayal Kar Ke Bairi Jag Se Dar Ke ( Duet Binpani Mukherjee - Hansraj Behl / Surjit Sethi ) - Satyanarayan 1948 '' `` Mera Dil Hain Tera , Tera Dil Hain Mera , Jab Se Hum Ne Dil Badle Hain Sara Jag Badla ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - An Evening In Paris 1967 '' `` Mera Dil Tujh Pe Qurbaan Hain ( Solo - S. Mohinder / Manohar Khanna ) - Naya Paisa 1958 '' `` Mera Dil Tum Pe Aa Gaya , Mera Dil Tum Pe , Mere Pehloo Se Dil Gaya Gaya Gaya Gaya Gaya ( Duet Ragini - Iqbal Qureshi / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Yeh Dil Kis Ko Doon 1963 '' ( Fun song mixed with Raj Kapoor , Dev Anand and Dilip Kumar act and refers to famous couples such as Shiri / Farhaad , Hiri / Raanza , Soni / Mahiwal and Laila / Majnu ) `` Mera Dulha Shehar Se Aaya Re ( Multi Geeta Dutt and Sarla Devi - B.S. Kalla / Pandit Indra ) - Do Dulhe 1955 '' `` Mera Gadha Gadhon Ka Leader Kehta Hain Ki Dilli Jaa Kar Sab Maange Apni Kaam Ki Main Manwa Kar Aaoonga Nahin To Ghaans Na Khaoonga ( Patriotic Duet Mahmood - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Meharbaan 1967 '' ( Awan Awan Awan Awan Awan ... ) `` Mera Gadha Gadhon Ka Leader , Kehta Hain Ke Dilli Ja Kar , Sab Maange Apni Gaon Ki Main , Manwa Kar Aaoonga , Nahin To Ghaas Na Khaoonga , O Mera Gadha Gadhaonka Leader ( Patriotic Mehmood - Ravi ) - Mehrban 1967 '' ( ( Gadha Bark ) ) `` Mera Haal - E-Dil Kaun Pehachanta Hain ( Solo - Ghulam Mohammed / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Ajeeb Ladki 1952 '' `` Mera Husn Chamakta Sona ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Nirmal Kumar / Anand Bakshi ) - Lal Nishan 1959 '' `` Mera Mann Hain Magan , Laagi Tum Se Lagan ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shri Nath Tripathi / Bharat Vyas ) - Durga Pooja 1954 '' `` Mera Mann Tera Pyasa ( Solo - S.D. Burman / Neeraj ) - Gambler 1971 and Eternal Sunshine Of The Spotless Mind 2004 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 4 * * * * * and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Mera Mijaaz Ladakpan Hain ( Solo - C. Ramchandra / Rajendra Krishan ) - Saqi 1952 '' `` Mera Mijaz Ladkpan Se Aasikana Hain ... Mijaz Aashikana Hain ( Solo - C. Ramchandra / Rajendra Krishnan ) - Saqi 1952 '' ( Fazal Se Husn Barsti Likhi Thi Kismat Mein , Gujar Rahin Hain Meri Zindagi Mohabbat Mein ... ) `` Mera Mizaz Ladakpan Se Aashiqana Hai ( Solo - C. Ramchandra / Chitalkar ) - Saqi 1952 '' ( Ajal Se Husn Par Di Likhi Thi Kismat Mein Guzar Rahi ... ) `` Mera Mujh Mein Kichhu Nahin ( Multi Jaspal Singh , Pascal Paul , Jagat Singh Jagga , Sudarshan Pandit and Asha Bhosle - Sardar Malik - Prem Nath / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Gyaani Ji 1977 '' `` Mera Naam Anjano Mein ( Multi Coca Cola and Asha Bhosle - Ram Laxman / Ravinder Rawal ) - Ustadi Ustad Se 1982 '' ( Rehamattullah ... Rehamattullah ... ) `` Mera Naam Fatafat Mera Kaam Jhatapat ( Duet Shashi - S. Mohinder / Tanveer Naqvi ) - Shahzada 1955 '' ( Nashad Ali also known as Shaukat Ali , Shaukat Haidari , Shaukat Dehlvi , Shaukat Husain and Shaukat Husain Haidari contributed to this album . ) `` Mera Nanha Sa Dil Hain ( Duet Sudha Malhotra - Vinod / Deena Nath Madhok ) - Oot Pataang 1955 '' `` Mera Paighaam Mohabbat Ke Siwa Kuchch Bhi Nahin ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli ) - Tere Bagair 2010 ( From Unreleased Film ) '' `` Mera Paigham Mera Paigham Paigham Paigham Mera Paigham Muhobbat Ke Siwa Kuchh Bhi Nahin ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan and Prem Dhawan ) - Kaise Kategi Zindagi Tere Bagair 2011 '' ( Aaj Kuchh Kehna Hai Muj Ko Jo Izaazat Ho To ... ) ( Planned for Salma , but Previously Unreleased ) `` Mera Pyaar Jawaan ( Solo - Iqbal Qureshi / Kaifi Azmi ) - Dil Aur Patthar 1977 '' `` Mera Rang De Basanti Chola ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Shaheed Bhagat Singh 1963 '' `` Mera Roop Mera Rang ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi / Verma Malik ) - Who Main Nahi 1974 '' `` Mera Salaam Le Lo ( Solo - Rajkamal / Kulwant Jani ) - Mera Salaam 1980 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Mera Tenu Vi Salaam ( Punjabi Solo - Sonik Omi / Verma Malik ) - Bemisaal Rafi Vol. 3 * * * * '' `` Mera To Dil Dil Dil Ghabarayein Re Meri To Jaan Jaan Jaan Chali Jaayein Re ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Dattaram Wadkar / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Kala Aadmi 1960 '' `` Mera To Jo Bhi Kadam Hai Woh Teri Raah Mein Hai Ke Tu Kahin Bhi Tu Mere Nigah Mein Hai ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dosti 1964 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 10 * * * * '' ( World of difference in its tenor or feel of the song ) `` Mera Tujhe Bhi Salaam ( Solo - Sonik - Omi / Verma Malik ) - Premi Gangaram 1978 '' `` Mera Tumhara Saath ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Ek Paheli 1971 '' `` Mera Yaar Bana Hain Dulha , Aur Phool Khile Hain Dil Ke , Are Mere Bhi Shadi Ho Jaye Dua Karo Sab Mil Ke ( Qawali Solo - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Chaudhvin Ka Chand 1960 '' `` Mere Aaka Hain Shahe Madina ( Solo - Allah Rakha Qureshi / Asad Bhopali ) - Sim Sim Marjina 1958 '' `` Mere Aaka Hain Shahe Madina , Ab Yanhi Intejha Hain ( Prayer - A.R. Qureshi ) - Sim Sim Marjina 1958 '' `` Mere Ae Ae Saqiya Mere Ae Ae Dilruba ( Solo - C. RamChandra ) - Rootha Na Karo 1970 '' ( Maine Pee Hain Maine Pee Hain Sagar Bhi Hain Saqi Nahin Dil Mein Aata Hain Laga De Aaag Maikhane Mein Hum ... Aa Bhi Jaa ... ) Mere Baba tu le chal madeenay mujhe Nahi haj karaya kisine mujhe. ( broadcast over AIR Jalandhar ) `` Mere Bechain Dil Ko Chain ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Aamne Saamne I 1967 '' `` Mere Bhagwan Tu Mujh Ko Y00n Hi Barbaad Rehne De , Bas Itna Rehem Kar Mujh Par Mujhe Aabaad Rehne De ( Prayer Solo - Shyam Sundar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Bazaar 1949 '' `` Mere Bhagya Ke Vidhaata Sukh Dukh Ke O Data ( Solo - Shri Nath Tripathi / B.D. Mishra ) - Brahma Vishnu Mahesh 1971 '' `` Mere Budhape Ko Tum Cash Kar Lo ( 60th Birthday Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi / Verma Malik ) - Apna Khoon 1978 '' `` Mere Chahat ( Solo - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Mehmaan 1974 '' `` Mere Desh Ke Rang Pyare ( Holi Duet Anuradha Paudwal - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Daku Aur Jawan 1978 '' ( Sab Ke Saron Pe ... Tiranga ... ) `` Mere Desh Mein , Ho Mere Des Mein , Mere Des Mein , Pawan Chale Purvai , Mere Des Ko , Dekhne Bhai , Sari Duniya Aayi ( Patriotic Bullock - cart - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Jigri Dost 1969 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 4 * * * * '' ( Ha Hurr Ha AA ... Ho Ho ... ) `` Mere Desh - Premiyo Aapas Mein Pyar Karo ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Desh Premi 1982 '' ( Nafrat Ki Laathi Todo Lalach Ki Kanzar Phenko ... ) `` Mere Dil Door Bahut Door ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Naina 1973 '' `` Mere Dil Ka Dil Meri Jaan Ki Jaan ( Duet Asha Bhosle - C. Arjun / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Lambu In Hong Kong 1967 '' `` Mere Dil Ke Andar Jalati Hain Khanzar Bachalo Mujhe Us Nazar Se Bacha Lo ( Qawali Solo - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Phool Aur Patthar 1966 '' ( AA Aa Aa ... ) `` Mere Dil Ke Musafir Khane Mein ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Hazaar Raatein 1953 '' `` Mere Dil Ki Ho Mere Dil Ki Duniya Basa Di Kisi Ne ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Paras 1949 '' `` Mere Dil Ki Sun Le Kahani ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Chahat 1971 '' `` Mere Dil Ko Jalaya Na Karo , O Mere Dil Ko Jalaya Na Karo , Tere Sang Bolte Nahin Na Bolo , Tere Sang Bolte Nahin Na Bolo , Mere Gali Mein Bhi , Mere Gali Mein Bhi Aaya Na Karo O Mere Dil Ko Jalaya Na Karo ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Gauna 1950 '' `` Mere Dil Ko Jis Ki Talash Thi Maine Woh Sitmgar Pa Liya Mere Har Aada Mein Hunar De Maine Woh Sitamgar Pa Liya ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Asad Bhopali ) - Ustadon Ke Ustad 1963 '' `` Mere Dil Mein Aane Wale ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Baap Bete 1959 '' `` Mere Dil Mein Jo Hota Hai ( Multi Kishore Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar - Rajesh Roshan / Aand Bakshi ) - Aap Ke Deewane 1980 '' `` Mere Dil Pe Andhera Sa Chha Ne ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Indeevar ) - Ek Phool Ek Bhool 1968 '' `` Mere Dil Pe Laga De Darling Apne Naam Ki Chith Tere Mere Pyar Ki Film Bani To Ho ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Basant 1960 '' `` Mere Dil Se Aa Ke Lipat Gayi Yeh Haseen Nigah Kabhi Kabhi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Neela Akash 1965 and Kaise Kategi Zindagi Tere Bagair 2011 '' ( Previously Unreleased ) `` Mere Dildaar Ka ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Laxmikant - Pyrelal / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Deedar E Yaar 1982 '' `` Mere Dost Kissa Ye Kya Ho Gaya ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Dostana 1980 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Mere Dost Tujhe ( Solo - Ravi / Ravi - Ali Jalili ) - Dharkan 1972 '' `` Mere Dushman Tu Mere Dosti Ko Tarase ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Aaye Din Bahaar Ke 1966 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 3 * * * * '' `` Mere Geet Hain Anaam 1 ( Solo - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Ram Bhardwaj ) - Jurm Aur Sazza 1974 '' `` Mere Geet Hain Anaam 2 ( Solo - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Ram Bhardwaj ) - Jurm Aur Sazza 1974 '' `` Mere Geeton Ka Singaar ( Solo - Khaiyyaam / Madhukar Rajasthani ) - Unknown * * * * '' `` Mere Ghar Se Pyar Ki Palki 2 ( Bidai Multi Manna Dey and Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Palki 1967 '' `` Mere Gore Gore Gaal ( Classical Duet Shamshad Begum - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Shrimati 420 '' ( Gulaabchand Ji Tere Jag Mein Samai Ho Nahin Sakti , Khudai Chhod De Tujh Se Khudai Ho Nahin Sakti , ... Hey Bhagwan Kis Jaye Base Ho Humri Khak Uday Humri Khak Uday , Aa Aa ... ) `` Mere Gore Gore Gaal ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Ravi / Pyare Lal Santoshi ) - Dulhan 1958 '' `` Mere Gunah Maaf Kar Mere Yashu Mere Khuda Woh Mere Parmatma ( Prayer - Shankar - Jaikishan / Rajendra Krishan ) - Sachaai 1969 '' `` Mere Haseen Saathiya ( Duet Manorama or Zeenat Begum - Pandit Govind Ram / Noorpuri Sahib ) - Mangti 1942 '' ( Ashraf Khan , the man who first introduced Rafi to Punjabi Film industry . ) `` Mere Hasraton Ki Duniya ( Duet Krishna Kalle - Shyamji GhanShyamji / Kulwant Jani ) - Gaal Gulaabi Nain Sharaabi 1974 '' `` Mere Himalay ke Paasbano ( Solo - Rono Deb Mukherjee / Neeraj ) - Tuhi Meri Zindagi 1965 '' `` Mere Huzoor ( Train - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Mere Huzoor 1968 '' ( Apne Rukh Par Nigah Kar Ne Do Khoobsurat Gunah Kar Ne Do Rukh Se Parda Hatao Jaane Jaa ... Rukh Se Zara Naqaab Uthao Mere Huzoor Jalwa Phir Ek Baar Dikha Do ... ) `` Mere Jaisa Nahin Milega , Ulfat Ka Diwana Koi , Parawana Dhoonde Sara Zamana ( Multi Kishore Kumar and Madan Mohan Kohli - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Fifty Fifty 1956 '' `` Mere Jaise Laakhon Tere ( Solo - Chitragupt / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Sati Madalsa 1955 '' `` Mere Jaisi Nahin Milegi ( Bhangara Style Multi Ram Kamlani and Geeta Roy - Hansraj Behl / Deena Nath Madhok ) - Khamosh Sipahi 1950 '' ( Hoy Hoy ... OOO ... ) `` Mere Kasid Tu Jab PahunChey ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Jaidev / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Laila Majnu 1976 '' `` Mere Kolo Bach Kurhiye ( Punjabi Duet Asha Bhosle - Hansraj Behl / Verma Malik ) - Jatta Aai Visakhi Vol. 1 * * * * '' `` Mere Lahange Mein Ghungharu Laga De To Phir Meri Chaal Dekh Le ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Basant 1960 '' `` Mere Liye Aati Hain Shyaam Chanda Bhi Hain Mera Gulaam Dharti Se Sitaron Tak Hain Mera Intezaam Raton Ka Raja Hoon Mein ( Solo - R.D. Burman ) - Raton Ke Raja 1970 '' `` Mere Mann Mein Hain Ram , Mere Tan Mein Hain Ram , Mere Nainon Ki Nagariya Mein Ram Hain ( Prayer Solo - Chitragupt / S.K. Deepak or Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Hanuman Pataal Vijay 1951 , Pawan Putra Hunuman 1957 and Hanuman Chalisa 1969 '' ( Aadh Wahi Hain Ant Wahi Hain , Rama Hua Kan Kan Mein Ram Yug Jayenge Yug Aayenge Amar Rahega Prabhu Ka Naam , Raghupati Raghav Rajaram Patit Pawan Sitaram ... ) `` Mere Mehboob ( Solo - Sonik - Omi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Beti 1969 '' `` Mere Mehboob Mere Saath Hi Chalna ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Kaifi Azmi ) - Gyara Hazar Ladkiyan 1962 '' `` Mere Mehboob Tere Dam Se ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Bhai Bhai 1970 '' `` Mere Mehboob Tujhe Meri Mohabbat Ki Kasam Phir Mujhe Nargisi Aankhon Ka Sahara De De ( Gazal Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Mere Mehboob 1963 '' `` Mere Mehboob Tujhe Salam , Salam Salam Salam ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Baghawat 1982 '' `` Mere Mehboob Tum Ho ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Ladies Tailor 1981 '' `` Mere Mitwa Mere Meet Re 1 ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Geet 1970 '' `` Mere Mitwa Mere Meet Re 2 ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Geet 1970 '' `` Mere Paas Aao ( Solo - Vithal Mumtaz / Javed Qadri ) - Dukh Sukh 1974 '' `` Mere Paas Aao Mere Bhole Sajan Ji ( Multi Chitalkar , Lata Mangeshkar and Shamshad Begum - C. Ramchandra / Pyare Lal Santoshii ) - Roshni 1949 '' `` Mere Pairon Mein Ghunghroo Bandhade To Phir Meri Chaal ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Sangharsh 1968 '' ( Dil Paaya Albela Maine Tabiyat Meri Rangilee Aaaj Khushi Mein Maine Bhaiyaa Thodishi Bhung Peeli ... ) `` Mere Pardesi Mehmaan Kaha Mera Maan Ye Hat Ab Chod De ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Avinash Vyas / Bharat Vyas ) - Andher Nagri Chaupat Raja 1955 '' `` Mere Pehloo Mein Aa Ke ( Solo - Hansraj Behl / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Rustom E Hind 1965 '' `` Mere Pyar ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Verma Malik ) - Raj Mahal 1982 '' `` Mere Pyar Ka Aaj Mahurat Hai ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi ) - Shahar Se Door 1972 '' ( Aye Kaliyon Muskurao ... Aji Kya Baat Hain ... ) `` Mere Pyar Ki Aawaz ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Verma Malik ) - Raj Mahal 1982 '' `` Mere Pyar Mein Tujhe Kya Mila Tere Dil Ka Phool Na Khil Saka ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Suhagan 1964 '' `` Mere Raam Kahan Ho Tum ... Meri Praan Kahan Ho Tum ( Duet Sudha Malhotra - Chitragupt / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Hanuman Pataal Vijay 1951 , Pawan Putra Hunuman 1957 and Hanuman Chalisa 1969 '' `` Mere Sajre Haaniyan ( Punjabi Duet Savita Suman - Unknown / Munsif ) - Bemisaal Vol. 2 * * * * and Bemisaal by Mohd . Rafi 2005 '' ( OOOOOO ... Ho OOO ... Aa Aa Aa Ho OO Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Mere Sakhiya Mere Dilruba ( Solo - C. Ramchandra / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Rootha Na Karo 1970 '' `` Mere Sapnon Ki Rani Tum Nahin Ho Tum Nahin Ho Tum Nahin Ho Woh Hai Sidhi Sadhi ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Jawan Muhabbat 1971 '' `` Mere Sapnon Ki Rani , Roohi Roohi Roohi ( Duet K.L. Saigal - Naushad Ali ) - Shahjehan 1946 '' ( Aankhen Neendon Ke Khazane Hain , Do Ulfat Ke Paimaane Hain , Zulfen Raaton Ki Jawaani ... ) ( Unique song of 2 legends for the following 2 reasons : ( 1 ) This song was from the last second movie of the legend K.L. Saigal before his death during early 40 's due to alcohol dependency ; and , ( 2 ) Then new - comer and now legend , Mohammed Rafi is in the Chorus as well as in the end lines of this song . ) `` Mere Sathiyan So Naa Jaa Na Kahin Salamat ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Dostana 1980 '' `` Mere Shyam Tera Naam Bole Man Subah Shyam ( Janmashthami - Unknown ) - Hari Ka Dhyan Laga Man Mere 2008 '' `` Mere Yaar Ki Yaari Dekh Ke ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Insaniyat 1974 '' `` Mere Yaar Tu ( Solo - Hemant Kumar ) - Love In Canada 1979 '' `` Mere Yaar Ye Din Ho Mubarak Tujhe Mil Gayi Hain Tujhe Ik Nayi Zindagi Tujhe Aur Main Kya Doon Nazarana Hain Teri Khushi Mein Hi Meri Khushi ( Bidai Amit Kumar - Kalyanji - Anandji / Gulshan Bawra ) - Neeyat 1980 '' ( Ho ... ) `` Mereia Malika ( Punjabi - S. Mohinder ) - Ladlee 1979 '' ( Tara Toote Ka Raat Ki Vit Ke Jakham Jiya Lag Jaye ... O ... ) `` Meri Aankhon Ke Taare ( Solo - Datta Davjekar / Mahipal ) - Aap Ki Sewa Mein 1947 '' `` Meri Aankhon Ke Ujale Meri Rahat Mere Bhai Mere Bhai Meri Ummeed Ke Tare Mere Kismat Mere Bhai ( Brother - to - Brother Solo - Sonik - Omi / G.L. Rawal ) - Aabroo III 1968 '' `` Meri Aankhon Ki Nindiya Choora Le Gaya Tumhare Siwa Kaun Tumhare Siwa Kaun Baaton Baaton Mein Dil Ko Uda Le Gaya Tumhare Siwa Kaun Tumhare Siwa Kaun ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Jhuk Gaya Aasman 1968 '' `` Meri Aawaz Suno Zara Sa Rag Suno ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Kaifi Azmi ) - Naunihal 1967 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 8 * * * * '' `` Meri Barbadi ( Qawali Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali ) - Chambal Ki Rani - 1979 '' ( Fariyad Karein Hum ... ) `` Meri Biwi Jahaan Se Nirali Hain ( Solo - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Subha - O - Shaam 1972 '' `` Meri Chahat Rahegi Humesha Jawan , Jism Dhalne Se Zazabaat Dhalte Nahin , Meri Chahat Rahegi Humesha Jawan , Jism Dhalne Se Zazabaat Dhalte Nahin , Maut Aane Se Bhi Pyaar Marta Nahin Dum Nikalne Se Armaan Nikalte Nahin ( Solo - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Mehman 1970 '' `` Meri Chhod De Kalahi Kalahi Saiyaan Ja Ja Ja Meri Chhod De Kalahi Balam More Ja Ja Chhod De Kalahi Kalahi Saiyaan Ja O Wa Wa Wa Kaise Chhod Doon Kalahi Kalahi Tori Wa Wa O Meri Lugai Lugai Yanhan Aa ( Engagement Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Phagun 1958 '' ( Aa Aa Aa Aa ... Ja Ja ... Ja ... ) `` Meri Dosti Mera Pyar ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Dosti 1964 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 6 and 10 * * * * '' ( Koi Jab Raah Na Paye Mere Sang Aaye ... ) `` Meri Dulhan Aayi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ganesh / Asad Bhopali ) - Sub Ka Ustad 1967 '' `` Meri Duniya Loot Rahi Thi Aur Main Khamosh Tha Tukde Tukde Dil Ka ( Qawali Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Mr. and Mrs. 55 ( Fifty Five ) 1955 '' `` Meri Duniya Mein Tum Aayi 1 ( Multi Lata Mangeshkar , Priya and Rajkumar - Madan Mohan Kohli / Kaifi Azmi ) - Heer Ranjha 1970 '' `` Meri Dushman Hain Yeh , Meri Uljhan Hain Yeh , Bada Tadpati Hain , Dil Tarsati Hain , Yeh Khidki , Khidki Yeh Khidki , Yeh Khidki Jo Band Rahti Hain , Yeh Khidki Jo Band Rahti Hain , Meri Dushman Hain Yeh , Meri Uljhan Hain Yeh , Bada Tadpati Hain , Dil Tarsati Hain , Yeh Khidki , Khidki Yeh Khidki , Yeh Khidki Jo Band Rahti Hain , Yeh Khidki Jo Band Rahti Hain ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Main Tulsi Tere Angan Ki 1978 '' `` Meri Gaadi ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Bullo C. Rani / Saba Afghani ) - Black Tiger 1960 '' `` Meri Gaadi Udan Khatola ( Solo - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Aurat II 1967 '' `` Meri Gali Chhokare Ji ( Duet Geeta Dutt - Chitragupt / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Hum Matwale Naujawan 1961 '' `` Meri Ghaghri Nu ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Hansraj Behl / Prem Dhawan ) - Saawan 1959 '' `` Meri Gudiya Ko Gudda Le Jayega Le Jayega Bada Maza Aayega Behna Ki Shadi Mein Bada Maza Aayega ( Rakhi - Ravindra Jain ) - Dhokebaaz 1984 '' `` Meri Hasraton Ki Duniya Tum Mile Kahin Jo Mujh Ko Tu Mile Kahin Jo Mujh Ko Tu Mile Kahin Jo Mujh Ko Seene Se Laga Loo Tujh Ko ( Duet Krishna Kalle - Shamji Ghanshyamji / Kulwant Jaani ) - Gaal Gulabi Nain Sharabi 1974 '' `` Meri Hirni Jaisi Chaal 1 ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Jailor 1958 '' `` Meri Hirni Jaisi Chaal 2 ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Jailor 1958 '' `` Meri Jaan Baaton Mein Bol Zara ( Solo - Chitragupt / Kafil Azar ) - Toofan Aur Bijlee 1976 '' `` Meri Jaan Balle Balle ( Engagement Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Kashmir Ki Kali 1964 '' ( Haaye Re Haaye Yeh Mere Haath Mein Tera Haath Naye Jazbaat ... ) `` Meri Jaan Gair Ko Tum Paan Khilaya Na Karo OOO , ... Meri Jaan Gair Ko Tum Paan Khilaya Na Karo , Meri Jaan Gair Ko Tum Paan Khilaya Na Karo , Mere Armaan Bhare Dil Ko Jalaya Na Karo , O Jalaya Na Karo , O Jalaya Na Karo , ... Jao Ji Muft Mein Yun Hum Ko Sataya Na Karo , Jao Ji Muft Mein Yun Hum Ko Sataya Na Karo , Jeb Khali Ho To Bazar Mein Aaya Na Karo , Aji Aaya Na Karo , Aji Aaya Na Karo ( Paisa Duet Geeta Dutt - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Kundan 1955 '' ( OOOOOO ... ) `` Meri Jaan Hain Sona ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi / Kafil Azar ) - Mehmil 1972 '' `` Meri Jaan Meri Jaan Main Jaanta Hoon ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Kahin Pyar Na Ho Jaye 1963 '' `` Meri Jaan Meri Jaan Meri Jaan Apne Aashiq Ko Satana Kis Se Sikha Hain , Jo Tum Par Jaan De Us Ko Mitana Kis Se Sikha Hain , Suno Ji ( Sunao ) Suno Ji Suno Ji Peeche Peeche Roz Aana Kis Se Sikha Hain , Meri Galiyon Ke Chakkar Roz Lagana Kis Se Sikha Hain , Meri Jaan Hut Meri Jaan Chachal Hut ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Mere Huzoor 1968 '' `` Meri Jaan Na Sata Tu , O Mera Jee Na Jala Tu , Karoon Kya Kuch Bata De , Dil Pe Nahin Hain Kabu ( Solo - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Bahu Beti 1965 '' `` Meri Jaan Tu Khafa Hai To Kya Hua Yeh Sitam Yeh Aaada Hain To Kya Hua ... Husn wale To Khuda Se Bhi Rooth Jaate Hain ( Solo - R.D. Burman / Anand Bakshi ) - Teesra Kaun 1965 '' `` Meri Jaan Uff Meri Jaan ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Faisla 1965 '' `` Meri Jholi Ko Bhar De ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Sardar Malik / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Maa ke Aansoo 1959 '' `` Meri Kahani Bhoolane Wale Tera Jahaan Aabaad Rahe ( Bidai Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Deedar 1951 '' `` Meri Kamini O Meri Ragini Dharti Pe Chaand Laoon ( Duet Chandrani Mukherjee - Chitragupt / Prahlad Sharma ) - Prem Ki Ganga 1971 '' `` Meri Laash Ki Mitti ( Solo - Sonik - Omi / Sajan Dehlvi ) - Badla Aur Balidan 1980 '' `` Meri Lut Gayi Duniya Pyar Ki ( Solo - Hansraj Behl / Deena Nath Madhok ) - Khamosh Sipahi 1950 '' `` Meri Mehboob Kahin Aur Mila Kar Mujh Se ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli ) - Gazal 1964 '' ( Taj Tere Liye , Ik Majhare Ulfat Hi Sahi , Tujh Ko Iss Wadiye , Rangeen Si Haqiqat Sahi ... ) `` Meri Mehfil Mein Aa Ke Dekh Le ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Shakeel Nomani ) - Tu Nahin Aur Sahin 1960 '' `` Meri Mohabbat Jawan Rahegi , Sada Rahi Hain , Sada Rahegi , Tadap Tadap Kar Yehin Kahegi , Sada Rahi Hain , Sada Rahegi ( Engagement Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Janwar 1965 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 5 * * * * '' `` Meri Mohabbat Kabool Kar Lo ( Urdu Gazal Solo - Khaiyyaam or Taj Ahmad Khan / Khawar Zaman ) - Yaadgaar Ghalein Vol. 1 * * * * and Mohd . Rafi Ghazals Vol. 2 * * * * and This Is Mohd Rafi Saab - Ghazala And Bhajans * * * * and Finest Ghazals * * * * '' `` Meri Mohabbat Pak Mohabbat , Aur Jahaan Ki Khak Mohabbat , Kahin Tumhein Pyar Na Ho Jaye , To Bach Bach Ke Chalna Huzoor ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - April Fool 1964 '' `` Meri Mohabbat Teri Jawani ( Solo - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Anjaana 1969 '' `` Meri Morni Sach Kehta Hoon ( Duet Usha Khanna - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Night In Calcutta 1970 '' `` Meri Nigah Ne ( Solo - Khayyam / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Mohabbat Isko Kahte Hain 1965 '' `` Meri Nigah Ne ( Solo - Manas Mukherjee / Nida Fazil - Aish Kanwal ) - Lubna 1982 '' `` Meri Nigah Ne Kya Kaam Laajwaab ( Duet Nirmala - O.P. Nayyar ) - Musafir Khana 1955 '' `` Meri Padosan Hain Dil Ki Dushman ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Simla Road 1969 '' `` Meri Pehli Aarzoo Ka Yeh Salaam ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Pyar Ka Bandhan 1963 '' `` Meri Raani Mat Ja Pyaar Tujhe Kar Loon Gussa Itna Achha Nahin ( Swing Duet Preeti Sagar - Satyam / Keval ) - Kaun Sachcha Kaun Jhootha 1972 '' `` Meri Raaton Ka Mahtab Tu Hain ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Ganesh / Asad Bhopali ) - Smuggler 1966 '' `` Meri Rahon Se Juda Ho Gayi Rahein Unki ( Solo - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Chandrakanta 1956 '' `` Meri Sakhi Bata ( Duet Chitalkar - C. Ramchandra / Rajendra Krishan ) - Hungama 1952 '' `` Meri Sakhiyon Bolo Zara Mukhada To Kholo Batlao Iss Pagal Ko Ab Hum Kya Saza De Mil Ke Insaaf Kar Do Kar Do Na Insaaf Kar Do ( Duet Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman ) - Mela 1971 '' `` Meri Sune To O Pardesi Dil Se Dil Takarane De Are Bhala Lage To Gale Se Lag Ja Bura Lage To Jane De ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Naach Ghar 1959 '' `` Meri Tasveer Le Kar Kya Karoge Tum ( Qawali Multi S. Balbir and Asha Bhosle - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Kala Samundar 1962 '' `` Meri Vinti Suno Bhagwan ( Solo - Hemant Kumar / Rajendra Krishan ) - Taj 1956 '' `` Meri Zindagi Hain Tu ( Duet Asha Bhosle - S. Mohinder / Surji Sethi ) - Paapi 1953 '' `` Meri Zindagi Mein Aate To Kuchh Aur Baat Hoti , To Kuchh Aur Baat Hoti , Yeh Naseeb Jagmagate , To Kuchh Aur Baat Hoti ( Bidai Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Kanyadan 1968 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 1 * * * * '' ( Un Ki Zulfein Un Ke Chehre Se Hata Sakta Nahin , Dil Ki Betaabi Kisi Surat Chhoopa Sakta Nahin , Kitni Dilkash Hain Mohabbat Ki Jawaan Majbooriyan , Samane Manzil Hain Aur Paon Badha Sakta Nahin ... ) `` Meri Zindagi Tere Pyar Mein Hum Kahan Khan Se Gujar Gaye Mere Dil Se Aaye Teri Sada Hum Jahan Jahan Se Gujar Gaye ( Scooter Suman Kalyanpur - Kalyanji - Anandji / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Ji Chahta Hai 1964 '' ( OOOOOO ... Aa Aa Aa OO ... ) `` Mil Gaya Dhoondte Jise ( Multi Usha Mangeshkar and Udit Narayan - Rajesh Roshan ) - Unees Bees 1980 '' `` Mil Gaya Mil Gaya ( Multi Udit Narayan and Usha Mangeshkar - Rajesh Roshan / Amit Khanna ) - Unnees Bees 1980 '' `` Mil Gaya Taqdeer Se Chashma ( Solo - Ghulam Mohammed / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Laila Majnu 1953 '' `` Mil Gayi Mil Gayi ... Meri Sapanon Ki Rani Muj Ko Mil Gayee Mil Gayee O Khul Gayi Tum Mile To Meri Kismat Khul Gayee Khul Gayee ( Twist Asha Bhosle - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Jawan Muhabbat 1971 '' ( Ho ... ) `` Mil Gayi Mil Gayi Mil Gayi Re Mujh Ko Mohabbat Mil Gayi , Aakhir Dukh Te Dil Ko Mere Dard Se Fursat Mil Gayi ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Pyar Mohabbat 1966 '' ( Husn Ko Chaand - Jawani Ka Kanwal Kehte Hain Koi Surat Nazar Aaye To Gazal Kehte Hain Otri Satri Yatri Yatri Yana ... ) `` Mil Jaati Hain Sansaar Mein Sansaar Se Mukti ... Pyar Hain Ek Nishan Kadamon Ka 1 ( Solo - R.D. Burman ) - Mukti 1977 '' `` Mil Kar Jaayein Hum Preet Ke Deewane ( Duet Shamshad Begum - S. Mohinder / Hamid Khumar ) - Jeevan Sathi 1949 '' `` Mil Ke Baitho Jodo Bandhan ( Solo - Iqbal Qureshi / Shakeel Nomani ) - Panchayat 1958 '' `` Mil Le Mil Le Mil Le Mujhe Chhu Nahin Waise Hi Mil Le , Dil Le Dil Dil Le Mere Seene Se Lag Mera Dil Le ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi ) - Paisa Ya Pyar 1969 '' `` Mil Mil Ke Gaayenge O Ho Do Dil Yanhaan Ek Tera Ek Mera Hun Hun Haa Haa ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Dulari 1949 '' `` Mil Ne Ki Hasrat Mein Betaabi ( Solo - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Laila Majnu 1953 '' `` Mile Jo Kadi Kadi Ek Zanzeer Bane Pyar Ke Rang Bharo Zinda Tasveer Bane ( Multi Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman / Gulshan Bawara ) - Kasme Vaade 1978 '' `` Mile Khak Mein Naujawan Kaise Kaise ( Solo - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Chaalbaaz 1958 '' `` Mile Na Phool To Katon Se Dosti Kar Li Isi Tarah Se Basar Hum Ne Zingi Kar Li ( Solo - Roshan Lal / Kaifi Azmi ) - Anokhi Raat 1968 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 3 * * * * '' `` Mili Khaak Mein Mohabbat , Jala Dil Ka Aashiyana , Jo Thi Aaj Tak Haqiqat , Wohin Ban Gayi Fasana ( Solo - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Chaudhvin Ka Chand 1960 and Mohammed Rafi Collection Vol. 2 and 8 * * * * '' `` Milta Hain Kya Namaz Mein ( Prayer Solo - S. Qureshi / Shewan Rizvi ) - Arab Ka Sitara I 1946 '' `` Milte Hi Nazar Tum Se Hum Ho Gaye Diwane Aaraj To Accha Hain Anjaam Khuda Jaane Haaye Anjaame Mohabbat Mein Tum Ho Abhi Begane Sholon Se Uljhate Ho Diwane Ho Diwane ( Qawali Manna Dey and Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Asad Bhopali ) - Ustadon Ke Ustad 1963 '' ( AA Aa Aa ... ) `` Milti Hain Agar Nazron Se Nazar Sharmaate Ho Kyon ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Do Dilon Ki Daastan 1966 '' `` Mister Dil Badi Mushkil ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - `` Mister Dil Badi Mushkil Mein Tu Ne Aaj Dala Hawa Behki Sama Chikna Ajab Jadu Nirala Jigi Jigi Jigi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Jaali Note 1960 '' ( Oh ... ) `` Mitter Pyare Noon ( Punjabi Solo - S. Mohinder / Shabad Gurbani ) - Nanak Naam Jahaz Hai * * * * '' `` Mitti Mein Mil Gaya Hain ( Solo - Ravi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Modern Girl 1961 '' `` Mizaj E Garami Dua Hai Aapki Badi Khoobsurat Ada Hai Aapki Badi Khoobsurat Nighah Aapki ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Jaal 1967 '' ( O Ho Ho Ho ... ) `` Mizaz To Huzur Ke Hain Achhe ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Minister 1959 '' `` Mohabbat Choome Jinke Haath Jawani Pao Padi Din Raat Sune Phir Haye Kis Ki Baat ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Aan I 1952 '' `` Mohabbat Hi Mohabbat Hain Jahaa Tum Ho Jahaa Hum Hai Chale Aao Chale Aao ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Rajendra Krishan ) - Geeta Mera Naam 1974 '' `` Mohabbat Ho Gayi Bas Ek Nazar Se ... Bas Ek Nazar Se ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - C. Ramchandra / Rajinder Krishan ) - Sagai 1951 '' ( Udhar Se Tum Chale Aur Hum Idhar Se , ... Mohabbat Ho Gai ... ) `` Mohabbat Ho Gayi Hain ( Solo - Usha Khanna / Asad Bhopali ) - Sone Ka Dil Lohe Ke Haath 1978 '' `` Mohabbat Hui Mere Saiyyan , Nainon Mein Nindiya , Sapne Mein Tu Tujh Mein Main Hoon ( Duet Usha Mangeshkar - Rajesh Roshan / Verma Malik ) - Shakka 1981 '' `` Mohabbat Jata Ke Ankhen Lada Ke , Chale Aa Rahe Hain Hazamat Kara Ke ( Funny C. Ramchandra - C. RamChandra / Rajendra Krishan ) - Sagai 1951 '' ( Haseen - on Ke Gadi Mein Aashiq Ka Ghoda Bedard Kismat Ke Haathon Ne Joda ... ) `` Mohabbat Ka Haath Jawani Ka Pala Subhan Aallah Babu ( Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Howrah Bridge 1958 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Mohabbat Ka Naghma Zuban Par Na Aata Agar Tum Na Milte Muqaddar Na Jaane Kahan Le Ke Jaata ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya 1963 '' `` Mohabbat Kar Ke Kya Loge ( Duet Asha Bhosle - G.S. Kohli / Anjaan ) - Lambe Haath 1960 '' `` Mohabbat Kar Ke Kya Loge , Aji Badle Mein Kya Doge ( Duet Asha Bhosle - G.S. Kohli ) - Lambe HAath 1960 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Mohabbat Kar Ke Kya Loge , Aji Badle Mein Kya Doge , Aa Aa ... Yeh Aisa Raaz Hain Jis Ko , Mohabbat Kar Ke Samajhoge , Yeh Aisa Raaz Hain Jis Ko OOO ( Duet Asha Bhosle - G.S. Kohli ) - Lambe Haath 1960 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... Aa Aa Aa ... Hun Hun Hun ... ) `` Mohabbat Kar Lo , Jee Bhar Lo , Aji Kis Ne Roka Hain , Par Bade Gajab Ki Baat Hain , Iss Mein Bhi Dhokha Hain , Shikayat Kar Lo , Ji Bhar Lo , Aji Kis Ne Roka Hain , Ho Sake To Duniya Chhod Do , Duniya Bhi Dhokha Hain , Shikayat Kar Lo ( Duet Geeta Dutt - O.P. Nayyar / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Aar Paar I 1954 '' `` Mohabbat Kar Ne Waalon Se ( Multi Mukesh and Shamshad Begum - Ghulam Mohammad / Shewan Rizvi ) - Hanste Ansoo 1950 '' `` Mohabbat Karo To Karo Chhup Chhupa Ke ( Qawali Duet Asha Bhosle - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Kala Samundar 1962 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Mohabbat Ke Dhaage Mein Kaliyan ( Multi Jaani Babu Qawwal and S. Balbir - Kamal Rajasthani / Mehboob Sarwar ) - Mere Gharib Nawaaz 1973 '' `` Mohabbat Ke Dhokhe Mein Koi Na Aaye ( Solo - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Rajendra Krishan ) - Badi Bahen 1949 '' `` Mohabbat Ke Khuda Hum Hai Khuda Hum Hai ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Brahmchari 1967 '' ( Koi Humein Bhi Karta Hai Hum Pe Bhi Koi Marta Hai ... ) `` Mohabbat Ke Liye Aise To Tanhai Jaruri Hai ... Mohobbat Main Negahonse ( Qawali Sulakshana Pandit - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Amar Shakti 1978 '' `` Mohabbat Ke Maaron Ka , Mohabbat Ke Maaron Ka , Haal Yeh Duniya Mein Hota Hain , Zamana Un Pe Hansta Hain , Naseeba Un Pe Rota Hain , Naseeba Un Pe Rota Hain , Naseeba Un Pe Rota Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Roshan Lal / Kedar Sharma ) - Bawre Nain 1950 '' `` Mohabbat Ke Suhane Din Jawani Ki Haseen Raatein Judai Mein ( Solo - Kalyanji - Anandji / Anand Bakshi ) - Maryaadaa 1971 '' `` Mohabbat Ke , Dhage Mein Kaliya Phiro Ke ( Qawali Prayer Jani Babu and S. Balbir - Kamal Rajsthani / Mehboob Sarwar ) - Mere Gharib Nawaz 1973 '' ( Yeh Chaadar Khata Kosh Ufawa Banengi , Yeh Mehsharmi , Khudrat Ka Saaya Banegi , Jo Simati Gunahon Ka Parda Banegi , Jo Phaili To Rehmat Ka Darya Banegi ... Kya Shaan Tumhari Allah - oo ... Chadhane Ko Aaaye Hain Mannat Ki Chaadar ... ) `` Mohabbat Ki Ankhon Se Aaj ( Duet Aarti Mukherji - Vistas Ardeshir Balsara / Prahlad Sharma ) - Wohi Ladki 1967 '' `` Mohabbat Ki Bas Itni Dastaan Hai Bahare Bahare Char Din Ki Phir Fiza Hain ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Nashad Ali / Khumar Barabankvi ) - Baradari 1955 '' ( Sitare Doob Chale Raat Dhalnewali Hain Ae Ae Chale Bhi Aao Ki Duniya Badal Ne Wali Hain Tumhe Kasam Hain Na Karna Meri Judai Ka Ghum Hawayein Lakh Chale Shamma Jalnewali Hain ... ) ( Nashad Ali was also known as Shaukat Ali , Shaukat Haidari , Shaukat Dehlvi , Shaukat Husain and Shaukat Husain Haidari . ) `` Mohabbat Ki Rahon Mein Chalna Yanhan Jo Bhi Aaya Gaya Haath Mul Ke ( Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Uran or Udan Khatola 1954 '' `` Mohabbat Kis Ko Kehte Hain , Mohabbat Is Ko Kehte Hain , Bin Dekhe , Aur Bin Pehchaane , Tum Par Hum Qurbaan , Mohabbat Kis Ko Kehte Hain , Mohabbat Is Ko Kehte Hain , Gar Tum Par Na Mar Te To Jina Tha Aasaan , Mohabbat Kis Ko Kehte Hain , Mohabbat Is Ko Kehte Hain ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai 1961 '' ( Bin Dekhe , Aur Bin PehchAane , Tum Par Hum QurbAan ... ) `` Mohabbat Mein Aji Kya Aap Apna Intahaan Denge Nahin Hum Apni Jaan Denge ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - R.D. Burman / Anand Bakshi ) - Phandebaaz 1978 '' `` Mohabbat Mein Khudaya Aise Guzare Zindagi Apni , Woh Nafarat Bhi Karein To Kum Na Ho Ho Ulfat Kabhi Apni , Unhi Ko Sonp Di Hain Maine Sari Zindagi Apni ( Solo - Ameerbai Karnataki / Ameer Usmani Deobandi ) - Shahnaz 1948 '' `` Mohabbat Mein Kise Maloom Tha Yeh Din Bhi Aayenge ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Ghulam Mohammad / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Paras 1949 '' `` Mohabbat Mein Nigahon Se ( Duet Sulakshana Pandit - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Amar Shakti 1978 '' `` Mohabbat Rang Layegi Janaab Ahista Ahista ( Duet Chandrani Mukherjee - Anu Malik / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Poonam 1981 '' `` Mohabbat Rog Ban Kar ( Duet Shamshad Begum - S. Mohinder / Hamid Khumar ) - Jeevan Sathi 1949 '' `` Mohabbat Se Dekha Khafa Ho Gaye Hain Haseen AajKal Ke Khuda Ho Gaye Hain ( Solo - Roshan Lal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Bheegi Raat 1965 '' `` Mohabbat Se Tumhein Dekha Magar Tum Jaane Kya Samajhe Jo Itna Bhi Nahin Samajhe Sanam To Phir Tum Se Khuda Samajhe ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Raaton Ka Raja 1970 '' `` Mohabbat Yun Bhi Hoti Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Marine Drive 1955 '' `` Mohabbat Zinda Rehti Hain ( Solo - Hansraj Behl / Qamar Jalalabadi ) - Changez Khan 1957 '' `` Mohammed Rafi Tu Bahut Yaad Aaya ( Tribute Solo Sung By Mohammed Aziz - Laxmikant Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Kroadh 1990 '' ( Ek Shaam Rafi Ke Naam ) `` Mohammed Shah Rangile Re ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shri Nath Tripathi / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Nadir Shah 1968 '' `` Mohan Main Ek Bhatka Raahi ( Solo - Chitragupt / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Baraat 1960 '' `` Mohobbat Karegi Asar Dhire Dhire ( Solo - Chitragupa / Kafil Azar ) - Mohammed Rafi : The Last Songs '' ( Planned Hindi remake of a 1962 Bengali film with the name , `` Sorry Madam '' by Dilip Bose was never made , because it may have been considered as bad - luck due to loss of Dilip Bose 's wife and financial hardship . The music , however , was recorded just seven months before Rafi 's death . The music was restored by Frenchman Achille Forler of a music publishing company , Deep Emotions in a joint venture with Universal Music . Frenchman sent the tapes to Equus Studios in Belgium to restore and released the album in 11 - 2 - 2010 by Silk Road Communications with an additional Track `` Teri Ada '' , which gives audio documentary from Dilip Bose 's sons Bobby ( and may be Rajesh ) and Chitragupt 's sons Anand - Milind . Frenchman told Deccan Herald that he was prepared to do shirshasana for one year to have a Rafi album in his catalogue and its catlogue # is SR025 and the file is under Hindi Memorabilia. ) `` Mor Bhangiya ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sapan - Jagmohan / Indeevar ) - GangaDhaam 1980 '' `` More Raja Ho Le Chal Nadiya Ke Paar ( Duet Lalita Deulkar - C. Ramchandra / B.A. Moti ) - Nadiya Ke Paar 1949 '' ( OOOOOO Ha Ha Ha ... ) `` More Ram Re Tori Nagri Ajab Veerani ( Solo - Chitragupt / Prahlad Sharma ) - Prem Ki Ganga 1971 '' `` More Shyam Pal Pal Mere Mukh Se Nikle ( Non-Filmy Bhajan Solo - Khayyam / Unknown ) - This Is Mohd Rafi Saab - Ghazala And Bhajans * * * * and BhaktiGeet * * * * and Tere Bharose Nandlal 1991 '' `` Mori Binti Suno Bhagwan Ab Mori Binti Suno Bhagwan Aaj Meri Tuti Beena Mein Phir Se Dalo Pran ( Prayer - Hemant Kumar ) - Taj 1956 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Mubarak Aap Ko Yeh Din Khushinyo Bhara ( Piano Duet Asha Bhosle - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Do Bhai 1969 '' ( Geet Nahin Ban Sakte Kuch Saad Aise ... ) `` Mubarak Ho Dulha Dulhan Ko Yeh Shaadi ( Solo - Ghulam Mohammed / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Paak Daman 1957 '' `` Mud Mud Ke Har Koi Dekhein ( Solo - Sardar Malik / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Mera Ghar Mere Bachche 1960 '' `` Muddat Hui Hain Yaar Ko Mehmaan Kiye Huye ( Urdu Gazal Solo - Muhammad Zahoor Khaiyyam Hashmi or Kedar Pandit , SD Burman , Anupam Shobhaka / Mirza Ghalib ) - Mohad Rafi Ghazals Vol. 2 and Rafi Aye Jaan E Ghazal * * * * or Kalaam - E-Ghalib : Ghazals By Lata / Rafi * * * * or Mirza Ghalib * * * * '' `` Muhabbat Ka Nagma Juban Par Na Aata Agar Tum Na Milte ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya 1963 '' `` Mujh Ko Apne Gale Laga Lo Aye Mere Humrahi , Mujh Ko Apne Gale Laga Lo Aye Mere Humrahi , Tum Ko Kya Batalaoon Main Ke Tum Se Kitna Pyar Hain , Mujh Ko Apne Gale Laga Lo Aye Mere Humrahi , Mujh Ko Apne Gale Laga Lo Aye Mere Humrahi , Tum Ko Kya Batalaoon Main Ke Tum Se Kitna Pyar Hain , Mujh Ko Apne Gale Laga Lo ( Duet Mubarak Begum - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Humrahi 1963 '' `` Mujh Ko Bacha Lo Meri Maa ( Duet Asha Bhosle - R.D. Burman / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Garam Masala 1972 '' `` Mujh Ko Jeene Ki To ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Naach Uthe Sansaar 1976 '' `` Mujh Ko Kasam Hain Saakiya ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi / Inderjeet Singh Tulsi ) - Zamaanat 1977 '' `` Mujh Ko Tujh Ko Do Geenate ... Hum Hain Ek Aur Ek Gyarah ( Duet Kishore Kumar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal ) - Ek Aur Ek Gyarah 1980 '' `` Mujh Se Mat Rootho Meri Jaan 1 ( Solo - Jaidev / V.N. Mangal ) - Sapna 1969 '' `` Mujh Se Nazarein Mila Ne Ki Jurrat Naa ( Duet Manna Dey - Sonik - Omi / Verma Malik ) - Maan Gaye Ustad 1981 '' `` Mujh Se Nazarein Milane Ki Juraat Na Kar Yeh Nasha Hain Jawani Ka Utar Jayega ( 40 th or 60 th Birthday Qawali Manna Dey - Sonik - Omi ) - Maan Gaye Ustaad 1981 '' ( Duniya Ke Liye Main Aafat Hoon Mere Samne Tu Koi Cheez Nahin Tere Baap Ke Main To Barabar Hoon Kya Itni Tujhe Tameez Nahin ... ) `` Mujh Se Sham Suhani ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Usha Khanna / Ravindra Jain ) - Meri Biwi Ki Shaadi 1979 '' `` Mujhe Akhiyon Pe Apni Yakin Hain Tu Duniya Mein Sab Se Haseen Hain ( Duet Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Raja Mehdi Ali Khan ) - Do Dilon Ki Daastan 1966 '' `` Mujhe Apna Yaar Banalo Phir Ho Jaoon Sansaar Ka Are Azama Ke Dekho Dil Kaisa Hai Dildaar Ka ( Train Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Boy Friend 1961 '' `` Mujhe Apni Sharan Mein Le Lo Ram ( Prayer Solo - Chitragupt / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Tulsidas 1954 '' `` Mujhe Bhool Jana ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Taqdeer 1967 '' `` Mujhe Chhoo Nahin Waise ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Paisa Ya Pyar 1969 '' `` Mujhe Chhoo Rahi Hain Teri Garam Sansen ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Rajesh Roshan / Gulzar ) - Swayamvar 1980 and Evergreen Mohd Rafi * * * * '' `` Mujhe Dard - E-Dil Ka Pata Na Tha , Mujhe Aap Kis Liye Mil Gaye , Main To Akele Yun Hi Nashe Mein Tha , Mujhe Aap Kis Liye Mil Gaye ( Solo - Chitragupt / Majrooh Sultanpuri ) - Aakash Deep 1965 and Down Memory Lane - Mohammad Rafi * * * * '' `` Mujhe De Do ( Duet Hemlata - Ravindra Jain ) - Meharbani 1981 '' `` Mujhe Dekh Kar Aap Ka Muskarana , Mohabbat Nahin Hain To Phir Aur Kya Hain , Ho Muje Dekh Kar Aap Ka Muskurana ( Solo - O.P. Nayyar / Shamshul Huda Bihari ) - Ek Musafir Ek Hasina 1962 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... Aap Ka Muskurana ... ) `` Mujhe Dekh Na Kudiyein Mud Ke ( Duet Asha Bhosle - S. Mohinder / Anjaan ) - Reporter Raju 1962 '' `` Mujhe Dekho Hoti Der Khade ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - N. Dutta aka Datta Naik / Jan Nisar Akhtar ) - Mr. John 1959 '' `` Mujhe Dena Re , Mujhe Dena Re Badhai Gaowalon , Ke Yaar Mera Rab Ho Gaya , Rab Ho Gaya ( Multi Badri Prasad , Anand Kumar C and Asha Bhosle - Kalyanji - Anandji / Raj Kavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi ) - Ahinsa II 1979 '' ( Haye ... Dhamak Dhamak Dham Dholak Baaje Goonj Uthi Shehnai , Tulsi Ki Ramayan Mein Bhi Baat Yanhi Batalai ... Raam Ko Mili Badhai , Are Badhai Ho ... Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Mujhe Dosto Tum Gale Se ( Duet Danny Denzongpa - R.D. Burman / Anand Bakshi ) - Naya Daur 1978 '' `` Mujhe Duniyawalon Sharabi Na Samajho ( Waltz Solo - Naushad Ali / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Leader 1964 '' ( La Ra La La La Ra La ... Ha Ha Ha Shoo o ... ) `` Mujhe Gale Se Laga Lo Bahut Udas Hoon Main 1 ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Aaj Aur Kal II 1963 '' `` Mujhe Ishq Hain Tujhi Se Tujhi Se Mere Jaan - E-Zindagani Tere Paas Mera Dil Hain Mere Pyar Ki Nishani ( Solo - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Umeed 1971 '' `` Mujhe Jaldi Bana De Malika Phir Maalik Ban Mere Dil Ka ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Dattaram Wadkar / Gulshan Bawra ) - Dark Street 1961 '' `` Mujhe Kitna Pyar Hai Tum Se Apne Hi Dil Se Puchho Tum ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Dil Tera Diwana 1962 '' `` Mujhe Le Chalo Aaj Phir Us Gali Mein Jahan Pehle Pehle Yeh Dil Ladkhadaya O Duniya O Meri Mohabbat Ki Duniya Jahan Se Main Betaabiyaan Le Ke Aaya ( Solo - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Sharabi 1964 '' ( Hun Hun Hun ... ) `` Mujhe Mat Roko Mujhe GAane Do Jo Hota Hai Ho JAane Do ( Solo - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Sargam 1979 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Mujhe Mera Pyar De De Tujhe Aazama Liya Hai Teri Wafa Ke Aage Maine Sar Jhuka Liya Hai ( Engagement Asha Bhosle - O.P. Nayyar / Shewan Rizvi ) - Hum Saaya 1968 '' `` Mujhe Mil Gaya Bichhda Yaar ( Multi Manna Dey and Asha Bhosle - Sonik - Omi / Sajan Dehlvi ) - Badla Aur Balidan 1980 '' `` Mujhe Preet Nagariyaan Jaana Hain ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - S.D. Burman / Rajendra Krishan ) - Ek Nazar 1951 '' `` Mujhe Pyar De Do Maa , Apna Dular De Do Maa , Mera Kho Gaya Hain Bachpan , Udhar De Do Maa ( Duet Usha Mangeshkar - C. Arjun / Kavi Pradeep ) - Aankh Ka Tara 1977 '' `` Mujhe Pyar Ka Tohfa De Ke Tapti Bahin Mein Leke ( Duet Usha Mangeshkar - Rajesh Roshan / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Kaala Patthar 1979 '' `` Mujhe Pyar Ki Zindagi Denewale Kabhi Gum Na Dena Khushi Denewale ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Ravi / Prem Dhawan ) - Pyar Ka Sagar 1961 '' `` Mujhe Tadpaati Rahi Roz Sataati Rahi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Hemant Bhosle / Yogesh Gaud ) - Damaad 1978 '' `` Mujhe Teri Mohabbat Ka Sahara Mil Gaya Hota ( Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Aap Aye Bahaar Ayee 1971 '' ( Dil Shaad Tha ... ) `` Mujhe Tu Ne Maar Dala ( Solo - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Naina 1973 '' `` Mujhe Tum Se Mohabbat Hain ( Solo - Sardar Malik / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Bachpan 1963 '' `` Mujhe Tum Se Mohabbat Hain , Mujhe Tum Se Mohabbat Hain , Mujhe Tum Se Mohabbat Hain ( Duet Ameerbai Karnataki - Ameerbai Karnataki / Fiza Kausar Bangalori ) - Shahnaz 1948 '' ( Aa Aa Aa ... ) `` Mujhe Yeh Phool Na De Tujh Ko Dilwari Ki Kasam Dilwari Ki Kasam Yeh Kuch Nahin Kuch Nahin Kuch Nahin Tere Hoton Ki Sadagi Ki Kasam ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Madan Mohan Kohli / Sahir Ludhianvi ) - Ghazal 1964 '' `` Mujhi Mein Chhupkar Mujhi Se Door ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Madan Mohan Kohli / Rajendra Krishan ) - Jailor 1958 '' `` Mujhko Apne Gale Laga Lo Aye Mere Hamrahi ( Duet Mubarak Begum - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Humrahi 1963 '' `` Mujhko To Qatil Ki Itni Pehchaan Hain ( Multi Sudesh Kumar and Asha Bhosle - Kalyani - Anandji / M.G. Hashmat ) - Uljhan 1975 '' `` Mukhde Pe Tere Bijli Ki Chamak or Chal Tham ke zara ( Solo - Chitragupt / Prem Dhawan ) - Adhi Raat Ke Baad 1965 '' `` Mulaqaton Ki Ummeed Purani Ho Rahi Hogi ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Bullo C. Rani / Gopal Singh Nepali ) - Veer Rajputani 1955 '' `` Munde Da Main Mama Ban Gaya ( Child Birth Duet Lata Mangeshkar - Laxmikant - Pyarelal / Anand Bakshi ) - Jeet 1972 '' `` Munh Se Mat Laga , Cheez Hain Buri , Dekh Bas Zara , Cheez Hain Buri , Chhod De Yeh Maikashi , Mere Humnashi , Mere HumNashi , Are Baat Mat Badha Chhod Dillagi , Hosh Kar Zara , Chhod Dillagi , Jhoot Bolta Hain Tu , Main Ne Pee Nahin , Main Ne Pee Nahin ... Lu Ra Ra Ru Lu Ra Ra Ru ( New Year Games Swing Manna Dey - O.P. Nayyar / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Johnny Walker 1957 '' `` Muqabala Hain Aaj Mera ( Qawali Usha Mangeshkar - Shyamji GhanaShyamji ) - Heroein Ek Raat Ki 1979 ( May be released in 1994 ) `` Muqabla Hum Se Na Karo , Muqabala Hum Se Na Karo , Hum Tumhein Apne Hi Rang Mein Rang Dalenge Ek Hi Pal Mein ( Dance Jugal - Bandi Multi Asha Bhosle and Lata Mangeshkar - Shankar - Jaikishan ) - Prince 1969 '' ( Dance Jugal Bandi Between Vaijayantimala and Helen ) `` Muqaddar Azmana Chahta Hoon Tumhe Apna Banana Chahta Hoon Mujhe Bas Ek Pyar Ka Jaam De Do Main Sab Kuch Bhool Jana Chahta Hoon ( Solo - Ravi / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Door Ki Awaz 1964 '' `` Murakh Hain Insaan Bhagwan Murakh Hain Insaan Bhagwan Bure Bhale Ka Gyan Rakhena Bure Bhale Ka Gyan Rakhena Apna Kamaye Naam Naam Naam Re ( Prayer - C. Arjun ) - Main Aur Mera Bhai 1961 '' ( Insaan Ki - tne Yug Beete Yunhi Raha Nadan Yunhi Raha Nadan ... ) `` Musaafir Hain Hum Tum Yeh Duniya Saare ( Multi Sudha Malhotra and Mubarak Begum - Allah Rakha Qureshi / Asad Bhopali ) - Sim Sim Marjina 1958 '' `` Musaafir Hain Hum Tum Yeh Duniya Saray ( Multi Mubarak Begum and Sudha Malhotra - A.R. Qureshi ) - Sim Sim Marjina 1958 '' `` Musaafir Rahkar Paida Khuda Manzil Banayega ( Duet Asha Bhosle - S. Mohinder / Rahil Gorakhpuri ) - Sun Le To Haseena 1958 '' `` Musaafir Sada Geet Gaaye Chala Chal ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Husnlal - Bhagatram / Pandit Sudarshan ) - Jal Tarang 1949 '' `` Museebat Itni Jheli Hain Ki ( Solo - Sardul Kwatra - T.K. Das / M.A. Taj ) - Jalte Deep 1950 '' `` Mushaira II ( Duet Chandbala - Ghulam Mohammadd / Shakeel Badayuni ) - Paak Daman 1957 '' `` Muskurati Huyi Ek Husn Ki Tasveer Ho Tum ( Duet Asha Bhosle - Shankar - Jaikishan / Hasrat Jaipuri ) - Daaman Aur Aag 1973 '' `` Muskurayein Khet Pyase Tarse ( Duet Suman Kalyanpur - Iqbal Qureshi / Rajendra Krishan ) - Love In Simla 1960 '' `` My Dear Mummy Nahin Hain ( Duet Shamshad Begum - Shankar - Jaikishan / Shailendra ) - Nageena 1951 '' `` My Love Panzi Wongo ( Swing - Daan Singh ) - My Love 1970 '' ( Yeh Tumharein Raaste Mein Phool Kyun Khilati Nahin , Yeh Tumharein Har Kadam Mein Nain Kyun Bichhati Nahin , Kya Patta Nahin Iss Bahar Ko Tum Kaun Ho Tum Mera Pyaar Ho , ... ) See also ( edit ) List of songs recorded by Mohammed Rafi Recorded songs ( A ) Recorded songs ( B-C ) Recorded songs ( D-F ) Recorded songs ( G ) Recorded songs ( H-I ) Recorded songs ( J ) Recorded songs ( K ) Recorded songs ( L ) Recorded songs ( N ) Recorded songs ( O ) Recorded songs ( P-R ) Recorded songs ( S ) Recorded songs ( T ) Recorded songs ( U-Z ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_recorded_by_Mohammed_Rafi_(M)&oldid=805596779 '' Categories : Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 12 : 21 . About Wikipedia | 1. Mohammed Rafi songs
2. Hindi film songs
3. Songs in different languages
4. List of songs by Mohammed Rafi
5. Music directors and lyricists |
1,824,339,416,317,584,600 | how long does winston have the book before he opens it | List of Still Game episodes - wikipedia List of Still Game episodes Jump to : navigation , search The following is an episode list for Still Game . The first series began on 6 September 2002 and its seventh series started on BBC One on 7 October 2016 . In the first three series , the episode titles were all Scots words that were related to the episode . This was changed to standard English titles for Series 4 so that the national audiences could understand the titles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Series 1 ( 2002 ) 2.2 Series 2 ( 2003 ) 2.3 Series 3 ( 2004 ) 2.4 Series 4 ( 2005 ) 2.5 Christmas Special ( 2005 ) 2.6 Series 5 ( 2006 ) 2.7 Hogmanay Special ( 2006 ) 2.8 Series 6 ( 2007 ) 2.9 Christmas Special ( 2007 ) 2.10 Hogmanay Special ( 2007 ) 2.11 Live At The Hydro ( 2014 ) 2.12 Children In Need Special ( 2014 ) 2.13 The Story So Far ( 2014 ) 2.14 Series 7 ( 2016 ) 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Series Airdates Channel Series 1 6 September 2002 -- 11 October 2002 BBC One Scotland Series 2 28 March 2003 -- 23 May 2003 10 July 2008 -- 4 September 2008 BBC One Scotland BBC Two Series 3 7 May 2004 -- 11 June 2004 BBC One Scotland Series 4 22 July 2015 -- 26 August 2005 BBC Two 2005 Christmas Special 28 December 2005 BBC One Series 5 19 June 2006 -- 24 July 2006 BBC Two 2006 Hogmanay Special 31 December 2006 1 January 2007 BBC One Scotland BBC Two Series 6 12 July 2007 -- 23 August 2007 BBC Two 2007 Christmas Special 23 December 2007 28 December 2007 BBC One Scotland BBC Two 2007 Hogmanay Special 31 December 2007 2 January 2008 BBC One Scotland BBC Two 2014 Live at the Hydro 7 November 2014 BBC One Scotland BBC Two Children In Need Special 2014 15 November 2014 BBC One Scotland Still Game : The Story So Far 31 December 2014 BBC One Scotland Series 7 7 October 2016 - 11 November 2016 BBC One Episode list ( edit ) Series 1 ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Writers Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) `` Flittin ' '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 6 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 06 ) 3.18 <Td_colspan="6"> Jack has become increasingly annoyed with his disruptive neighbours . He takes a walk with Victor to their local pub , the Clansman , as they complain about their run - down Glasgow neighbourhood , Craiglang . On the way , Jack attempts to persuade Victor to let Jack move into his spare room , an idea which Victor is strongly opposed to . However , the pair hear from Isa ( who lives on the same floor as Victor in the Osprey Heights tenements ) that the owner of the flat next to Victor 's , old man Hannigan , has just died . Jack immediately latches onto the idea of moving into the flat , and , under the guise of being mourners at Hannigan 's wake , he and Victor examine it , managing to embarrass themselves hugely in the process . Reasonably pleased with what he has seen , Jack makes plans to move into the flat . However , the beat - up removals lorry cheaply arranged to move Jack 's furniture , bursts into flames shortly after setting off on the journey to Osprey Heights , destroying all of Jack 's belongings . Meanwhile , Winston is trying to train his grandson , Joe , for a boxing match . Despite Joe 's short , scrawny build and obvious lack of talent for the sport , Winston keeps pushing him , much to the annoyance of everyone else , who clearly see that there is nothing in it . During the fight ( shown in a brief post-credits sequence ) , Joe is flattened within seconds . Notes : There are several comments made in this episode that counteract developments later in the series . Victor states that his son in Johannesburg is named Jamie ( in all other episodes his son is called John ) . He also refers to Jack as being 74 years old , while all later mentions of Jack 's age have him at 72 . Boaby the Barman also implies that he has a family in this episode , though every other episode but `` Faimly '' ( in which he is said to have a wife ) strongly imply that he is single and has no children . Guest Starring Gordon McCorkell , Finlay McLean , Alex Robertson & Richard Mark `` Faimly '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 27 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) 3.16 <Td_colspan="6"> Victor receives a message on his answering machine from his son , John , who states that he will be in the UK with his wife and children and will make a detour to Scotland to see Victor . However , Victor struggles to make out the time his son will be arriving at the train station , due to a large amount of background noise . He and Jack take the tape to their neighbour Shug , so nicknamed for his incredibly large ears ( `` lug '' being the Scots word for `` ear '' ) . Shug is an expert with electronics , though he has an irritating habit of launching into long stories about his spell in the army . He promises to find out when John is arriving . In the Clansman , Victor reflects on his history with his son . John has apparently often told Victor that he would visit him , and then not turned up . This is interrupted by Shug , who hands Victor the tape , and says that he is certain that John 's train will be arriving at 2 : 30 PM . Despite this , Jack and Victor go to the train station at 10 : 00 AM . After growing more and more bored waiting , the pair fall asleep at two , only waking up at 4 : 30 PM . Horrified , Victor frantically leaves the station with Jack . As they approach Victor 's flat , they hear voices coming from inside . An overjoyed Victor thinks it 's his son 's family , but is disappointed to find Winston and Isa . Winston was injured after fighting with Peggy McAlpine over gigot chops at the butcher 's , breaking his arm . Thoroughly angry that Jack and Victor neglected him during the hospital 's visiting hour , Winston was let into Victor 's flat by Isa , who had been cleaning for him . Victor decides to put the day 's incident behind him , and he and the others eat the desserts that he had prepared for his family . Notes : This is the first time that Victor has called his son `` John . '' As `` Jack '' is a common nickname for men named `` John , '' it seems likely that Victor 's son was named after Jack . John is Victor 's only known child . All of the episodes in Still Game 's first series , bar `` Flittin ' , '' were broadcast in the incorrect order when they first aired on the BBC . Though intended to be second , this was in fact the fourth episode of the show that many viewers saw . Victor breaks the fourth wall by saying `` welcome '' directly at the camera as he and Jack enter his flat . The characters never break the fourth wall again , making it rather jarring upon rewatchings . Guest Starring : Billy Boyd , Jackie Farrell , Carolyn Conrad & Billy Riddoch `` Cauld '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 13 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 13 ) 3.72 <Td_colspan="6"> It is the heart of the winter , and Craiglang is experiencing a brutal cold snap . Jack is meaning to bring his friend Wullie Napier a loaf of bread that he 'd promised him . He and Victor go to Wullie 's floor and find his flat unlocked , dark , and cold . Upon entering , they find Wullie sitting on his sofa , dead . After being initially frightened , Jack and Victor try to call Wullie 's son using his phone , but find the line dead . After leaving the bread in Wullie 's motionless arms , Jack and Victor proceed to ask his grubby , hostile neighbour Frankie ( frequently referred to as `` Manky Frankie '' ) to use his phone . After Jack begins rambling about unrelated matters to Wullie 's son over the phone , an annoyed Victor bluntly tells him the bad news and hangs up . At the Clansman , Jack and Victor are horrified to find that there is an ongoing bet on who will die next from the cold . The pair then go to visit Winston . Stunned at how warm his flat is , Victor and Jack inquire as to Winston 's secret . Winston reveals that he has tampered with his meter to allow him to use electricity without having to pay for it . Jack is interested , but , ever - honest , Victor convinces him that it is morally wrong . The pair visit many locations around the town , including Navid 's shop , the Bookies , and the local cafe , finding all of them unusually warm . After the pair confront Winston for this , he and Tam reveal that Victor and Jack are both good money in the death bet for not taking free electricity . Jack is convinced and sides with Winston and Tam . This infuriates Victor , now one of the only pensioners with a cold flat . Victor becomes belligerent towards Jack , Winston , and Tam , and is stunned to find that it is even hot in the church at Wullie 's funeral . That night , as Victor is shivering in bed while still dressed in winter clothes , Jack and Winston knock at his door . Victor finally softens up and takes the joins the illicit power - stealing scheme . Unfortunately , all of his subsequent electricity usage plunges the rest of Craiglang into darkness . Notes : Wullie Napier is the first of three minor characters with that name to crop up in Still Game . The second is Wullie MacIntosh , introduced in the Series 1 episode `` Waddin . '' He also had a brief appearance in the Series 3 episode `` Swottin . '' The actor who played him died shortly afterward , so Wullie MacIntosh never appeared again . He was distinguished by a large purple birthmark on his forehead , as well as his habit of borrowing things and not giving them back . The third Wullie , Wullie Reid , appeared in the `` Kill Wullie '' in Series 4 . A bit of a womanizer , Wullie Reid began a relationship with a significantly younger woman . This episode marks the first major appearance of series regulars , Eric and Pete the Jakey . Manky Frankie is also introduced , though he only appeared in one more episode . In the original , incorrect BBC broadcast , this episode ran second . Guest Starring : Stevie Allen , Finlay McLean & James O'Hara `` Courtin ' '' Ford Kiernan , Greg Hemphill & Paul Riley 20 September 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 20 ) N / A <Td_colspan="6"> Jack and Victor go to the local charity shop in town . While Victor playfully attempts to chat up Barbara , the volunteer , Jack stares silently at the ground . Sensing that all is not well , Victor takes Jack aside and asks him what the matter is . It transpires that Jack has a crush on Barbara . Victor encourages Jack to ask her out , but Jack gets cold feet and sprints out of the shop . Later , at Jack 's flat , Victor asks him what happened . Jack reveals that he is nervous about asking another woman out , out of respect to his own late wife . Victor again encourages Jack , telling him that he has mourned enough . The next day , Jack successfully asks Barbara out and manages to set up a double date of sorts , with Victor meeting Barbara 's sister , Edith . The date goes well for Jack , but Victor is horrified to find that Edith is , in fact a diminutive , stocky , mole - covered woman with a butch , gravelly voice . After this , Jack begins spending more and more time with Barbara , ignoring Victor , who steadily grows more and more jealous and skeptical of the relationship . His skepticism turns out to be well - founded , as Isa informs Victor that Barbara has a husband . Victor confronts Barbara , who admits that her husband has no idea of her relationship with Jack . At that moment , Jack bursts into the charity shop and invites both Barbara and Victor over for dinner . Both Victor and Barbara reluctantly accept . Later , at his flat , Jack receives a phone call from Barbara , explaining why she can not see him any more . Jack decides to put the whole thing behind him , and he and Victor split the third steak intended for her . In a more light - hearted subplot , Winston gets barred from the Clansman by Bobby for obnoxiously rejecting a pint of lager . Winston resorts first to hanging out with a group of local neds . He then tries another local pub , Broon 's ( renamed `` The Thirsty Laird '' ) , which he had not been in for twenty years , as it had a reputation for violence . Initially impressed by the pub 's reinvention of itself , Winston hastily leaves when a hooded figure enters and shoots a middle - aged man playing at the pool table . Outside the window , Winston asks Bobby how he can get back into the Clansman , and Bobby says that he must apologise . Refusing , Winston disguises himself by wearing a false moustache , trench - coat , and hat . Bobby instantly sees through Winston 's disguise , but decides to let him back in anyway . Notes : It is not clear why Winston is shown removing his glasses after revealing his disguise -- in all other appearances , he is shown wearing them . Victor states that his wife has been dead two years longer than Jack 's . However , in the second series ' episode `` Brief , '' it is shown on the gravestones that Victor 's wife died in 1993 , while Jack 's died in 1991 . It is unclear which set of dates is correct . This was Barbara 's only appearance in Still Game . Her famously unattractive sister , Edith , later appeared in the Series 3 episode `` Swottin '' and the Series 6 episode `` Hot Seat , '' as well as the Christmas special `` A Plum Number . '' This episode was broadcast third in the original run of the show . Guest Starring : Eileen McCallum , Maureen Carr and Noddy Davidson 5 5 `` Waddin '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 11 October 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 11 ) 3.44 <Td_colspan="6"> Navid 's daughter is getting married , so he begins to hand out wedding invitations to certain customers in his shop . Many of the pensioners are keen on attending , and begin to go to great lengths to get invitations . Meanwhile , Jack is annoying Victor by endlessly chattering about a toaster that he wants to buy . The pair decide to go out , where they find Winston , who tells them that Wullie MacIntosh , an old acquaintance , has just died . After talking among themselves , it transpires that Wullie had a habit of borrowing things and not giving them back . Victor , Jack , and Winston , along with Tam , decide to let themselves into Wullie 's house and reclaim their long - lost items . After talking to more friends at Wullie 's funeral , the four realise that Wullie 's borrowing problem was much worse than it originally seemed -- most of the pensioners had loaned Wullie items that he had failed to return . Winston takes back a painting of the Taj Mahal which he says he will give to Navid , thus guaranteeing him an invitation to the wedding . Many of the other customers of Navid 's shop also begin receiving invitations at around this time , including Isa . Jack and Victor go to Navid 's shop , hoping for invitations , but Navid only gives them a newspaper . Frustrated , the two go to the Clansman , only to find that the majority of the customers have invitations . They are particularly hurt when they find out that Bobby has an invitation . Peggy McAlpine then pretends to offer Jack and Victor the invitations she and her husband Charlie had received , only revealing the deception after the pair reluctantly accept . Jack and Victor are laughed at by the entire pub , at which point , furious and hurt , the pair begin to storm out . Suddenly , an invitation with Victor 's name on it drops from the paper Navid had given them . Nearly fainting with happiness , Victor fails to notice Jack dejectedly leaving the pub . Just then , Pete the Jakey walks in , clutching an invitation and claiming that he is going to go to the wedding . Skeptical , Jack looks at Pete 's invitation and sees his own name . Realising that the invitation must have fallen out of the newspaper , he joins Victor in celebration . Later , at the wedding , Victor and Jack are horrified to find out that there is no alcohol due to Navid 's family being Muslim . However , they are cheered up due to the fact that Winston has worn a kilt with drinks hidden underneath . Meanwhile , it turns out that Wullie MacIntosh is in fact , still alive , and that he had been in hospital next to a person that had the same name as him . Dejectedly , Wullie enters the Clansman and tells Victor , Jack , Tam , and Winston that his house has been robbed . To compensate , Victor gleefully hands Wullie Jack 's newly - purchased toaster , which Jack had once again been annoying everyone with . Notes : The dimwitted and lazy but well - intentioned postman , Chris ( aka `` Chris the postie '' ) , makes his debut in this episode . The scene at Wullie 's house after his `` death '' can be found in a variation in Chewin ' the Fat , in a sketch where the characters who would go on to be leads in Still Game sing a song about lines of milk bottles and papers stuffed in a mailbox . An even earlier version of the gag can be found in the earlier sketch show Pulp Video , which starred Ford Kiernan , Greg Hemphill , Gavin Mitchell , and Jane McCarry , among others . This episode ran last in the original broadcast . Guest Starring : Johnny Irvine & Donald Cameron 6 6 `` Scones '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 4 October 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 04 ) 3.81 <Td_colspan="6"> Jack and Victor attend a local film screening . Their enjoyment of the film , however , is disrupted by a couple sitting in front of them who are loudly referencing actors and other films as well as arguing over sandwich fillings . Frustrated , Jack and Victor ask for a refund ( which they only get after much nagging and various personal insults to the ticket salesman , Simon ) . On their way out of the cinema , they bump into Tam . When Tam is asked why he is even going to see a film , an activity which he normally does n't care for , he responds that he has won free access to the cinema for a year -- snacks included -- by entering a competition . Annoyed at Tam 's boasts , Victor and Jack decide that they will try to beat him at his own game . They ask Navid about any upcoming contests . Navid tells them that there is currently a contest for coming up with a slogan for scones . He also reveals that Tam has bought his entire stock of scones to maximise his chances of winning , greatly irritating Jack and Victor , who are reduced to buying the last remaining packages from another shop . Unfortunately , Jack and Victor do not demonstrate a great ability to come up with catchy slogans in twenty words or less , with Jack being particularly bad at it ( his tendency to ramble does not do the pair any favours ) . Tam , much to Jack 's and Victor 's disappointment , wins the competition with his entry `` S'gone ! '' The pair complain to Navid , who makes matters worse by telling them that their own entry , `` Sconnae no dae that , '' is stale . Jack and Victor decide to admit defeat . Meanwhile , Winston runs into financial trouble when his pension is stopped due to several months ' worth of unlawful benefit claims . Horror - struck , Winston first tries to salvage his remaining money by betting at the bookies . After losing , Winston tries to buy a pint by paying Bobby with glass bottles . He responds belligerently when Bobby tells him that he does n't take bottles , leading Bobby to throw him out . As a last resort , Winston takes the only thing he can get for free -- a tin of cat food from Navid 's . However , he soon discovers that the cat food tin has a £ 500 prize on it . Crisis averted , Winston goes back to his old way of life . Meanwhile , Harry , Isa 's estranged husband , has returned after a long absence . Eager to take him back , Harry takes advantage of Isa 's good nature , while skirting questions about where he has been . Harry gets a decidedly hostile reception from the other pensioners , who make it clear that he is not welcome in the community after the way he hurt Isa . Eventually , Jack , Victor , and Winston find Isa sitting tearfully in a cafe , who reveals that Harry told her he was going to use the bathroom half an hour previously and never came back , and that her wallet is missing . Harry gets a painful surprise when Jack and Victor find him stuck in the bathroom window after a failed escape attempt . Notes : This episode ran fifth in the original broadcast . `` Scones '' marks the first appearance of Harry , Isa 's philandering husband . Harry reappeared in Series 2 's `` Dug '' and in a flashback in the Hogmanay special `` The Party . '' In the Series 6 episode `` Hot Seat , '' it is revealed that Harry has died . The actor who played him , Ronnie Letham , died in 2008 . `` Sconnae no dae that , '' Jack 's and Victor 's failed slogan entry , is a reference to the famous `` Gonnae no dae that '' running gag from Ford Kiernan 's and Greg Hemphill 's earlier sketch show , Chewin ' the Fat , of which Still Game is a spinoff . Guest Starring Bill Murdoch , James Weir & Ronnie Letham Early series of the show featured short sound clips whenever an establishing shot of Osprey Heights ( the building Jack , Victor , Winston , Tam , and Isa live in ) occurred . These included Jack and Victor sighing contentedly and one of the two saying `` Is that you ? '' with the other replying `` Oh , aye , that 's me . '' Arguably the most common was one where Jack and Victor hummed a song ( `` Hurdy gurdy gurdy , in the windae boxes '' ) . These decreased in frequency after the first couple of series , and were discontinued altogether by the fourth series . Series 2 ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Writers Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) 7 `` Gairden '' Ford Kiernan and Greg Hemphill 28 March 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 28 ) 2.88 <Td_colspan="6"> Isa is sitting in Glasgow 's George Square with a friend . She comments on how much she enjoys sitting in the square and enjoying the atmosphere , but is interrupted by a yelling from behind her . It turns out that there is a man behind her , jumping around and screaming in his underwear , while being restrained by the police . Meanwhile , Jack and Victor are eating lunch in a local park . Contrasting Isa 's previous comments , the two comment that they hate the park due to it being litter - strewn and unkempt . These sentiments are only worsened when Jack realises that he has dog dirt on his shoe . Two neds with a Rottweiler come walking along the path to the bench that Jack and Victor are sitting on . One ned orders the dog to sit right between Victor 's legs . The dog then defecates at Victor 's feet and proceeds to eat Jack 's sandwich . After rudely interrogating Jack and Victor as to whether they think that the neds should clean up the dog dirt , they leave . Victor and Jack decide not to return to the park . Meanwhile , Isa sees Tam bringing potted plants into Osprey Heights . She questions Tam , but he will not give a reason for why he is carrying them . Later , Jack and Victor witness Winston with a plant . After they inquire about it , Winston says that he ca n't tell them for fear of Isa finding out . Jack and Victor also hear that their old acquaintance , Ronnie ( the man in George Square ) , has been admitted to an asylum . Ronnie had been a contestant on BBC 's Mastermind , with his chosen subject of World War II , but answered a question he knew the answer to incorrectly , causing him to lose the competition and having an extreme negative effect on his confidence . Jack and Victor decide to go and visit Ronnie , where they realise that nothing is really wrong with him -- he just had one `` funny turn . '' The pair pretend to be his brothers to sign him out of the asylum . Meanwhile , Isa is furious at not knowing what the reason behind the potted plants are . Winston reluctantly agrees to show her ( after Isa blackmails him by threatening to call the council ) , but on the condition that she does not tell anybody . Isa promises , but immediately after Winston shows her , she runs off to tell everyone . This causes Winston to go to extreme lengths to restrain Isa , much to her annoyance . Finally , the secret project is declared finished , and Jack and Victor , among others , are treated to a new park on the roof of Osprey Heights that is ned - free . Everybody is overjoyed with the park , particularly Ronnie , who , unfortunately , is shouting with glee , once again in only his underwear . Later , while enjoying the park , Jack , Victor , and Winston are horrified to see that the two neds from the old run - down park have found their way up to the top of Osprey Heights , and have brought their `` devil dug '' , intending to make it their new hangout . Winston angrily tells them to leave the park alone , brandishing a large stick . One of the neds grabs the stick and throws it over the edge of the roof , which the dog promptly chases after and falls over twenty storeys to its death . The neds are mortified . Notes : This episode marks the introduction of an updated title sequence . The concept is still the same ( Jack and Victor ageing from boys to old men ) but several of their `` stages '' of life have been changed to reflect the culture of the time periods ( Elvis - like hairstyles in the 1950s and turtlenecks and long hair in the 1960s ) . Mary Riggans , who played Isa 's friend Sadie in this episode , also starred in the popular CBeebies programme Balamory . There are a number of associations between Balamory and Still Game . Greg Hemphill guest - starred in one episode ; his wife , Julie Wilson Nimmo , played the teacher Miss Hoolie . Nimmo was also featured in Kiernan and Hemphill 's earlier sketch shows , Pulp Video and Chewin ' the Fat . Guest Starring : Gary Sweeney & James Young 8 `` Wummin '' Ford Kiernan and Greg Hemphill 4 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 04 ) 4.11 <Td_colspan="6"> Winston hires a home help , falsely claiming that his leg is sore . However , Mrs. Begg , the woman assigned to assist him , does not believe his story for a second . She can not stop helping him , though , as she has no proof that his leg injury is fake . Mrs. Begg also resists Winston 's romantic advances , to his disappointment . To make his `` bad leg '' as convincing as possible , Winston takes to limping with a walking stick even outside of his house , for fear that Mrs. Begg ( or someone who knows her ) will see him . Though mocked by most of the pensioners ( and chastised by Jack and particularly the ever - honest Victor ) , Winston sticks to his act . Mrs. Begg , meanwhile , is stopped by Isa , who interrogates her as to whom she is tending . When Mrs. Begg mentions Winston 's name , Isa scoffs , but they both spot Winston walking with Jack and Victor , walking stick in hand and limping . Isa admits that he must really have a sore leg . However , some time later , Isa sees Winston running by , and rushes into Navid 's shop to tell him that Winston must be better . Conveniently , Mrs. Begg happens to be in the shop at the same time , rushes to the place Isa says Winston must be going ( the bookie 's ) and catches him without his stick and no apparent injury . As a result , she bans him from using her help . Meanwhile , Jack and Victor plan to visit their old friend , Bert Findlay , who has made his first appearance outside in a long time . Bert 's wife has been dead for several years , and he is deeply depressed . Victor and Jack are shocked to find Bert 's house with clothes strewn everywhere and rubbish all over the floor . The pair do manage to cheer Bert up to some extent , and he later asks if they will meet him at the Clansman . However , Bert does not turn up , making Jack and Victor suspicious . The two , along with Winston , go to Bert 's house to ask why he did n't turn up . Bert answers the door with a razor in his hand , and shows off his newly - cleaned house . Jack immediately suspects that Bert is about to commit suicide , citing the razor and a comment Bert has made about everything being `` in order , '' as well as returning a packet of biscuits , saying that he wo n't need them , as a classic example of signs of suicide . After hearing water running in the bathroom , the three decide to investigate , despite Bert 's pleas to them to not enter . When they open the door , they are stunned to find Mrs. Begg in the shower . They realise that Mrs. Begg has been having an affair with Bert . Winston immediately says that his `` sore leg '' is playing up again , and Mrs. Begg angrily agrees to let him use her home help service again out of embarrassment . Notes : Winston 's faked leg injury is juxtaposed in the Series 3 episode `` Aff , '' where his former smoking habit leads him to need a leg amputation . After the operation , Winston has a wooden leg , and always walks with a real limp . Guest Starring : Celia Imrie 9 `` Doacters '' Ford Kiernan and Greg Hemphill 11 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 11 ) 3.90 <Td_colspan="6"> While having a meal in the Clansman , Jack and Victor notice their old friend Stuart Anderson getting out of a new car . They are confused , as Stuart was known in the community for being in terrible shape and appearing to be at death 's door . Stuart goes into the Clansman , orders an orange juice , and sees Jack and Victor . After witnessing Stuart walk jauntily over to them and speak with a loud , clear , voice , they ask him how he underwent such a transformation . Stuart reveals that he is on a new American `` wonder drug '' for depression , which he is testing for the doctors . Amazed at the wonders it is working on Stuart , Jack and Victor contemplate getting their hands on the new drug . However , Victor in particular is skeptical about the plan , saying that Stuart really needed the medicine but they do n't . He does eventually agree to it , and the two practice pretending to be depressed at Victor 's flat . Their performance at the doctor 's office the next day is convincing enough to earn both of them a prescription for the wonder drug . They take it the next morning , with great effect -- they become hyperactive and oddly chatty , to the point where even Isa is shaken up by their intense conversation . They do , however , invigorate a local dance with their exuberance . Later , they are using the toilets when Stuart walks into the room . He hears them mention that they have been drinking . Horrified , Stuart tells them that they were not supposed to drink alcohol on top of the drugs , due to side effects . Jack and Victor exit the stalls and are aghast to see that their skin has turned a splotchy brown colour . Meanwhile , Winston is attempting to ask Frances , the local librarian , out on a date , but just as he is chatting her up , Tam butts in . To Winston 's fury , Frances is smitten with Tam and his literary knowledge . Tam asks Frances out on a date in the Clansman , where he runs into Winston . Winston is furious when Tam deliberately points out Winston 's tabloid in front of Frances and subsequently asks him what specific plays he has been to ( Winston had told Frances that he enjoyed the theatre ) , knowing full well that Winston would not be able to answer the question . He decides to get even with Tam . However , Tam later apologises , saying that he did n't mean to make Winston look stupid . Later that night , Tam opens his new library book only to find a turd in the pages . His screams of horror echo into the night . Notes : This episode establishes that Tam has a grandson , named Ryan , but is unmarried . In a later episode , it is stated that Tam had a wife who left him because he cheated on her . Guest Starring : Alec Heggie 10 `` Brief '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 18 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 18 ) 3.76 <Td_colspan="6"> Jack and Victor are in a local cemetery visiting their late wives ' gravestones . Victor talks to his wife 's grave as though she were there ( causing Jack to call him a `` creepy bastard '' ) and mentions that he is thinking of getting back out on the road . An acquaintance has just died , and his wife is selling his old car , holding an auction . Also intent on getting the car are Tam and Manky Frankie . At the bidding , Victor , Tam , and Frankie compete furiously to get it . The bids quickly rise , and Victor finally bets £ 400 and gets the car . However , Victor has to beg Jack to put in a quarter of the money , not having £ 400 . Jack agrees when Victor explains how a car is infinitely preferable to a bus or a taxi . The next morning , Victor and Jack climb into their new car and , seeing Frankie tending to his motorcycle , taunt him for losing the bid . Enraged , Frankie runs at the car , but Victor quickly drives away , splashing Frankie with a puddle . Victor and Jack drive all over Craiglang and into the surrounding areas ( Loch Lomond makes an appearance ) . However , they demonstrate that they have not kept up with the times , driving very slowly and being horrified at the price of petrol . Victor also scolds Jack for trying to light his pipe in the petrol station . However , the pair agree that it was a rare day out , and while driving home , they see Frankie on the pavement . They wickedly splash him again with a puddle . This does nothing to boost Frankie 's already sour mood , only infuriating him . The next day , some of the fun has worn off . Jack spends fifteen minutes talking to Eric after buying his messages , while an irritated Victor honks at him to get in the car . Jack gets into the front passenger 's seat and says , `` take me to the Clansman . '' This infuriates Victor , who ( being the one doing all of the driving ) feels that he is being treated by Jack as a personal chauffeur . Annoyed by Victor 's behaviour , Jack moves to the back seat and belligerently yells at Victor to take him to the Clansman . Later , Victor is in his bed about to drift to sleep , when a very drunk Frankie knocks at his door and tells him that he has `` been sorted . '' Victor then receives a phone call from Jack , who pleads with Victor to give him a lift home . Reluctantly , Victor agrees , but finds that Frankie has let the air out one of his tyres . Victor , tired and angry , arrives at the Clansman , only to find that Jack has invited all of their friends into the car . Victor is furious with Jack , and his mood is only worsened when Jack drops his fish supper all over the floor of the car , and Eric vomits on the windscreen . As he is pulling up to Osprey Heights , Victor crashes into Frankie 's motorcycle . Frankie witnesses this from his window and vows to get even . The next morning , Jack apologises , and Victor accepts , but makes him clean out the inside of the car , which Victor has decided to sell to Tam . Jack tells Victor that he has had his fun out of the car , and urges him to ask for his original £ 300 back . Despite Tam 's protests , he is forced to pay all of the money . The moment the cash leaves his hands , a large refrigerator crashes through the roof of the car . Tam is horror - struck by Frankie 's final act of revenge , as he has wasted a large sum of money . Notes : This episode implies that for unknown reasons , Jack is unable to drive . In all scenes , Victor is shown driving , and in fact Victor is the only one of the two who has any interest in the car . Jack does , however , drive in `` All the Best , '' from the fifth series of the show . Jack is also seen driving in Chewin the fat . Guest Starring : Stevie Allen , Tom Urie & Richard Wallis 11 5 `` Tappin ' '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 25 April 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 25 ) 4.06 <Td_colspan="6"> Jack is grumbling to himself about the quality of the food available in the price range of his pension when Victor walks in the door , jauntily carrying a bottle of fine wine . When Jack asks Victor how he got the money for the wine , Victor reveals that both he and Jack have saved too much money for their funerals . He tells Jack that if they take several money - saving ventures , such as ditching the funeral car and opting for a cremation instead of a burial , they will have several hundred pounds of `` free money . '' Victor proposes that the two live the high life for a week . Coincidentally , at the same time , a sleazy - looking money - lender appears in Craiglang . Jack and Victor tell him that they are not interested in his business . The next day , they show up in Navid 's shop , kitted out in fancy turtleneck sweaters and brand - new shoes . Jack also asks for a more expensive brand of tobacco than his regular kind . Navid sees that the pair have `` disposable income '' and takes them into his back room . He teaches Jack and Victor about the stock market , and the pair decide to put some of their money into a company called Chromotron UK . Meanwhile , Isa , who has been eavesdropping , assumes that Jack and Victor have borrowed from the money - lender . She soon takes £ 100 from him and begins spreading the news . Soon the entire community has taken money . When Jack and Victor find out , they are horrified , believing that the money - lender charges 100 % interest per week . They go to the Clansman and lecture the others on how borrowing money will spell the end of the community . However , the money - lender himself appears on the scene , and reveals that he charges reasonable rates , similar to banks . Jack and Victor soften their stance on money - lending , and buy the man a pint . Meanwhile , Winston and Tam are trying to play a round at the local golf course ; however , local neds hassle them . Furious , Winston and Tam challenge the neds to a game of golf , on the condition that if the pensioners win , the neds will have to leave them alone . The neds agree to the challenge . Despite playing a close game , Winston and Tam win . However , the neds order them to strip and bury them in a sand bunker . Notes : Two of the ned characters in this episode are played by the same actors that featured in `` Gairden . '' It is not clear whether or not they are supposed to be the same characters , as these neds show no sign that they had ever encountered Winston or Tam before ( the neds in `` Gairden '' had extensive dealings with Winston in particular ) . In a brief post-credits sequence , the manager of Chromotron UK ( the company that Jack and Victor invest in ) is shown hanging up the phone and promptly leaping from his upper - floor window . This episode marks one of the first , if not the first , appearances of Victor 's catchphrase , `` That 's plenty ! '' Guest Starring : James Young & Jim Murray 12 6 `` Scran '' Ford Kiernan , Greg Hemphill and Paul Riley 2 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 02 ) 3.94 <Td_colspan="6"> Navid receives news that his brother has died . He and Meena make plans to attend the funeral in India , but are reluctant to close the shop . Navid asks Jack and Victor to run the shop for him in his absence . Though initially reluctant , Jack and Victor accept . Meanwhile , a man named Vince Gallagher appears in the Clansman . Vince runs a catering business , and has parked himself next to a building site , where the builders are regular customers to his mobile snack bar . Vince is obsessed with cleanliness , and rejects two of Bobby 's pints due to the filthiness of the glass . The next day , Winston passes by Vince 's food van . Winston is furious to see Vince back in Craiglang . He reveals that Vince gave an entire shipyard full of workers , including himself , violent food poisoning with his stew . Back at Navid 's , Jack and Victor competently , if somewhat archaically , run the shop . Winston wanders in , feeling left out and wanting to help out in the shop . He then suggests that he , Victor , and Jack begin a temporary hot food business using Navid 's stock . Again , Jack and Victor are reluctant , but agree when Winston maintains that all of the original costs of the ingredients will be taken and given to Navid . Word of the new hot food source soon spreads , and Vince is horrified to see all of his customers walk straight past his van on their way to Navid 's , where Jack , Victor , and Winston are happily dealing out sausage rolls , hot dogs , and vegetable stew . The next evening , after another day of good business , Jack , Victor , and Winston head to the Clansman . They are stunned to see the place nearly deserted , and a replacement barman behind the counter . The barman tells them that Boaby has fallen ill , when Winston suddenly loses control of his bowels . The barman notes that Boaby was taken with the same sickness . It transpires that everyone who had the stew became ill shortly afterward . The lone customer in the bar is Vince , who says grimly , `` I like it quiet . '' The next day , Winston is not feeling much better . Jack and Victor are confused , as there were no bad ingredients in the stew . However , when reviewing security camera footage from the previous day , Victor notices Vince enter the shop and empty a huge amount of laxatives into the bubbling stew . Furious , they vow to get revenge , letting cockroaches and maggots loose in Vince 's van . Now ruined and with his reputation in tatters , Vince drives his van straight through the front of Navid 's shop and flees the scene just as Navid arrives back from India . Jack and Victor decide not to explain to Navid the reason for the attack . Notes : Winston reveals in this episode that he worked in the Clyde shipyards in his younger days ( a fact that is brought up occasionally later on , notably in the series five episode `` Smoke on the Water '' ) . He the only major character to have their former occupation explicitly revealed . Guest Starring : David Hayman 13 7 `` Shooglies '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 9 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 09 ) 3.18 <Td_colspan="6"> While he and Jack are watching TV , Victor is surprised when his friend hands him a personally engraved tankard in honor of the sixtieth anniversary of their friendship . Jack , on the other hand , is enraged when Victor reveals that he had not gotten Jack a gift , as he had forgotten all about the anniversary . Feeling guilty , Victor offers to take Jack into town and treat him to a nice meal and a good day out . Jack accepts , and the two reminisce about the day they first met . ( A tram had knocked down a boy named Frank McCallum , who was badly injured . Victor was sent to get help , and rushed , crying , into Jack 's father 's butcher shop . Victor met Jack , and a long - running friendship was born . ) The next day , as the pair prepare to board their bus into central Glasgow , Winston tags along . Jack and Victor tell Winston that he is not wanted , as this was to be a special day for the two of them . Winston is furious , insulting them from outside the bus window . In the city , Jack and Victor visit many shops , including a luxury tobacconist shop ( from which they are kicked out after Jack smokes every single brand before settling on his usual kind ) and a shopping centre ( where Jack falls asleep on a reclining chair and Victor tries on a pair of fashionable trainers ) . When they get to the restaurant , however , they are appalled by the expensive prices . Nervously , they tell their waiter that they will only have the inexpensive ice cream . However , the waiter , a kind young man named Norman , tells them that he will take care of their bill , saying that his own father would have a heart attack at the expensive prices . Jack and Victor fully enjoy their feast ; however , just as Norman is about to take care of the bill , he is fired for smoking in the kitchen . Horror - struck , Victor has to pay £ 140 when the restaurant 's manager presents him with the bill . Though disgruntled with the episode in the restaurant , Victor 's spirits are brought back up when Jack takes him to the Museum of Transport and they inspect old vehicles from their youth . In the museum , the two are stunned when a man introduces himself as Frank McCallum . Stunned , Jack and Victor invite Frank for dinner , an invitation which he accepts . However , later on , when Jack and Victor are in the kitchen preparing pudding , Frank steals several items from the house ( including Victor 's tankard and a bottle of whisky ) and leaves . Jack and Victor are furious when they realise what has happened . However , the next day , `` Frank '' ( actually a local petty thief named Davie ) is ironically hit by a bus , and all of Jack and Victor 's stolen items are recovered , albeit badly damaged . The pair also make amends with Winston , who has the last laugh by giving a toast in the Clansman and referring to them as `` bum chums . '' Notes : In the audio commentary track for this episode , Greg Hemphill and Ford Kiernan reveal that the scene with Isa in the lift was added because the episode came up a few minutes short in length . Hemphill and Kiernan did not want to memorise any more lines , so they added a scene in which Isa , played by Jane McCarry , is the only character who speaks . `` Shooglies '' is a Scots word for `` tram . '' `` Shooglies '' is one of the few episodes of the show to focus entirely on a plotline revolving solely around Jack and Victor . The previous episode , `` Scran , '' had also featured only one plotline , but characters like Navid and Winston had large roles as well . In the credits , Sanjeev Kohli is listed as playing `` Navid Ingram . '' This is wrong for two reasons ; first , Navid 's last name is `` Harrid '' and not `` Ingram '' ( `` Ingram '' is Winston 's surname ) , and second , Navid does not feature in the episode . Ironically , Jane McCarry is not credited , though she does appear . Guest Starring : Finlay Welsh 14 8 `` Buntin ' '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 16 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) 3.41 <Td_colspan="6"> Navid goes out the back door of his shop one morning and is appalled at the amount of rubbish outside . He is annoyed when he finds Pete the Jakey lying on top of it . Navid tells him off for raking through his rubbish , but Pete claims that a fox had done it during the night , which Navid does n't believe . However , Meena later tells Navid that there in fact , was a fox . Shug happens to be in the shop at the same time , and suggests that they keep watch overnight and try to catch the fox the following night . Navid agrees , and Winston , also in the shop , decides to tag along . That night , Shug brings over the necessary supplies , including ( to Winston 's and Navid 's delight ) night - vision goggles . They eagerly camp out outside the back of the shop ; however , half an hour later , they 're becoming increasingly bored . To make matters worse , two policemen pass by , and one decides to urinate , which he does -- all over Navid ( who he initially does n't see ) . Navid instantly gives away their position , and he , Winston , and Shug are all arrested for loitering . Meanwhile , Jack , Victor , and the others are stunned when Pete walks into the Clansman , wearing a suit and looking well - groomed . The others are hugely skeptical of Pete 's `` transformation , '' and tease him mercilessly . Pete is furious , and vows that they will soon see him at the opening of the new Craiglang Community Centre . Jack and Victor are intrigued , and decide to follow Pete for a day . They follow his path into a building in central Glasgow , where they catch him walking into a lift with two smartly - dressed men . Convinced that Pete is more than he seems , Jack and Victor go to the opening of the Community Centre the next day , where they find Pete standing behind the man conducting the opening ceremony . A crowd of neds is also attending the opening ceremony , and they are hassling the spokesman . When one of them throws an egg at him , Pete leaps into the crowd at them . Jack and Victor are also caught in the ensuing scuffle . Jack , Victor , Pete , and the ned who threw the egg are all arrested . Coincidentally , they are let out at the same time as Navid . Pete confesses that he had only been pretending to know the people in the lift the previous day ( he had seen Jack and Victor following him ) and that he had made up the story about being connected to the Craiglang Community Centre . Pete says that he had only wanted a bit of respect for a couple of days . Jack and Victor are angry with him , but Navid tells them to forgive him , until Pete reveals that he also lied about the fox , to Navid 's disappointment . Notes : `` Buntin '' is the first episode to deal with the possibility that Pete is not all that he looks . The episodes `` Who 's the Daddy '' in Series 4 and `` Recipe '' in Series 6 also focus on this topic . Guest Starring : Donald Cameron & Nik Weir 15 9 `` Dug '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 23 May 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 23 ) 4.14 <Td_colspan="6"> Having returned from a rainy shopping trip , Jack and Victor find a videotape on Jack 's doorstep . It turns out the tape is a home video from Fiona , Jack 's daughter , who lives in Canada . Jack gets depressed , complaining that his family lives so far away from him . Victor also expresses sadness about his own son , John living in South Africa , but says that they have to let their children live their own lives . Meanwhile , Isa 's estranged ex-husband Harry has returned . Harry attempts to woo Isa in Navid 's , but is sternly rebuffed by Isa who wants nothing more to do with him . In the Clansman , Bobby has a `` Guess the Name of the Dog '' competition with a robot dog as the prize . A distraught Isa enters the pub after a tense confrontation with Harry . The regulars attempt to console Isa ; however , it transpires that Isa told Harry that she is seeing someone . When Harry enters , Winston buys Isa 's drink , pretending to be Isa 's new boyfriend , but Harry does not believe them . Just then , it is announced that Victor has won the competition as he correctly guessed that the dog 's name is Matthew . The robot dog turns out to be problematic -- Victor 's attempts to train him fail at every attempt and Matthew displays `` suicidal tendencies . '' Jack speaks to Fiona over the phone and she proposes that Jack should come to Canada on holiday to visit them . Jack is unsure , but Victor convinces him that it 's the right thing to do . In turn , Jack suggests that Victor should phone John and ask if he could visit South Africa . As predicted by Victor , John turns him down . Victor is angry at Jack for pushing him into phoning John , as he knew what would happen . Jack tries to invite Victor to come along with him to Canada , but Victor angrily refuses to be a `` charity case '' and this causes them to fall out temporarily . Harry continues to follow Winston and Isa , determined to expose them . Eventually , Harry enters Isa 's flat as he had kept his keys , and catches Winston and Isa dry humping on the bed . Although highly embarrassed , Isa patiently tries to explain to Harry that their marriage is over . Finally , Harry admits defeat and leaves Isa alone . The night before Jack is due to fly over to Canada , Victor meets Jack in the Clansman , apologises for his behaviour , and the pair reconcile . Next morning , on the flight , Victor arrives and says that he booked the same flight as Jack the previous day . The two friends fly to Canada together . In the post credits scene , Winston and Isa are still going out with each other and have inherited Matthew , who is notably happier with them than he was with Victor . Notes : This episode contains Jack and Victor 's first significant rift . Both of the storylines in this episode ( Jack and Victor going to Canada and the fake Winston / Isa relationship ) are carried over onto the next episode , `` Hoaliday , '' ending Series 2 on a cliffhanger . Victor ironically calls Jack `` Christopher Hawkins '' in this episode , only to be told by Jack that the correct name is `` Stephen Hawkins . '' However , they are both incorrect , as the famous scientist 's name is `` Stephen Hawking '' . Greg Hemphill and Ford Kiernan both made this mistake in the commentary track , as well ; however , they also revealed that they think that the joke was n't funny and wish it had been cut . Guest Starring : Ronnie Letham Series 3 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) 16 `` Hoaliday '' 7 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 07 ) 3.14 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor arrive in Canada to visit Fiona , her husband Tony , and her two sons . They are overcome with excitement at their new surroundings , but struggle to cope with the five - hour time difference between Glasgow and Toronto . Jack and Victor enjoy the sights in Canada . On their first day , they watch an ice hockey match , but they shock their hosts with their aggressive chanting and graphic stories of football - related fights back home . Later that night , Fiona asks Jack to move to Canada to live with them . Jack , though tempted , refuses , saying that Craiglang is , and always will be his home . He explains to Fiona that he and his wife Jean nearly emigrated to Canada , but could n't go through with it , knowing that they were leaving their friends behind . The next day , after a huge large pancake breakfast , they visit the CN Tower . Victor is impressed with the structure , but Jack , afraid of heights , vomits all over his grandchildren . At the end of their visit , Jack , Victor , Fiona , and the boys visit Niagara Falls . Jack gives Fiona her late mother 's wedding ring to Fiona as a leaving present . Meanwhile , back in Craiglang , Winston has become accustomed to the easy life with Isa cooking for him and doting on him . Unfortunately , Winston is highly irritated by Isa 's endless gossiping . He and Eric devise a plan , in which Eric phones Winston at exactly half - past nine with a false `` emergency '' ( he has locked himself out of his house and needs Winston to get him in ) . Winston , after making the necessary excuses , leaves Isa alone . However , after several successive days of this , Isa discovers what 's going on and unplugs the phone . After revealing her trick to Winston , she makes him plug the phone back in . Winston is horrified when it starts ringing . Isa forces him to pick up the phone while listening in on the conversation . She hears Eric inadvertently expose the entire operation . Furious , she hits Winston in the face with the phone and stops cooking for him . Notes : Greg Hemphill 's brother Steve makes a guest appearance in a minor speaking role as the CN Tower lift operator . Jack 's grandsons are clearly played by different boys from the ones that appeared on Fiona 's tape in `` Dug . '' The episode deals in part with the large numbers of Scots who emigrated to Canada over several centuries . Guest Starring : Stevie Allen , Finlay McLean & Steve Hemphill 17 `` Swottin '' 14 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 14 ) 3.66 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor are back home in Craiglang , and have found themselves becoming stagnant . They decide to do something productive with their spare time , so they go to Glasgow University and enroll in a first - aid course called `` Medical Proficiency '' . Initially very excited about the class , Jack and Victor eventually begin to get bored of it . They begin skipping classes and go to the university bar instead , where they engage in various drunken antics with students more than four decades younger than themselves . Due to the pair skiving , Jack and Victor perform hopelessly on their final tests , and end up failing the course . Meanwhile , in the Clansman , Boaby complains about the pub 's dwindling popularity . He decides to host a quiz night to fix this . After several unsuccessful trials to find a quizmaster , Boaby picks Margo , a woman he fancies . On the day of the quiz night , Boaby asks Margo out . She agrees , but Boaby grabs her bum . Margo is furious at Boaby for this , and beats him up . She also quits as the quizmaster . After recovering from his beating , Boaby , in a moment of desperation , picks Edith ( the ugliest woman in Craiglang ) to read . There are several teams competing in the event , including Navid 's Numpties ( Navid , Isa , and Meena ) , the Low Bank Lovelies ( three non-regulars , one of whom is pregnant ) , Charlie 's Angels ( including Peggy and Charlie ) , the Douglas Bader - dancers ( Tam , Eric , and Pete ) , the Cunning Linguists , and the Royal Infirmaries ( Victor , Jack , and Winston - Jack and Victor lie about their results and say that they both received straight A 's , and Winston , believing they are genuinely masters of first aid , suggests the name ) . The quiz goes smoothly , until the end , when the Royal Infirmaries are tied with the Low Bank Lovelies . To Jack and Victor 's dismay , the final question is a medical - related one . The answer , correctly given by the Low Bank Lovelies , is `` The Heimlich Manoeuvre , '' wit Jack and Victor pathetically suggesting `` The Back - pat Manoeuvre . '' To make the evening worse , the pregnant team member of the Low Bank Lovelies ' waters suddenly break due to the thrill of winning , and Isa mentions that Jack and Victor have recently passed their first - aid class and should be able to help . The episode ends with Jack , Victor , Winston , and Boaby all fainting in horror as the woman gives birth . Notes : This is the second episode to use the post-credits joke of a character waking up next to Edith after a wild , drunken night . In the S1E4 episode `` Courtin ' '' , this happens to Winston ; here , it happens to Boaby . Jack displays slightly more misogynistic tendencies than usual in this episode , as when he yells to the Low Bank Lovelies , `` Up Ye ! Up Ye ! And Up Ye ! '' while making a rude hand gesture , only to be scolded by Victor for his impolite behaviour . Also , when Edith states that she does n't understand the name of the `` Cunning Linguists , '' Jack shouts `` Nae wonder ! '' Guest Starring : Kate Dickie , Ryan Hassan & Bridget McCann 18 `` Cairds '' 21 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 21 ) 3.52 <Td_colspan="5"> Tired of being harassed by Stevie the Bookie , Winston takes a different approach to his gambling , by putting money into an accumulator . Stevie scoffs at Winston 's choices , saying that they 're inconsistent . Infuriated , Winston begins screaming at Stevie . However , he is pleased when his choices begin to come up . After the fourth item on Winston 's accumulator comes through , Stevie begins to get worried . Meanwhile , the gang is playing cards at the Clansman . After they cause ruckus with their loud and unruly behaviour , Boaby bars them . They resort to playing at Jack 's house . The only players remaining at the end of the game are Tam and Joe Douglas . Joe was once a star athlete , but lost the use of his legs , and now has to ride on a mobility scooter . Tam had been pinning for a chance to ride the mobility scooter and as such Joe places its keys on the betting table . Tam wins the game , and rides off on Joe 's scooter . Stunned , Joe asks , `` Can somebody give us a drag up the road ? '' Furious , Jack and Victor vow to get Joe 's scooter back to him . They lure Tam into another poker night . Unknown to Tam , the chair at Jack 's house in which he is sitting is being monitored by Shug , who is standing looking through the window from his own flat with a pair of binoculars . Tam takes the bait ; however , he eventually claims it 's getting cold inside , and draws the curtains . At the same time , Shug is arrested by two policemen , who say that a woman saw him with the binoculars and thought he was spying on her while she was naked . Shug insists to take the police to the card game to prove his honesty . Meanwhile , Tam , convinced that he is going to win , bets the scooter . Joe , however , has better cards , and wins , much to everyone 's delight . Tam is furious that he has been set up . At the same time , Shug enters with the police . Tam mistakenly believes that the police are actors , insults them and knocks one 's hat off . They promptly arrest him , and Joe regains his scooter . At the end of the episode , the last of Winston 's choices wins . Horrified at the prospect of having to pay Winston £ 35,000 , which he does n't have . Stevie shuts the bookies and makes a quick getaway in his car , just before Winston arrives to cash in . Winston sees what 's happened and screams `` BASTARD ! '' Notes : The Winston / Stevie story line was resolved in the Series 5 episode `` Drama . '' The episode also marks a change in Tam 's character from being generally miserable to unapologetically greedy . Guest Starring : John Buick 19 `` Big Yin '' 28 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 28 ) 3.24 <Td_colspan="5"> Winston finds that his pension is not enough to sustain his beer - and - bookie 's lifestyle , so he takes a job at Food Fare , a local supermarket chain . On his first day , Winston is taunted and bullied by a young man named Kevin , who makes wisecracks about Winston 's age and mocks his inability to perform tasks as well as the younger employees . Another elederly employee named Andy tells Winston about Kevin , telling him that he either needs to get on his good side or take him down . Meanwhile , the local neds are getting out of control . They have been stealing from the local shops and applying liberal amounts of graffiti to the walls . When Jack and Victor try to confront one of these neds , he sprays rude drawings onto their coats . After ridicule from Bobby at the Clansman , Jack and Victor comment that this rise in hooligan activity from the neds would not have happened had their old friend Innes ( a kindhearted but massive and physically threatening man ) been in town . Innes has moved away with his wife to a croft in Elgin . Jack and Victor send for him to come to Craiglang , a proposal to which his wife agrees , on the condition that Innes not be allowed to drink Midori liqueur . Innes loves Midori , but it causes a serious allergic reaction in which he completely loses his senses and begins to trash the surrounding area . Jack and Victor agree . Innes proves to be very helpful and efficient in taking care of the neds but soon begins to be more trouble than he 's worth . Jack and Victor , nervous about Innes finding the Midori bottle they had bought from Navid earlier to ensure Innes did n't get his hands on it , decide to throw it away . However , they are startled by Isa 's screams . Innes had helped Isa move a large oven , and in return she had made him sandwiches and let him use her bathroom . Isa 's horror is revealed to be caused by the massive turd that Innes had left in her toilet . Isa then comments that she had told Innes that he could get Midori at Food Fare . Horrified , Jack and Victor , together with Winston , manage to hide all of the bottles before Innes can get his hands on them . After their success , Kevin walks up and begins berating Winston , who promptly punches Kevin and quits the job . Meanwhile , a distressed Innes is in the Clansman , where Isa proudly presents him with the bottle of Midori that Jack and Victor had failed to throw away ( they had left it on her doorstep ) . Jack , Victor , and Winston arrive at the Clansman to find the place trashed . Several patrons are injured or unconscious . At the center of it all , Innes lies sleeping after his moment of allergy - induced rage . Notes : ' Big Yin ' means ' Big One ' in Glaswegian dialect , and is a nickname usually applied to the comedian Billy Connolly . Innes ' home is said to be in Elgin , but the landscape seen in the establishing shot of his house is very characteristic of the West Highlands . In fact , no such landscapes occur within more than two and a half hours ' worth of driving from Elgin , which is in a low - lying , dry part of Moray . Guest Starring : Clive Russell , Jordan Young & Sheila Latimer 20 5 `` Oot '' 4 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 04 ) 2.98 <Td_colspan="5"> After deciding that his TV is n't good enough , Winston decides to go shopping for a new one . He is discouraged , however , after seeing the prices on the new TVs ( he had been intending to spend roughly 80 pounds ) . He decides to order a kit that will allow him to project the image from his TV onto a large sheet . This idea leads to much ridicule from everyone , including Chris the postie . Winston is determined to prove them wrong . Meanwhile , after decades of being holed up in his flat , old acquaintance Archie Taylor is forced to move to Osprey Heights after his tower block is demolished by the council . Jack , Victor , and everyone else gather around to watch his first `` comin ' oot '' in nearly forty years . Even the neds club their money to buy Archie a Big Mac and fries . Jack and Victor decide to show Archie around Craiglang . Archie is amazed by how much everything has changed since he last set foot outside . He also is enamored with his hamburger . Upon being told that it came from McDonald 's , Archie initially believes that this is a local butcher . The next day , when Jack and Victor call at Archie 's door , Archie glumly tells them that he does n't want to go out . Jack and Victor conclude that Archie experienced a sensory overload the previous day , and arrange for Isa to explain to Archie everything that has happened since 1966 , the year he stopped receiving any kind of news . This seems to cheer Archie up , and he accompanies Jack and Victor to the Clansman , where he tells the story of why he became a recluse . Afterwards , Jack , Victor , and Archie , along with Tam and Navid , visit Winston , who claims to have perfected his DIY film projection method . Before the start of `` the main feature '' ( The Towering Inferno ) , Winston gives Archie a dram of a whisky that he bought in 1966 . Archie comments on the kindness of Winston 's gesture . Upon starting the film , all seems to go well . Everyone compliments Winston 's success . However , faulty electric equipment leads to Winston 's curtains catching fire . Afterwards , Jack and Victor walk Archie back to his flat , where they are confronted with the horrifying realization that Archie has been robbed . Fortunately the thieves have somehow managed to miss the fact that Archie hid hundreds of thousands of pounds ' worth of social money in his sofa . The next day , Archie tells Jack and Victor that he does n't intend to come out again . Jack and Victor are unsatisfied with this , as they feel that Archie has n't given the world a proper chance . Archie convinces them that he 's more comfortable in his house . Showing them around his flat , he reveals that he used the money to completely renovate the flat so that it is sparkling and clean . Jack and Victor are finally convinced , and reluctantly agree to leave Archie alone . Later , a package arrives for Winston from Archie -- a real , brand - new TV . Guest Starring : Sylvester McCoy 21 6 `` Aff '' 11 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 11 ) 3.44 <Td_colspan="5"> After experiencing severe pains in his right leg for some time , Winston decides to take a look . Visibly disturbed by what he sees , he consults a doctor . He is told that his eighty - a-day cigarette habit has caused problems with his leg , and that amputation will almost certainly be required . After being initially startled by the news , Winston decides to focus on the positive aspects of his condition -- he will be able to claim extra social money . At the same time , Boaby hosts a `` Tarot and Scampi Night , '' organized by Peggy McAlpine , in the Clansman . All of the women are excited to read their fortunes , and most are pleased with the three things that Ella , the fortune - teller , reveals to them . However , after her turn , Isa storms out , yelling `` Load of shite ! '' It is revealed that Ella 's three predictions for Isa were that she would hear about a birth , come into money , and get knocked down by a silver car the following Thursday . When she tells Navid about this , he makes fun of her for her paranoia . However , Isa begins to be worried when her friend Sadie tells her that an acquaintance has just had a son . The next day , Isa becomes even more scared when she finds a ten - pound note on the ground . Navid still fails to be concerned , gleefully mocking Isa 's worry . On Thursday , as Isa is crossing the street , a silver car comes barreling towards her . Unable to move from fear and shock , she is saved by Navid , who pulls her out of the way at the last minute . He berates her for `` standing there waiting on it . '' As Isa tries to defend herself , she is knocked down by a young boy driving a toy silver car . While in the hospital undergoing treatment for her resulting minor leg injury , Isa is stunned to find that Winston is in the hospital bed next to her . He is less than enthused to see her , particularly as she immediately begins jabbering away about the previous few days ' events . Meanwhile , Victor is so desperate in trying to communicate with his son John that he convinces John that he is at death 's door . Unfortunately for Victor , his performance is so convincing that a worried John flies to Glasgow from his home in Johannesburg to see him . Thus , Victor is forced to pretend that he really is ill in front of his son , with the help of Jack , who is furious at Victor for his deception . After John has left to sort things out at his hotel , Victor takes a walk with Jack to the Clansman . However , to his horror , he bumps into John along the way . John criticizes Jack for bringing Victor out in his condition while Victor does his best to act listless and ill . After they arrive at the Clansman , Jack goes in first , letting the regulars know about Victor 's predicament . After they are settled , John uses the bathroom . During this time , the others all take the opportunity to blackmail Victor into buying them drinks . Meanwhile , Jack convinces Victor to `` take a fall '' when John comes out of the bathroom . Upon witnessing Victor 's hammy and unconvincing fall , John deduces what has happened and furiously tells Victor that he will meet him at Osprey Heights . Victor runs after John and apologizes , saying that he was truly desperate to maintain contact with John and that this was his last resort . This calms John down , and he promises that he will end the near - estrangement between the two . Although Victor is initially skeptical , John maintains that he will bring the family to Craiglang for a holiday . Reunited , father and son ( And Jack ) go back to Victor 's flat . Notes : Although it is never specified exactly what is wrong with Winston 's leg , it might be Buerger 's Disease . People with this illness usually develop inflamed blood vessels , which leads to tissue death and sometimes infection . The outward manifestation of this is severe discoloration and shriveling of the skin , usually in areas such as hands and feet . Nearly every sufferer of the disease is a heavy smoker , and amputation is often necessary . This episode is one of the few that have three separate plot lines . Guest Starring : Mary Riggans & Sandy Welsh Series 4 ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) 22 `` Kill Wullie '' 22 July 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 22 ) 2.22 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor 's friend , Wullie Reid , is dating a younger woman . Rumours spread in Craiglang that his mistress is trying to kill him . Meanwhile Winston struggles with his new leg and a young hooligan is conning pensioners out of money . Guest Starring : Jackie Farrell & Julie Miller 23 `` Wireless '' 29 July 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 29 ) 1.83 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor stand in as hospital radio DJs for Tam , who is on holiday , and build up quite a fanbase in the process . Navid also ends up in the same hospital with a very personal problem . Bill Murdoch , James Fleming & Sandy Neilson 24 `` Dial - A-Bus '' 5 August 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 05 ) 2.15 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor find themselves on a terrifying bus journey when the driver , Davie , suffers a funny turn . Meanwhile Tam decides to tag along while Navid goes to get stock , and Boaby decides to take time off work to go cycling , leaving The Clansman under control of a temporary barman . Winston takes advantage of Boaby 's absence by pretending to be the real owner of The Clansman . Guest Starring : Robbie Coltrane & Sharon McKenzie 25 `` Ring '' 12 August 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 12 ) 1.72 <Td_colspan="5"> Tam decides to marry Frances , his sweetheart from the second series . As always in Craiglang , things never go to plan . Meanwhile Navid 's shop is part of a big business take - over . Guest Starring : Michael McKenzie 26 5 `` Hatch '' 19 August 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 19 ) 3.08 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack has got Sky Digital TV , Victor has n't , they solve this problem by arranging for Shug to put a `` hatch '' put in between their rooms so that they can both watch . But things go wrong when Isa suspects they are gay . Meanwhile , Winston has to look after his obnoxious seventeen - year old grandson Thomas while his parents go away on holiday . Guest Starring : Kevin Guthrie 27 6 `` Who 's the Daddy ? '' 26 August 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 26 ) 2.16 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack , Victor and Winston fear they may have fathered a child in their twenties , but they are unsure who it may be . The child in question is also part of the plan to demolish The Clansman . Guest Starring : Martin Docherty & Vincent Freill Christmas special ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) 28 Special `` Cold Turkey '' 28 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 28 ) 3.07 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor fear for their usual Christmas dinner arrangement after they upset Isa and Winston gets to grips with his turkey . Meanwhile Frances gives Tam a ton of Christmas cards for him to deliver . Guest Starring : Mark Young & Michael MacKenzie Series 5 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) 29 `` Drama '' 19 June 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 19 ) 2.23 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor learn about free whisky tasting sessions and win a visit to a distillery . Winston is in no mood to welcome the new bookie to Craiglang , being certain that it 's his old nemesis , Stevie . Guest Starring : John McCririck 30 `` Fresh Lick '' 26 June 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 26 ) 2.48 <Td_colspan="5"> The pensioners put on their decorator 's overalls to redesign Isa 's flat . In their usual style , the two have trouble adjusting to the job at hand . Meanwhile Tam discovers a video featuring Bobby and some scantily clad women . Guest Starring : Dougie Wallace 31 `` Smoke on the Water '' 3 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 03 ) 2.57 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor sail in celebration of Victor 's 75th birthday . The two decide , along with Winston , to take a sail down the local river . Unfortunately , a run - in with the local neds means things wo n't go smoothly . Guest Starring : James MacKenzie 32 `` Hard Nuts '' 10 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 10 ) 2.31 <Td_colspan="5"> Boaby the Barman has a chance to be on television . Unbeknownst to him at first , the programme is Blighty 's Hardest Boozers . Meanwhile , Navid goes through some changes when he dyes his hair . Guest Starring : John Jack 33 5 `` All the Best '' 17 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 17 ) 2.94 <Td_colspan="5"> A sad farewell to Winston as he leaves Craiglang for a new life in the seaside resort of Finport . Meanwhile Jack and Victor are chauffeurs for the day . Guest Starring : Juliet Cadzow & Iain Davidson 34 6 `` Saucy '' 24 July 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 24 ) 2.18 <Td_colspan="5"> Frances 's sister , Molly , comes to visit and makes a huge impression on Tam who is in awe of his sister - in - law 's tight - fistedness . Meanwhile , Jack and Victor arrange to visit Winston in Finport but when they arrive , they find that all is not well . Guest Starring : Dorothy Paul Hogmanay special ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) 35 Special `` The Party '' 31 December 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 31 ) 3.87 <Td_colspan="5"> Similar to the previous stage play ( see History ) Jack , Victor and Winston ( also Isa in this version ) are stuck in the Osprey Heights lift on their way to a Hogmanay party , they reminisce about Hogmanay 1975 ( featuring flashbacks ) . Guest Starring : Ronnie Letham & Grant Thomson Series 6 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) 36 `` Hot Seat '' 12 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 12 ) 2.90 <Td_colspan="5"> Craiglang is in the grip of a heatwave . Jack and Victor have found the perfect place to relax in the park on the ultimate bench . Unfortunately , Tam and Winston have the same idea . Isa receives bad news about her estranged husband Harry . Guest Starring : Grant Thomson & Doreen McGillivray 37 `` Fly Society '' 19 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 19 ) 2.11 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor get a taste of how the other half live when they pose as two wealthy socialites to impress a couple of widows . But the gang from Craiglang are not happy at missing out . Guest Starring : Una McLean , Jeannie Fisher & Ron Donachie 38 `` Lights Out '' 26 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 26 ) 1.86 <Td_colspan="5"> After an accident at the local sub station involving a runaway lorry , Craiglang is plunged into darkness . After a crime wave occurs , the vulnerable pensioners start taking radical measures to protect themselves from the night crawlers . Guest Starring : John Buick & Johnny Mac 39 `` Seconds Out '' 2 August 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 02 ) 2.09 <Td_colspan="5"> When a new pizza shop opens in Craiglang , Boaby the barman and Stevie the Bookie battle it out for the affection of the new pizza girl . Jack and Victor are hell bent on getting a free pizza now that their old pal Winston works there . Guest Starring : Jim Watt , Michelle McManus & John Buick 40 5 `` Hyper '' 9 August 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 09 ) 2.18 <Td_colspan="5"> Navid 's business is suffering at the hands of the new corporate giant Hyperdales and his regular customers ' loyalty is being put to the test . Meanwhile , an electric shock causes Tam to go through some bizarre changes in behaviour . Eventually , Navid cracks and tries to burn down Hyperdales causing him , Jack , Victor , Winston and Tam 's to be locked in for the night . Guest Starring : Trish Mullen 41 6 `` Recipe '' 16 August 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 16 ) 1.98 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor discover Pete the Jakey was the inventor of the famous Beefy Bake and seek recompense on his behalf . Tam and Frances are having marital problems . Who can offer counsel , Navid ? Guest Starring : Eric Potts & Gary Lamont 42 7 `` One in One Out '' 23 August 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 23 ) 2.08 <Td_colspan="5"> Tam and Frances enjoy fame and fortune with their new addition , but it means babysitting stints for Jack and Victor which is proving a bit of a strain . As both wind up in hospital and Jack is diagnosed with a life - threatening condition , could this be the end for the duo ? Guest Starring : Lorraine Kelly & Michael Hines Christmas special ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) 43 Special `` Plum Number '' 23 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 23 ) 2.28 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack and Victor join the choir . Winston offers to cover for the lollipop man while he 's away after learning that the job can be very rewarding during Christmas . Boaby gets a new puggy for The Clansman that boasts a jackpot of £ 1000 . Tam enlists the help of Shug and Eric to intercept the slot machine 's pay - out ratio but soon , they are joined by Jack and Victor who want their slice of the action . Guest Starring : Iain McColl , Paul Donnelly & Dave Anderson Hogmanay special ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) 44 Special `` Hootenanny '' 31 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 31 ) 2.59 <Td_colspan="5"> Jack , Victor , Winston and Tam decide to spend their Hogmanay in a cottage on the remote island of Tighnahulish . Their celebrations are short - lived though when Jack and Victor manage to antagonise the island 's few residents . Meanwhile , in Craiglang , Navid 's wife Meena has gone on holiday to India , leaving Navid to enjoy a brief taste of single life . Guest Starring : John Buick , Lewis Howden & Michelle Gallagher Live at the hydro ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate # Viewing figures ( million ) - Live Special `` Live At The Hydro '' 7 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 07 ) 1.96 <Td_colspan="5"> When Jack is faced with the dilemma of attending his daughter 's vow renewal in Canada , he decides to embrace new technology - Boaby the barman 's tablet - in an attempt to be there from the comfort of The Clansman . However , Victor 's promise to be a supportive wing man backfires while Isa tries her best to hold her tongue . Meanwhile Winston needs a new leg thanks to an incident at the canal , Isa 's mushroom soup needs a new recipe , Navid has money in mind at the live shows , while Tam and Boaby face a battle of wills against each other . This was an edited version of the live show . Children in need special ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate - Children In Need Special `` Still Game at River City '' 15 November 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 15 ) <Td_colspan="4"> Jack and Victor win tickets to see River City being filmed and Isa Turns a new Career in becoming an Extra . Guest Starring : Sally Howitt , Billy McEnhaley , Jordan Young , Carmen Pieraccini & Michael Hines The story so far ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Overall No. in series Title Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) - Documentary Special `` The Story So Far '' 31 December 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 31 ) 0.817 <Td_colspan="5"> A salute to Scotland 's favourite TV OAPs in a special programme that puts the spotlight on the celebrated Criaiglang gang . We focus on the jaunty journey Jack and Victor have taken the nation on since they first appeared on the small screen . Contributors include actor Martin Compston , TV presenter Lorraine Kelly and film star Robbie Coltrane , with insights from Scott Cassidy , Holly Tindall , Kirsty Ferguson and Rebecca Cochrane . Series 7 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) On 12 May 2016 , Ford and Greg announced a new seventh series was in the works . Filming of the long - awaited `` Series 7 '' commenced on 4 July 2016 , and the series aired in late 2016 on BBC One nationwide , across the whole of the UK for the first time , since it previously aired in the UK on BBC Two . All of the original main cast reprised their roles . Recurring character Pete `` The Jakey '' McCormack , played by Jake D'Arcy who died in May 2015 , did not return respectively ; and the character 's death was announced in the second episode , `` The Undrinkables . '' Overall No. in series Title Writers Airdate Viewing figures ( million ) 45 `` Gadgets '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 7 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 4.31 <Td_colspan="6"> Craiglang 's residents ca n't resist the temptation of the Futuroo catalogue and its innovations to `` make life that wee bit easier '' . However , it quickly becomes apparent these gadgets do anything but make life easier . Winston receives a registered letter which sees him prepare for the arrival of his brother , Walter . As Jack and Victor spar over whose gadget is best , there 's a spot of sibling rivalry between Winston and Walter . Guest Starring : David Ireland & Gary Miller 46 `` The Undrinkables '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 14 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 4.37 <Td_colspan="6"> Jack and Victor receive the sad news that dear old friend , Pete the Jakey , has died . Pete may have been homeless , but he held a special place in the heart of Craiglang 's community . However , as everyone gathers at the Clansman after Pete 's funeral , tight - fisted Tam still ca n't find it in himself to contribute to the kitty . Beyond the grave , Pete leaves his legacy with Boaby and Winston through his pal , Methadone Mick . Guest Starring : Frank Gilhooley 47 `` Job '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 21 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) 3.94 <Td_colspan="6"> Charity begins at home , as Jack and Victor offer a helping hand to Methadone Mick ; a £ 4,000 parking fine from the past comes back to haunt Winston , and Boaby 's award glory goes awry when he has to decide who to take to the City Chambers when he receives his Citizen Civic Medal . Guest Starring : Kevin Whately & Barbara Rafferty 48 `` Small Change '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 28 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) 3.33 <Td_colspan="6"> Affairs of the heart stir up emotions as when Jack and Victor offer unconventional marriage guidance to Fergie and his wife Sinead , their advice proves to be less than helpful . Meanwhile , Navid and Boaby swap jobs to prove who really has it the hardest , after Boaby struggles to see bargains in Navid 's shop when him and Meena have a special rollback day to celebrate forty years of being in business . Guest Starring : Claire Gray Wilson & Louise Stewart 49 5 `` Heavy Petting '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 4 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 3.01 <Td_colspan="6"> Jack and Victor decide to become dog sitters and enlist the help of computer - savvy Isa to register them on the `` Pets Home From Home '' website . Meanwhile Isa limbers up for the Craiglang Bake Off and locks whisks with local cake rival , Peggy . Utterly determined to beat the reigning baking champion , Isa strong - arms her pals into becoming reluctant cake - tasting guinea pigs . Guest Starring : Paul - James Corrigan 50 6 `` Down and Out '' Ford Kiernan & Greg Hemphill 11 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 3.17 <Td_colspan="6"> Emotions run high as Jack , Victor and the Osprey Heights residents gather to watch the demolition of a Craiglang tower block , Tam drags Winston into a new moneymaking scheme , and Jack and Victor are enticed by Mrs. Fletcher , the beguiling manager of the local care home . Guest Starring : Jackie Bird , Ronni Ancona and Sheila Donald Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Originally broadcast on BBC One Scotland , it aired later on BBC Two on 1 January 2007 Jump up ^ Originally broadcast on BBC One Scotland , it aired later on BBC Two on 28 December 2007 Jump up ^ Originally broadcast on BBC One Scotland , it aired later on BBC Two on 2 January 2008 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Still Game ' Related Trivia '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved 30 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) List of Still Game episodes at TV.com List of Still Game episodes at British Comedy Guide List of Still Game episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Still_Game_episodes&oldid=816257434 '' Categories : Lists of British sitcom television series episodes Still Game Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 06 : 47 . About Wikipedia | 1. Still Game episode list
2. Series overview and air dates
3. Episode summaries and writers
4. Characters and their storylines
5. Reception and viewing figures |
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